DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d7wm37qck
title: Linking behavior and predation data improves inference on interspecific risk perception in carnivores

description: These datasets contain data used to fit three models describing predation
 and behavior of mountain lions in Utah. CougarBehavior_proportionaltime
 describes the proportion of time that individual mountain lions (Puma
 concolor) spend displaying categorized behaviors when foraging at their
 kill sites. For each independent foraging bout (independent visit to the
 kill site on camera), behaviors were coded as vigilance, feeding, caching,
 resting, unknown, and other. We calculated the proportion of time in each
 independent observation that the cougar spent engaging in the four focal
 behaviors as a response variable. Covariates that vary at the level of the
 kill-site or the observation are included. CougarPredation_durationData
 contains records from 2325 visited prey items in Utah to evaluate what
 influences cougar handling time at their prey. CougarPredation_searchData
 contains records from 2254 search intervals (the time between subsequent
 prey handling events) to evaluate what influences cougar search time
 between foraging events at their prey. Both datasets use GPS collar data
 to determine duration in hours and contain data from 37 female cougars.
description: # Linking behavior and predation data improves inference on interspecific
 risk perception in carnivores Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.d7wm37qck](10.5061/dryad.d7wm37qck) ## Description of the
 data and file structure These datasets contain data used to fit three
 models describing predation and behavior of mountain lions in Utah.
 **CougarBehavior_proportionaltime.csv** contains data regarding the
 proportion of time that individual mountain lions (*Puma concolor*) spend
 displaying categorized behaviors when foraging at their kill sites. For
 each independent foraging bout (independent visit to the kill site on
 camera), behaviors were coded as vigilance, feeding, caching, resting,
 unknown, and other. We calculated the proportion of time in each
 independent observation that the cougar spent engaging in the four focal
 behaviors as a response variable. Covariates that vary at the level of the
 kill-site or the observation are included. We fit these data with
 generalized linear mixed models, using R package glmmTMB v.1.1.11, using a
 beta distribution and a login link function. Observations were weighted by
 the log-transformed duration of each foraging bout.
 **CougarPredation_durationData.csv** contains records from 2325 visited
 prey items in Utah to evaluate what influences cougar handling time at
 their prey. **CougarPredation_searchData.csv** contains records from 2254
 search intervals (the time between subsequent prey handling events) to
 evalute what influences cougar search time between foraging events at
 their prey. Both datasets use GPS collar data to determine duration in
 hours and contain data from 37 female cougars. Covariates that vary at the
 level of cougar or kill-site are included. We fit these data with linear
 mixed effects models, using R package lme4 v.1.1.36. **Data Variables:**
 CougarBehavior_proportionaltime.csv * ClusterBout - *Numbered independent
 events (bouts) of foraging at each cluster (where XX00-000 format is a
 unique cluster). Independent bouts are the unit of analysis.* * CougID -
 *Unique identifier for each cougar (format XX00)* * ClusID - *Unique
 identifier for each cluster for each cougar (format XX00-000)* * StudySite
 - *One of three study sites in the study* * BearBeforeBout - *Binary
 variable indicating if a bear was present at this cluster before this bout
 began* * AvianBeforeBout - *Binary variable indicating if a bird was
 present at this cluster before this bout began* * AnyScavenger - *Binary
 variable indicating if any scavenger species was present at this cluster
 before this bout began* * MammalScavenger - *Binary variable indicating if
 any mammalian scavenger was present at this cluster before this bout
 began* * NonBearMamnmalScavenger - *Binary variable indicating if any
 non-bear mammalian scavenger was present at this cluster before this bout
 began* * CarcassAge - *The age of the carcass in hours from the time the
 cluster formed to the start of this foraging bout* * CachingTime - *The
 length of time in seconds that the cougar spent caching during this
 foraging bout* * FeedingTime - *The length of time in seconds that the
 cougar spent feeding during this foraging bout* * RestingTime - *The
 length of time in seconds that the cougar spent resting during this
 foraging bout* * VigilantTime - *The length of time in seconds that the
 cougar spent vigilant during this foraging bout* * UnknownTime - *The
 length of time in seconds that the cougar spent in unknown
 behaviors during this foraging bout* * OtherTime - *The length of time in
 seconds that the cougar spent in non-focal (but not unknown) behaviors
 during this foraging bout* * SumTime - *The length of time in seconds that
 the cougar spent on camera during this foraging bout* * KillorShared -
 *Indication if this prey item was a kill made by the focal cougar or
 shared with a family member who made the kill* * PreySpecies - *Common
 name of prey item species* * Non.focalAdultCougarPresent - *Binary
 variable indicating if a non-focal adult cougar was present at this
 foraging bout* * Habitat - *Categorical habitat type determined at kill
 site investigation and camera placement* * Year - *Year of study* *
 BearSeason - *Binary variable indicating if it is the season when bear are
 active (not hibernating)* * KitteninBout - *Binary variable indicating if
 a cougar kitten was present at this foraging bout* * BearHarvestDensity -
 *Continuous variable reflecting the bear density proxy at each kill site*
 * CanopyCover.scale - *Canopy cover at the kill site in percent, scaled* *
 DemographicStatus - *Status of female during kill, relative to pregnancy
