DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k98sf7m8z
title: Data from: Ecosystem multifunctionality is promoted by organic farming and hedgerows at the local scale but not at the landscape scale

description: This dataset gathers information used for the paper Couthouis et al.
 "Ecosystem multifunctionality is promoted by organic farming and
 hedgerows at the local scale but not at the landscape scale", part of
 the BIOMHE project (2019-2022) funded by the Fondation de France. It
 contains data about (i) species richness and abundances used for
 calculating ecological performance, (ii) crop yield used for calculating
 agronomic performance, (iii) labour and semi-net margin used for
 calculating socio-economic performance. Combined, these information allows
 for the calculation of ecosystem multifunctionaliy indices.
description: We selected 40 winter cereal
 fields (20 fields under organic farming - OF and 20 under conventional
 farming - CF), distributed along two independent landscape gradients based
 on (i) the varying extent (%) of OF  and (ii) the varying density (length)
 of hedgerows, in the Zone Atelier Armorique, northwestern France. Cereal
 fields were under monoculture of winter cereals such as wheat (Triticum
 spp.), triticale (Triticosecale spp.) or oat (Avena sativa L.), hereafter
 referred to as ‘Cereal crops’ (10 OF and 20 CF fields), or winter cereals
 intercropped with legumes, namely faba bean (Vicia faba L.) or pea (Pisum
 sativum L.), without distinct row arrangement, hereafter referred to as
 ‘Mixed crops’ (10 OF fields). Predatory
 arthropods (carabids; Coleoptera: Carabidae), spiders (Araneae),
 staphylinids (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), ladybirds (Coleoptera:
 Coccinellidae) and insect pests (aphids; Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) were
 collected twice, in May and June 2020, using a vacuum method (D-vac), with
 a series of five aspirations performed at 10-m intervals along a 50 m-long
 transect located in each habitat (hedgerow and centre of the
 field).The
 D-vac aspirations were carried out through the vegetation and on the
 ground in order to capture the arthropods present on these two strata.
 Data from the series of aspirations (N = 5) and the sampling periods (N =
 2) were pooled to obtain estimates of the total abundance of predatory
 arthropods and aphids per habitat type (hedgerow or crop field). Carabid
 beetles were identified at the species level following
 Roger et al.
 (2010). Visual counts of
 flower-visiting insects were performed three times in May, June and July
 2020, by walking along 50 m-long transects (one per habitat) at a slow
 pace for 5 min. Flower-visiting insects were assigned to one of the
 following morpho-groups: honeybees, bumblebees (Bombus lapidarius, B.
 pasucorum, B. terrestris), solitary bees (&lt; 1 cm and &gt; 1
 cm), hoverflies, butterflies, other Diptera, other Coleoptera, other
 Hymenoptera. Data were pooled over the three sampling periods to determine
 the abundance of flower-visiting insects per habitat. Single surveys of
 spontaneous vegetation were conducted in 10 quadrats (1 × 1 m) placed at 5
 m intervals along each 50 m-long transect. Plant species were identified
 according to Flora Europaea (Tutin et al., 1993) and corresponding percentage cover was
 estimated visually. We distinguished troublesome weeds (i.e. species that
 potentially cause high yield losses or hinder harvesting operations) based
 on expert knowledge from personnel at the Chamber of Agriculture of
 Brittany, France). Species richness and abundances are
 gathered in the "DATA_habitat" sheet.
 We conducted interviews with
 farmers (OF fields = 16 farmers; CF fields = 17 farmers) to obtain data on
 soil preparation practices (from harvest of the preceding crop [n – 1] to
 sowing of the next crop [n + 1]), pest management (mechanical or chemical
 weeding, fungicide, insecticide and molluscicide use), fertilisation
 (mineral or organic), and harvested products (yield). The labour proxy
 (h.ha-1) corresponded to the cumulative duration of interventions in
 sampled fields, while the semi-net margin (€.ha-1) was calculated by
 subtracting operational expenses (seeds and inputs) and equipment
 (depreciation, maintenance and gasoline) from the market price of crops.
 The semi-net margin closely approximates the actual income of
 farmers. Crop yield,
 labour and semi-net margin are gathered in the
 "DATA_habitat" sheet. Land-cover maps of the landscape sites were
 digitised using aerial ortho-photographs (BD ORTHO IGN, 2017) and field
 surveys using Arcgis 10.8.1 (Environmental Systems Resource Institute;
 ESRI, 2020) in 1000 m radius circles centred on each sampled field. In
 addition, maps of faming systems (OF vs. CF) were created based on
 existing data obtained for the same study area (Puech et al., 2015) and
 updated based on information obtained from our interviews with farmers in
 the present study.  From these maps, we calculated two metrics for
 landscape composition (the percentage cover of SNH [% SNH including
 woodlands, permanent grasslands, hedgerows and fallows] and the percentage
 cover of OF [% OF]); and one metric for landscape configuration: (hedgerow
 density [total hedgerow length). All metrics were calculated in 250 m, 500
 m and 1000 m radius circles using Chloe software (Boussard et al., 2020).
 Landscape metrics are gathered in the "DATA_landscape"
 sheet.<br>
description: The dataset is composed of two sheets
 (.csv), (i) "DATA_habitat" gathering information for each crop
 field (N=40) and hedgerow (N=40), (ii) "DATA_landscape"
 gathering information for each landscape (N =40).