cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14583867
title: geoSABINA: Environmental variables

description: This dataset provides environmental variables from Spain, selected for their relevance in modeling the distribution of plant species. However, they can also be applied to other species and purposes. It includes a total of 103 raster layers in tif format at 250-meter resolution. The detailed list of layers available is provided in data_table_env_variables.csv, which includes information on the category, dataset, description, resolution, time period, and path.

This dataset includes:  



 Climatic variables: 19 bioclimatic variables under current (1990-2010) and 4 future (2071-2100) climate scenarios. Climatic variables were sourced from the climatologies for the Earth’s Land Surface Areas (CHELSA) and downscaled to 250 m in https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328. The future scenarios were generated according two global climate models [the latest Institute Pierre Simon Laplace climate model (IPSL_CM6A_LR) and the Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI_ESM2)] and two socio-economic pathways: an optimistic low greenhouse gas emissions scenario (SSP126) and a pessimistic high emissions scenario (SSP585). The climatic variables of each scenario are compressed within a zip file.

Edaphic variables: Four soil characteristics (pH, nitrogen, sand content, organic carbon) at 0 to 5 cm depth sourced from SoilGrids. The four edaphic variables are compressed within a zip file.

Hydrologic variables: Three hydrologic variables (distance to rivers, flow accumulation, and topographic index) derived from the digital elevation model DAT-193-en (Copernicus Land Cover Service) in https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328.  

Solar radiation:  Annual solar exposure values calculated from the digital elevation model DAT-193-en  in https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328. 


Raster information:



Resolution: 250 m

Extent: -75888.32, 1031611.68, 3977269.52, 4870519.52 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)

CRS: WGS 84 / UTM Zone 30N (EPSG:32630)


References: The references in this list should be added to any publication using these data:



Goicolea, T., Morales-Barbero, J., García-Viñas, J.I, Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J., Calleja, J.A., Moren, J.C. , Ramos-Gutiérrez, I., Rodríguez, M.A., Lima, H., Broennimann, O., Guisan, A, Adde, A., Pérez-Latorre, A.V., G. Mateo, R. (2025) Scientific Data.

Goicolea, T., Adde, A., Broennimann, O., García-Viñas, J.I., Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J. et al. (2024). Spatially-Nested Hierarchical Species Distribution Models to Overcome Niche Truncation in National-Scale Studies. Ecography. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14583868
title: geoSABINA: Environmental variables

description: This dataset provides environmental variables from Spain, selected for their relevance in modeling the distribution of plant species. However, they can also be applied to other species and purposes. It includes a total of 103 raster layers in tif format at 250-meter resolution. The detailed list of layers available is provided in data_table_env_variables.csv, which includes information on the category, dataset, description, resolution, time period, and path.

This dataset includes:  



 Climatic variables: 19 bioclimatic variables under current (1990-2010) and 4 future (2071-2100) climate scenarios. Climatic variables were sourced from the climatologies for the Earth’s Land Surface Areas (CHELSA) and downscaled to 250 m in https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328. The future scenarios were generated according two global climate models [the latest Institute Pierre Simon Laplace climate model (IPSL_CM6A_LR) and the Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI_ESM2)] and two socio-economic pathways: an optimistic low greenhouse gas emissions scenario (SSP126) and a pessimistic high emissions scenario (SSP585). The climatic variables of each scenario are compressed within a zip file.

Edaphic variables: Four soil characteristics (pH, nitrogen, sand content, organic carbon) at 0 to 5 cm depth sourced from SoilGrids. The four edaphic variables are compressed within a zip file.

Hydrologic variables: Three hydrologic variables (distance to rivers, flow accumulation, and topographic index) derived from the digital elevation model DAT-193-en (Copernicus Land Cover Service) in https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328.  

Solar radiation:  Annual solar exposure values calculated from the digital elevation model DAT-193-en  in https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328. 


Raster information:



Resolution: 250 m

Extent: -75888.32, 1031611.68, 3977269.52, 4870519.52 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)

CRS: WGS 84 / UTM Zone 30N (EPSG:32630)


References: The references in this list should be added to any publication using these data:



Goicolea, T., Morales-Barbero, J., García-Viñas, J.I, Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J., Calleja, J.A., Moren, J.C. , Ramos-Gutiérrez, I., Rodríguez, M.A., Lima, H., Broennimann, O., Guisan, A, Adde, A., Pérez-Latorre, A.V., G. Mateo, R. (2025) Scientific Data.

