cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tq2qh
title: Data from: Wound treatment and selective help in a termite-hunting ant.

description: Open wounds are a major health risk in animals, with species prone to
 injuries likely developing means to reduce these risks. We therefore
 analysed the behavioural response towards open wounds on the social and
 individual level in the termite group-hunting ant Megaponera analis.
 During termite raids some ants get injured by termite soldiers (biting off
 extremities), after the fight injured ants get carried back to the nest by
 nestmates. We observed treatment of the injury by nestmates inside the
 nest through intense allogrooming at the wound. Lack of treatment
 increased mortality from 10% to 80% within 24 hours, most likely due to
 infections. Wound clotting occurred extraordinarily fast in untreated
 injured individuals, within ten minutes. Furthermore, heavily injured ants
 (loss of five extremities) were not rescued or treated; this was regulated
 not by the helper but by the unresponsiveness of the injured ant.
 Interestingly, lightly injured ants behaved “more injured” near nestmates.
 We show organized social wound treatment in insects through a multifaceted
 help system focused on injured individuals. This was not only limited to
 selective rescuing of lightly injured individuals by carrying them back
 (thus reducing predation risk), but moreover included a differentiated
 treatment inside the nest.
description: Excel File with all raw
 data used in this studyRaw Data
 #1.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g8d77ft
title: Data from: Comparing genetic diversity and demographic history in co-distributed wild South American camelids

description: Vicuñas and guanacos are two species of wild South American camelids that
 are key ruminants in the ecosystems where they occur. Although closely
 related, these species feature differing ecologies and life history
 characters, which are expected to influence both their genetic diversity
 and population differentiation at different spatial scales. Here, using
 mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic markers, we show that vicuña
 display lower genetic diversity within populations than guanaco but
 exhibit more structure across their Peruvian range, which may reflect a
 combination of natural genetic differentiation linked to geographic
 isolation and recent anthropogenic population declines. Coalescent based
 demographic analyses indicate that both species have passed through a
 strong bottleneck, reducing their effective population sizes from over
 20,000 to less than 1,000 individuals. For vicuña this bottleneck is
 inferred to have taken place ~3,300 years ago, but to have occurred more
 recently for guanaco at ~2,000 years ago. These inferred dates are
 considerably later than the onset of domestication (when the alpaca was
 domesticated from the vicuña while the llama was domesticated from the
 guanaco), coinciding instead with a major human population expansion
 following the mid-Holocene cold period. As importantly, they imply earlier
 declines than the well-documented Spanish conquest, where major mass
 mortality events were recorded for Andean human and camelid populations.
 We argue that underlying species’ differences and recent demographic
 perturbations have influenced genetic diversity in modern vicuña and
 guanaco populations, and these processes should be carefully evaluated in
 the development and implementation of management strategies for these
 important genetic resources.
description: FINAL_VICUNA_and_GUANACO_msaExcel file with the vicuña and guanaco microsatellite MSA input files.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f3s8n
title: Data from: Asynchronous hatching in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus quadripunctatus, maxmises parental fitness

description: Life history theory predicts that natural selection favours parents who
 balance investment across offspring to maximize fitness. Theoretical
 studies have shown that the optimal level of parental investment from the
 offspring's perspective exceeds that of its parents, and the
 disparity between the two generates evolutionary conflict for the
 allocation of parental investment. In various species, the offspring hatch
 asynchronously. The age hierarchy of the offspring usually establishes
 competitive asymmetries within the brood and determines the allocation of
 parental investment among offspring. However, it is not clear whether the
 allocation of parental investment determined by hatching pattern is
 optimal for parent or offspring. Here, we manipulated the hatching pattern
 of the burying beetle Nicrophorus quadripunctatus to demonstrate the
 influence of hatching pattern on the allocation of parental investment. We
 found that the total weight of a brood was largest in the group that
 mimicked the natural hatching pattern, with the offspring skewed towards
 early hatchers. This increases parental fitness. However, hatching
 patterns with more later hatchers had heavier individual offspring
 weights, which increases offspring fitness, but this hatching pattern is
 not observed in the wild. Thus, our study suggests that the natural
 hatching pattern optimizes parental fitness, rather than offspring
 fitness.
description: Offspring survival and
 body weightJEB-submittion.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qc537
title: Data from: Rapid responses of soil microorganisms improve plant fitness in novel environments

