cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8mq3896
title: Data from: A novel mechanism of mixing by pulsing corals

description: The dynamic pulsation of the xeniid corals is one of the most fascinating
 phenomena observed in coral reefs. We quantify for the first time the flow
 near the tentacles of these soft corals whose active pulsations are
 thought to enhance their symbionts' photosynthetic rates by up to an
 order of magnitude. These polyps are about 1 cm in diameter and pulse at
 frequencies between about 0.5 and 1 Hz. As a result, the frequency based
 Reynolds number calculated using the tentacle length and pulse frequency
 is on the order of 10 and rapidly decays as one moves away from the polyp.
 This introduces the question of how these corals minimize the
 reversibility of the flow and bring in new volumes of fluid during each
 pulse. We estimate that the Peclet number of the bulk flow generated by
 the coral as being on the order of 100-1000 while the flow between the
 bristles of the tentacles as being on the order of 10. This illustrates
 the importance of advective transport in removing oxygen waste. Flow
 measurements using particle image velocimetry reveal that the individual
 polyps generate a jet of water with positive vertical velocities that do
 not go below 1 mm/s and with average volumetric flow rates of about 700
 cubic mm per second. Our results show that there is nearly continual flow
 in the radial direction towards the polyp with only about 3.3 percent back
 flow. 3D numerical simulations uncover a region of slow mixing between the
 tentacles during expansion. We estimate that the average flow that moves
 through the bristles of the tentacles are about 0.3 mm/s. The combination
 of nearly continual flow towards the polyp, slow mixing between the
 bristles, and the subsequent ejection of this fluid volume into an upward
 jet ensures the polyp continually samples new water with sufficient time
 for exchange to occur.
description: single_xeniid_polypThis zip file contains raw images of a single xeniid coral polyp pulsing for several cycles. The coral polyp and the particles in the fluid are illuminated with a laser sheet.four_polyp_xeniidThis zip file contains raw images of four xeniid coral polyps pulsing. The corals and particles in the fluid are illuminated with a laser sheet.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8v98d03
title: Data from: Dauer life stage of Caenorhabditis elegans induces elevated levels of defense against the parasite Serratia marcescens

description: Host-parasite research often focuses on a single host life stage, yet
 different life stages may exhibit different defenses. The nematode
 Caenorhabditis elegans has an alternate dispersal life stage, dauer.
 Despite dauer’s importance in nature, we know little of how it responds to
 parasites. Previous research indicates that non-dauer C. elegans prefer to
 consume the virulent bacterial parasite, Serratia marcescens, when given a
 choice between the parasite and benign Escherichia coli. Here, we compared
 the preferences of dauer individuals from six strains of C. elegans to the
 preferences of other life stages. We found that dauer individuals
 exhibited reduced preference for S. marcescens, and dauers from some
 strains preferred E. coli to S. marcescens. In addition to testing food
 preference, a mechanism of parasite avoidance, we also measured host
 mortality rates after direct parasite exposure to determine if life stage
 also altered host survival. Overall, dauer individuals exhibited reduced
 mortality rates. However, dauer versus non-dauer larvae mortality rates
 also varied significantly by host strain. Collectively, we found evidence
 of dauer-induced parasite avoidance and reduced mortality in the presence
 of a parasite, but these effects were strain-specific. These results
 demonstrate the importance of host life stage and genotype when assessing
 infection dynamics.
description: Choice
 IndicesA complete spreadsheet
 of each life stage and strain plus all replicates of each choice
 assay.Choice Assay HB101 vs.
 OP50A
 choice assay between the benign bacteria OP50 and HB101 by life stages L3
 and dauer individuals of C. elegans strains CB4856 and
 N2.Mortality
 DataData for comparing
 mortality on Sm2170 versus heat-killed Sm2170 for each C. elegans strain,
 compared between L3 and dauer individuals.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vn48c2r
title: Data from: Individual foraging variation drives social organization in bottlenose dolphins

