DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gb5mkkwxh
title: Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection

description: The widespread uptake of COVID-19 vaccines by women provided a unique
 opportunity to study the effects of pregnancy and lactation on immune
 responses to vaccination. Leveraging a cohort with well-defined SARS-CoV-2
 exposure history, we found that the magnitude of humoral and cellular
 immune responses to vaccine-delivered SARS-CoV-2 spike was not affected by
 pregnancy or lactation status. However, vaccination during pregnancy
 elicited more stem-like SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells. Moreover,
 breakthrough infection promoted spike-specific IgG in pregnant individuals
 in contrast to IgA in those lactating, suggesting that the
 pregnancy-to-lactation transition favors mucosal antibody responses.
 Breakthrough infection also reduced peripheral cytolytic
 SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies during lactation but not
 pregnancy, which may reflect trafficking of the cells to mammary glands.
 Our study also uncovered an impact of pregnancy and lactation on global T
 cell phenotypes. In particular, lactating individuals preferentially
 exhibited a state of diminished T cell activation. Furthermore,
 breakthrough infection during pregnancy, but not lactation, diminished
 frequencies of activated CD8+ T cells, tissue-homing CD8+ T cells, and gd
 T cells. Our findings support the notion that immunity during pregnancy
 and lactation adapts to benefit the fetus or breastfed infant, with
 implications for eliciting effective long-term immunity for these uniquely
 vulnerable groups.
description: # Pregnancy and lactation induce distinct immune responses to COVID-19
 booster vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection **Contact**:
 Nadia Roan, PhD Gladstone Institutes University of California, San
 Francisco
 [nadia.roan@gladstone.ucsf.edu](mailto:nadia.roan@gladstone.ucsf.edu)
 [nadia.roan@ucsf.edu](mailto:nadia.roan@ucsf.edu) **Dates of collection:**
 December 2020 to February 2022 **Information about the geographic location
 of data collection:** San Francisco Bay Area **Key words:** SARS-CoV-2,
 CyTOF, T cells, pregnant, lactating **Data and file overview:** Included
 are 348 FCS files from 174 different CyTOF specimens. Each file name
 begins with a de-identified study participant identifier (ID). The Group
 category corresponds to whether the participant was non pregnant
 (Nonpreg), pregnant, or lactating at the time of specimen collection. The
 Status category indicates whether the sample was obtained prior (Pre) or
 subsequent (Post) to receiving a 3rd dose of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. The
 Immunity category corresponds to whether at the time of sampling, the
 participant had only received COVID-19 vaccines (Vac) or whether the
 participant had received 3 doses of vaccine followed by a breakthrough
 SARS-CoV-2 infection (Break). The Cell Type category indicates whether
 data exported correspond to CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. The Cells category
 indicates whether the cells analyzed were total T cells at baseline
 (Atlas) or SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from peptide stimulated samples
 (SARS2). The Batch category indicates the batch that each specimen was run
 in. All files were created between March 2022 and August 2022. In
 addition, we include a single Excel (.xlsx) file corresponding to the raw
 Luminex-derived antibody data from 87 individuals. In the Excel file, each
 row corresponds to a separate specimen. * The first column
 ("ID") corresponds to the de-identified study participant
 identifier (ID). * The "Sampling" column indicates the date of
 specimen collection. * The "Group" column indicates whether the
 participant was non-pregnant (Nonpreg), pregnant, or lactating at the time
 of specimen collection. * The "Status" column corresponds to
 whether the specimens were collected before (Pre) or after (Post)
 receiving the 3rd dose of COVID-19 vaccine. The "Immunity"
 column indicates whether at the time of sampling, the individual had only
 received COVID-19 vaccines (Vac), or whether the participant had received
 3 doses of vaccine followed by a breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection
 (Break). * The "IgG anti-N", "IgG anti-RBD", "IgM
 anti-N", "IgM anti-RBD", "IgA anti-N", and
 "IgA anti-RBD" columns indicate the corresponding median
 fluorescence intensity (MFI) values as determined by Luminex, which
 indicates the relative levels of each of these types of antibodies between
 the different participants. **Sharing and access information:** No
 licenses or restrictions are placed on the data. **Methodological
 information:** Methods used for generating and analyzing the CyTOF
 datasets are similar to those described before:
 [https://elifesciences.org/articles/72619](https://elifesciences.org/articles/72619) [https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/207/5/1344/234507/Protracted-yet-Coordinated-Differentiation-of-Long](https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/207/5/1344/234507/Protracted-yet-Coordinated-Differentiation-of-Long) [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109414](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109414) [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100081](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100081) [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-023-01724-6](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-023-01724-6) IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) or nucleocapsid (N) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus were analyzed with a multiplex-based human serology kit (Bio-Rad, catalog#12014777) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Values shown are in median fluorescence intensity (MFI) as determined by Luminex assay. **Data-specific information:** Please see the above information under "data and file overview" and "methodological information". **CyTOF datasets:** | ID | Group | Status | Immunity | Cell Type | Cells | Batch | | ------ | --------- | ------ | -------- | --------- | ----- | ----- | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 12 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 12 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 12 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 12 | | C01005 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | C01005 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | C01018 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 10 | | C01018 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 10 | | V11003 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 12 | | V11003 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 12 | | V11003 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 12 | | V11003 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 12 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 10 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 10 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 10 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 10 | | V11012 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 1 | | V11012 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 1 | | V11015 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | V11015 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | V11015 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | V11015 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | V11018 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 1 | | V11018 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 1 | | V11020 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 1 | | V11020 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 1 | | V11025 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | V11025 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | V11032 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 10 | | V11032 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 10 | | V11032 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 10 | | V11032 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 10 | | V11044 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | V11044 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | V11044 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | V11044 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | V11045 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | V11045 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | V11047 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | V11047 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | V11047 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | V11047 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | V11052 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | V11052 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | V11052 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | V11052 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | V11055 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | V11055 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | V11055 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | V11055 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | V11064 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | V11064 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 12 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 12 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 12 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 12 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | V11095 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | V11095 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | V11098 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | V11098 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | V11098 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | V11098 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | V11105 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | V11105 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | V11105 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | V11105 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | V11138 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | V11138 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | V11138 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | V11138 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | V11149 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | V11149 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | V11159 