Goicolea, T., Adde, A., Broennimann, O., García-Viñas, J.I., Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J. et al. (2024). Spatially-Nested Hierarchical Species Distribution Models to Overcome Niche Truncation in National-Scale Studies. Ecography. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28822097.v6
title: Data and R codes for Song <i>et al</i>. <b>Resource diversity fosters the emergence of phylogenetically distinct rare species in bacterial communities</b>

description: Data and R codes for Song <i>et al</i>. <b>Resource diversity fosters the emergence of phylogenetically distinct rare species in bacterial communities</b>
DOI: 10.15468/dl.8hj74p
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7962 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is United States of America",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "License is one of (CC-BY-NC 4.0, CC-BY 4.0, CC0 1.0)",
 "TaxonKey is Puma concolor"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7962 records from 54 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041621-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ue5ctc
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 29 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Argentina",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 29 records from 7 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041622-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.tfe4qm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 927 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Australia",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 927 records from 17 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041623-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.82261/f5eg-ws58
title: EpiDoc Front-End Services
title: EFES
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qzenn2
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Austria",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041624-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14725790
title: geoSABINA: Species distribution models (SDMs): Shrub species (files U - Z)

description: This dataset provides information on the current and future potential distribution of shrubs in peninsular Spain, predicted using species distribution models (SDMs). For each species, the SDMs were projected under current (1990-2010) and four future (2071-2100) climate scenarios. Models were generated using the R package sabinaNSDM and an ensemble approach combining three statistical algorithms: generalized linear models, gradient boosted machine, and random forests. Model training utilized shrub species occurrence data alongside environmental variables from the geoSABINA dataset. This dataset includes both continuous suitability maps and binary presence-absence maps [derived from the suitability maps using thresholds based on True Skill Statistic (bin.TSS.tif files) and the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (bin.ROC.tif)]. Additionally, uncertainty maps (EMcv.tif files) are provided. The full dataset comprises a total of  2,020 raster layers in TIFF format, with a spatial resolution of 1 km x1 km but is divided into two datasets, one for species whose name starts from A-T (95 species) - https://zenodo.org/records/14679933 , and another one for species with names from U-Z (6 species) -https://zenodo.org/records/14725791. Model thresholds and accuracy values are provided in the directory “values”. The detailed list of layers available is provided in data_table_sdms_shrubs.csv and includes information on the category, dataset, description, resolution, time period, and path,.

Raster information:



Resolution: 1 km

Extent: -75638.32, 1031361.68, 3976769.52, 4870769.52 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)

CRS: WGS 84 / UTM Zone 30N (EPSG:32630)


References: The references in this list should be added to any publication using these data:



Goicolea, T., Morales-Barbero, J., García-Viñas, J.I, Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J., Calleja, J.A., Moren, J.C. , Ramos-Gutiérrez, I., Rodríguez, M.A., Lima, H., Broennimann, O., Guisan, A, Adde, A., Pérez-Latorre, A.V., G. Mateo, R. (2025) Scientific Data.

Goicolea, T., Adde, A., Broennimann, O., García-Viñas, J.I., Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J. et al. (2024). Spatially-Nested Hierarchical Species Distribution Models to Overcome Niche Truncation in National-Scale Studies. Ecography. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14725791
title: geoSABINA: Species distribution models (SDMs): Shrub species (files U - Z)

description: This dataset provides information on the current and future potential distribution of shrubs in peninsular Spain, predicted using species distribution models (SDMs). For each species, the SDMs were projected under current (1990-2010) and four future (2071-2100) climate scenarios. Models were generated using the R package sabinaNSDM and an ensemble approach combining three statistical algorithms: generalized linear models, gradient boosted machine, and random forests. Model training utilized shrub species occurrence data alongside environmental variables from the geoSABINA dataset. This dataset includes both continuous suitability maps and binary presence-absence maps [derived from the suitability maps using thresholds based on True Skill Statistic (bin.TSS.tif files) and the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (bin.ROC.tif)]. Additionally, uncertainty maps (EMcv.tif files) are provided. The full dataset comprises a total of  2,020 raster layers in TIFF format, with a spatial resolution of 1 km x1 km but is divided into two datasets, one for species whose name starts from A-T (95 species) - https://zenodo.org/records/14679933 , and another one for species with names from U-Z (6 species) -https://zenodo.org/records/14725791. Model thresholds and accuracy values are provided in the directory “values”. The detailed list of layers available is provided in data_table_sdms_shrubs.csv and includes information on the category, dataset, description, resolution, time period, and path,.

