DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5dv41nsc6
title: Complementary effects of pollination and biocontrol services enable ecological intensification in macadamia orchards

description: In many crops, both pollination and biocontrol determine crop yield,
 whereby the relative importance of the two ecosystem services can be
 moderated by the landscape context. However, additive and interactive
 effects of pollination and biocontrol in different landscape contexts are
 still poorly understood. We examined both ecosystem services in South
 African macadamia orchards. Combining observations and experiments, we
 disentangled their relative additive and interactive effects on crop
 production with variation in orchard design and landscape context (i.e.
 cover of natural habitat and altitude). Insect pollination increased the
 nut set on average by 280% (initial nut set) and 525% (final nut set),
 while biocontrol provided by bats and birds reduced the insect damage on
 average by 40%. Pollination services increased in orchards where macadamia
 tree rows were positioned perpendicular to orchard edges facing natural
 habitat. Biocontrol services decreased with elevation. Pest damage was
 reduced by higher cover of natural habitat at landscape scale but
 increased with elevation. Pollination and biocontrol are both important
 ecosystem services and complementary in providing high macadamia crop
 yield. Smart orchard design and the retention of natural habitat can
 simultaneously enhance both services. Conjoint management of ecosystem
 services can thus enable the ecological intensification of agricultural
 production.
description: DATA OVERVIEW  Bat
 calls Initial and final macadami nut sets per raceme
 collected in August/September 2019 and January 2020
 Environmeltal data of the study sites, i.e macadamia farms
 (temperature data, management data, geographical location, lanscape
 parameters, orchard design parameters) Arthropod
 abundance and diversity data in macadamia trees
 R-scripts for analyses and figures Results
 of the analyses (e.g. model summaries, generated model sets, effect
 sizes)  Details for each dataset are
 provided in the README file.
description: # Complementary effects of pollination and biocontrol services enable
 ecological intensification in macadamia orchards This README file was
 generated on 2023-10-04 by Mina Anders. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of
 Dataset: Complementary Effects of Pollination and Pest Control enable
 Ecological Intensification in Macadamia Orchards 2. Author Information A.
 Principal Investigators Contact Information Name: Ingo Grass Institution:
 Universität Hohenheim Address: Stuttgart, Germany Email:
 [ingo.grass@uni-hohenheim.de](mailto:ingo.grass@uni-hohenheim.de) B.
 Principal Investigators Contact Information Name: Catrin Westphal
 Institution: Georg-August Universtiy Göttingen Address: Goettingen,
 Germany Email:
 [catrin.westphal@uni-goettingen.de](mailto:catrin.westphal@uni-goettingen.de) C. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Mina Anders Institution: Georg-August Universtiy Göttingen Address: Goettingen, Germany Email: [mina.anders@uni-goettingen.de](mailto:mina.anders@uni-goettingen.de) 3. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): July 2019- May 2020 4. Geographic location of data collection: Louis Trichard, Limpopo, South Africa 5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: * German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ([http://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/en/](http://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/en/)) grant number: 01LL1802A , * Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; Project number 405945293 and 493487387) SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain 2. Links to publications that cite or use the data: in preparation 3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None 4. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None 5. Was data derived from another source? No A. If yes, list source(s): NA 6. Recommended citation for this dataset: Anders, M., Linden, V., Weier, S., Taylor, P.T., Westphal, C. & Grass, I. (2023). Data from: Complementary Effects of Pollination and Pest Control enable Ecological Intensification in Macadamia Orchards. Dryad Digital Repository. DOI:10.5061/dryad.5dv41nsc6 DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. This README file was generated on 2023-10-04 by Mina Anders. GENERAL INFORMATION 1\. Title of Dataset: Complementary Effects of Pollination and Pest Control enable Ecological Intensification in Macadamia Orchards 2\. Author Information A. Principal Investigators Contact Information Name: Ingo Grass ``` Institution: Universität Hohenheim Address: Stuttgart, Germany Email: ingo.grass@uni-hohenheim.de ``` B. Principal Investigators Contact Information ``` Name: Catrin Westphal Institution: Georg-August Universtiy Göttingen Address: Goettingen, Germany Email: catrin.westphal@uni-goettingen.de ``` C. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Mina Anders Institution: Georg-August Universtiy Göttingen ``` Address: Goettingen, Germany Email: mina.anders@uni-goettingen.de ``` 3\. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): July 2019- May 2020 4\. Geographic location of data collection: Louis Trichard, Limpopo, South Africa 5\. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: \- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ([http://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/en/](http://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/en/)) grant number: 01LL1802A , \- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; Project number 405945293 and 493487387) SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1\. