cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80301
title: Agricultural land at Livingstonia, Malawi, ca.1903

description: “Institution wheat-field at Vunguvungu.” Landscape view of cultivated land. ❧ Livingstonia mission station was established in 1891 by Dr Robert Laws (1851-1934) when he travelled north from Bandawe to set up a Training Institution and Industrial Mission. It was situated four miles from Lake Nyasa at Khondowe. As well as the school, hospital and accommodation, there were workshops for carpentry, printing and engineering, and mills, brickworks and a pottery. The Overtoun Institution was named after John Campbell White, Baron of Overtoun (1843-1908) who was a Convener of the Livingstonia Mission and a major financial contributor. ❧ Album containing photographs recording a voyage up the Shire River and scenes from the Livingstonia mission.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80195
title: Original District Church of Ngumbe, Blantyre, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "A District Church, Ngumbe. Original church made of mud and wattle." Exterior view of a district church. In the interior of churches such as this example, the mud floor would have been covered with grass mats and storage boxes would have served as an altar and for pews.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80078
title: Boy carrying laundry, Blantyre, Malawi, ca.1910

description: "Carrying clothes from Laundry." Portrait of a boy, facing to the left of the image, with a large woven rectangular basket on his head. He is standing on a path in front of bushes and there is a building to the far right.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80267
title: Mission station, Malawi, ca.1895

description: Exterior view of a waddle and mud building with thatched roof, a European man sits in a deck chair with a dog at his side. This image could possibly record scenes from the early years of the Overtoun Institution at Kondowe, also know as Livingstonia. ❧ Album containing photographs recording a voyage up the Shire River and scenes from the Livingstonia mission.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80130
title: Group portrait, Blantyre, Malawi, July 1906

description: "Miss Hamilton, Miss Lorimer, Miss Lange." Group portrait showing three British women outside a brick building. Two are seated with Miss Lorimer dressed in a nurses uniform, standing between the seats behind them. There is a straw hat on the ground to the right of the image.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80256
title: Drying bricks, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "Laying the bricks out to dry. Brickmaking." Group portrait of young boys assisting in the process of baking bricks in the sun, with the brick moulder at work in the background. A brick tilery was first built in Blantyre in 1882, and work began training African men to become bricklayers. Blantyre, Nyasaland [Malawi] was an industrial mission which developed skills such as carpentry and bricklaying, and bricks were necessary to construct the many mission buildings, including the renowned St Michael and All Angels church.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80302
title: Coffee crops, Livingstonia, Malawi, ca.1903

description: “Coffee-field at the Institution.” Exterior view of two indigenous workers in a field of coffee plants. ❧ Livingstonia mission station was established in 1891 by Dr Robert Laws (1851-1934) when he travelled north from Bandawe to set up a Training Institution and Industrial Mission. It was situated four miles from Lake Nyasa at Khondowe. As well as the school, hospital and accommodation, there were workshops for carpentry, printing and engineering, and mills, brickworks and a pottery. The Overtoun Institution was named after John Campbell White, Baron of Overtoun (1843-1908) who was a Convener of the Livingstonia Mission and a major financial contributor. A number of attempts were made to grow cash crops at the Institution. ❧ Album containing photographs recording a voyage up the Shire River and scenes from the Livingstonia mission.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80161
title: Rev. Alexander Hetherwick, Blantyre Mission, Malawi, ca.1926

description: “Dr. Hetherwick.” Portrait of Rev. Hetherwick (1860-1939). A graduate of Aberdeen University, Hetherwick founded the Domasi Mission, situated near Mount Zomba, in 1884. The station was centred on medical work and trained girls in industrial and domestic work. Hetherwick was an accomplished linguist and translated the New Testament in to the Yao language and wrote manuals on the Yao and Nyanja languages. He was also the leader of the Blantyre Mission during the Chilembwe Rising of 1915, when African Christians revolted against colonial rule. The Blantyre Mission itself came under criticism because 84 of the 'rebels' were baptised members of the Mission. Hetherwick gave evidence at a Commission of Inquiry into the rebellion to defend the Mission's educative work. In 1908 he was appointed to represent the 'natives' on the Legislative Council of Nyasaland, a forum whereby missionaries could bring African concerns to the attention of the British rulers. ❧ He was also one of the founders of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCPA), an ecclesiastically autonomous organisation made up of the congregations that had developed under the auspices of the Blantyre Mission. He retired in 1927 and died in 1939.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80238
title: Brick-making: M'Lange and district, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "M'Lange and District. Brickmaking. The Moulder and boys." Group portrait of young boys helping a workman outdoors. Most people in the M’Lange [Mulanje] district had moved there from the Zomba region or Mozambique. The original site of the mission, established by Robert Cleland, was near the village of chief Chikumbu. Endemic tribal warfare resulted in re-location and the site of the 'new' mission station at Linje was chosen by Rev David Clement Scott in 1891.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80280
title: School avenue, Livingstonia, Malawi, ca.1903

