cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pk0p2ngnc
title: Data from: Consistently positive effect of species diversity on ecosystem, but not population, temporal stability

description: Despite much recent progress, our understanding of diversity-stability
 relationships across different study systems remains incomplete. In
 particular, recent theory clarified that within-species population
 stability and among-species asynchronous population dynamics combine to
 determine ecosystem temporal stability, but their relative importance in
 modulating diversity-ecosystem temporal stability relationships in
 different ecosystems remains unclear. We addressed this issue with a
 meta-analysis of empirical studies of ecosystem and population temporal
 stability in relation to species diversity across a range of taxa and
 ecosystems. We show that ecosystem temporal stability tended to increase
 with species diversity, regardless of study systems. Increasing diversity
 promoted asynchrony, which, in turn, contributed to increased ecosystem
 stability. The positive diversity-ecosystem stability relationship
 persisted even after accounting for the influences of environmental
 covariates (e.g., precipitation, nutrient input). By contrast, species
 diversity tended to reduce population temporal stability in terrestrial
 systems, but increase population temporal stability in aquatic systems,
 suggesting that asynchronous dynamics among species are essential for
 stabilizing diverse terrestrial ecosystems. We conclude that there is
 compelling empirical evidence for a general positive relationship between
 species diversity and ecosystem-level temporal stability, but the
 contrasting diversity-population temporal stability relationships between
 terrestrial and aquatic systems call for more investigations into their
 underlying mechanisms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kwh70rz3j
title: Individual variation in marine larval-fish swimming speed and the emergence of dispersal kernels

description: Dispersal emerges as a consequence of how an individual’s phenotype
 interacts with the environment. Not all dispersing individuals have the
 same phenotype, and variation among individuals can generate complex
 variation in the distribution of dispersal distances and directions. While
 active locomotion performance is an obvious candidate for a dispersal
 phenotype, its effects on dispersal are difficult to measure or predict,
 especially in small organisms dispersing in wind or currents. Therefore,
 we analyzed the effects of larval swimming on dispersal and settlement of
 coral-reef fish larvae using a high-resolution biophysical model. The
 model is, to date, the only biophysical model of marine larval dispersal
 that has been statistically validated against genetic parentage estimates
 of larval origin and destination, and incorporates empirically-estimated
 larval behaviors and their ontogeny. Larval swimming, in combination with
 depth, orientation, and navigation behaviors, actually reduced dispersal
 distances compared to those of passive larvae. Swimming had no consistent
 effects on long distance dispersal, but increased the spread of settlement
 locations. Swimming speed, in contrast, did not consistently affect median
 dispersal distances, but faster swimming larvae had greater mean and
 maximum dispersal distances than slower swimming larvae. Finally, faster
 larval swimming speeds consistently increased the probability of
 settlement. Our analysis shows how larval swimming differentially affects
 multiple properties of dispersal kernels. In doing so, it indicates how
 selection could favor faster larval swimming to increase settlement, which
 may actually result in longer dispersal distances as a by-product of
 larvae trying to locate habitat rather than to disperse greater distances.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rbnzs7hbc
title: Altitudinal variation of leaf carbon isotope for Dendrosenecio keniensis and Lobelia gregoriana in Mount Kenya alpine zone

description: Abiotic factors vary along altitudinal gradients, and this may influence
 plant morphology, physiology and function. This study aimed to test the
 hypothesis that leaf δ13C,  a common proxy for water use
 efficiency, was indirectly influenced by morphological
 adjustments with changing climatic factors along an altitudinal gradient
 on Mt. Kenya. We sampled leaves of Dendrosenecio keniensis and Lobelia
 gregoriana using seventy-two 10 × 10 m plots situated every 100 m starting
 from 3600 to 4300 m. We determined leaf δ13C using stable isotope mass
 spectrometry. We also quantified the following morphological factors; leaf
 area, leaf mass per area, specific leaf area and leaf thickness. Climate
 data included mean annual temperature and precipitation, diurnal
 temperature range and water vapor pressure. Our results revealed that
 there was a leaf δ13C enrichment of 1.76 ‰km-1 and 1.62‰ km-1 with
 altitude for D. keniensis and L. gregoriana respectively. Leaf δ13C was
 enrichment by 0.01‰ mm-1 with mean annual precipitation along the altitude
 gradient for D. keniensis and 0.02‰ mm-1 for L. gregoriana. D. keniensis
 and L. gregoriana have high water use efficiency, an adaptation for
 surviving near freezing alpine temperatures and high diurnal range. Leaf
 δ13C exhibited a depletion of -0.37‰ per o C increase of mean annual
 temperature along the altitude gradient for D. keniensis and -0.34‰ per o
 C increase for L. gregoriana. Our results also showed a negative
 relationship between pCO2 and leaf δ13C and positive relationship between
 pCO2 and ∆13C for both species. Low temperatures led to the increase in
 leaf thickness and specific leaf area for these two species, factors that
 influenced leaf δ13C and ∆13C.
description: Data collection of <em>Dendrosenecio keniensis</em>
 and <em>Lobelia gregoriana </em>was done using a total of
 seventy-two 10 × 10 m plots were set up along the altitudinal transect
 with 9 plots being set up in each altitudinal belt starting from 3600 to
 4300 m at 100 m altitude intervals. The leaf thickness of at least 5 fresh
 fully expanded leaves from different <em>D. keniensis </em>and
 <em>L. gregoriana </em>in each 10 × 10 m plot were also
 measured using a digital vanier caliper before the leaves were plucked
 from the stems. The fresh leaves of at least 5 mature fully expanded
 leaves from plants occurring in each plot were picked and put in a
 collection bag for later scanning using a digital A4 scanner EPSON
 perfection V33/V330. The images were used to calculate the respective leaf
 area in RStudio using package LeafArea (Katabuchi, 2015) and ImageJ
 (Schneider et al., 2012). The leaves were later oven dried at 70o C to a
 constant weight and the final weight was recorded as the leaf dry weight.
 Specific leaf area was calculated by dividing each leaf area with its
 corresponding oven-dry weight.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f16
title: The evolutionary ecology of primate hair coloration: a phylogenetic approach

