DOI: 10.5061/dryad.prr4xgxz3
title: Data from: Diurnal moths have larger hearing organs: Evidence from comparative 3D morphometric study on geometrid moths

description: Tympanal organs, crucial for anti-bat defence in moths and key for
 taxonomy, are often overlooked due to their fragility during dissection.
 Using micro-CT, we analyzed the tympanal organs of 19 geometrid species,
 comparing diurnal and nocturnal species to understand how predators, like
 bats and diurnal birds or lizards, influence tympanal morphology and its
 allometric relationship with body size. We hypothesized that diurnal
 moths, with reduced anti-bat function, would have smaller tympanal organs,
 irrespective of body size. Allometry was tested using phylogenetic linear
 regression and tympanal volume was compared across diurnal and nocturnal
 moths relative to the abdominal volume. We used 3D geometric morphometry,
 followed by comparative analysis of the shape and size of ansa, a unique
 “mechanical” for geometrids. Contrary to our hypothesis, diurnal moths had
 significantly larger tympanal organs, with no allometric relationship with
 body size. Activity patterns had no significant effect on ansa shape and
 size, but nocturnal species exhibited convergence, suggesting potential
 auditory functions. This study shows how daily activity patterns and
 predator-prey interactions shape sensory adaptations, with larger tympanal
 organs of diurnal species potentially reflecting adaptations to detect
 lower “non-bat” frequency. It also highlights non-invasive imaging
 techniques for studying delicate anatomical features in museum specimens.
description: # Data from: Diurnal moths have larger hearing organs: Evidence from
 comparative 3D morphometric study on geometrid moths Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.prr4xgxz3](10.5061/dryad.prr4xgxz3) ## Description of the
 data and file structure ### Files and variables #### File:
 Tympanal_species_CO1_sequence.fas.treefile **Description:** The
 phylogenetic tree based on CO1 sequences that have been used in the
 analyses #### File: Box_plot_codes.R **Description:** R codes used for
 making the box plots in the manuscript #### File: Geomorph_codes.R
 **Description:** R codes used for the package 'geomorph' for 3D
 landmarking and geometric morphometrics analysis #### File:
 Phylogenetic_linear_regression.R **Description:** R codes used for the
 phylogenetic linear regression analysis done for the manuscript #### File:
 Phylogenetic__PCA.R **Description:** R codes used for the Phylogenetic
 Principal Component analysis to assess the shape of ansa based on 3D
 landmarks  #### File:
 Tympanal_organ_measurements_and_abdomen_measurements.csv
 **Description:** The measurements used to determine the size of the
 tympanal organ done on the software AGMT-3D, and the linear morphometric
 measurements done on the moth museum specimens. ##### Variables * Species:
 The moth species included in the study * Behaviour: The species were
 either nocturnal or diurnal in behaviour  * Volume: The volume of the
 tympanal organ based on 3D landmarks as measured with the software AGMT-3D
 * width, dorsal view (mm): The width of the abdomen of the moth specimen
 as measured from the dorsal side * height, lateral view (mm): The height
 of the abdomen of the moth specimen as measured from the lateral side  *
 abdomen length (mm): The linear measurement from the base of the moth
 abdomen to the tip * Abdomen volume(cubic mm): The product of
 (width*height* length) of the moth abdomen * tympanal volume: abdomen
 volume: The ratio of the tympanal volume and the abdomen volume * Body
 size (mm): The linear measurement from the tip of the abdomen to the head
 of the moth #### File: Tympanal_ansa_data.csv **Description:**  #####
 Variables * ID: The ID given to each of the Tympanal organ corresponding
 the the species in the next column * species: The moth species included in
 the study * subfamily: The subfamily within the family Geometridae to
 which each species belongs * Behaviour: The species were either nocturnal
 or diurnal in behaviour  * specimen region: The geographical region from
 where the specimen was acquired * Csize: The centroid size determined
 based on the 3D landmarks. Centroid size is calculated as the square root
 of the sum of squared distances of all landmarks from their centroid
 (center of gravity) in the 'geomorph' package in R * x: x
 coordinate of the 3D landmarks * y: y coordinate of the 3D landmarks * z:
 z coordinate of the 3D landmarks ## Code/software R and Microsoft Excel