DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17508255
title: Buddhist Classics AI Translation Series Vol.6: Jonang Collected Works (Tibetan-Chinese-English, 觉囊法汇 v2.0)

description: This is **Volume 6** of the comprehensive *Buddhist Classics AI Translation Series*, featuring the **Jonang Collected Works** (*Jo nang pa'i gsung 'bum*, 觉囊法汇), a compilation of texts from the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism.

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## Important Notice: Copyright Restrictions

**This volume excludes one collection due to copyright limitations:**

- **Excluded**: *Collected Works of Ngawang Yonten Zangpo* (阿旺云登桑布全集, 1928-2002)  - **Reason**: Copyright valid until 2052 (50 years post-mortem)  - **Availability**: Private distribution upon request via project forum (http://www.xinwenwuzhe.com/)  - **Status**: Translated but not publicly released

**Included in this volume**: 82 volumes, ~1,560 texts, ~15 million Chinese characters (excluding Ngawang Yonten Zangpo: ~8 volumes, ~1 million characters)

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## About the Jonang School

The **Jonang** (Jo nang pa, 觉囊派) is a distinctive school of Tibetan Buddhism, founded in the **Song Dynasty** (11th century) by **Yumo Mikyo Dorje** (裕莫·弥觉多杰). The name derives from the Jomonang valley (觉摩囊) in Lhatse County, Shigatse, Tibet.

**Historical Context**:- **Geographic location**: Near India-Tibet trade routes, facilitating continuous access to Indian Buddhist texts- **Economic support**: Border tribes, occasionally central Tibetan governments- **Social context**: Region with ancient matrilineal tribal traditions- **Doctrinal uniqueness**: Preserved rare Indian Buddhist lineages, especially Kālacakra and *zhentong* (Other-Emptiness) view

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### **Core Teachings**

**1. Tathāgatagarbha (如来藏, Buddha-Nature)**:- **All phenomena inherently pure**: Even afflictions mask underlying buddha-nature- **Universal potential**: Every sentient being possesses latent enlightenment- **Inspirational doctrine**: Provides hope and motivation for practitioners

**2. Zhentong (他空见, Other-Emptiness)**:- **Contrast with Rangtong** (自空见, Self-Emptiness, Gelug/Sakya view):  - Rangtong: All phenomena empty of inherent existence  - **Zhentong**: Ultimate reality (buddha-nature) is NOT empty of its own qualities, only "empty of other" (defilements)- **Philosophical synthesis**: Integrates Yogācāra (唯识) and Madhyamaka (中观)- **Controversial history**: Led to disputes  in 17th century

**3. Kālacakra System** (时轮金刚):- **Six-Branch Yoga** (*ṣaḍaṅgayoga*, 六支瑜伽): Advanced completion-stage practices- **Astronomy and astrology**: Integrated into ritual and meditation- **Prophetic literature**: *Kālacakra Tantra*'s predictions about future ages

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### **Historical Development**

**Early Period (11th-14th centuries)**:- **Yumo Mikyo Dorje** (裕莫·弥觉多杰, 11th century): Founder, systematized Six-Branch Yoga- **Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen** (笃布巴·喜饶坚赞, 1292-1361): Codified *zhentong* view, built Jonang Great Stupa

**Golden Age (14th-17th centuries)**:- **Jetsün Tāranātha** (杰尊·多罗那他, 1575-1634): Prolific author, historian, last major Jonang master in Central Tibet- **Ming Dynasty connections**: Jonang Monastery fundraised from Sakya's Chinese teachers for stupa construction- **Intellectual peak**: Preserved late Indian Buddhist tantras (10th-13th century materials)

**Suppression and Survival (17th-18th centuries)**:- **1650s**: forcibly converted Jonang monasteries 

 

**Modern Revival (20th-21st centuries)**:- **1980s**: Post-Cultural Revolution religious freedom; Jonang re-emerges in Amdo- **1990s**: Jonang texts published; Dzamthang Monastery (扎唐寺) becomes center- **21st century**: Original Jonang Monastery (Shigatse) reclaimed by Jonang lineage- **Global interest**: Zhentong philosophy resonates with Chinese Buddhism (Tathāgatagarbha already mainstream)

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## Dataset Scope and Structure

### **Source Editions**

**Primary**: **Adarsha Digital Library** (古文新映, https://adarsha.org)- **Editorial quality**: 1990s critical edition supervised by Ngawang Yonten Zangpo (云登桑布, Jonang throne-holder)- **Textual scholarship**: Cross-referenced all available woodblock editions- **Status**: "Electronic rare edition" (电子善本)