Raster information:



Resolution: 1 km

Extent: -75638.32, 1031361.68, 3976769.52, 4870769.52 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)

CRS: WGS 84 / UTM Zone 30N (EPSG:32630)


References: The references in this list should be added to any publication using these data:



Goicolea, T., Morales-Barbero, J., García-Viñas, J.I, Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J., Calleja, J.A., Moren, J.C. , Ramos-Gutiérrez, I., Rodríguez, M.A., Lima, H., Broennimann, O., Guisan, A, Adde, A., Pérez-Latorre, A.V., G. Mateo, R. (2025) Scientific Data.

Goicolea, T., Adde, A., Broennimann, O., García-Viñas, J.I., Gastón, A., Aroca-Fernández, M.J. et al. (2024). Spatially-Nested Hierarchical Species Distribution Models to Overcome Niche Truncation in National-Scale Studies. Ecography. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07328
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bca4wr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 46 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Korea, Republic of",
 "GadmGid is KOR.6_1",
 "TaxonKey is Vespula flaviceps",
 "Year 2015-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 46 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041626-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.8qm4sg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Belarus",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041627-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xev56m
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 67 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Belgium",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 67 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041628-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4z28rr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Brazil",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041629-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16939335
title: Data for Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) and Risk of Incident Dermatological Diseases: A PheWAS analysis

description: Data for Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) and Risk of Incident Dermatological Diseases: A PheWAS analysis. This data include individual-level data, both phenotypic and genetic, used in the analysis.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16939336
title: Data for Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) and Risk of Incident Dermatological Diseases: A PheWAS analysis

description: Data for Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) and Risk of Incident Dermatological Diseases: A PheWAS analysis. This data include individual-level data, both phenotypic and genetic, used in the analysis.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16937680
title: MoMoView - Naturalistic Viewing Dataset. Developmental Comparison of Eye Gaze Reinstatement using Eyetracking. Part2

description: ARENA Deliverable:



P2_WP1_04 [M20] Pilot Data collection - part 2 MoMoView




In the MoMoView project we investigate individual differences during free viewing from developmental perspective. We investigate how development of pattern completions evolves over time and age and whether eye gaze reinstatement patterns of remembered information are more precise compared to eye  gaze patterns of forgotten information. Additionally, we investigate how individual differences in eye gaze behaviour are related subsequent memory for central and peripheral details. 

This data contains eye fixations from children aged 5-12, young adults, aged 20-30, and older adults aged 65-80.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16937681
title: MoMoView - Naturalistic Viewing Dataset. Developmental Comparison of Eye Gaze Reinstatement using Eyetracking. Part2

description: ARENA Deliverable:



P2_WP1_04 [M20] Pilot Data collection - part 2 MoMoView




In the MoMoView project we investigate individual differences during free viewing from developmental perspective. We investigate how development of pattern completions evolves over time and age and whether eye gaze reinstatement patterns of remembered information are more precise compared to eye  gaze patterns of forgotten information. Additionally, we investigate how individual differences in eye gaze behaviour are related subsequent memory for central and peripheral details. 

This data contains eye fixations from children aged 5-12, young adults, aged 20-30, and older adults aged 65-80.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16939570
title: Photogrammetric (Enisala and Argamum) and Magnetic Studies (Argamum) done at Two Archaeological Sites in Tulcea County, April 2022

description: Project: PN 19200501 INVESTIGAȚII GEOFIZICE DE MARE DETALIU PENTRU IDENTIFICAREA, PROTEJAREA ȘI VALORIFICAREA PATRIMONIULUI ARHEOLOGIC SUBMERS, AFLAT SUB IMPACT ANTROPIC, ÎN ZONA CUPRINSĂ ÎNTRE CĂLĂRAȘI ȘI SULINA      Field campaign: APRIL 2022, faza 7

Acquisition instruments: DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0 UAV System, Geometrics G864 Magnetometer, Geometrics G856 Magnetometer/Gradientmeter, Trimble RTK R4 GNSS System   Locations: Jurilovca (Argamum), Enisala (Enisala), jud. Tulcea

Data operator/curator: Sorin Anghel, soanghel@geoecomar.ro

Coordinate System: Geographic - WGS 84/Stereo70 - Dealul Piscului 1970

Description: Synthesis of geophysical and geological data, as well as existing archaeological information, in the case of the Enisala and Argamum sites, located on the Danube bank downstream from Sulina

