DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16758255
title: All Optically Controlled Phased-Array for Ultrasonics (NCOMMS-25-05157A)

description: The ability to dynamically shape ultrasound fields is critical for emerging applications in therapeutic ultrasound, particle manipulation, and tissue engineering. While existing phased arrays provide beam steering for imaging, these newer applications require higher intensities. This complicates the electrical driving and ultimately limits the array size and spatial complexity of the field. Here, we introduce a scalable architecture for driving phased arrays using a single power source and light-responsive analog phase shifters. Compared to conventional arrays, which drive each channel independently, our device only needs one amplifier. Moreover, the phase shift can be continuously varied between $\pm\pi$ based on light intensity. Using our phase shifter, we demonstrate dynamic, multi-focal ultrasound beams, fast beam steering, and spatially complex beams, including acoustic vortices. Because of its simple, analog design, optical addressing, and superior phase control, this architecture paves the way for very large transducer arrays and the generation of high-intensity, spatially complex ultrasound fields.

This work was supported by the European Research Council under the ERC Advanced Grant Agreement HOLOMAN (No. 788296). The authors thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy via the Excellence Cluster “3D Matter Made to Order”, EXC-2082/1-390761711 (O.D. and P.F.).
description: The acoustic measurements are performed through a 0.5 mm-diameter needle hydrophone (HNR0500, Onda Corporation), which records the pressure data in terms of voltage (mV). The calibration factor for the hydrophone is 126 nV/Pa which is used for the data presented in the manuscript.

FIG2B.mat, FIG2D.mat, FIG2E.mat, and FIG2F.mat correspond to the data recorded by the hydrophone for Figure 2 of the manuscript.

FIG3MATD0.mat, FIG3MATD1.mat, FIG3MATD2.mat, FIG3MATD3.mat, and FIG3MATD4.mat correspond to the data recorded by the hydrophone for Figure 3 of the manuscript. H is Hydrophone Voltage (mV) and T is Time (s).

FIG4MAT1F.mat, FIG4MAT2F.mat, and FIG4MAT3F.mat correspond to the data recorded by the hydrophone for Figure 4 of the manuscript. H is "Hydrophone Voltage" (mV) and T is "Time" (s).

FIG5MAT0PF.mat, FIG5MAT0NF.mat, and FIG5MATPNF.mat correspond to the data recorded by the hydrophone for Figure 5 of the manuscript. H is "Hydrophone Voltage" (mV) and T is "Time" (s). FIG5VRFT.mat is the data recorded for multihydrophone measurements to demonstrate fast switching in Figure 5(D) of the manuscript.

FIG6MATG.mat corresponds to the data recorded by the hydrophone for Figure 6 of the manuscript. H is "Hydrophone Voltage" (mV) and T is "Time" (s).

FIG3INPUT.mat, FIG4INPUT.mat, FIG5INPUT.mat, and FIG6INPUT.mat correspond to the percentage of maximum light intensity (66 mW/square-cm) projected on the photoresistors to generate the local electrical phase distributions for Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6, respectively.

FIG3INPUT.mat, FIG4INPUT.mat, FIG5INPUT.mat, and FIG6INPUT.mat contain a "XY" named 2D matrix which gives the coordinates of the acoustic scans presented in the Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6. The unit of coordinates is meter (m).