DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hmgqnk9wb
title: eICU critical care database: Patient clinical parameters and outcomes for ICU risk prediction model development

description: Despite advances in intensive care, sepsis remains a leading cause of
 mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, especially middle-aged
 and elderly individuals. Given the limitations of conventional scoring
 systems and the interpretability challenges of machine learning models,
 this study aims to develop and temporally validate a nomogram for
 predicting 28-day ICU mortality in middle-aged and elderly sepsis patients
 via the eICU database (2014-2015), providing a clinically practical
 prediction tool. This retrospective study included 13,717 sepsis patients
 aged ≥ 45 years. The cohort was temporally divided into training (n =
 6,397; 2014) and validation (n = 7,320; 2015) sets. Variable selection was
 performed via random forest importance ranking and LASSO regression. A
 nomogram was developed on the basis of multivariable logistic regression
 analysis. The 28-day ICU mortality rates were 9.08% and 9.49% in
 the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The final nomogram
 incorporated 11 independent predictors: red cell distribution width (RDW),
 SOFA score, lactate, pH, 24-hour urine output, platelet count, total
 protein, temperature, heart rate, GCS score, and white blood cell (WBC)
 count. The model showed good discrimination in both the training (AUC:
 0.805) and validation (AUC: 0.756) cohorts. The calibration curves
 demonstrated good agreement between the predicted and observed
 probabilities. We developed and temporally validated a nomogram with good
 predictive performance for 28-day ICU mortality in middle-aged and elderly
 sepsis patients, providing a practical tool for risk stratification and
 clinical decision-making.
description: ## Description of the data and file structure This dataset was extracted
 from the eICU Collaborative Research Database, a multi-center intensive
 care unit (ICU) database containing de-identified clinical data from
 critically ill patients. The eICU database includes detailed information
 from adult ICU patients across multiple hospitals in the United States,
 capturing demographic information, vital signs, laboratory measurements,
 treatment interventions, and outcomes. For this research, relevant
 clinical data was extracted according to our study objectives. The data
 collection process followed the eICU database usage guidelines and data
 protection protocols, utilizing only de-identified data. No on-site
 experiments were conducted; the data collection relied solely on
 organizing and filtering information from the existing electronic health
 record database. For additional context: The eICU Collaborative Research
 Database v2.0 contains anonymized clinical data from over 200,000 ICU
 stays across 208 hospitals between 2014 and 2015. Our study selected
 patients meeting specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, collecting
 relevant information including demographics, ICU admission and discharge
 details, primary diagnoses, laboratory results, and treatment measures.
 All data were secondarily extracted with no direct patient interventions
 or sample collection involved. ### Files and variables: `File: Y2.tsv` |
 Note: 'NA' in all variables indicates missing data | | | |
 -------------------------------------------------- | ---- |
 --------------------------------------- | | Variable | Code | Label | |
 UNITVISITNUMBER | | unitvisitnumber | | | 1 | 1 | | | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 3 |
 | | 4 | 4 | | | 5 | 5 | | | 6 | 6 | | | 8 | 8 | | | 10 | 10 | | | 12 | 12