**Supplementary** (Version 2.0):- **Shentong Writings Foundation** (胜义图书馆): Provided by two Beijing contributors- **Ghalung Monastery edition** (噶隆寺版): Recommended by Dr. Li Jianing (Rinchen Gonpo, 李佳宁/仁青贡布), renowned Tibetan-Chinese translator

**Cross-Referenced in Other Volumes**:- **Volume 11 (Nyingma-Kagyu)**: Contains scattered Tāranātha texts (alternative editions)- **Four versions of Tāranātha's works** total (including this volume)

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### **Structural Organization**

**82 volumes, ~1,560 texts** (excluding Ngawang Yonten Zangpo):

1. **Yumo Mikyo Dorje** (裕莫·弥觉多杰): Kālacakra, Six-Branch Yoga2. **Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen** (笃布巴·喜饶坚赞): *Mountain Dharma* (*ri chos*), zhentong treatises3. **Jetsün Tāranātha** (多罗那他): Histories (*Seven Instruction Lineages*, *History of Buddhism in India*), tantric commentaries4. **Minor masters**: Lodrö Chökyi Gyaltsen, Künga Drolchok, etc.5. **Polemical works**: Debates with Gelug, Sakya on zhentong6. **Practice manuals**: Kālacakra sādhanas, Mahāmudrā instructions7. **Historical chronicles**: Lineage transmissions, monastery histories

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### **Version 2.0 Enhancements**

**Major Upgrade from Version 1.0**:- **Complete C3.7 (Claude 3.7) translations**: Chinese only- **Complete G2.0 (Gemini 2.0) translations**: Chinese-English parallel- **Multiple source editions**: Adarsha + Shentong Writings + Ghalung cross-referenced- **Gap-filling**: Missing sections in original Tāranātha C3.5 translation completed with C3.7

**Translation Model Distribution**:- **Dolpopa**: Adarsha (C3.7 + G2.0), Shentong Writings (G2.0), Ghalung (G2.0)- **Tāranātha**: Adarsha (C3.5 + C3.7 + G2.0), Shentong Writings (G2.0), Ghalung (G2.0), plus excerpts in Vol.11- **Other masters**: Adarsha (C3.7 + G2.0)

**Rationale for Multiple Versions**:> "The solution to mistranslations and skipped segments is to retranslate completely using different AI models. When readers encounter questionable passages or untranslated sections, alternative versions provide cross-reference and interpretive channels. While some G2.0 translations show regression in precision, and new C3.7 versions show progress in expression, this comparative arrangement enables effective user-participated upgrades."

### **Tāranātha's Legacy**

**As Historian**:- ***History of Buddhism in India*** (印度佛教史): **Only detailed account** of post-7th century Indian Buddhism- **Comparable to Xuanzang's *Great Tang Records***: Primary source for lost Indian Buddhist history- **Modern scholarship**: Essential reference for Pāla dynasty Buddhism (8th-12th century)

**As Last Tengyur Translator**:- **Tāranātha is the final non-grammatical author in Tengyur** (see Volume 5)- **Systematic review**: Commented on all Anuttarayoga tantras in New Translation tradition- **Linguistic analysis**: Attempted comprehensive synthesis of Sanskrit-Tibetan-Chinese Buddhist terminology (see Vol.6, Tāranātha's linguistic treatises)

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## Translation Methodology

### **AI Models and Quality Tiers**

**Version 1.0 (February 2025)**:- **Claude 3.5 Sonnet**: Tāranātha's works- **Workflow issue**: High API rejection rate (discontinued mid-project)- **Emergency pivot**: Switched to Gemini 2.0 Flash (February 6, 2025)

**Unexpected Feature**:- **Bilingual output**: G2.0F spontaneously generated Chinese-English parallel translations- **Timing**: Coincided with Google AI system upgrade (February 6, 2025)- **Decision**: Retained bilingual format (beneficial for international Jonang community)

**Version 2.0 (September 2025)**:- **Claude 3.7 Sonnet**: Complete Chinese-only translations (all texts)- **Gemini 2.0**: Complete Chinese-English parallel translations (all texts)- **Cross-edition validation**: Multiple Tibetan sources for Dolpopa and Tāranātha

**Translation Quality Issues**:- **G2.0 occasional skips**: Entire paragraphs sometimes untranslated- **User responsibility**: Readers must use AI to fill gaps themselves- **No editorial corrections**: Project scope precludes manual fixes

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### **Recommended Reading Sequence**

**For Beginners**:1. **Bodong Chöklé Namgyal** (博东·却勒南杰):   - *Profound Path Initial Guidance* (choglenamgyal0603_深道初善引导文.c3.7s.txt)   - **Content**: Basic distinctions for newcomers to zhentong view

2. **Künga Yeshe Gyatso** (贡噶耶喜嘉措):   - *Commentary on the Great Madhyamaka of the Highest Vehicle* (yeshegyatsho0101_无上大乘广大中观决择释注疏)   - **Content**: Explains "Great Madhyamaka" (大中观) terminology (origin of modern usage)