description: Global change is challenging plant and animal populations with novel
 environmental conditions, including increased atmospheric CO2
 concentrations, warmer temperatures, and altered precipitation regimes. In
 some cases, contemporary or “rapid” evolution can ameliorate the effects
 of global change. However, the direction and magnitude of evolutionary
 responses may be contingent upon interactions with other community members
 that also are experiencing novel environmental conditions. Here, we
 examine plant adaptation to drought stress in a multigeneration experiment
 that manipulated aboveground–belowground feedbacks between plants and soil
 microbial communities. Although drought stress reduced plant growth and
 accelerated plant phenologies, surprisingly, plant evolutionary responses
 to drought were relatively weak. In contrast, plant fitness in both
 drought and nondrought environments was linked strongly to the rapid
 responses of soil microbial community structure to moisture manipulations.
 Specifically, plants were most fit when their contemporary environmental
 conditions (wet vs. dry soil) matched the historical environmental
 conditions (wet vs. dry soil) of their associated microbial community.
 Together, our findings suggest that, when faced with environmental change,
 plants may not be limited to “adapt or migrate” strategies; instead, they
 also may benefit from association with interacting species, especially
 diverse soil microbial communities, that respond rapidly to environmental
 change.
description: Lau and Lennon PNAS soil
 N and microbe dataThis csv file contains
 the microbial community composition and abundance data.Lau and Lennon PNAS microbe
 data.csvLau and Lennon PNAS N
 dataLau and Lennon PNAS
 plant data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3nr41
title: Data from: Small montane cloud forest fragments are important for conserving tree diversity in the Ecuadorian Andes

description: Montane tropical cloud forests, with their complex topography,
 biodiversity, high numbers of endemic species, and rapid rates of clearing
 are a top global conservation priority. However, species distributions at
 local and landscape scales in cloud forests are still poorly understood,
 in part because few regions have been surveyed. Empirical work has focused
 on species distributions along elevation gradients, but spatial variation
 among forests at the same elevation is less commonly investigated. In this
 study, the first to compare tree communities across multiple Andean cloud
 forests at similar elevations, we surveyed trees in five ridge-top forest
 reserves at the upper end of the ‘mid-elevation diversity bulge’
 (1900-2250 masl) in the Intag Valley, a heavily deforested region in the
 Ecuadorian Andes. We found that tree communities were distinct in reserves
 located as close as 10 to 35 km apart, and that spatially closer forests
 were not more similar to one another. Although larger (1500 to 6880 ha),
 more intact forests contained significantly more tree species (108-120
 species/0.1ha) than smaller (30 to 780ha) ones (56-87 species/0.1ha), each
 reserve had unique combinations of more common species, and contained high
 proportions of species not found in the others. Results thus suggest that
 protecting multiple cloud forest patches within this narrow elevational
 band is essential to conserve landscape-level tree diversity, and that
 even small forest reserves contribute significantly to biodiversity
 conservation. These findings can be applied to create management plans to
 conserve and restore cloud forests in the Andes and tropical montane cloud
 forests elsewhere.
description: Cloud Forest Tree
 DataThis data is
 transect-level presence/absence tree data for five cloud forest reserves
 in Andean Ecuador. Please contact the author at drsarahjwilson@gmail.com
 with questions.prescence_abscence.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4c058
title: Data from: Opposing effects of mortality factors on progeny operational sex ratio may thwart adaptive manipulation of primary sex ratio

