cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dt378
title: Data from: Gut evolution in early Cambrian trilobites and the origin of predation on infaunal macroinvertebrates: evidence from muscle scars in Mesolenellus.

description: Trilobites are particularly common Cambrian fossils, but their trophic
 impact on the rapidly evolving marine ecosystems of that time is difficult
 to assess, due to uncertainties on how diverse their feeding habits truly
 were. Gut anatomy might help to constrain inferences on trilobite feeding
 ecology, but preservation of digestive organs is exceedingly rare. Muscle
 scars on the glabella, known as ‘frontal auxiliary impressions’ (FAIs),
 have been interpreted as evidence of the evolution of a pouch-like organ
 with powerful extrinsic muscles (i.e. a crop) in some trilobites. Here we
 describe FAIs in Mesolenellus hyperboreus from Cambrian Stage 4 strata of
 North Greenland, which represents the oldest example of such structures
 and their first report in the Suborder Olenellina. Mesolenellus FAIs
 suggest that the crop in trilobites was clearly differentiated from the
 rest of the digestive tract, and essentially located under a hypertrophied
 glabellar frontal lobe. Reviews of the digestive anatomy of trilobite
 sister-taxa and the glabellar morphology of the oldest-known trilobites
 suggest that the gut of the trilobite ancestor was an essentially simple
 tract (i.e. no well-differentiated crop) flanked laterally by numerous
 midgut glands. A crop first evolved in the Cambrian in groups like
 olenelloids and (later) paradoxidoids. Using ichnological evidence, we
 hypothesize that the emergence of olenelloids yields evidence for the
 evolution of predatory inclinations in a group of arthropods originally
 dominated by surface-deposit-feeders. By allowing the exploitation of a
 rapidly developing food source, infaunal animals, the diversification of
 feeding strategies in trilobites might partially explain their
 unparalleled evolutionary success.
description: LeroseyAubril&Peel_SupplementaryTableS1Taxonomic distribution of frontal auxiliary impressions (non-exhaustive)LeroseyAubril&Peel_SupInfTableS1.docx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fj60664
title: Data from: Partial incubation during egg laying reduces eggshell microbial loads in a temperate‐breeding passerine

description: Incubation prior to clutch completion may be adaptive if it maintains egg
 viability by inhibiting eggshell microbial growth, thus reducing the
 likelihood that the embryo becomes infected. To test this hypothesis, we
 examined the effect of partial incubation during egg laying on eggshell
 microbial loads in eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis breeding at a
 temperate‐zone site. We sampled eggshell microbes prior to and following
 four days of exposure to either partial incubation during the laying
 period or ambient environmental conditions without incubation
 (experimental eggs). Microbial colony counts declined significantly for
 eggs left in the nest during the laying period but did not vary
 significantly for eggs exposed to ambient conditions. Initial microbial
 loads were more similar to those previously reported from tropical than
 temperate environments, and microbes from potentially pathogenic groups
 were detected on 88% of first‐laid eggs on the day of laying. Egg
 viability was maintained when eggs were held indoors for four days without
 incubation but declined sharply thereafter. Our results suggest that
 partial incubation during egg laying may enhance egg viability in eastern
 bluebirds by reducing eggshell microbial loads; these effects appear
 stronger than those usually reported from the temperate zone.
description: CFUs, day of laying and
 day of clutch completionEggshell microbial loads
 on control and experimental first-laid A-eggs, day of laying and day of
 clutch completion (MacConkey agar).CFUs, MAC vs.
 TSAInitial eggshell
 microbial loads on second-laid B-eggs, MacConkey agar vs.
 TSA.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f5q4s
title: Data from: Higher frequency of social learning in China than in the West shows cultural variation in the dynamics of cultural evolution

