DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffqm
title: Metabolites of intestinal fora can be used as diagnostic and progressive markers for mild cognitive impairment

description: Purpose: The aim of the work was to analyze the metabolites of the
 intestinal microbiota from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
 due to Alzheimer's disease and progressive MCI due to
 Alzheimer's disease. Method: Two cohorts were established. The first
 one included 87 subjects with 30 healthy controls (NC), 22 patients with
 MCI due to Alzheimer's disease, and 35 patients with Alzheimer's
 disease (AD). The second cohort included 87 patients with MCI due to
 Alzheimer's disease, who were followed up for 2 years, and finally
 were divided into progressive MCI due to Alzheimer's disease group
 (P-G) and unprogressive MCI due to Alzheimer's disease group (U-G)
 according their cognitive levels. Fecal samples were collected from all
 patients at the baseline time point. Differential metabolites were
 subjected to pathway analysis by MetaboAnalyst. Results: In the first
 cohort, we found 21 different metabolites among the three groups
 (AD, MCI, and NC). In the second cohort, we identified 19
 differential metabolites between P-G and U-G groups. By machine
 learning analysis, we found that 7 characteristic metabolites
 (Erythrodiol, alpha-Curcumene, Synephrine,
 o-Hydroxylaminobenzoate, 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid,
 2-Deoxystreptamine and 9(S)-HPOT) were of characteristic
 significance for the diagnosis of MCI due to Alzheimer's disease, and
 6 metabolites (Indolelactate, Indole-3-acetaldehyde, L-Proline, Perillyl,
 Mesaconate and Sphingosine) were the characteristic metabolites
 of early warning for the progression of MCI due to Alzheimer's
 disease. D-Glucuronic acid was negatively correlated
 with APOE4. Perillyl alcohol was negatively correlated with all of the
 five biomarkers (P-tau181and NF-light and Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 and GFAP), but
 Indoleacetaldehyde was positively correlated with three
 biomarkers (P-tau181 and Aβ1-42  and GFAP). Three characteristic
 metabolites (3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-Deoxystreptamine, and
 p-Synephrine) were positively correlated with Aβ1-42.
 2-Deoxystreptamine and 9(S)-HPOT and
 Indoleacetaldehyde were positively correlated with
 GFAP. L-Proline and Indoleacetaldehyde were
 positively correlated with NF-light. Conclusion: Specific metabolites of
 intestinal fora can be used as diagnostic and progressive markers for mild
 cognitive impairment.
description: # Metabolites of intestinal fora can be used as diagnostic and progressive
 markers for mild cognitive impairment
 In this study, we assessed
 the cognition of 87 community-dwelling elderly individuals aged 65 or
 older. Based on the degree of cognitive impairment, they were divided into
 three groups: 35 individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 22
 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 30 individuals with
 normal cognitive function. Demographic data including gender, age,
 education level, smoking status, and alcohol consumption were collected at
 baseline. Additionally, fecal samples were collected from all patients for
 analysis of serum levels of P-tau181, NF-light, Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40 and GFAP.
 Blood cells were also collected for APOE genotype testing. Furthermore,
 metabolites in the gut microbiota were analyzed through fecal sample
 testing. Subsequently, a two-year follow-up was conducted to assess
 cognitive function in these groups. Participants were categorized as
 either progressing or non-progressing based on their cognitive outcomes.
 Finally, machine learning methods were employed to analyze the
 characteristics of metabolites in those who experienced cognitive decline.
 **Datasets included:** **demographic characteristics** * group(progress):
 1=progress group, 2=no-progress group * group-three groups: 1=AD,2=MCI,
 3=normal * Smoking: represents whether the participants have smoked for
 more than 5 years; categorical variable,N=no smoking, Y=smoking *
 Drinking: Represents whether participants drink small amounts of alcohol;
 categorical variable, N= no drinking, Y=drink small amounts of alcohol *
 Gender: M=male,F=female * education time: represents the length of
 schooling (years) of the participating population,continuous variables *
 Genotype: represents the APOE genegenotype2,3=APOE3,2=APOE2,1=APOE4 *
 base-pairs: represents the base-pairs of APOE gene,categorical variable *
 Age, P-tau181, NF-light, Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40 and GFAP are continuous variables
 * P-tau181= Tau phosphorylated 181 protein * NF-light=neurofilament light
 chain * Aβ1-42=Amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 * Aβ1-40=Amyloid-beta peptide
 1-40 * GFAP=glial fibrillary acidic protein **Metabolites of intestinal
 flora** The mass spectrum of each sample results has been uploaded, our
 mass spectrometry results analysis by