description: Identifying foraging variation within a population and assessing its
 relationship with social structure is essential to increase knowledge
 about the evolution of social systems. Here, we investigated individual
 foraging variation in bottlenose dolphins and its potential influence on
 their social organization. We used generalized affiliation indices and
 applied social network analysis to data collected over 4 consecutive years
 of research in a coastal area subject to significant use and pressure by
 humans. Our findings revealed variation in foraging behavior among
 individual bottlenose dolphins, which in turn shapes their social
 organization. Our results indicated that individuals that frequently
 foraged within human-altered areas (i.e., shellfish farms) exhibited
 weaker Strength, Reach, and Affinity compared to others. These bottlenose
 dolphins profit from a reliable and easily located food source which may
 increase their energy intake and inter-individual competition. In
 contrast, individuals that foraged less frequently within the shellfish
 farms occupied a central position within the network and exhibited strong
 associations. These individuals may benefit from increased cooperation and
 reduced intragroup competition, thus increasing learning and
 information-sharing, as they may face a patchy and irregular distribution
 of prey. We also demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins preferred to
 affiliate with other individuals with similar foraging strategies (i.e.,
 homophily), which could promote, through time, a segregation of the
 population into behaviorally distinct groups. These findings provide
 valuable insight into the evolution of bottlenose dolphin social systems
 and their response to human-induced changes in the marine environment.
description: Individual foraging
 variation drives social organization in bottlenose
 dolphinsRaw data about group
 composition and individual foraging variation in bottlenose
 dolphinsMethion_DiazLopez.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8f5847n
title: Data from: Trait-mediated indirect interactions: moose browsing increases sawfly fecundity through plant induced responses

description: 1. Induced responses in plants, initiated by herbivory, create potential
 for trait-mediated indirect interactions among herbivores. Responses to an
 initial herbivore may change a number of plant traits that subsequently
 alter ecological processes with additional herbivores. Although common,
 indirect interactions between taxonomically distant herbivores, such as
 mammals and insects, are less studied than between taxonomically related
 species (i.e. insect-insect). In terms of mammal-insect interactions,
 effects on insect numbers (e.g. density) is relatively well studied,
 whereas effects on performance (e.g. fecundity) are rarely explored.
 Moreover, few studies have explored mammal-insect interactions on
 coniferous plants. 2. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect
 of mammalian induced responses on insect performance. We specifically
 investigated the effect of moose (Alces alces) browsing on Scots pine
 (Pinus sylvestris) and subsequent effects on sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer)
 performance. 3. Sawfly larvae were reared on browsed, clipped and
 un-browsed control pine trees in a controlled field experiment. Afterwards
 cocoon weight was measured. Needle C:N ratio and di-terpene content was
 measured in response to browsing. 4. Sawfly performance was enhanced on
 trees browsed by moose. Cocoon weight (proxy for fecundity) was 9 and 13 %
 higher on browsed and clipped trees compared to un-browsed trees. Cocoon
 weight was weakly related to needle C:N ratio, and browsed trees had lower
 a C:N ratio compared to un-browsed trees. Needle di-terpene content, known
 to affect sawfly performance, was neither affected by the browsing
 treatments nor did it correlate with sawfly weight. 5. We conclude that
 mammalian herbivory can affect insect herbivore performance, with
 potential consequences for ecological communities, and with particular
 importance for insect population dynamics. The measured plant variables
 could not fully explain the effect on sawfly performance providing a
 starting point for the consideration of additional plant responses induced
 by mammalian browsing affecting insect performance.
description: Data_Nordkvist_etalData file consisting of five (5) sheets of data. Sheet 1: Female cocoon weights (mg). Sheet 2: Body weight (mg) and egg load for a subsample of the females. Sheet 3: Needle nitrogen and carbon content as well as carbon-nitrogen (CN) ratio. Sheet 4: Needle CN-ratio and female cocoon weight per tree. Sheet 5: Needle di-terpene content and female cocoon weight per tree. All sheets also contains the following columns: Tree_id = id numbers for individual trees, Browsing = column denoting which experimental browsing treatment used, Site = experimental site, Block = experimental blocks within sites. Browsing treatments: A_control = un-clipped control trees, Browsed = naturally browsed trees, Clipped = trees clipped to mimic browsing.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nk6b116
title: Data from: A distance-performance trade-off in the phenotypic basis of dispersal

description: Across taxa, individuals vary in how far they disperse, with most
 individuals staying close to their origin and fewer dispersing long
 distances. Costs associated with dispersal (e.g., energy, risk) are widely
 believed to trade-off with benefits (e.g., reduced competition, increased
 reproductive success) to influence dispersal propensity. However, this
 framework has not been applied to understand variation in dispersal
 distance, which is instead generally attributed to extrinsic environmental
 factors. We alternatively hypothesized that variation in dispersal
 distances results from trade-offs associated with other aspects of
 locomotor performance. We tested this hypothesis in the stream salamander
 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, and found that salamanders that dispersed
 farther in the field had longer forelimbs but swam at slower velocities
 under experimental conditions. The reduced swimming performance of
 long-distance dispersers likely results from drag imposed by longer
 forelimbs. Longer forelimbs may facilitate moving longer distances, but
 the proximate costs associated with reduced swimming performance may help
 to explain the rarity of long-distance dispersal. The historical focus on
 environmental drivers of dispersal distances misses the importance of
 individual traits and associated trade-offs among traits affecting
 locomotion.
description: Addis_EcolEvol_PerformanceMorphologyDataThis file contains dispersal, swimming performance, and morphological data for individual salamanders. See accompanying README file for metadata.Addis_EcolEvol_data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5b2q70j
title: Data from: Do vampire bats groom others based on need?