description: Understanding trait evolution is essential for explaining modern
 biological diversity, and this is particularly exemplified by studies of
 coloration. Recent studies have applied evolutionary models to understand
 animal coloration, yet we have limited knowledge of how this trait evolves
 in mammals in a comparative context. Here we use phylogenetic methods to
 examine how different traits are associated with the evolutionary
 diversity of primate hair color. We hypothesize that hair color evolves
 independently across body regions, and that variation in biological and
 ecological traits influence patterns of hair color evolution. To test
 this, we quantify the phylogenetic signal of coloration for each body
 region, then compare the fit of three evolutionary models and a null,
 non-phylogenetic model to explain color variation across 94 primate
 species. We then test how trait optima and rate of color evolution covary
 with biological traits, clade membership, and habitat. Phylogenetic signal
 varies across regions, with head and forelimb coloration exhibiting the
 highest values. Head and forelimb coloration is best explained by an
 Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model, which could suggest stabilizing selection,
 whereas a null model best fits other body regions. Rates of hair color
 evolution and optimal color values vary across species with different
 visual systems, activity patterns, habitat types, and clade memberships.
 These results suggest that selective pressures are acting independently
 across body regions and across different primate taxa. Our results
 emphasize the importance of investigating patterns of trait evolution
 across regions of the body, as well as incorporating relevant biological
 and ecological traits into evolutionary models.
description: A ReadMe file has been attached describing and outlining how to
 use the uploaded data.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.djh9w0w09
title: Plant traits and soil fertility mediate productivity losses under extreme drought in C3 grasslands

description: Extreme drought decreases aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in
 most grasslands, but the magnitude of ANPP reductions varies especially in
 C3-dominated grasslands. Because the mechanisms underlying such
 differential ecosystem responses to drought are not well-resolved, we
 experimentally imposed an extreme 4-year drought (2015-2018) in two C3
 grasslands that differed in aridity. These sites had similar annual
 precipitation and dominant grass species (Leymus chinensis) but different
 annual temperatures and thus water availability. Drought treatments
 differentially affected these two semiarid grasslands, with ANPP of the
 drier site reduced more than at the wetter site. Structural equation
 modeling revealed that community-weighted means for some traits modified
 relationships between soil moisture and ANPP, often due to intraspecific
 variation. Specifically, drought reduced community mean plant height at
 both sites, resulting in a reduction in ANPP beyond that attributable to
 reduced soil moisture alone. Higher community mean leaf carbon content
 enhanced the negative effects of drought on ANPP at the drier site, and
 ANPP-soil moisture relationships were influenced by soil C:N ratio at the
 wetter site. Importantly, neither species richness nor functional
 dispersion were significantly correlated with ANPP at either site.
 Overall, as expected, soil moisture was a dominant, direct driver of ANPP
 response to drought, but differential sensitivity to drought in these two
 grasslands was also related to soil fertility and plant traits.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.59zw3r26v
title: Sound velocities and P-V-T data of phase A obtained at GSECARS beamline 13-ID-D

