DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hmgqnk9n5
title: Food quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms facing temperature variability

description: Organisms exhibit reversible physiological adjustments as a response to
 rapidly changing environments. Yet, such plasticity of the phenotype is
 gradual and may lag behind the environmental fluctuations, thereby
 affecting the long-term average performance of the organisms. By supplying
 energy and essential compounds for optimal tissue building, food
 determines the range of possible phenotypic changes and potentially the
 rate at which they occur. Here, we assess how differences in the dietary
 supply of essential lipids modulate the phenotypic plasticity of an
 ectotherm facing thermal fluctuations. We use three phytoplankton
 strains to create a gradient of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols
 supply for Daphnia magna under constant and fluctuating temperatures. We
 used three different fluctuation periodicities to unravel the temporal
 dynamics of gradual plasticity and its long-term consequences on D. magna
 performance measured as juvenile somatic growth rate. In agreement with
 gradual plasticity theory, we show that in D. magna, fluctuation
 periodicity determines the differential between observed growth rates and
 those expected from constant conditions. Most importantly, we show that
 diet modulates both the size and the direction of the growth rate
 differential. Overall, we demonstrate that the nutritional context is
 essential for predicting ectotherm consumers’ performance in fluctuating
 thermal environments.
description: To obtain the different data, we ran two experiments:
 First, <em>Daphnia
 magna</em><em>
 </em>individuals were fed on three different diets and incubated in
 climate chambers (POL-EKO ST3/3C SMART) with temperature alternating
 between 20°C and 28°C with 3 different periodicities (every 12 hrs, 24hrs
 or 48hrs) while trying to keep the same mean temperature and variance
 across treatments. Then, in order to have a reference for performance
 without temperature fluctuations and to model the Thermal Performance
 Curve (TPC), we additionally grew <em>Daphnia</em> at constant
 temperatures of 18°C, 20°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C and 30°C, fed on the three
 diets. We measured for each experiment and condition,
 the growth rate at day 6 of individuals,
 The data were collected in an
 Excell file and analysed with an R script.
description: R software is required to open the script included with these
 data files; all the data can be opened with Excel or TableNote.
description: # Supplementary Data\_Food quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in
 ectotherms facing temperature variability Journal: Ecology Authors: Marine
 Van Baelen, Alexandre Bec, Erik Sperfeld, Nathan Frizot and
 Apostolos-Manuel Koussoroplis Date of data collection: 2020-2023
 Geographic location of the data collection : LMGE, Universite Clermont
 Auvergne, France ## Summary and contextualized in experimental procedures
 and results Here, you have accesss to all data and code used i the article
 "Food quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms
 facing temperature variability". We use three phytoplankton strains
 to create a gradient of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols supply for
 Daphnia magna under constant and fluctuating temperatures. We used three
 different fluctuation periodicities to unravel the temporal dynamics of
 gradual plasticity and its long-term consequences on D. magna performance
 measured as juvenile somatic growth rate. In agreement with gradual
 plasticity theory, we show that in D. magna, fluctuation periodicity
 determines the differential between observed growth rates and those
 expected from constant conditions. Most importantly, we show that diet
 modulates both the size and the direction of the growth rate differential.
 To obtain the different data, we ran two experiments: First, Daphnia magna
 individuals were fed on three different diets and incubated in climate
 chambers with temperature alternating between 20°C and 28°C with 3
 different periodicities (every 12 hrs, 24hrs or 48hrs) while trying to
 keep the same mean temperature and variance across treatments. Then, in
 order to have a reference for performance without temperature fluctuations
 and to model the Thermal Performance Curve (TPC), we additionally grew
 Daphnia at constant temperatures of 18°C, 20°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C and 30°C,
 fed on the three diets. We measured the growth rate at day 6 of
 individuals for each experiment and condition. The data were collected in
 an Excell file/Table file and analysed with an R script. ## Sharing/Access
 information Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal
 (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Links to publications that cite or use the data:
 Van Baelen M., A. Bec, E. Sperfeld, N. Frizot and A.M. Koussoroplis, food
 quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms facing
 temperature variability, Ecology (2023) Links to other publicly accessible
 locations of the data: None Links/relationship to ancillary data sets:
 None Was data derived from another source? No If yes, list source(s): NA
 Recommended citation for this dataset: Van Baelen, Marine et al.
