DOI: 10.5061/dryad.w3r2280vr
title: Data for: Distribution of capitalized benefits from land conservation

description: Land conservation efforts throughout the U.S. enhance ecological amenities
 while generating wealth in the housing market through capitalization of
 amenities. This paper estimates the benefits of conservation that are
 capitalized into proximate home values and quantifies how those benefits
 are distributed across demographic groups. Using detailed property and
 household-level data from Massachusetts, we estimate that new land
 conservation led to $62 million in new housing wealth equity. However,
 houses owned by low-income or Black or Hispanic households are less likely
 to be located near protected areas, and hence, these populations are less
 likely to benefit financially. Direct study of the distribution of this
 new wealth from capitalized conservation is highly unequal, with the
 richest quartile of households receiving 43%, White households receiving
 91%, and the richest White households receiving 40%, which is nearly 140%
 more than would be expected under equal distribution. We extend our
 analysis using census data for the entire United States and observe
 parallel patterns. We estimate that recent land conservation generated
 $9.8 billion in wealth through the housing market and that wealthier and
 White households benefited disproportionately. These findings suggest
 regressive and racially disparate incidence of the wealth benefits of land
 conservation policy.
description: *** Data for: Distribution of Capitalized Benefits from Land Conservation
 === Overview of contents === All data and code are STATA files. There are
 three types of files included: 1. .do files with code that replicates
 results 2. .dta files of the data 3. .ado files. These are user written
 commands that are needed for the do-files to execute. *** Summary
 description of the data and file structure === To get started, open
 replication.do. This fine contains all code for replication. You can
 simply execute this file, and all results will appear in the STATA results
 window and in the logfile, which is automatically created. Data
 description including sources and construction is available in the main
 text. Replication file information available below. --- Code/Software Used
 === All data and code are STATA files. STATA software is required to
 access data and run analyses. --- *** Additional Dataset Metadata ===
 Dataset Version and Release History --- * Current Version: * Number: 1.0.0
 * Date: 2023-01-24 * Persistent identifier:
 https://10.5061/dryad.w3r2280vr * DOI:10.5061/dryad.w3r2280vr * Summary of
 changes: n/a Dataset Attribution and Usage --- * Dataset Title: Data for
 the article "Distribution of Capitalized Benefits from Land
 Conservation" * Persistent Identifier:
 https://10.5061/dryad.w3r2280vr * DOI: 10.5061/dryad.w3r2280vr * Dataset
 Contributors: Jarron VanCeylon, Corey Lang * Date of Issue: April 8, 2023
 * Publisher: PNAS Contact Information --- * Name: Jarron VanCeylon *
 Affiliations: Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics,
 University of Rhode Island * ORCID ID:
 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-6368 * Email: jvanceylon@uri.edu * Name:
 Corey Lang * Affiliations: Department of Environmental and Natural
 Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island * ORCID ID:
 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3454-7760 * Email: clang@uri.edu
 Methodological Information === * Methods of data collection/processing:
 see manuscript for details Data and File Overview === Summary Metrics ===
 * File count: 15 * Total file size: 177 MB * Range of individual file
 sizes: 2 KB - 40951 KB * File formats: .dta .do & .ado Naming
 Conventions === * Data (.dta) files beginning with "MA" contain
 data for the Massachusetts analysis * Data (.dta) files beginning with
 "US" contain data for United States analysis Table of Contents
 === * replication.do * MA1.dta * MA2.dta * MA4.dta * MA5.dta * MA6.dta *
 MA7.dta * MA8.dta * MA9.dta * US1.dta * US2.dta * US3.dta * US4.dta *
 US5.dta * US6.dta * Files ("\_", "e" , "f" ,
 "j" , "l" , "m" , "r") ***
 File/Folder Details === Details for: replication.do --- * Description:
 STATA .do file containing the script for all results. Results will appear
 in the STATA results window and in the logfile after execution of code. *
 Format(s): .do (STATA) * Size(s): 13 KB * Dimensions: N/A * Variable