description: Allogrooming provides a window into the social lives of many group-living
 mammals and birds. The fitness benefits of allogrooming are encouraged by
 proximate mechanisms that make it physiologically rewarding for both
 actors and receivers. However, receivers might not always benefit from
 allogrooming. Some allogrooming decisions might be the actor’s response to
 cues of the recipient’s need. Other decisions might only be caused by the
 actor’s motivational state. To test these ideas, we studied what triggers
 allogrooming in common vampire bats. In test 1, subjects that had
 experimentally disturbed and wetted fur were more likely to be
 allogroomed, even when controlling for increased self-grooming. In test 2,
 allogrooming rates were elevated by receiver self-grooming (a cue for
 receiver need) but also by the actor’s previous self-grooming. Both
 effects were significantly greater than the effect of self-grooming by
 third-parties. Interestingly, we detected a negative interaction: the
 positive effect of receiver need on allogrooming was smaller when the
 actor was previously self-grooming. This is consistent with the hypothesis
 that there are ‘receiver-driven’ allogrooming decisions, which are
 responses to recipient need, and ‘actor-driven’ decisions, which are not.
 We predict that receiver-driven allogrooming will bestow greater benefits
 to recipients compared to actor-driven allogrooming.
description: Effects of wet fur on
 groomingColumns are trial, date,
 video start time, treated bat, treatment, actor bat, receiver bat,
 behavior (g for social grooming and s for self-grooming), start and end of
 behavior (hour, minute, and second), and behavior
 durationwet_fur_grooming.csvSelf-grooming and allogrooming in small cagesColumns are trial, observation, source video, treatment (whether the sample was a test or control period), cage, groomer bat, receiver bat, presence of groomer self-grooming, presence of other self-grooming, onset of allogrooming (hour, minute, and second), duration of allogrooming, onset of self-grooming (hour, minute, and second), duration of receiver self-grooming, presence of receiver self groomingself_social_grooming.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m4k8gk4
title: Data from: Evolution and diversity of the courtship repertoire in the Drosophila montium species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

description: Changes in elements of courtship behaviour can influence sexual isolation
 between species. Large-scale analyses of changes, including loss and gain
 of courtship elements, across a relatively complete phylogenetic group are
 rare but needed to understand the significance of such changes, for
 example whether the gain and loss of courtship elements are essentially
 arbitrary or equally reversible. In most species of Drosophila, courtship,
 including singing, mainly occurs before mounting as pre-mounting
 courtship. The Drosophila montium species group is unusual because loss of
 pre-mounting courtship and gain of post-mounting one has been detected in
 this group. Here we provide an extensive analysis on the courtship
 repertoire and songs of 42 species in this group. Synchronously captured
 video and audio recordings were analysed to describe courtship patterns
 and male courtship songs and changes were analysed in a phylogenetic
 context. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that a gain of
 post-mounting courtship singing at the ancestor of this species group has
 been accompanied with a concurrent decrease in the incidence of
 pre-mounting courtship singing and has led to subsequent further decrease
 and eventually complete loss of pre-mounting courtship song in several
 lineages. Alongside this evolutionary trend towards post-mounting
 courtship, sine song and a special type of “high pulse repetition song”
 have become more widely used for courtship during species diversification
 in the montium group. It is likely that the elaboration of post-mounting
 courtship behaviours is associated with changes in the relative importance
 of pre- and post-mounting components of mating systems, such as sperm
 competition or cryptic female choice.
description: Supporting
 InformationSM-mp4supplementary
 movies
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.870t013
title: Data from: Linking habitat composition, local population densities and traffic characteristics to spatial patterns of ungulate-train collisions

