DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2jm63xsq6
title: Punctuational ecological changes rather than global factors drive species diversification and the evolution of wing phenotypes in Morpho butterflies

description: Assessing the relative importance of geographical and ecological drivers
 of evolution is paramount to understand the diversification of species and
 traits at the macroevolutionary scale. Here, we use an integrative
 approach, combining phylogenetics, biogeography, ecology, and quantified
 phenotypes to investigate the drivers of both species and phenotypic
 diversification of the iconic Neotropical butterfly genus Morpho. We
 generated a time-calibrated phylogeny for all known species and inferred
 historical biogeography. We fitted models of time-dependent (accounting
 for rate heterogeneity across the phylogeny) and
 paleoenvironment-dependent diversification (accounting for global effect
 on the phylogeny). We used geometric morphometrics to assess variation of
 wing size and shape across the tree, and investigated their dynamics of
 evolution. We found that the diversification of Morpho is best explained
 when considering variable diversification rates across the tree, possibly
 associated with lineages occupying different microhabitat conditions.
 First, a shift from understory to canopy was characterized by an increased
 speciation rate partially coupled with an increasing rate of wing shape
 evolution. Second, the occupation of dense bamboo thickets accompanying a
 major host-plant shift from dicotyledons towards monocotyledons was
 associated with a simultaneous diversification rate shift and an
 evolutionary “jump” of wing size. Our study points to a diversification
 pattern driven by punctuational ecological changes instead of a global
 driver or biogeographic history.
description: Time-calibrated phylogeny: We concatenated DNA
 data for one mitochondrial (COI) and four nuclear genes (CAD, EF-1α, GAPDH
 and MDH). The dataset includes all <i>Morpho</i> species and
 multiple <i>Morpho helenor
 </i>representatives<i>. </i>We also included 11
 outgroups to root and calibrate the tree. To simultaneously estimate the
 topology and branching times of the phylogeny we used a Bayesian
 relaxed-clock approach as implemented in <i>BEAST</i> 1.8.2
 (Drummond <i>et al.</i>, 2012). To choose the best
 partitioning strategy and the corresponding substitution models, we ran
 <i>PartitionFinder</i> 1.1.1 (Lanfear <i>et
 al.</i>, 2012) allowing all possible partitions and models
 implemented in <i>BEAST</i>. We implemented an uncorrelated
 lognormal relaxed clock model and Yule process for the tree prior. Given
 the lack of fossils in the focal clade, we relied on secondary
 calibrations to calibrate the molecular clock. We used
 <i>TreeAnnotator</i> 1.8.2 (Drummond <i>et
 al.</i>, 2012) to select the maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree
 with median age values calculated from the posterior distribution of
 branch lengths, applying a 20% burn-in. The tree provided here is the
 resulting MCC tree. Geometric morphometry:
 A total of 911 collection specimens of both sexes and
 representing all <i>Morpho</i> species were photographed. Wing
 shape was described using landmarks and semi-landmarks placed at vein
 intersections and wing margins, respectively (see Chazot <i>et
 al.</i>, 2016 for details), which were superimposed with
 <i>tpsRelw </i>(Rohlf, 1993). Data provided here are
 Procrustes coordinates after the superimposition step.