 Definitions: N/A Details for: MA1.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file
 containing the data for -Table 1 (Column 1, 2) -Table S1 Panel B -Table S5
 -Table S6 -Table S7 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 35 MB *
 Dimensions: 540,336 rows x 16 columns * Variable Definitions: (All
 variables are continuous or indicators unless specified in definition)
 sale\_year "year of purchase" acres\_gaines\_pstsale
 "number of proximate acres w/n 1/4 mile conserved post-purchase"
 hh\_id "household id" countyfe "county id"
 censustractfe "tract id" townfe "townd id" white
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is white" black\_hisp
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is black, hispanic, other,
 native am." asian "indicator variable if household/applicant is
 asian" inc\_adj "income adjusted to 2016 level"
 total\_acres "total acres w/n 1/4 mile at the year purchase"
 race "race group variable" inc\_q1 "indicator variable if
 household/applicant is within income quartile 1" inc\_q2
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is within income quartile
 2" inc\_q3 "indicator variable if household/applicant is within
 income quartile 3" inc\_q4 "indicator variable if
 household/applicant is within income quartile 4" *** Details for:
 MA2.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file containing the data for -Table
 1 -Table S1 Panel B -Table S8 -Table S13 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) *
 Size(s): 40 MB * Dimensions: 499,002 rows x 21 columns * Variable
 Definitions: (All variables are continuous or indicators unless specified
 in definition) year "year of most recent observation" white
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is white" black\_hisp
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is black, hispanic, other,
 native am." asian "indicator variable if household/applicant is
 asian" inc\_q1 "indicator variable if household/applicant is
 within income quartile 1" inc\_q2 "indicator variable if
 household/applicant is within income quartile 2" inc\_q3
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is within income quartile
 3" inc\_q4 "indicator variable if household/applicant is within
 income quartile 4" hh\_id "household id" countyfe
 "county id" censustractfe "tract id" townfe
 "townd id" cap "total dollar benefits from conservation
 (acre gain \* prop value \* coefficient)" bh\_q1 "black/hispanic
 household in income quartile 1" bh\_q2 "black/hispanic household
 in income quartile 2" bh\_q3 "black/hispanic household in income
 quartile 3" bh\_q4 "black/hispanic household in income quartile
 4" a\_q1 "asian household in income quartile 1" a\_q2
 "asian household in income quartile 2" a\_q3 "asian
 household in income quartile 3" a\_q4 "asian household in income
 quartile 4" *** Details for: MA4.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta
 file containing the data for -Table S9 -Figure 2 (Panel A & B) *
 Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 10 KB * Dimensions: 12 rows x 9 columns
 * Variable Definitions: (All variables are continuous or indicators unless
 specified in definition) race "1 = White, 2 = Black/Hispanic, 3 =
 Asian" inc\_grp "1 = Income Quartile 1, 2 = Income Quartile 2,3
 = Income Quartile 3,4 = Income Quartile 4" all\_cap "Home equity
 capitalization ($)" equity\_capture "Home equity capitalization
 (% Share)" census\_pop "Population count" pop\_per
 "Population share (%)" ratio " Equity (% Share)/Population
 (% Share)" ratio\_1 " ratio - 1" *** Details for: MA5.dta
 --- * Description: STATA .dta file containing the data for -Figure S4 *
 Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 9 KB * Dimensions: 12 rows x 8 columns
 * Variable Definitions: (All variables are continuous or indicators unless
 specified in definition) race "1 = White, 2 = Black/Hispanic, 3 =
 Asian" inc\_grp "1 = Income Quartile 1, 2 = Income Quartile 2,3
 = Income Quartile 3,4 = Income Quartile 4" cap\_types "Home
 equity capitalization from het. land types ($)" equity\_capture
 "Home equity capitalization from het. land types (% Share)"
 census\_pop "Population count" pop\_per "Population share
 (%)" ratio " (Equity (% Share)/Population (% Share)) - 1"
 *** Details for: MA6.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file containing the
 data for -Figure S1 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 2 KB *
 Dimensions: 19 rows x 2 columns * Variable Definitions: year "Year
