cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452951
title: Diverse habitats of pseudotachylytes in the Alpine Fault Zone and relationships to current seismicity

description: Pseudotachylytes are ubiquitous within New Zealand's Alpine Fault Zone, occurring as: (i) thin fault veins parallel to existing hanging wall mylonitic foliation; (ii) thicker fault and injection veins around and within metabasite lenses in hanging wall fault rocks and on the footwall–hanging wall boundary; (iii) chaotic injected masses within footwall-derived, granitoid mylonites; and (iv) chaotic injected masses into cataclasites within the fault core. Overall, pseudotachylytes are not volumetrically dominant enough to have formed during all increments of earthquake slip on the Alpine Fault. We propose they were mostly generated during regular moderate magnitude events or during foreshock and aftershock sequences to larger earthquakes. The largest volume pseudotachylytes occur in footwall-derived mylonites (type (iii)). This may indicate that high-stress, anhydrous seismic slip is most common in the footwall. Most types (i), (ii) and (iii) pseudotachylytes formed at or near the base of the seismogenic zone, at temperatures up to 350 °C and at depths of 7–10 km or more. Ductilely overprinted pseudotachylytes represent the down-dip termination of large fault ruptures in a zone that would usually fail by aseismic creep. Type (iv) pseudotachylytes were formed at shallower depths (4–7 km) in a damage zone around the fault principal slip surface. Rare amygdules indicate that the fault zone locally contained free fluids.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452951.v1
title: Diverse habitats of pseudotachylytes in the Alpine Fault Zone and relationships to current seismicity

description: Pseudotachylytes are ubiquitous within New Zealand's Alpine Fault Zone, occurring as: (i) thin fault veins parallel to existing hanging wall mylonitic foliation; (ii) thicker fault and injection veins around and within metabasite lenses in hanging wall fault rocks and on the footwall–hanging wall boundary; (iii) chaotic injected masses within footwall-derived, granitoid mylonites; and (iv) chaotic injected masses into cataclasites within the fault core. Overall, pseudotachylytes are not volumetrically dominant enough to have formed during all increments of earthquake slip on the Alpine Fault. We propose they were mostly generated during regular moderate magnitude events or during foreshock and aftershock sequences to larger earthquakes. The largest volume pseudotachylytes occur in footwall-derived mylonites (type (iii)). This may indicate that high-stress, anhydrous seismic slip is most common in the footwall. Most types (i), (ii) and (iii) pseudotachylytes formed at or near the base of the seismogenic zone, at temperatures up to 350 °C and at depths of 7–10 km or more. Ductilely overprinted pseudotachylytes represent the down-dip termination of large fault ruptures in a zone that would usually fail by aseismic creep. Type (iv) pseudotachylytes were formed at shallower depths (4–7 km) in a damage zone around the fault principal slip surface. Rare amygdules indicate that the fault zone locally contained free fluids.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452948
title: A record of continental collision and regional sediment flux for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene core of SE Asia: implications for early Cenozoic palaeogeography

description: Palaeogene sedimentary rocks exposed in West Java were derived from local volcanic sources and central Sundaland, the continental core of SE Asia. Detrital zircons from seven sandstone samples contain U–Pb age populations with ages of 50–80 Ma, 74–145 Ma, 202–298 Ma, 480–653 Ma and 723–1290 Ma. Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene zircons in Middle Eocene forearc sandstones are interpreted as derived from two spatially and temporally discrete volcanic arcs located in Java and Sulawesi respectively. In contrast, all other populations have a Sundaland provenance. Most Permian–Triassic zircons were derived from granites of this age in the SE Asian Tin Belt. Mid-Cretaceous zircons in all Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene formations were derived from the Schwaner Mountains of SW Borneo. The differences in zircon populations reflect changing Sundaland sources with time. In the Middle Eocene, sediment was derived mainly from the Tin Belt. From the Late Eocene onwards a Borneo source became more important. Older zircon ages are from SE Asia basement that once formed part of Gondwana. Zircons also record the timing of microcontinental collision at the Java margin (<em>c</em>. 80 Ma) that halted Cretaceous subduction and probably resulted in the elevation of large parts of continental SE Asia.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452948.v1
title: A record of continental collision and regional sediment flux for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene core of SE Asia: implications for early Cenozoic palaeogeography

