DOI: 10.5061/dryad.931zcrjj2
title: Microgeographic adaptation corresponds with elevational distributions of congeneric montane grasshoppers

description: Local adaptation can occur at small spatial scales relative to the
 dispersal capacity of species. Alpine ecosystems have sharp environmental
 clines that offer an opportunity to investigate the effects of fine scale
 shifts in species’ niche breadth on adaptive genetic processes. Here we
 examine two grasshopper species endemic to the Australian Alps
 (Kosciuscola spp.) that differ in elevational niche breadth; one broader,
 K. usitatus (1400-2200m), and one narrower, K. tristis (1600-2000m). We
 examine signatures of selection with respect to environmental and
 morphological variables in two mountain regions using FST outlier tests
 and environmental association analyses (EAA) applied to Single Nucleotide
 Polymorphism data (K. usitatus: 9,017 SNPs, n = 130; K. tristis: 7,363
 SNPs, n = 135). Stronger genetic structure was found in the more narrowly
 distributed K. tristis, which showed almost twice the number of SNPs under
 putative selection (10.8%) compared with K. usitatus (5.3%). When
 examining SNPs in common across species (n = 3,058), 260 SNPs (8.5%) were
 outliers shared across species, and these were mostly associated with
 elevation, a proxy for temperature, suggesting parallel adaptive processes
 in response to climatic drivers. Additive polygenic scores (an estimate of
 the cumulative signal of selection across all candidate loci) were
 non-linearly and positively correlated with elevation in both species.
 However, a steeper correlation in K. tristis indicated a stronger signal
 of spatially varying selection towards higher elevations. Our study
 illustrates that the niche breadth of co-occurring and related species
 distributed along the same environmental cline is associated with
 differences in patterns of microgeographic adaptation.
description: Sampling was undertaken for two weeks in late February to early
 March of 2017. Three transects ranging from 1400-2200m in elevation were
 sampled within each of two mountain regions, Thredbo and Guthega within
 Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales. DNA was extracted from the
 tissue of one femur per collected specimen at the Diversity Arrays
 Technology sequencing facility, Canberra (DArTseq). A modified
 double-digest RAD sequencing protocol was used to generate data at
 DArTseq. SNPs were further filtered using the Radiator r
 package.
description: <b>Files: K.usitatus_9017_SNPs.ped,
 K.usitatus_9017_SNPs.map</b> Genotype information
 of 130 individuals of <i>Kosciuscola usitatus</i> analysed at
 9,017 SNPs. The data was used to perform selection detection tests. The
 files are in PED and MAP format. MAP file= list of names of SNP
 markers <b>File:
 K.usitatus_3321_SNPs.str</b> File with 3,321 SNPs
 and 130 individuals, used to analyse pairwise Fst, genetic structure,
 isolation by distance and spatial autocorrelation
 analyses for <i>Kosciuscola
 usitatus</i>. The
 file is STRUCTURE formatted. Missing values are coded as -9
 <b>File: K.usitatus_envt_data.csv</b>
 Environmental data information used to detect signatures of
 selection (EAA analysis, pRDA and RDA). pop= population
 information representing the area of collection for each
 individual transect= transect information for each
 individual location= Location
 individual= unique name of individual
 elevation= elevation in meter above sea level
 FPC= Foliage Projective Cover (%) precipseas =
 precipitation seasonality roughness = terrain
 roughness FZ = number of frost days
 bd = soil bulk density ph = soil
 ph      femur length = measured in mm
 sex = sex per individual, binary coded: male = 0, female =
 1   <b>Files:
 K.tristis_7363_SNPS.ped, K.tristis_7363_SNPS.map</b>
 Genotype information of a total of 135 individuals of
 <i>Kosciuscola usitatus</i> analysed at 7,363 SNPs. The data
 was used to perform selection detection tests. The files are in PED and
 MAP format. MAP file= list of names of SNP markers
 <b>File: K.tristis_3566_SNPS.str</b>
 File with 3,566 SNPs and 135 individuals, used to analyse
 pairwise Fst, genetic structure, isolation by distance and spatial autocorrelation
 analyses for <i>Kosciuscola
 tristis</i>. The
 file is STRUCTURE formatted. Missing values are coded as -9
   <b>File:
 K.tristis_envt_data</b> Environmental data
 information used to detect signatures of selection (EAA analysis, pRDA and
 RDA). pop= population information representing the area
 of collection for each individual transect= transect
 information for each individual location=
 Location individual= unique name of
 individual elevation= elevation in meter above sea
 level FPC= Foliage Projective Cover (%)
 precipseas = precipitation seasonality
 roughness = terrain roughness FZ = number of
 frost days bd = soil bulk density ph
 = soil ph      femur length = measured in mm
 sex = sex per individual, binary coded: male = 0, female =
 1   <b>File:
 Whole_data_3058_SNPs.ped, Whole_data_3058_SNPs.map</b>
 Genotype information of 266 individuals (129 <i>K.
 usitatus,</i> 137 <i>K. tristis</i>) analysed at 3,058
 SNPs. The data was used to perform selection detection tests. The files
 are in PED and MAP format. MAP file= list of names of SNP
 markers <b>File:
 Whole_data_2143_SNPs.str</b> File with 2,143 SNPs
 and 266 individuals, used to perform genetic structure analysis for the
 common dataset for the two species. The
 file is STRUCTURE formatted. Missing values are coded as -9