DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16729125
title: Emergence and Rise of E Gene Mutations in SARS-CoV-2: A Longitudinal Study of 9.3 Million Genomes (2020 to 2025)
title: 9.3 Million Genomes Reveal Temporal Shifts in SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) Gene: Post-2022 Emergence and Expansion

description: This dataset provides a comprehensive analysis of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) gene, focusing on their emergence and frequency changes before and after the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines (post-2022).

The dataset includes:



All mutation sets observed in the E gene.

Mutations that newly emerged post-2022.

Mutations that dramatically increased in frequency post-2022.


The data is derived from over 9 million high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences.

This resource is valuable for studying viral evolution, vaccine-driven selection pressures, and potential functional impacts of E gene mutations.
description: File Description1. E_all_mutation_sets_FINAL.csv

Description:A comprehensive list of all unique mutation sets (single, double, triplet) observed in the E gene across the entire dataset. Each row represents a specific mutation set, along with its frequency distribution before (pre-2022) and after (post-2022) the vaccine rollout.

Columns:mutation: Mutation set string (e.g., T9I, T9I,L21F, T9I,L21F,S76A)pre_2022: Frequency of the mutation set before 2022post_2022: Frequency of the mutation set after 2022total: Total occurrences of the mutation setpost_ratio: Proportion of total occurrences that are post-2022 (post_2022 / total)

Purpose:Provides a complete overview of all E gene mutations, enabling researchers to explore temporal trends and co-occurrence patterns.
description: 2. E_newly_emerged_post_2022.csvDescription:A curated list of mutation sets (single, double, triplet) that were first observed after 2022. These mutations represent novel variants that may have arisen in response to population immunity due to vaccination and prior infections.

Columns:mutation: Mutation set string (e.g., T9I, L21F, T9I,L21F)post_2022: Frequency of the mutation set after 2022total: Total occurrences of the mutation set (always equal to post_2022)

Purpose:Highlights mutations that emerged specifically during the vaccine era, potentially reflecting adaptive responses to immune pressure.
description: 3. E_increased_post_2022.csvDescription:A curated list of mutation sets (single, double, triplet) that significantly increased in frequency after 2022. These mutations were present before 2022 but became dominant afterward, suggesting they may confer selective advantages in vaccinated populations.

Columns:mutation: Mutation set string (e.g., T9I, L21F, T9I,L21F)pre_2022: Frequency of the mutation set before 2022post_2022: Frequency of the mutation set after 2022total: Total occurrences of the mutation setpost_ratio: Proportion of total occurrences that are post-2022 (post_2022 / total)

Purpose:Identifies mutations that became expressed in very high numbers in prevalence post-2022, which could be linked to vaccine-driven selection or other evolutionary pressures.
description: Notes:

Focus: Temporal analysis of E gene mutations in relation to the global vaccine rollout (post-2022).

Potential Applications:Studying vaccine-driven evolution of SARS-CoV-2.Investigating functional impacts of E gene mutations.Tracking lineage-specific adaptations in the envelope protein.