DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q573n5twf
title: Data from: Indigenous and Western frameworks reveal bias in the scientific literature on salmon’s contributions to social-ecological systems

description: Benefits and values of natural-origin and hatchery-origin salmon, the
 latter representing a key component of salmon management along the west
 coast of North America, have yet to be described in a way that relies on
 both Western and Indigenous perspectives. We characterize the
 social-ecological roles of anadromous Pacific salmon and trout, as
 depicted in peer-reviewed literature, in a systematic review. We
 identified 155 papers that met our criteria based on a systematic review
 of 685 published papers found through Web of Science. We used two existing
 frameworks – Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services
 (CICES) and Earth Economics’ Sociocultural Framework on the Significance
 of Salmon for Tribes and First Nations (EEScF) – to review and
 characterize ecosystem services and values of salmon in general and
 hatchery-origin salmon. We found that most of the values described were
 ecological rather than sociocultural, mapped more onto CICES than EEScF,
 and did not consider hatchery-origin salmon. Applying the CICES framework,
 authors frequently described how salmon provide nutrients and energy to
 various systems and organisms, regulate freshwater chemistry, and have
 significance for culture or heritage. Some of these benefits had
 equivalent values within EEScF, although far fewer of the references in
 the literature addressed attributes of this framework relative to CICES.
 Within EEScF, the importance of salmon as food was most frequently
 described, followed by the significance of salmon for Indigenous
 management systems. We recommend broadening research and management to
 reflect the multiple perspectives of the value of Pacific salmon to
 ecosystems, Indigenous peoples, and local communities, including the
 contributions of hatchery-origin salmon.
description: # Data from: Indigenous and Western frameworks reveal bias in the
 scientific literature on salmon’s contributions to social-ecological
 systems Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.q573n5twf](10.5061/dryad.q573n5twf) ##
 Description of the data and file structure This data supports work to
 characterize the social-ecological roles of anadromous Pacific salmon and
 trout, as depicted in peer-reviewed literature, in a systematic review.
 Authors reviewed 155 papers and used two existing frameworks – Common
 International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) and Earth
 Economics’ Sociocultural Framework on the Significance of Salmon for
 Tribes and First Nations (EEScF) – to review and characterize ecosystem
 services and values of salmon in general and hatchery-origin salmon. Our
 findings are intended to support management decisions in the salmon
 recovery and hatchery management sectors. ### Files and variables ####
 File: `S1._Spreadsheet_of_raw_data_(3).xlsx` **Description:** Spreadsheet
 of the raw qualitative data, including extracted sentences and assigned
 beneficiaries and recipients. ##### Variables * Paper_Number: Assigned
 numeric value within selected papers. * Full_citation: Discrete
 qualitative variables, citation in APA format. * Journal: Categorical, the
 journal in which the paper was published. * Type_of_paper: Categorical,
 with values "observational", "modeling",
 "experiment", "survey", "perspective",
 "review", "case study", "multiple case
 studies", or a combination therein. * Lead_author_discipline:
 Open-ended, qualitative description to provide context into author's
 professional background. * Briefly_what_is_this_paper_about?: Open-ended,
 qualitative description of the paper's content. * Type_of_salmon:
 Open-ended qualitative descriptor to capture species information.
 "Not specified" where authors did not include. * Region:
 Categorical, with values "PNW_USA", "PNW_Canada",
 "Russia", "Great Lakes", "West_USA",
 "Japan", "Sweden", "SW_USA",
 "Chile", "Norway", and "N/A" *
 State_Country: Qualitative descriptor of state, region, and country, where
 provided. * Location: Qualitative descriptor of location, as provided in
 the paper. * Essential_notes: Qualitative open ended points for quick
 recollection by manuscript authors. * Benefit_n: Cells contain qualitative
 information on the Ecosystem Service Beneficiary (ESB), Ecosystem Service
 Provider (ESP), and the in-text sentence containing the information. N/A
 values indicate that a paper had fewer services relative to other papers.
