DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cj375
title: Data from: Genetic architecture, biochemical underpinnings, and ecological impact of floral UV patterning

description: Floral attraction traits can significantly affect pollinator visitation
 patterns, but adaptive evolution of these traits may be constrained by
 correlations with other traits. In some cases, molecular pathways
 contributing to floral attraction are well-characterized, offering the
 opportunity to explore loci potentially underlying variation among
 individuals. Here, we quantify the range of variation in floral UV
 patterning (i.e., UV “bulls-eye” nectar guides) among crop and wild
 accessions of Brassica rapa. We then use experimental crosses to examine
 the genetic architecture, candidate loci, and biochemical underpinnings of
 this patterning as well as phenotypic manipulations to test the ecological
 impact. We find qualitative variation in UV patterning between wild
 (commonly lacking UV patterns) and crop (commonly exhibiting UV patterns)
 accessions. Similar to the majority of crops, recombinant inbred lines
 (RILs) derived from an oilseed crop × WI fast-plant® cross exhibit UV
 patterns, the size of which varies extensively among genotypes. In RILs,
 we further observe strong statistical-genetic and QTL correlations within
 petal morphological traits and within measurements of petal UV-patterning;
 however, correlations between morphology and UV-patterning are weak or
 non-significant, suggesting that UV patterning is regulated and may evolve
 independently of overall petal size. HPLC analyses reveal a high
 concentration of sinapoyl glucose in UV-absorbing petal regions, which, in
 concert with physical locations of UV-trait QTLs, suggest a regulatory and
 structural gene as candidates underlying observed quantitative variation.
 Finally, insects prefer flowers with UV bulls-eye patterns over those that
 lack patterns, validating the importance of UV-patterning in
 pollen-limited populations of B. rapa.
description: Brapa_flr_morph_measurementsFloral size and shape measurements from Brassica rapa recombinant inbred lines (up to 6 replicates per line from the R500 x IMB211 RIL population) raised in AES fields at the University of Wyoming.Brapa_UV_patterning_surveyAccession, site of origin, and UV pattern information on each Brassica rapa sample raised in the field (University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA) or sampled from herbarium sheets (Rocky Mountain Herbarium; University of Wyoming).Brapa_petal_hplcConcentrations of sinapoyl glucose and isorhamnetin in UV-absorbing or UV-reflecting petal blade regions from replicates of two Brassica rapa genotypes (R500 and IMB211) raised in the AES-fields at the University of Wyoming.Brapa_insect_visitation_UV_expInsect visitation in 20 experimental arrays each composed of three replicate plants of the Brassica rapa genotype R500. Within each block plants were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control=not manipulated; duck fat=petals painted with duck fat, allowing UV patterns to be visible (i.e., internal control); sunscreen=sunscreen compounds disolved in duck fat and applied to petals, which experimentally alters UV patterned flowers to resemble dark UV-absorbing phentoypes found in Brassica rapa weedy populations. In each array insect visitation was recorded for a 30-minute interval between 1000-1200 MST.Brapa_BLUPs_for_qtlcartA QTL cartographer input file of floral size and shape traits estimated as genotypic BLUPs for recombinant inbred lines resulting from crosses between Brassica rapa genotypes, R500 and IMB211. The genetic linkage map consists of 1273 SNPs (naming scheme: chromosome_physical.location in B. rapa genome v1.1) across 10 chromosomes, which were identified from RNA-seq reads of expanding apical meristem tissue that was collected from RILs raised in the UW-AES agricultural fields during the summer of 2011. SNP markers were assigned to linkage groups (LG; R/QTL; Broman et al., 2003) based on recombination fractions (maximum rf= 0.32) and LOD scores (minimum LOD= 4.1). We used R/QTL to order markers within LGs, passing the resulting best-supported positions of markers to a ripple function to explore alternative arrangements in a 5-marker sliding window. The resulting linkage map of ten chromosomes has an average distance of 0.79 cM between adjacent markers.