DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4xgxd255n
title: Data from: Complex evolution of insect insulin receptors and homologous decoy receptors, and functional significance of their multiplicity

description: Evidence accumulates that the functional plasticity of insulin and
 insulin-like growth factor signaling in insects could spring, among
 others, from the multiplicity of insulin receptors (InRs). Their multiple
 variants may be implemented in the control of insect polyphenism, such as
 wing or caste polyphenism. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic
 analysis of insect InR sequences in 118 species from 23 orders and
 investigate the role of three InRs identified in the linden bug,
 Pyrrhocoris apterus, in wing polymorphism control. We identified two gene
 clusters (Clusters I and II) resulting from an ancestral duplication in a
 late ancestor of winged insects, which remained conserved in most
 lineages, only in some of them being subject to further duplications or
 losses. One remarkable yet neglected feature of InR evolution is the loss
 of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, giving rise to decoys of InR in
 both clusters. Within the Cluster I, we confirmed the presence of the
 secreted decoy of insulin receptor in all studied Muscomorpha. More
 importantly, we described a new tyrosine kinase-less gene (DR2) in the
 Cluster II, conserved in apical Holometabola for ∼300 My. We
 differentially silenced the three P. apterus InRs and confirmed
 their participation in wing polymorphism control. We observed a pattern of
 Cluster I and Cluster II InRs impact on wing development, which differed
 from that postulated in planthoppers, suggesting an independent
 establishment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling control over
 wing development, leading to idiosyncrasies in the co-option of multiple
 InRs in polyphenism control in different taxa.
description: The dataset consists of full sequences and sequence alignments of
 insulin receptor (InR) proteins of insects and other animals mined from
 public databases and completed with newly assembled genomic and
 transcriptomic data. GenBank was BLAST examined for InR
 and InR homologs in taxon-specific searches through NCBI web page
 interface. In addition, genome drafts of <i>Blatella
 germanica</i>, <i>Ephemera danica</i> and
 <i>Homalodisca vitripennis</i> were downloaded from the
 database of I5k genome sequencing initiative
 (http://i5k.github.io/arthropod_genomes_at_ncbi) and prospected using
 BLAST algorithm in Geneious program (Biomatters, Ltd.). In case of
 <i>Lepisma saccharina</i>, <i>de novo</i> assembly
 of transcriptomes was performed using Trinity algorithm from sequence read
 archive (SRA) available at NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) and the
 resulting database was subsequently explored with BLAST in Geneious.
 <i>Embiratermes neotenicus,</i> <i>Prorhinotermes
 simplex</i> and<i> Pyrrhocoris apterus</i> InRs were
 retrieved from in-house transcriptomic databases assembled from Illumina
 reads with Trinity algorithm. These transcriptomes will be published
 elsewhere. All retrieved protein sequences were explored for the presence
 of protein domains using InterProScan (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/search/sequence-search), transmembrane domains were predicted on TMHMM Server v. 2.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/). Fast tree and RAxML phylogenetic analyses of Clustal W alignments (both in Geneious) and manual scoring for the presence of characteristic domain modules were used to classify a protein as a candidate for InR or decoy of insulin receptor, which differ from InR only by absence of tyrosine kinase domain. Protein sequences were aligned using MAFFT v7.308 with the E-INS-i multiple alignment method and BLOSUM80 scoring matrix. Poorly aligned regions were identified visually and removed, or adjusted using trimAl (http://trimal.cgenomics.org/) with 'gappyout' parameter. The dataset contains following files: Fasta full seq.docx = full protein sequences of InRs of insects InR_AllPhyla-SI-alignment.fasta = alignment of 67 animal InR sequences used for a phylogenetic comparison across Animalia (fig. S1) 205einsi.gappy--length1301.fasta = alignment of 205 insect InR sequences used for a phylogenetic comparison across Insecta (fig. 1, S2-S4) Blattodea-SI-alignment.fasta = alignment of InR sequences used for a detailed phylogenetic comparison in Blattodea (fig. S5) Orthoptera-SI-alignment = alignment of InR sequences used for a detailed phylogenetic comparison in Orthoptera (fig. S6, S7) Hymenoptera-SI-alignment = alignment of InR sequences used for a detailed phylogenetic comparison in Hymenoptera (fig. S11)