DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j0zpc86f7
title: Phenotype and QTL mapping data from: Genetic trade-offs underlie divergent life history strategies for local adaptation in white clover

description: Local adaptation is common in plants, yet characterization of its
 underlying genetic basis is rare in herbaceous perennials. Moreover, while
 many plant species exhibit intraspecific chemical defense polymorphisms,
 their importance for local adaptation remains poorly understood. We
 examined the genetic architecture of local adaptation in a perennial,
 obligately outcrossing herbaceous legume, white clover (Trifolium
 repens). This widespread species displays a well-studied chemical
 defense polymorphism for cyanogenesis (HCN release following tissue
 damage) and has evolved climate-associated cyanogenesis clines throughout
 its range. Two biparental F2 mapping populations, derived from
 three parents collected in environments spanning the U.S. latitudinal
 species range (Duluth, MN, St. Louis, MO, and Gainesville, FL), were grown
 in triplicate for two years in reciprocal common garden experiments in the
 parental environments (6,012 total plants). Vegetative growth and
 reproductive fitness traits displayed trade-offs across reciprocal
 environments, indicating local adaptation. Genetic mapping of fitness
 traits revealed a genetic architecture characterized by allelic trade-offs
 between environments, with 100% and 80% of fitness QTL in the two mapping
 populations showing significant QTL X E interactions, consistent with
 antagonistic pleiotropy. Across the genome, there were three hotspots of
 QTL co-localization. Unexpectedly, we found little evidence that the
 cyanogenesis polymorphism contributes to local adaptation. Instead,
 divergent life history strategies in reciprocal environments were major
 fitness determinants: selection favored early investment in flowering at
 the cost of multi-year survival in the southernmost site vs. delayed
 flowering and multi-year persistence in the northern environments. Our
 findings demonstrate that multi-locus genetic tradeoffs contribute to
 contrasting life history characteristics that allow for local adaptation
 in this outcrossing herbaceous perennial.
description: Dryad files contain the following information:
 1) Raw phenotype data used for all quantitative trait and genetic
 mapping analyses (four.csv files for the two reciprocal comparisons: DMN,
 GFL-DG, STL, and GFL-SG). 2) Full results from QTL
 mapping analysis (R printouts from all models as.txt files)
 3) R scripts for various analyses (corresponding figures and
 tables from the study are indicated in parentheses): 
 λ calculations and correlations with Year 1 floral count
 (Figure S1) within-site trait variance and
 broad-sense heritability (Table S3) within-site trait
 correlations and PCAs (Figure S3, S6) across-site
 trait variance (Figure 1, Table S5, Table S6)
 rGE correlations (Figure 2, Table S4) QTL
 mapping analysis (Figure 3, Table 2, Table S7) QTL×E
 post-hoc analysis (Figure 4, Figure S7,S8, Table S8)
description: Abbreviations and terms used in files:<br>HCN, cyanogenic
 response (0=acyanogenic, 1 = cyanogenic)<br>Cyanotype, cyanogenic
 response defined with respect to the two required cyanogenic components:
 AcLi (both components present), Acli (cyanogenic glucosides present
 without linamarase), acLi (linamarase present), acli (neither cyanogenic
 component present)<br>Units for Flowering duration data:
 days<br>Units for Vegetative area data: square cm