cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585209
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 132, PFAT 132

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal PFS 0095 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 132, Bowman 132 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFS 0095 on obverse, upper edge, reverse, bottom edge, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238268
title: Scans

description: [Text Description:] Face of man on front, carvings of Osiris and two smaller figures, plus hieroglyphs beneath. Carving on left, carving, hieroglyphs on back, carving and hieroglyphs on right. Gods in upper register Ptah, Anubis, Apis, possibly Hathor, Ra or Thoth. ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre N 65-A 64 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Hieroglyphs ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Quartzite statue in a roughly triangular shape. Carving and inscriptions on all sides. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Some damage on the base.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238108
title: Scans

description: [Text Description:] Inscriptions on all four sizes of fragment, possibly offerings. Figure on front of fragment. ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre AF 12136 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Hieroglyphs ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Fragment of quartzite statue with inscriptions and figure. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Broken on top and bottom.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585204
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 132, PFAT 132

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal PFS 0095 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 132, Bowman 132 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFS 0095 on obverse, upper edge, reverse, bottom edge, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238105
title: Scans

description: [Text Description:] Inscriptions on all four sizes of fragment, possibly offerings. Figure on front of fragment. ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre AF 12136 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Hieroglyphs ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Fragment of quartzite statue with inscriptions and figure. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Broken on top and bottom.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585202
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 132, PFAT 132

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal PFS 0095 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 132, Bowman 132 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFS 0095 on obverse, upper edge, reverse, bottom edge, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238104
title: Statue of Amenemhatankh, functionary of Crocodilopolis (in the Fayoum), Louvre E 11053

description: [Text Description:] Standing statue of Amenemhatankh. "Chief of the priests, esteemed of the King, secretary of the Grande Place," and "Also secretary of the temple of Ptah-Sokar." ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre E 11053 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Hieroglyphs ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Quartzite statue of a standing figure, inscriptions on sides and front. The figure stands against a column. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] The bottom of the statue is broken off. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] H.: 72 cm.; L.: 18 cm.; Pr.: 30.30 cm.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc1sto1606735
title: InscriptiFact -- an image database of inscriptions and artifacts

description: The InscriptiFact Collection is designed to allow access via the Internet to high-resolution images of ancient inscriptions and artifacts, primarily from the Near Eastern and Mediterranean Worlds. The targeted inscriptions constitute some of the world’s earliest written records, which are mostly housed in a number of international museums and libraries, as well as field projects where inscriptions still remain in situ. Included, for example, are, selected Dead Sea Scrolls; cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia, Persia, Canaan and Egypt; early Jewish papyri from Egypt; lapidary inscriptions, primarily from Jordan, Lebanon and Cyprus; inscriptions on a variety of hard media (e.g., ostraca, copper, semi-precious stones, jar handles) mostly written in early Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, Ammonite and Edomite; and much more. These ancient texts are foundational documents that serve as a point of reference for Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the cultures out of which they emerged. The name "InscriptiFact" is intended to convey the concept of a scholarly archive based on "facts" about "inscriptions" and "artifacts." West Semitic Research Project (WSRP) under the auspices of the University of Southern California (USC) is broadly acknowledged as a leader in the application of photographic and digital technologies to capture and analyze data of ancient texts. The West Semitic Research image archive now contains approximately 1,500,000 images. Important! Search terms with more than one word or number need to be enclosed in quotation marks.Guide to Searching InscriptiFact
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238093
title: Scans

description: [Text Description:] Face of man on front, carvings of Osiris and two smaller figures, plus hieroglyphs beneath. Carving on left, carving, hieroglyphs on back, carving and hieroglyphs on right. Gods in upper register Ptah, Anubis, Apis, possibly Hathor, Ra or Thoth. ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre N 65-A 64 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Hieroglyphs ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Quartzite statue in a roughly triangular shape. Carving and inscriptions on all sides. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Some damage on the base.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110581775
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 047, PFAT 047

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0111 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 047, Bowman 47 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0111 flat edge, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/kada-ouc11399luma
title: League for the Protection of Korea. Resolutions regarding Korea, 1919

description: The League for the Protection of Korea was a group of Christian ministers and former missionaries to Korea whose purpose was to advocate for the interests of an independent Korea.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238089
title: Scans

description: [Text Description:] Small head of sphinx with nemes and uraeus headdress, with the body broken off; uninscribed. ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre E 10896 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Red sandstone figurine fragment. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Only the head of the figurine remains.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110581768
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 047, PFAT 047