description: “School avenue, north side.” Exterior view looking down a tree lined road. Livingstonia mission station was established in 1891 by Dr Robert Laws (1851-1934) when he travelled north from Bandawe to set up a Training Institution and Industrial Mission. It was situated four miles from Lake Nyasa at Khondowe. ❧ Album containing photographs recording a voyage up the Shire River and scenes from the Livingstonia mission.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79439
title: City fortification, Shenyang, 1909

description: “On top of the Moukden [Shenyang] city wall” A man and a boy stand in front of the damaged city wall. Manchuria, during this period, suffered some of the worst of the military campaigns and political unrest in China and a number of cities were attacked and set under siege. ❧ Moukden became an important station in the interior and Hospitals, Schools and Orphanages were built there. The United Presbyterian Mission unified with the Irish Presbyterian Mission in 1890 to form an indigenous Presbytery, named Kuan Tung, with Chinese as the official language.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79530
title: Teachers and young students by schoolhouse, Tanna, ca.1890

description: “Schoolhouse at Ikurupu, Tanna.” Group portrait of local men, women, and children in front of a small thatched school. Four men stand and the rest of the group, young students wearing white head coverings, are seated to the left.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79881
title: Woman and child, Futuna, Vanuatu, ca.1900

description: “Native of Futuna showing how children are carried.” Portrait of a woman carrying an older child in a sling.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79576
title: Graves on Erromango, Vanuatu, 1903

description: “Graves of martyred, Mr & Mrs Gordon to left, and Mr McNair (died of fever to). A stone now marks the grave of Gordons.” George N. Gordon (1822-1861) was a Presbyterian Canadian missionary who arrived on the coast of Eromanga in 1857. In 1861 sandalwood traders intentionally exposed the natives to measles. Two children of one of the island's chiefs had died in Gordon’s care. Blaming him for their deaths, the chief and a group of warriors killed both George and his wife, Ellen, in 1861. The Reverend James McNair died at Dillon’s Bay, 1870.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79529
title: Teachers and students by schoolhouse, Tanna, ca.1890

description: “Schoolhouse at Isumu, Tanna.” Group portrait of local men and women wearing cloth shirts, head coverings, and grass skirts, in front of a small thatched school. Three men, perhaps the teachers, stand and the rest of the group are seated to the left.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79517
title: Church and worshippers, Nguna, ca. 1890

description: “Church on Nguna, built by Rev. Peter Milne.” External view of two-storey church with thatched roof and pointed arch windows and doors. The people depicted consist mainly of indigenous women wearing long patterned cloth dresses. On the left, presumably, is Peter Milne with his family. Milne (1834-1924) was born in Aberdeen. A Licentiate of the Free Church of Scotland, he was ordained as a Missionary to the New Hebrides [Vanuatu] in Edinburgh in 1868. Marrying Mary Jane Veitch in the same year, they departed for the Islands in 1869, settling on Nguna Island in 1870. The first baptism was performed in 1880 and the island was nominally Christian by 1896. After the death of his wife in 1908, Milne continued to live on Nguna where he died in 1924 aged 90.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79506
title: Missionary’s wife, ca.1861