description: Cultural evolutionary models have identified a range of conditions under
 which social learning (copying others) is predicted to be adaptive
 relative to asocial learning (learning on one's own), particularly in
 humans where socially learned information can accumulate over successive
 generations. However, cultural evolution and behavioural economics
 experiments have consistently shown apparently maladaptive
 under-utilization of social information in Western populations. Here we
 provide experimental evidence of cultural variation in people's use
 of social learning, potentially explaining this mismatch. People in
 mainland China showed significantly more social learning than British
 people in an artefact-design task designed to assess the adaptiveness of
 social information use. People in Hong Kong, and Chinese immigrants in the
 UK, resembled British people in their social information use, suggesting a
 recent shift in these groups from social to asocial learning due to
 exposure to Western culture. Finally, Chinese mainland participants
 responded less than other participants to increased environmental change
 within the task. Our results suggest that learning strategies in humans
 are culturally variable and not genetically fixed, necessitating the study
 of the ‘social learning of social learning strategies' whereby the
 dynamics of cultural evolution are responsive to social processes, such as
 migration, education and globalization.
description: Raw
 dataRaw data for the study
 in RData format.HKdata.RData
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s7n04j8
title: Data from: Biparental care is more than the sum of its parts: experimental evidence for synergistic effects on offspring fitness

description: Despite an extensive body of theoretical and empirical literature on
 biparental cooperation, it is still unclear whether offspring fare
 equally, better, or worse when receiving care by two parents versus a
 single parent. Some models predict that parents should withhold the amount
 of care they provide due to sexual conflict, thereby shifting as much of
 the workload as possible to their partner. This conflict should lead to
 offspring faring worse with two parents. Yet, other models predict that
 when parents care for their offspring together, their individual
 contributions can have synergistic (more than additive) effects on
 offspring fitness. Under this scenario, biparental cooperation should lead
 to offspring faring better with two parents. We address this fundamental
 question using a unique experimental design where we compared offspring
 fitness when the two parents worked together (biparental treatment) and
 when the two parents worked separately (uniparental treatment), while
 keeping constant the amount of resources and number of offspring per
 parent across treatments. This made it possible to directly compare the
 biparental treatment to the sum of the male and female contributions in
 the uniparental treatment. Our main finding was that offspring grew larger
 and were more likely to survive to adulthood when reared by both parents
 than a single parent. This is the first empirical evidence for a
 synergistic effect of biparental cooperation on offspring fitness and
 could provide novel insights into the conditions favouring the evolution
 of biparental cooperation.
description: Data from Pilakouta
 Hanlon & Smiseth Proceedings BParental behaviour and
 offspring fitness under uniparental and biparental care in burying
 beetlesPilakouta Hanlon & Smiseth
 - Proceedings B.xlsx
DOI: 10.15468/dl.y9muqd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4265 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((64.80024 24.00313,73.82626 1.07483,83.82807 2.78143,74.80205 27.73371,64.80024 24.00313))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Testudines"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4265 records from 45 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001142-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q1s1v
title: Data from: Long-term storage effects in steroid metabolite extracts from baboon (Papio sp.) faeces – a comparison of three commonly applied storage methods