description: Palaeogene sedimentary rocks exposed in West Java were derived from local volcanic sources and central Sundaland, the continental core of SE Asia. Detrital zircons from seven sandstone samples contain U–Pb age populations with ages of 50–80 Ma, 74–145 Ma, 202–298 Ma, 480–653 Ma and 723–1290 Ma. Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene zircons in Middle Eocene forearc sandstones are interpreted as derived from two spatially and temporally discrete volcanic arcs located in Java and Sulawesi respectively. In contrast, all other populations have a Sundaland provenance. Most Permian–Triassic zircons were derived from granites of this age in the SE Asian Tin Belt. Mid-Cretaceous zircons in all Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene formations were derived from the Schwaner Mountains of SW Borneo. The differences in zircon populations reflect changing Sundaland sources with time. In the Middle Eocene, sediment was derived mainly from the Tin Belt. From the Late Eocene onwards a Borneo source became more important. Older zircon ages are from SE Asia basement that once formed part of Gondwana. Zircons also record the timing of microcontinental collision at the Java margin (<em>c</em>. 80 Ma) that halted Cretaceous subduction and probably resulted in the elevation of large parts of continental SE Asia.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452945
title: Geochemical responses in peat groundwater over Attawapiskat kimberlites, James Bay Lowlands, Canada and their application to diamond exploration

description: <strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Peat groundwater compositions at depths of 0.4 and 1.1 m below ground surface in the Attawapiskat region of the James Bay Lowlands are evaluated for diamond exploration applications. Samples were collected along transects that typically extended at least 200 m beyond the margins of Yankee, Zulu, and Golf kimberlites. Locations of upwelling groundwater usually occur at or near kimberlite margins based on hydrogeological measurements and variations in peat groundwater geochemical parameters (pH and EC are high, and the Eh is low relative to ombrotrophic peat groundwaters). Concentrations of the kimberlite pathfinder metals Ni, Cr, light rare earth elements (LREEs), Ba, Mg/Ca, and alkalis are commonly elevated at sample sites at or near kimberlite margins and where groundwaters are upwelling. The presence of elevated kimberlite pathfinders at these sites suggests that fractures along the boundaries between kimberlites and limestone formed during kimberlite emplacement provide dilation for upward movement of groundwater with elevated kimberlite pathfinder metals. Typically, Ni, Cr, LREE, and Ba behave similarly and thus high concentrations of these metals are found at similar locations along transects. On the other hand, locations of elevated alkalis and Mg/Ca vary. The spatial variations among pathfinder metals in peat groundwaters are possibly due to geochemical processes in the peat, such as metal binding to dissolved organic material, adsorption to insoluble organics or Fe-oxyhydroxides, and incorporation into secondary mineral precipitates, which can act to increase or decrease metal solubility. The findings of this study are readily applicable in diamond exploration in wetlands elsewhere.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452945.v1
title: Geochemical responses in peat groundwater over Attawapiskat kimberlites, James Bay Lowlands, Canada and their application to diamond exploration

description: <strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Peat groundwater compositions at depths of 0.4 and 1.1 m below ground surface in the Attawapiskat region of the James Bay Lowlands are evaluated for diamond exploration applications. Samples were collected along transects that typically extended at least 200 m beyond the margins of Yankee, Zulu, and Golf kimberlites. Locations of upwelling groundwater usually occur at or near kimberlite margins based on hydrogeological measurements and variations in peat groundwater geochemical parameters (pH and EC are high, and the Eh is low relative to ombrotrophic peat groundwaters). Concentrations of the kimberlite pathfinder metals Ni, Cr, light rare earth elements (LREEs), Ba, Mg/Ca, and alkalis are commonly elevated at sample sites at or near kimberlite margins and where groundwaters are upwelling. The presence of elevated kimberlite pathfinders at these sites suggests that fractures along the boundaries between kimberlites and limestone formed during kimberlite emplacement provide dilation for upward movement of groundwater with elevated kimberlite pathfinder metals. Typically, Ni, Cr, LREE, and Ba behave similarly and thus high concentrations of these metals are found at similar locations along transects. On the other hand, locations of elevated alkalis and Mg/Ca vary. The spatial variations among pathfinder metals in peat groundwaters are possibly due to geochemical processes in the peat, such as metal binding to dissolved organic material, adsorption to insoluble organics or Fe-oxyhydroxides, and incorporation into secondary mineral precipitates, which can act to increase or decrease metal solubility. The findings of this study are readily applicable in diamond exploration in wetlands elsewhere.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452942
title: Geological and anthropogenic controls on the sampling of the terrestrial fossil record: a case study from the Dinosauria

