DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pnvx0k701
title: The effects of sex allocation coevolution on the coexistence of two closely related plant species interacting via interspecific pollen transfer

description: Interspecific pollen transfer (IPT), the pollen movement between plant
 species via shared pollinators, reduces the reproductive success of
 pollen-recipient plants due to hybridization with heterospecific pollen
 grains. As a result, IPT hinders coexistence of sympatric, co-flowering
 species by reducing their reproductive success. IPT likely exerts
 selective pressure on plant reproductive systems, particularly on sex
 allocation (resource investment to pollen versus ovules). However, the
 influence of IPT on the evolutionary dynamics of sex allocation and
 associated ecological processes remains poorly understood. Here, we
 explore how the female costs incurred by IPT affect the co-evolution and
 coexistence dynamics of two plant species. To address this, we construct a
 mathematical model capturing interactions between two plant species
 through pollen transfer and resource competition, and reduced
 fertilization caused by IPT. Our analysis focuses on a scenario where an
 invasive species with female-biased sex allocation enters a habitat
 occupied by a resident species with evolutionarily stable, equal sex
 allocation (Fisherian sex allocation). Using adaptive dynamics theory, we
 demonstrated that, irrespective of IPT strength, natural selection drives
 both species toward equal sex allocation, consistent with the Fisherian
 sex allocation theory. We present two key predictions of eco-evolutionary
 outcomes. First, when the impacts of IPT are comparable for both species,
 the resulting eco-evolutionary dynamics lead to their stable coexistence.
 In contrast, if IPT from the invasive species is disproportionately
 stronger than IPT from the resident species, the invasive species’
 evolutionary shift from female-biased to equal sex allocation drives the
 resident species to extinction. Since local mate competition in small
 populations can favour female-biased sex allocation, our results suggest
 that invasive species experiencing reduced local mate competition may
 drive resident species to extinction. Our findings underscore the
 intricate role of IPT-driven sex allocation evolution in shaping
 coexistence of closely related plant species.
description: # The effects of sex allocation coevolution on the coexistence of two
 closely related plant species interacting via interspecific pollen
 transfer These codes are made for simulations of eco-evolutionary dynamics
 of sex allocation. We calculate two types of dynamics: (i) the ODE model
 of population dynamics and co-evolution ofsex allocation (ii) an
 individual-based model (IBM). ## For recording results For recording the
 simulation results, you must put the directory `morita-sasaki-iritani2025`
 under the home directory. Please make the directory `result`. All the
 results are put into the directory `result` under
 `morita-sasaki-iritani2025`. # 1. Source File The following table shows
 source files corresponding to figures. Please source `.R` file below model
 for the IBM (i) and evaluate `.nb` files below for the ODE (ii). | Figure
 | file | function | | :-----: | :-------: |
 :-------------------------------------------------------------------: | |
 S1 | `main.R` | IBM; setting parameters & initial values, and drawing
 figures | | 2, 3, 4 | `main.nb` | Draw the figures of analytical and
 simulated results of the ODE model | # 2. file list ## a. R language
 (function) * `main.R` (Source file for setting parameters & initial
 values, and drawing figures) * `calc.cpp` (Simulate the dynamics of
 population and traits) ## b. Mathematica * `main.nb` (Draw a figure of
 analytical and simulated results) * `main_mathematica.pdf` (A PDF file
 describes codes for users who do not purchase Mathematica) # 3. Versions
 of Code languages ## a. R langiage ``` &gt; version _ platform
 aarch64-apple-darwin20 arch aarch64 os darwin20 system aarch64, darwin20
 status major 4 minor 4.0 year 2024 month 04 day 24 svn rev 86474 language
 R version.string R version 4.4.0 (2024-04-24) nickname Puppy Cup &gt; ```
 ## b. Mathematica Japanese Edition for Sites ``` 14.2.0 ```