DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f7m0cfz42
title: Data for: Arthropod diversity in constructed wetlands is affected strongly by shoreline properties but only weakly by grazing

description: Aim: Aquatic-terrestrial transition zones contain features essential for
 many species that often benefit wetland biodiversity. Shallow flood-zone
 areas and reed beds are indicative of natural wetland habitats, however,
 how such features affect the native arthropod biodiversity in constructed
 wetlands is scarcely investigated. We asked how these shoreline features,
 as well as wetland shoreline properties and grazing management, influence
 riparian arthropod diversities and habitat specializations. Location:
 Constructed wetlands, Sweden.  Taxa: Araneae, Coleoptera,
 Diptera. Methods: Taxonomic-, phylogenetic- and trait diversities, along
 with habitat specialist species richness, were measured in riparian
 spiders, beetles and selected diptera in 68 constructed wetlands in two
 regions of Sweden. We ran structural equation models to estimate direct
 and indirect effects from shoreline slope, flooded grassland, reed areas
 and grazing management on group diversities, and used multivariate models
 to determine drivers on habitat specialist species richness. Results:
 Flooded grassland and reed area, along with shoreline slope influenced
 arthropod diversities, and responses differed between arthropod groups and
 diversity metrices. Spider trait diversity was greater in wetlands with
 larger flooded grassland areas, whilst beetle trait diversity was reduced.
 Spider phylogenetic diversity was greater in wetlands containing larger
 reed areas and in wetlands with steeper shorelines. However, species
 richness in predatory flies was greater in wetlands with more gentle
 shorelines. Grazing management had limited effects on arthropod
 diversities, however, species richness in wetland specialist and
 generalist predatory dipterans was greater in the absence of grazers in
 wetlands with greater flooded grassland areas. Main conclusions: As
 requirements vary considerably among arthropods, care must be taken when
 constructing and managing wetlands to benefit arthropod biodiversity. The
 present results suggest wetlands with a varied shoreline, albeit with
 greater proportions of flood areas, or multiple adjacent wetlands with
 varying shores in a wetlandscape and a mild grazing regiment, would
 accommodate a more diverse arthropod fauna.
description: These datasets were collected in 68 constructed wetlands, within
 two regions in Sweden (Halland and Uppland). Arthropod samples were
 collected using three sampling methods; SLAM (Sea, Land and Air Malaise)
 trapping, Pitfall trapping and suction sampling during three periods
 during the summer of 2020, 1) lat May to early June, 2) late June to early
 July, and 3) August to early September. The SLAM traps contained water
 with detergent and were used to collect flying insects. SLAM traps were
 placed as close to the wetland waters edge as possible, where triplicate
 70mm pitfall traps were spaced 5m apart, perpendicular to the shoreline,
 and within 10m of the SLAM trap, also containing water with detergent.
 Both SLAM and pitfall traps were used for a duration of 72h. Suction
 samples were collected using a converted leaf blower at three sampling
 points similar to placement of pitfall traps perpendicular to the
 shoreline by placing a 45cm diameter hoop within which we vacuum collected
 all ground and vegetation. Pitfall trapping was performed during periods 1
 and 3 in Uppland and during period 1 in Halland, whereas suction sampling
 was performed during periods 1 and 3 in Uppland and 2 and 3 in Halland.
 SLAM trapping was performed during all periods in both regions. From
 collected arthropods, we identified species of spiders (Araneae), beetles
 (Coleoptera), dance flies (Hybotidae), dagger flies (Empididae),
 long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae), and crane flies (Tipulidomorpha
 [Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Cylindrotomitidae, Ptychopteridae]).
