DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3402745
title: Geochemical data of fine bed-sediment from downstream sediment cores and upstream source sub-catchments in a catchment-wide flood in the Brantian

description: <b>Description: </b>Geochemical datasets were obtained from fieldwork carried out in the Brantian catchment between June 2013 and November 2016 under the hydrology component of the SAFE Project. The project has two key components: (1) Geochemical profiles down historical sediment cores at seven downstream locations organised in a nested hierarchical arrangement; and (2) Geochemical data for sediment deposited by the single extreme high magnitude flood event of 12 September 2016 in all sub-catchment source areas sampled around the Brantian including all downstream sediment core locations referred to in (1) <br>Sample collection and preparation method:<br>Fluvial sediment cores were obtained from seven downstream sites located within a nested hierarchical (dendritic) arrangement with the study catchment outlet draining 377 km2 of the upper Brantian. Core sites 4 and 5 in the west were nested within core site 2; core sites 6 and 7 in the east were nested within core site 3; core sites 2 and 3 were in turn nested within core site 1 at the study catchment outlet. Areas upstream at each drainage hierarchy varied from 30-135km2 (core sites 4-7); 150-200km2 (core sites 2-3) and 377km2 (core site 1).<br>Sediment cores were obtained within the bankfull channel at sites inundated by high-flow events with the progressive accumulation of fine bed-sediment monitored by repeat measurements of surface profile. Pits were dug to create a shelf surface from which to obtain large (200g to 1100g) bulk samples of sediment integrated over depth intervals of 2cm. The shelf technique permits larger samples while depths are absolute and not affected by core liner compression. Core depths ranged from 102 cm to 210 cm.<br>Sediment samples deposited in the high-flow event of 12 September 2016 were obtained using pre-installed surface horizon marker grids. Surface-layer (0-2cm) scrape samples were composited over a 10-20 m2 area. At sites with depths of fresh sediment &gt;2cm small sediment cores representing sediment deposited in that event were obtained using the shelf technique. Field replicates were obtained from the same elevation and at either higher or lower elevation within the channel.<br>All sediment samples were oven-dried at temperatures no higher than 40 C before dry-sieving to obtain the fine-sediment &lt;63um size fraction. Other size fractions were obtained from nested sieve stacks in order to calculate bulk particle size distribution from the entire sample. Samples of dried &lt;63um sediment were thoroughly mixed by hand (not ground) before a sub-sample transferred to a standard 32mm outer-diameter plastic pot pre-fitted with a 3um thick Prolene XRF analytical film window, compacted to 20Nm torque pressure and sealed. Mass (g) and total thickness (mm) of prepared samples were recorded. <br>Geochemical analysis method:<br>Total elemental concentration of each sample (ppm) was measured using a Niton XL3t GOLDD+ 900 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) analyser in a laboratory stand with count periods of 180 seconds for 'soils' (Compton scatter) mode (60s in each of three energy band filters: low medium and high). Measurements were also made in 'mining' mode (Fundamental Parameters calibration) using helium purging to obtain concentrations of light elements Mg-S. In both modes, two measurements were obtained for each sample by repositioning the sample window exposed to the XRF beam after the first measurement (position 1 and position 2). <br>ED-XRF analysis returns total elemental concentration (ppm) of elements Mg-U. Measurement error is reported by the Niton XRF in terms of 2sigma (two times standard deviation) for each element. All measurements were higher than limit of detection. Variability between the two measurement positions 1 and 2 reflects geochemical environmental variability in sediment (ie sampling error) and analytical error.<b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <b>Assessing erosional impacts of logging and conversion to oil palm in the Brantian catchment using sediment fingerprinting and radioisotope dating.</b><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: NERC (Doctoral Training Grant, NE/L501827/1)British Geomorphological Society (Postgraduate Research Grant)This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.<b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2 JLD.3(149))Sabah Biodiversity Council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2 JLD.5(145))Sabah Forestry Department (Research licence 100-14/18/2KLT.29(37))Maliau Basin Management Committee (MBMC) (Research licence 2015/29(165))Sabah Biodiversity Council (Export licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/3 JLD.2(86))<b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available here<b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: SamHigton_Geochem_fluvial_sediment_data.xlsx<b>SamHigton_Geochem_fluvial_sediment_data.xlsx</b>This file contains dataset metadata and 2 data tables:<b>Sediment core geochemistry data</b> (described in worksheet Sediment_core_geochem_data)Description: XRF analysis data of geochemical composition of sediment from 7 core sites. There is one sample for every 2cm depth interval down each core (with one set of bulk particle size data) and then two separate repeat XRF measurements of each sample.Number of fields: 69Number of data rows: 947Fields: <b>Core_number</b>: Core number (Field type: id)<b>Sample_Site</b>: Corresponds to sample site number in the locations tab (Field type: location)<b>Upstream_Area_km2</b>: Upstream area (Field type: numeric)<b>Sampling_date</b>: Date sediment sample taken (Field type: date)<b>Upper_Depth_cm</b>: Upper depth of sample slice relative to the sediment surface; for surface samples this will always be zero (Field type: numeric)<b>Lower_Depth_cm</b>: Lower depth of each sample slice relative to the sediment surface; in increments of 2cm (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_&lt;63um_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_63-125um_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_125um-2mm_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_&gt;2mm_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>XRF_sample_mass_g</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>XRF_sample_thick_mm</b>: Mass of XRF sample analysed (Field type: numeric)<b>EDXRF_measurement_number_1or2</b>: Refers to XRF measurement 1 or 2 - each sample was analysed in two different positions across the sample measurement surface producing two measurements of element concentration and 2SD error for each sample (Field type: categorical)<b>Mg</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Al</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Si</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>P</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>S</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>K</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ca</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ti</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>V</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cr</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Mn</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Fe</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ni</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cu</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Zn</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>As</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Rb</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sr</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Zr</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cd</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sn</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sb</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Te</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cs</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ba</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Pb</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Th</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>U</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Mg.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Al.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Si.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>P.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>S.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>K.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ca.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ti.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>V.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cr.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Mn.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Fe.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ni.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cu.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Zn.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>As.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Rb.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sr.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Zr.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cd.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sn.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sb.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Te.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cs.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ba.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Pb.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Th.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>U.Error</b>: Error for each measurement, equal to 2 times standard deviation (2 sigma) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sept2016 flood geochemical data</b> (described in worksheet Sept2016_flood_geochem_data)Description: XRF analysis of geochemical composition of sediment from a single flood event around the Brantian. Most samples have depth of 0-2cm since this represents surface layer material, but at many sites there were also 'mini' cores which is why the depths vary. 28 elements analysed as above and each sample measured twice, with error columns and bulk particle size etc.Number of fields: 70Number of data rows: 222Fields: <b>Sample_Site</b>: Corresponds to sample site number in the locations tab (Field type: location)<b>Site_Type</b>: Site Type - U: Upstream site (sample taken at one of the upstream source sites 9 to 29) ; C: Core site (sample at a sediment core site which are only sites numbered 1 to 7); RC: Field replicate from the sediment core site itself; RL: Field replicate at that site but from a relatively lower elevation position; RH: Field replicate at that site but from a relatively higher elevation position) (Field type: categorical)<b>Upstream_Area_km2</b>: Total drainage area upstream of each sample site (Field type: numeric)<b>Sampling_date</b>: Date sediment sample taken (Field type: date)<b>Upper_Depth_cm</b>: Upper depth of sample slice relative to the sediment surface; for surface samples this will always be zero (Field type: numeric)<b>Lower_Depth_cm</b>: Lower depth of each sample slice relative to the sediment surface; in increments of 2cm (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_&lt;63um_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_63-125um_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_125um-1mm_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_1mm-2mm_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>BulkPS_&gt;2mm_%</b>: % of bulk particle size distribution obtained by dry sieved mass (Field type: numeric)<b>XRF_sample_mass_g</b>: Mass of XRF sample analysed (Field type: numeric)<b>XRF_sample_thick_mm</b>: Thickness of prepared sample for XRF analysis (to nearest 0.5cm) (Field type: numeric)<b>EDXRF_measurement_number_1or2</b>: Refers to XRF measurement 1 or 2 - each sample was analysed in two different positions across the sample measurement surface producing two measurements of element concentration and 2SD error for each sample (Field type: categorical)<b>Mg</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Al</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Si</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>P</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>S</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>K</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ca</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ti</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>V</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cr</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Mn</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Fe</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Ni</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cu</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Zn</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>As</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Rb</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sr</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Zr</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Cd</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: numeric)<b>Sn</b>: Total elemental concentration measured by ED-XRF (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) (Field type: n