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain 2\. Links to publications that cite or use the data: in preparation 3\. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None 4\. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None 5\. Was data derived from another source? No A. If yes, list source(s): NA 6\. Recommended citation for this dataset: Anders, M., Linden, V., Weier, S., Taylor, P.T., Westphal, C. Grass, I. (2023). Data from: Complementary Effects of Pollination and Pest Control enable Ecological Intensification in Macadamia Orchards. Dryad Digital Repository. DOI:10.5061/dryad.5dv41nsc6 DATA FILE OVERVIEW 1\. File List: A)bat_calls.csv B)bat_species_abbrev.csv C)bpc_pol_nut_sets_treatments.csv D)Environemntal_data.csv E)insect_data.csv F)nut_sets_full.csv G)01_exclusion_interactin_NUT_SET.R H)02_BPC_exclusion_QUALITY.R I)03_exclusion_interaction_x Design\_ on_nut_set.R J)04_exclusion_interaction_x Design\_ on_quality.R K)05_analyse_insect_abundance.R L)results.zip i)model_summaries_nut_set_exclusion_interactions.txt ii)models_INS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt iii)models_FNS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt iv)models_QUALITY_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt v)models_QUALITY_only_landscape_and_design vi)results_insect_damage_emmeans.txt vii)Exclusion_on_Hemiptera_Hymenotpera.txt viii)dregde_INS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv ix)dredge_FNS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv x)dredge_all_QUALITY_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv xi)dredge_all_QUALITY_only_landscape_and_design.cs 2\. Relationship between files, if important: None 3\. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: None 4\. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? yes A. If yes, name of file(s) that was updated: all i)model_summaries_nut_set_exclusion_interactions.txt ii)models_INS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt iii)models_FNS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt iv)models_QUALITY_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt v)models_QUALITY_only_landscape_and_design vi)results_insect_damage_emmeans.txt vii)Exclusion_on_Hemiptera_Hymenotpera.txt viii)dregde_INS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv ix)dredge_FNS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv x)dredge_all_QUALITY_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv xi)dredge_all_QUALITY_only_landscape_and_design.cs ``` i. Why was the file updated? Revision of the related manuscript and thus slight changes in the analyses ii. When was the file updated? 2024-07-08 ``` \######################################################################### DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: A) bat_calls.csv 1\. Number of variables: 4 2\. Number of cases/rows: 1139 3\. Variable List: \* Label: bat species (in abbreviations) \* Number: bat calls per round \* Device: SM: SM4BAT recorders (Song Meter SM4BAT FS Ultrasonic Recorder, Wildlife Acoustics Inc., USA) \* Round: Date of the recordings \* Site_ID: individual code for each of the ten macadamia farms 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None \######################################################################### DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: B) bat_species_abbrev.csv 1\. Number of variables: 5 2\. Number of cases/rows: 40 3\. Variable List: \* Label: bat species (in abbreviations) \* Species: Scientific species name \* family: Species family \* guild: bat guild according to the foraging behavior: open_air, clutter, clitter_edge 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None \######################################################################### DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: C) Environmental_data.csv 1\. Number of variables: 19 2\. Number of cases/rows: 10 3\. Variable List: \* pair: The macadamia farms are paired according to their altitude \* Site_ID: individual code for each of the ten macadamia farms \* Farm: Name of the macadamia farm \* alt: altitude in m.a.s.l. \* latitude: geographical location of the study site on the farm \* longitude: geographical location of the study site on the farm \* mean_temp: mean temperature [°C] during the period July - Sept 2019 \* min_temp: minimum temperature [°C] during the period July - Sept 2019 \* max_temp: maximum temperature [°C] during the period July - Sept 2019 \* hive500: number of managed bee hives in 500m radius around the study site \* hive1000: number of managed bee hives in 1000m radius around the study site \* hive2000: number of managed bee hives in 2000m radius around the study site \* bush500: cover of semi-natural habitiat (bush) [%] in a 500m radius around the study site \* bush1000: cover of semi-natural habitiat (bush) [%] in a 1000m radius around the study site \* irrigation: irrigation of the study block (yes/no) \* varieties: number of macadamia varieties or cultivars in the study block \* age: age of the macadamia trees in the study block \* row: tree row orientation towards the orchard edge to semi-natural habitats \* cp: = cross pollination; did the supplementally handpollinated flowers recieve pollen from a different variety? 