 These groups are found in abundance around wetlands and reasonably easy to
 identify. On these groups we calculated four types of
 diversity: total species richness, rarefied species richness, rarefied
 phylogenetic diversity and rarefied trait diversity. We also categorized
 species based on habitat specialization, as either wetland specialists,
 generalists, or terrestrial specialists, based on classifications of
 Swedish species. All diversity analyses were calculated using R (R-core
 team 2022). <strong>Total species
 richness</strong> is the quantification of all species per group
 found at each site. <strong>Rarefied species
 richness</strong> is based on the same total species richnesss, but
 where the richness has been rarefied by number of individuals collected,
 using the alpha function in the BAT package (Cardoso, Rigal &
 Carvalho 2015) To estimate <strong>rarefied
 phylogenetic diversity</strong>, we constructed phylogenetic trees
 using phyloT v2 (https://phylot.biobyte.de/) based on NCBI taxonomy on
 genus level where species branch lengths was equal to zero, and total
 branch length for all genera being equal.   
 <strong>Rarefied trait diversity</strong> traits included
 feeding traits (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and detritivores), body
 size, prey capture strategy, and dispersal mode. Feeding traits were only
 included in beetles, as these were the only taxa that included different
 feeding traits, as spiders, dance flies, dagger flies and long-legged
 flies are carnivorous, and tipulidomorphs are detritivorous. Dispersal
 mode (classified as ballooning or non-ballooning, [Bell <em>et
 al.,</em> 2005]) and prey capture strategy (net building strategies
 [Cardoso <em>et al</em>., 2011]) was only included in spiders.
 Trait distances between species were then calculated using funct.dist
 (with gower distances) in package mFD (Magneville<em> et
 al.</em> 2022) and clustered using hclust before calculating
 rarefied trait diversity in BAT (Cardoso, Rigal & Carvalho
 2015). Habitat properties were deleniated
 by measuring area covered in flooded grassland, reed beds, and surrounding
 pastures and meadows, and was calculated using polygons in qGIS (QGIS
 2022) within 500m of SLAM collection point. As a proxy for shoreline
 slope, we calculated the elevational difference between the SLAM trap
 position and the water level using 1x1 m<sup>2</sup> aerial
 digital elevation models (Markhöjdmodell grid 1+, downloaded on 2023-02-28
 from SLU geodataportalen © Lantmäteriet) for each wetland.
 <strong>References</strong> Bell,
 J.R., Bohan, D.A., Shaw, E.M. & Weyman, G.S. (2005) Ballooning
 dispersal using silk: world fauna, phylogenies, genetics and models.
 <em>Bulletin of Entomological Research,</em>
 <strong>95,</strong> 69-114. Cardoso, P.,
 Pekár, S., Jocqué, R. & Coddington, J.A. (2011) Global Patterns of
 Guild Composition and Functional Diversity of Spiders. <em>PLoS
 ONE,</em> <strong>6,</strong> e21710.
 Cardoso, P., Rigal, F. & Carvalho, J.C. (2015) BAT -
 Biodiversity Assessment Tools, an R package for the measurement and
 estimation of alpha and beta taxon, phylogenetic and functional diversity.
 <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution,</em>
 <strong>6,</strong> 232-236. Magneville,
 C., Loiseau, N., Albouy, C., Casajus, N., Claverie, T., Escalas, A.,
 Leprieur, F., Maire, E., Mouillot, D. & Villéger, S. (2022) mFD:
 an R package to compute and illustrate the multiple facets of functional
 diversity. <em>Ecography,</em> 2022. QGIS
 (2022) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial
 Foundation Project. http://qgis.org.
 R Core Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical
 computing. R  Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. 
  URL: https://www.R-project.org/.
description: # Data for: Strong effects of shoreline properties but weak effects of
 grazing on arthropod diversity in constructed wetlands These datasets were
 collected in 68 constructed wetlands, within two regions in Sweden
 (Halland and Uppland). Arthropod samples were collected using three
 sampling methods; SLAM (Sea, Land and Air Malaise) trapping, Pitfall
 trapping and suction sampling during three periods during the summer of
 2020, 1) lat May to early June, 2) late June to early July, and 3) August
 to early September. The SLAM traps contained water with detergent and were
 used to collect flying insects. SLAM traps were placed as close to the
 wetland waters edge as possible, where triplicate 70mm pitfall traps were
 spaced 5m apart, perpendicular to the shoreline, and within 10m of the
 SLAM trap, also containing water with detergent. Both SLAM and pitfall
 traps were used for a duration of 72h. Suction samples were collected
 using a converted leaf blower at three sampling points similar to
 placement of pitfall traps perpendicular to the shoreline by placing a
 45cm diameter hoop within which we vacuum collected all ground and
 vegetation. Pitfall trapping was performed during periods 1 and 3 in
 Uppland and during period 1 in Halland, whereas suction sampling was
 performed during periods 1 and 3 in Uppland and 2 and 3 in Halland. SLAM
 trapping was performed during all periods in both regions. From collected
 arthropods, we identified species of spiders (Araneae), beetles
 (Coleoptera), dance flies (Hybotidae), dagger flies (Empididae),
 long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae), and crane flies (Tipulidomorpha
 [Tipulidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Cylindrotomitidae, Ptychopteridae]).
