cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30909329
title: Supplementary Material for: Molecular Characterization of MECOM Rearrangements in Two Cases with Myelodysplastic Syndrome and t(2;3)(p23;q26.2)

description: Introduction
MECOM rearrangements are frequently observed in myeloid neoplasms and associated with poor prognosis. Among the genomic alterations leading to MECOM rearrangements, t(2;3)(p13~p25;q26.2) accounts for approximately 13% of reported cases. However, the precise DNA breakpoints of this translocation have not been previously reported, nor has the mechanism by which it alters MECOM expression been fully elucidated. In this report, we describe two cases with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and t(2;3)(p23;q26.2). Our genomic characterization of these two t(2;3) translocations provided insights into the molecular mechanism of MECOM activation.
Case Presentation
Case 1 is a 44-year-old female presented with new anemia and thrombocytopenia. She was treated with azacitidine. After two allogeneic stem cell transplants, her disease relapsed with rapid progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patient passed away one year after progression to AML and eight years after initial diagnosis. Case 2 is a 75-year-old female who was incidentally found to have macrocytic anemia with rare circulating blasts. She remained asymptomatic from anemia and did not require transfusions or treatment. Her disease progressed to MDS with excess blasts three years later. Patient was treated with azacitidine. Fifteen months later, her disease further progressed to AML. She passed away five months later and four and a half years after initial diagnosis. DNA sequencing analysis of these two cases revealed that the t(2;3)(p23;q26.2) breakpoints were within the regulatory regions of ZFP36L2 and THADA on chromosome 2 and the proximity of MECOM on chromosome 3, creating a novel regulatory configuration for MECOM. Notably, the translocation breakpoints differed by 270 kb on chromosome 2 and 93 kb on chromosome 3, resulting in distinct translocated regulatory elements with varying sizes and proximities to MECOM. These structural differences may influence the level of MECOM upregulation and contribute to variation in disease severity and progression. 
Conclusion
Our findings highlighted that, despite cytogenetic similarity, different t(2;3) translocations may exert distinct regulatory effects depending on the precise breakpoint locations. Thus, molecular characterization of MECOM rearrangements is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and prognosis in myeloid neoplasms and may lead to the development of novel treatment.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30909329.v1
title: Supplementary Material for: Molecular Characterization of MECOM Rearrangements in Two Cases with Myelodysplastic Syndrome and t(2;3)(p23;q26.2)

description: Introduction
MECOM rearrangements are frequently observed in myeloid neoplasms and associated with poor prognosis. Among the genomic alterations leading to MECOM rearrangements, t(2;3)(p13~p25;q26.2) accounts for approximately 13% of reported cases. However, the precise DNA breakpoints of this translocation have not been previously reported, nor has the mechanism by which it alters MECOM expression been fully elucidated. In this report, we describe two cases with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and t(2;3)(p23;q26.2). Our genomic characterization of these two t(2;3) translocations provided insights into the molecular mechanism of MECOM activation.
Case Presentation
Case 1 is a 44-year-old female presented with new anemia and thrombocytopenia. She was treated with azacitidine. After two allogeneic stem cell transplants, her disease relapsed with rapid progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patient passed away one year after progression to AML and eight years after initial diagnosis. Case 2 is a 75-year-old female who was incidentally found to have macrocytic anemia with rare circulating blasts. She remained asymptomatic from anemia and did not require transfusions or treatment. Her disease progressed to MDS with excess blasts three years later. Patient was treated with azacitidine. Fifteen months later, her disease further progressed to AML. She passed away five months later and four and a half years after initial diagnosis. DNA sequencing analysis of these two cases revealed that the t(2;3)(p23;q26.2) breakpoints were within the regulatory regions of ZFP36L2 and THADA on chromosome 2 and the proximity of MECOM on chromosome 3, creating a novel regulatory configuration for MECOM. Notably, the translocation breakpoints differed by 270 kb on chromosome 2 and 93 kb on chromosome 3, resulting in distinct translocated regulatory elements with varying sizes and proximities to MECOM. These structural differences may influence the level of MECOM upregulation and contribute to variation in disease severity and progression. 
Conclusion
Our findings highlighted that, despite cytogenetic similarity, different t(2;3) translocations may exert distinct regulatory effects depending on the precise breakpoint locations. Thus, molecular characterization of MECOM rearrangements is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and prognosis in myeloid neoplasms and may lead to the development of novel treatment.
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/guzhld
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_076.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/13
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/dsnryl
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_002.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/a0k59w
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_052.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/13
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30909335
title: Supplementary Material for: A Rare Case of Recurrent Sarcoma Presenting as an Anterior Mediastinal Mass - Case Report

