DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14836328
title: FallacyES-Political
title: Un dataset de falacias en debates políticos en España
title: A dataset of fallacies in Spanish political debates

description: The FallacyES-Political dataset consists of fallacy examples extracted from 19 debates between candidates for Spain's General Elections, held on nationally broadcast radio or television. All such debates up to the 2023 General Elections were processed, with the exception of two debates for which access to recordings was unavailable: one from 1993 and another from 2015. Note that debates were not held during every election cycle. The debates were transcribed using WhisperX and processed by three annotators with backgrounds in journalism and philosophy.If you use this resource, please cite "Cruz, F. L., Troyano, J. A., Enríquez, F., & Ortega, F. J. (2025). FallacyES-Political: A Multiclass Dataset of Fallacies in Spanish Political Debates. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, 74".
description: The dataset comprises 1,944 instances drawn from the speeches of 33 representatives of 11 different political parties. For each instance, the dataset includes the text, the type of fallacy, the debate from which it was extracted, and the speaker's identification string. Additionally, the context surrounding the excerpt is provided, as it is sometimes essential for correctly determining the fallacy type.
description: List of features in file fallacyES-Political.csv: 

1) document: identification of the debate (date)

2) category: type of fallacy detected in the text (text)

3) text: snippet where the fallacy was detected (text)

4) prev_context: previous context where there may be important information to identify the fallacy (text)

5) foll_context: subsequent context where there may be important information to identify the fallacy (text)

6) speaker_id: a code with the format SPEAKER_X, where X is a number assigned to each person, which identifies the speaker who is pronouncing the words of the text (text)

7) speaker_name: name of the speaker who is pronouncing the words of the text (text)

8) speaker_party: political party of the speaker who is pronouncing the words of the text (text)List of features in file debates_info.csv:1) date: the date on which the debate took place.2) participants: full name and political party of each participant in the debate.3) organizer: the media outlet or journalists' association that organized and broadcasted the debate.
description: The methodology used for the annotation of the resource can be consulted in:Cruz, F. L., Troyano, J. A., Enríquez, F., & Ortega, F. J. (2025). FallacyES-Political: A Multiclass Dataset of Fallacies in Spanish Political Debates. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, 74. The documents guia-anotacion.md and annotation-guidelines.md contain the instructions provided to the annotators.
description: The present resource is primarily intended to function as training material for automatic fallacy detection systems. The approach is purely scientific, and there is no ideological motivation behind this work.

Although there have been several phases of revision, and given the large volume of manually processed texts, the resource may contain errors. Either omission of fallacies that may have been overlooked, or incorrect annotations of the fallacies included in the resource. The authors cannot be held responsible for possible biased interpretations resulting from these potential errors.