description: Despite extensive research on mechanisms generating biases in sex ratios,
 the capacity of natural enemies to shift or further skew operational sex
 ratios following sex allocation and parental care remains largely
 unstudied in natural populations. Male cocoons of the sawfly Neodiprion
 abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) are consistently smaller than those of
 females, with very little overlap, and thus, we were able to use cocoon
 size to sex cocoons. We studied three consecutive cohorts of N. abietis in
 six forest stands to detect cocoon volume-associated biases in the attack
 of predators, pathogens, and parasitoids and examine how the combined
 effect of natural enemies shapes the realized operational sex ratio.
 Neodiprion abietis mortality during the cocoon stage was sex-biased, being
 1.6 times greater for males than females. Greater net mortality in males
 occurred because male-biased mortality caused by a pteromalid parasitic
 wasp and a baculovirus was greater and more skewed than female-biased
 mortality caused by ichneumonid parasitic wasps. Variation in the
 susceptibility of each sex to each family of parasitoids was associated
 with differences in size and life histories of male and female hosts. A
 simulation based on the data indicated that shifts in the nature of
 differential mortality have different effects on the sex ratio and fitness
 of survivors. Because previous work has indicated that reduced host plant
 foliage quality induces female-biased mortality in this species, bottom-up
 and top-down factors acting on populations can affect operational sex
 ratios in similar or opposite ways. Shifts in ecological conditions
 therefore have the potential to alter progeny fitness and produce extreme
 sex ratio skews, even in the absence of unbalanced sex allocation. This
 would limit the capacity of females to anticipate the operational sex
 ratio and reliably predict the reproductive success of each gender at sex
 allocation.
description: Morphological
 measurements of N. abietis cocoonsFate and volume (in
 cubic millimeters) of Neodiprion abietis cocoons collected from 2000 to
 2002 in six forest stands in western Newfoundland,
 Canada.dataset.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nd5m2
title: Data from: Novel application of explicit dynamics occupancy models to ongoing aquatic invasions

description: 1. Identification of suitable habitat where invasive species can establish
 is an important step towards controlling their spread. Accurate
 identification is difficult for new or slow invaders because unoccupied
 habitats may be suitable given enough time for dispersal and occupied
 habitats may prove to be unsuitable for establishment. 2. To identify
 suitable habitat of a recent invader, I used an explicit dynamics
 occupancy modeling framework to evaluate habitat covariates related to
 successful and failed establishments of American bullfrogs (Lithobates
 catesbeianus) within the Yellowstone River floodplain of Montana, USA from
 2012-2016. 3. During this 5-year period, bullfrogs failed to establish at
 most sites they colonized. Bullfrog establishment was most likely to occur
 and least likely to fail at sites closest to human-modified ponds and
 lakes and those with emergent vegetation. These habitat covariates were
 generally associated with the presence of permanent water. 4. Suitable
 habitat for bullfrog establishment is abundant in the Yellowstone River
 floodplain, though many sites with suitable habitat remain uncolonized.
 Thus, the maximum distribution of bullfrogs is much greater than their
 current distribution. 5. Synthesis and applications. Focused control
 efforts on habitats with or proximate to permanent waters are most likely
 to reduce the potential for bullfrog establishment and spread. The novel
 application of explicit dynamics occupancy models is a useful and widely
 applicable tool for guiding management efforts towards those habitats
 where new or slow invaders are most likely to establish and
 persist.07-Aug-2017
description: Sepulveda_bullfrog_occupancy_habitat_dataEncounter history of American Bullfrog breeding life stages (eggs, larvae, and metamorphs) and site-specific physical habitat data at 92 sites in the Yellowstone River floodplains, Montana from 2012- 2016.Sepulveda_bullfrog_datarelease.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.06s05
title: Data from: Multivariate intralocus sexual conflict in seed beetles

