DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t50q216
title: Data from: Functional crosstalk across IMD and Toll pathways: insight into the evolution of incomplete immune cascades

description: In insects, antimicrobial humoral immunity is governed by two distinct
 gene cascades, IMD pathway mainly targeting Gram-negative bacteria and
 Toll pathway preferentially targeting Gram-positive bacteria, which are
 widely conserved among diverse metazoans. However, recent genomic studies
 uncovered that IMD pathway is exceptionally absent in some hemipteran
 lineages like aphids and assassin bugs. How the apparently incomplete
 immune pathways have evolved with functionality is of interest. Here we
 report the discovery that, in the hemipteran stinkbug Plautia stali, both
 IMD and Toll pathways are present but their functional differentiation is
 blurred. Injection of Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria
 upregulated effector genes of both pathways. Notably, RNAi experiments
 unveiled significant functional permeation and crosstalk between IMD and
 Toll pathways: RNAi of IMD pathway genes suppressed upregulation of
 effector molecules of both pathways, where the suppression was more
 remarkable for IMD effectors; and RNAi of Toll pathway genes reduced
 upregulation of effector molecules of both pathways, where the suppression
 was more conspicuous for Toll effectors. These results suggest the
 possibility that, in hemipterans and other arthropods, IMD and Toll
 pathways are intertwined to target wider and overlapping arrays of
 microbes, which might have predisposed and facilitated the evolution of
 incomplete immune pathways.
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