DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15835360
title: GSI Database for Kilonova Radiative Transfer

description: This database contains calibrated lanthanide atomic data of singly and doubly ionised ions. 

Details of the atomic structure calculations can be found in the publication: Flörs et al., 'Calibrated Lanthanide Atomic Data for Kilonova Radiative Transfer.I. Atomic Structure and Opacities', submitted to Physical Review D (2025). 

Contents(Z=57 to Z=70):



Uncalibrated energy levels

Calibrated energy levels (except Pm III)

Uncalibrated E1 transitions

Calibrated E1 transitions (except Pm III)


For Pm III, only ground state information is available, precluding meaningful calibration against experimental energy levels.

Sample file content: energy levels

The header provides details on the total number of energy levels located below the ionisation threshold, along with the number of experimentally known levels that were successfully identified in our computations. Additionally, it specifies the total number of electronic configurations considered, irrespective of whether their associated levels lie below the ionisation threshold. Spectroscopic LS terms were determined using the JJ2LSJ code (G. Gaigalas, C. Fischer, P. Rynkun, and P. Jönsson, 'Transformation and Unique Labeling for Energy Levels', Atoms 5, 6 (2017)). For each energy level, we indicate whether it was calibrated to experimental energies ("xmatch"), adjusted by applying a global shift derived from the bulk properties of its corresponding J-parity group ("shifted"), or left uncalibrated ("uncalib") in cases where no energy correction was applied.

Energy levels of La II
Authors: Floers A., et al.
Number of levels: 472
Number of xmatch levels: 108
Number of configurations: 44
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 Column Name     Unit   Description    
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Index           ----   Number of energy level sorted by energy
 Z               ----   Atomic number 
 Charge          ----   Ion charge
 Energy          cm-1   Energy of energy level
 J               ----   Angular momentum
 Parity          ----   Parity: 0 = even, 1 = odd
 Configuration   ----   Leading order configuration
 LS              ----   Leading order LS term
 Method          ----   Calibration method: uncalib / shifted / xmatch
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Index       Z  Charge      Energy       J  Parity  Configuration     LS    Method 
     0      57       1        0.00       2       0            5d2     3F    xmatch 
     1      57       1     1016.10       3       0            5d2     3F    xmatch 
     2      57       1     1394.46       2       0            5d2     1D    xmatch 
     3      57       1     1895.15       1       0          5d.6s     3D    xmatch 
     4      57       1     1970.70       4       0            5d2     3F    xmatch 
     5      57       1     2591.60       2       0          5d.6s     3D    xmatch 
     6      57       1     3250.35       3       0          5d.6s     3D    xmatch 
     7      57       1     5249.70       0       0            5d2     3P    xmatch 
     8      57       1     5718.12       1       0            5d2     3P    xmatch 
     9      57       1     6227.42       2       0            5d2     3P    xmatch 

Sample file content: E1 transitions

The transition files provide data on radiative transitions between computed energy levels, including both experimentally matched and theoretically predicted states. Summary statistics indicate the total number of transitions, as well as the subset for which one or both participating levels were identified through experimental calibration. For each transition, the dataset includes the indices and properties of the lower and upper levels, such as energy, total angular momentum (J), parity, leading electronic configuration, and dominant LS term. The calibration status of each level is recorded as either directly matched to experimental energies ("xmatch"), adjusted via global shifts within J-parity groups ("shifted"), or left uncalibrated ("uncalib"). Each transition is further characterized by its type (E1 for all transitions in this work), transition energy, wavelength, the logarithm of the weighted oscillator strength (log gf), and the Einstein A-value (A) representing the spontaneous radiative decay rate. 

Transitions of La II
Authors: Floers A., et al.
Total number of transitions: 17743
Total number of transitions with both upper and lower xmatch level: 1239
Total number of transitions with either upper or lower xmatch level: 7672
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 Column Name     Unit   Description    
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Lower           ----   Index of the lower level
 E_Lower         cm-1   Energy of the lower level
 J_Lower         ----   Angular momentum of the lower level
 P_Lower         ----   Parity of the lower level: 0 = even, 1 = odd
 Config_Lower    ----   Leading order configuration of the lower level
 LS_Lower        ----   Leading order LS term of the lower level
 Method_Lower    ----   Lower level calibration method: uncalib / shifted / xmatch
 Upper           ----   Index of the upper level
 E_Upper         cm-1   Energy of the upper level
 J_Upper         ----   Angular momentum of the upper level
 P_Upper         ----   Parity of the upper level: 0 = even, 1 = odd
 Config_Upper    ----   Leading order configuration of the upper level
 LS_Upper        ----   Leading order LS term of the upper level
 Method_Upper    ----   Upper level calibration method: uncalib / shifted / xmatch
 Type            ----   Transitions type: E1 / M1 / E2
 E_Transition    cm-1   Transition energy
 WV_Transition   A      Transition wavelength
 Log(gf)         ----   log10 of the weighted oscillator strength gf
 A               s-1    Radiative transition rate / Einstein A-value
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Lower     E_Lower J_Lower P_Lower Config_Lower  LS_Lower Method_Lower  Upper     E_Upper J_Upper P_Upper Config_Upper  LS_Upper 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     14    14147.98       2       1        4f.6s        1S 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     15    14375.17       3       1        4f.6s        3G 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     17    15773.77       3       1        4f.6s        3F 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     19    17211.93       2       1        4f.5d        3F 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     21    18235.56       3       1        4f.5d        3D 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     23    18895.41       2       1        4f.5d        1D 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     26    20402.82       3       1        4f.5d        1F 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     28    21441.73       1       1        4f.5d        3D 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     29    22106.02       2       1        4f.5d        3D 
     0        0.00       2       0          5d2        3F       xmatch     31    22537.30       3       1        4f.5d        3D 

Method_Upper   Type  E_Transition WV_Transition       Log(gf)             A 
      xmatch     E1      14147.98       7068.15       -1.0213    2.5424e+06 
      xmatch     E1      14375.17       6956.44       -1.9309    2.3086e+05 
      xmatch     E1      15773.77       6339.64       -3.6378    5.4593e+03 
      xmatch     E1      17211.93       5809.92       -1.4129    1.5272e+06 
      xmatch     E1      18235.56       5483.79       -2.0328    2.9385e+05 
      xmatch     E1      18895.41       5292.29       -1.3232    2.2631e+06 
      xmatch     E1      20402.82       4901.28       -0.2445    2.2592e+07 
      xmatch     E1      21441.73       4663.80       -0.6398    2.3429e+07 
      xmatch     E1      22106.02       4523.65       -1.3769    2.7370e+06 
      xmatch     E1      22537.30       4437.09       -1.4071    1.8955e+06 

 

Acknowledgements:

AF and GMP acknowledge support by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERCAdvanced Grant KILONOVA No. 885281), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - Project-ID 279384907 - SFB 1245, and MA 4248/3-1. RFS acknowledges the support from National funding by FCT (Portugal), through the individual research grant 2022.10009.BD. RFS, JMS and JPM acknowledge support through project funding 2023.14470.PEX ”Spectral Analysis and Radiative Data for Elemental Kilonovae Identification (SPARKLE)”.