 #### File: `S2._Spreadsheet_of_coded_sentences_(4).xlsx`
 **Description:** Spreadsheet of coded sentences. ##### Variables *
 Paper_Number: Assigned numeric value within selected papers. Matches value
 in S1 of the associated manuscript. * Type_of_salmon: Qualitative
 information on what species are referred to by the paper in question. *
 Category: Categorical variable describing whether the ecosystem service
 beneficiary is sociological, ecological, or both, with values
 "eco", "socio", and "both". * ESB:
 Qualitative descriptor of the ecosystem service beneficiary; matching
 value from corresponding "Benefit_n" cell in S1. *
 ESP: Qualitative descriptor of the ecosystem service provider; matching
 value from corresponding "Benefit_n" cell in S1. *
 Hatchery_fish: Categorical variable with possible values "No" or
 "Yes". * Sentence_about_service: Text from the numbered paper
 that describes the service; matches value from corresponding
 "Benefit_n" cell in S1. * Service_in_my_words: Qualitative
 shorthand descriptor by the author to aid in coding via both frameworks. *
 Type_of_interaction: Categorical variable with possible values
 "Indirect", "Direct", "Direct, Indirect", or
 "Unclear"; describes nature of interaction between ecosystem
 service provider/s and beneficiary/ies. * CICES_section1: Categorical
 descriptor of corresponding section within Common International
 Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) framework, first of three. *
 CICES_division1: Categorical descriptor of corresponding division within
 CICES framework, first of three. * CICES_group1: Categorical descriptor of
 corresponding group within CICES framework, first of three. *
 CICES_class1: Categorical descriptor of corresponding class within CICES
 framework, first of three. * CICES_code1: Categorical descriptor of
 corresponding code within CICES framework, first of three. *
 CICES_section2: Categorical descriptor of corresponding section within
 CICES framework, second of three. * CICES_division2: Categorical
 descriptor of corresponding division within CICES framework, second of
 three. * CICES_group2: Categorical descriptor of corresponding group
 within CICES framework, second of three. * CICES_class2: Categorical
 descriptor of corresponding class within CICES framework, second of three.
 * CICES_code2: Categorical descriptor of corresponding code within CICES
 framework, second of three. * CICES_section3: Categorical descriptor of
 corresponding section within CICES framework, third of three. *
 CICES_division3: Categorical descriptor of corresponding division within
 CICES framework, third of three. * CICES_group3: Categorical descriptor of
 corresponding group within CICES framework, third of three. *
 CICES_class3: Categorical descriptor of corresponding class within CICES
 framework, third of three. * CICES_code3: Categorical descriptor of
 corresponding code within CICES framework, third of three. *
 EE_domain1: Categorical descriptor of corresponding domain within Earth
 Economics (EE) framework, first of three. * EE_code1: Categorical
 descriptor of corresponding code within EE framework, first of three. *
 EE_domain2: Categorical descriptor of corresponding domain within EE
 framework, second of three. * EE_code2: Categorical descriptor of
 corresponding code within EE framework, second of three. *
 EE_domain3: Categorical descriptor of corresponding domain within EE
 framework, third of three. * EE_code3: Categorical descriptor of
 corresponding code within EE framework, third of three. #### File:
 `S3._Comprehensive_List_of_Contributions__excluding_reviews_(3).xlsx`
 **Description:** Table of services by location, which is not part of the
 raw data or analyses but may be helpful for readers. ##### Variables *
 Country: Categorical variable, possible values "None",
 "USA", "Canada", "Chile", "Japan",
 "Norway" * Region: Categorical variable, providing additional
 specifics to location of service. N/A where not provided. * System:
 Qualitative descriptor of river system, "N/A" where not
 provided. * Provider: Qualitative descriptor of direct service provider.
 "N/A" where not provided. * ESP species, if provided:
 Qualitative descriptor of salmon species connected to service.
 "N/A" where not provided. * Beneficiary: Qualitative descriptor
 of service beneficiary. * ESB species, if given: Qualitative descriptor of
 salmon species connected to service. "N/A" where not provided. *
 Service, in short: Shorthand qualitative descriptor of what is provided. *
 Additional details, if needed: Qualitative descriptor of any additional
 specifics pertinent to the service. * Citation1: APA citation of one paper
 that references this service. * Citation2: APA citation of one paper that
 references this service. N/A if there is not a second source. *
 Citation3: APA citation of one paper that references this service. N/A if
 there is not a third source. ## Code/software Code is open source and can
 be accessed at
 [https://github.com/shelledy/ES-of-salmon](https://github.com/shelledy/ES-of-salmon). ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * [https://github.com/shelledy/ES-of-salmon](https://github.com/shelledy/ES-of-salmon)