cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.48443/0vaj-3r77
title: Root biomass and chemistry, Megapit (DP1.10066.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: This data product contains the quality-controlled, native sampling resolution data from NEON's belowground plant biomass stock and chemistry measurements from Megapits. Soil samples were collected at 10 cm depth increments to the first 100 cm below the surface, then 20 cm depth increments thereafter, along three vertical profiles from a single temporary soil pit at a location expected to be representative of NEON sensor-based soil plots. This sampling activity is expected to occur once at each NEON terrestrial site. Root material is sorted, dried, weighed, and analyzed, then any excess root sample material is archived in the NEON Biorepository and are available on request. For additional details, see the user guide, protocols, and science design listed in the Documentation section below. Products resulting from this sampling include root biomass by size class and live/dead status, as well as root chemistry and stable isotope ratios. A summary table of external lab precision and accuracy is included in the expanded package.

Latency:
Data were collected once, at the establishment of each site. Data were published within one year of collection, and future collections at existing sites are not expected.
description: Each site is sampled a single time. At each site, a soil Megapit is dug in the dominant soil type to a maximum depth of 2 m. On the exposed face of the soil pit, a tape measure visually divides the soil profile into 10 cm depth increments. Each soil pit has three vertically-oriented sampling profiles, roughly corresponding to the left, center, and right of the pit sampling face. These profiles are referred to as profile number 1, 2 and 3, respectively. From each profile, a block of soil is removed from each 10 cm depth increment, starting from the surface down to 100 cm. Once a depth of 100 cm is reached, the each profile is divided into 20 cm depth increments. By the end of sampling, up to 45 soil samples are collected, 15 per profile. Roots are sieved and then divided into four categories distinguishing between status (alive or dead) and size (> 2mm and < 2 mm, unless otherwise noted). Once roots are weighed and dried, they are sent to an external laboratory for analysis of carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stable isotopes. Any remaining root material is held in the NEON Biorepository and available upon request. Instrumentation:
DOI: 10.48443/rvmy-gm06
title: Reaeration field and lab collection (DP1.20190.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: This data product contains the quality-controlled, native sampling resolution data from NEON's wadeable stream reaeration sampling protocol. During most reaeration experiments, grab samples of stream water at NEON aquatic sites are collected in streams at 4 sampling locations downstream of a continuous injection of an inert gas (SF6) and conservative tracer (NaCl or NaBr). Background samples are collected prior to tracer injection and are analyzed for background salt tracer concentrations. Plateau samples are collected once the tracer concentration reaches a constant concentration (as measured by conductivity) and 5 replicate samples from each station are analyzed for both salt and gas tracer concentrations. Data users should refer to the user guide for reaeration and salt-based discharge see `NEON_ReaerSaltBasedQ_userGuide` for suggestions on how to calculate reaeration rates from the published data packages. For additional details, see the user guide, protocols, and science design listed in the Documentation section in this data product's details webpage. During some reaeration experiments, denoted by injectionType “model - slug” or “model - CRI”, only the conservative tracer is injected, either via slug or constant rate, (i.e., inert gas is not injected). See NEON Data Product User Guide to Reaeration (DP1.20190.001) and Salt-based Discharge Sampling (DP1.20193.001) for more detail about when and where model type injections are used.

Latency:
The expected time from data and/or sample collection in the field to data publication is as follows, for each of the data tables (in days) in the downloaded data package. See the Data Product User Guide for more information.

rea_backgroundFieldCondData:  30

rea_backgroundFieldSaltData:  30

rea_conductivityFieldData:  30

rea_externalLabDataGas:  120

rea_externalLabDataSalt:  120

rea_fieldData:  30

rea_plateauMeasurementFieldData:  30

rea_plateauSampleFieldData:  30

rea_widthFieldData:  30

sdg_externalLabSummaryData:  14
description: Tracer injections are completed 6 times per year to capture a range of flows at NEON wadeable stream sites. The first sampling station is located near sensor set #1 and the fourth sampling station is located near sensor set #2. Sampling stations #2 and #3 are approximately evenly spaced between sampling stations #1 and #4. The injection (drip) station is located far enough upstream of sampling station #1 that the tracer is well mixed within the stream channel for all sampling stations. Conductivity data loggers are located near sampling stations #1 and #4 to capture the rising limb and plateau (for constant rate injections) and falling limb (for slug injections) in situ conductivity values. Instrumentation: YSI Pro2030, HOBO U24
DOI: 10.48443/rpwj-mf66
title: Depth profile at specific depths (DP1.20254.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: This data product contains the quality-controlled, native sampling resolution data from NEON's Depth profile at specific depths data collection. Depth profile data are collected along with any other sampling protocol in the water column (e.g., phytoplankton, zooplankton, or surface water chemistry). Depth profile data include water temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen data collected every 0.5 m through the water column using a handheld probe. Depth profile data are only collected at the deepest location of the lake near the buoy, or near the river buoy. These data not only provide metadata to accompany the sampling modules, but also inform sampling depths based the thermocline, if present, for water chemistry and associated analytes, surface water microbes, and phytoplankton sampling. Depth profiles are collected year-round, including under ice at northern sites, a minimum of 12 times per year. For additional details, see the user guide, protocols, and science design listed in the Documentation section in this data product's details webpage.