description: Dinosaurs provide excellent opportunities to examine the impact of sampling biases on the palaeodiversity of terrestrial organisms. The stratigraphical and geographical ranges of 847 dinosaurian species are analysed for palaeodiversity patterns and compared to several sampling metrics. The observed diversity of dinosaurs, Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia, are positively correlated with sampling at global and regional scales. Sampling metrics for the same region correlate with each other, suggesting that different metrics often capture the same signal. Regional sampling metrics perform well as explanations for regional diversity patterns, but correlations with global diversity are weaker. Residual diversity estimates indicate that sauropodomorphs diversified during the Late Triassic, but major increases in the diversity of theropods and ornithischians did not occur until the Early Jurassic. Diversity increased during the Jurassic, but many groups underwent extinction during the Late Jurassic or at the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. Although a recovery occurred during the Cretaceous, only sauropodomorphs display a long-term upward trend. The Campanian–Maastrichtian diversity ‘peak’ is largely a sampling artefact. There is little evidence for a gradualistic decrease in diversity prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction (except for ornithischians), and when such decreases do occur they are small relative to those experienced earlier in dinosaur evolution.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452942.v1
title: Geological and anthropogenic controls on the sampling of the terrestrial fossil record: a case study from the Dinosauria

description: Dinosaurs provide excellent opportunities to examine the impact of sampling biases on the palaeodiversity of terrestrial organisms. The stratigraphical and geographical ranges of 847 dinosaurian species are analysed for palaeodiversity patterns and compared to several sampling metrics. The observed diversity of dinosaurs, Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia, are positively correlated with sampling at global and regional scales. Sampling metrics for the same region correlate with each other, suggesting that different metrics often capture the same signal. Regional sampling metrics perform well as explanations for regional diversity patterns, but correlations with global diversity are weaker. Residual diversity estimates indicate that sauropodomorphs diversified during the Late Triassic, but major increases in the diversity of theropods and ornithischians did not occur until the Early Jurassic. Diversity increased during the Jurassic, but many groups underwent extinction during the Late Jurassic or at the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. Although a recovery occurred during the Cretaceous, only sauropodomorphs display a long-term upward trend. The Campanian–Maastrichtian diversity ‘peak’ is largely a sampling artefact. There is little evidence for a gradualistic decrease in diversity prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction (except for ornithischians), and when such decreases do occur they are small relative to those experienced earlier in dinosaur evolution.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452939
title: Supplementary Material for: Functional Characterization of Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Disease

description: <b><i>Background:</i></b> Patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTED) have persistent pulmonary vascular obstruction and exercise intolerance without pulmonary hypertension at rest and may benefit from pulmonary endarterectomy. However, up to now, CTED has been poorly characterized. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aimed to analyze the exercise capacity and limiting factors in CTED. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We compared right heart catheterization and cardiopulmonary exercise test results of patients with CTED [mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) at rest &lt;25 mm Hg, n = 10], chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH, n = 31) and a control group (n = 41) presenting with dyspnea but normal pulmonary vascular imaging and excluded pulmonary hypertension. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Subjects with CTED show a reduced oxygen uptake [median 76/interquartile range (IQR) 22% pred.] and work rate (median 76/IQR 21 W). The work rate was significantly lower compared to control subjects (p = 0.04) but not significantly different from CTEPH patients (p = 0.66). Oxygen pulse and breathing reserve were normal. CTED subjects showed decreased end-tidal CO<sub>2</sub> at anaerobic threshold (28.4/4.3 mm Hg), an elevated VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (42.5/23.5), breathing equivalents (EQO<sub>2</sub> 32.0/8.7, EQCO<sub>2</sub> 39.5/8.8), alveolar-capillary oxygen gradient (34.7/15.5 mm Hg) and capillary end-tidal carbon dioxide gradient (8.8/5.7 mm Hg) compared to control subjects (p &lt; 0.001). The degree of limitation was similar to that in CTEPH. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Despite an mPAP of &lt;25 mm Hg, subjects with CTED show objective functional impairment and similar limitations to patients with CTEPH. Functional limitation is characterized by gas exchange disturbance and ineffective ventilation.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452936
title: Variation in stratigraphic congruence (GER) through the Phanerozoic and across higher taxa is partially determined by sources of bias

description: Many published cladograms report measures of stratigraphic congruence. Strong congruence between cladistic branching order and the order of first fossil occurrences is taken to support both the accuracy of cladograms and the fidelity of the record. Poor congruence may reflect inaccurate trees, a misleading fossil record, or both. However, it has been demonstrated that most congruence indices are logically or empirically biased by parameters that are not uniformly distributed across taxa or through time. These include tree size and balance, mean ghost range duration (gap size) and the range and distribution of origination dates. This study used 650 published cladograms to investigate the influence of these variables on the Gap Excess Ratio (GER). In a range of multivariate models, factors other than congruence <em>per se</em> explained up to 74.5% of the observed variance in GER amongst trees. Arthropods typically have poorer GER values than other groups, but the residual differences from our models are much less striking. The models also show no clear residual trend in GER through the Phanerozoic. Because the GER is strongly influenced by parameters related to cladogram size, balance and duration, comparisons across trees should be made with caution.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452936.v1
title: Variation in stratigraphic congruence (GER) through the Phanerozoic and across higher taxa is partially determined by sources of bias