description: Intralocus sexual conflict (IaSC) is pervasive because males and females
 experience differences in selection but share much of the same genome.
 Traits with integrated genetic architecture should be reservoirs of
 sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness but explorations of
 multivariate IaSC are scarce. Previously, we showed that upward artificial
 selection on male lifespan decreased male fitness but increased female
 fitness compared with downward selection in the seed beetle Callosobruchus
 maculatus. Here, we use these selection lines to investigate sex-specific
 evolution of four functionally integrated traits (metabolic rate,
 locomotor activity, body mass and lifespan) that collectively define a
 sexually dimorphic life-history syndrome in many species. Male-limited
 selection for short lifespan led to correlated evolution in females
 towards a more male-like multivariate phenotype. Conversely, males
 selected for long lifespan became more female-like, implying that IaSC
 results from genetic integration of this suite of traits. However, while
 lifespan, metabolism and body mass showed correlated evolution in the
 sexes, activity did not evolve in males but, surprisingly, did so in
 females. This led to sexual monomorphism in locomotor activity in
 short-life lines, associated with detrimental effects in females. Our
 results thus support the general tenet that widespread pleiotropy
 generates IaSC despite sex-specific genetic architecture.
description: Life history
 dataFile contains: Sheet 1:
 means of lifespan, metabolic rate, body mass, locomotor activity and
 fitness, per selection line and sex. Sheet 2: means of lifespan, metabolic
 rate, body mass, locomotor activity and fitness, per sample (30 beetles).
 Sheet 3: total data on metabolic rate and locomotor activity for each
 sample (which was measured 4 times in 75 min cycles).data for
 dryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tj4qg
title: Data from: Shifting milestones of natural sciences: the ancient Egyptian discovery of Algol's period confirmed

description: The Ancient Egyptians wrote Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days that
 assigned astronomically influenced prognoses for each day of the year. The
 best preserved of these calendars is the Cairo Calendar (hereafter CC)
 dated to 1244–1163 B.C. We have presented evidence that the 2.85 days
 period in the lucky prognoses of CC is equal to that of the eclipsing
 binary Algol during this historical era. We wanted to find out the
 vocabulary that represents Algol in the mythological texts of CC. Here we
 show that Algol was represented as Horus and thus signified both divinity
 and kingship. The texts describing the actions of Horus are consistent
 with the course of events witnessed by any naked eye observer of Algol.
 These descriptions support our claim that CC is the oldest preserved
 historical document of the discovery of a variable star. The period of the
 Moon, 29.6 days, has also been discovered in CC. We show that the actions
 of Seth were connected to this period, which also strongly regulated the
 times described as lucky for Heaven and for Earth. Now, for the first
 time, periodicity is discovered in the descriptions of the days in CC.
 Unlike many previous attempts to uncover the reasoning behind the myths of
 individual days, we discover the actual rules in the appearance and
 behaviour of deities during the whole year.
description: data2.txtThe selected word (SW) identified on day (D) of month (M) in CC. The daily prognosis (Prog) combinations are "GGG" (All lucky), "SSS" (All unlucky), "---" (All unknown) or "HET" (Heterogeneous). The same SW identifed at the same date by Leitz (1994) (Ltz="Yes" or "No") and Bakir (1966(Bkr="Yes" or "No").data3.txtThe n = 6x564 time point t_i values of SSTP=1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 of Table 3 in Jetsu et al. (2013).data4.txtThe day (D) and month (M) values in CC used in computing the time points (t_i) for the days with the prognoses "GGG" and "SSS". These t_i are needed in computing the binomial distribution probabilities Q_B. There are N_G=177 and N_S=105 days with a "GGG" and "SSS" combination.tableS1.pyThis is a Python 3 program tableS1.py. The input files are data2.txt and data4.txt. This program can be used to reproduce and replicate all results in S1 Table. Copy the files data2.txt, data4.txt and tableS1.py to the same directory. Give the command "python3 tableS1.py". The program asks three questions. Answer these questions and the results are displayed on the screen.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8178
title: Data from: Local biotic environment shapes the spatial scale of bacteriophage adaptation to bacteria