description: “The late Mrs. Inglis.” Studio portrait of Jessie Inglis, wife of the missionary John Inglis (1808-1891), who worked from Aname which was on the opposite side of the island from John Geddie of Nova Scotia. Geddie pioneered the Aneityum [Anatom] mission station in 1848 and over a hundred converts were made by 1853. John Inglis and his wife joined him in 1853, commissioned by the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland. John Inglis’s In the New Hebrides: Reminiscences of Missionary Life and Work was published in 1887. Jessie Inglis predeceased her husband who died in 1891.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79523
title: Mission house and church, Tanna, ca.1890

description: “Gable view of Mission House and Church – Kwamera, Tanna. Rev. W. Watt’s.” External view of clapboard house and adjoining church, surrounded by palm trees and a picket fence. The buildings appear to have metal sheet roofs. William Watt, a Theological student of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland, was appointed a missionary in 1866. Watt and his wife Agnes arrived on the Islands in 1868 and commenced work on Tanna. In 1880, he baptized two men and four women with five more in 1884. His wife died in 1894 and he stayed on Tanna until 1910. Her autobiographical Twenty-Five Years' Mission Life on Tanna, New Hebrides was published in Paisley, 1896.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79895
title: Futuna coast, Vanuatu, ca.1900

description: “North Coast of Futuna, tide out, coral reef left bare.” Landscape view of the coast of Funtuna. The island is formed like a hat, the largest of its kind in the group, with terraces of coral and volcanic rock.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79584
title: Indigenous girls, Futuna, Vanuatu, 1899

description: “Girls trained in mission house 1899.” Group portrait of young girls in western dress. Mrs Gunn ran sewing classes for girls where they learned to make their own clothes.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79582
title: Waterfall, Anatom, Vanuatu, ca.1900

description: “Gunn’s waterfall Aneityum, 130-140 ft high, discovered by Dr Gunn July 1899.” Landscape view of a waterfall on Aneityum [Anatom].
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79520
title: Large gathering, Tanna, ca.1890

description: “Heathen feast at Weasisi [Waesisi], Tanna - long feathers in hair.” Exterior view showing a local gathering for a ritual feast. To the left stand mainly female onlookers wearing long skirts made from banana or pandan leaves. Among these is apparently a male missionary. They surround the group of men in the centre who wear ‘nambas’ (a traditional penis sheath from the New Hebrides [Vanuatu]) and long feather headdresses.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79556
title: Man with infant, Anatom, ca.1890

description: “Ruined Hut - overgrown with native bean in flower.” Exterior view of a plant-covered sloping roof. A man stands near the entrance with an infant tied to his back.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79507
title: Portrait of John Inglis, Vanuatu, ca.1861

description: “Rev. John Inglis D. D.” Studio portrait of the missionary John Inglis (1808-1891), who worked from Aname which was on the opposite side of the island from John Geddie of Nova Scotia. Geddie pioneered the Aneityum [Anatom] mission station in 1848 and over a hundred converts were made by 1853. John Inglis and his wife joined him in 1853, commissioned by the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland. In the New Hebrides: Reminiscences of Missionary Life and Work was published in 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79555
title: Pandanus tree, Anatom, ca.1890

description: “Many-rooted Pandanus tree. The leaves used for making carpets, the tough leaves for making women’s skirts.” View of trees with prop roots, in front of which stand two men in turbans, one holding the fruit of the tree. Pandanus is a fruiting plant found in China, India, South East Asia, and Oceania where almost every part of the plant is used for housing, clothing and textiles, food, medication, decorative handicrafts, fishing, and religious uses.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79500
title: Missionary and congregation in front of mission church, Éfaté, ca.1890

description: “Efate [Éfaté] (or Sandwich Island) - Part of the native congregation, in front of the Mission Church, with Mr. MacKenzie, the missionary, in the centre.” Group portrait of John William MacKenzie in the centre of 14 other worshippers. Two of these may not be indigenous. They are all seated in front of the thatched mission church. John William MacKenzie of Nova Scotia, and his wife, Amanda, came to the New Hebrides [Vanuatu] in 1872. In 1893, a ship, the Empreza, came through the islands bringing viral dysentery which had devastating effects on the local populations. Amanda MacKenzie, became ill and died in 1893. He remained in Vanuatu and married a second time. MacKenzie was a missionary in Vanuatu from 1872 to 1912 and died after retiring to Australia in 1914. Captain James Cook named Éfaté after the patron of his voyage, Lord Sandwich, but the indigenous named eventually prevailed.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79533
title: Crew of wrecked schooner by temporary shelter, Malo, 1887

