DOI: 10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t71
title: Data from: Diet and chemical defenses of the Sonoran Desert toads

description: The Sonoran Desert Toad (Incilius alvarius) is the only animal known to
 secrete the psychedelic compound 5-MeO-DMT as a chemical defense, but the
 source of 5-MeO-DMT in I. alvarius remains unknown. Some amphibians
 produce chemical defenses endogenously or through symbiotic interactions,
 while others acquire them from specialized diets. In this study, we
 analyzed toxin gland secretions and diet profiles from wild I. alvarius
 and sympatric anurans from native and urban habitats around Tucson,
 Arizona, to explore possible links between diet and 5-MeO-DMT production.
 All I. alvarius secreted high concentrations of 5-MeO-DMT, whereas other
 sympatric toads did not. The diet of I. alvarius was similar to that of
 sympatric anurans, indicating that I. alvarius does not exhibit relative
 dietary specialization. Slight dietary differences between I. alvarius in
 native and urbanized habitats were observed. Taken together, these lines
 of evidence suggest that diet is not directly linked to 5-MeO-DMT
 production, and support the alternative hypotheses that I. alvarius
 Sonoran Desert toads synthesizes 5-MeO-DMT endogenously, or via a
 microbial symbiont.
description: # Data from: Diet and chemical defenses of the Sonoran Desert toads
 Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t71](10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t71) ##
 Description of the data and file structure This dataset contains the raw
 anuran diet data and corresponding code for analyses associated with the
 PLOS One article by Luccioni et al. 2025, "Diet and chemical defenses
 of the Sonoran Desert toads." Processed diet data and raw and
 processed Direct Analysis in Real Time Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry
 (DART-TOF-MS) data are presented within the manuscript or included as
 supplemental material.  ### Files and variables #### File:
 Luccioni_et_al._2025_Anuran_Stomach_Content_Photos.zip
 **Description:** All anuran stomach content photos. Names are in the
 format "number_letter_number," in which the first number
 corresponds to the unique identifier for the anuran from which contents
 were sampled ("ID" in the associated CSV), the letter combined
 with the first number is a unique identifier for each individual prey
 item, and the second number identifies different photo of the same prey
 item. Some prey items also have the designation "FE" and/or
 "mix"; the former represents fecal samples and the latter
 represents a sample of mixed prey items, as opposed to individual items
 collected separately during sampling and subsequently stored separately.
 In the few cases where there is more than one letter in the sample name,
 letter order designates individual prey items from left to right, top to
 bottom, or clockwise from top left. Finally, some fecal samples for toads
 40-45 were mixed, and these are designated as "40-45_..." For
 example, "50_ab_FE_mix_2" would represent the second photo of
 two diet items from a mixed fecal sample collected from toad number 50,
 with a representing the left item and b representing the right (or top and
 bottom, if the photo is oriented correspondingly). #### File:
 Luccioni_et_al._2025_Toad_Diet_Data_Grouped_Final.csv **Description:** A
 CSV containing all anuran diet data, mostly grouped by order (see below
 for details). ##### Variables * ID: A unique identifier for each anuran.
 Also corresponds to the first number in the unique identifier for each
 prey item, e.g. "**1**_a" * Date: Collection date * Species: AC
 = Anaxyrus cognatus, AP = Anaxyrus punctatus, IA = Incilius alvarius, SC =
 Scaphiopus couchii * Category: Identifies each anuran as I. alvarius
 ("IA") or not ("Other") for subseqent analyses *
 Length.cm: Length in centimeters. Empty cells represent instances in which
 we were unable to measure the individual (see manuscript) * Weight.g:
 Weight in grams. Empty cells represent instances in which we were unable
 to weigh the individual (see manuscript) * Sex: Sex, where possible to
 assign visually. Empty cells represent individuals of unknown sex (see
 manuscript)  * Age: Age class. Juvenile = metamorph/first year, Subadult =
 post-juvenile, pre-reproductive maturity, Adult = reproductive maturity *
 Site: Unique site identifier, which corresponds to descriptions and maps
 in the manuscript * Habitat: Urban or native habitat * Num.Beetles: Number
 of beetles (Coleoptera) * Num.Odonata: Number of dragonflies and
 damselflies (Odonata) * Num.Orthopterans: Number of grasshoppers and
 crickets (Orthoptera) * Num.Webspinners: Number of webspinners
 (Embioptera) * Num.Hym: Number of ants, wasps, and bees (Hymenoptera) *
 Num.Scorpions: Number of scorpions (Scorpiones) * Num.Spiders: Number of
 spiders (Araneae) * Num.Blatt: Number of cockroaches and termites
 (Blattodea) * Num.Hemiptera: Number of true bugs (Hemiptera) * Num.Ants:
 Number of ants, subset of number of Hymenoptera * Num.Other: Number of
 non-Hymenoptera and non-Coleoptera  * Num.Rocks: Number of rocks *
 Num.Plants: Number of plants * Num.Native: Number of arthropods that are
 native species * Num.Introduced: Number of arthropods that are introduced
 species * Tot: Total number of arthropods #### File:
 Luccioni_et_al._2025_Analyses_Final.R **Description:** R code necessary to
 recreate all results in Luccioni et al. 2025. Comments in code document
 provide relevant information. ## Code/software Our code was prepared using
 R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14) and RStudio version 2024.04.2+764
 (2024.04.2+764).