Latency:
The expected time from data and/or sample collection in the field to data publication is as follows, for each of the data tables (in days) in the downloaded data package. See the Data Product User Guide for more information.

dep_profileData:  30

dep_profileHeader:  30
description: Depth profile data are collected during sample collection for any protocol that samples the water column in a lake or river (phytoplankton, zooplankton, pelagic surface water microbes, and pelagic surface water chemistry), and may be collected opportunistically during other sampling visits to lake and river sites. Measurements are collected only near the buoy sensors in lakes and rivers, and data are collected year-round, including under ice. Measurements of water temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen are collected every 0.5 m through the water column, with larger intervals (1.0 m) in the hypolimnion of deep lakes. Data are collected a minimum of 12 times per year. Instrumentation: YSI Pro2030
DOI: 10.48443/04vv-1p52
title: Groundwater and active layer measurements at permafrost sites (DP1.20099.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: In arctic environments with permafrost, seasonal changes in active thawed layer and liquid water that drive the hydrology of the system. This seasonal freeze/thaw cycle causes frost heaving of groundwater wells, making measurements of groundwater elevation inaccurate due to sensor movement. Therefore, this data product contains measurements of depth to liquid water and thaw relative to the ground surface made manually rather than using a sensor that would require a fixed elevation throughout the season. For additional details, see the user guide, protocols, and science design listed in the Documentation section in this data product's details webpage.
description: Eight shallow groundwater wells per site are installed in inter-tussock areas surrounding the lake and stream reaches to capture groundwater flow paths. Wells are pushed down to thaw depth on a weekly basis and hand measurements are reported for depth to water and depth to thaw relative to the ground surface. Instrumentation:
DOI: 10.48443/jsh7-fd98
title: Temperature (digital thermistor) of surface water (DP1.20054.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: Temperature in surface water is measured using a digital thermistor at all NEON lake littoral locations, rivers, and wadeable stream sites.  This data product contains continuous, quality-controlled, surface water temperature. Measurements are recorded once per minute and reported as 5-minute and 30-minute averages.

Latency:
Data collected in any given month are published during the second full week of the following month.
description: In streams and rivers, Level TROLL 500 vented pressure transducers measure temperature and pressure, which is converted to elevation of surface water (DP1.20016). 
Aqua TROLL 200 vented pressure transducers are located at lake littoral locations, the Toolik Lake (TOOK) inflow and outflow,  Oksrukuyik Creek (OKSR), and Caribou Creek (CARI). The Aqua TROLL 200s measure specific conductivity (DP1.20008) in addition to pressure and temperature. 

The instream pressure transducers are collocated with the instream sensor sets that house water quality sensors (DP1.20288), nitrate sensors (DP1.20033), (PAR) incoming photosynthetically active radiation sensors, and (PRT) platinum resistance thermometers (DP1.20053). River transducers are collocated with incoming PAR sensors, and the lake transducers are collocated with littoral sensors that measure photosynthetically active radiation below the water surface (DP1.20261). NEON pressure transducer sensors are switched to logging mode at Toolik Lake (TOOK) and Oksrukuyik Creek (OKSR) during ice-on periods due to low power availability and data is manually retrieved from the sensors at ice-off. Instrumentation: In-Situ, inc. - Aqua TROLL 200; In-Situ, Inc. - Level TROLL 500
DOI: 10.48443/6mhb-xm43
title: Soil microbe marker gene sequences (DP1.10108.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: This data product contains the quality-controlled laboratory metadata and 16S and ITS marker gene sequences derived from NEON's soil microbial sampling. For additional details, see the user guide, protocols, and science design listed in the Documentation section in this data product's details webpage.

Queries for the basic data product package will return metadata tables that include laboratory methods and DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing metadata for samples from the queried sites and date range. Queries for the expanded package will also include a table containing links to the raw sequence data files, which can be used to download the sequences from the NEON data portal. 

