cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7c85q
title: Data from: Role of axis reversal from the short-shoot to long-shoot habit for crown maintenance in slow-growing Betula maximowicziana trees

description: PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Branch growth and its spatial arrangement determine
 tree crown architecture and leaf display, and thus the productivity of
 trees. Branch axes elongate by the sequential production of shoots with
 differing morphology and function, such as short shoots and long shoots.
 This study investigated ontogenetic changes in axis growth in Betula
 maximowicziana and quantified the role of axis reversal between the
 short-shoot and long-shoot habit, particularly reversal from the
 short-shoot to long-shoot habit. METHODS: From eight trees with varying
 levels of growth vigor, 716 branch axes forming the basic crown
 architecture were sampled. Past growth of the branch axes was
 reconstructed from leaf and bud scale scars, and compared between
 slow-growing and vigorously growing trees. KEY RESULTS: Branch axes
 reversed more frequently between the long- and short-shoot habits in
 slow-growing trees than in vigorously growing trees. Short-shoot-origin
 axes that reversed to the long-shoot habit lived for longer periods and
 grew larger than axes that remained in the short-shoot habit.
 Short-shoot-origin axes reversed as they grew away from branch apices,
 typically more than 6 years after they had originated. CONCLUSIONS:
 Reversal of short-shoot-origin axes to the long-shoot habit is an
 endogenous growth process of trees with reduced vigor. Like epicormic
 branching, the reversal may contribute to the maintenance of productivity
 of large old trees by prolonging axis longevity and filling the inner part
 of the crown. This study presented an ontogenetic change in branch growth,
 which broadened our perspectives on the growth and survival of long-living
 trees.
description: R code for GLMMs, Axis
 reversal in Betula maximowicziana.R source code for GLMM
 for the probability of lateral axis having reversed.AxisReversal1RcodeGLMM.txtData table of axis fate, Axis reversal in Betula maximowicziana.Data for GLMMs for the probability of lateral axis having reversed.AxisReversal2AxisFateData.txtR code for LMMs, Axis reversal in Betula maximowicziana.R source code for LMM to test the effect of lateral axis type and its location on the growth of lateral axis.AxisReversal3RcodeLMM.txtData table of axis size, Axis reversal in Betula maximowicziana.Data for LMMs to test the effect of axis type and location on the size of axis.AxisReversal4AxisLocGrowthData.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6pr6c
title: Data from: Tiny vampires in ancient seas: evidence for predation via perforation in fossils from the 780–740 million-year-old Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, USA

description: One explanation for the early Neoproterozoic expansion of eukaryotes is
 the appearance of eukaryovorous predators—i.e. protists that preyed on
 other protists. Evidence for eukaryovory at this time, however, is
 indirect, based on inferences from character state reconstructions and
 molecular clocks, and on the presence of possible defensive structures in
 some protistan fossils. Here I describe 0.1–3.4 µm circular holes in seven
 species of organic-walled microfossils from the ~780–740 million-year-old
 Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, that are similar to those formed
 today by predatory protists that perforate the walls of their prey to
 consume the contents inside. Although best known in the vampyrellid
 amoebae, this “vampire-like” behavior is widespread among eukaryotes,
 making it difficult to infer confidently the identity of the predator.
 Nonetheless, the identity of the prey is clear: some—and perhaps all—of
 the fossils are eukaryotes. These holes thus provide the oldest direct
 evidence for predation on eukaryotes, and together with ~15–35 µm
 half-moon-shaped and circular holes in vase-shaped microfossils from the
 upper part of the unit that may also be the work of “tiny vampires”, they
 suggest a diversity of eukaryovorous predators in the ancient Chuar sea.
description: Supplementary Data Table
 1. Hole sizes and specimen information; Chuar Group, Grand Canyon,
 Arizona, USASupplementary Data Table
 1. Hole sizes in specimens from the Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona,
 with reference to data shown in Figure 3. See Porter and Riedman (in
 press) for more details on samples. (UCMP = University of California
 Museum of Paleontology.)Supplementary Data Table for
 Dryad.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.41f8t
title: Data from: Climate change may drive cave spiders to extinction