description: 1. Total length of railways worldwide exceeds 1 million kilometres and
 recent railway development directly impacts wildlife because of
 animal-train collisions. Few studies, however, have analysed factors
 driving ungulate-train collisions. 2. We analysed over 3500 ungulate-train
 collisions including roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and moose collected in
 2012-2015 in Poland. We compared train traffic characteristics (e.g.
 traffic intensity, speed, rail curvature), land-use and habitat
 characteristics (e.g. share of forests and build-up areas) and local
 ungulate population densities at collision sites and random sites
 distributed along the rail network. 3. Forest coverage generally
 increased, while urban areas decreased ungulate collision risk. Local
 density of ungulate species was strongly positively related to the
 relative collision risk in all four ungulate species, but above certain
 densities, the risk levelled off for all four species. 4. Train speed and
 train traffic intensity were positively associated with elevated collision
 risk in all four species, but the latter in a non-linear manner reached an
 asymptote at the level of ca. 10 trains per day. Rail curvature also
 increased probability of collisions with roe deer and red deer and
 possibly also wild boar. 5. Mortality rate of ungulates on railways in
 Poland is estimated to be 0.13-0.42% of annual hunting bags of studied
 species assuming that only one individual is killed at each occasion and
 ignoring undetected collisions. These values are expected to increase in
 near future due to increasing train speed in Central European countries.
 6. Synthesis and applications. Ungulate-train collisions spots are
 characterised by surrounding forest, rail curvature, high train speed, and
 a moderate to high train traffic intensity. To reduce collision risk in a
 cost-effective way, we suggest to prioritise mitigation actions at
 sections of the railway characterized by those factors, e.g. by fencing
 and various warning devices. Due to nonlinear correlation between
 collision risk and population density, reducing density of ungulates will
 most likely reduce collision risk only marginally, and only in regions of
 low population densities where collision risk is relatively low anyway.
description: Ungulate-train collision
 databaseA database with over
 3500 ungulate-train collisions and over 10 000 random localities along
 Polish railways, used in analyses published in Jasińska et al. Journal of
 Applied Ecology (2019). The databse is incomplete, however, as we do not
 own data provided by Polish Railways PKP.railways_database.xlsxrailways_database_Readme.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b883mf8
title: Data from: The conundrum of species delimitation: a genomic perspective on a mitogenetically super-variable butterfly

description: The Palearctic butterfly Melitaea didyma stands out as one of the most
 striking cases of intraspecific genetic differentiation detected in
 Lepidoptera: 11 partially sympatric mitochondrial lineages have been
 reported, displaying levels of divergence of up to 7.4%. To better
 understand the evolutionary processes underlying the diversity observed in
 mtDNA, we compared mtDNA and genome-wide SNP data using double-digest
 restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) results from 93
 specimens of M. didyma ranging from Morocco to eastern Kazakhstan. We
 found that, between ddRADseq and mtDNA results, there is a match only in
 populations that likely remained allopatric for long periods of time.
 Other mtDNA lineages may have resulted from introgression events and were
 probably affected by Wolbachia infection. The five main ddRADseq clades
 supported by STRUCTURE were parapatric or allopatric and showed high
 pairwise FST values, but some were also estimated to display various
 levels of gene flow. Melitaea didyma represents one of the first cases of
 deep mtDNA splits among European butterflies assessed by a genome-wide DNA
 analysis and reveals that the interpretation of patterns remains
 challenging even when a high amount of genomic data is available. These
 findings actualize the ongoing debate of species delimitation in
 allopatry, issue likely of relevance to a significant proportion of global
 biodiversity.
description: Python script for
 D-statisticsA source code that we
 applied for D-statistics (.py file)d-statistics_mdidyma_KML.pySupporting InformationSupporting information: Material and Methods, Figs S1-S7, Tables S1-S8.SI.pdf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6f407n9
title: Data from: Slow life-history strategies are associated with negligible actuarial senescence in western Palearctic salamanders

description: Actuarial senescence has been viewed for a long time as an inevitable and
 uniform process. However, the work on senescence has mainly focused on
 endotherms with deterministic growth and low regeneration capacity during
 the adult stage, leading to a strong taxonomic bias in the study of aging.
 Recent studies have highlighted that senescence could indeed display
 highly variable trajectory that correlates with species life history
 traits. Slow life histories and indeterminate growth seem to be associated
 with weak and late senescence. Furthermore, high regenerative abilities
 could lead to negligible senescence in several ectotherms. However,
 demographic data for species that would allow testing of these hypotheses
 are scarce. Here, we investigated senescence patterns in “true
 salamanders” from the Western Palearctic. Our results showed that
 salamanders have slow life histories and that they experience negligible
 senescence. This pattern was consistent at both intra- and interspecific
 levels, suggesting that the absence of senescence may be a
 phylogenetically conserved trait. The regenerative capacities of
 salamanders, in combination with other physiological and developmental
 features such as an indeterminate growth and a low metabolic rate, likely
 explain why these small ectotherms have lifespans similar to that of large
 endotherms and, in contrast to most amniotes, undergo negligible
 senescence. Our study seriously challenges the idea that senescence is a
 ubiquitous phenomenon in the tree of life.
description: Capture-recapture data
 in the BaSTA formatThe capture-recapture
 data of the three salamander species (Salamandrina perspicillata,
 Lyciasalamandra fazilae, Salamandra_salamandra) are provided in the
 standard BaSTA format ( https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00186.x).
 Datasets from 2 populations of Salamandra salamandra are
 provided.Salamander_capture-recapture-data_BaSTA_format.xlsx