DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6782155
title: Login Data Set for Risk-Based Authentication

description: <strong>Login Data Set for Risk-Based Authentication</strong> Synthesized login feature data of &gt;33M login attempts and &gt;3.3M users on a large-scale online service in Norway. Original data collected between February 2020 and February 2021. This data sets aims to foster research and development for Risk-Based Authentication (RBA) systems. The data was synthesized from the real-world login behavior of more than 3.3M users at a large-scale single sign-on (SSO) online service in Norway. The users used this SSO to access sensitive data provided by the online service, e.g., a cloud storage and billing information. We used this data set to study how the Freeman et al. (2016) RBA model behaves on a large-scale online service in the real world (see Publication). The synthesized data set can reproduce these results made on the original data set (see Study Reproduction). Beyond that, you can use this data set to evaluate and improve RBA algorithms under real-world conditions. <strong>WARNING:</strong> The feature values are plausible, but still <strong>totally</strong> <strong>artificial</strong>. Therefore, you should NOT use this data set in productive systems, e.g., intrusion detection systems. <strong>Overview</strong> The data set contains the following features related to each login attempt on the SSO: Feature Data Type Description Range or Example IP Address String IP address belonging to the login attempt 0.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 Country String Country derived from the IP address US Region String Region derived from the IP address New York City String City derived from the IP address Rochester ASN Integer Autonomous system number derived from the IP address 0 - 600000 User Agent String String User agent string submitted by the client Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; ... OS Name and Version String Operating system name and version derived from the user agent string Windows 10 Browser Name and Version String Browser name and version derived from the user agent string Chrome 70.0.3538 Device Type String Device type derived from the user agent string (<code>mobile</code>, <code>desktop</code>, <code>tablet</code>, <code>bot</code>, <code>unknown</code>)<sup>1</sup> User ID Integer Idenfication number related to the affected user account [Random pseudonym] Login Timestamp Integer Timestamp related to the login attempt [64 Bit timestamp] Round-Trip Time (RTT) [ms] Integer Server-side measured latency between client and server 1 - 8600000 Login Successful Boolean <code>True</code>: Login was successful, <code>False</code>: Login failed (<code>true</code>, <code>false</code>) Is Attack IP Boolean IP address was found in known attacker data set (<code>true</code>, <code>false</code>) Is Account Takeover Boolean Login attempt was identified as account takeover by incident response team of the online service (<code>true</code>, <code>false</code>) <strong>Data Creation</strong> As the data set targets RBA systems, especially the Freeman et al. (2016) model, the statistical feature probabilities between all users, globally and locally, are identical for the categorical data. All the other data was randomly generated while maintaining logical relations and timely order between the features. The timestamps, however, are not identical and contain randomness. The feature values related to IP address and user agent string were randomly generated by publicly available data, so they were very likely not present in the real data set. The RTTs resemble real values but were randomly assigned among users per geolocation. Therefore, the RTT entries were probably in other positions in the original data set. The country was randomly assigned per unique feature value. Based on that, we randomly assigned an ASN related to the country, and generated the IP addresses for this ASN. The cities and regions were derived from the generated IP addresses for privacy reasons and do not reflect the real logical relations from the original data set. The device types are identical to the real data set. Based on that, we randomly assigned the OS, and based on the OS the browser information. From this information, we randomly generated the user agent string. Therefore, all the logical relations regarding the user agent are identical as in the real data set. The RTT was randomly drawn from the login success status and synthesized geolocation data. We did this to ensure that the RTTs are realistic ones. <strong>Regarding the Data Values</strong> Due to unresolvable conflicts during the data creation, we had to assign some unrealistic IP addresses and ASNs that are not present in the real world. Nevertheless, these do not have any effects on the risk scores generated by the Freeman et al. (2016) model. You can recognize them by the following values: ASNs with values &gt;= 500.000 IP addresses in the range 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 CIDR range) <strong>Study Reproduction</strong> Based on our evaluation, this data set can reproduce our study results regarding the RBA behavior of an RBA model using the IP address (IP address, country, and ASN) and user agent string (Full string, OS name and version, browser name and version, device type) as features. The calculated RTT significances for countries and regions inside Norway are not identical using this data set, but have similar tendencies. The same is true for the Median RTTs per country. This is due to the fact that the available number of entries per country, region, and city changed with the data creation procedure. However, the RTTs still reflect the real-world distributions of different geolocations by city. See RESULTS.md for more details. <strong>Ethics</strong> By using the SSO service, the users agreed in the data collection and evaluation for research purposes. For study reproduction and fostering RBA research, we agreed with the data owner to create a synthesized data set that does not allow re-identification of customers. The synthesized data set does not contain any sensitive data values, as the IP addresses, browser identifiers, login timestamps, and RTTs were randomly generated and assigned. <strong>Publication</strong> You can find more details on our conducted study in the following journal article: Pump Up Password Security! Evaluating and Enhancing Risk-Based Authentication on a Real-World Large-Scale Online Service (2022)<br> <em>Stephan Wiefling, Paul René Jørgensen, Sigurd Thunem, and Luigi Lo Iacono</em>.<br> <em>ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security</em> <strong>Bibtex</strong> <pre>@article{Wiefling_Pump_2022, author = {Wiefling, Stephan and Jørgensen, Paul René and Thunem, Sigurd and Lo Iacono, Luigi}, title = {Pump {Up} {Password} {Security}! {Evaluating} and {Enhancing} {Risk}-{Based} {Authentication} on a {Real}-{World} {Large}-{Scale} {Online} {Service}}, journal = {{ACM} {Transactions} on {Privacy} and {Security}}, doi = {10.1145/3546069}, publisher = {ACM}, year = {2022} }</pre> <strong>License</strong> This data set and the contents of this repository are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. See the LICENSE file for details. If the data set is used within a publication, the following journal article has to be cited as the source of the data set: Stephan Wiefling, Paul René Jørgensen, Sigurd Thunem, and Luigi Lo Iacono: Pump Up Password Security! Evaluating and Enhancing Risk-Based Authentication on a Real-World Large-Scale Online Service. In: ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (2022). doi: 10.1145/3546069 Few (invalid) user agents strings from the original data set could not be parsed, so their device type is empty. Perhaps this parse error is useful information for your studies, so we kept these 1526 entries.↩︎
description: Data set belonging to the following publication: Stephan Wiefling, Paul René Jørgensen, Sigurd Thunem, and Luigi Lo Iacono: Pump Up Password Security! Evaluating and Enhancing Risk-Based Authentication on a Real-World Large-Scale Online Service. In: ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (2022). doi: 10.1145/3546069