DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2601h
title: Data from: Inference of facultative mobility in the enigmatic Ediacaran organism Parvancorina

description: Establishing how Ediacaran organisms moved and fed is critical to
 deciphering their ecological and evolutionary significance, but has long
 been confounded by their non-analogue body plans. Here, we use
 computational fluid dynamics to quantitatively analyze water flow around
 the Ediacaran taxon Parvancorina, thereby testing between competing models
 for feeding mode and mobility. The results show that flow was not
 distributed evenly across the organism, but was directed towards localized
 areas; this allows us to reject osmotrophy, and instead supports either
 suspension feeding or detritivory. Moreover, the patterns of recirculating
 flow differ substantially with orientation to the current, suggesting that
 if Parvancorina was a suspension feeder, it would have been most efficient
 if it was able to re-orient itself with respect to current direction, and
 thus ensure flow was directed towards feeding structures. Our simulations
 also demonstrate that the amount of drag varied with orientation,
 indicating that Parvancorina would have greatly benefited from adjusting
 its position to minimize drag. Inference of facultative mobility in
 Parvancorina suggests that Ediacaran benthic ecosystems might have
 possessed a higher proportion of mobile taxa than currently appreciated
 from trace fossil studies. Furthermore, this inference of movement
 suggests the presence of musculature or appendages which aren’t preserved
 in fossils, supporting a bilaterian affinity for Parvancorina.
description: 3-D model of
 Parvancorina minchami from South Australia in STL formatA freely-available
 reconstruction of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia in dorsal
 view
 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvancorina#/media/File:Parvancorina_species.png) was imported into the open-source 3-D creation program Blender (http://www.blender.org) and used as a reference to guide box modelling of the shield-shaped base. The file was exported from Blender in STL format and converted into a non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) surface (IGES format) in Geomagic Studio 2012 (http://www.geomagic.com). This IGES format file was then imported into the commercial simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics (https://uk.comsol.com/), where the raised T-shaped ridge was digitally modelled with a half torus, a cylinder, and three spheres. The final model was exported from COMSOL in STL format.P_minchami_Australia.stl3-D model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia in STL formatA freely-available reconstruction of Parvancorina minchami from Russia in dorsal view (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvancorina#/media/File:Parvancorina_species.png) was imported into the open-source 3-D creation program Blender (http://www.blender.org) and used as a reference to guide box modelling of the shield-shaped base. The file was exported from Blender in STL format and converted into a non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) surface (IGES format) in Geomagic Studio 2012 (http://www.geomagic.com). This IGES format file was then imported into the commercial simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics (https://uk.comsol.com/), where the raised T-shaped ridge was digitally modelled with a half torus, a cylinder, and three spheres. The final model was exported from COMSOL in STL format.P_minchami_White_Sea.stl3-D model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia in STL formatA freely-available reconstruction of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia in dorsal view (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvancorina#/media/File:Parvancorina_species.png) was imported into the open-source 3-D creation program Blender (http://www.blender.org) and used as a reference to guide box modelling of the shield-shaped base. The file was exported from Blender in STL format and converted into a non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) surface (IGES format) in Geomagic Studio 2012 (http://www.geomagic.com). This IGES format file was then imported into the commercial simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics (https://uk.comsol.com/), where the raised T-shaped ridge was digitally modelled with a half torus, a cylinder, and three spheres. The final model was exported from COMSOL in STL format.P_sagitta.stlCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, original relief, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with original relief was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.00xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, original relief, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with original relief was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.00xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, original relief, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with original relief was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.00xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.15xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.15xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.15xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.30xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.30xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.30xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for null model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A null model of Parvancorina minchami from South Australia was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_Australia_1.00xRelief_0degrees_NULL.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, original relief, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with original relief was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.00xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, original relief, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with original relief was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.00xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, original relief, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with original relief was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.00xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.15xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.15xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.15xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.30xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.30xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina minchami from Russia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.30xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for null model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A null model of Parvancorina minchami from Russia was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_minchami_White_Sea_1.00xRelief_0degrees_NULL.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, original relief, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with original relief was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.00xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, original relief, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with original relief was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.00xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, original relief, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with original relief was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.00xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.15xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.15xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, relief increased by 15%, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with relief increased by 15% was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.15xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 0° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 0° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.30xRelief_0degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 90° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 90° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.30xRelief_90degrees.mphCFD simulation file for Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, relief increased by 30%, oriented at 180° to the current, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia with relief increased by 30% was oriented at 180° to the current and was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.30xRelief_180degrees.mphCFD simulation file for null model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia, MPH formatComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of water flow were performed in COMSOL. A null model of Parvancorina sagitta from Russia was fixed to the lower surface of a half-cylinder. Three-dimensional, incompressible flow of water was simulated with a normal inflow velocity inlet at the upstream end of the half-cylinder and a zero-pressure outlet at the downstream end. Slip boundary conditions were assigned to the top and sides of the half-cylinder, and no-slip boundary conditions were assigned to the Parvancorina model and the lower surface of the half-cylinder. The domain was meshed using free tetrahedral elements and the shear stress transport turbulence model was used to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. A stationary solver was used to compute the steady-state flow patterns. Simulations were performed with an inlet velocity of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 m/s.P_sagitta_1.00xRelief_0degrees_NULL.mph