 Conservation Occured" acres "# of acres" *** Details for:
 MA7.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file containing the data for -Figure
 S3 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 5 KB * Dimensions: 16 rows x 6
 columns * Variable Definitions: (All variables are continuous or
 indicators unless specified in definition) group "Income bin or range
 - this is a string var" ACS\_tot "Population total from the
 American Community Survey (MA)" HMD\_tot "Population total from
 HMDA data (MA)" ACS\_per "% Share of population from American
 Community Survey (MA)" HMDA\_per "% Share of population from
 HMDA data (MA)" order - order of display *** Details for: MA8.dta ---
 * Description: STATA .dta file containing the data for -Table S2 *
 Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 8 MB * Dimensions: 540,336 rows x 4
 columns * Variable Definitions: (All variables are continuous or
 indicators unless specified in definition) white "indicator variable
 if household/applicant is white" black\_hisp "indicator variable
 if household/applicant is black, hispanic, other, native am." asian
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is asian" inc\_adj
 "income adjusted to 2016 level" *** Details for: MA9.dta --- *
 Description: STATA .dta file containing the data for -Table S3 *
 Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 5 MB * Dimensions: 167,469 rows x 8
 columns * Variable Definitions: (All variables are continuous or
 indicators unless specified in definition) white "indicator variable
 if household/applicant is white" black\_hisp "indicator variable
 if household/applicant is black, hispanic, other, native am." asian
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is asian" inc\_q1
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is within income quartile
 1" inc\_q2 "indicator variable if household/applicant is within
 income quartile 2" inc\_q3 "indicator variable if
 household/applicant is within income quartile 3" inc\_q4
 "indicator variable if household/applicant is within income quartile
 4" occ "years spent in occupancy of a property within our
 data" *** Details for: US1.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file
 containing the data for -Table S14 -Table S15 -Table S17 -Table S18 -Table
 S19 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 13 MB * Dimensions: 186,144 rows
 x 16 columns * Variable Definitions: (All variables are continuous unless
 specified in definition) tot\_hh "total households" med\_value
 "median property value" med\_inc "median household income
 adjusted to 2014 dollars" pct\_acres "% (acres)area of
 protected/conserved land within block group (2000)" pct\_acres\_dif
 "% increase in protected/conserved land within block group
 2001-2009" hh\_inc\_q1 "identifier var if median hh income (def
 by state levels) falls in q1" hh\_inc\_q2 "identifier var if
 median hh income (def by state levels) falls in q2" hh\_inc\_q3
 "identifier var if median hh income (def by state levels) falls in
 q3" hh\_inc\_q4 "identifier var if median hh income (def by
 state levels) falls in q4" pct\_white "% white households"
 pct\_black\_hisp "% black/hispanic/native am/other households"
 pct\_asian "% asian/pacific islander/native hawaiian households"
 tract\_id "tract identifier" county\_id "county
 identifier" state\_id "state identifier" cap "total
 dollar benefits frmo conservation (acre % gain \* prop value \* US hedonic
 estimate) *** Details for: US2.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file
 containing the data for -Table S16 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 33
 MB * Dimensions: 372,288 rows x 20 columns * Variable Definitions: (All
 variables are continuous or indicators unless specified in definition)
 tot\_hh "total households" med\_rooms "median rooms"
 med\_inc "median household income adjusted to 2014 dollars"
 med\_yr "median year built for owner occupied buildings"
 pct\_acres "% (acres)area of protected/conserved land within block
 group" pct\_min "% minority population" ln\_price
 "natural log of median home value" pct\_vac "% vacant
 housing units" pct\_ed "% population with hs degree or
 higher" pct\_industry "% population employed in finance, real
 estate, information..." pct\_emp "% employed working
 population" pct\_age\_18 "% population under 18"
 pct\_age\_65 "% population over 65" pct\_renter "% renter
 population" pop\_dens "Population density = pop/bg(acres)"
