DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn93p
title: Hourly GPS location data from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), green-winged teal (Anas crecca), and American wigeon (Mareca americana) transmittered in Arkansas

description: Movement of waterfowl during winter is central to resource acquisition and
 mortality avoidance, despite the imminent risk to survival and overall
 fitness induced by hunting disturbance and energy expenditure. Weather and
 other environmental conditions may influence movement by altering resource
 needs, in which ducks must balance the trade-offs of resource acquisition
 and risk management. We compared how environmental factors influenced
 total daily diurnal and nocturnal movement distances of three dabbling
 duck species wintering in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. We estimated
 total daily diurnal and nocturnal movement distances of green-winged teal
 (Anas crecca; n = 51), American wigeon (Mareca americana; n = 38), and
 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos; n = 31) using backpack transmitters during
 the winter period of February-November 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. We used
 linear mixed effects models to model the influence of weather, hunt
 season, day of season, and sex on total diurnal and nocturnal movement
 distances by species. Green-winged teal moved 7.7% further during the
 nocturnal period (x̄ = 3.38 km; SE = 0.32; p &lt;0.001) than during
 the diurnal period (x̄ = 3.13 km SE = 0.10), while American wigeon and
 mallards moved 36.6% (x̄ = 4.95 km; SE = 0.20; p &lt; 0.001) and 28.1%
 (x̄ = 4.39 km; SE = 0.23; p &lt; 0.001) further during the diurnal
 period than the nocturnal period (x̄ = 3.42 km, SE = 0.28 and x̄ = 3.31
 km, SE = 0.22), respectively. Fine-scale movement distances during the
 diurnal period were weakly associated with environmental covariates for
 all species. Conversely, moon illumination influenced nocturnal movement
 distances for all species. Nightly movement distances of mallards
 increased by 2.1 times from new to full moon during the hunting season.
 Conversely, there were no changes in nocturnal movement distance during
 pre-hunt and post-hunt periods when hunting disturbance was absent. In the
 face of intensifying environmental pressures on movement patterns in
 dabbling duck populations, this research demonstrates a behavioral
 response to moon illumination as a mechanism for moving about the
 landscape for resource acquisition in the presence of human disturbances
 that induce risk, such as hunting. 
description: # Hourly GPS Location Data from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos),
 Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca), and American Wigeon (Mareca americana)
 Transmittered in Arkansas
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn93p](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn93p) ## Description of the data and file structure GPS data is derived from Ornitela GPS-GSM transmitters affixed to ducks using harness style attachment. American wigeon, green-winged teal, and mallards were trapped using rocket net, attracted using corn or rice as bait. ### Files and variables #### File: Daily\_Movement\_Summarized\_DabblingDuck\_26Sep22.csv **Description:** Summarized daily movements using merged with climatic data derived from nearby weather stations. ##### Variables * band: USGS aluminum band number representing each individual * date_cst: Date in CST * julian: Julian Day (CST) * n: Number of fixes recorded each individual/day * species: Species of dabbling duck following standard AOU codes * sex: Male or Female determined by plumage or cloacal inversion * mean_dist: Mean distance moved between locations (i.e. mean step length; m) * sum_dist: Daily total distance moved between locations (m) * median_dist: Median distance moved between locations (m) * n_moon: Number of locations during night when moon was in the sky * moon_ill: Percent of full moon illumination * mooncomb: Product of n_moon and moon_ill * avetemp: Average daily temperature (celsius degrees) * maxtemp: Daily maximum temperature (celsius degrees) * mintemp: Daily minimum temperature (celsius degrees) * meanhumidity: Mean humidity (%) * meanbaro: Mean barometric pressure (mb) * meanpressurechange: Mean change in barometric pressure (mb) between hourly readings * changebaro: Sum of change in barometric pressure (mb) between hourly readings * maxbaro: Daily maximum barometric pressure (mb) * minbaro: Daily minimum barometric pressure (mb) * mean_wind: Mean wind speed (km/hr) * max_wind: Maximum wind speed (km/hr) * total_precip: Total daily precipitation (mm) * Field: Integer of denoting field season * Season: Indicates