DOI: 10.5061/dryad.28995
title: Data from: Patterns and mechanisms in instances of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis

description: Female-producing parthenogenesis can be induced by endosymbionts that
 increase their transmission by manipulating host reproduction. Our
 literature survey indicates that such endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis
 is known or suspected in 124 host species from seven different arthropod
 taxa, with Wolbachia as the most frequent endosymbiont (in 56-75% of host
 species). Most host species (81%, 100 out of 124) are characterized by
 haplo-diploid sex determination, but a strong ascertainment bias likely
 underestimates the frequency of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis in
 hosts with other sex determination systems. In at least one taxon,
 hymenopterans, endosymbionts are a significant driver of transitions from
 sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction, with one third of lineages being
 parthenogenetic as a consequence of endosymbiont infection.
 Endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis appears to facilitate the maintenance
 of reproductive polymorphism: at least 50% of species comprise both sexual
 (uninfected) and parthenogenetic (infected) strains. These strains feature
 distribution differences similar to the ones documented for lineages with
 genetically determined parthenogenesis, with endosymbioint-induced
 parthenogens occurring at higher latitudes than their sexual relatives.
 Finally, although gamete duplication is often considered as the main
 mechanism for endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis, it underlies
 parthenogenesis in only half of the host species studied thus far. We
 point out caveats in the methods used to test for endosymbiont-induced
 parthenogenesis and suggest specific approaches that allow for firm
 conclusions about the involvement of endosymbionts in the origin of
 parthenogenesis.
description: Table_S1.
 Endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis in haplo-diploid species (or
 haplo-haploid in the case of Brevipalpus), with confirmed cases
 highlighted in grey.This dataset includes
 all possible haplodiploid parthenogens induced by endosymbionts. The
 dataset is collected from published articles, with confirmed cases
 highlighting in grey and others are speculative cases (no strong
 cause-effect relationship). The detailed information includes species
 taxa, species name, common name, endosymbiont name, approaches to verify,
 possible cellular mechanism, whether the species has reproductive
 polymorphism (presence of both sexual and parthenogenetic females in
 natural populations).Table_S1.xlsxTable_S2. List of parthenogenetic species with gamete duplication and where parthenogenesis is due to genetic causes. For species in brackets, gamete duplication is not formally confirmed but likely.This dataset is a list of parthenogenetic species with gamete duplication and where parthenogenesis is due to genetic causes. For species in brackets, gamete duplication is not formally confirmed but likely. These include information on the host order, host species name, common name and host sex determination system.Table_S2.xlsxTable_S3. Species with a firm demonstration of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis, and with reproductive polymorphism.This dataset is a list of species with a firm demonstration of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis, and with reproductive polymorphism. These include information on host order, host species, host common name, sexual population distribution (with detailed locations) and asexual population distribution (with detailed locations).Table_S3.xlsxTable_S4. Haplo-diploid parthenogens in which parthenogenesis is due to genetic causes.This dataset is haplo-diploid parthenogens in which parthenogenesis is due to genetic causes, and where the cellular mechanisms underlying parthenogenesis are studied (all species except the last one in the list are hymenopterans. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis is a thrips species). These include information on species name and the cellular mechanism for parthenogenesis.Table_S4.xlsx