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0111 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 047, Bowman 47 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0111 flat edge, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/kada-ouc11399lujg
title: Proclamation of Women's Korean Independence

description: Proclamation of Korean Independence by Patriotic Women’s Associations in Manchuria in February (lunar calendar) 1919; 1919년 2월(음력) 간도에 있는 애국부인회가 발표 한 독립선언서
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238082
title: Scans

description: [Text Description:] Kneeling figure of Ptahmer, with hieroglyphic inscription on the column beside the figure on front and back. Carved figure on the side of the column with inscription, inscription on the back of the figure. ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre A 60 - N 61 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Hieroglyphs ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Quartzite statue fragment; kneeling figure with inscribed column beside it. Carved figure on the side of the column. Inscription on the back of the kneeling figure. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Top of kneeling figure broken off, some damage to the base.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110581766
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 047, PFAT 047

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0111 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 047, Bowman 47 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0111 flat edge, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110238077
title: Scans

description: [Text Description:] Seated figure of Amon on decorated throne with ram's head. Hieroglyphic inscriptions on the sides of his throne. ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Louvre AF 2577 ❧ [Medium:] Stone ❧ [Script Note:] Hieroglyphs ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Quartzite (?) statue, figure seated on block throne. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Right arm of statue broken off, left arm plus part of torso broken off. Some damage to base.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110581759
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 047, PFAT 047

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0111 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 047, Bowman 47 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0111 flat edge, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582146
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 055, PFAT 055

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0118 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 055, Bowman 55 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0118 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585201
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 132, PFAT 132

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal PFS 0095 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 132, Bowman 132 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFS 0095 on obverse, upper edge, reverse, bottom edge, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582143
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 054, PFAT 054

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0117 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 054, Bowman 54 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0117 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585172
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 131, PFAT 131

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0164; PFATS 0003 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 131, Bowman 131 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0164 bottom edge, obverse, reverse, upper edge; PFATS 0003 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582142
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 055, PFAT 055

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0118 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 055, Bowman 55 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0118 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585170
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 131, PFAT 131

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0164; PFATS 0003 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 131, Bowman 131 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0164 bottom edge, obverse, reverse, upper edge; PFATS 0003 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582135
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 055, PFAT 055

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0118 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 055, Bowman 55 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0118 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585168
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 131, PFAT 131

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0164; PFATS 0003 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 131, Bowman 131 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0164 bottom edge, obverse, reverse, upper edge; PFATS 0003 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582118
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 054, PFAT 054

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0117 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 054, Bowman 54 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0117 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585166
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 131, PFAT 131

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0164; PFATS 0003 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 131, Bowman 131 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0164 bottom edge, obverse, reverse, upper edge; PFATS 0003 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582106
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 054, PFAT 054

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0117 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 054, Bowman 54 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0117 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585268
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 134, PFAT 134

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0168; PFS 0017 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 134, Bowman 134 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0168 obverse, reverse; PFS 0017 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/kada-ouc11399luje
title: An Chang Ho's open letter to Christian churches in America, 1920

description: An Chang Ho wrote this appeal to churches in America in his capacity as Chairman of the Korean National Association's Executive Council.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582105
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 054, PFAT 054

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0117 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 054, Bowman 54 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0117 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.15468/95qy47
title: Materials of the project "Open biodiversity data: serving nature conservation in Ukraine"

description: The project "Open biodiversity data: serving nature conservation in Ukraine" is supported by the Rufford Foundation and is aimed on collecting data on biodiversity in Ukraine by specialists of the Ukrainian Nature Conservation Group (UNCG) for publication in GBIF. The project became especially relevant in connection with the invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine, which led to many threats to rare species in different parts of Ukraine.
DOI: 10.25549/kada-ouc11399lujc
title: Korean Commission. Proposed plank for the Democratic platform, 1920

description: Submitted to the Democratic Party convention with a few of the reasons, briefly stated, for its adoption.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582100
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 054, PFAT 054

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0117 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 054, Bowman 54 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0117 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585263
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 134, PFAT 134

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0168; PFS 0017 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 134, Bowman 134 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0168 obverse, reverse; PFS 0017 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/kada-ouc11399luja
title: World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches. Plans and programs for local committee on co-operation

description: World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches. Plans and programs for local committee on co-operation
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110582085
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 054, PFAT 054

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFATS 0117 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 054, Bowman 54 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0117 obverse, reverse, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585249
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 134, PFAT 134

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0168; PFS 0017 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 134, Bowman 134 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0168 obverse, reverse; PFS 0017 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110585247
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 134, PFAT 134

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0168; PFS 0017 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 134, Bowman 134 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0168 obverse, reverse; PFS 0017 flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/kada-ouc11399luli
title: Federal Council of the Churches and the Korean situation, 1919

description: Two copies of this one-page Commission report, one of which carries a note in pencil indicating disagreement with the "quiet policy" advocated.