description: Subterranean ecosystems present ideal opportunities to study mechanisms
 underlying responses to changes in climate because species within them are
 often adapted to a largely constant temperature. We have characterized the
 thermal conditions of caves in the Western Alps, and related these
 hypogean climate data to the occurrence of Troglohyphantes spiders
 (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Our data indicated that present distributions
 reflect Pleistocene glaciation events and also pointed to specific
 responses as a consequence of changes in temperature. Constant
 temperatures recorded inside caves provide an approximation of the mean
 annual temperature outside, thus we extended the results to a regional
 scale. We used ecological niche modeling to predict habitat suitability
 both in the Pleistocene and under future global warming scenarios. These
 analyses pointed toward a future decline in habitat suitability for
 subterranean spiders and the potential extinction of the most restricted
 endemic species. When compared with other species that live in confined
 habitats such as islands and mountains, we expect cave species to be as
 much, if not more, vulnerable to climate change.
description: Fine scale modelling
 datasetVariable collected in
 the investigated caves. A description of each variable is found in the
 read me fileDATA_MAMMOLA_ET_AL.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vn110
title: Data from: Genetic divergence predicts reproductive isolation in damselflies

description: Reproductive isolation is the defining characteristic of a biological
 species, and a common but often untested prediction is a positive
 correlation between reproductive isolation and genetic divergence. Here we
 test for this correlation in odonates, an order characterized by strong
 sexual selection. First, we measure reproductive isolation and genetic
 divergence in eight damselfly genera (30 species pairs) and test for a
 positive correlation. Second, we estimate the genetic threshold preventing
 hybrid formation and empirically test this threshold using wild
 populations of species within the Ischnura genus. Our results indicate a
 positive and strong correlation between reproductive isolation and genetic
 distance using both mitochondrial and nuclear genes (COII: r=0.781 and
 18S-28S: r=0.658). Hybridization thresholds range from -0.43 – 1.78% for
 COII, and -0.052 – 0.71% for 18S-28S, and both F1-hybrids and backcrosses
 were detected in wild populations of two pairs of Ischnura species with
 overlapping thresholds. Our study suggests threshold values are suitable
 to identify species prone to hybridization, and that positive
 isolation-divergence relationships are taxonomically widespread.
description: Accession numbers for
 the three genes and speciesAccession numbers for
 the three genes and species. In addition, the abbreviation names used for
 the phylogenetic analyses. “na” denotes sequences non available. Accession
 numbers of I. asiatica, I. fountaineae, I. elegans, I. e. ebneri, I.
 genei, I. graellsii, I. saharensis, I. senegalensis and I. pumilio for the
 three genes (KC430114 - KC430232).STable
 1.doc
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sm1gt
title: Data from: Asynchronous hatching provides females with a means for increasing male care but incurs a cost by reducing offspring fitness

description: In species with biparental care, sexual conflict occurs because the
 benefit of care depends on the total amount of care provided by the two
 parents while the cost of care depends on each parent’s own contribution.
 Asynchronous hatching may play a role in mediating the resolution of this
 conflict over parental care. The sexual conflict hypothesis for the
 evolution of asynchronous hatching suggests that females adjust hatching
 patterns in order to increase male parental effort relative to female
 effort. We tested this hypothesis in the burying beetle Nicrophorus
 vespilloides by setting up experimental broods with three different
 hatching patterns: synchronous, asynchronous and highly asynchronous
 broods. As predicted, we found that males provided care for longer in
 asynchronous broods whereas the opposite was true of females. However, we
 did not find any benefit to females of reducing their duration of care in
 terms of increased lifespan or reduced mass loss during breeding. We found
 substantial negative effects of hatching asynchrony on offspring fitness
 as larval mass was lower and fewer larvae survived to dispersal in highly
 asynchronous broods compared to synchronous or asynchronous broods. Our
 results suggest that, even though females can increase male parental
 effort by hatching their broods more asynchronously, females pay a
 substantial cost from doing so in terms of reducing offspring growth and
 survival. Thus, females should be under selection to produce a hatching
 pattern that provides the best possible trade-off between the benefits of
 increased male parental effort and the costs due to reduced offspring
 fitness.
description: FordSmisethJEB12797
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gd19rr3
title: Data from: Risky business: linking Toxoplasma gondii infection and entrepreneurship behaviours across individuals and countries

description: Disciplines such as business and economics often rely on the assumption of
 rationality when explaining complex human behaviours. However, growing
 evidence suggests that behaviour may concurrently be influenced by infec-
 tious microorganisms. The protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, infects an
 estimated 2 billion people worldwide and has been linked to behavioural
 alterations in humans and other vertebrates. Here we integrate primary
 data from college students and business professionals with national-level
 information on cultural attitudes toward business to test the hypothesis
 that T. gondii infection influences individual as well as societal-scale
 entre- preneurship activities. Using a saliva-based assay, we found that
 students (n 1⁄4 1495) who tested IgG positive for T. gondii exposure were
 1.4 more likely to major in business and 1.70 more likely to have an
 emphasis in ‘management and entrepreneurship’ over other business-related
 emphases. Among professionals attending entrepreneurship events, T.
 gondii-positive individuals were 1.8 more likely to have started their own
 business com- pared with other attendees (n 1⁄4 197). Finally, after
 synthesizing and combining country-level databases on T. gondii infection
 from the past 25 years with the global entrepreneurship monitor of
 entrepreneurial activity, we found that infection prevalence was a
 consistent, positive predictor of entrepreneurial activity and intentions
 at the national scale, regardless of whether previously identified
 economic covariates were included. Nations with higher infection also had
 a lower fraction of respondents citing ‘fear of failure’ in inhibiting
 initiating new business ventures. While correlational, these results
 highlight the linkage between parasitic infection and complex human
 behaviours, including those relevant to business, entrepreneurship, and
 economic productivity.
description: entrep_dryadData file for entrepClassData_dryadClass Datadata_for_study3Data for 3 year study
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c9370
title: Data from: Developmental timing of signals affects information content: song complexity but not consistency reflects innate immune strategy in male song sparrows