description: 1. The measurement of steroid hormone metabolites from faeces in wild
 animal populations is a powerful, non-invasive tool in behavioural
 endocrinology of all major vertebrate taxa. However, because such research
 is often done in remote areas with limited infrastructure, storage of
 samples for hormone analysis over long periods at high temperature is a
 critical issue in field endocrinology. Previous studies have indicated
 that storage of alcoholic faecal extracts is more reliable than storage of
 unprocessed faeces if no freezer is available, but a standard method has
 not been established yet. 2. We tested the validity of three commonly
 applied storage conditions - liquid extracts, dried extracts, and extracts
 placed on solid phase extraction (SPE)-cartridges - to preserve
 concentrations of glucocorticoid and androgen metabolites from faecal
 extracts of olive baboons (Papio anubis) at high temperature over one
 year. 3. Temporal variation in concentrations was detected for all
 metabolites and all storage conditions, including values measured from the
 control condition, i.e. extracts stored at 20°C. This suggested that most
 variation was due to inter-assay variability, corroborated by comparisons
 of variation in ‘quality controls’ and samples. 4. Compared to frozen
 control samples, liquid extracts were stable for up to 24 weeks, extracts
 on SPE-cartridges were stable for up to 50 weeks, while steroid metabolite
 concentrations in dried extracts decreased slightly over time. 5. If
 steroid samples have to be stored at ambient temperature, we suggest
 storage of liquid extracts for up to 24 weeks in a dark and cool place.
 For longer periods, SPE-cartridges should be applied as evaporation, a
 potential confound arising with long-term storage of liquid extracts at
 higher temperatures, is not a problem in this storage condition. Storage
 of dried extracts is more cost-effective, but may result in small
 time-dependent changes in steroid concentrations.
description: Data used for analyses
 of storage effectsMeasured concentrations
 of hormone metabolites during the storage experiment for all storage
 conditions and time points.All data -
 stacked.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.953cv28
title: Data from: Extent of adaptation is not limited by unpredictability of the environment in laboratory populations of Escherichia coli

description: Environmental variability is on the rise in different parts of the earth
 and the survival of many species depend on how well they cope with these
 fluctuations. Our current understanding of how organisms adapt to
 unpredictably fluctuating environments is almost entirely based on studies
 that investigate fluctuations among different values of a single
 environmental stressor like temperature or pH. How would unpredictability
 affect adaptation when the environment fluctuates between qualitatively
 very different kinds of stresses? To answer this question, we subjected
 laboratory populations of Escherichia coli to selection over ~260
 generations. The populations faced predictable and unpredictable
 environmental fluctuations across qualitatively different selection
 environments, namely, salt and acidic pH. We show that predictability of
 environmental fluctuations does not play a role in determining the extent
 of adaptation, although the extent of ancestral adaptation to the chosen
 selection environments is of key importance. This is good news given that
 the unpredictability of environmental fluctuations all over the world is
 on the rise.
description: Data_Predictability_For
 DryadThis data file contains
 both R (Max growth rate) and K (Max OD attained) for all populations.
 Assay = Assay environment; Sel = Selection Environment; Rep = Replicate#;
 Day= Trial#, Maxsl'=Maximum Slope; Kmax = Max OD attained. Ancestor =
 Ancestral strain.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j8d54fn
title: Data from: Senescence impacts reproduction and maternal investment in bottlenose dolphins

description: Reproductive senescence is evident across many mammalian species. An
 emerging perspective considers components of reproductive senescence as
 evolutionarily distinct phenomena: fertility senescence and
 maternal-effect senescence. While fertility senescence is regarded as the
 aging of reproductive physiology, maternal-effect senescence pertains to
 the declining capacity to provision and rear surviving offspring due to
 age. Both contribute to reproductive failure in utero making it difficult
 to differentiate between the two prenatally in the wild. We investigated
 both components in a long-lived mammal with prolonged maternal care
 through three parameters: calf survival, interbirth interval (IBI), and
 lactation period. We provide clear evidence for reproductive senescence in
 a wild population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) using 34+
 years of longitudinal data on 229 adult females and 562 calves. Calf
 survival decreased with maternal age, and calves with older mothers had
 lower survival than predicted by birth order, suggesting maternal-effect
 senescence. Both lactation period and IBIs increased with maternal age,
 and IBIs increased regardless of calf mortality, indicating interactions
 between fertility and maternal-effect senescence. Of calves that survived
 to weaning, last-born calves weaned later than earlier-born calves,
 evidence of terminal investment, a mitigating strategy given reduced
 reproductive value caused by either components of reproductive senescence.
description: READMEThis file explains all
 of the variables in each of the datasets that accompany: Karniski C,
 Krzyszczyk E, Mann J. 2018ms. Senescence impacts reproduction and maternal
 investment in bottlenose dolphins.maternal_age_calf_survival_Karniski_2018Dataset used for modeling the effects of maternal age on calf survivalIBI_Karniski_2018Dataset used for modeling effects of maternal age and calf mortality on interbirth intervalsweaning_Karniski_2018Dataset used for modeling the effect of maternal age on calf age at weaningbirth_order_weaning_Karniski_2018Dataset used for modeling the effects of birth order on weaning age
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.46tj577
title: Data from: Stable social relationships between unrelated females increase individual fitness in a cooperative bird