description: Introduction: 
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a heterogenous group of mesenchymal neoplasms that frequently arise in the extremities. In cases of disease recurrence, the lungs are the most commonly affected site. We report a rare case of a previously treated lower extremity STS with subsequent delayed recurrence in the anterior mediastinum, an uncommon site for distant metastasis. 

Case Presentation: 
Our patient was a 64-year-old woman with a history of a left medial thigh pleomorphic/spindle cell sarcoma previously treated with wide local excision and adjuvant radiation therapy in 2013. She presented in 2025 with a 2-month history of non-productive cough and 1 day of left lower extremity swelling. CT chest revealed an 18.7 cm heterogeneous anterior mediastinal mass, and tissue sampling was consistent with recurrence of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma with spindle cell features. She subsequently underwent surgical resection of the mediastinal mass. Due to positive margins, adjuvant radiation therapy is currently being considered. 

Conclusion: 
This case highlights an atypical pattern of late recurrence of spindle cell sarcoma to the mediastinum – an uncommon site for metastatic spread – occurring 12 years following initial treatment. It underscores the potential need to re-evaluate current surveillance recommendations beyond the standard 5-year period. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of investigating possible alternative mechanisms underlying STS recurrence.
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/qbhswi
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_081.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/21
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/thx8jc
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_090.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/xiwnsz
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_071.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/18
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/1zae2d
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_117.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/30
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30909335.v1
title: Supplementary Material for: A Rare Case of Recurrent Sarcoma Presenting as an Anterior Mediastinal Mass - Case Report

description: Introduction: 
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a heterogenous group of mesenchymal neoplasms that frequently arise in the extremities. In cases of disease recurrence, the lungs are the most commonly affected site. We report a rare case of a previously treated lower extremity STS with subsequent delayed recurrence in the anterior mediastinum, an uncommon site for distant metastasis. 

Case Presentation: 
Our patient was a 64-year-old woman with a history of a left medial thigh pleomorphic/spindle cell sarcoma previously treated with wide local excision and adjuvant radiation therapy in 2013. She presented in 2025 with a 2-month history of non-productive cough and 1 day of left lower extremity swelling. CT chest revealed an 18.7 cm heterogeneous anterior mediastinal mass, and tissue sampling was consistent with recurrence of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma with spindle cell features. She subsequently underwent surgical resection of the mediastinal mass. Due to positive margins, adjuvant radiation therapy is currently being considered. 

Conclusion: 
This case highlights an atypical pattern of late recurrence of spindle cell sarcoma to the mediastinum – an uncommon site for metastatic spread – occurring 12 years following initial treatment. It underscores the potential need to re-evaluate current surveillance recommendations beyond the standard 5-year period. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of investigating possible alternative mechanisms underlying STS recurrence.
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/ouozzp
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_053.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/nvkpdt
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_081.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/hszzrn
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_091.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/16
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/nnd3lm
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_077.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/13
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/bmxdfz
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_003.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/yo0uaw
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_118.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/30
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/u4y58n
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_082.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/21
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/ucryth
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_072.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/18
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/iecs6v
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_078.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/13
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/tbbqjl
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_054.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/eiquhf
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_082.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/8xjp47
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_092.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/16
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/rgvhjo
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_073.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/19
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/rnxhck
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_119.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/30
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/kf9zhi
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_083.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/21
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/gwjzkq
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_004.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/xbktke
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_083.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/qnrscb
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_079.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/7vxdf9
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_055.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/od8p4z
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_120.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/30
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/h46jxi
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_093.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/16
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/tvcff5
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_074.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/19
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/4nmjnv
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_005.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/lqogt7
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_084.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/ttpxcc
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_084.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/21
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/azeh3l
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_056.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/33itvd
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_121.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/31
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/wayfab
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_075.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/19
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/hdenry
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_080.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/spe18i
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_006.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/27hgxz
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_094.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/16
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/2d0vgu
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_057.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/0z5nkd
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_085.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/k2lvda
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_085.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/22
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/1udlbl
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_122.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/31
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/spgdyc
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_095.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/16
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/rri8b3
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_076.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/19
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/ybg7nt
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_081.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/iz1iil
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_007.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/a8nvxv
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_058.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/uktems
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_086.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/3rrws3
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_086.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/22
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/qxhmpo
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_077.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/20
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/onjm7j
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_082.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/3hsgsj
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_123.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/31
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30909338
title: Supplementary Material for: Global, Regional, and National Disparities in the Burden of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 1990–2021