 bg\_id "block group identifier" tract\_id "tract
 identifier" county\_id "county identifier" state\_id
 "state identifier" *** Details for: US3.dta --- * Description:
 STATA .dta file containing the data for -Table S20 -Figure 3 * Format(s):
 .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 6 KB * Dimensions: 12 rows x 8 columns * Variable
 Definitions: (All variables are continuous or indicators unless specified
 in definition) race "1 = White, 2 = Black/Hispanic, 3 = Asian"
 inc\_grp "1 = Income Quartile 1, 2 = Income Quartile 2,3 = Income
 Quartile 3,4 = Income Quartile 4" equity "Total mean home equity
 capitalization ($)" equity\_share "Total mean home equity
 capitalization (% Share)" pop "Total population of group"
 pop\_share "Population share (%)" ratio " (Equity (%
 Share)/Population (% Share))" ratio\_1 " ratio - 1" ***
 Details for: US4.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file containing the
 data for -Figure S5 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 6 KB *
 Dimensions: 12 rows x 8 columns * Variable Definitions: (All variables are
 continuous or indicators unless specified in definition) race "1 =
 White, 2 = Black/Hispanic, 3 = Asian" inc\_grp "1 = Income
 Quartile 1, 2 = Income Quartile 2,3 = Income Quartile 3,4 = Income
 Quartile 4" equity "Total mean home equity capitalization
 ($)" equity\_share "Total mean home equity capitalization (%
 Share)" pop "Total population of group" pop\_share
 "Population share (%)" ratio " (Equity (% Share)/Population
 (% Share))" ratio\_1 " ratio - 1" *** Details for: US5.dta
 --- * Description: STATA .dta file containing the data for -Figure S6 *
 Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 6 KB * Dimensions: 12 rows x 8 columns
 * Variable Definitions: (All variables are continuous or indicators unless
 specified in definition) race "1 = White, 2 = Black/Hispanic, 3 =
 Asian" inc\_grp "1 = Income Quartile 1, 2 = Income Quartile 2,3
 = Income Quartile 3,4 = Income Quartile 4" equity "Total mean
 home equity capitalization ($)" equity\_share "Total mean home
 equity capitalization (% Share)" pop "Total population of
 group" pop\_share "Population share (%)" ratio "
 (Equity (% Share)/Population (% Share))" ratio\_1 " ratio -
 1" *** Details for: US6.dta --- * Description: STATA .dta file
 containing the data for -Table S22 * Format(s): .dta (STATA) * Size(s): 16
 MB * Dimensions: 178,306 rows x 21 columns * Variable Definitions: (All
 variables are continuous or indicators unless specified in definition)
 tot\_hh "# of total households within a block group" med\_rooms
 "change in median rooms of property rooms w/n block group b/w time
 periods" med\_inc "change in median household income adjusted to
 2014 dollars w/n block group b/w time periods" med\_yr "change
 in median year built for owner occupied buildings w/n block group b/w time
 periods" pct\_acres "change in % (acres)area of
 protected/conserved land within block group (demeaned)" pct\_black
 "% of 2000 block group population that identifies as black or
 hispanic (demeaned)" pct\_asian"% of 2000 block group population
 that identifies as asian (demeaned)" ln\_price " change in
 natural log of median home value w/n block group b/w time periods"
 pct\_vac "change in % vacant housing units w/n block group b/w time
 periods" pct\_ed "change in % population with hs degree or
 higher w/n block group b/w time periods" pct\_industry "change
 in % population employed in finance, real estate, information... w/n block
 group b/w time periods" pct\_renter "change in % renter
 population w/n block group b/w time periods" pct\_emp "change in
 % employed working population w/n block group b/w time periods"
 pct\_age\_18 "change in % population under 18 w/n block group b/w
 time periods" pct\_age\_65 "change in % population over 65 w/n
 block group b/w time periods" pop\_dens "change in Population
 density = pop/bg(acres) w/n block group b/w time periods" bg\_id
 "block group identifier" tract\_id "tract identifier"
 state\_id "state identifier" black\_hispXacres "interaction
 between variables pct\_acres & pct\_black\_hisp" asianXacres
 "interaction between variables pct\_acres & pct\_asian"
 *** Details for: Files ("\_", "e" , "f" ,
 "j" , "l" , "m" , "r") --- *
 Description: STATA .ado files containing the scripts for user written
 commands * Format(s): .ado (STATA) * Size(s): Multiple Files / Folders *
 Dimensions: N/A * Variable Definitions: N/A *** END OF README