cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2fqz612k6
title: Nest microhabitats and tree size mediate shifts in ant community structure across elevation in tropical rainforest canopies

description: Declines or mid-elevation peaks in invertebrate diversity with elevation
 are often attributed to climate and geometric constraints. However,
 vegetation structure may also drive diversity patterns, especially for
 tree-dwelling species, via its effects on microhabitat use and competitive
 interactions. Here we investigate these effects on the diversity and
 community structure of tree-nesting ants over elevation. We exhaustively
 sampled ant nests in 1254 trees within continuous plots of primary
 rainforest at low (200 m a.s.l.), mid (900 m a.s.l.) and high (1800 m
 a.s.l.) elevation in Papua New Guinea. Ant diversity, nest abundance and
 tree occupancy peaked at mid-elevation. Although host tree diversity also
 peaked at mid-elevation, there was low specialisation of ant species to
 tree species at all elevations. Mid-elevation trees hosted more species,
 more nests and a greater diversity of nest types than trees of a similar
 size at low or high elevation. Tree size and nest microhabitat use were
 the strongest predictors of species composition, explaining twice as much
 of the variability in the communities than elevation. At mid to high
 elevation there were proportionally fewer large nests than in the
 lowlands, with an increase in smaller nests in live hollow twigs and
 epiphytes. There was high species turnover between elevations, and between
 trees within elevations. Species co-occurrence patterns within trees
 differed with tree size, and with elevation. In large trees species tended
 to co-occur at random at low and high elevation, but co-occurred more
 often than expected by chance at mid elevation, indicating an elevational
 shift in competitive interactions. We conclude that the more extreme
 diurnal temperatures at higher elevations, combined with increased
 epiphyte availability, drive ants to nest in more insulated microhabitats.
 This results in smaller colony sizes, and a decrease in interspecific
 competition, thereby boosting species co-existence at mid elevation.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8pk0p2nhw
title: Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds

description: Increasing temperatures associated with climate change are predicted to
 cause reductions in body size, a key determinant of animal physiology and
 ecology. Using a four‐decade specimen series of 70 716
 individuals of 52 North American migratory bird species, we demonstrate
 that increasing annual summer temperature over the 40‐year period predicts
 consistent reductions in body size across these diverse taxa.
 Concurrently, wing length – an index of body shape that impacts numerous
 aspects of avian ecology and behaviour – has consistently increased across
 species. Our findings suggest that warming‐induced body size reduction is
 a general response to climate change, and reveal a similarly consistent
 and unexpected shift in body shape. We hypothesise that increasing wing
 length represents a compensatory adaptation to maintain migration as
 reductions in body size have increased the metabolic cost of flight. An
 improved understanding of warming‐induced morphological changes is
 important for predicting biotic responses to global change.
description: NOTE: Tarsus length was measured by holding tarsus at a right
 angle to tiobiotarsus, and measuring form the heel to the end of the last
 scute before the foot; this adds the length of the joint, so absolute
 measures of tarsus length are likely not directly comparable to tarsus
 length estimates from other studies. All measurements were made
 consistently across species and time (i.e. they are internally consistent
 and replicable).  NOTE: Bill length, from the anterior
 edge of the nares to the tip of the bill has been added to the
 data.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.76hdr7ss0
title: Shrinking dinosaurs and the evolution of endothermy in birds

description: The evolution of endothermy represents a major transition in vertebrate
 history and a major factor underlying the diversity of birds and mammals.
 Despite the several advantages of an endothermic lifestyle, the tempo and
 mode of the evolution of endothermy in these lineages remains one of the
 most controversial subjects in paleontology and evolutionary physiology.
 Here, we combine a heat transfer model with body size estimates in the
 theropod phylogeny to reconstruct the evolution of metabolic rates along
 the bird stem lineage. This model suggests that the continuous reduction
 in size from ancestral theropod dinosaurs to birds constitutes the
 evolutionary path of least resistance for endothermy to evolve, because it
 maximizes thermal niche expansion while obviating the im- pact of elevated
 energy requirements on population size. In this scenario, metabolic rates
 would have increased steadily with the accelerated miniaturization
 observed primarily in the Early-Middle Jurassic (~180 to 170 million years
 ago), resulting in a rise in metabolic levels along those clades that
 diverged from the bird stem lineage during this period. Whereas basal
 theropods would generally exhibit lower metabolic rates, more recent
 groups such as nonavian maniraptorans were likely decent thermoregulators
 with higher metabolic rates than similar- sized extant ectotherms. We
 postulate that the evolution of smaller sizes concomitantly with increased
 aerobic capacity has shaped the thermal physiology of theropod dinosaurs
 and driven the emergence of true endothermy within this clade, and we
 propose a temporal sequence of key evolutionary transitions that might
 have ultimately resulted in the emergence of small, endothermic, feathered
 flying dinosaurs. The detailed hypotheses stemming from our model,
 regarding the variation in metabolic levels across theropod lineages as
 well as the sequence of events that have led to the radiation of birds,
 can be readily put to a test and should be subject to further scrutiny.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.hyqqhq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 164484 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Colombia",
 "TaxonKey is Lepidoptera",
 "Year 2010-2026"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 164484 records from 313 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001991-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.zkh18935z
title: Cultural linkage: the influence of package transmission on cultural dynamics