description: “Tent in which the party wrecked in ‘Cairndhu’ lived for 3 weeks on Malo.” Group portrait of the crew of the Cairndhu with a few inhabitants of the island. They stand before a makeshift tent of large sheets (sails?) draped over a wood and metal structure. The three-masted schooner which was chartered by the Dayspring Board of the Presbyterian Church of New South Wales to convey material for new stations of the New Hebrides [Vanuatu], was wrecked on the island of Malo in 1887. The passengers and crew were all saved, and mission stores, of which the vessel’s freight was composed, were landed safely.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79536
title: Martyrs’ Memorial Church, Erromango, ca.1890

description: “Eromanga [Erromango] - Martyrs’ Memorial Church to John Williams and Harris, Mr. and Mrs. G. Gordon and J. D. Gordon." Portrait of an unknown group of New Hebrideans [Vanuatuans] in front of the two-storey wooden church at Dillon’s Bay. The building has pointed arch windows and doors and decorative eaves. John Williams (1796-1839) was commissioned by the London Missionary Society in 1816, and active in the South Pacific. In 1839, while visiting a part of the New Hebrides where he was unknown, Williams and his fellow missionary James Harris were killed on the island of Eromanga during an attempt to bring them the Gospel. George N. Gordon (1822-1861) was a Presbyterian Canadian missionary who arrived on the island in 1857. In 1861 sandalwood traders intentionally exposed the natives to measles. Two children of one of the island's chiefs had died in Gordon’s care. Blaming him for their deaths, the chief and a group of warriors killed both George and his wife, Ellen, in 1861. His brother, James D. Gordon (1832-1871), sailed to Eromanga in 1864. In 1871 he was killed for reasons that are still unclear. Ten years later the church building was dedicated.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79567
title: Man and woman with braided hair, Tanna, ca.1890

description: “Tanna Man and Woman - Man with corded hair.” View from behind of a man and woman sitting on grass. They both wear finely braided hair and hair bands.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79509
title: Missionary houses and gardens, Anatom, ca.1890

description: “Anelcauhat, Aneityum [Anatom] - Mr. Lawrie’s new back premises.” Rear view of two metal-roofed buildings from a distance. To the front stand a group of indigenous men, women, and children in Western-style clothing.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80122
title: Dead lioness and cheetah, Chiromo, Malawi, ca.1904

description: "At Chiromo". Image of a dead lioness above a dead cheetah. The animals are posed on wooden packing crates in front of a brick wall and shown as examples of big-game.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80223
title: Accommodation facilities, Blantyre, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "Blue gum trees, with dormitories." Distant view of accommodation blocks for the school at Blantyre, Nyasaland [Malawi]. The proposal to centralise advanced education at the mission at Blantyre meant pupils had to board for the duration of their apprenticeships.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80199
title: Newly constructed hut, Ngumbe, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "Native Christians Hut of today. Rectangle, 18 X 10, 3 or 4 rooms. Contains beds, tables, chairs, crockery etc." Exterior view of newly built hut for indigenous Christians. Accommodation appears to be more substantial than traditional huts, and includes a fence adjacent to the property.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5879650
title: Phycis chesteri decontaminated FSCR

description: .
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80368
title: Main avenue, Livingstonia, Malawi, ca.1903

description: “Main avenue, looking north.” Landscape view of people walking down a wide road with mountains in the distance. Livingstonia mission station was established in 1891 by Dr Robert Laws (1851-1934) when he travelled north from Bandawe to set up a Training Institution and Industrial Mission. It was situated four miles from Lake Nyasa at Khondowe. ❧ Album containing photographs recording a voyage up the Shire River and scenes from the Livingstonia mission.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5879649
title: Phycis chesteri decontaminated FSCR

description: .
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79532
title: Missionary’s house and locals, Malo, 1887