description: In short-lived animals, innate immunity is an important component of
 fitness and quality. Although receivers cannot generally assess a
 signaler's immune function directly, sexually selected displays such
 as birdsong may reflect past or current condition. We investigated the
 degree to which song complexity and consistency, thought to reflect
 condition over different developmental timescales, predict multiple
 aspects of innate immunity in male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). We
 also investigated correlations among immune measures. Non-cellular
 components of innate immunity (soluble blood proteins including natural
 antibody and other protective proteins) were negatively related to
 cellular (phagocytosis-based) components, suggesting trade-offs within
 innate immune protection. This pattern underscores the risk of inferring
 "immunocompetence" from a single metric. Song complexity, a
 permanent trait in this species, was positively related to noncellular
 relative to cellular immune components and may thus provide information as
 to the singer's innate immune strategy (investment in non-cellular
 versus cellular activity). Such a relationship could arise through shared
 timing of song learning and antibody repertoire development in early life.
 Singing consistency, thought to track variation in current condition and
 measured at both whole-song and syllable scales, did not predict any
 immune measures. Developmental timing of signals thus appears to influence
 their information content.
description: DryadDataSpreadsheet of song and immune data from male song sparrows
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kf6r5
title: Data from: Serum biochemistry panels in African buffalo: Defining reference intervals and assessing variability across season, age and sex

description: Serum biochemical parameters can be utilized to evaluate the physiological
 status of an animal, and relate it to the animal’s health. In order to
 accurately interpret individual animal biochemical results,
 species-specific reference intervals (RI) must be established. Reference
 intervals for biochemical parameters differ between species, and
 physiological differences including reproductive status, nutritional
 resource availability, disease status, and age affect parameters within
 the same species. The objectives of this study were to (1) establish RI
 for biochemical parameters in managed African buffalo (Syncerus caffer),
 (2) assess the effects of age, sex, pregnancy, and season on serum
 biochemistry values, and (3) compare serum biochemistry values from a
 managed herd to a free-ranging buffalo herd and to values previously
 published for captive (zoo) buffalo. Season profoundly affected all
 biochemistry parameters, possibly due to changes in nutrition and disease
 exposure. Age also affected all biochemical parameters except gamma
 glutamyl transferase and magnesium, consistent with patterns seen in
 cattle. Sex and reproductive status had no detectable effects on the
 parameters that were measured. The biochemical profiles of managed buffalo
 were distinct from those observed in the free-ranging herd and captive
 buffalo. Biochemical differences between buffalo from captive, managed,
 and free-ranging populations may be related to nutritional restriction or
 lack of predation in the context of management or captivity. The reference
 intervals provided in this study, in addition to the seasonal and
 age-related patterns observed, provide a foundation for health
 investigations that may inform management strategies in this ecologically
 and economically important species.
description: Chemistry
 PanelsAll data from the
 chemistry panels is included, as well as animal age, sex and month of
 capture.Chem Panels Captures
 1-9.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.760v9
title: Data from: Substrate adaptations of sessile benthic metazoans during the Cambrian radiation

