DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c9d3j
title: Data from: Balancing selection maintains sex determining alleles in multiple-locus complementary sex determination

description: Hymenopteran species in which sex is determined through a haplo-diploid
 mechanism known as complementary sex determination (CSD) are vulnerable to
 a unique form of inbreeding depression. Diploids heterozygous at one or
 more CSD loci develop into females but diploids homozygous at all loci
 develop into diploid males, which are generally sterile or inviable.
 Species with multiple polymorphic CSD loci (ml-CSD) may have lower rates
 of diploid male production than species with a single CSD locus (sl-CSD),
 but it is not clear if polymorphism is consistently maintained at all
 loci. Here we assess the rate of diploid male production in a population
 of Cotesia rubecula, a two-locus CSD parasitoid wasp species,
 approximately 20 years after the population was introduced for biological
 control. We show that diploid male production dropped from 8–13% in 2005
 and 2006 to 3–4% by 2015. We also show from experimental crosses that the
 population maintained polymorphism at both CSD loci in 2015. We use theory
 and simulations to show that balancing selection on all CSD alleles
 promotes polymorphism at several loci in ml-CSD populations. Our study
 supports the hypothesis that ml-CSD populations have lower diploid male
 production and are more likely to persist than comparable sl-CSD
 populations.
description: Cotesia rubecula
 DataData from mother-son
 crosses, outcrosses, and field-gathered Cotesia rubecula cocoons is
 available in Microsoft Excel format, “Weis et al. Evolution Cotesia.xlsx”,
 and is accompanied with a metadata description on the first worksheet. The
 first data worksheet contains summary information on mother-son and
 outcrosses of Cotesia rubecula conducted at the University of Minnesota in
 2015. The second data worksheet contains detailed information on the
 offspring of mother-son and outcrosses. The third data worksheet contains
 detailed information on Cotesia rubecula cocoons gathered near the
 University of Minnesota campus in the 2015 and 2016 growing
 seasons.Weis et al. Evolution
 Cotesia.xlsxFigures 2 and 3
 Simulation DataSimulated data presented
 in Figures 2, and 3 is available here in Microsoft Excel format, “Weis et
 al. Evolution Fig2 Fig3.xlsx”, and is accompanied with a metadata
 description on the first worksheet.Weis et al. Evolution Fig2
 Fig3.xlsxSupporting Information
 F1 DataExpanded data presented
 in Supporting Information F is available here in text file format:
 “SIF1.Data.txt” (Supporting Information F1).SIF1.Data.txtSupporting Information F2 DataExpanded data presented in Supporting Information F is available here in text file format: “SIF2.Data.txt” (Supporting Information F2).SIF2.Data.txtFlow Cytometry DataFiles containing all raw flow cytometry data for individual adult C. rubecula are in .fcs format. For individual fcs files the middle value of each file name references an individual reported in “Weis et al. Evolution Cotesia.xlsx” above. For instance, “samples_C25_001.fcs” contains the data for individual C25 on the field pupae worksheet, “samples_N4a3_020.fcs” contains data for individual N4.a.3 on the cross pupae worksheet.Figure 2 Simulation CodeNote that this code is set for the expanded parameter space explored in Supplementary Information F. Also note dependencies in the R code available through the R CRAN; doParallel, foreach, and doRNG.Weis.Figure2.Code.RFigure 3 Simulation CodeNote that this code is set for the expanded parameter space explored in Supplementary Information F. Also note dependencies in the R code available through the R CRAN; doParallel, foreach, and doRNG.Weis.Figure3.Code.R