description: The ecological, epidemiological, and evolutionary consequences of
 host-parasite interactions are critically shaped by the spatial scale at
 which parasites adapt to hosts. The scale of interaction between
 hyperparasites and their parasites is likely to be influenced by the host
 of the parasite and potentially likely to differ among within-host
 environments. Here we examine the scale at which bacteriophages adapt to
 their host bacteria by studying natural isolates from the surface or
 interior of horse chestnut leaves. We find that phages are more infective
 to bacteria from the same tree relative to those from other trees but do
 not differ in infectivity to bacteria from different leaves within the
 same tree. The results suggest that phages target common bacterial
 species, including an important plant pathogen, within plant host tissues;
 this result has important implications for therapeutic phage epidemiology.
 Furthermore, we show that phages from the leaf interior are more infective
 to their local hosts than phages from the leaf surface are to theirs,
 suggesting either increased resistance of bacteria on the leaf surface or
 increased phage adaptation within the leaf. These results highlight that
 biotic environment can play a key role in shaping the spatial scale of
 parasite adaptation and influencing the outcome of coevolutionary
 interactions.
description: Proportion of bacteria
 infected by phage inocula Koskella et al local
 adaptationThis sheet shows the
 proportion of bacterial isolates (20 tested per leaflet) that were
 susceptible to phages from each of the 32 leaflets. Where tree and leaf
 codes are the same for bacteria and phage, the combination is sympatric
 within a leaf. Similarly, when tree number is the same, bacteria and phage
 are sympatric at the tree level.Koskella et al local adaptation
 of phages.csvSpecies
 compositionA sub sample of
 bacterial isolates were sequenced at the 16s region (data deposited on
 NCBI). Here we show the composition of isolates, to the genus level, from
 each tree we examined and from the surface and interior of
 leaves.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nj984
title: Data from: Marginal likelihood estimate comparisons to obtain optimal species delimitations in Silene sect. Cryptoneurae (Caryophyllaceae)

description: Coalescent-based inference of phylogenetic relationships among species
 takes into account gene tree incongruence due to incomplete lineage
 sorting, but for such methods to make sense species have to be correctly
 delimited. Because alternative assignments of individuals to species
 result in different parametric models, model selection methods can be
 applied to optimise model of species classification. In a Bayesian
 framework, Bayes factors (BF), based on marginal likelihood estimates, can
 be used to test a range of possible classifications for the group under
 study. Here, we explore BF and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to
 discriminate between different species classifications in the flowering
 plant lineage Silene sect. Cryptoneurae (Caryophyllaceae). We estimated
 marginal likelihoods for different species classification models via the
 Path Sampling (PS), Stepping Stone sampling (SS), and Harmonic Mean
 Estimator (HME) methods implemented in BEAST. To select among alternative
 species classification models a posterior simulation-based analog of the
 AIC through Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis (AICM) was also performed.
 The results are compared to outcomes from the software BP&P. Our
 results agree with another recent study that marginal likelihood estimates
 from PS and SS methods are useful for comparing different species
 classifications, and strongly support the recognition of the newly
 described species S. ertekinii.
description: datafiles-nexus-indelnexus file of sequences and indel dataesmS2.tarxml files specified for clock and gene tree prior models.esmS3.tarBayesian gene trees result
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f0tt2
title: Data from: Experimental taphonomy of Artemia reveals the role of endogenous microbes in mediating decay and fossilization

description: Exceptionally preserved fossils provide major insights into the
 evolutionary history of life. Microbial activity is thought to play a
 pivotal role in both the decay of organisms and the preservation of soft
 tissue in the fossil record, though this has been the subject of very
 little experimental investigation. To remedy this, we undertook an
 experimental study of the decay of the brine shrimp Artemia, examining the
 roles of autolysis, microbial activity, oxygen diffusion and reducing
 conditions. Our findings indicate that endogenous gut bacteria are the
 main factor controlling decay. Following gut wall rupture, but prior to
 cuticle failure, gut-derived microbes spread into the body cavity,
 consuming tissues and forming biofilms capable of mediating authigenic
 mineralization, that pseudomorph tissues and structures such as limbs and
 the haemocoel. These observations explain patterns observed in
 exceptionally preserved fossil arthropods. For example, guts are preserved
 relatively frequently, while preservation of other internal anatomy is
 rare. They also suggest that gut-derived microbes play a key role in the
 preservation of internal anatomy and that differential preservation
 between exceptional deposits might be because of factors that control
 autolysis and microbial activity. The findings also suggest that the
 evolution of a through gut and its bacterial microflora increased the
 potential for exceptional fossil preservation in bilaterians, providing
 one explanation for the extreme rarity of internal preservation in those
 animals that lack a through gut.
description: Semi quantitative
 dataRaw semi-quantitative
 data and descriptive statisticssemi-quant.ods