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | V11159 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | V11166 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | V11166 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | V11166 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | V11166 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | V11168 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | V11168 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | V11168 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | V11168 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | V11169 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | V11169 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 2 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 2 | | V11171 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 1 | | V11171 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 1 | | V11173 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | V11173 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | V11175 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 1 | | V11175 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 1 | | V11176 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 1 | | V11176 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 1 | | V11177 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 3 | | V11177 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 3 | | V11178 | Pregnant | Pre | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 4 | | V11178 | Pregnant | Pre | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 4 | | V11179 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 5 | | V11179 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 5 | | V11183 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 6 | | V11183 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 6 | | V11185 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 7 | | V11185 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 7 | | V11186 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 8 | | V11186 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 8 | | V11187 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 9 | | V11187 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 9 | | V11189 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 10 | | V11189 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 10 | | V11191 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | Atlas | 1 | | V11191 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | Atlas | 1 | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | C01003 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 12 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 12 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 12 | | C01004 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 12 | | C01005 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | C01005 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | C01006 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | C01007 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | C01008 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | C01014 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | C01016 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | C01017 | Nonpreg | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | C01018 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 10 | | C01018 | Nonpreg | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11003 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11003 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11003 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11003 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11007 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11012 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11012 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11015 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11015 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11015 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11015 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11018 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11018 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11020 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11020 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11025 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11025 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11032 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11032 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11032 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11032 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11044 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11044 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11044 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11044 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11045 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11045 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11047 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11047 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11047 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11047 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11052 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11052 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11052 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11052 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11055 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11055 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11055 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11055 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11064 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11064 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11067 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 12 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11087 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11095 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11095 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11098 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11098 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11098 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11098 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11105 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11105 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11105 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11105 | Lactating | Pre | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11138 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11138 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11138 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11138 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11149 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11149 | Lactating | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11159 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11159 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11160 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11162 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11163 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11165 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11166 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11166 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11166 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11166 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11167 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11168 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11168 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11168 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11168 | Lactating | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11169 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11169 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11170 | Pregnant | Pre | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 2 | | V11171 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11171 | Pregnant | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11173 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11173 | Lactating | Post | Vac | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11175 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11175 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11176 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11176 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11177 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11177 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 3 | | V11178 | Pregnant | Pre | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11178 | Pregnant | Pre | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 4 | | V11179 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11179 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 5 | | V11183 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11183 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 6 | | V11185 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11185 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 7 | | V11186 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11186 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 8 | | V11187 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11187 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 9 | | V11189 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11189 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 10 | | V11191 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD4 | SARS2 | 1 | | V11191 | Pregnant | Post | Break | CD8 | SARS2 | 1 | ID: Participant identifier Group: Indicates the physiological state of the participants at the time of sampling Status: Indicates whether samples were obtained either before or after a 3rd mRNA vaccine dose Immunity: Indicates whether the participants' immunity were from vaccination only or from breakthrough infection Cell Type: Indicates whether CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were analyzed Cells: Indicates whether the data correspond to that of total or SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells Batch: Indicates the batch in which the specimens were run ## Human subjects data This study was approved by the institutional review board of University of California, San Francisco (UCSF, IRB #20-32077 and IRB #19-29713) and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants, to publish de-identified data in the public domain.