DOI: 10.5061/dryad.stqjq2cdp
title: Data from: Dual drivers of plant invasions: Enemy release and enhanced mutualisms

description: Invasive plants often express aboveground traits, such as higher growth
 than native plants, which promote their success. This may reflect low
 levels of invertebrate herbivory and/or high rates of arbuscular
 mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) association. However, the root traits that
 contribute to invasive success are less well known. Moreover, the combined
 roles of aboveground herbivory, AMF and root traits in the invasion
 process are poorly understood.We conducted field surveys at 17 sites along
 a latitudinal gradient in China (22.77 °N to 42.48 °N) to investigate the
 relationships among aboveground herbivory, AMF colonization and root
 traits for five pairs of closely related invasive and native Asteraceae
 plant species. We experimentally manipulated aboveground insect feeding
 for two of these pairs of plant species in a middle latitude (34.79 °N)
 common garden. We measured aboveground invertebrate abundance, leaf
 damage, AMF colonization, root morphological traits associated with
 nutrient uptake, and root soluble sugar concentrations.In the field
 survey, invasive plants had lower leaf damage and Hemiptera abundances
 plus higher AMF colonization, thinner roots with more surface area and
 higher concentrations of root soluble sugars than native plants. Leaf
 damage decreased with increasing latitude for native plants. In the common
 garden, invasive plants had lower leaf damage and Hemiptera abundances
 plus higher AMF and greater surface area of fine roots than native plants.
 Leaf damage and Hemiptera reduced AMF colonization via a phenotypic effect
 of reduced fine root soluble sugars.Our results indicate that low
 aboveground invertebrate herbivory on invasive plants contributes to their
 success directly by increasing their growth and indirectly via root
 soluble sugars that increase their AMF colonization. Invasive plants
 appear to benefit from greater root volume and surface area but this did
 not vary with latitude or aboveground invertebrate herbivory. These
 results highlight the importance of considering above- and belowground
 processes simultaneously to understand how they interact to determine
 plant invasion success.
description: SAS9.4 analyzes the field survey and Common garden
 data: We used SAS 9.4 for all analyses. For the field
 survey, we conducted a series of mixed model ANOVAs to test the dependence
 of invertebrate chewing damage, AMF colonization, root length density
 (overall, fine roots, coarse roots), root surface area density (overall,
 fine, coarse), root tissue density, root average diameter, aboveground
 mass, belowground mass density, root soluble sugar concentrations (fine,
 coarse) and invertebrate abundance (Hemiptera or others; Poisson
 distribution) on the fixed effects latitude (3-level), origin (native or
 invasive), and their interaction. We analyzed Hemiptera abundance
 separately because they were mainly sucking herbivores (especially aphids)
 that do not cause visual damage to leaves. We included the random effects
 species pair nested in latitude (nested because one pair only occurred at
 low latitude), location nested in latitude, and plot nested in latitude ×
 location × pair × origin. We used adjusted means post hoc tests to
 determine differences among means for significant effects with more than
 two levels. We used Spearman correlations to examine the correlations
 among variables. We repeated the ANOVAs using only the four Bidens species
 in the common garden experiment to more closely compare the results of the
 field survey and common garden experiment. For the
 common garden experiment, we tested the dependence of the same set of
 variables on the fixed effects origin (native and invasive), treatment
 (open and closed cage), time (July and August), and their interactions in
 ANOVAs. We included species nested in origin as a random term. We used
 Spearman correlations to examine the correlations among variables. We
 conducted another set of analyses to examine the relationships of AMF
 colonization rate with leaf damage (visual damage to plants which was
 mostly from chewing), Hemiptera abundance (almost all were sucking
 herbivores that do not cause visual leaf damage), soluble sugar
 concentration in fine roots, and fine root surface area. We chose fine
 root surface area because root morphological traits were strongly
 correlated and it has a clear mechanistic link to AMF colonization. First,
 we calculated the average values for each species for each of these four
 variables to control for differences among species unrelated to our
 herbivory treatments. Then we used the differences between these average
 values and measured values to examine the phenotypic relationships among
 the five variables (i.e., phylogenetically controlled analyses) using
 regressions for the effects of herbivores on root variables (because we
 experimentally manipulated aboveground herbivores) and Spearman
 correlations for the relationships among root variables.
description: # Dual drivers of plant invasions: Enemy release and enhanced mutualisms
 This dataset contains all primary data that support the findings of this
 study, which are listed below: 1\. Field survey: Conducted field surveys
 at 17 sites along a latitudinal gradient in China (22.77 °N to 42.48 °N)
 for five pairs of invasive and congeneric native Asteraceae plant species.
