DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17516020
title: Buddhist Classics AI Translation Series Vol.12: Kham-Amdo Multi-Sectarian Collections ( 康巴、安多诸宗法汇 Version 1.0)

description: This is **Volume 12** of the comprehensive *Buddhist Classics AI Translation Series*, featuring **Kham-Amdo Multi-Sectarian Collections** from the Qing Dynasty and modern era, primarily from **Sichuan Garzê (Kham)** and **Qinghai-Gansu (Amdo)** regions.

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## ⚠️ Version Notice

**This is Version 1.0 (temporary release). Version 2.0 upgrade planned for mid-2026.**

- **Current status**: Functional bilingual Chinese-English translations- **Upcoming improvements**: Enhanced quality, expanded annotations, additional cross-references- **Recommendation**: For scholarly citation, please await Version 2.0

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## ⚠️ Copyright Restrictions

**This volume excludes one encrypted sub-collection due to uncertain modern copyrights:**

- **Excluded content**: Modern works with unclear copyright status (post-1949)- **Storage**: Privately archived on Zenodo (encrypted, not publicly accessible)- **Future release**: May be published if copyright clarification obtained- **Note**: This encrypted sub-collection is NOT included in the public download

**Public release includes**: ~60+ authors, 400+ volumes, 10,000+ texts, ~80-90 million Chinese characters

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## About This Volume

### **Historical Context**

This collection represents the **"Golden Age of Qing Dynasty Tibetan Buddhism"** in Kham and Amdo regions (modern **Sichuan Garzê, Qinghai, Gansu**), primarily spanning:

- **Early Qing (1644-1720)**: Text compilation, Degé Printing House establishment- **Mid-Qing (1720-1850)**: Nyingma revival, Rimé Movement emergence- **Late Qing (1850-1912)**: Peak of non-sectarian integration (Jamgön Kongtrul, Jamyang Khyentse)- **Modern additions**: Some Republican-era and contemporary commentaries

**Geographic Focus**:- **Kham (康区)**: Garzê Prefecture (Baiyu, Dergé, Sershul counties)- **Amdo (安多)**: Qinghai-Gansu border regions (Choni, Labrang areas)

**Why Qing Era?**> "The Qing Dynasty marked a transition from translating Indian classics (8th-14th centuries) to **systematically integrating** and **annotating** accumulated teachings. This volume captures that synthesis."

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### **Major Collections Included**

#### **1. Nyingma Tradition (宁玛派)**- **Jigme Lingpa** (吉美林巴, 1729-1798): *Longchen Nyingthig* (龙钦心髓) founder- **Minling Terchen**: Mindrolling Monastery lineage- **Karma Chagme** (噶玛乔美, ~60 volumes): *Great Perfection* and *Mahāmudrā* integration

#### **2. Kagyu Tradition (噶举派)**- **Palpung Monastery** (八邦寺): Karma Kagyu second seat- **Shangpa Kagyu**: Khyungpo Neljor lineage- **Nedo Kagyu**: Unique Kham sub-lineage

#### **3. Sakya Tradition (萨迦派)**- **Je Rendawa Zhönu Lodrö** (杰·热达瓦·雄努洛追, Yuan-Ming era): Complete works- **Note**: Included here for convenience (not strictly Kham/Amdo or Qing)

#### **4. Rimé Movement (利美运动, Non-sectarian)**- **Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye** (蒋贡康楚, 1813-1899): *Five Treasuries* compiler- **Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo** (蒋扬钦哲旺波, 1820-1892): Key Rimé figure

#### **5. Regional Traditions**- **Choni (卓尼)**: Gelug practice texts from Gansu-Qinghai border- **Palyul (白玉)**: Nyingma monastery collections- **Dzogchen (竹钦)**, **Shechen (雪谦)**: Major Kham centers

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### **Cultural and Academic Significance**

**1. Ethnographic Record**:> "Rituals (*sgrub thabs*) in this volume are not merely religious texts but **vivid ethnographic snapshots** of Qing-era nomadic life: seasonal migrations, livestock blessings, community festivals, and death rites."

**2. Philosophical Synthesis**:- **Dzogchen-Mahāmudrā integration**: Unifying Nyingma "Great Perfection" with Kagyu "Great Seal"- **Prāṇa-nāḍī theory**: Detailed inner yogas (wind-channel-essence practices)- **Terma systematization**: Codifying "treasure revelations" into coherent systems

**3. Linguistic Preservation**:- **Pre-10th century Tibetan**: Archaic vocabulary in terma texts- **Sanskrit mantras**: Seed-syllable (*bīja*) glossaries- **Local dialects**: Kham-Amdo colloquialisms

**4. Cross-Cultural Exchanges**:- **Tang-Tibet connections**: References to Vimalamitra's travels (8th century)- **Ming Dynasty interactions**: Karma Chagme's knowledge of Chan Buddhism and Confucianism (Vol.35)- **Qing imperial support**: Choni Printing House patronage