description: The sound velocities and lattice parameters for sample in the under review
 paper, "Enhanced visibility of subduction slabs by the formation of
 dense hydrous phase A", submitted to the journal 'Geophysical
 Research Letters', are published. The high pressure and
 high-temperature experiment was conducted in the 1000-ton Kawai
 type large volume apparatus (T-25) installed at the GSECARS beamline
 13-ID-D of Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. The
 datasets were obtained at conditions up to 11 GPa and 1073 K, using
 interferometry techniques in conjunction with X-radiographic and X-ray
 diffraction techniques.
description: The sound velocities and P-V-T datasets were obtained using
 interferometry techniques in conjunction with X-radiographic and X-ray
 diffraction techniques. All the data are collected during cooling process
 at 200 k interval.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rjdfn2zb5
title: Application of inverse theory for high spatial resolution reconstructions of thermospheric vector wind fields from Doppler shifts measured by a ground-based network of all-sky Fabry-Perot interferometers

description: Several types of all-sky viewing Fabry-Perot Interferometers (FPI) have
 been developed since the 1990s for ground-based remote sensing of
 thermospheric winds. The Scanning Doppler Imager (SDI) is one such
 instrument, which provides temporally simultaneous line-of-sight
 observations from hundreds of independent look directions per instrument
 exposure. A geographically distributed network of such instruments
 increases spatial coverage and, at many locations, also provides
 overlapping observations along multiple independent lines-of-sight.
 Together, these characteristics significantly increase the density and
 fidelity that is possible for reconstructed thermospheric vector wind
 fields, compared to a traditional narrow-field FPI, but at the cost of
 complexity and difficulty. Presently, we describe an application of
 inverse theory to reconstruct three-component vector thermospheric neutral
 wind fields using data from multiple SDI instruments. The salient features
 of the method used here are the ability to reconstruct three-component
 winds on a dense grid that is sampled regularly in latitude, longitude,
 and time, without assuming any a-priori underlying structure of the winds.
 This requires solving an inverse problem that does not in general yield a
 unique solution unless additional constraints are enforced. We describe
 this step, also known also as regularization, along with the strategy used
 to maximize the spatial resolution of the derived wind fields by
 automatically determining the minimum level of regularization that can
 produce stable inversions. We present example results obtained from
 applying this technique to one night of data from a network of SDIs in
 Alaska, and discuss the implications of these results for current
 understanding of thermospheric dynamics.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qrfj6q5fk
title: Derivation of the functional response of a foraging herbivore

description: The actual rate of food intake of a consumer depends on the way this
 animal shares its time between its different activities. Using a
 mathematical approach, we show how the proportions of time an herbivore
 spends searching for food, cropping food, and handling food, determine its
 feeding rate. We also show how this feeding rate is affected by the
 animal's ability to detect food and to handle it. The equation we
 finally get corresponds to the herbivore's functional response.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cc2fqz65v
title: Hypochlorhydria in Zambia

description: Background Hypochlorhydria (gastric pH &gt;4) increases susceptibility
 to diarrhoea, iron deficiency, and gastric cancer. We sought to clarify
 the prevalence of this condition and its predisposing factors in Zambia by
 pooling data from previous studies conducted in hospital and community
 settings. Methods Gastric pH was measured in participants from five
 separate studies by collecting gastric aspirate from fasted adults and
 from children under 3 years of age undergoing gastroscopy. Gastric pH was
 correlated with serological testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
 and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
 infections.  Results We studied 597 individuals (487 adults and
 110 children). Hypochlorhydria was present in 53% of adults and 31% of
 children. HIV infection was detected in 41% of adults and 11% of
 children. H. pylori serology was available for 366
 individuals: 93% of adults and 6% of children were seropositive. In
 univariate analysis, hypochlorhydria was significantly associated with HIV
 seropositivity (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.4;
 p=0.004) and H. pylori antibody
 seropositivity(OR 4.9; 95% CI 2.8-8.6; p&lt;0.0001), and with
 advancing age in HIV negative individuals (p=0.0001). In multivariable
 analysis, only H. pylori was associated with
 hypochlorhydria (OR 4.0; 95% CI 2.2-7.2;
 p&lt;0.0001) while excluding possible exposure to proton pump
 inhibitors. Conclusions Hypochlorhydria is common in this patient
 population, with H. pylori being the dominant
 association. Only young HIV seronegative individuals had low prevalence of
 hypochlorhydria. This may have implications for risk of other health
 conditions including gastric cancer.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xgxd254g7
title: African wild dog access to kills