description: “House of Rev. J. D. Landells at Malo, 1887.” External view from the forest of a group of locals standing in front of the missionary’s house, a wooden cottage with a metal sheet roof. The two figures on the veranda may be John Dunlop Landels and his wife. He was ordained by the Sydney Presbytery in 1886 and he remained on Malo until 1902. Landels then served the New South Wales Church and was later translated to Victoria. A Maloese Book was published in 1890 and his Maloese primer and hymn book in 1897.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79683
title: Three Young Girls, Kikuyu, Kenya, ca.1911

description: "Turning from the men and boys, to the girls, we find them similarly adorned. Early as with the boys, the ears are pierced, and the lower lobe slowly dilated, until as you see, they are able to contain large circular blocks of wood and four little fat bits of stick in the upper ear. They wear a frontlet of leather decorated with beads, various in colour, and with little chains dependent therefrom. " Group portrait of young indigenous girls wearing tribal dress and showing piercings as described. ❧ "This Lecture was prepared by Dr J.W. Arthur in October 1911 on his voyage to Mombasa. The set of slides is the gift to the Kikuyu Mission of the Young Peoples Meeting at the Burgh Hall, Hillhead, of which he was for many years a member." A green folder marked 'Kikuyu' and containing lecture notes and relevant photographs to accompany lantern slides.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80184
title: Women's Ward, Blantyre Mission Hospital, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "Blantyre Hospital, Women's Ward." Exterior view of hospital building with indigenous people in foreground. The mission hospital at Blantyre, Nyasaland [Malawi] initially consisted of separate male and female wards, built in 1896 and 1897 respectively. The wards were at opposite ends of a compound situated on a ridge 400 yards above the rest of the mission's buildings. Accommodation for indigenous women nurses was added at a later date.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80373
title: Porters resting by a mountain road, Livingstonia, Malawi, ca.1903

description: “View on the Longmuir Road.” Landscape of hilly terrain from a roadside, indigenous labourers sit on rocks and two men carry a hammock. The Longmuir Road [Gorodi Road] was named after a lady from Aberdeen who donated four thousand pounds towards its construction. The road was needed to transport equipment from Port Stewart to Livingstonia and rose two and a half thousand feet over eleven miles. The surveyor on the project was Mr F W Hardie and the road was built, by hand using hundreds of labourers, between 1901 and 1905. ❧ Album containing photographs recording a voyage up the Shire River and scenes from the Livingstonia mission.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80048
title: Catching field mice, Malawi, ca.1910

description: "Digging for dainties". Group portrait of three children looking for field mice. One is using a hoe to disturb the ground whilst the other two get ready to catch the mice, this is a common snack known as mbewa in Malawi. Mbewa can be any type of rodent
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80188
title: African laboratory technician, Blantyre Mission Hospital, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "Kennard, native bacteriologist. Makes blood slides of all important cases." Portrait of African laboratory technician seated at a desk.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80053
title: Boys eating outdoors, Malawi, ca.1910

description: "Enjoying." Group portrait of three boys eating a plate of beans and porridge, with a skewer of roast field mice. There is a bowl to the left foreground of the image. Field mice are a common snack known as mbewa in Malawi.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80168
title: St Michael and All Angels Church from south-east, Blantyre, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "Church from S.E." Exterior view of church and grounds at Blantyre, Nyasaland [Malawi]. The red brick church was built between the years 1888 and 1891 using local labour and local materials. It was built under the direction and supervision of Rev. David Clement Scott. Scott was not an architect by training and did not draw up formal plans but his design was ambitious, and included domes, arches and flying buttresses.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80211
title: Furniture produced by the Blantyre Workshop, Malawi, ca.1926

description: "Mission Carpentry. Furniture made in the Blantyre Workshop." A selection of furniture, including tables, chairs and dressers, arranged in a room. The carpentry department was run by John McIlwain, who had arrived in Africa in 1880 in the service of the Livingstonia Central Africa Company. In 1884 he joined the mission at Blantyre and became head of carpentry, a post which he held until his death in 1927.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-80112
title: Washing items at river, Domasi, Malawi, ca.1904

description: "Domasi. Washing at stream". Landscape view showing women doing laundry at the water’s edge. There are sheets spread out to dry on rocks to the right of the image. There is a European women standing to the left of the image on the rocks with a closed umbrella in her hand.