description: Background: Driven by population ageing, the burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD) continues to rise. A comprehensive assessment of the ADOD burden at global, regional, and national levels is critical for public health. Methods: Based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we assessed the ADOD burden. Temporal trends were analysed using Joinpoint regression; inequalities among countries were evaluated via Lorenz curves; and future trends were projected employing an age-period-cohort model. Results: In 2021, the age-standardised rates for ADOD were 694.01 (95% uncertainty intervals [UI]: 602.88 to 794.08) for prevalence, 119.76 (95% UI: 104.96 to 135.89) for incidence, and 481.70 (95% UI: 228.79 to 1023.96) for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Females exhibited a higher ADOD burden than males across all age groups, with an age-standardised prevalence rate of 769.94 (95% UI: 670.71–877.57) in females compared to 589.47 (95% UI: 507.48–678.79) in males. The slope inequality index of crude DALY rate increased from 315.23 (95% CI: 310.43 to 437.87) in 1990 to 758.29 (95% CI: 692.48 to 908.29) in 2021 at the country level. The Lorenz curves for the crude DALY rate of ADOD in 1990 and 2021 lay below the equality line, indicating a higher burden among countries and territories with higher socio-demographic index (SDI) ranking. By 2046, global prevalence is projected to reach 124.89 million, a 119.67% increase from 2021. Conclusion: The ADOD burden has increased globally, with significant regional disparities. Urgent action is required to prevent ADOD, especially among females and in high-SDI regions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30909338.v1
title: Supplementary Material for: Global, Regional, and National Disparities in the Burden of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 1990–2021

description: Background: Driven by population ageing, the burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD) continues to rise. A comprehensive assessment of the ADOD burden at global, regional, and national levels is critical for public health. Methods: Based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we assessed the ADOD burden. Temporal trends were analysed using Joinpoint regression; inequalities among countries were evaluated via Lorenz curves; and future trends were projected employing an age-period-cohort model. Results: In 2021, the age-standardised rates for ADOD were 694.01 (95% uncertainty intervals [UI]: 602.88 to 794.08) for prevalence, 119.76 (95% UI: 104.96 to 135.89) for incidence, and 481.70 (95% UI: 228.79 to 1023.96) for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Females exhibited a higher ADOD burden than males across all age groups, with an age-standardised prevalence rate of 769.94 (95% UI: 670.71–877.57) in females compared to 589.47 (95% UI: 507.48–678.79) in males. The slope inequality index of crude DALY rate increased from 315.23 (95% CI: 310.43 to 437.87) in 1990 to 758.29 (95% CI: 692.48 to 908.29) in 2021 at the country level. The Lorenz curves for the crude DALY rate of ADOD in 1990 and 2021 lay below the equality line, indicating a higher burden among countries and territories with higher socio-demographic index (SDI) ranking. By 2046, global prevalence is projected to reach 124.89 million, a 119.67% increase from 2021. Conclusion: The ADOD burden has increased globally, with significant regional disparities. Urgent action is required to prevent ADOD, especially among females and in high-SDI regions.
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/owe2dp
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_096.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/16
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/boktvj
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_059.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/15
DOI: 10.15468/dl.n9a9mf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 97 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Spisula sachalinensis, Mactra dunkeri, Mactra luedorfii, Mactra sachalinensis, Mactra sachalinensis imperialis, Mactra sibyllae, Pseudocardium sibyllae, Spisula sibyllae, Trigonella straminea)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Observation, Machine Observation, Human Observation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1950"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 97 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0057708-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/s1b6p6
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_087.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/22
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/gwu4uu
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_008.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/q3rlwp
title: Agosto_1900_Pagina_124.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/08/31
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/aqp9ny
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_087.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cgo8lw/kvivat
title: Agosto_1914_Pagina_097.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1914/08/17
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/kmt7gh
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_078.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/20
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/jmxiwj
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_083.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/tdflym/398kep
title: Aprile_1899_Pagina_060.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1899/04/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zvkzj5/plmuub
title: Agosto_1918_Pagina_088.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1918/08/15
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cea2oy/ouzlfk
title: Aprile_1888_Pagina_088.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1888/04/22
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/pddrps/ikeded
title: Agosto_1937_Pagina_009.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1937/08/01
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/cmir61/xye61x
title: Aprile_1897_Pagina_079.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1897/04/20
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/i5awbn/kdgai9
title: Agosto_1920_Pagina_084.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1920/08/14
DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/zbysir/6yyjfl
title: Aprile_1900_Pagina_001.jpg