before, during, or after hunting season (pre-hunt, hunt, post-hunt) #### File: Hourly\_Movement\_DabblingDuck\_26Sep22.csv **Description:**  ##### Variables * round_cst: Datetime rounded to nearest hour (CST) * StationName: Location where weather data was derived * device_id: Transmitter serial number * date: Date (UTC) * time: time (UTC) * datetime.x: Datetime (UTC) * lat: Latitude of GPS fix ( * lon: Longitude of GPS fix  * hdop: Horizontal dilution of precision * speed: Speed estimated from GPS fix (km/hr) * alt: Altitude above sea level (m) * temp: Temperature from onboard thermometer * datetime_cst: Datetime (CST) * julian: Julian day of year * month: Numeric month of year * band: USGS band number denoting individual identity * spp: Species AOU code * sex: Male or female determined by plumage or cloacal inversion * b_datetime: Datetime of deployment/banding * firstdate: Day including buffer from deployment data used to subset data * e_datetime: Date of mortality or transmitter failure (last connection) * date_posix: Formatted date of GPS fix * start_posix: Formatted date of deployment/banding * end_posix: Formatted date of mortality or failure * hour: Hour subset from datetime * sun.date: Date of sunrise associated with GPS fix * sun.lat: Latitude for sunrise/sunset using 'suncalc' package * sun.lon: Longitude for sunrise/sunset using 'suncalc' package * sun.dawn: Datetime of dawn associated with GPS fix  * sun.dusk: Datetime of dusk associated with GPS fix  * sun.day: Denotes if location occurred at night or day * sun_up2: Numeric column denoting day/night * illum.date: Date used for extracting moon illumination * illum.fraction: Illumination as percent of full moon * rise: Datetime of moon rise  * set: Datetime of moon set * between: Numerical denoting if datetime_utc falls between moon rise and moon set * between2: Numerical denoting if datetime_utc falls between moon rise and moon set when rise and set are on different days * between3: Numerical denoting if datetime_utc falls between moon rise and moon set * moon_up: Denotes if moon was in the sky (up) or not (down) * moon_comb: illum.fraction by moon up (measure of illumintion and how long moon was in the sky) * minutes_sunrise: Minutes from sunrise of GPS fix with negative values denoting time before * minutes_sunset: Minutes from sunset of GPS fix with negative values denoting time before * morn_aft: Categorize GPS locations by morning or afternoon * year: Year of GPS fix for handing * Final_X: Longitude in Universal Tranverse Mercator (m) in EPSG:32615 * Final_Y: Latitude in Universal Tranverse Mercator (m) in EPSG:32615 * distance_apart: Distance apart of previous GPS fix of individual (m) * moved: Binary denoting if individual moved &gt;500 m (1 if distance_apart &gt; 500 m) * season: Hunting season denoted by first year * hour_cst: Hour of GPS fix (CST) * date_cst: Date of GPS fix (CST) * station_lat: Latitude of nearest weather station  * station_lon: Longitude of nearest weather stations * STATION: Station individual ID  * DATE: Datetime of weather record * HourlyAltimeterSetting: Barometric pressure adjusted for altimeter reading (Hg/in) * HourlyDewPointTemperature: Dew point temperature * HourlyDryBulbTemperature: Temperature (F) * HourlyPrecipitation: Amount of precipitation (in) * HourlyPresentWeatherType: Type of precipitation following NOAA short hand conventions * HourlyPressureChange: Change in barometric pressure (+ or - Hg/in) * HourlyPressureTendency: Measure of degree of change in barometric pressure * HourlyRelativeHumidity: Relative humidity * HourlySeaLevelPressure: Barometric pressure at sea level (Hg/in) * HourlySkyConditions: Sky condition/visible moisture following NOAA short hand conventions * HourlyStationPressure: Barometric pressure (Hg/in) * HourlyVisibility: Horizontal visibility (statute miles) * HourlyWetBulbTemperature: Real feel temperature (includes humidity) * HourlyWindDirection: Azimuthal degree of wind direction * HourlyWindGustSpeed: Maximum wind velocity/gust (mph) * HourlyWindSpeed: Hourly wind speed (average sustained wind speed in mph) * HourlyPrecipitation2: HourlyPrecipitation with T (too little to measure) replaced with 0.01 in of precipitation * wx_datetime: Date time of weather reading * wx_date: Date only of weather reading * hour_temp: Hourly temperature (degrees Celsius) * HourlyStationPressure2: Barometric pressure converted to millibars * round_sunrise: Time from sunset rounded to 1 HR intervals for plotting * merged: Band and  date merged for data handling * full2: Number of GPS fixes per individual per day ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * Data was derived from the following sources: * Ornitela transmitter data ([https://cpanel.glosendas.net/](https://cpanel.glosendas.net/))