DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6hdr7sqz5
title: Neurovascular coupling and bilateral connectivity during NREM and REM sleep

description: Hemodynamic signals in the brain are used as surrogates of neural
 activity, but how these hemodynamic signals depend on arousal state is
 poorly understood. Here, we monitored neural activity and hemodynamic
 signals in un-anesthetized, head-fixed mice to understand how sleep and
 awake states impact cerebral hemodynamics. In parallel with
 electrophysiological recordings, we used intrinsic optical signal imaging
 to measure bilateral changes in cerebral hemoglobin ([HbT]), and
 two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) to measure dilations of
 individual arterioles. We concurrently monitored body motion, whisker
 movement, muscle EMG, cortical LFP, and hippocampal LFP to classify the
 arousal state of the mouse into awake, NREM sleep, or REM sleep. We found
 that mice invariably fell asleep during imaging, and these sleep states
 were interspersed with periods of awake. During both NREM and REM sleep,
 mice showed large increases in [HbT] relative to the awake state, showing
 increase in hemoglobin and arteriole diameter two to five times larger
 than those seen in response to sensory stimulation. During NREM sleep, the
 amplitude of bilateral low-frequency oscillations in [HbT] increased
 markedly, and coherency between neural activity and hemodynamic signals
 was higher than the awake resting and REM states. Bilateral correlations
 in neural activity and [HbT] were highest during NREM sleep, and lowest in
 the awake state. Our results show that hemodynamic signals in the cortex
 are strongly modulated by arousal state, with hemodynamic changes during
 sleep being substantially larger than sensory-evoked responses. These
 results underscore the critical importance of behavioral monitoring during
 studies of spontaneous activity, as sleep-related hemodynamics dominate
 measures of neurovascular coupling and functional connectivity.
description: The <strong>AnalysisResults.mat</strong> file
 contails all the data required to reproduce the figures in
 <em>Neurovascular coupling and bilateral connectivity during NREM
 and REM sleep</em> by K.L. Turner, K.W. Gheres, E.A. Proctor and
 P.J. Drew. To reproduce the figures download and run
 the Matlab code available from the below GitHub repository:<br>
 https://github.com/DrewLab/Turner_Gheres_Proctor_Drew_eLife2020
 Add the <strong>AnalysisResults.mat</strong> file to
 the MATLAB file path by dragging it into the folder containing the code.
 Open the MATLAB function
 <strong>MainScript_Manuscript2020.m</strong> and
 run. <strong>Software/System
 Requirements:</strong> Code was tested with MATLAB 2019b. Running
 <strong>MainScript_Manuscript2020.m</strong> took &lt; 5
 minutes to run on a 2018 Macbook Pro (2.6 Ghz 6-Core Intel i7 with 16 Gb
 2400 MHz DDR4 RAM, Radeon Pro 560X GPU). If you would
 like to automatically save the MATLAB figures and statistical read-outs,
 change line 29 of <strong>MainScript_Manuscript2020.m</strong>
 to <em>saveFigs = 'y';</em> This will increase the
 analysis time to create a new folder <em>/Summary Figures and
 Structures/MATLAB Analysis Figures/</em>.