description: Social animals often form long-lasting relationships with fellow group
 members, usually with close kin. In primates, strong social bonds have
 been associated with increased longevity, offspring survival, and
 reproductive success. However, little is known about the fitness effects
 of social bonds between non-kin, especially outside of mammals. In this
 study, we use long-term field research on a cooperatively breeding bird,
 the greater ani (Crotophaga major), to ask whether adult females benefit
 by remaining in long-term associations with unrelated, co-breeding
 females. We find that females that have previously nested together
 synchronize their reproduction more rapidly than those nesting with
 unfamiliar partners, which leads to lower competition and higher fledging
 success. Importantly, although previous experience with a co-breeding
 female influenced reproductive synchrony, the degree of reproductive
 synchrony did not influence whether co-breeding females remained together
 in subsequent years, ruling out the alternate hypothesis that highly
 synchronized females are simply more likely to remain together. These
 results indicate that switching groups is costly to females, and that
 social familiarity improves reproductive coordination. Stable social
 relationships, therefore, have significant fitness consequences for
 cooperatively nesting female birds, suggesting that direct benefits alone
 may favor the evolution of associations between non-relatives and
 contribute to long-term group stability.
description: Riehl_Greater Ani
 Reproductive Synchrony Data (Dryad)Data for models
 investigating the number of days needed for females to synchronize
 reproduction in communally breeding Greater Anis, using female age, group
 size, clutch initiation date, group stability, and other variables as
 predictors. Note that female age is the minimum known age of adults in the
 population, and is therefore an underestimate for the first 3 years of the
 study (2007-2009). In all binary variables, 0 = no and 1 =
 yes.Riehl
 Greater Ani Reproductive Synchrony Data
 (Dryad).xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p0d83
title: Data from: Within- and among-population impact of genetic erosion on adult fitness-related traits in the European tree frog Hyla arborea

description: Assessing in wild populations how fitness is impacted by inbreeding and
 genetic drift is a major goal for conservation biology. An approach to
 measure the detrimental effects of inbreeding on fitness is to estimate
 correlations between molecular variation and phenotypic performances
 within and among populations. Our study investigated the effect of
 individual multilocus heterozygosity on body size, body condition and
 reproductive investment of males (that is, chorus attendance) and females
 (that is, clutch mass and egg size) in both small fragmented and large
 non-fragmented populations of European tree frog (Hyla arborea). Because
 adult size and/or condition and reproductive investment are usually
 related, genetic erosion may have detrimental effects directly on
 reproductive investment, and also on individual body size and condition
 that in turn may affect reproductive investment. We confirmed that the
 reproductive investment was highly size-dependent for both sexes. Larger
 females invested more in offspring production, and larger males attended
 the chorus in the pond more often. Our results did not provide evidence
 for a decline in body size, condition and reproductive effort with
 decreased multilocus heterozygosity both within and among populations. We
 showed that the lack of heterozygosity–fitness correlations within
 populations probably resulted from low inbreeding levels (inferior to ca.
 20% full-sib mating rate), even in the small fragmented populations. The
 detrimental effects of fixation load were either low in adults or hidden
 by environmental variation among populations. These findings will be
 useful to design specific management actions to improve population
 persistence.
description: dataHeredity
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mg152
title: Data from: Morphological convergence in a Mexican garter snake associated with the ingestion of a novel prey

