DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbs9r
title: Data from: A global synthesis of environmental enrichment effect on fish stress

description: The stress-coping ability (SCA) is one of the core aspects of fish welfare
 and is of vital importance for fish production in the aquaculture industry
 and for fish fitness in hatchery release. Environmental enrichment (EE), a
 method of introducing external stimuli into the husbandry environment, has
 been recently proposed to improve fish SCA, but the present experimental
 evidence is mixed and the reasons for these discrepancies are unclear.
 Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis using a data set that consists
 of 1786 cases from 107 studies across 42 fish species to solve this
 problem. Overall, we found that enriched fish had significantly higher SCA
 than control fish, reflected in either basal stress levels or stress
 responses. Meta-regression analyses showed that specific subgroups of
 enrichment type, fish developmental stage, stress category, stress
 duration, stress place, sample tissue, and indicator system showed
 significant positive EE effects on SCA. Multi-model inference indicated
 that the indicator system, fish developmental stage, stress
 characteristic, and enrichment mode are important drivers for the high
 heterogeneity among effect sizes. These results highlight the importance
 of introducing EE into the rearing systems, which will not only increase
 the welfare of aquaculture fish but also improve the ecological
 adaptability of released fish. The comprehensive knowledge obtained in
 this analysis will provide insight into fish ontogenetic plasticity and
 its responses to EE and have important implications for improving the
 production cycle in fish aquaculture and fisheries conservation.
description: # Data from: A global synthesis of environmental enrichment effect on fish
 stress
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbs9r](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbs9r) ## Description of the data and file structure **This metadata file belongs to the paper “A global synthesis of environmental enrichment effect on fish stress” that is published in Fish and Fisheries ([https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12870](https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12870)).** ### Files and variables #### File: Data\_S1.\_Core\_data\_set.csv **Description:** The core data set. It includes 1719 experimental cases. Each case has the effect size and variance information. All of the basic information and moderator information are provided. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. total.n: the total sample size of all groups.  yi: the calculated effect size (i.e., Hedges' g). No unit. vi: the variance of Hedges' g. No unit. #### File: Data\_S2.\_CorMatrix\_among\_species\_involved\_in\_the\_core\_data\_set.csv **Description:** The phylogenetic correlation matrix among 40 fish species involved in the core data set. The names of rows and columns are the scientific names of the involved fish species. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. #### File: Data\_S3.\_Regression\_data\_set.csv **Description:** The regression data set. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. total.n: the total sample size of all groups.  yi: the calculated effect size (i.e., Hedges' g). No unit. vi: the variance of Hedges' g. No unit. #### File: Data\_S4.\_CorMatrix\_among\_species\_involved\_in\_the\_regression\_data\_set.csv **Description:** The phylogenetic correlation matrix among 30 species involved in the regression data set. The names of rows and columns are the scientific names of the involved fish species. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. #### File: Data\_S5.\_Candidate\_and\_best\_models\_and\_their\_weights\_based\_on\_model\_inference.csv **Description:** The candidate and best models and their weights based on model inference. first column: the id the models. (intercept): the intercept of models. The symbol "+" indicates that there has an intercept value in the model. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. The symbol "+" indicates that the model has this variable. The "NA" means no value. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. The number indicates the slope of enrichment duration. The "NA" means no value. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. The symbol "+" indicates that the model has this variable. The "NA" means no value. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. The symbol "+" indicates that the model has this variable. The "NA" means no value. