cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1436206.v3
title: Effects of digital countdown timer on intersection safety and efficiency: A systematic review

description: <b>Objective:</b> To investigate the available evidence referring to the effectiveness of digital countdown timers (DCTs) in improving the safety and operational efficiency of signalized intersection. <b>Methods:</b> A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Relevant literature was searched from electronic databases using key terms. Based on study selection and methodological quality assessment, 14 studies were included in the review. Findings of the studies were synthesized in a narrative analysis. <b>Results:</b> Three types of DCT had different effects on intersection safety and operational efficiency. Green signal countdown timers (GSCTs) reduced red light violations, type I dilemma zone distributions, and rear-end collision likelihood but increased crossing after yellow onset and had mixed impacts on type II dilemma zone distributions and intersection capacity. In contrast, red signal countdown timers (RSCTs) increased intersection capacity, although their effectiveness in reducing red light violations dissipated over time. Likewise, continuous countdown timers (CCTs) significantly enhanced intersection capacity but had mixed influences on red light violations and crossing after yellow onset. <b>Conclusions:</b> Due to the limited and inconsistent evidence regarding DCTs' effects on intersection safety and efficiency, it is not sufficient to recommend any type of DCT to be installed at signalized intersections to improve safety and operational efficiency. Nevertheless, it is apparent that both RSCTs and CCTs enhance intersection capacity, though their impacts on intersection safety are unclear. Future studies need to further verify those anticipated safe and operational benefits of DCTs with enriched field observation data.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1436206.v2
title: Effects of Digital Countdown Timer on Intersection Safety and Efficiency: A Systematic Review

description: <b>Objective</b>: To investigate the available evidence referring to the effectiveness of digital countdown timer (DCT) to improve the safety and operational efficiency of signalized intersection.<b>Methods</b>: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Relevant literature was searched from electronic databases using key terms. Based on study selection and methodological quality assessment, fourteen studies were included in the review. Findings of the included studies were synthesized in a narrative analysis. <b>Results</b>: Three types of DCT had different effects on intersection safety and operational efficiency. Green signal countdown timer (GSCT) reduced red light violation, type I dilemma zone distribution, and rear-end collision likelihood, but increased crossing after yellow onset and had mixed impacts on type II dilemma zone distribution and intersection capacity. In contrast, red signal countdown timer (RSCT) increased intersection capacity, despite its effectiveness of reducing red light violation dissipated over time. Likewise, continuous countdown timer (CCT) significantly enhanced intersection capacity, but had mixed influences on red light violation and crossing after yellow onset. <b>Conclusions</b>: Due to the limited and inconsistent evidence regarding DCT's effects on intersection safety and efficiency, it is not sufficient to recommend any type of DCT to be installed at signalized intersections for improving the safety level and operational efficiency. Nevertheless, it is apparent that both RSCT and CCT enhance intersection capacity, though their impacts on intersection safety are unclear. Future studies need to further verify those anticipated safe and operational benefits of DCT with enriched field observation data.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1439781
title: Visualization of the Mode Shapes of Pressure Oscillation in a Cylindrical Cavity

description: This article describes a novel experimental method to visualize the mode shapes of pressure oscillation in a cylindrical cavity. Acoustic resonance in a cavity is a grand old problem that has been under investigation (using both analytical and numerical methods) for more than a century. In this article, a novel method based on high speed imaging of combustion chemiluminescence was presented to visualize the mode shapes of pressure oscillation in a cylindrical cavity. By generating high-temperature combustion gases and strong pressure waves simultaneously in a cylindrical cavity, the pressure oscillation can be inferred due to the chemiluminescence emissions of the combustion products. The mode shapes can then be visualized by reconstructing the images based on the amplitudes of the luminosity spectrum at the corresponding resonant frequencies. Up to 11 resonant mode shapes were clearly visualized, each matching very well with the analytical solutions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1439781.v1
title: Visualization of the mode shapes of pressure oscillation in a cylindrical cavity

description: This paper describes a novel experimental method to visualize the mode shapes of pressure oscillation in a cylindrical cavity. Acoustic resonance in a cavity is a grand old problem that has been under investigation (using both analytical and numerical methods) for more than a century. In this paper, a novel method based on high speed imaging of combustion chemiluminescence was presented to visualize the mode shapes of pressure oscillation in a cylindrical cavity. By generating high-temperature combustion gases and strong pressure waves simultaneously in a cylindrical cavity, the pressure oscillation can be inferred due to the chemiluminescence emissions of the combustion products. The mode shapes can then be visualized by reconstructing the images based on the amplitudes of the luminosity spectrum at the corresponding resonant frequencies. Up to 11 resonant mode shapes were clearly visualized, each matching very well with the analytical solutions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1446010
title: Data from parabolic flights and water immersion experiments

