DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30947018
title: The Goldbach Conjecture--A Deterministic Spectral-Operator Proof Beyond Sieve Theory: Where i) Herglotz Positivity, ii) Carleman Uniqueness, and iii) Paley-Wiener Confinement Demonstrate That Randomness Is Not Intrinsic.

description: <b>The Goldbach Conjecture</b><i>A Deterministic Spectral–Operator Proof Beyond Sieve Theory: Where i) Herglotz Positivity, ii) Carleman Uniqueness, and iii) Paley–Wiener Confinement Demonstrate That Randomness Is Not Intrinsic.</i><br>BY JENNIFER M. BULYAKI and ANDREW S. ELLIOTTThis work is a treatise on randomness, curvature, and motion—an attempt to understand why arithmetic appears chaotic on the surface yet obeys deep geometric laws underneath. Since Vinogradov, Hardy–Littlewood, Linnik, Montgomery–Vaughan, Chen, and Helfgott, progress on additive prime problems (such as the Goldbach Conjecture) has relied on convolution heuristics and sieve principles, which convert the prime indicator into smoother functions and then average over major/minor arcs or sifted sets. These methods presume that the portion of the signal not captured by the smoothing process behaves statistically, producing a small, random-like error. In contrast, we introduce a fundamentally new structure: randomness itself is not primitive but is the geometric symptom of curvature leakage—an inadmissible spectral deformation ruled out by Herglotz positivity, Paley–Wiener confinement, and Carleman determinacy. We shift from the Heisenberg–Schrödinger conception of irreducible uncertainty to a spectral view in which randomness indicates violated geometric admissibility that a properly constructed self-adjoint operator cannot permit.Curvature, in this framework, is not a bending of paths in physical space as in Euclid, Gauss, or Riemann. Nor is it the curvature experienced by objects under forces as in Newtonian mechanics, or the curvature of spacetime responding to stress-energy in Einstein’s relativity. Classical geometry treats curvature as the deviation of a trajectory from Euclidean flatness. However, this assumes that curvature is a property of ambient space. Our model, however, upends this. Curvature is not the bending of space: it is a defect in the signal occupying that space. Even a geodesic line in a perfectly flat manifold may exhibit curvature if its spectral distribution leaks into forbidden regions. In other words, <b><i>curvature is the analytic appearance of mass where the operator forbids it: an inconsistency between allowable spectral support and actual distribution.</i></b>This reconceptualization expands the meaning of <i>randomness</i>. A spectral signal is curvature-free exactly when it obeys Herglotz positivity, maintains Paley–Wiener support within its admissible bandwidth, and satisfies Carleman determinacy. Violate any of these, and the signal acquires curvature—even if the underlying physical or arithmetic geometry is Euclidean. Randomness becomes the appearance of off-shell spectral mass: amplitude or probability leaking into regions where the operator’s analytic structure demands zero density. Classical frameworks—statistical mechanics, Wiener stochastic processes, Born’s interpretation of the wavefunction—treat such leakage as irreducible uncertainty. Our framework treats it as analytic misalignment: the failure of a signal to remain spectrally flat.This view clarifies the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat. The superposition of “alive” and “dead” states is ordinarily interpreted as fundamental ambiguity in nature. In our interpretation, the superposition corresponds to the spectral measure assigning mass simultaneously to mutually incompatible macro-regions, a geometric impossibility under the correct operator governing the cat–device system. The problem is not ontological; it is spectral. A mixed or smeared distribution represents curvature leakage: the measure spreads beyond the Paley–Wiener bandwidth and violates Herglotz positivity. Collapse occurs not because observation selects an eigenstate, but because the spectral measure returns to its admissible shell. In this sense, quantum randomness is the analytic shadow of leakage; determinacy corresponds to restored flatness.This view further exposes a foundational gap in classical probability theory. Probability spaces allow distributions to place mass arbitrarily across the sample space unless empirical constraints forbid certain values. Nowhere in Kolmogorov, Bayes, or maximum-entropy frameworks is the state space required to coincide with the admissible spectral support of the system. This means that classical priors routinely assign mass to outcomes that the true operator geometry cannot realize. In our language, this is off-shell mass: curvature leakage into geometrically impossible states. Bayesian logic permits such leakage; operator geometry forbids it. By restoring geometric constraints to probability theory, randomness reduces to evidence of curvature leakage—mass occupying forbidden regions.In arithmetic, Goldbach becomes the exact analogue of this phenomenon. A Goldbach counterexample requires the Λ–Λ signal to behave as if a two-prime representation exists at 2N when none does. This would require off-shell spectral mass—a leakage of curvature into a region where the operator forbids it. Paley–Wiener kernels can be tuned to detect such leakage with arbitrary precision; any leaked mass appears as a signed residual in the diagonal resolvent trace. But Herglotz positivity rules out such residuals, and Carleman determinacy ensures that no alternate measure can fake the Λ–Λ moment sequence. Therefore, any attempt to assign mass where no two-prime representation exists produces an analytically detectable contradiction. Under a correct operator, Goldbach counterexamples are curvature-forbidden configurations.This is the core implication: Goldbach’s conjecture is not a probabilistic riddle but a question of geometric admissibility. A Λ–Λ signal is curvature-free only when it occupies exactly the mass distribution of genuine two-prime representations. Any deviation—any leakage—would break positivity, determinacy, or finite-type confinement. Since off-shell mass cannot hide from Paley–Wiener probes, the only admissible spectral configuration is the Goldbach shell. The conjecture thus becomes a deterministic statement: the operator forbids curvature where no two-prime representation exists. The prime distribution is not statistically inclined to satisfy Goldbach; it is geometrically compelled to do so.Finally, this work reveals a unifying principle spanning mechanics, quantum theory, signal analysis, and arithmetic: <i>motion is coherence, randomness is leakage, and curvature is the geometry of identity.</i> Newtonian forces, Feynman path integrals, Schrödinger dispersion, and probabilistic prime heuristics all arise as special cases of attempting to maintain or violating spectral admissibility. Under our operator framework, a system evolves deterministically when its spectral signal remains flat—when no off-shell mass appears. The long-standing mysteries of randomness dissolve under this reinterpretation, and Goldbach’s conjecture emerges as the natural consequence of a system that cannot violate its own geometry. The determinism underlying arithmetic is therefore the determinism underlying all coherent motion: a system may only inhabit the states its geometry allows, and in those states, no randomness exists.