 | | | 14 | 14 | | | 15 | 15 | | | 16 | 16 | | GENDER | | Gender | | | 0 |
 Male | | | 1 | Female | | AGE | | Age (years) | | | 0 | 0 | | ETHNICITY |
 | Ethnicity | | | 0 | Caucasian | | | 1 | Other | | HOSPITALID | |
 hospitalid | | | 0 | 0 | | WARDID | | wardid | | | 0 | 0 | |
 HOSPITALADMITSOURCE | | hospitaladmitsource | | | 0 | Emergency Department
 | | | 1 | Operating Room | | | 2 | Floor | | | 3 | Direct Admit | | | 4 |
 Other Hospital | | | 5 | Other ICU | | | 6 | ICU to SDU | | | 7 | Chest
 Pain Center | | | 8 | Recovery Room | | | 9 | Step-Down Unit (SDU) | |
 HOSPITALDISCHARGEYEAR | | Hospital discharge year | | | 2014 | 2014 | | |
 2015 | 2015 | | HOSPITALDISCHARGELOCA | | hospitaldischargelocation | | |
 0 | Home | | | 1 | Skilled Nursing Facility | | | 2 | Death | | | 3 |
 Other Hospital | | | 4 | Other External | | | 5 | Rehabilitation | | | 6 |
 Other | | | 7 | Nursing Home | | UNITTYPE | | unittype | | | 0 |
 Medical-Surgical ICU | | | 1 | Neurological ICU | | | 2 | Coronary Care
 Unit/Cardiothoracic ICU | | | 3 | Cardiothoracic ICU | | | 4 | Medical ICU
 | | | 5 | Surgical ICU | | | 6 | Cardiac Surgery ICU | | | 7 | Cardiac ICU
 | | UNITADMITSOURCE | | unitadmitsource | | | 0 | Emergency Department | |
 | 1 | Operating Room | | | 2 | ICU to SDU | | | 3 | Floor | | | 4 | Direct
 Admit | | | 5 | Other Hospital | | | 6 | Step-Down Unit (SDU) | | | 7 |
 Other ICU | | | 8 | Chest Pain Center | | | 9 | Recovery Room | |
 UNITSTAYTYPE | | unitstaytype | | | 0 | admit | | | 1 | stepdown/other | |
 | 2 | readmit | | | 3 | transfer | | ADMISSIONWEIGHT | | Admission weight
 (kg) | | | 0 | 0 | | ADMISSIONHEIGHT | | Admission height (cm) | | | 0 | 0
 | | BMI | | BMI | | | 0 | 0 | | DISCHARGEWEIGHT | | dischargeweight | | |
 0 | 0 | | UNITDISCHARGELOCATION | | unitdischargelocation | | | 0 | Floor
 | | | 1 | Step-Down Unit (SDU) | | | 2 | Home | | | 3 | Other ICU | | | 4
 | Other Hospital | | | 5 | Death | | | 6 | Skilled Nursing Facility | | |
 7 | Other External | | | 8 | Telemetry | | | 9 | Other | | | 10 |
 Rehabilitation | | | 11 | Nursing Home | | | 12 | Other ICU (CABG) | | |
 13 | Other Internal | | | 14 | 14 | | HOSPITALADMITOFFSET | |
 hospitaladmitoffset | | | 0 | 0 | | HOSPITALDISCHARGEOFFS | |
 hospitaldischargeoffset | | | 0 | 0 | | UNITDISCHARGEOFFSET | |
 unitdischargeoffset | | | 0 | 0 | | UNITDISCHARGESTATUS | |
 unitdischargestatus | | | 0 | Alive | | | 1 | Expired | |
 HOSPITALDISCHARGESTAT | | hospitaldischargestatus | | | 0 | Alive | | | 1
 | Expired | | LOSH\_D | | LOS Hospital (day) | | | 0 | 0 | | LOSU\_D | |
 LOS ICU (day) | | | 0 | 0 | | TIMED28\_UNIT | | time ICU 28day | | | 0 | 0
 | | DEATHD28\_UNIT | | ICU 28day mortality | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | |
 TIMED28\_HOSP | | time hospital 28day | | | 0 | 0 | | DEATHD28\_HOSP | |
 Hospital 28day mortality | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | APACHEAPSVARID | |
 APACHEAPSVARID | | | 0 | 0 | | INTUBATED | | Intubated | | | 0 | No | | |
 1 | Yes | | VENT | | Mechanical ventilation use | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes
 | | DIALYSIS | | DIALYSIS | | | 0 | 0 | | | 1 | 1 | | EYES | | EYES | | |
 1 | 1 | | | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 3 | | | 4 | 4 | | MOTOR | | MOTOR | | | 1 | 1
 | | | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 3 | | | 4 | 4 | | | 5 | 5 | | | 6 | 6 | | VERBAL | |
 VERBAL | | | 1 | 1 | | | 2 | 2 | | | 3 | 3 | | | 4 | 4 | | | 5 | 5 | |
 GCS\_SCORE | | GCS score | | | 3 | 3 | | | 4 | 4 | | | 5 | 5 | | | 6 | 6 |
 | | 7 | 7 | | | 8 | 8 | | | 9 | 9 | | | 10 | 10 | | | 11 | 11 | | | 12 |