Latency:
The expected time from data and/or sample collection in the field to data publication is as follows, for each of the data tables (in days) in the downloaded data package. See the Data Product User Guide for more information.

mmg_soilDnaExtraction:  240

mmg\_soilMarkerGeneSequencing\_16S:  240

mmg\_soilMarkerGeneSequencing\_ITS:  240

mmg\_soilPcrAmplification\_16S:  240

mmg\_soilPcrAmplification\_ITS:  240

mmg_soilRawDataFiles: 240
description: Soil sampling occurs annually at a minimum of one site per domain and once (sites with short growing seasons) to three times per year (sites with longer growing seasons), with collections ocurring at every sampled site during the historic peak in vegetation greenness. Three pre-determined, randomly assigned locations are selected for each sampling event within each of 10 plots distributed throughout a site; sampling locations within a plot are not re-sampled. Soil samples are collected to a maximum depth of 30 cm, with organic and mineral soils sampled separately. The same samples are used for measurement of soil physical and chemical properties to maintain temporal and spatial connectivity. Subsamples of homogenized soil (rocks, roots and organic debris removed) from each of the three sampling locations are stored in sterile containers, frozen on dry ice in the field and shipped to an analytical facility for DNA extraction, sample preparation and high-throughput sequence analysis using primer sets targeting the small subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene operon. Laboratory metadata are passed through the NEON automated ingest process for QC testing and are published on the NEON data portal. DNA sequence data undergo QC testing and unique URLs are generated to enable data download. Instrumentation:
DOI: 10.48443/34z2-e438
title: Photosynthetically active radiation at water surface (DP1.20042.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: Photosynthetically active radiation at water surface is measured at 1 Hz at stream sensor sets and twice per minute on buoys at lake and river sites. It is reported as 1-minute mean measurements and 30-minute mean values.

Latency:
Data collected in any given month are published during the second full week of the following month.
description: The stream sensor sets measure PAR at water surface, water level and temperature, and water quality. Downstream sensors also measure nitrate. The buoys are comprised of sensor sets which measure meteorological parameters over a water surface along with submerged sensors that measure physical and chemical parameters of the water body. Some of these sensors are unique to the buoy subsystem and others are shared with other NEON subsystems, such as the wadeable stream sensor sets or terrestrial towers. Due to power, space, and data storage constraints on the buoy, the configuration of sensors deployed on a buoy may be different than those in other parts of NEON. Instrumentation: Kipp & Zonen - PQS1
DOI: 10.48443/cgpb-5651
title: Fish sequences DNA barcode (DP1.20105.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: This data product contains the quality-controlled laboratory metadata and QA results for NEON's cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding of fish sequences. Fin clips are taken from a subset of collected fish for DNA analysis. The DNA barcoding procedure involves the removal of tissue, extracting and sequencing DNA from the tissue, and matching that sequence data to sequences from previously identified voucher specimens. DNA analysis serves a number of purposes, including verification of taxonomy of specimens that do not receive expert identification, clarification of the taxonomy of rare or cryptic species, and characterization of diversity using molecular markers. For additional details, see the user guide, protocols, and science design listed in the Documentation section in this data product's details webpage. Queries for this data product will return metadata tables formatted for submission to the Barcode of Life Database. These queries will also provide links to the actual sequence data, which are publicly available on the [Barcode of Life Data System](http://www.boldsystems.org/) (BOLD) website. The sequence data can be obtained by following the links from the NEON data portal, or by directly querying NEON data sets on the BOLD server. From the NEON portal, the link "BOLD Project: Fish sequences DNA barcode" redirects to a page on the BOLD public data portal for the queried data. This is a dynamic link and will automatically update based on the user query.

Latency:
The expected time from data and/or sample collection in the field to data publication is as follows, for each of the data tables (in days) in the downloaded data package. See the Data Product User Guide for more information.

fsh_BOLDcollectionData:  390

fsh_BOLDspecimenDetails:  390

fsh_BOLDtaxonomy:  390

fsh_BOLDvoucherInfo:  390
description: Fin clips will be collected from 5-10 individuals of a target species. These tissues will be preserved in an appropriate tissue vial and shipped to an external lab. DNA will be extracted and target sequences amplified via PCR. Barcodes of cytochrome oxidase I will be generated per specimen. Instrumentation:
DOI: 10.48443/43q7-9670
title: Precipitation - throughfall (DP1.00046.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: Up to three methods are used to determine bulk precipitation at each site. Primary - weighing gauge housed within a small double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR). Secondary - tipping bucket located on the top of the tower at terrestrial sites or at approx. 1.5 m above the ground at aquatic sites. Throughfall - tipping buckets below the canopy and equipped with troughs extending outward from the tipping bucket. Note that throughfall sensors are unheated to avoid melting the surrounding seasonal snowpack, therefore solid precipitation will only be recorded when it melts. However, the lag time between solid precipitation falling and subsequently melting means that measurements of melting solid precipitation may be less reliable than liquid precipitation because, for example, wind may blow snow off the throughfall collector prior to melting. 