description: Many marine benthic metazoans must stabilize themselves upon the seafloor
 for survival, and as a result their morphologies are controlled in part by
 local substrate conditions. The Agronomic Revolution (AR), spurred by
 increasing vertical bioturbation during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition,
 permanently altered the nature of shallow marine substrate conditions and
 led to a major shift in adaptive strategies among benthic metazoans. These
 ecological and evolutionary changes, known as the Cambrian Substrate
 Revolution (CSR), are generally understood from observations of benthic
 metazoan fossils across the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary, but the timing
 and geographic extent of this transition are less well known. This
 analysis attempts to constrain the temporal and spatial pattern of the AR
 and CSR by performing a global-scale paleoecological analysis of the
 adaptive strategies of benthic fauna living during the Cambrian. This
 analysis focused on Burgess Shale-type (BST) faunas because of their
 exceptional preservation, and was conducted through direct observation of
 fossil specimens, analysis of data compiled from the Paleobiology
 Database, and literature review. From these analyses, faunal groups are
 assigned a metric, the Substrate Adaptability Index (SAI), that relates
 the overall affinity the fauna demonstrates toward either
 Proterozoic-style (SAI=0) or Phanerozoic-style (SAI=1) substrate
 conditions. The results of this analysis demonstrate that most early and
 middle Cambrian faunas were mixtures of Phanerozoic- and Proterozoic-style
 adaptive strategists, suggesting that Proterozoic-style substrates were
 still influential in controlling adaptive strategies in marine
 environments until at least that time. This is further supported by
 ichnofabric analysis of many of these localities, where overall
 bioturbation levels are exceedingly low, indicating a lack of mixed-layer
 development and the prevalence of firm Proterozoic-style substrates well
 into the Cambrian.
description: Supplementary Table
 1Kloss.et.al.Supp.Table.1.pdf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d5314
title: Data from: Palaeobiogeographical distribution of Orbiculoidea (Brachiopoda, Discinoidea) responding to global climatic and geographical changes during the Palaeozoic

description: The Palaeozoic Era is a particularly interesting period of Earth history,
 as it includes the formation and northward movement of a supercontinent
 (Pangea), dramatic climatic changes and global biotic catastrophes. Here,
 we analyse the palaeobiogeographical distribution of the discinid
 brachiopod genus Orbiculoidea and discuss its distributional patterns in
 light of the environmental changes that occurred throughout the Palaeozoic
 and the Triassic. Our results indicate that the distribution of the genus
 seems to have been controlled mainly by the palaeogeographical framework
 and by global climate change. Importantly, its spatial pattern appears to
 directly respond both to the formation and northward movement of Pangea
 and to global temperature fluctuations during the Palaeozoic. In
 conjunction with these two global parameters, it is likely that the
 distribution of Orbiculoidea was also affected by regional factors,
 including the presence of oceanic upwelling as well as the development and
 demise of continental shelves and seaways.
description: Supplementary
 materialPalaeobiogeographic
 distribution of Orbiculoidea from Ordovician to
 Triassic
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p0jn1
title: Data from: Proximate controls on semiarid soil greenhouse gas fluxes across 3 million years of soil development

description: Soils are important sources and sinks of three greenhouse gases (GHGs):
 carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). However, it
 is unknown whether semiarid landscapes are important contributors to
 global fluxes of these gases, partly because our mechanistic understanding
 of soil GHG fluxes is largely derived from more humid ecosystems. We
 designed this study with the objective of identifying the important soil
 physical and biogeochemical controls on soil GHG fluxes in semiarid soils
 by observing seasonal changes in soil GHG fluxes across a three million
 year substrate age gradient in northern Arizona. We also manipulated soil
 nitrogen (N) and phosphorus availability with 7 years of fertilization and
 used regression tree analysis to identify drivers of unfertilized and
 fertilized soil GHG fluxes. Similar to humid ecosystems, soil N2O flux was
 correlated with changes in N and water availability and soil CO2 efflux
 was correlated with changes in water availability and temperature. Soil
 CH4 uptake was greatest in relatively colder and wetter soils. While
 fertilization had few direct effects on soil CH4 flux, soil nitrate was an
 important predictor of soil CH4 uptake in unfertilized soils and soil
 ammonium was an important predictor of soil CH4 uptake in fertilized soil.
 Like in humid ecosystems, N gas loss via nitrification or denitrification
 appears to increase with increases in N and water availability during
 ecosystem development. Our results suggest that, with some exceptions, the
 drivers of soil GHG fluxes in semiarid ecosystems are often similar to
 those observed in more humid ecosystems.
description: Sullivan2015GHG_rawdataforpublicationSoil greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2, CH4, N2O) and other environmental characteristics used in our analysis: Soil temperature, water potential, gravimetric water content, soil ammonium and nitrate concentrations, and soil available phosphorus concentrations.
DOI: 10.25607/84dmh8
title: Oxygen consumption data of Chondrilla nucula and Hexaplex trunculus subjected to experimental climate change conditions

description: This dataset includes respiration data for two invertebrate species, the sponge Chondrilla nucula and the gastropod Hexaplex trunculus, which were produced using an experimental set up with metabolic chambers. The parameters estimated for each specimen of each species were O2 consumption (mg/g/h) and wet weight (g). Specimens of both species were subjected to experimental
conditions simulating different climate change scenarios. Using a common garden experiment, individuals from northern and southern populations were exposed to combined warming and acidification scenarios to assess their adaptive capacity.