 and kitten age* * PropVig - *The proportion of total time during this
 foraging bout that the cougar spent vigilant* * PropCache -  *The
 proportion of total time during this foraging bout that the cougar spent
 caching* * PropFeed -  *The proportion of total time during this foraging
 bout that the cougar spent feeding* * PropRelax -  *The proportion of
 total time during this foraging bout that the cougar spent relaxing* *
 DistancetoRoad - *Distance to the nearest road or trail, scaled* *
 DensityofRoads\_510 - *Density of roads and trails within a 510m focal
 window, scaled* * DensityofRoads\_990 - *Density of roads and trails
 within a 990m focal window, scaled* * DensityofRoads\_2490 - *Density of
 roads and trails within a 2490m focal window, scaled* * thi210 - *Terrain
 heterogeneity within a focal window of 210m around the kill site, scaled*
 CougarPredation_durationData * CougarInterval - *Numbered continuous
 intervals of monitoring on each individual cougar without interruptions
 due to data collection issues. Used to ensure that calculations between
 subsequent clusters do not include erroneous gaps.* * CougarID - *Unique
 identifier for each cougar (format XX00)* * ClusterID\_unique - *Unique
 identifier for each cluster for each cougar (format XX00-000)* * PreyGroup
 - *Major categorical groupings for prey items* * DurationatKill -
 *Duration in hours that a cougar spent associated with this prey item* *
 PreyAgeClass *- Age class of the prey item* * Site - *One of three study
 sites in the study* * BearSign - *Binary indication of if bear sign was
 found during the kill site investigation* * Comb\_WeightClass - *Weight
 class of the prey items, using a combined estimated weight if more than 1
 animal was found in the same cluster* * PreyCategory - *Simplified
 categorical groupings for prey items, either deer, elk, other ungulate, or
 non-ungulate* * CanopyPercent - *Canopy cover at the kill site in
 percentage* * DemographicStatus - *Status of female during kill, relative
 to pregnancy and kitten age* * BearDisplacement - *Categorical indication
 of if data indicated that a bear displaced a cougar from this kill* *
 CoverType - *Categorical cover type determined from remotely-sensed data*
 * thi150 - *Terrain heterogeneity within a focal window of 150m around the
 prey item* * Dist2road - *Distance to the nearest road or trail, scaled* *
 DensityofRoads\_990 - *Density of roads and trails within a 990m focal
 window, scaled* * DensityofRoads\_5010 - *Density of roads and trails
 within a 5010m focal window, scaled* * BearHarvestDensity - *Continuous
 variable reflecting the bear density proxy at each prey item, scaled* *
 DurationatKill.sqr -  *Duration in hours that a cougar spent associated
 with this prey item, with a square root transformation. This is the
 response variable for the HT analysis.* * MultipleKills - *Binary
 indicator if this cluster was comprised of multiple prey items or not* *
 Season - *Categorical indicator for the ecological season during which
 this prey item was fed on* * DeerUse\_990 - *Predicted selection values
 for deer in this site over a focal window of 990m* * ElkUse\_990
 -*Predicted selection values for elk in this site over a focal window of
 990m* CougarPredation\_searchData * CougarInterval - *Numbered continuous
 intervals of monitoring on each individual cougar without interruptions
 due to data collection issues. Used to ensure that calculations between
 subsequent clusters do not include erroneous gaps.* * CougarID - *Unique
 identifier for each cougar (format XX00)* * ClusterID\_unique - *Unique
 identifier for each cluster for each cougar (format XX00-000)* *
 SearchTime - *Duration in hours between the end of the previous cluster
 and the beginning of the current cluster, i.e. the time a cougar spent
 "searching" for the next prey item* * ST\_sqr - *Duration in
 hours between the end of the previous cluster and the beginning of the
 current cluster, i.e. the time a cougar spent "searching" for
 the next prey item, with a square root transformation. This is the
 response variable for the ST analysis.* * PreyGroup - *Major categorical
 groupings for prey items* * PreyAgeClass - *Age class of the prey item* *
 Site - *One of three study sites in the study* * BearSign - *Binary
 indication of if bear sign was found during the kill site investigation* *
 Comb\_WeightClass - *Weight class of the prey items, using a combined
 estimated weight if more than 1 animal was found in the same cluster* *
 PreyCategory - *Simplified categorical groupings for prey items, either
 deer, elk, other ungulate, or non-ungulate* * CanopyPercent - *Canopy
 cover at the kill site in percentage* * DemographicStatus - *Status of
 female during kill, relative to pregnancy and kitten age* *
 BearDisplacement - *Categorical indication of if the data indicated that a
 bear displaced a cougar from this kill* * CoverType - *Categorical cover
 type determined from remotely-sensed data* * Dist2road - *Distance to the
 nearest road or trail, scaled* * DensityofRoads\_5010 - *Density of roads
 and trails within a 5010m focal window, scaled* * BearHarvestDensity
 - *Continuous variable reflecting the bear density proxy at each kill
 site, scaled* | | MultipleKills - *Binary indicator if this cluster was
 comprised of multiple prey items or not* | | Season - *Categorical
 indicator for the ecological season during which this prey item was fed
 on* | | AgeClass - *Categorical age class of cougar during this interval,
 either YoungAdult, PrimeAdult, or MatureAdult* | | ElkUse\_3000
 - *Predicted selection values for elk in this site over a focal window of
 3000m* | | DeerUse\_990 - *Predicted selection values for deer in this
 site over a focal window of 3000m* | | THI\_990 - *Terrain heterogeneity
 within a focal window of 990m around the kill site* | 
 
 ## Code/software These files are .csv and can be opened in Excel. All
 models were fitted in Program R.