3. **Zhentong-Tathāgatagarbha Core Texts**:   - *Sugatagarbha* (善逝藏性, this volume)   - *Commentary on the *Guhyagarbha* Tantra* (经幻心注疏, Volume 11)   - **Purpose**: Understand Jonang interpretation of Tathāgatagarbha doctrine

**For Advanced Study**:- **Tāranātha on linguistics** (taranatha0505 and related texts):  - **Content**: Retrospective analysis of Buddhist language systems  - **Challenge**: Applying Sanskrit-Tibetan models to Chinese context requires extensive research  - **Caution**: "Previous explorations cannot be directly transplanted to Chinese contexts; requires collaborative efforts"

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## Critical Content and Editorial Policy

### **Philosophical Complexity**

**Zhentong as "Third Way"**:- **Not nihilism** : Ultimate reality is positively existent- **Not eternalism** (non-Buddhist views): Buddha-nature is empty of defilements- **Synthesis**: Combines Yogācāra (consciousness analysis) + Madhyamaka (emptiness logic)

**Chinese Buddhist Resonance**:- **Huayan-Tathāgatagarbha**: Jonang view parallels Chinese *Awakening of Faith* (*Dasheng qixin lun*)- **Chan-Zhentong**: "Original enlightenment" (*benjue*) doctrine similar to zhentong- **Modern interest**: Jonang texts increasingly studied in Chinese academia

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### **Historical Limitations**

**From Volume 1 Preface Principles**:> "Whether ancient texts or modern translations, all have historical limitations. Readers should maintain integrity (*shengshou benxin*, 慎守本心), modesty without flattery (*qianyi wuchan*, 谦抑无谄), and natural transcendence (*ziran chaotuo*, 自然超脱)."

**Applied to Jonang Texts**:

- **Tantric secrecy claims**: Modern AI translation era requires reassessment of "oral-only" instructions- **Historical figures**: Use internal text accounts, not hagiography, for biographical accuracy

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### **Quality and Limitations**

**What This Translation Is**:- ✅ **First complete Jonang corpus in any modern language**- ✅ **Multiple editions cross-referenced**: Enables textual criticism- ✅ **Bilingual access**: Chinese-English parallel (most texts)

**What This Translation Is Not**:- ❌ **Polished literary edition**: AI errors, skipped segments- ❌ **Authoritative doctrinal guide**: Requires qualified teacher interpretation- ❌ **Complete collection**: Ngawang Yonten Zangpo excluded (copyright)

**User Advisory**:- **Scholarly work**: Verify against Tibetan sources- **Practice guidance**: Consult Jonang lamas for empowerments and instructions- **Personal study**: Compare C3.7 vs. G2.0 versions for clarity- **Copyright respect**: Contact project for private access to Ngawang Yonten Zangpo texts

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## Technical Specifications

- **Total size**: ~15 million characters (Chinese, excluding Ngawang Yonten Zangpo)- **English parallel**: ~8 million words (G2.0 versions)- **Text count**: ~1,560 treatises (82 volumes)- **File formats**: Plain text (.txt), Markdown (.md), compressed archives (.7z)- **Encoding**: UTF-8- **Metadata**: Tibetan source, author, volume/text numbers, translation model

**File Naming Convention**:- Format: `[Author_ID][Text_Number]_[Title].[Model].txt`- Example: `taranatha0505_印度佛教史.c3.5s.txt` (Tāranātha, text 505, Claude 3.5 Sonnet)- Models: `c3.5s` (Claude 3.5), `c3.7s` (Claude 3.7), `g2.0` (Gemini 2.0)

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## Ngawang Yonten Zangpo: The Excluded Collection

### **Why Excluded**

**Legal Status**:- **Lifespan**: 1928-2002 (died 22 years ago)- **Copyright expires**: 2052 (50 years post-mortem, PRC law)- **Unclear public domain status**: Adarsha source attribution ambiguous- **Cannot obtain permission**: Copyright holder contact unknown

**Editorial Decision**:> "I possess the red hardcover printed edition of Throne-Holder Yondên's works. Given his immense contributions during his lifetime, I could not bear to leave his writings untranslated. They were indeed processed by AI, but temporarily removed from the Jonang Collected Works public release."

