DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2280gb620
title: Collective behavior diverges independently of the benthic-limnetic axis in stickleback

description: ​Comparing populations across replicate environments or habitat types can
 help us understand the role of ecology in evolutionary processes. If
 similar phenotypes are favored in similar environments, parallel evolution
 may occur. Collective behavior, including collective movement (e.g.,
 schooling, flocking) and social networks, can play a key role in the
 adaptation by animals to different environments. However, studies
 exploring the parallelism of collective behavior are limited, with
 research traditionally focusing on morphological traits. Here, we asked if
 collective behavior has evolved in parallel across replicate populations
 of benthic and limnetic three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
 There were repeatable, population-level differences in collective behavior
 in a common garden, with some populations forming groups that were more
 cohesive and with higher strength and clustering coefficients. This
 suggests that collective behavior can evolve. However, these differences
 were not predicted by ecotype (benthic vs. limnetic). We found no evidence
 that boldness or morphological traits – both of which are known to be
 associated with benthic-limnetic divergence – were correlated with
 collective behavior. Together, these results suggest that while collective
 behavior evolves in this system, it does not co-evolve with divergence
 along the benthic-limnetic axis.
description: Dataset is social behavior collected from stickleback using
 idTracker (https://www.idtracker.es/) and morpohlogical data collected from photos. Data was processed and analyzed using python and R. 
description: # Data for article - Collective behavior evolves independently of
 benthic-limnetic divergence in stickleback Authors: Kevin M. Neumann,
 Lucas Eckert, Damaris Miranda, Andrew Kemp, Alison M. Bell\ Date created:
 06/21/24 Article is in review in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 
 Data is from a study conducted in December 2022 - April 2023 at the
 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. This is a laboratory study
 exploring the boldness, collective behavior, and morphology of
 three-spined stickleback fish. Upon publication, methodological details
 will be available in the manuscript. Until then, contact Kevin M. Neumann
 for details via email -
 [kevinn4@illinois.edu](mailto:kevinn4@illinois.edu) ## Description of the
 data and file structure There are 4 data files and 1 code file.
 all_cb*_*means.csv is all behavior data, with the values as means of the
 two observations for a given individual. all_cb.csv is the same structure
 as the previous, but with two values per individual (trial 1 and trial 2).
 morph.csv contains all morphological data. pairwise.csv contains pairwise
 interaction rates between each possible pair of individuals (see MS for
 detail). Variable definitions for these files are included in the key
 below.  ## **Key of variables ** | **Variable** | **Description ** |
 **File(s) ** | | :--------------------- |
 :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------- | | **id** | **unique identifier for each individual fish ** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv,** | | **lake ** | **Population fish came from ** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv,** | | **type** | **Type of lake (benthic vs. limnetic)** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv,** | | **group** | **Experimental group fish was in** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv, pairwise.csv ** | | **family** | **Family of origin ** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv,** | | **std\_len\_mm** | **Standard length of fish, in millimeters ** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv, morph.csv** | | **strength\_seconds** | **Strength, in seconds, for that individual (see MS for definition of strength)** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv ** | | **LocalCC** | **Local clustering coefficient for that individual (see MS for definition of clustering) ** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv ** | | **cohesion\_mm** | **Distance from centroid of group** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv ** | | **activity\_m** | **Distance swam by fish, in meters** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv ** | | **boldness** | **Latency to emerge from shelter, in seconds** | **all\_cb\_means.csv, all\_cb.csv ** | | **snout\_len** | **Length of snout, in millimeters** | **morph.csv** | | **head\_len** | **Length of head, in millimeters** | **morph.csv** | | **body\_depth** | **Depth of body, in millimeters** | **morph.csv** | | **caudal\_ped\_depth** | **Depth of caudal peduncle, in millimeters** | **morph.csv** | | **source** | **One of two fish in the interaction** | **pairwise.csv** | | **target** | **Other fish in the interaction** | **pairwise.csv** | | **pair** | **Unique identifier for each possible pair across groups** | **pairwise.csv** | | **weight** | **Interaction rate between this pair of fish ** | pairwise.csv | ## Code/Software Analysis was all conducted in R Version 4.4.0. We used the following packages: lme4, car, rptR, lmerTest, emmeans, glmmTMB, ppcor, factoextra, tidyverse, Hmisc, and boot.