description: These data consist of the results from a parabolic flight compaign and a water immersion experiment. For parabolic flights, Each flight consisted of 31 parabolas. Data from the following five phases (blocks) of each parabola (termed I – V) were sampled and analyzed. I, 1 g, approximately 45 s before the parabolic flights; II, ~1.8 g, during the ascending leg (hypergravity); III, mg at the apex (microgravity); IV, ~1.8 g during the descending leg (hypergravity) and V, 1 g, approximately 30 s before parabolic flights. For water immersion, the motion data were recorded for approximately 30 min on the land and equivalent underwater.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1448992
title: Developing low-carbon cities through pilots

description: Nationwide rapid urbanization has been a key driver of economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emission in China. To avoid the high energy consumption and pollution present in other industrialized countries, China is making the economic and social transition from a high-carbon model to a low-carbon model. The low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme was launched by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) to resolve the dilemma between economic development and transitioning to a low-carbon model. The status quos of these pilots in different regions have set CO<sub>2</sub> intensity per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita, CO<sub>2</sub> reduction targets, and CO<sub>2</sub> discharge peak times. Traditional policies, including those aimed at improving energy efficiency, applying renewable energy, adjusting sector structure, and increasing carbon sequestration capacity, are being widely applied in the form of command-mandatory tools, market-economic tools, and voluntary tools. By summarizing these policies, low-carbon development plans, LCCP governments reports, and a case study focusing on Zhenjiang (practical experiences based on city features), this article proposes implications for how to achieve the LCCPs’ low-carbon goals. <b>Policy relevance</b> China has launched a low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme to promote its future low-carbon urbanization, but the cities concerned have not yet managed to achieve true ‘low-carbon' status in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> per unit of GDP and CO<sub>2</sub> per capita. To improve the performance of LCCPs, central government should provide guidance on institutional framework and policies, while local governments should establish carbon management systems. Both central and local governments should establish a policy assessment system and use integrated policy tools as part of their low-carbon development plans.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1448992.v1
title: Developing low-carbon cities through pilots

description: Nationwide rapid urbanization has been a key driver of economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emission in China. To avoid the high energy consumption and pollution present in other industrialized countries, China is making the economic and social transition from a high-carbon model to a low-carbon model. The low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme was launched by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) to resolve the dilemma between economic development and transitioning to a low-carbon model. The status quos of these pilots in different regions have set CO<sub>2</sub> intensity per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita, CO<sub>2</sub> reduction targets, and CO<sub>2</sub> discharge peak times. Traditional policies, including those aimed at improving energy efficiency, applying renewable energy, adjusting sector structure, and increasing carbon sequestration capacity, are being widely applied in the form of command-mandatory tools, market-economic tools, and voluntary tools. By summarizing these policies, low-carbon development plans, LCCP governments reports, and a case study focusing on Zhenjiang (practical experiences based on city features), this article proposes implications for how to achieve the LCCPs’ low-carbon goals.<b>Policy relevance</b>China has launched a low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme to promote its future low-carbon urbanization, but the cities concerned have not yet managed to achieve true ‘low-carbon' status in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> per unit of GDP and CO<sub>2</sub> per capita. To improve the performance of LCCPs, central government should provide guidance on institutional framework and policies, while local governments should establish carbon management systems. Both central and local governments should establish a policy assessment system and use integrated policy tools as part of their low-carbon development plans.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1448992.v3
title: Developing low-carbon cities through pilots

description: Nationwide rapid urbanization has been a key driver of economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emission in China. To avoid the high energy consumption and pollution present in other industrialized countries, China is making the economic and social transition from a high-carbon model to a low-carbon model. The low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme was launched by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) to resolve the dilemma between economic development and transitioning to a low-carbon model. The status quos of these pilots in different regions have set CO<sub>2</sub> intensity per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita, CO<sub>2</sub> reduction targets, and CO<sub>2</sub> discharge peak times. Traditional policies, including those aimed at improving energy efficiency, applying renewable energy, adjusting sector structure, and increasing carbon sequestration capacity, are being widely applied in the form of command-mandatory tools, market-economic tools, and voluntary tools. By summarizing these policies, low-carbon development plans, LCCP governments reports, and a case study focusing on Zhenjiang (practical experiences based on city features), this article proposes implications for how to achieve the LCCPs’ low-carbon goals. <b>Policy relevance</b> China has launched a low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme to promote its future low-carbon urbanization, but the cities concerned have not yet managed to achieve true ‘low-carbon' status in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> per unit of GDP and CO<sub>2</sub> per capita. To improve the performance of LCCPs, central government should provide guidance on institutional framework and policies, while local governments should establish carbon management systems. Both central and local governments should establish a policy assessment system and use integrated policy tools as part of their low-carbon development plans.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1448992.v2
title: Developing low-carbon cities through pilots