description: Many cultural traits are not transmitted independently, but together as a
 package. This can happen because, for example, media may store information
 together making it more likely to be transmitted together, or through
 cognitive mechanisms such as causal reasoning. Evolutionary biology
 suggests that physical linkage of genes (being on the same chromosome)
 allows neutral and maladaptive genes to spread by hitchhiking on adaptive
 genes, while the pairwise difference between neutral genes is unaffected.
 Whether packaging may lead to similar dynamics in cultural evolution is
 unclear. To understand the effect of cultural packages on cultural
 evolutionary dynamics, we built an agent-based simulation that allows
 links to form and break between cultural traits. During transmission, one
 trait and others that are directly or indirectly connected to it are
 transmitted together in a package. We compare variation in cultural traits
 between different rates of link formation and breakage and find that an
 intermediate frequency of links can lower cultural diversity, which can be
 misinterpreted as a signature of payoff bias or conformity. Further,
 cultural hitchhiking can occur when links are common.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pzgmsbcg1
title: Data from: Isolation of Metrosideros (`Ohi`a) taxa on O`ahu increases with elevation and extreme environments

description: Species radiations should be facilitated by short generation times and
 limited dispersal among discontinuous populations. Hawaii’s hyper-diverse,
 landscape-dominant tree, Metrosideros, is unique among the islands’
 radiations for its massive populations that occur continuously
 over space and time within islands, its exceptional capacity for gene flow
 by both pollen and seed, and its extended life span (ca.
 &gt;650 years). Metrosideros shows the greatest phenotypic
 and microsatellite DNA diversity on O`ahu, where taxa occur in tight
 sympatry or parapatry in mesic and montane wet forest on two
 volcanoes. We document the nonrandom distributions of 12 taxa (including
 unnamed morphotypes) along elevation gradients,
 measure phenotypes of ~6-year-old common-garden plants of eight
 taxa to verify heritability of phenotypes, and examine genotypes of 476
 wild adults at nine microsatellite loci to compare the strengths
 of isolation across taxa, volcanoes and distance. All eight taxa retained
 their diagnostic phenotypes in the common garden. Populations were
 isolated by taxon to a range of degrees (pairwise FST between
 taxa: 0.004 – 0.267), and there was no pattern of isolation by distance or
 by elevation; however, significant isolation between volcanoes was
 observed within monotypic species, suggesting limited gene flow
 between volcanoes. Among the infraspecific taxa of M. polymorpha,
 genetic diversity and isolation significantly decreased and increased,
 respectively, with elevation. Overall, five of the six most
 isolated taxa were associated with highest elevations or
 otherwise extreme environments. These findings suggest a principal role
 for selection in the origin and maintenance of the exceptional diversity
 that occurs within continuous Metrosideros stands on O`ahu.
description: Raw data are presented.
DOI: 10.25338/b8fw3m
title: Exploration of the yield potential of mesoamerican wild common beans from contrasting eco-geographic regions by nested recombinant inbred populations