 (Forthcoming 2023). Food quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in
 ectotherms facing temperature variability [Dataset]. Dryad.
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hmgqnk9n5](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hmgqnk9n5) ## DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: I-Data.ZIP file A) F12.txt B) F24.txt C) F48.txt D) growth\_rate\_constant.txt E) growth\_rate-fluctuation.txt F) mean\_growth\_rate\_fluctuation II-Script.ZIP file A) model\_comparison.R B) script.R C) script\_fig2.R D) script\_fig3.R E) models file a) Script\_beta\_equation.R b) Script\_boatman\_equation.R c) Script\_briere2\_equation.R d) Script\_gaussian\_equation.R e) Script\_lactin2\_equation.R f) Script\_pawar\_equation.R g) Script\_quadratic\_equation.R h) Script\_shaperschoolhigh\_equation.R g) Script\_thomas1\_equation.R h) Script\_weibull\_equation.R 2. Relationship between files, if important: None 3. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: None 4. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? No A. If yes, name of file(s) that was updated: NA i. Why was the file updated? NA ii. When was the file updated? NA ################################ DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: F12.txt / F24.txt / F48.txt These datasets were used to create Figure 2. 1. Number of variables: 4 2. Number of cases/rows: 8640 3. Variable List: * Min: number of minutes * Time: date and precise hour * Temp: temperature * hours: minutes converted in hours ################################ DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: growth\_rate\_constant.txt This dataset was used to create Figure 2 and 3. 1. Number of variables: 6 2. Number of cases/rows: 157 3. Variable List: * temperature: temperature treatment * temp: temperature treatment in character * treatment: diet treatment ( Y= Cryptomonas sp; C =Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and S= Synechococcus sp) * day: day at which the organism is measured * M: mass in mg * time: hours at which the organism is measured ################################ DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: growth\_rate\_fluctuation.txt This dataset was used to create Figure 2 and 3. 1. Number of variables: 7 2. Number of cases/rows: 237 3. Variable List: * Treatment: temperature treatment (cst =constant temperature, F12= temperature fluctuation every 12hours, F24= temperature fluctuation every 24hours, F48= temperature fluctuation every 48hours) * Type: diet treatment ( Y= Cryptomonas sp; C =Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and S= Synechococcus sp) * treatment: diet treatment ( Y= Cryptomonas sp; C =Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and S= Synechococcus sp) * time: hours at which the organism is measured * gh: growth rate per hours * g: growth rate per day * F: hours until temperature shift * M: mass in ug ################################ DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: mean\_growth\_rate\_fluctuation.txt This dataset was used to create Figure 3. 1. Number of variables: 7 2. Number of cases/rows: 10 3. Variable List: * Treat: temperature and diet treatment (F12= temperature fluctuation every 12hours, F24= temperature fluctuation every 24hours, F48= temperature fluctuation every 48hours and Y= Cryptomonas sp; C =Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and S= Synechococcus sp) * type: temperature treatment (F12= temperature fluctuation every 12hours, F24= temperature fluctuation every 24hours, F48= temperature fluctuation every 48hours) * treatment: diet treatment ( Y= Cryptomonas sp; C =Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and S= Synechococcus sp) * g: mean growth rate per day * lower: lower deviation * upper: upper deviation * temp: mean temperature of the fluctuation treatment ## Description of the Script file : code and software * Script.R is used to summarize the data processing and figure/table results in the manuscript "Food quality shapes gradual phenotypic plasticity in ectotherms facing temperature variability." * Script\_fig2.R and Script\_fig3.R are used to create the Figure 2 and 3. * model\_comparison.R is used to create the figure and the model comparison in the Appendix S1: Figure 1 (TPC model choice) with the diffrent equations in the "models" file: "Script\_Weibull\_equation," "Script\_gaussian\_equation,"...corresponding to the appendix S1: Figure 2. All Script files are only available on R software. All the necessary packages are included in the script.