description: Nationwide rapid urbanization has been a key driver of economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon emission in China. To avoid the high energy consumption and pollution present in other industrialized countries, China is making the economic and social transition from a high-carbon model to a low-carbon model. The low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme was launched by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) to resolve the dilemma between economic development and transitioning to a low-carbon model. The status quos of these pilots in different regions have set CO<sub>2</sub> intensity per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per capita, CO<sub>2</sub> reduction targets, and CO<sub>2</sub> discharge peak times. Traditional policies, including those aimed at improving energy efficiency, applying renewable energy, adjusting sector structure, and increasing carbon sequestration capacity, are being widely applied in the form of command-mandatory tools, market-economic tools, and voluntary tools. By summarizing these policies, low-carbon development plans, LCCP governments reports, and a case study focusing on Zhenjiang (practical experiences based on city features), this article proposes implications for how to achieve the LCCPs’ low-carbon goals.<b>Policy relevance</b>China has launched a low-carbon city pilots (LCCPs) programme to promote its future low-carbon urbanization, but the cities concerned have not yet managed to achieve true ‘low-carbon' status in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> per unit of GDP and CO<sub>2</sub> per capita. To improve the performance of LCCPs, central government should provide guidance on institutional framework and policies, while local governments should establish carbon management systems. Both central and local governments should establish a policy assessment system and use integrated policy tools as part of their low-carbon development plans.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1449252
title: Risk factors affecting the severity of traffic accidents at Shanghai river-crossing tunnel

description: <b>Objective</b>: With increasing traffic volume and urban development, increasing numbers of underground tunnels have been constructed to relieve conflict between strained land and heavy traffic. However, as more long tunnels are constructed, tunnel traffic safety is becoming increasingly serious. Thus, it is necessary to acquire their implications and impacts. This study examined 4,539 traffic accidents that have occurred in 14 Shanghai river-crossing tunnels for the period 2011–2012 and analyze the correlation between potential factors and accident injury severity. <b>Methods</b>: An ordered logit model was developed to examine the correlation between potential factors and accident injury severity. <b>Results</b>: Results show that increased injury severity is associated with male drivers, drivers aged 65 years or older, accident time from midnight to dawn, weekends, wet road surface, goods vehicles, 3 or more vehicles, 4 or more lanes, middle speed limits (50–79 km/h), zone 3, extra-long tunnels (over 3,000 m), and maximum longitudinal gradient. <b>Conclusions</b>: This article aims to provide useful information for engineers to develop interventions and countermeasures to improve tunnel safety in China.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1449252.v1
title: Risk Factors Affecting the Severity of Traffic Accidents at Shanghai River-crossing Tunnel

description: ABSTRACT<b>Objective</b>: With increasing traffic volume and urban development, more and more underground tunnels have been constructed to relief conflict between strained land and heavy traffic. However, as more and more long tunnels are constructed, tunnel traffic safety is becoming increasingly serious. Thus, it is necessary to acquire their implications and impacts. This study examined 4539 traffic accidents that have occurred in fourteen Shanghai river-crossing tunnels for the period 2011–2012 and analyze the correlation between potential factors and accident injury severity. 
<b>Methods</b>: An ordered logit model was developed to examine the correlation between potential factors and accident injury severity. 
<b>Results</b>: Results show that increased injury severity is associated with male drivers, drivers aged 65 years or older, accident time from midnight to dawn, weekends, wet road surface, goods vehicles, three or more vehicles, four or more lanes, middle speed limits (50–79 km/h), zone 3, extra-long tunnels(over 3000m), and maximum longitudinal gradient. 
<b>Conclusions</b>: This article aims to provide useful and valuable information for engineers to develop interventions and countermeasures to improve tunnel safety in China.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1461753
title: Crystal structures of CRISPR-associated Csx3 reveal a manganese-dependent deadenylation exoribonuclease