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### **Notable Features**

#### **Karma Chagme's 60-Volume Collection**- **Scale**: Largest single-author work in this volume- **Content**: Daily practice manuals, death rituals (*phowa*), dream yoga, intermediate state guidance- **Unique**: References to **Chinese Buddhism** (Chan, Pure Land) and **Confucian ethics**- **Practical**: Designed for nomadic practitioners (portable rituals)

#### **Jigme Lingpa's Legacy**- **Innovation**: Simplified Dzogchen for lay practitioners- **Transmission**: Established Nyingthig lineage in Sichuan Garzê- **Influence**: Foundation for modern Nyingma education

#### **Rimé Movement Texts**- **Goal**: Break down sectarian barriers- **Method**: Compile practices from Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, Jonang, Shangpa, Zhijé- **Result**: Created "meta-tradition" preserving endangered teachings

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## Technical Specifications

- **Total size**: ~80-90 million Chinese characters- **Text count**: 10,000+ texts (400+ volumes, 60+ authors)- **Languages**: Tibetan source, Chinese-English parallel translations- **File formats**: Plain text (.txt), Markdown (.md), compressed archives (.7z)- **Encoding**: UTF-8- **Translation models**: Gemini 2.0 (primary)

**Known Issues**:- ⚠️ **Name confusion**: AI may mix up similar names (e.g., Candrakīrti/Candragomin, Dharmakīrti/Dignāga)- ⚠️ **Mantra errors**: Seed-syllables (*bīja*) may have incorrect romanization or missing glosses- ⚠️ **Date inaccuracies**: Tibetan calendar conversions (Rabjung cycles) often wrong—users must verify- ⚠️ **Geographic names**: Modern place names may be inaccurate—cross-check with historical maps

**Translation Prompts**:1. **Seed-syllables**: Display (Tibetan, Devanāgarī, romanization, Chinese gloss) in continuous format2. **Dates/places** (from Karma Chagme Vol.38 onward): Add (Common Era year, modern place name) in parentheses—**but AI accuracy is low**, verify independently

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## User Advisory

### **What This Translation Is**:- ✅ **First comprehensive Kham-Amdo corpus in modern languages**- ✅ **Ethnographic treasure**: Daily rituals, nomadic life, cultural practices- ✅ **Philosophical synthesis**: Qing Dynasty integration of earlier teachings

### **What This Translation Is Not**:- ❌ **Polished academic edition**: AI errors, inconsistent formatting- ❌ **Practice manual**: Requires qualified lama guidance + empowerments- ❌ **Complete collection**: Some texts excluded (copyright issues, data gaps)

**For Academic Use**:- Always verify against Tibetan sources- Retranslate critical passages with Claude 3.7+ or similar- Cross-check names, dates, mantras independently

**For Practice**:- Consult qualified teachers- Do not rely solely on translations for deity yoga or tantric rituals- Understand cultural/historical context

 
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## 中文说明

### ⚠️ 版本与版权提示

**1. 版本计划**:- 当前:1.0版- 升级:2026年年中发布2.0版

**2. 版权限制**:- **不含**:现代版权不明文献(已加密存档在Zenodo,不公开)- **包含**:清代及民国公有领域文献

### 三大特点

**1. 地理范围**:- 康区(四川甘孜:白玉、德格、石渠)- 安多(青海甘肃交界:卓尼、拉卜楞)

**2. 时代跨度**:- 主要:清代(1644-1912)- 少量:元明、民国

**3. 教派涵盖**:- 宁玛(吉美林巴、噶玛乔美)- 噶举(八邦寺、香巴、内多)- 萨迦(杰·热达瓦)- 利美(蒋贡康楚、蒋扬钦哲)

### 规模

- **作者**:60+位- **卷帙**:400+函- **篇目**:10000+篇- **字数**:约8000-9000万汉字

### 核心价值

**1. 民族志记录**:- 清代牧区生活(节庆、仪式、迁徙)- 人畜祈福、超度亡者等实际操作

**2. 哲学综合**:- 大圆满-大手印融合- 气脉明点理论(那洛六法等)- 伏藏系统化(敏珠林、噶玛乔美)

**3. 跨文化交流**:- 噶玛乔美涉及禅宗、儒家(卷35)- 唐蕃古道历史痕迹- 明清皇室互动

### 特别推荐

**噶玛乔美60卷文集**:- 本卷最大单一作者著作- 日常修持手册(放牧间隙可修)- 涉及汉传佛教和儒家

**吉美林巴**:- 龙钦心髓创始人- 简化大圆满(适合在家众)

**利美运动文献**:- 打破壁垒- 保存濒危教法

### 使用警告

**AI错误高发区**:- ⚠️ **人名混淆**:月称/月官、法称/陈那- ⚠️ **咒语错误**:种子字拟音、梵文缺失- ⚠️ **日期不准**:藏历换算常错- ⚠️ **地名错误**:古今对应需核实

**解决办法**:- 论文用途:必须核对藏文原文- 重译关键段:用Claude 3.7+- 自行验证:人名、日期、地名