Software: Agisoft Metashape, Blue Marble Geographics Global Mapper, Geosoft Oasis Montaj, Microsoft Excel
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16939569
title: Photogrammetric (Enisala and Argamum) and Magnetic Studies (Argamum) done at Two Archaeological Sites in Tulcea County, April 2022

description: Project: PN 19200501 INVESTIGAȚII GEOFIZICE DE MARE DETALIU PENTRU IDENTIFICAREA, PROTEJAREA ȘI VALORIFICAREA PATRIMONIULUI ARHEOLOGIC SUBMERS, AFLAT SUB IMPACT ANTROPIC, ÎN ZONA CUPRINSĂ ÎNTRE CĂLĂRAȘI ȘI SULINA      Field campaign: APRIL 2022, faza 7

Acquisition instruments: DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0 UAV System, Geometrics G864 Magnetometer, Geometrics G856 Magnetometer/Gradientmeter, Trimble RTK R4 GNSS System   Locations: Jurilovca (Argamum), Enisala (Enisala), jud. Tulcea

Data operator/curator: Sorin Anghel, soanghel@geoecomar.ro

Coordinate System: Geographic - WGS 84/Stereo70 - Dealul Piscului 1970

Description: Synthesis of geophysical and geological data, as well as existing archaeological information, in the case of the Enisala and Argamum sites, located on the Danube bank downstream from Sulina

Software: Agisoft Metashape, Blue Marble Geographics Global Mapper, Geosoft Oasis Montaj, Microsoft Excel
DOI: 10.15468/dl.25cxq5
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 25 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Chile",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 25 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041630-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.58e9d3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Czechia",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041631-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ntbamg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Rumex pulcher",
 "Country is Denmark",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041632-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.82261/yv6a-kw80
title: Linking Latin
title: LiLa
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16925970
title: Marine Magnetic and Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys on the Danube at Cernavodă for the Detection of Archaeological Features Associated with the Ancient Roman Settlement of Axiopolis, July 2021

description: Project: PN 19200501 INVESTIGAȚII GEOFIZICE DE MARE DETALIU PENTRU IDENTIFICAREA, PROTEJAREA ȘI VALORIFICAREA PATRIMONIULUI ARHEOLOGIC SUBMERS, AFLAT SUB IMPACT ANTROPIC, ÎN ZONA CUPRINSĂ ÎNTRE CĂLĂRAȘI ȘI SULINA

Field campaign: JULY 2021, faza 6

Acquisition instruments: Sensors and Software LMX200 GPR System with 250 MHz antenna, Geometrics G882 Marine Magnetometer, Dell Latitude Rugged Laptop

Locations: Cernavoda, jud. Constanta

Data operator/curator: Sorin Anghel, soanghel@geoecomar.ro

Coordinate System: Geographic - WGS 84/Stereo70 - Dealul Piscului 1970

Description: Identificarea obiectelor ingropate si submerse cu potential arheologic

Software: Sensors and Software EKKO Project V.5, Geosoft Oasis Montaj, Golden Software Surfer, Microsoft Excell
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16925971
title: Marine Magnetic and Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys on the Danube at Cernavodă for the Detection of Archaeological Features Associated with the Ancient Roman Settlement of Axiopolis, July 2021

description: Project: PN 19200501 INVESTIGAȚII GEOFIZICE DE MARE DETALIU PENTRU IDENTIFICAREA, PROTEJAREA ȘI VALORIFICAREA PATRIMONIULUI ARHEOLOGIC SUBMERS, AFLAT SUB IMPACT ANTROPIC, ÎN ZONA CUPRINSĂ ÎNTRE CĂLĂRAȘI ȘI SULINA

Field campaign: JULY 2021, faza 6

Acquisition instruments: Sensors and Software LMX200 GPR System with 250 MHz antenna, Geometrics G882 Marine Magnetometer, Dell Latitude Rugged Laptop

Locations: Cernavoda, jud. Constanta

Data operator/curator: Sorin Anghel, soanghel@geoecomar.ro

Coordinate System: Geographic - WGS 84/Stereo70 - Dealul Piscului 1970

Description: Identificarea obiectelor ingropate si submerse cu potential arheologic

Software: Sensors and Software EKKO Project V.5, Geosoft Oasis Montaj, Golden Software Surfer, Microsoft Excell
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gaw8jx
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 21 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "GadmGid is KOR.6_1",
 "TaxonKey is Vespula koreensis",
 "Year 2015-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 21 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041633-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.3fcv6b
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "GadmGid is KOR.6_1",
 "TaxonKey is Vespula rufa",
 "Year 2015-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0041634-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16527362
title: Spatio-temporal variability of supraglacial algae on an Alpine glacier (Forni Glacier, Italy)
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16939622
title: Spatio-temporal variability of supraglacial algae on an Alpine glacier (Forni Glacier, Italy)