description: In prokaryotes, the CRISPR/Cas system is known to target and degrade invading phages and foreign genetic elements upon subsequent infection. However, the structure and function of many Cas proteins remain largely unknown, due to the high diversity of Cas proteins. Here we report 3 crystal structures of <i>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</i> Csx3 (<i>Af</i>Csx3) in free form, in complex with manganese ions and in complex with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragment, respectively. <i>Af</i>Csx3 harbors a ferredoxin-like fold and forms dimer both in the crystal and in solution. Our structure-based biochemical analysis demonstrates that the RNA binding sites and cleavage sites are located at 2 separate surfaces within the <i>Af</i>Csx3 dimer, suggesting a model to bind, tether and cleave the incoming RNA substrate. In addition, <i>Af</i>Csx3 displays robust 3′-deadenylase activity in the presence of manganese ions, which strongly suggests that <i>Af</i>Csx3 functions as a deadenylation exonuclease. Taken together, our results indicate that <i>Af</i>Csx3 is a Cas protein involved in RNA deadenylation and provide a framework for understanding the role of <i>Af</i>Csx3 in the Type III-B CRISPR/Cas system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1461753.v1
title: Crystal structures of CRISPR-associated Csx3 reveal a manganese-dependent deadenylation exoribonuclease

description: ABSTRACTIn prokaryotes, the CRISPR/Cas system is known to target and degrade invading phages and foreign genetic elements upon subsequent infection. However, the structure and function of many Cas proteins remain largely unknown, due to the high diversity of Cas proteins. Here we report three crystal structures of <i>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</i> Csx3 (<i>Af</i>Csx3) in free form, in complex with manganese ions and in complex with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragment, respectively. <i>Af</i>Csx3 harbors a ferredoxin-like fold and forms dimer both in the crystal and in solution. Our structure-based biochemical analysis demonstrates that the RNA binding sites and cleavage sites are located at two separate surfaces within the <i>Af</i>Csx3 dimer, suggesting a model to bind, tether and cleave the incoming RNA substrate. In addition, <i>Af</i>Csx3 displays robust 3′-deadenylase activity in the presence of manganese ions, which strongly suggests that <i>Af</i>Csx3 functions as a deadenylation exonuclease. Taken together, our results indicate that <i>Af</i>Csx3 is a Cas protein involved in RNA deadenylation and provide a framework for understanding the role of <i>Af</i>Csx3 in the Type III-B CRISPR/Cas system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1461753.v2
title: Crystal structures of CRISPR-associated Csx3 reveal a manganese-dependent deadenylation exoribonuclease

description: In prokaryotes, the CRISPR/Cas system is known to target and degrade invading phages and foreign genetic elements upon subsequent infection. However, the structure and function of many Cas proteins remain largely unknown, due to the high diversity of Cas proteins. Here we report 3 crystal structures of <i>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</i> Csx3 (<i>Af</i>Csx3) in free form, in complex with manganese ions and in complex with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragment, respectively. <i>Af</i>Csx3 harbors a ferredoxin-like fold and forms dimer both in the crystal and in solution. Our structure-based biochemical analysis demonstrates that the RNA binding sites and cleavage sites are located at 2 separate surfaces within the <i>Af</i>Csx3 dimer, suggesting a model to bind, tether and cleave the incoming RNA substrate. In addition, <i>Af</i>Csx3 displays robust 3′-deadenylase activity in the presence of manganese ions, which strongly suggests that <i>Af</i>Csx3 functions as a deadenylation exonuclease. Taken together, our results indicate that <i>Af</i>Csx3 is a Cas protein involved in RNA deadenylation and provide a framework for understanding the role of <i>Af</i>Csx3 in the Type III-B CRISPR/Cas system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1461753.v3
title: Crystal structures of CRISPR-associated Csx3 reveal a manganese-dependent deadenylation exoribonuclease

description: In prokaryotes, the CRISPR/Cas system is known to target and degrade invading phages and foreign genetic elements upon subsequent infection. However, the structure and function of many Cas proteins remain largely unknown, due to the high diversity of Cas proteins. Here we report 3 crystal structures of <i>Archaeoglobus fulgidus</i> Csx3 (<i>Af</i>Csx3) in free form, in complex with manganese ions and in complex with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragment, respectively. <i>Af</i>Csx3 harbors a ferredoxin-like fold and forms dimer both in the crystal and in solution. Our structure-based biochemical analysis demonstrates that the RNA binding sites and cleavage sites are located at 2 separate surfaces within the <i>Af</i>Csx3 dimer, suggesting a model to bind, tether and cleave the incoming RNA substrate. In addition, <i>Af</i>Csx3 displays robust 3′-deadenylase activity in the presence of manganese ions, which strongly suggests that <i>Af</i>Csx3 functions as a deadenylation exonuclease. Taken together, our results indicate that <i>Af</i>Csx3 is a Cas protein involved in RNA deadenylation and provide a framework for understanding the role of <i>Af</i>Csx3 in the Type III-B CRISPR/Cas system.