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. The symbol "+" indicates that the model has this variable. The "NA" means no value. df: the freedom degree of models. No unit. logLik: a statistic evaluating the fitting effectiveness of models. No unit. AICc: Akaike information criterion corrected for a small sample size. No unit. delta: the difference of AICc between the model with the lowest AICc and others. No unit. weight: a statistic calculated based on AICc. No unit. #### File: Data\_S6.Data\_set\_for\_sensitivity\_analysis (deleting\_four\_cases).csv **Description:** The data set used for sensitivity analysis. To run this type of sensitivity analysis, four noticeably large cases from the core data set are deleted. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. total.n: the total sample size of all groups.  yi: the calculated effect size (i.e., Hedges' g). No unit. vi: the variance of Hedges' g. No unit. #### File: Data\_S7.Data\_set\_for\_sensitivity\_analysis (constructing\_VCV\_matrix).csv **Description:** The data set used for sensitivity analysis. The aim of this type of sensitivity analysis is to account for the correlation and dependency among cases that arise when using the same control group and estimating multiple effect sizes. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. common.id: a column that represents the situation using the same control group. If the two cases use the same series data as control group, the two cases will be given the same "common.id". No unit. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. total.n: the total sample size of all groups.  yi: the calculated effect size (i.e., Hedges' g). No unit. vi: the variance of Hedges' g. No unit. #### File: Data\_S8.\_VCV\_matrix.csv **Description:** The variance-covariance matrix used for the sensitivity analysis. The columns are the id of involved cases. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. #### File: Data\_S9.Data\_set\_for\_sensitivity\_analysis (using\_lnRR\_as\_the\_measure\_of\_effect\_size).csv **Description:** The data set used for sensitivity analysis. The lnRR is used as the measure of effect size. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. total.n: the total sample size of all groups. yi: the calculated effect size (i.e., lnRR). No unit. vi: the variance of lnRR. No unit. #### File: Data\_S10.\_Full\_data\_set\_with\_imputed\_SD\_values\_by\_Bracken1992\_algorithm.csv **Description:** The full data set with imputed SD values by Bracken1992 algorithm. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. T.sd: the standard deviation of the treatment group. C.sd: the standard deviation of the control group. total.n: the total sample size of all groups.  if.imputed.SD: a column explaining whether the standard deviation is obtained by imputation using Bracken1992 algorithm. #### File: Data\_S11.\_Full\_data\_set\_with\_imputed\_SD\_values\_by\_HotDeck\_algorithm.csv **Description:** The full data set with imputed SD values by HotDeck algorithm. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. T.sd: the standard deviation of the treatment group. No unit. C.sd: the standard deviation of the control group. No unit. total.n: the total sample size of all groups. No unit. if.imputed.SD: a column explaining whether the standard deviation is obtained by imputation using HotDeck algorithm. #### File: Data\_S12.\_Full\_data\_set\_with\_imputed\_SD\_values\_by\_HotDeckNN\_algorithm.csv **Description:** The full data set with imputed SD values by HotDeckNN algorithm. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. T.sd: the standard deviation of the treatment group. No unit. C.sd: the standard deviation of the control group. No unit. total.n: the total sample size of all groups. No unit. if.imputed.SD: a column explaining whether the standard deviation is obtained by imputation using HotDeckNN algorithm. #### File: Data\_S13.\_Full\_data\_set\_with\_imputed\_SD\_values\_by\_MICE\_algorithm.csv **Description:** The full data set with imputed SD values by MICE algorithm. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. total.n: the total sample size of all groups. No unit. if.imputed.SD: a column explaining whether the standard deviation is obtained by imputation using MICE algorithm. T.sd: the standard deviation of the treatment group. No unit. C.sd: the standard deviation of the control group. No unit. #### File: Data\_S14.Data\_set\_for\_sensitivity\_analysis (full\_cases\_with\_average\_SD\_values).csv **Description:** The data set for sensitivity analysis. It includes full cases with imputed SD values averaged by four algorithms. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value. ref: the number of reference. author: the first author's name of the publication. journal: the published journal. 