 12 | | | 13 | 13 | | | 14 | 14 | | | 15 | 15 | | MEDS | | Vasopressor use
 (1st 24 h) | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | URINE | | URINE | | | 0 | 0 | |
 WBC | | WBC | | | 0 | 0 | | TEMPERATURE | | Temperature | | | 0 | 0 | |
 RESPIRATORYRATE | | Respiratory rate (bpm) | | | 0 | 0 | | SODIUM | |
 SODIUM | | | 0 | 0 | | HEARTRATE | | Heart rate (/min) | | | 0 | 0 | |
 MEANBP | | MAP (mmHg) | | | 0 | 0 | | PH | | PH | | | 0 | 0 | | HEMATOCRIT
 | | HEMATOCRIT | | | 0 | 0 | | CREATININE | | CREATININE | | | 0 | 0 | |
 ALBUMIN | | ALBUMIN | | | 0 | 0 | | PAO2 | | PAO2 | | | 0 | 0 | | PCO2 | |
 PCO2 | | | 0 | 0 | | BUN | | BUN | | | 0 | 0 | | GLUCOSE | | GLUCOSE | | |
 0 | 0 | | BILIRUBIN | | BILIRUBIN | | | 0 | 0 | | FIO2 | | FIO2 | | | 0 |
 0 | | ACUTEPHYSIOLOGYSCORE | | Acute Physiology Score III | | | 0 | 0 | |
 SOFA | | SOFA score | | APACHESCORE | | Apache IV score | | | 0 | 0 | |
 AIDS | | AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | | | 0 | No | | | 1 |
 Yes | | HEPATICFAILURE | | Hepatic failure | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | |
 LYMPHOMA | | Lymphoma | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | METASTATICCANCER | |
 Metastatic cancer | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | LEUKEMIA | | Leukaemia |
 | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | IMMUNOSUPPRESSION | | Immunosuppression | | |
 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | CIRRHOSIS | | Cirrhosis | | | 0 | No | | | 1 |
 Yes | | DIABETES | | Diabetes | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | |
 ADMITDXENTEREDOFFSET | | ADMITDXENTEREDOFFSET | | SEPSIS\_ADMISSION | |
 SEPSIS Source of infection | | | 0 | pulmonary | | | 1 | renal/UTI
 (including bladder) | | | 2 | GI | | | 3 | unknown | | | 4 |
 cutaneous/soft tissue | | | 5 | other | | | 6 | gynecologic | | COPD | |
 COPD | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | CHF | | CHF | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes
 | | AMI | | AMI | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | DM | | DM | | | 0 | No | |
 | 1 | Yes | | PNEUMONIA | | Pneumonia | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | |
 RHYTHM | | Rhythm | | | 0 | No | | | 1 | Yes | | V1.1STVALUE | | Blood
 urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | | V1.2STVALUE | | chloride(mmol/L) | | V1.3STVALUE
 | | Calcium(mg/dl) | | V1.4STVALUE | | bicarbonate(mmol/L) | | V1.5STVALUE
 | | alkaline phos.(Units/L) | | V1.6STVALUE | | Glucose(mg/dl) | |
 V1.7STVALUE | | Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | | V1.8STVALUE | | AST aspartate
 transaminase (U/L) | | V1.9STVALUE | | ALT alanine transaminase (U/L | |
 V1.10STVALUE | | Serum potassium (mmol/L) | | V1.11STVALUE | | anion
 gap(mmol/L) | | V1.12STVALUE | | Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | | V1.13STVALUE
 | | total protein(g/dL) | | V1.14STVALUE | | Albumin(g/dL) | |
 V1.15STVALUE | | sodium(mmol/L) | | V1.16STVALUE | | Magnesium(mg/dl) | |
 V1.17STVALUE | | Lactate(mmol/L) | | V1.18STVALUE | | troponin - I(ng/mL)
 | | V1.19STVALUE | | ionized calcium | | V1.20STVALUE | | LDH(Units/L) | |
 V1.21STVALUE | | CPK-MB(ng/mL) | | V1.22STVALUE | | CPK(Units/L) | |
 V1.23STVALUE | | phosphate(mg/dL) | | V1.24STVALUE | | LDLc (mg/dL) | |
 V1.25STVALUE | | Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | | V1.26STVALUE | |
 Triglycerides (mg/dL) | | V1.27STVALUE | | HDLc (mg/dL) | | V1.28STVALUE |
 | direct bilirubin(mg/dL) | | V1.29STVALUE | | cortisol(mcg/dL) | |
 V1.30STVALUE | | lipase(Units/L) | | V2.1STVALUE | |
 Tacrolimus-FK506(ng/mL) | | V2.2STVALUE | | ethanol(mg/dL) | | V2.3STVALUE
 | | Vancomycin - random(mcg/mL) | | V2.4STVALUE | | Vancomycin -