description: Bulletin of 1900/04/01
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30909344
title: Supplementary Material for: Inhalation of N-chlorotaurine is an effective treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia in mice

description: Introduction: N-chlorotaurine (NCT), a long-lived oxidant of human granulocytes, can be used topically as anti-infective in different body regions. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the efficacy and tolerability of inhaled NCT in a mouse model of Aspergillus fumigatus pneumonia. 
Methods: Specific pathogen-free female C57BL/6JRj mice were immune-suppressed with cyclophosphamide or cortisone acetate. After 7 days, they were inoculated intranasally with 6.5 x 10E6 spores of A. fumigatus. Treatment with aerosolized (&lt; 5 µm) aqueous 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% NCT solution or 0.9% sodium chloride as placebo three times daily for 10 min was started one hour after inoculation and ended after 14-16 days. Prophylactic treatment exclusively for two days before infection was investigated additionally. Main parameters of evaluation were survival and fungal load in the lung homogenate, secondary ones clinical (body weight, organ weights, body temperature) and blood inflammation parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, and histology of organs. 
Results: Pneumonia occurred in all mice, but the survival was much higher in animals treated with NCT compared to placebo. In placebo groups, 8/9 mice observed for 15 days died from the infection during this time, while 0/9 to 1/9 died in groups treated with 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% NCT (p &lt; 0.01 for each concentration versus saline). There was no difference between the two ways of immune-suppression. With 0.1% NCT, 4/9 mice died (p = 0.029 versus 0.% and 2.0% NCT; p = 0.0035 versus control). The fungal load came to 5.28 log10 (4.46; 5.70; median, quartiles) colony-forming units per ml lung homogenate in the control group and to 1.3 log10 (median; maximum 2.45) in the 1% NCT group in mice immune-suppressed with cyclophosphamide (p = 0.0004). Values were similar in cortisone groups (p = 0.0023). Of note, the prophylactic inhalations with 1% NCT were equally effective. Loss of body weight was significantly higher in the control animals compared to the test ones. Organ weights of the lung, brain, and kidney were significantly higher in the control groups than in the test groups, while the opposite was found for the spleen weight with more lymphatic hyperplasia in the test animals. Mice treated with 2.0% NCT had a breath sound for a few minutes after inhalation, but no further hints for incompatibility or discomfort could be detected. 
Conclusion: Early treatment with inhaled NCT as well as prophylactic treatment demonstrated a highly significant beneficial efficacy in Aspergillus pneumonia. A concentration around 1% NCT appears to be optimal taking into account both tolerability and efficacy, which is in agreement with previous studies and case experiences in humans. Inhalation with NCT as an antiseptic and anti-infective product of granulocytes is highly promising in infections of the lower airways and should be further developed to achieve drug approval.