description: Genetic analyzes and utilization of wild genetic variation in common bean
 (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for crop improvement have been hampered by
 evaluation difficulties, identification of advantageous variation, and
 linkage drag. The lack of adaptation to field conditions and the existence
 of highly structured populations make association mapping of diversity
 panels not optimal. Joint linkage mapping of nested populations avoids the
 later constraint, while populations crossed with a common domesticated
 parent allow the evaluation of wild variation within a more adapted
 background. We developed three domesticated by wild backcrossed inbred
 line populations (BC1S4), using three wild accessions representing the
 extreme range of rainfall of the Mesoamerican wild bean distribution
 crossed to the elite drought tolerant domesticated parent SEA 5. We
 evaluated the populations under field conditions in three environments,
 two fully irrigated trials in two seasons and a simulated terminal drought
 in the second season. The goal was to test if these populations responded
 differently to drought stress and to detect yield-associated genomic
 regions. Our results revealed that the populations from the wild parents
 of the low rainfall part of the distribution showed higher yield. We found
 20 QTLs for yield in 13 unique regions on eight of the 11 chromosomes of
 common bean. Five of these regions showed at least one wild allele that
 increased yield over the domesticated parent. The variation explained by
 these QTLs ranged from 0.6 to 5.4 % of the total variation and the
 additive effects ranged from -164 to 277 kg ha-1, with evidence suggesting
 allelic series for some QTLs. The average allele effects from the parent
 of the wettest environment were lower through all the test environments.
 Our results underscore the potential of wild variation for bean crop
 improvement as well the identification of regions for efficient
 marker-assisted introgression.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z08kprr8h
title: Data from: Rapid adaptation of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans to changing temperature

description: Temperature plays a multidimensional role in host-pathogen interactions.
 As an important element of climate change, elevated world temperature
 resulting from global warming presents new challenges to sustainable
 disease management. Knowledge of pathogen adaptation to global warming is
 needed to predict future disease epidemiology and formulate mitigating
 strategies. In this study, 21 Phytophthora infestans isolates originating
 from seven thermal environments were acclimated for 200 days under
 stepwise increase or decrease of experimental temperatures and
 evolutionary responses of the isolates to the thermal changes were
 evaluated. We found temperature acclimation significantly increased the
 fitness and genetic adaptation of P. infestans isolates at both low and
 high temperatures. Low temperature acclimation enforced the
 counter-gradient adaptation of the pathogen to its past selection and
 enhanced the positive association between the pathogen’s intrinsic growth
 rate and aggressiveness. At high temperatures we found that pathogen
 growth collapsed near the maximum temperature for growth, suggesting a
 thermal niche boundary may exist in the evolutionary adaptation of P.
 infestans. These results indicate that pathogens can quickly adapt to
 temperature shifts in global warming. If this is associated with
 environmental conditions favouring pathogen spread it will threaten future
 food security and human health and require the establishment of mitigating
 actions.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ghx3ffbjj
title: Antibacterial medicine use in the management of children under five years with symptoms of Acute respiratory tract infections in Northern Uganda

description: Abstract: Background: Symptoms of acute respiratory tract infections
 (ARIs) in children under five years are usually treated with antibacterial
 medicines. Inappropriate use of antibacterial medicines is a major public
 health issue of concern since it can promote emergence of resistance,
 wastage of financial resources, morbidity and mortality. Aims: To
 determine the prevalence and factors associated with antibacterial use in
 managing symptoms of ARIs in households in rural communities of northern
 Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among households
 selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected through
 interviews with care-givers of the children under five years, using a
 structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Results: The prevalence
 of antibacterial medicines use was 60.2%(CI:54.5%-65.6%). The most
 commonly used antibacterials were amoxicillin n=358 (55.2%), cotrimoxazole
 n=100 (15.4%) and metronidazole n=74 (11.4%).The determinants of
 antibacterial medicine use included; not getting treatment from the health
 facility (OR: 0.54, CI:0.39-0.75, p &lt; 0.001), households being
 located in peri-urban areas (OR:2.54, CI:1.34-4.84, p=0.005), child having
 ARIs without diarrhea, (OR:1.41, CI:0.99-1.99, p=0.054), having cough
 (OR:7.02, CI: 4.36-11.31, p &lt; 0.001) and having fast breathing (OR:
 1.87, CI: 0.98-3.55, p= 0.056). Conclusions: The prevalence of use of
 antibacterial medicines in children under five years with symptoms of ARIs
 is high in northern Uganda. Interventions targeting both the community and
 prescribers should be adopted to ensure appropriate use of antibacterial
 medicines. Keywords: Antibacterial medicines use, respiratory tract
 infections (RTIs), prevalence, determinants, children under five years,
 Uganda.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ksn02v70f
title: GaN and InGaN nanowires prepared by metal-assisted electroless etching: experimental and theoretical studies