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### **How to Access**

**Private Distribution**:1. Visit project forum: http://www.xinwenwuzhe.com/2. Leave email address in designated thread3. Receive files as "personal reference materials" (私人参考)

**Legal Disclaimer**:- **Not commercial distribution**: Free provision for academic/practice use- **Recipient responsibility**: Users assume legal liability for use- **Future resolution**: May be publicly released in 2052 or if heirs grant permission

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### **About Ngawang Yonten Zangpo**

**Life and Work**:- **Jonang throne-holder** (觉囊总法台): Supreme authority of modern Jonang school- **1990s critical edition**: Supervised woodblock printing at Dzamthang Tsangwa Monastery (藏哇寺清净法佛学院)- **Scholarly rigor**: Cross-referenced all available Jonang manuscripts- **Legacy**: Revived Jonang scholarship after Cultural Revolution

**Works (8 volumes, ~100 texts)**:- Kālacakra commentaries- Zhentong philosophical treatises- Liturgical manuals- Historical supplements to Tāranātha

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## Historical Significance

### **First Complete Jonang Corpus in Modern Language**

**Previous Accessibility**:- **English**: ~5-10 texts (e.g., Cyrus Stearns' *Mountain Doctrine* translation)- **Chinese**: Tāranātha's *History of Buddhism in India* + *Praise Recitation Collection* (多氏念诵集)- **Coverage**: <5% of total Jonang literature

**This Volume's Contribution**:- **~95% previously untranslated** into any modern language- **Enables comparative study**: Jonang vs. Gelug, Sakya, Kagyu, Nyingma- **Rescues marginalized tradition**: Jonang was nearly lost to history

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### **Relevance to Global Buddhism**

**Chinese Buddhism**:- **Tathāgatagarbha mainstream**: Jonang view aligns with *Awakening of Faith*, *Śrīmālā Sūtra*- **Huayan resonance**: "Buddha-nature as positive reality" parallels Fazang's philosophy- **Modern revival**: Post-1980s interest in  Tibetan schools

**Western Buddhism**:

- **Practice applications**: Kālacakra and Six-Branch Yoga increasingly taught- **Interfaith dialogue**: Jonang view bridges Mahāyāna-Vajrayāna divide

**Tibetan Buddhism**:- **Nyingma parallels**: Dzogchen and zhentong share "luminous awareness" emphasis- **Kagyu connections**: Mahāmudrā and Kālacakra cross-fertilization

 

 
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## 中文说明

### 关于觉囊派

**觉囊派**(Jo nang pa)是藏传佛教独特学派,创建于**宋代**(11世纪),创始人为**裕莫·弥觉多杰**。

**核心教义**:1. **如来藏见**:一切众生本具佛性2. **他空见**(zhentong):究竟实相非空,仅"空他"(离垢)3. **时轮金刚**:六支瑜伽等高级实修

### 历史沿革

**黄金时代**(11-17世纪):- 笃布巴(1292-1361):系统化他空见- 多罗那他(1575-1634):史学家、最后一位丹珠尔非语法类翻译者

(17世纪):- 1658年:强制改宗- 原因:支持当时藏王+教义(他空见争议)

**隐遁与复兴**:- 逃往四川阿坝州(安多地区)- 1980年代后复兴- 原觉囊寺(日喀则)收回

### 本卷特点

**规模**:- 82函,约1560篇- 约1500万汉字(已公开部分)- **未公开**:阿旺云登桑布全集(8函,约100万字,版权至2052年)

**版本**:- 主源:古文新映(Adarsha,1990年代电子善本)- 补充:胜义图书馆、噶隆寺版本- 多罗那他全集:四种版本交叉验证

**翻译模型**:- **C3.7(Claude 3.7)**:中文单语- **G2.0(Gemini 2.0)**:中英双语- 意外惊喜:G2.0在2025年2月6日自动生成双语

### 版权说明

**阿旺云登桑布全集(未公开)**:- **版权有效期**:2052年(逝世50年)- **获取方式**:  1. 访问心闻无遮论坛(http://www.xinwenwuzhe.com/)  2. 留下电子邮件  3. 私人参考用途免费发送

### 推荐阅读顺序

**入门**:1. 博东·却勒南杰:《深道初善引导文》2. 贡噶耶喜嘉措:《无上大乘广大中观决择释注疏》(解释"大中观"术语来源)

**进阶**:- 《善逝藏性》(本卷)- 《经幻心注疏》(第11卷)- 多罗那他:语言学论著(taranatha0505等)

### 历史意义

**首次完整现代语言版本**:- 此前英译:5-10篇(<5%)- 此前汉译:《印度佛教史》+《多氏念诵集》- 本卷:95%+此前未译

**对全球佛教的意义**:- **汉传佛教**:他空见与《大乘起信论》呼应

### 质量说明

**优点**:- 多版本交叉验证- 中英双语(大部分)- 首次完整集

**局限**:- AI错误、跳译- 部分G2.0精度倒退- 需读者自行用AI补缺

**使用建议**:- 学术研究:核对藏文原文- 对照阅读:C3.7 vs. G2.0

### 引用格式