DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kprr4xhhj
title: Data from: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and TCV introduction on typhoid fever in Nepal

description: While typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) offer promise for reducing risk
 in endemic settings, their population-level impact remains
 unclear. In 2022, Nepal introduced TCV nationally on the heels of
 the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted healthcare
 services, surveillance, and potentially typhoid transmission
 dynamics, complicating vaccine impact evaluation. We investigated
 the impact of TCV introduction amid shifting typhoid burden
 during the pandemic by analyzing blood culture data from four
 Kathmandu Valley health facilities, comparing culture positivity
 for Salmonella Typhi across three periods: pre-pandemic
 (January 2018-March 2020); pandemic, pre-vaccine introduction
 (April 2020-April 2022); post-vaccine introduction (May
 2022-April 2024). S. Typhi blood culture positivity declined
 sharply during the pandemic before TCV introduction. The
 subsequent rollout of TCV substantially reduced typhoid burden in
 vaccine-eligible children; however, rising cases among older,
 vaccine-ineligible populations following the relaxation of
 pandemic measures highlight the need for additional control measures, such
 as improved water and sanitation infrastructure and broader age
 eligibility for typhoid vaccination.
description: # Data from: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and TCV introduction on
 typhoid fever in Nepal Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.kprr4xhhj](10.5061/dryad.kprr4xhhj) ## Description of the
 data and file structure Blood culture data were collected from four
 Kathmandu Valley health facilities, which were used to compare culture
 positivity for *Salmonella* Typhi across three periods: pre-pandemic
 (January 2018-March 2020); pandemic, pre-vaccine introduction (April
 2020-March 2022); post-vaccine introduction (April 2022-April 2024). ##
 Files and variables ### **File directory**
 **"AggregateCountsbyTime.csv":** Aggregate counts of total blood
 cultures (TBC) and total *Salmonella* Typhi and Paratyphi positive results
 per site by month and year
 **"Deidentified_Individual_Data.csv":** Individual de-identified
 data of culture findings **"owid-covid-data.xlsx":** National
 COVID-19 case data sourced from Our World in Data
 ([https://ourworldindata.org/covid-cases](https://ourworldindata.org/covid-cases)) ### File content The **"AggregateCountsbyTime.csv"** dataset includes 360 rows of 8 columns. The included surveillance sites **("SITE")** in which blood culture data was collected are abbreviated as the following: 1. Dhulikhel Hospital: "DH" 2. Bir Hospital: "BIR" 3. Helping Hands Hospital: "HH" 4. Kathmandu Model Hospital: "KMH" The time period identifier **("Period")** refers to the three analyzed periods: 1. Pre-pandemic (January 2018-March 2020) = 1 2. Pandemic, pre-vaccine introduction (April 2020-March 2022) = 2 3. Post-vaccine introduction (April 2022-April 2024) = 3 The remaining columns are in numeric format and refer to the following: 1. **("YEAR")** = Year of observation 2. **("MONTH")** = Month of observation (1-12) 3. **("TBC")** = Total blood culture count 4. **("Typhi")** = Count of cultures positivie for *Salmonella* Typhi 5. **("Paratyphi")** = Count of cultures positive for *Salmonella* Paratyphi 6. **("OTHERS")** = Count of other bacteria The dataset contains 12 empty cells in the **("OTHERS")** column that represent missing data where the count of other bacteria was not recorded or available. These have been left as empty cells to preserve the numeric data type for analysis scripts. The **"Deidentified_Individual_Data.csv" **dataset includes 69,973 rows of 5 columns.  1. **("Site")** = Letter representing site (de-identified in accordance with HIPAA guidelines for individual data regarding geographic subdivisions smaller than a state as protected health information) 2. **("YEAR")** = Year of observation 3. **("AGE")** = Age in years 4. **("SEX")** = Sex assigned at birth 5. **("FINDING")** = Result of individual blood culture Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * Our World in Data: [https://docs.owid.io/projects/covid/en/latest/dataset.html](https://docs.owid.io/projects/covid/en/latest/dataset.html) Data was derived from the following sources: * Hasell, J., Mathieu, E., Beltekian, D. *et al.* A cross-country database of COVID-19 testing. *Sci Data* **7**, 345 (2020). [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00688-8](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00688-8) * Edouard Mathieu, Hannah Ritchie, Lucas Rodés-Guirao, Cameron Appel, Daniel Gavrilov, Charlie Giattino, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Saloni Dattani, Diana Beltekian, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, and Max Roser (2020) - “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Cases” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: '[https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260113-064045/covid-cases.html](https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260113-064045/covid-cases.html)' [Online Resource] (archived on January 13, 2026).