description: We investigate the optical and structural properties of GaN and InGaN
 nanowires (NWs) fabricated by metal-assisted electroless etching in a
 hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. The emission spectra of GaN and InGaN NWs
 exhibit a red shift compared to the as-grown samples resulting from an
 increase in the surface-to-volume ratio and stress relaxation in these
 nanostructures. The carrier lifetimes of GaN and InGaN NWs were measured.
 In addition, density functional theory (DFT) investigations were carried
 out on GaN and InGaN NWs using the GGA approximation, including the
 Hubbard U parameter. The presence of compressive stress in the NWs was
 confirmed by the DFT calculations, which indicated that it induces a
 change in the lattice parameter along the c-direction. Formation energy
 calculations showed that In is a much more stable dopant in the GaN NWs
 compared to the native point defects, such as Ga and N vacancies.
 Moreover, electronic structure analysis revealed that the presence of
 In-vacancy complex defects shifts the valence band maximum, thus changing
 the conducting properties of the NWs.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.34tmpg4g0
title: Nocturnal bees feed on diurnal leftovers and pay the price of day–night lifestyle transition

description: Bees exemplify flights under bright sunlight. A few species across bee
 families have evolved nocturnality, displaying remarkable adaptations to
 overcome limitations of their daylight-suited apposition eyes. Phase
 inversion to nocturnality in a minority of bees that co-exist with diurnal
 bees provide a unique opportunity to study ecological benefits that
 mediate total temporal niche shifts. While floral traits and sensory
 modalities associated with the evolution of classical nocturnal
 pollination syndromes, e.g. by bats and moths, are well-studied,
 nocturnality in bees represent a poorly understood, recently invaded,
 extreme niche.To test the competitive release hypothesis, we examine how
 nocturnality shapes foraging by comparing pollen loads, nest pollen and
 flower visitation of sympatric nocturnal and diurnal carpenter bees. We
 predicted that nocturnal bees primarily use night-blooming flowers, show
 little/no resource overlap with diurnal species and competitive release
 favours night-time pollen collection for provisioning. Contrarily, we
 found substantial resource overlap between nocturnal and diurnal bees.
 Flower opening times, floral longevity and plant abundance did not define
 nocturnal flower use.  Smaller pollen loads on nocturnal foragers
 suggests subsistence on resource leftovers largely from diurnal flowers.
 Greater pollen types/diversity on nocturnal foragers indicates lower
 floral constancy compared to diurnal congenerics. Reduced activity during
 new moon compared to full moon suggests constraints to nocturnal
 foraging.Invasion and sustenance within the nocturnal niche is
 characterised by: i) opportunistic foraging on residual resources as
 indicated by smaller pollen loads, extensive utilisation of day-blooming
 flowers and substantial overlap with diurnal bees, ii) generalisation at
 two levels – between and within foraging trips as indicated by lower
 floral constancy, iii)reduced foraging on darker nights, indicating visual
 constraints despite sensitive optics. This together with smaller
 populations and univoltine breeding in nocturnal compared to multivoltine
 diurnal counterparts, suggest that nocturnality imposes substantial
 fitness costs.  In conclusion, the evolution of nocturnality in
 bees is accompanied by resource generalisation instead of specialisation.
 Reduced floral constancy suggests differences in foraging strategies of
 nocturnal and diurnal bees which merits further investigation. The
 relative roles of competition, floral rewards and predators should be
 examined to fully understand the evolution and maintenance of nocturnality
 in bees.
description: This is a field data set. The methods are explained in detail in
 the manuscript.
DOI: 10.6078/d15h5w
title: Shape-controlled single-crystal growth of InP at low temperatures down to 220 ℃

description: III-V compound semiconductors are widely used for electronic and
 optoelectronic applications. However, interfacing III-Vs with other
 materials has been fundamentally limited by the high growth temperatures
 and lattice-match requirements of traditional deposition processes.
 Recently, we developed the templated liquid phase (TLP) crystal growth
 method for enabling direct growth of shape-controlled single crystal
 III-Vs on amorphous substrates. Although in theory, the lowest temperature
 for TLP growth is that of the melting point of the group III metal (e.g.
 156.6 ºC for indium), previous experiments required a minimum growth
 temperature of 500 ºC, thus being incompatible with many
 application-specific substrates. Here, we demonstrate low temperature TLP
 (LT-TLP) growth of single-crystalline InP patterns at substrate
 temperatures down to 220 °C by first activating the precursor, thus
 enabling the direct growth of InP even on low thermal budget substrates
 such as plastics and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass. Importantly, the
 material exhibits high electron mobilities and good optoelectronic
 properties as demonstrated by the fabrication of high-performance
 transistors and light-emitting devices. Furthermore, this work may enable
 integration of III-Vs with silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
 (CMOS) processing for monolithic 3D integrated circuits and/or back-end
 electronics.