DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16875898
title: Dataset for publication: "Exploring Large Language Models for Automated Gait Analysis"

description: This project has received funding from the European Union’s HorizonEurope research and innovation programme under grant agreement No[SHARESPACE, 101092889] as well as the BMBF project OrthoSuPer(project ID 13GW0564A-F and 13GW0564E).

TITLE      Project OrthoSuPer at German Research Center of Artificial Intelligence Kaiserslautern, Germany      Related Paper: Generative AI for Health: Exploring Large Language Models for Automated Gait Analysis (incoming link: )      License: Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0)Link: http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/Please cite the corresponding Paper (incoming cite: )

SUMMARY    This dataset accompanies a proof-of-concept study on integrating     large language models (LLMs), specifically GPT-4o, into clinical     gait analysis for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty     (TKA). We collected spatiotemporal motion data from 11     preoperative TKA patients and to establish ground-truth clinical     descriptions, 41 expert practitioners reviewed the walks in     independent pairs.    We designed the prompt for GPT-4o to generate automated gait     analysis due to prompt engineering techniques.    VERSION & DATE      Version: 1.0      Release date: 14.08.2025

CONTENTS      -Walking trajectories as csv file      -Gait description provided by physiotherapists      -Prompt      -Skeleton videos (.MP4) generated by SIMI MOTION, http://www.simi.com/de/home.html      -Description of patients as csv file     CONTACT      Maintainer: Rebecca Keilhauer       Organization: DFKI Kaiserslautern, Germany      Email: rebecca.keilhauer@dfki.de, michael.lorenz@dfki.de

------------------------------------------------------------------------DATA COLLECTION------------------------------------------------------------------------

WALKING SEQUENCES:    SETTING          Location: Orthopädisches Krankenhaus Schloss Werneck, Germany          Conditions: 8 view camera setup for markerless tracking, Patients wear normal clothing, Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty

    PARTICIPANTS          N: 11          Demographics: average age: 68.09 years, standard deviation: 5.13 years; gender distribution: 4 female, 7 male

    HARDWARE & SOFTWARE provided by SIMI Motion, http://www.simi.com/de/home.html         PROTOCOL          Tasks: 6 minute walking test          Trial: Each recording session consisted of nine repetitions        of a walking task, wherein the patient walked in a straight line        (3meters), turned, and walked back to the starting point. Only        the forward walking sequences were retained for analysis.

    SAMPLING          Sampling rates: 80 Hz            FILE FORMATS: CSV,        Joint angles in degrees were captured in all three planes:         [flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation]         JOINTS & MARKER        Ankle, right        Knee, right            Hip, right            Ankle, left            Knee, left            Hip, left            Pelvis            Torso            Skullbase            Wrist, right            Elbow, right            Shoulder, right            Wrist, left            Elbow, left            Shoulder, left            Heel right            Foot lateral right            Foot tip right            Heel left            Foot lateral left            Foot tip left        Ear left        Ear right            Nose            Eye left            Eye right            Heel right            Index finger base right            Little finger base right            Index finger base left            Little finger base left      EXPERT GAIT-ANALYSIS PROTOCOL    EXPERT PANEL          N experts: 41 (primarily physiotherapists)          Years of professional experience:            - Mean: 13.28            - Standard deviation: 10.12

    ANNOTATION UNITS          - Per patient/per trial, each view (posterior / left lateral / right lateral)          - Output types: clinical descriptions (transcripts) sorted in bullet points

    SOURCE MATERIAL SHOWN TO EXPERTS          - Privacy-preserving avatar and skeletal renderings only  (see Fig. 1 in the paper for examples).

    TRANSCRIPTS          - Each session (two experts) was audio-recorded and transcribed.          - Transcripts are anonymized and contain no personal identifiers.          - summarized in bullet points              Session flow (per pair):        1) Expert A provides a free-form clinical interpretation of the gait.        2) Expert B analyzes, reflects, and challenges/clarifies A’s description.        3) Audio of the session is recorded and later transcribed. Personal        identifiers are not included in transcripts.

    FILE FORMATS: TXT                            ------------------------------------------------------------------------DATA DESCRIPTION------------------------------------------------------------------------

LABELS & ANNOTATIONS  keypoint format: SIMI keypoint definition, see http://www.simi.com/de/home.html  Annotations: Gait Analysis collected by interviews with Physiotherapy       ------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLDER STRUCTURE------------------------------------------------------------------------

Root/  README.txt  LICENSE.txt  Prompt.txt  Patient_desciption.csv  Data/      Patient<PatientID>/          Patient<PatientID>_<TimeStep>_min_walking_out_<trialID>/              joint centers.csv              joint angles.csv              Marker_position.csv          Gait_Analysis_P<PatientID>.txt           P<PatientID>.mp4                    Patient<PatientID + 1>/          ...      ...

------------------------------------------------------------------------QUALITY & LIMITATIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------  KNOWN LIMITATIONS  - Experts viewed only avatar/skeletal renderings (no raw videos), which can    omit subtle appearance cues.  - Inter-rater reliability   

------------------------------------------------------------------------ETHICS & RIGHTS------------------------------------------------------------------------PRIVACY & ANONYMITY  - only privacy-preserving avatar/skeletal renderings were shown.  - Expert transcripts are anonymized.  - recordings were approved by the ethical commitees of German Research Center of Artificial Intelligence