Note: NEON has split the formerly bundled product (DP1.00006.001) into three separate products. Primary weighing gauge precipitation has moved to DP1.00044.001: Precipitation - weighing gauge and secondary tipping bucket precipitation has moved to DP1.00045.001: Precipitation - tipping bucket.Please see data notification [Precipitation (DP1.00006.001) to be split into three Data Products](https://www.neonscience.org/impact/observatory-blog/precipitation-dp100006001-be-split-three-data-products) for more information.

Latency:
Data collected in any given month are published during the second full week of the following month.
description: Precipitation records are fundamental to understanding water availability in an ecosystem. Bulk precipitation measured using a DFIR and a weighing gauge is known to provide improved results over tipping bucket measurements. Thus, the weighing gauge surrounded by the DFIR (provided in DP1.00044.001) is considered the “primary” method, while the tipping bucket (provided in DP1.00045.001) is referred to as the “secondary” method. Throughfall precipitation informs interception of precipitation by the canopy and pass-through to the soil surface. Instrumentation: Met One 372 tipping bucket (non-heated)
DOI: 10.48443/aqsx-9j37
title: IR biological temperature (DP1.00005.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: Infrared Biological Temperature (i.e., surface temperature) is available as one- and thirty-minute averages of 1 Hz observations.  Biological temperature can be used in conjunction with other measurements to draw conclusions on topics such as plant respiration, evapotranspiration rates, and stomatal conductance.

Latency:
Data collected in any given month are published during the second full week of the following month.
description: Biological temperature (i.e., surface temperature) is measured via IR temperature sensors located in the soil array and on the tower infrastructure. Instrumentation: Apogee SI-111 infrared (IR) temperature sensor
DOI: 10.48443/dfbb-2k21
title: Nitrate in surface water (DP1.20033.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: Nitrate is measured using an optical sensor at the downstream (S2) sensor station in streams and on the buoy at lake and river sites. It is reported as a mean value from 20 measurements made during a sampling burst every 15 minutes. Some older data may have been processed as the mean value from 50 measurements, but as of late 2018, the algorithm was updated to 20 measurements and older data will eventually be re-processed to use 20 measurements.

Latency:
Data collected in any given month are published during the second full week of the following month.
description: The stream sensor stations measure PAR at water surface, water level, temperature, water quality, and at downstream stations, nitrate. The buoys are comprised of sensor sets which measure meteorological parameters over a water surface along with submerged sensors that measure physical and chemical parameters of the water. Some of these sensors are unique to the buoy subsystem and others are shared with other NEON subsystems, such as the wadeable stream sensor sets or terrestrial towers. Due to power, space, and data storage constraints on the buoy, the configuration of sensors deployed on a buoy may be different than those in other parts of NEON. Instrumentation: Seabird - SUNA V2 UV nitrate sensor
DOI: 10.48443/ykfd-dv27
title: Albedo - spectrometer - flightline (DP2.30011.001)
title: RELEASE-2026

description: Albedo, the ratio of a surface’s reflected energy to its incident energy, is an important measurement for characterizing earth system energy balance. Light and dark surfaces correspond to high and low albedo, respectively. An opaque surface’s difference in energy reflected as compared to the energy incident on it is absorbed by the surface, increasing its temperature (Sabins, Jr., 1978). Albedo values depend on wavelength, illumination sources and geometry, sensor viewing geometry, reflectance as a function of angle and wavelength, as well as the scattering, absorbing, and re-radiating effects of the atmosphere. These factors are modeled/accounted for to best approximate a bi-hemispherical reflectance as would be measured in a laboratory setting. To this end, the wavelength-integrated surface reflectance, weighted with the global flux on the ground, is produced as the best practically achievable albedo measurement (Richter & Schlapfer, 2017). L2 Albedo is distributed by flight line at 1 m spatial resolution.

Latency:
AOP data will be available 60 days after the final collection day at a site.
description: Albedo data products are derived from NEON Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) Imaging Spectrometer (NIS) data (DP1.30006.001) collected in North-South oriented flight lines to reduce BRDF effects. These data are processed to orthorectified directional surface reflectance and then to Albedo as best practically approximated by wavelength-integrated surface reflectance, weighted with the global flux on the ground. L2 Albedo is distributed in the original North/South flight lines. Instrumentation: NEON Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) Imaging Spectrometer (NIS) - NASA/JPL AVIRIS-NG