 2\. Common garden experiment: Took an experimentally manipulated
 aboveground insect feeding for two invasive and congeneric native
 Asteraceae plant species in a middle latitude (34.79 °N). **Data
 description** 1.Field survey:Measured aboveground invertebrate
 abundance（include Neuroptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera,
 Araneida, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and others（includes
 Stylommatophora [gastropods], Odonata and Acarina））, leaf damage, AMF
 colonization, root morphological traits associated with nutrient
 uptake（Root length、Root surface area, Root average diameter, Root volume,
 Root tissue density, Fine root length、Coarse root length, Fine root
 surface area、Coarse root surface area（Fine root means that the root
 diameter ≤1mm，Coarse root means that the root diameter ＞1mm ））, root
 soluble sugar concentrations（include fine root soluble sugar
 concentrations and coarse root soluble sugar concentrations），aboveground
 mass and belowground mass. Some abiotic factors like Soil pH，Soil water
 content，Annual Mean Temperature，Mean Diurnal
 Range，Isothermality，Temperature Seasonality ，Max Temperature of Warmest
 Month，Min Temperature of Coldest Month，Temperature Annual Range，Mean
 Temperature of Wettest Quarter，Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter，Mean
 Temperature of Warmest Quarter，Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter，Annual
 Precipitation，Precipitation of Wettest Month，Precipitation of Driest
 Month，Precipitation Seasonality，Precipitation of Wettest
 Quarter，Precipitation of Driest Quarter，Precipitation of Warmest Quarter
 and Precipitation of Coldest Quarter. 2\. Common garden
 experiment:Measured aboveground invertebrate abundance（include
 Neuroptera、Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Araneida, Coleoptera,
 Diptera, Hymenoptera and others（includes Stylommatophora [gastropods],
 Odonata and Acarina））, leaf damage, AMF colonization, root morphological
 traits associated with nutrient uptake（Root length、Root surface area、Root
 average diameter、Root volume、Root tissue density、Fine root length、Coarse
 root length、Fine root surface area、Coarse root surface area（Fine root
 means that the root diameter ≤1mm，Coarse root means that the root diameter
 ＞1mm ））, root soluble sugar concentrations（include fine root soluble sugar
 concentrations and coarse root soluble sugar concentrations），aboveground
 mass and belowground mass. See Excel table for detailed data of the field
 survey and common garden experiments. Abbreviation Field survey:
 Region:High
 latitude(North):TL:Tieling;FS:Fushun;CY:Chaoyang;BX:Benxi;LY:Liaoyang.Middle latitude(Middle):PY:Puyang;XX:Xinxiang;JZ:Jiaozuo;KF:Kaifeng;SMX:Sanmenxia;LY:Luoyang;HZ:Heze.Low latitude(South):SM:Sanming;GZ:Ganzhou;LYan:Longyan;SG:Shaoguan. Species:XDJ(invasive):Sonchus oleraceus;JMC(native):Sonchus arvensis;TC(invasive):Ambrosia artemisiifolia;AC(native):Artemisia argyi;GZC(invasive):Bidens pilosa;JZYP(native):Bidens biternata;JCC(invasive):Eupatorium catarium;DXG(native):Eupatorium chinense;DL(invasive):Bidens frondosa;LBC(native):Bidens tripartida. Common garden: Species:GZC(invasive):Bidens pilosa;JZYP(native):Bidens biternata;DL(invasive):Bidens frondosa;LBC(native):Bidens tripartida; Treatment:closed(with net and no herbivory);Open(the net covers "Windows" and have herbivory ); Time:July means harvest time in july; August means harvest time in august. Figure processing software. Sigmaplot12.5 and Origin2024 draw all the bar charts. Data processing software. Microsoft Excel records the field survey and common garden data and make statistical tables. The explain of any empty cells in the excel tables (field survey and common garden experiments)： We do not add "null," "n/a," or another appropriate value to empty cells in excel tables because they may interfere with a software meant to analyze the files. There were empty cells in the excel tables of soluble sugar of fine and coarse root soluble sugar concentration. We did not measure all the samples, but random sampling(by species pair) was measured for samples from each region in field survey or treatments in common garden experiment，the empty cells were no been measured.