4\. Missing data codes: None 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None \######################################################################### DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: D) bpc_pol_nut_sets_treatments.csv 1\. Number of variables: 37 2\. Number of cases/rows: 40 3\. Variable List: \* Site_ID: individual code for each of the ten macadamia farms \* PIB: tree position in the block. Either at the block edge to semi-natural habitat (edge) or in the block (centre), i.e. in 50m distance to the block edge \* BPC: Biological Pest Control treatment: cages made of mesh around the study trees excluded bats and birds as predators (E=exclusion, O=open/control) \* pair: The macadamia farms are paired according to their altitude \* row: tree row orientation of the planted tree rows towards the edge to semi-natural habitat (parallel of perpendicular) \* irrigation: was the study block irrigated? Yes/No \* Tree_ID: individual code for each of the studied macadamia trees \* final: final nut set, number of nuts/raceme, counted 18–20 weeks after flowering \* initial: initial nut set, number of nuts/raceme, counted 3-5 weeks after flowering \* alt: altitude in m.a.s.l. \* bush1000 : cover of semi-natural habitiat (bush) [%] in a 1000m radius around the study site \* age: age of the macadamia trees in the study block \* Number.other: mean number of arthropods in the tree (over 6 rounds), classified as other \* Number.pest: mean number of arthropods in the tree (over 6 rounds),classified as pest for macadamia \* Number.pollinator: mean number of arthropods in the tree (over 6 rounds),classified as pollinators for macadamia \* Number.predator: mean number of arthropods in the tree (over 6 rounds),classified as predators (e.g. spiders, predatory wasps) for macadamia pests \* insect.abund: mean number of arthropods in the tree (over 6 rounds) \* insect.specs: mean number of arthropod species in the tree (over 6 rounds) \* bat.activ: mean bat calls in three nights over 6 rounds \* bat.specs: mean number of bat species that called over 6 rounds \* Sample.weight..in.Shell.: Macadamia nut sample in g (Nut in Shell) \* UKR: Unsound Kernel Rate = Unsound kernel weight / nuts in shell weight \* SKR: Sound Kernel Rate = Sound kernel weight / nuts in shell weight \* TKR: Total Kernel Rate = Kernel weight / nuts in shell weight \* X..of.nuts.in.sample: number of nuts per sample \* Average.weight.per.NIS: Average weight per nut in shell (number of nuts /sample weight) \* Kernel.weight: weight of kernels after cracking \* Fungus: weight of nuts with fungus damage \* Nutborer: weight of nuts with nurborer damage \* Immature: weight of immature nuts \* Shell.marks: weight of nuts with shell marks \* pit.centre: weight of nuts with pit centre \* ESB: weight of nuts with damage caused by early stink bugs \* LSB: weight of nuts with damage caused by late stink bugs \* Germination: weight of germinated nuts \* Sound: total weihgt of sound nuts \* Unsound: total weigth of unsound nuts 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: yes, explained for each variable \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: E) insect_data.csv 1\. Number of variables: 15 2\. Number of cases/rows: 1804 3\. Variable List: \* Site_ID: individual code for each of the ten macadamia farms \* Month: Month of the observation \* PIB: tree position in the block. Either at the block edge to semi-natural habitat (edge) or in the block (centre), i.e. in 50m distance to the block edge \* BPC: Biological Pest Control treatment: cages made of mesh around the study trees excluded bats and birds as predators (E=exclusion, O=open/control) \* Tree: Tree code (blue/white) of the two study trees per sampling unit \* Time: time of the observation hh:mm \* Temperature: temperature during observation [°C] \* Weather: weather condition during observation \* Observer: name of the observer \* Species: species name or taxon name of the observed arthropod \* Number: number of the observed species \* Size: size in mm of the observed species \* Position: position on the observed species in the tree \* Order: order of the observed arthropod \* FGroup: funtional group of the athropod (pest, pollinator, predator, other, NA) 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: F) nut_sets_full.csv 1\. Number of variables: 16 2\. Number of cases/rows: 2142 3\. Variable List: \* pair: The macadamia farms are paired according to their altitude \* Site_ID: individual code for each of the ten macadamia farms \* Tree_ID: individual code for each of the studied macadamia trees \* initial: intitial nut set, number of nuts/raceme, counted 3-5 weeks after flowering \* final: final nut set, number of nuts/raceme, counted 18–20 weeks after flowering \* PIB: tree position in the block. Either at the block edge to semi-natural habitat (edge) or in the block (centre), i.e. in 50m distance to the block edge \* BPC: Biological Pest Control treatment: cages made of mesh around the study trees excluded bats and birds as predators (E=exclusion, O=open/control) \* TPollinat: pollination treatment. open pollination (or rather no treatment = O), supplemental hand-pollination (H), pollinator exclusion wiht exclusion bags (E) \* alt: altitude in m.a.s.l. \* bush1000: cover of semi-natural habitiat (bush) [%] in a 1000m radius around the study site \* age: age of the macadamia trees in the study block \* row: tree row orientation towards the orchard edge to semi-natural habitats \* irrigation: irrigation of the study block (yes/no) \* salt: scaled values for altitude (mean=0, sd=1) \* SNH: scaled values for bush1000 (mean=0, sd=1) \* comment: 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: G) 01_exclusion_interaction_NUT_SET.R 1\. Description: The scripts should be run in the correct order, because data sets are generated, that are used in the following scripts. This R-script is for the analysis