DOI: 10.5061/dryad.41r51
title: Data from: Forest fragments modulate the provision of multiple ecosystem services

description: 1. Agricultural landscapes provide the essential ecosystem service of food
 to growing human populations; at the same time, agricultural expansion to
 increase crop production results in forest fragmentation, degrading many
 other forest-dependent ecosystem services. However, surprisingly little is
 known about the role that forest fragments play in the provision of
 ecosystem services and how fragmentation affects landscape
 multi-functionality at scales relevant to land management decisions. 2. We
 measured the provision of six ecosystem services (crop production, pest
 regulation, decomposition, carbon storage, soil fertility, and water
 quality regulation) in soybean fields at different distances from adjacent
 forest fragments that differed in isolation and size across an
 agricultural landscape in Quebec, Canada. 3. We observed significant
 effects of distance-from-forest, fragment isolation, and fragment size on
 crop production, insect pest regulation, and decomposition. 4.
 Distance-from-forest and fragment isolation had unique influences on
 service provision for each of the ecosystem services we measured. For
 example, pest regulation was maximized adjacent to forest fragments, while
 crop production was maximized at intermediate distances-from-forest. As a
 consequence, landscape multi-functionality depended on landscape
 heterogeneity: the range of field and forest fragment types present. 5. We
 also observed strong negative and positive relationships between ecosystem
 services that were more prevalent at greater distances-from-forest. 6.
 Synthesis and applications. Our study is one of the first to empirically
 measure and model the effects of forest fragments on the simultaneous
 provision of multiple ecosystem services in an agro-ecosystem at the
 landscape and field scales relevant to land owners and managers. Our
 results demonstrate that forest fragments, irrespective of their size, can
 affect the provision of multiple ecosystem services in surrounding fields,
 but that this effect is mediated by fragment isolation across the
 landscape. Our results also suggest that managing habitat fragmentation
 and landscape structure will improve our ability to optimize ecosystem
 service provision and create multi-functional agricultural landscapes.
description: Ecosystem Service
 Indicator MeasurementsZip files contains
 comma-delimited data files of ecosystem service indicator measurements for
 data collected in the field for 2010 and 2011, for both above- and
 belowground ecosystem service indicators. An associated readme file
 describes each file and the column headings.Mitchell_etal_JAE.zipR ScriptsR Scripts for data analysis. Includes a file for the generalized additive mixed model analysis (JAE_GAMMAnalysis_20140131), a file to create the associated generalized additive mixed model figures (JAE_GAMMPlots_20140201), the Spearman rank correlation analysis between ecosystem service indicators (JAE_Corr_20140203), and the multifunctionality analysis (JAE_Star_20140205). Files can be used in RStudio, opened in a text editor, or opened directly in R and use the associated data files also archived in DRYAD. These scripts were run in R version 3.0.2 for the Journal of Applied Ecology paper.Mitchell_etal_Rfiles.zipPlot LocationsPlot locations for 2010 and 2011 in decimal latitude and longitude degrees.Plot_Locations.csv