DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8sf7m0csn
title: Chemical volatiles of hoopoes nest and secretions

description: Some parasites use olfactory cues to detect their hosts and, since
 bacterial symbionts are partially responsible of animal odors, they could
 also determine parasitism of their hosts. By experimental manipulation of
 the microbiota of hoopoe (Upupa epops) nests before reproduction started,
 we explore the hypothetical links between symbiotic bacteria and
 volatiles, and between both of them and parasitism. We estimated level of
 ectoparasitism of chewing lice in females and of Carnus haemapterus flies
 in nestlings, characterized microbial communities (from nest materials and
 uropygial secretions), and volatile profiles (from nest environment and
 uropygial secretion) during the nestling stage. Nests with autoclaved nest
 material had less diverse bacterial communities, more diverse
 volatile-profiles, and their occupants experienced lower intensity of
 parasitism than those in control nests. The experiment also affected beta
 diversity of the microbial communities of nest material and volatiles of
 the nestling uropygial-secretions. Moreover, microbial communities of
 uropygial secretions and nest materials covaried with their volatile
 profiles, while the volatile profile of secretions explained nest odor.
 Finally, some of the volatiles and bacteria detected in the nest material
 and secretions were associated with ectoparasitism intensity of females
 and nestlings, and with fledging success. These results support the
 expected links between microbial communities and animal odors, and
 strongly suggest that the associations between symbiotic bacteria and both
 ectoparasitism and reproductive success are partially mediated by
 volatiles of bacterial origin. Future work should focus on mechanisms
 explaining the detected patterns.
description: Perfil de volátiles: Cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de
 masas (GC-MS) Los análisis se realizaron en
 cromatografía de gases acoplada a un espectrómetro de masas Varian 450GC
 240MS con un inyector automático Combi Pal a fibra SPME (50/30 μm
 DVB/CAR/PDMS, Stableflex 23Ga, Autosampler). La desorción del inyector fue
 a 250 ºC durante 10 minutos en Split (20:1) y el flujo de helio a 2mL/min.
 La columna capilar fue Aligent HP-FFAP 30m X 0.32mm X 0.25 μm. La
 temperatura del horno se inició a 50 ºC durante 1 min. Después de la
 inyección de la muestra (10 μL), el horno se programó para aumentar de 5
 ºC/min a 100 ºC, luego a 10 ºC/min a 200 ºC y de 50 ºC/min a 250 ºC
 durante 1min. El rango de barrido del espectrómetro de masas estaba en
 modo TIC Full Scan entre 30 y 500 m/z. La identificación de compuestos se
 estableció mediante el análisis de SIM de iones característicos y la
 biblioteca de espectro NIST 08.  
description: # Title of Dataset: Chemical Volatiles of hoopoes nest and hoopoes
 secretions. Some parasites use olfactory cues to detect their hosts and,
 since bacterial symbionts are partially responsible of animal odors, they
 could also determine parasitism of their hosts. By experimental
 manipulation of the microbiota of hoopoe (Upupa epops) nests before
 reproduction started, we explore the hypothetical links between symbiotic
 bacteria and volatiles, and between both of them and parasitism. We
 estimated level of ectoparasitism of chewing lice in females and of Carnus
 haemapterus flies in nestlings, characterized microbial communities (from
 nest materials and uropygial secretions), and volatile profiles (from nest
 environment and uropygial secretion) during the nestling stage. Nests with
 autoclaved nest material had less diverse bacterial communities, more
 diverse volatile-profiles, and their occupants experienced lower intensity
 of parasitism than those in control nests. The experiment also affected
 beta diversity of the microbial communities of nest material and volatiles
 of the nestling uropygial-secretions. Moreover, microbial communities of
 uropygial secretions and nest materials covaried with their volatile
 profiles, while the volatile profile of secretions explained nest odor.
 Finally, some of the volatiles and bacteria detected in the nest material
 and secretions were associated with ectoparasitism intensity of females
 and nestlings, and with fledging success. These results support the
 expected links between microbial communities and animal odors, and
 strongly suggest that the associations between symbiotic bacteria and both
 ectoparasitism and reproductive success are partially mediated by
 volatiles of bacterial origin. Future work should focus on mechanisms
 explaining the detected patterns. ## Description of the Data and file
 structure There are two data files: *
 "Metadata_Volatiles_Nest_Hoopoes": This file contain the data of
 volatiles of hoopoes nest in two differents stage, at the day 7 and at the
 day 18 after the firt eggs hattched. *
 "Metadata_Volatiles_Secretion_Hoopoes":This file contain the
 data of volatiles of hoopoes secretions of females, chick 8 days old and
 chicks 19 days old. This dataset contents the reulsts pf analyses that
 were performed on a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer
 Varian 450GC 240MS with automatic injector Combi Pal to SPME fiber (50/30
 m DVB/CAR/PDMS, Stableflex 23Ga, Autosampler).\ Volatile profiles were
 measured in two ways: the relative abundance of chemical volatile profile
 (the percentage of the area of each compound over the total area of the
 chromatogram adjusted to 100%) and the qualitative measure of presence or
 absence of a chemical compound. The colums of this data are: * ID: Is the
 name that we use to identificate each sample. * Fiber or Gland: Fiber in
 the case of the saples of nest and gland of the case of secretions. In
 case of the fiber it means the day that we measeure the volatiles of the
 nest. In the case of gland mean if the gland is of chicks that are 8 eight
 days old, chicks that are 19 days old o females. * Nest: Is the name of
 the nest. * Year: Is the year when we colected the samples. * Treatment:
 Is the treatment of the nest. Experimental treatment is in which we
 autoclaved the material-nest. Control treatmen is in which we no
 autoclaved the material-nest. Natural meaning that we did nothing to
 nest-material. * Laying_Date: is the date when hoopoes laid the first egg.
 * Laying_Date_S: Is Laying_Date standardized * Fleding_success: It is the
 percentage of flight success of each hoopoe nest. We calculate it by
 dividing the total number of chicks in the nest on day 19 by the number of
 chicks on day 8 and multiplying by 100 * BitesCarnus_Chicks_Day_8_Mean: It
 is the sum of the bites of the chicks in a nest divided by the number of
 chicks in the nest at the day 8 after the firt egg hattched. *
 BitesCarnus_Chicks_Day_19_Mean: It is the sum of the bites of the chicks
 in a nest divided by the number of chicks in the nest at the day 19 after
 the firt egg hattched. * Chewing_Lice_Female_Day_4: Number of chewing lice
 that the female has on day 4 We use NA when we do not get that data ##
 Sharing/access Information Links to other publicly accessible locations of
 the data: Raw sequence reads are deposited in the SRA (BioProject ID:
 PRJNA847390), under accession number, SUB11518282 (nest) and SRA
 (BioProject ID: PRJNA847428), under accession number SUB11582000
 (secretion). Was data derived from another source? No.