of the single and interacting effects of pollinator and biocontrol exclusion on macadamia nut set,i.e, initial and final nut set respectively The analysis conatains mainly glmmTMB models and model selection usinf the Multi-Model inference (MuMIn) approach. \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: H) 02_BPC_exclusion_QUALITY.R 1\. Description: R-script for the analysis of biocontrol exclusion on the nut quality, i.e., insect damage using glmmTMB and MuMIn \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: I) 03_exclusion_interaction_x Design\_ on_nut_set.R 1\. Description: Analyses of biocontrol and pollination exclusion in interaction with environmental factors (orchard design and management, altitude, natural habitat) on the nut set (initial and final nut set) Used methods: glmmTMB and MuMIn \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: J) 04_exclusion_interaction_x Design\_ on_quality.R 1\. Description: Analyses of biocontrol exclusion in interaction with environmental factors (orchard design and management, altitude, natural habitat) on nut quality, and sole effect of environmental factors on the nut quality, idependent from biocontrol exclusion. Used methods: glmmTMB and MuMIn \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: K) 05_analyse_insect_abundance.R 1\. Description: Analyses of biocontrol exclusion on the abundacne and diversity of arthtopods in the macadamia trees. \######################################################################## DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: L) results.zip This folder contains eleven .txt or .csv files that contain results of the analyses, like model outputs, model sets produced during the model selection using the multi-model inference approach, or other calculations The following text files contain results of the analyses, like model summaries of the global model, the selected models and the model set within deltaAICc2 the effect sizes of the vairabel, Importance values of the variables i)model_summaries_exclusion_interaction.txt ii)models_INS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt iii)models_FNS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt iv)models_QUALITY_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.txt v)models_QUALITY_only_landscape_and_design vi)results_insect_damage_emmeans.txt vii)Exclusion_on_Hemiptera_Hymenotpera.txt The following csv. files contain the total model set of all generated models using the dredge function. For detailed information about the method, please see the methods section of the article (Anders et al., under revision) Each of the tables have similar variables. viii)dregde_INS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv ix)dredge_FNS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv x)dredge_all_QUALITY_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv xi)dredge_all_QUALITY_only_landscape_and_design.cs The variable list of the first file (dregde_INS_exclusion_x_landscape_and_design.csv) is given as an exapmle. 1\. Number of variables: 19 2\. Number of cases/rows: 74 3\. Variable List: \* fist column: row number \* cond((Int)): Intercept of the model \* zi((Int)): zero inflation term \* disp((Int)): if the intercept is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) single effects \* cond(cat.alt): if the categorical predictor altitude category is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(irrigation): if the categorical predictor irrigation is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(PIB): if the categorical predictor PIB is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC): if the categorical predictor BPC is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(TPollinat): if the categorical predictor TPollinat is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(row): if the categorical predictor row is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(SNH): effect of the variabe SNH if conained in the model two-way interactions \* cond(BPC:cat.alt): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:irrigation): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:PIB): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:row): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:SNH): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:TPollinat): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(cat.alt:TPollinat): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(irrigation:TPollinat):if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(PIB:TPollinat): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(row:TPollinat): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(SNH:TPollinat): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) three-way interactions \* cond(BPC:cat.alt:TPollinat): if the interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:irrigation:TPollinat): if the three-way interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:PIB:TPollinat): if the three-way interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:row:TPollinat): if the three-way interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* cond(BPC:SNH:TPollinat): : if the three-way interaction is conained in the model (+ yes, NA = no) \* df: degrees of freedom \* logLik: log likelyhood \* AICc: corrected Akaike Criterion \* delta: difference of AICc of the respective model to the lowest AICc \* weight: model weight 2. Relationship between files, if important: None 3. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: None 4. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? No \#########################################################################