description: Many published cladograms report measures of stratigraphic congruence. Strong congruence between cladistic branching order and the order of first fossil occurrences is taken to support both the accuracy of cladograms and the fidelity of the record. Poor congruence may reflect inaccurate trees, a misleading fossil record, or both. However, it has been demonstrated that most congruence indices are logically or empirically biased by parameters that are not uniformly distributed across taxa or through time. These include tree size and balance, mean ghost range duration (gap size) and the range and distribution of origination dates. This study used 650 published cladograms to investigate the influence of these variables on the Gap Excess Ratio (GER). In a range of multivariate models, factors other than congruence <em>per se</em> explained up to 74.5% of the observed variance in GER amongst trees. Arthropods typically have poorer GER values than other groups, but the residual differences from our models are much less striking. The models also show no clear residual trend in GER through the Phanerozoic. Because the GER is strongly influenced by parameters related to cladogram size, balance and duration, comparisons across trees should be made with caution.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452933
title: Uncovering the diversification history of marine tetrapods: ecology influences the effect of geological sampling biases

description: Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates gave rise to sea-going forms independently among the ichthyosaurs, sauropterygians, thalattosaurs, crocodyliforms, turtles, squamates, and other lineages. Many passed through a shallow marine phase before becoming adapted for open ocean life. This allows quantitative testing of factors affecting our view of the diversity of ancient organisms inhabiting different oceanic environments. We implemented tests of correlation using generalized difference transformed data, and multiple regression models. These indicate that shallow marine diversity was driven by changes in the extent of flooded continental area and more weakly influenced by uneven fossil sampling. This is congruent with studies of shallow marine invertebrate diversity and suggests that ‘common cause’ effects are influential in the shallow marine realm. In contrast, our view of open ocean tetrapod diversity is strongly distorted by temporal heterogeneity in fossil record sampling, and has little relationship with continental flooding. Adaptation to open ocean life allowed plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and sea turtles to ‘escape’ from periodic extinctions driven by major marine regressions, which affected shallow marine taxa in the Late Triassic and over the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary. Open ocean taxa declined in advance of the end-Cretaceous extinction. Shallow marine taxa continued diversifying in the terminal stages due to increasing sea-level.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452933.v1
title: Uncovering the diversification history of marine tetrapods: ecology influences the effect of geological sampling biases

description: Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrates gave rise to sea-going forms independently among the ichthyosaurs, sauropterygians, thalattosaurs, crocodyliforms, turtles, squamates, and other lineages. Many passed through a shallow marine phase before becoming adapted for open ocean life. This allows quantitative testing of factors affecting our view of the diversity of ancient organisms inhabiting different oceanic environments. We implemented tests of correlation using generalized difference transformed data, and multiple regression models. These indicate that shallow marine diversity was driven by changes in the extent of flooded continental area and more weakly influenced by uneven fossil sampling. This is congruent with studies of shallow marine invertebrate diversity and suggests that ‘common cause’ effects are influential in the shallow marine realm. In contrast, our view of open ocean tetrapod diversity is strongly distorted by temporal heterogeneity in fossil record sampling, and has little relationship with continental flooding. Adaptation to open ocean life allowed plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and sea turtles to ‘escape’ from periodic extinctions driven by major marine regressions, which affected shallow marine taxa in the Late Triassic and over the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary. Open ocean taxa declined in advance of the end-Cretaceous extinction. Shallow marine taxa continued diversifying in the terminal stages due to increasing sea-level.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3452930
title: Geochemistry of 24 Ma basalts from NE Egypt: source components and fractionation history

description: Subalkaline basalts from NE Egypt represent an episode of magmatism at <em>c</em>. 24 Ma, coincident with widespread eruptive activity in northern Africa. New geochemical data provide insight into the mineralogical and isotopic characteristics of the underlying mantle. The basalts show little geochemical variation, with incompatible trace element abundances similar to those of ocean island basalts. They display fairly smooth primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace element patterns. Trace element abundances and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic signatures are consistent with contributions from two distinct source regions, one similar to the Afar plume and the other located within the metasomatized spinel-facies subcontinental lithosphere. Mixing of melts from these two domains was followed by minor crustal contamination during prolonged ascent or emplacement. Integrating the geochemical data with available tomographic information allows us to develop a framework for understanding mid-Tertiary magmatic activity throughout northern Africa. A model for this widespread volcanism involves ascent of upwelling mantle derived from the margins of the South African Superplume rooted at the core–mantle boundary and/or through small-scale convection at the 660 km discontinuity. Ascent of magmas to the surface was facilitated by pre-existing structures within the lithosphere, including those associated with incipient rifting of the Red Sea.