DOI: 10.3217/yy3r5-55h28
title: Dataset "SMALL" for Drowsiness Detection in Drivers

description: MotivationDrowsiness is an intermediate condition that fluctuates between alertness and sleep. It reduces the consciousness level and hinders a person from responding quickly to important road safety issues [1]. The American Automobile Association (AAA) has reported that about 24% of 2,714 drivers that participated in a survey revealed being extremely drowsy while driving, at least once in the last month [2]. In 2017, the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) also reported 795 fatalities in motor vehicle crashes involving drowsy drivers [3]. Drowsy driving has caused about 2.5% of fatal accidents from 2011 through 2015 in the USA, and it is estimated to produce an economic loss of USD 230 billion annually [4]. Klauer et al. have found in their study that drowsy drivers contributed to 22-24% of crashes or near-crash risks [5]. The German Road Safety Council (DVR) has reported that one out of four fatal highway crashes has been caused by drowsy drivers [6]. In a study carried out in 2015, it has been reported that the average prevalence of falling asleep while driving in the previous two years was about 17% in 19 European countries [6]. The results of these studies emphasize the importance of detecting drowsiness early enough to initiate preventive measures. Drowsiness detection systems are intended to warn the drivers before an upcoming level of drowsiness gets critical to prevent drowsiness-related accidents.Intelligent Systems that automate motor vehicle driving on the roads are being introduced to the market step-wise. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) issued a standard defining six levels ranging from no driving automation (level 0) to full driving automation (level 5) [7]. While the SAE levels 0-2 require that an attentive driver carries out or at least monitors the dynamic driving task, in the SAE level 3 of automated driving, drivers will be allowed to do a secondary task allowing the system to control the vehicle under limited conditions, e.g., on a motorway. Still, the automation system has to hand back the vehicle guidance to the driver whenever it cannot control the state of the vehicle any more. However, the handover of vehicle control to a drowsy driver is not safe. Therefore, the system should be informed about the state of the driver.To date, different Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have been made by car manufactures and researchers to improve driving safety and manage the traffic flow. ADAS systems have been benefited from advanced machine perception methods, improved computing hardware systems, and intelligent vehicle control algorithms. By recently increasing the availability of huge amounts of sensor data to ADAS, data-driven approaches are extensively exploited to enhance their performance. The driver drowsiness detection systems have gained much attention from researchers. Before its use in the development of driving automation, drowsiness warning systems have been produced for the direct benefit of avoiding accidents.The aim of the WACHSens project was to collect a big data set to detect the different levels of driver drowsiness during performing two different driving modes: manual and automated. References:[1]    M. Awais, N. Badruddin, and M. Drieberg, "A Hybrid Approach to Detect Driver Drowsiness Utilizing Physiological Signals to Improve System Performance and Wearability,"Sensors, vol. 17, no. 9, 2017, doi: 10.3390/s17091991 [2]   AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, "2019 Traffic Safety Culture Index (Technical Report), June 2020," Washington, D.C., Jun. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://aaafoundation.org/2019-traffic-safety-culture-index/[3]   National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Traffic Safety Facts: 2017 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview," NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington DOT HS 812 603, Oct. 2018. Accessed: Apr. 14 2021. [Online]. Available: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812603[4]   Agustina Garcés Correa, Lorena Orosco, and Eric Laciar, "Automatic detection of drowsiness in EEG records based on multimodal analysis," Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 244–249, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.07.011[5]   S. Klauer, V. Neale, T. Dingus, Jeremy Sudweeks, and D. J. Ramsey, "The Prevalence of Driver Fatigue in an Urban Driving Environment : Results from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study," in 2006.[6]   Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft,Eyetracker warns against momentary driver drowsiness - Press Release Oktober 12, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/10/eye-tracker-driver-drowsiness.html (accessed: Apr. 14 2021).[7]   T. Inagaki and T. B. Sheridan, "A critique of the SAE conditional driving automation definition, and analyses of options for improvement," Cogn Tech Work, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 569–578, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10111-018-0471-5