DOI: 10.15146/r3m97w
title: Complete Tree Species of Panama

description: 1 June 2020 This data archive presents a complete compilation of the tree
 species of Panama, including the full geographic range and local abundance
 of each. The species list is based on the most recent monographs,
 especially the Flora Mesoamericana, along with herbarium records,
 especially those online at the Missouri Botanic Garden, and our tree
 census plots, mostly in the forests around the Panama Canal, including the
 50 ha plot at Barro Colorado. The full set of occurrence records was
 collected from the BIEN database and from Tropicos (Missouri Botanical
 Garden), plus our tree plots, and a geographic range was calculated as the
 minimum convex polygon around all occurrences. Details of methods can be
 found in Condit et al. (2020), and that paper includes a complete
 bibliography of the taxonomic literature consulted. Species were included
 based if they root in the ground as free-standing woody plants, and reach
 a height of at least 3 m as reproductives. Epiphytes, lianas, and herbs
 were excluded. Species were included broadly, thus even if only
 occasionally terrestrial and free-standing while usually not; this aspect
 forces a loose gray area between trees and non-trees. The category shrub
 or descriptor shrubby were never considered, as they are poorly defined
 and used in inconsistent ways. An online version of the database
 (http://conditdatacenter.tech/PanamaTrees/) includes range maps and notes
 on growth form for marginal species. Tables of all coordinates from BIEN
 and Tropicos used in the estimates of range size can be downloaded
 from http://conditdatacenter.tech/TreeMap/txt. References Condit,
 R., Perez, R., Aguilar, S. 2020. Tree species of Panama: a complete
 checklist with every geographic range. In press. Condit, R., Engelbrecht,
 B. M. J., Pino, D., Pérez, R., and Turner, B. L. 2013. Species
 distributions in response to individual soil nutrients and seasonal
 drought across a community of tropical trees. Proceedings of the National
 Academy of Sciences 110:5064–5068. pdf
 http://conditdatacenter.org/pdfs/ConditEtAlPNAS2013.pdf Condit, R.,
 Chisholm, R. A., and Hubbell, S. P. 2012. Thirty years of forest census at
 Barro Colorado and the importance of immigration in maintaining diversity.
 PLoS ONE 7:e49826. pdf
 http://conditdatacenter.org/pdfs/ConditChisholmHubbell2012.pdf Condit, R.,
 Pérez, R., Aguilar, S., Lao, S., and Hubbell, S. P. 2017. Demographic
 trends and climate over 35 years in the Barro Colorado 50 ha plot. Forest
 Ecosystems 4:1–13. pdf
 http://conditdatacenter.org/pdfs/Condit_et_al-2017-Forest_Ecosystems.pdf
 Davidse, G. M.; Sousa, M. S.; Knapp, S.; Chiang, F. & Ulloa, C. U.
 (Eds.) 1994-2018. Flora Mesoamericana (6 Volumes).
description: The data was initiated with the published checklist from the
 Missouri Botanical Garden, then expanded and corrected from published
 monographs. Details are provided in Condit et al. (2020).
description: Table 1. PanamaTreeSpecies.tsv. A tab-delimited ascii table
 including a record for 3045 tree species we consider native to Panama.
 Taxa in the table are identified by the Family, Latin name, and taxonomic
 authority, and include the following columns of data: 
 countries -- Number of countries observed, ostensibly in a
 natural state (countries) minLat -- Minimum latitude
 of species occurrences maxLat -- Maximum
 latitude minLong -- Minimum longitude
 maxLong -- Maximum longitude Npan -- Number
 of those records in Panama N -- Total number of
 records in combined BIEN and Tropicos databases, counting only unique
 locations range -- Extent of range, in thousands of
 square km, calculated as minimum convex polygon around BIEN
 records plots -- Number of our tree plots in Panama
 in which the species was observed dens -- Mean
 density in the plots (including zeroes)  inventories
 -- Number of our tree inventories in Panama in which the species was
 observed maxht -- Maximum height in meters according
 to taxonomic monographs Table 2.
 PanamaTreeNameLookup.tsv. A tab-delimited ascii table including a record
 for 4497 Latin names which we found to be associated with the native tree
 species of Panama, including the 3045 currently accepted names plus 1452
 alternate names. These are the most relevant recent synonyms, those
 appearing in recent treatments, at BIEN, or at Tropicos. For the 3045
 current names, the column ValidLatin matches the column Latin.  For the
 other 1452, the name in the column Latin is not valid in Panama and should
 be replaced by ValidLatin throughout the country. The column Scope applies
 to those 1452 cases: where Scope = everywhere, Latin should be replaced by
 ValidLatin everywhere the species is found, and Latin is now an obsolete
 name. In the remained 62 cases, where Scope = only Panama, the name Latin
 is misused in Panama  and should be replaced there, but not
 elsewhere. Table 3. PanamaTreeBIENError.tsv. A
 tab-delimited ascii table including 1035 tree species names appearing
 incorrectly in the BIEN database with records in Panama. All of these are
 based either on erroneous records, ie in the wrong country, or
 misidentified, or are based on cultivated specimens of species not native
 to Panama.