description: Morphological convergence is expected when organisms which differ in
 phenotype experience similar functional demands, which lead to similar
 associations between resource utilization and performance. To consume prey
 with hard exoskeletons, snakes require either specialized head morphology,
 or to deal with them when they are vulnerable, e.g. during molting. Such
 attributes may in turn reduce the efficiency with which they prey on
 soft-bodied, slippery animals such as fish. Snakes which consume a range
 of prey may present intermediate morphology, such as that of Thamnophiine
 (Natricidae) which may be classified morphometrically across the soft-hard
 prey dietary boundary. In this study, we compared the dentition and head
 structure of populations of Thamnophis melanogaster that have entered the
 arthropod-crustacean (crayfish)-eating niche and those that have not, and
 tested for convergence between the former and two distantly related
 crayfish specialists of the genus Regina (R. septemvittata and R.
 grahamii). As a control, we included the congener T. eques. Multivariate
 analysis of jaw length, head length, head width, and number of maxillary
 teeth yielded three significant canonical variables that together
 explained 98.8 % of the variance in the size-corrected morphological data.
 The first canonical variable significantly discriminated between the three
 species. The results show that head dimensions and number of teeth of the
 two Regina species are more similar to those of crayfish-eating T.
 melanogaster than to non-crayfish-eating snakes or of T. eques. It is
 unclear how particular head proportions or teeth number facilitates
 capture of crayfish, but our results and the rarity of soft crayfish
 ingestion by T. melanogaster may reflect the novelty of this niche
 expansion, and are consistent with the hypothesis that some populations of
 T. melanogaster have converged in their head morphology with the two soft
 crayfish-eating Regina species, although we cannot rule out the
 possibility of a morphological preadaptation to ingest crayfish.
description: Head
 morphologyTo characterize head
 structure in snakes of Thamnophis melanogaster (crayfish-eating and
 non-crayfish-eating individuals), Thamnophis eques, Regina grahamii and R.
 septemvittata, we measured (1) jaw length (distance from the posterior
 edge of the posterior-most supralabial scale to the anterior tip of the
 rostrum), (2) head length (distance from the snout tip to the
 posterior-most portion of the parietal bone), (3) head width (widest part
 measured while applying pressure on the posterior portion of the head to
 spread the quadrates and mandibles laterally), and (4) number of maxillary
 teeth.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7cf02
title: Data from: Transgenerational interactions involving parental age and immune status affect female reproductive success in Drosophila melanogaster

description: It is well established that the parental phenotype can influence offspring
 phenotypic expression, independent of the effects of the offspring's
 own genotype. Nonetheless, the evolutionary implications of such parental
 effects remain unclear, partly because previous studies have generally
 overlooked the potential for interactions between parental sources of
 non-genetic variance to influence patterns of offspring phenotypic
 expression. We tested for such interactions, subjecting male and female
 Drosophila melanogaster of two different age classes to an immune
 activation challenge or a control treatment. Flies were then crossed in
 all age and immune status combinations, and the reproductive success of
 their immune- and control-treated daughters measured. We found that
 daughters produced by two younger parents exhibited reduced reproductive
 success relative to those of other parental age combinations. Furthermore,
 immune-challenged daughters exhibited higher reproductive success when
 produced by immune-challenged relative to control-treated mothers, a
 pattern consistent with transgenerational immune priming. Finally, a
 complex interplay between paternal age and parental immune statuses
 influenced daughter's reproductive success. These findings
 demonstrate the dynamic nature of age- and immune-mediated parental
 effects, traceable to both parents, and regulated by interactions between
 parents and between parents and offspring.
description: Nystrand and Dowling.
 Data Dryad* Data based on lab
 population, Monash University, Melbourne. * Excel file * Maternal
 treatment, Paternal treatment and Offspring treatment refers to the immune
 versus control (sham) injections applied to the experimental flies. *
 Likewise, Female age and Male age refers to the parental ages (Younger
 versus Older).