DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h21v2
title: Data from: The genetic architecture of UV floral patterning in sunflower

description: Background and Aims: The patterning of floral ultraviolet (UV)
 pigmentation varies both intra- and interspecifically in sunflowers and
 many other plant species, impacts pollinator attraction, and can be
 critical to reproductive success and crop yields. However, the genetic
 basis for variation in UV patterning is largely unknown. This study
 examines the genetic architecture for proportional and absolute size of
 the UV bullseye in Helianthus argophyllus, a close relative of the
 domesticated sunflower. Methods: A camera modified to capture UV light
 (320–380 nm) was used to phenotype floral UV patterning in an F2 mapping
 population, then quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified using
 genotyping-by-sequencing and linkage mapping. The ability of these QTL to
 predict the UV patterning of natural population individuals was also
 assessed. Key Results: Proportional UV pigmentation is additively
 controlled by six moderate effect QTL that are predictive of this
 phenotype in natural populations. In contrast, UV bullseye size is
 controlled by a single large effect QTL that also controls flowerhead size
 and co-localizes with a major flowering time QTL in Helianthus.
 Conclusions: The co-localization of the UV bullseye size QTL, flowerhead
 size QTL and a previously known flowering time QTL may indicate a single
 highly pleiotropic locus or several closely linked loci, which could
 inhibit UV bullseye size from responding to selection without change in
 correlated characters. The genetic architecture of proportional UV
 pigmentation is relatively simple and different from that of UV bullseye
 size, and so should be able to respond to natural or artificial selection
 independently.
description: Flowerheads photographed
 in UVZipped directory
 containing JPG files of Helianthus argophyllus flowerheads photographed
 with a Nikon D70s digital camera fitted with a Noflexar 35mm lens and a
 reverse-mounted 2 inch Baader U-Filter (restricting the transmission of
 light to 320–380 nm). Files are named according to the plant's
 location in the field and the photograph number (e.g.
 'b1-11DSC_1586' is the plant from row 1, space 11, photograph
 1586; exceptions are the F1 individuals which are labeled X3A-# or X3B-#
 instead of by field location). The archived data file with phenotypic
 measurements contains the key to translate field location to plant
 genotype.UVphotos.zipCustom Perl script for formatting paired-end GBS data for uneak pipelineThis script translates paired-end fastq sequencing files into two independent sets of individually barcoded reads with a custom Perl script, to be used in the uneak pipeline (which is built only for single-end reads, from TASSEL 3; Lu et al., 2013). usage: perl GBS_Fastq_BarcodeAdder.pl uneak_key_file.txt library_1.fq library_2.fq combined_library_out.fqGBS_Fastq_BarcodeAdder_2Enzyme.plBash commands used to filter for final SNP matrixThis file contains the series of bash commands used to filter uneak output to call genotypes using more stringent filters. Starting with the HapMapCount file (for each individual at each tag pair: minimum of 10 tags, heterozygote if the ratio of the two tags &lt; 10, homozygote if the ratio of the two tags &gt; 50, otherwise N), filter the resulting file for sites with alternate homozygous genotypes in the two parent individuals (7,875 sites), filter those sites for a minimum coverage of 50% across all individuals and observed heterozygousity of 0.3–0.7, and then format these genotypes for import into R/qtl.uneak_bash_filters.txtPhenotype and genotype matrix for QTL mappingData matrix formatted for R/qtl, for QTL mapping in F2 population of Helianthus argophyllus. Column headers are: GBS_name (sample identifier in sequence files), name (field location, e.g. R1-11 is row 1, space 11), id (numeric identifier unique to individual), fam (F2 family), row (row location), , place (place within row location), mom (identity of F1 maternal parent), uvR (proportional UV pigmentation), uvD (absolute UV bullseye diameter, cm), total.d.cm (total flowerhead diameter, cm), disc.d (disc diameter, cm), petal.d.cm (mean ligule length, cm), FHage (binned maturity score of flowerhead). The following columns are marker genotypes, with the map location of those markers on rows 2 (linkage group) and 3 (centiMorgan).map3all_dryad_phenoUV_FHage.csvPhenotypic data for all individualsIncludes phenotypes for all USDA accession, F1, and F2 individuals measured in this study. Column headers are: Dataset (Main = F2, others as indicated), name (plant location in field, e.g. R1-11 is row 1, space 11), filename (file name of flowerhead photograph), FHage (binned maturity of sampled flowerhead), clip (length in pixels of standard object in photo), pixels_cm (number of pixels per cm for this photo), clip_size (which standard object was included in photo), class (population to which individual belonged, e.g. F2), cytoplasm (whether F2 individual had ARG-1805 as maternal grandmother, A, or ARG-1834, B), F1pop (F1 family for F2 individuals), session (photography session), picN (photo number), h.disc (width of flowerhead disc in pixels), v.disc (height of flowerhead disc in pixels), 1f (total length of first measured ligule in pixels),1p (UV pigmented length of first measured ligule in pixels), 2f (total length of second measured ligule in pixels), 2p (UV pigmented length of second measured ligule in pixels), 3f (total length of third measured ligule in pixels), 3p (UV pigmented length of second measured ligule in pixels), r1 (1p/1f) , r2 (2p/2f), r3 (3p/3f), mean.r (mean of r1, r2, r3, or proportional UV pigmentation), uv.d (mean of h.disc and v.disc plus 2 x mean of 1p, 2p, 3p), uv.d.cm (uv.d divided by pixels_cm, or absolute UV bullseye diameter in cm), total.d.cm (total flowerhead diameter in cm), disc.d (mean of h.disc and v.disc divided by pixels_cm, or disc diameter in cm), petal.d.cm (mean of 1f, 2f, 3f divided by pixels_cm, or ligule length in cm).UVdata_class_dryad.csvCandidate genes for UV floral patterningList of candidate genes under the four proportional UV pigmentation QTL matched against the Arabidopsis thaliana TAIR10 protein database using blastp (e &lt; e-20; Lamesch et al., 2011). Filtered specifically for proteins with WD or bHLH functional domains or part of the MYB or UDP-glycotransferase families. Column headers: which (filtered functional category), HaName (id of Helianthus annuus mRNA), AtName (best Arabidopsis thaliana hit), evalue (match value), chr (Helianthus annuus chromosome number), program (maker for this analysis), type (all genes in this analysis), start (start of gene in basepairs), end (end of gene in basepairs), score (NA), strand (+ or -), phase (NA), ID (internal id), Name (internal name), followed by functional annotation of that protein.all4_UVqtl_blastsUniq.txtAll genes under proportional UV pigmentation QTLList of all genes under the proportional UV pigmentation QTL. Column headers: chr (chromosome in Helianthus annuus genome), start (first basepair location of gene on chromosome), end (last basepair location of gene on chromosome), and HaName (gene name). More information about these genes is available at https://sunflowergenome.org/all_QTL_genes.txt