DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bvq83bk78
title: Data from: Phylogenetic diversity of two geographically overlapping species in the lichen genus Sticta (Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae): Isolation by distance, environment, or fragmentation?

description: Aim: To test whether the degree of phylogenetic diversity differs in two
 congeneric, morphologically similar lichens that are both widespread and
 with a similar geographical range (Neotropics and Hawaii), but differ in
 altitudinal and habitat preferences, and whether the two species underwent
 isolation by distance (IBD), environment (IBE), or fragmentation (IBF).
 Location: South and Central America, Caribbean, Hawaii, Azores. Taxon:
 Sticta (Peltigeraceae). Methods: Analysis of 395 specimens across the
 study area; ITS barcoding marker; maximum likelihood tree reconstruction
 within a broad taxonomic framework; TCS haplotype networks; Mantel test of
 genetic vs. geographic, environmental, and fragmentation distances;
 statistical comparison of BIOclim variables. Results: Sticta andina
 exhibited high phenotypic variation and high reticulate phylogenetic
 diversity across its range, whereas the phenotypically more uniform S.
 scabrosa contained two main haplotypes, one unique to Hawaii (subsp.
 hawaiiensis). Sticta andina was restricted to well-preserved andine
 forests and paramos, habitats fragmented due to disruptive topology,
 whereas S. scabrosa was found in lowland to lower montane forests in
 rather exposed microsites, representing a more continuous habitat. These
 differences were statistically significant for several BIOclim variables.
 Mantel tests on genetic vs. geographic and environmental distances
 demonstrated that S. scabrosa followed a pattern of IBD across its full
 range but not within continental Central and South America. In contrast,
 S. andina did not exhibit IBD but showed weak, yet significant patterns of
 IBE at continental level and IBF in the northern Andes. Main Conclusions:
 Autecology indirectly drives phylogenetic diversity in the two studied
 species. In the low altitude species, S. scabrosa, phylogenetic diversity
 is low and shows no correlation with geographic or environmental
 distances, except for the differentiation of the Hawaiian subspecies. We
 attribute this to rapid expansion and effective gene flow between
 populations across a more or less continuously distributed niche
 representing partially exposed microsites, including disturbed and
 anthropogenic vegetation, such as planted trees. In contrast, in the high
 altitude species, S. andina, phylogenetic diversity is high and correlated
 with both environmental niche differentiation (IBE) and fragmentation
 caused by the final Andean uplift (IBF). Therefore, an autoecological
 preference for high altitudes increases the likelihood for higher
 phylogenetic diversity.
description: The dataset contains the voucher information for the studied
 specimens (EXCEL); the ITS-based alignments (FASTA; sequences also
 available from GenBank); the specimen-based coordinates, altitude values,
 bioclim variables and tree cover layer data (EXCEL); the distance matrices
 used for the Mantel tests (tab-delimited TXT); and the best-scoring
 maximum likelihood trees derived from the ITS-based alignments
 (PDF). <b>Appendix S1.</b>
 Voucher table of the studied samples.
 <b>Appendix S2.</b> Global ITS alignment
 for the genus <i>Sticta</i>.
 <b>Appendix S3.</b> Local ITS alignment
 for <i>Sticta andina</i>.
 <b>Appendix S4.</b> Local ITS alignment
 for <i>Sticta scabrosa</i> (incl. subsp.
 <i>hawaiiensis</i>).
 <b>Appendix S5.</b> Coordinates,
 altitude, and selected features for the specimens of <i>Sticta
 andina</i> and <i>S. scabrosa</i> (incl. subsp.
 <i>hawaiiensis</i>) studied.
 <b>Appendix S6.</b> Data matrix for the
 analysis of bioclimatic variables and altitude and tree cover
 layers. <b>Appendix
 S7.</b> Distance matrices used for the Mantel tests (zipped
 file). <b>Appendix
 S8.</b> Global ITS tree for the genus
 <i>Sticta</i>.
 <b>Appendix S9.</b> Local ITS tree for
 <i>Sticta andina</i>.
 <b>Appendix S10.</b> Local ITS tree for
 <i>Sticta scabrosa</i> (incl. subsp.
 <i>hawaiiensis</i>).
description: Bioclim data derived from http://www.worldclim.org
 Landsat tree cover layer derived from
 http://glcf.umd.edu/data/landsatTreecover