 These groups are found in abundance around wetlands and reasonably easy to
 identify. On these groups we calculated four types of diversity: total
 species richness, rarefied species richness, rarefied phylogenetic
 diversity and rarefied trait diversity. We also categorized species based
 on habitat specialization, as either wetland specialists, generalists, or
 terrestrial specialists, based on classifications of Swedish species. All
 diversity analyses were calculated using R (R-core team 2022). The data
 consists of wetland flooded grassland area, reed bed area, shoreline
 slopes and surrounding area of pastures and meadows as well as species
 richness, phylogenetic and trait diversities and wetland specialist
 species richness data of riparian spiders, beetles, predatory dipterans
 and crane flies. The data was collected between May and September 2020.
 Arthropods were identified to species level, where species trait data was
 collected from expert species classifications on feeding traits, body
 sizes, hunting traits, and dispersal mechanisms. Total species richness is
 the quantification of all species per group found at each site. Rarefied
 species richness is based on the same total species richnesss, but where
 the richness has been rarefied by number of individuals collected, using
 the alpha function in the BAT package (Cardoso, Rigal & Carvalho 2015)
 To estimate rarefied phylogenetic diversity, we constructed phylogenetic
 trees using phyloT v2
 ([https://phylot.biobyte.de/](https://phylot.biobyte.de/)) based on NCBI
 taxonomy on genus level where species branch lengths was equal to zero,
 and total branch length for all genera being equal.   Rarefied trait
 diversity traits included feeding traits (herbivores, carnivores,
 omnivores and detritivores), body size, prey capture strategy, and
 dispersal mode. Feeding traits were only included in beetles, as these
 were the only taxa that included different feeding traits, as spiders,
 dance flies, dagger flies and long-legged flies are carnivorous, and
 tipulidomorphs are detritivorous. Dispersal mode (classified as ballooning
 or non-ballooning, [Bell et al., 2005]) and prey capture strategy (net
 building strategies [Cardoso et al., 2011]) was only included in spiders.
 Trait distances between species were then calculated using funct.dist
 (with gower distances) in package mFD (Magneville et al. 2022) and
 clustered using hclust before calculating rarefied trait diversity in BAT
 (Cardoso, Rigal & Carvalho 2015). Habitat properties were deleniated
 by measuring area covered in flooded grassland, reed beds, and surrounding
 pastures and meadows, and was calculated using polygons in qGIS (QGIS
 2022) within 500m of SLAM collection point. As a proxy for shoreline
 slope, we calculated the elevational difference between the SLAM trap
 position and the water level using 1x1 m2 aerial digital elevation models
 (Markhöjdmodell grid 1+, downloaded on 2023-02-28 from SLU geodataportalen
 © Lantmäteriet) for each wetland. Bell, J.R., Bohan, D.A., Shaw, E.M.
 & Weyman, G.S. (2005) Ballooning dispersal using silk: world fauna,
 phylogenies, genetics and models. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 95,
 69-114. Cardoso, P., Pekár, S., Jocqué, R. & Coddington, J.A. (2011)
 Global Patterns of Guild Composition and Functional Diversity of Spiders.
 PLoS ONE, 6, e21710. Cardoso, P., Rigal, F. & Carvalho, J.C. (2015)
 BAT - Biodiversity Assessment Tools, an R package for the measurement and
 estimation of alpha and beta taxon, phylogenetic and functional diversity.
 Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 232-236. Magneville, C., Loiseau, N.,
 Albouy, C., Casajus, N., Claverie, T., Escalas, A., Leprieur, F., Maire,
 E., Mouillot, D. & Villéger, S. (2022) mFD: an R package to compute
 and illustrate the multiple facets of functional diversity. Ecography,
 2022. QGIS (2022) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source
 Geospatial Foundation Project. [http://qgis.org](http://qgis.org). R Core
 Team (2022) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R 
 Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria.   URL:
 [https://www.R-project.org/.](https://www.R-project.org/.) ## Description
 of the data and file structure The data for the manuscript consists of two
 data files, sem_data, manyglm_data. The **sem_data** data file consists of
 23 columns 1: loc = location designations 2: region = regional
 designations 1 and 2. 1 = Uppland, 0 = Halland 3: ara.tax = species
 richness in spiders 4: ara.tax.rar = rarefied species richness in spiders
 5: ara.fyl.rar = rarefied phylogenetic diversity in spiders 6: ara.fun.rar
 = rarefied trait diversity in spiders 7: col.tax = species richness in
 beetles 8: col.tax.rar = rarefied species richness in beetles 9:
 col.fyl.rar = rarefied phylogenetic diversity in beetles 10: col.fun.rar =
 rarefied trait diversity in beetles 11: bra.tax = species richness in
 predatory dipterans 12: bra.tax.rar = rarefied species richness in
 predatory dipterans 13: bra.fyl.rar = rarefied phylogenetic diversity in
 predatory dipterans 14: bra.fun.rar = rarefied trait diversity in
 predatory dipterans 15: tip.tax = species richness in crane flies 16:
 tip.tax.rar = rarefied species richness in crane flies 17: tip.fyl.rar =
 rarefied phylogenetic diversity in crane flies 18: tip.fun.rar = rarefied
 trait diversity in crane flies 19: grazing = grazing management, 1 =
 grazed, 0 = non-grazed 20: lelv = log-transformed meter above sea level
 difference from water surface level to collection point level, presened as
 "shoreline slope" 21: lfldgrs = log-transformed hectares +0.01
 in a 500m circle around collection point, presented as "flooded
 grassland area" 22: ben = summarized area of grazed pastures and
 ungrazed meadows in a 500m circle around the collection point, presented
 as "surrounding pastures and meadows" 23: lreed =
 log-transformed hectares +0.01 in a 500m circle around collection point,
 presented as "reed bed area" The **manyglm_data** data file
 consists of 16 columns 1: loc = location designations 2: region = regional
 designations 1 and 0, 1 = Uppland, 0 = Halland 3: grazing = grazing
 management, 1 = grazed, 0 = non-grazed 4: lelv = log-transformed meter
 above sea level difference from water surface level to collection point
 level, presened as "shoreline slope" 5: lfldgrs =
 log-transformed hectares +0.01 in a 500m circle around collection point,
 presented as "flooded grassland area" 6: ben = summarized area
 of grazed pastures and ungrazed meadows in a 500m circle around the
 collection point, presented as "surrounding pastures and
 meadows" 7: lreed = log-transformed hectares +0.01 in a 500m circle
 around collection point, presented as "reed bed area" 8:
 wet.ara.tdiv = wetland specialized species richness in spiders 9:
 wet.col.tdiv = wetland specialized species richness in beetles 10:
 wet.bra.tdiv = wetland specialized species richness in predatory dipterans
 11: gen.ara.tdiv = generalist species richness in spiders 12: gen.col.tdiv
 = generalist species richness in beetles 13: gen.bra.tdiv = generalist
 species richness in predatory dipterans 14: ter.ara.tdiv = terrestrial
 specialized species richness in spiders 15: ter.col.tdiv = terrestrial
 specialized species richness in beetles 16: ter.bra.tdiv = terrestrial
 specialized species richness in predatory dipterans ## Code/Software All
 analyses were run in R (ver. 4.2.1), with libraries and analysis code
 specified in the accompanying script file.