description: Patterns of food sharing in collectively hunting species are likely to
 influence social dynamics and evolution. Despite this, little is known
 about competition within social groups at carcasses and other food
 sources, making the social drivers and implications of food sharing
 difficult to assess. We quantified carcass access and feeding behavior in
 free-ranging African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus, at natural kill sites,
 confirming and quantifying previous descriptions of a youngest-feed-first
 system. Using data on feeding duration and latency to feed, we confirm
 that the position in the feeding queue (PFQ) runs from youngest to oldest,
 except the dominant pair, which generally feed after the pups. We found
 some evidence that older subdominants were more likely to participate in
 kills, perhaps because they may only gain access to carcasses at the most
 profitable early stages of consumption if they make the kill themselves.
 These dogs were no more likely to initiate hunts or sustain probable
 hunting-related injuries than were younger dogs with better access. We
 suggest that allowing younger animals uncontested access to food they have
 not caught themselves may be an extension of helping behaviour
 prioritizing those least able to catch food themselves, and that this
 system may provide anti-kleptoparasitism benefits. Our results contribute
 to the discussion on the functions and importance of food sharing more
 broadly.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dr7sqv9xw
title: Habitat selection of samango monkeys

description: Aim: As habitat loss continues to accelerate with global human
 population growth, identifying landscape characteristics that influence
 species occurrence is a key conservation priority in order to prevent
 global biodiversity loss. In South Africa, the arboreal samango monkey
 (Cercopithecus albogularis sp.) is threatened due to loss and
 fragmentation of the indigenous forests it inhabits. The aim of this study
 was to determine the habitat preferences of the samango monkey at
 different spatial scales, and to identify key conservation areas to inform
 management plans for this species.  Location: This study
 was carried out in the western Soutpansberg Mountains, which represents
 the northernmost population of samango monkeys within South Africa, and
 the only endangered subspecies (C. a. schwarzi). Methods: We used
 sequentially collected GPS points from two samango monkey groups followed
 between 2012 – 2017 to quantify the used and available habitat for this
 species within the western Soutpansberg Mountains. We developed
 2nd (selection of ranging area), 3rd (selection within
 range) and 4th(feeding site selection) order resource selection functions
 (RSFs) to identify important habitat features at each scale. Through scale
 integration, we identified three key conservation areas for samango
 monkeys across Limpopo Province, South Africa. Results: Habitat
 productivity was the most important landscape variable predicting
 probability of use at each order of selection, indicating the dependence
 of these arboreal primates on tall-canopy indigenous forests. Critical
 habitat across Limpopo was highly fragmented, meaning complete isolation
 between subpopulations is likely.  Main
 Conclusions: Understanding the habitat characteristics that
 influence samango monkey distribution across South Africa is crucial for
 prioritising critical habitat for this species. Our results indicated that
 large, contiguous patches of tall-canopy indigenous forest are fundamental
 to samango monkey persistence. As such, protected area expansion of large
 forest patches and creation of forest corridors are identified as key
 conservation interventions for this species. 
description: This dataset represents location data on two samango monkey
 groups at Lajuma Research Centre, in the Soutpansberg Mountains, South
 Africa (2012 - 2016). The dataset also includes landscape variables
 sampled for each point. Datasets include habitat selection at the 2nd, 3rd
 and 4th order of selection.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b5h
title: Pinniped comparative survival data

description: Survival rates are a central component of life-history strategies of large
 vertebrate species.  However, comparative studies seldom
 investigate interspecific variation in survival rates with respect to
 other life-history traits, especially for males.  The lack of
 such studies could be due to the challenges associated with obtaining
 reliable datasets, incorporating information on the 0-1 probability scale,
 or dealing with several types of measurement error in life-history traits,
 which can be a computationally intensive process that is often absent in
 comparative studies.  We present a quantitative approach using
 Bayesian phylogenetically controlled regression with the flexibility to
 incorporate uncertainty in estimated survival rates and quantitative
 life-history traits while considering genetic similarity among species and
 uncertainty in relatedness.  As with any comparative analysis,
 our approach makes several assumptions regarding the generalizability and
 comparability of empirical data from separate studies.  Our model
 is versatile in that it can be applied to any species group of interest
 and include any life-history traits as covariates.  We used an
 unbiased simulation framework to provide “proof of concept” for our model
 and applied a slightly richer model to a real-data example for
 pinnipeds.  Pinnipeds are an excellent taxonomic group for
 comparative analysis, but survival rate data are scarce.  Our
 work elucidates the challenges associated with addressing important
 questions related to broader ecological life-history patterns and how
 survival-reproduction tradeoffs might shape evolutionary histories of
 extant taxa.  Specifically, we underscore the importance of
 having high-quality estimates of age-specific survival rates and
 information on other life-history traits that reasonably characterize a
 species for accurately comparing across species.
description: These data were collected from reviewing the male pinniped
 survival rate literature.  The dataset includes survival rate data for all
 pinniped species with reported age- or stage-specific survival rate data
 from live animals.  Table 1 of the associated manuscript details the
 references for each survival rate and covariate value and associated
 uncertainty.
description: The dataset only includes species for which survival rate data
 were available for males at the age of social maturity.  There are a few
 covariates for some species that are missing.  See attached readme file
 for more details.