2021 jif: the journal impact factor of the 2021 year, which is obtained from  the web of science website. exp.site.or.first.org: experimental site or the first organization of the publication. longitude: the longitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. latitude: the latitude of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. Unit, degree. country: the country of the experimental site or the first organization of the publication. common.name: the common name of the fish species. scientific.name: the scientific name of the fish species. enrichment.type: the type of environmental enrichment. enrichment.category:  the category of environmental enrichment. PE.color: the color of the specific objects used for physical enrichment. PE.SE.level: the level or amount of the specific objects used for physical enrichment or sensory enrichment. enrichment.duration: the duration that fish are introduced into specific environments. Unit, day. developmental.stage: we roughly divide fish developmental stage as egg, larvae, post-larvae, juvenile, adult, and no-info. The developmental stage is the initial stage that fish are introduced into treatments. body.mass: initial body mass of fish. Unit, g. captive.density: initial rearing density. Unit, given in each cell. stress.type: the type of stressors, which is divided into physical stressor, chemical stressor, social stressor, mixed stressor, and none. stress.category: the sub-category of stress type. Each stress category is further categorized into one of above five stress types. In detail, "physical stressor" includes water-level lower, novel environment, chasing, forced swimming, and transport; "chemical stressor" includes air exposure, hypoxia, anesthesia, and drug injection; and "social stressor" includes social deprivation, pathogen challenge, and predation. The "mixed stressor" indicates the fish is encountered two or more single stressors, i.e. "mixture", whereas the "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e. basal stress level. stress.duration: the exposure duration of stressors, which is divided into none, acute, and chronic. Among them, "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level; "acute" indicates the fish encounters a stressor only once; and "chronic" indicates the fish encounters a single stressor or mixed stressors for two or more repeats. stress.place: the place where fish encounter stress, which is divided into none, home tank, and other tank. The "none" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. sample.tissue: the sample tissue of fish, which is divided into blood, brain, whole body, observation, muscle, and visceral mass. The "observation" indicates the values of indicators are obtained by observing the behaviors, bodies, and others. sample.time: the time point of sampling after stress. Unit, minute. The "0" indicates no stressor is encountered by fish, i.e., basal stress level. if.stress: It indicates whether the fish is encountered a stressor, which is divided into yes and no. if.peak: It indicates whether the indicator value is the peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure whether it is the peak value based on the original paper. if.recovery: It indicates whether the indicator value recovered to the basal value or lower than peak value in the stress response, which is divided into yes, no, and no-info. The "no-info" means we do not assure it based on the original paper. indicator.stage: we refer the first-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator stage", and roughly divide it as primary, secondary, tertiary, and social interaction. indicator.process: we refer the second-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator process", and each indicator process is classified into one of four "indicator stage" items. In detail, primary stage includes Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal axis (i.e., HPI axis), Hypothalamic-Sympathetic-Chromaffin cell axis (i.e., HSC axis), and Other Neurotransmitters, Neuroendocrine peptides, and Hormones (i.e., ONNH). Secondary stage inculdes blood changes, oxygen uptake, and Other Physiological Processes (i.e., OPP). Tertiary stage mainly includes anxiety-like behavior. Social interaction includes body damage, and aggression. indicator.measurement: we refer the third-level classification of fish stress parameters as "indicator measurement", and these parameters are extracted from original publications and are classified into specific "indicator process" items. indicator.direction: expected direction of the effect of the indicator measurement. The symbol "+" indicates that a increase in indicator.measurement increases fish stress coping ability, i.e. lower basal stress status or stress response, and the symbol "-" indicates the reverse. total.n: the total sample size of all groups. No unit. if.imputed.SD: a column explaining whether the standard deviation is obtained by imputation using MICE algorithm. T.sd: the standard deviation of the treatment group. No unit. C.sd: the standard deviation of the control group. No unit. yi: the calculated effect size (i.e., Hedges' g). No unit. vi: the variance of Hedges' g. No unit. #### File: Data\_S15.\_CorMatrix\_among\_species\_involved\_in\_the\_full\_data\_set.csv **Description:** The phylogenetic correlation matrix among 42 fish species involved in the full data set. The names of rows and columns are the scientific names of the involved fish species. If the cell involves "NA", it means no value.