DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n02v6wx95
title: Conflict and cooperation in male-male partnerships alters paternal care in the ocellated wrasse

description: Parental care is a critical determinant of offspring fitness. Female
 presence and male competition affects paternal care, but male-male
 cooperation during mating may also be an important, yet underappreciated,
 driver of paternal care. In many systems, males work together to court
 females or defend territories against male competitors. This male-male
 cooperation can alter actual or perceived paternity of the parenting male
 and could, therefore, influence how males invest in care during the
 post-mating period. Here, we measured how reproductive and social dynamics
 between nesting and satellite males during mating correlate with nesting
 male paternal care in the ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus). Although
 paternal care (fanning rates) was repeatable across days within the same
 nesting cycle, it was not repeatable across different nesting cycles,
 suggesting that males plastically alter care in response to the
 environment. Nesting males provided care for fewer days at nests with the
 most unstable relationship between the nesting and satellite male: nests
 with low satellite cooperation and high male-male conflict where the
 satellite eventually left or was evicted from the nest. Nesting males also
 parented more intensively, but for fewer days in the warmer year,
 suggesting that males may adjust care in response to temperature.
 Collectively, our results suggest that there is no fixed male trait that
 females can use to predict paternal care behavior. Instead, females may
 use male-male interactions as a proxy for the quality of care her
 offspring will receive, suggesting that sexual selection may favor the
 co-evolution of paternal care with male-male cooperation.
description: # Conflict and cooperation in male-male partnerships alters paternal care
 in the ocellated wrasse ## Data collection Year of data collection: 2018
 and 2019 Geographic location(s) of data collection: University of Liege
 Marine Station (STARESO) in the Baie de Revellata near Calvi, Corsica,
 France (42.5806° N, 8.7243° E) ## Data files and variables The ‘Parenting
 observations’ data file contains all of the parental care observations for
 all days for all nests. The ‘Nest and spawning average’ file contains the
 metadata for the nests, behavioral data for the spawning observations
 (averaged across the two days), and the first day of parental care data.
 The R file contains all the code to reproduce the statistics and figures.
 ### 1. Nest_and_spawning_average.csv * Year: Observation year * Nest: Nest
 ID * Turnover: whether the satellite was replaced experimentally or
 naturally * MaleID: Nesting male ID * NMSL: Nesting male length *
 Date.care: Date of the first day of the parental care observation *
 Season: seasonality (with smaller numbers indicating earlier in the
 breeding season) * TemperatureDay1fanning: temperature of the first day of
 the fanning cycle * Daysspawned: the number of days of the spawning cycle.
 NA indicates nests that we found offsite, where we were unsure of the
 total length of the spawning period.  * Daysparented:  the number of days
 of the parenting cycle. NA indicates nests near the end of the breeding
 season, where we finished before males finished parenting (and therefore,
 were unable to collect data on the length of the parenting stage) *
 Totalspawns: total number of spawns at the nest * AggNMtoSAT: aggression
 from the nesting male to the satellite  * AggSATtoSN: aggression from the
 satellite to the sneaker * Day1_Timefanning: time fanning on Day 1 of the
 parental care cycle * Day1_Fanningbouts: number of fanning bouts on Day 1
 of the parental care cycle * Day1_Tend: number of nest tends on Day 1 of
 the parental care cycle * Day1_Build: number of building events on Day 1
 of the parental care cycle ### 2. Parenting_observations.csv * Nest: nest
 ID * MaleID: nesting male ID * Type: type of nest (control, second
 observation nest, experimental turnover) * Year: year of observation *
 Obs: day of parental care observation * Date: observation date *
 Temperature: temperature in the harbor on the date of observation * Depth:
 nest depth. NA indicates nests with no depth data.  * Season: seasonality
 (with smaller numbers indicating earlier in the breeding season) * Time:
 observation time. NA indicates nests where we failed to record precise
 time.  * Observer: observer ID * Timefanning: time fanning * Fanningbouts:
 number of fanning bouts * Tend: number of tends * Build: number of builds
 ### 3. Spawning_observations_raw_data.csv Raw data before averaging for
 spawning observations * Date: Date of observation * Year: Observation year
 * Nest: Nest ID * Observation: first or second observation * Treatment:
 control, experimental removal of satellite, or second observation (repeat
 or control repeat) * NMID: Nesting male ID * Totalspawns: total number of
 spawns at the nest * AggNMtoSAT: aggression from the nesting male to the
 satellite  * AggSATtoSN: aggression from the satellite to the sneaker ##
 Code scripts and workflow ### Parenting_analysis.R R code for statistics
 and figures ## Software versions R version 4.4.0 **loaded packages:** *
 package: rptR * package: glmmTMB * package: ggplot2