 trough(mcg/mL) | | V2.5STVALUE | | amylase(Units/L) | | V2.6STVALUE | |
 prealbumin(mg/dL) | | V2.7STVALUE | | Phenytoin(mcg/mL) | | V2.8STVALUE |
 | Digoxin(ng/mL) | | V2.9STVALUE | | salicylate(mg/dL) | | V2.10STVALUE |
 | Acetaminophen(mcg/mL) | | V2.11STVALUE | | Lithium(mmol/L) | |
 V2.12STVALUE | | Lidocaine(mcg/mL) | | V2.13STVALUE | | Cyclosporin(ng/mL)
 | | V2.14STVALUE | | Theophylline(mcg/mL) | | V2.15STVALUE | |
 Phenobarbital(mcg/mL) | | V2.16STVALUE | | Tobramycin - random(mcg/mL) | |
 V2.17STVALUE | | Carbamazepine(mcg/mL) | | V2.18STVALUE | | Gentamicin -
 random(mcg/mL) | | V2.19STVALUE | | Gentamicin - trough(mcg/mL) | |
 V2.20STVALUE | | Gentamicin - peak(mcg/mL) | | V2.21STVALUE | | Tobramycin
 - peak(mcg/mL) | | V2.22STVALUE | | Tobramycin - trough(mcg/mL) | |
 V3.1STVALUE | | PT - INR | | V3.2STVALUE | | PT(sec) | | V3.3STVALUE | |
 PTT(sec) | | V3.4STVALUE | | Platelets (cells x 109/L) | | V3.5STVALUE | |
 RBC red blood cell(M/mcl) | | V3.6STVALUE | | MCHC(g/dL) | | V3.7STVALUE |
 | MCH(pg) | | V3.8STVALUE | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | | V3.9STVALUE | | RDW
 red cell distribution width(%) | | V3.10STVALUE | | Hct(%) | |
 V3.11STVALUE | | White blood cell count (cells x 109/L) | | V3.12STVALUE |
 | MCV(fl) | | V3.13STVALUE | | folate(ng/mL) | | V3.14STVALUE | | Vitamin
 B12(pg/mL) | | V3.15STVALUE | | fibrinogen(mg/dL) | | V3.16STVALUE | |
 ESR(mm/hr) | | V3.17STVALUE | | protein S(%) | | V3.18STVALUE | | protein
 C(%) | | V3.19STVALUE | | Fe/TIBC Ratio(%) | | V3.20STVALUE | |
 TIBC(mcg/dL) | | V3.21STVALUE | | Fe(mcg/dL) | | V3.22STVALUE | |
 transferrin(mg/dL) | | V3.23STVALUE | | Ferritin(ng/mL) | | V3.24STVALUE |
 | reticulocyte count(%) | | V3.25STVALUE | | haptoglobin(mg/dL) | |
 V4.1STVALUE | | uric acid(mg/dL) | | V4.2STVALUE | | bedside
 glucose(mg/dL) | | V4.3STVALUE | | ammonia(mcmol/L) | | V4.4STVALUE | |
 urinary specific gravity | | V4.5STVALUE | | BNP(pg/mL) | | V4.6STVALUE |
 | CRP(mg/dL) | | V4.7STVALUE | | TSH(mcUnits/mL) | | V4.8STVALUE | |
 CRP-hs(mg/L) | | V4.9STVALUE | | WBC's in cerebrospinal fluid(/mcL) |
 | V4.10STVALUE | | protein - CSF(mg/dL) | | V4.11STVALUE | | glucose -
 CSF(mg/dL) | | V4.12STVALUE | | urinary sodium(mmol/L) | | V4.13STVALUE |
 | urinary creatinine(mg/dL) | | V4.14STVALUE | | WBC's in synovial
 fluid(/mcL) | | V4.15STVALUE | | free T4(ng/dL) | | V4.16STVALUE | | serum
 osmolality(mOsm/kg) | | V4.17STVALUE | | urinary osmolality(mOsm/kg) | |
 V4.18STVALUE | | myoglobin(ng/mL) | | V4.19STVALUE | | WBC's in
 urine(/hpf) | | V4.20STVALUE | | prolactin(ng/mL) | | V4.21STVALUE | | 24
 h urine protein(mg/24 hr) | | V4.22STVALUE | | 24 h urine urea
 nitrogen(g/24 hr) | | V4.23STVALUE | | T3(ng/mL) | | V4.24STVALUE | |
 Legionella pneumophila Ab | | V5.1STVALUE | | Base Excess(mmol/L) | |
 V5.2STVALUE | | paO2(mm Hg) | | V5.3STVALUE | | HCO3 (mmol/L) | |
 V5.4STVALUE | | pH | | V5.5STVALUE | | paCO2(mm Hg) | | V5.6STVALUE | |
 FiO2(%) | | V5.7STVALUE | | LPM O2(LPM) | | V5.8STVALUE | | Base
 Deficit(mmol/L) | | V5.9STVALUE | | Carboxyhemoglobin(%) | | V5.10STVALUE
 | | Total CO2(mmol/L) | | V5.11STVALUE | | O2 Sat (%) | | V5.12STVALUE | |
 Methemoglobin(%) | | V5.13STVALUE | | Respiratory Rate(/min) | |
 V5.14STVALUE | | Vent Rate(/min) | ## Human subjects data Ethics approval
 and consent to participate Owing to the retrospective nature of the study
 and the established security framework, the requirement for informed
 consent was waived. No additional institutional review board approval was
 required for the use of this database, as detailed
 at https://eicu-crd.mit.edu/about/acknowledgments/. Consent for
 publication Not applicable.