DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17225058
title: Domain-Level Annotations and Conservation Scores for Human Endogenous Retroviruses

description: 💡Introduction: 

This dataset provides a comprehensive, genome-wide annotation of conserved retroviral protein domains within human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). Using a reproducible pipeline based on RepeatMasker, EMBOSS getorf, HMMER, and InterProScan, we analyzed over 120,000 open reading frames (ORFs) derived from internal HERV regions annotated in the human reference genome (GRCh38).

We identified 17,558 retroviral-like domain hits, including domains from reverse transcriptase, RNase H, integrase, protease, Gag, Env, and accessory proteins. Thousands of domains showed moderate to high conservation, with more than 1,000 exhibiting near-complete alignment to reference HMM profiles. We further refined these annotations using InterProScan and Phobius to identify conserved catalytic residues, structural motifs, and transmembrane features—enabling a detailed assessment of the functional potential of each locus.

🔭 Integration into HERVarium

This dataset constitutes the internal domain component of HERVarium, a comprehensive reference resource for Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) that integrates both internal region annotations and LTR regulatory features. HERVarium aims to provide a unified framework for exploring HERV structure, coding potential, and regulatory architecture.The companion dataset containing LTR annotations with U3–R–U5 segments and transcription factor motif maps is released separately and is also part of HERVarium.

🧬 The dataset includes:



BED files with genomic coordinates of annotated domains

FASTA files of predicted ORFs and extracted domain sequences

InterProScan and Phobius outputs for protein domain and topology annotation

Summary tables of domain conservation and co-occurrence patterns


Together, these resources offer a high-resolution view of the protein-coding legacy of HERVs and support future research into their roles in host biology, immune modulation, and evolutionary co-option.

📄Description of each file:



HERV_internal_sequences_v3.fasta: nucleotide sequences of merged internal HERV regions extracted from GRCh38 using RepeatMasker annotations.

HERV_orfs_aa_sequences_v3.fasta: amino acid sequences of predicted ORFs derived from internal HERV regions using EMBOSS getorf.

HERV_hmmscan_output_v3.tbl: raw HMMER hmmscan output table showing all detected domain matches against GyDB profiles.

HERV_loci_annotated_domains_v3.tsv: filtered table summarizing the best-scoring conserved domain per domain class per ORF, including coverage and e-value.

HERV_domains_v3.bed: BED file with genomic coordinates of mapped domains across the genome.

HERV_domains_nt_sequences_v3.fasta: nucleotide sequences of domain-mapped regions extracted from the genome.

HERV_domains_aa_sequences_v3.fasta: amino acid sequences of domain-mapped regions extracted from the original ORFs.

HERV_interproscan_output_v3.zip: full InterProScan output directory with XML, TSV, and additional annotation files for each ORF.

HERV_interproscan_cdd_parsed_v3.tsv: parsed summary of Conserved Domains Database (CDD) hits from InterProScan.

ENV_phobius_output_v3.txt: output of Phobius transmembrane domain prediction run on ENV domain sequences.

HERV_coocurrence_Gag_Pol_Env_v3.xlsx: summary table showing co-occurrence of multiple conserved domains (Gag, Pol, Env) within the same locus.

HERVK_conserved_loci_v3.xlsx: list of HERVK loci with high-confidence domain architecture (e.g., full Gag–Pol–Env), including coverage scores.

HERVK_conserved_loci_ORFs_annotations_v3.xlsx: detailed annotations for the ORFs in the most conserved HERVK loci.

HERV_internal_v3.bed: BED file with genomic coordinates of reconstructed HERV's internal regions.


 

💻Code and citation:

The dataset was generated using a custom pipeline developed for this study, available at:🔗 https://github.com/funcgen/herv-domain-map

If you use this dataset in your research, please cite both the dataset DOI and the corresponding article:



Montserrat-Ayuso, T., & Esteve-Codina, A. (2025). A comprehensive annotation of conserved protein domains in human endogenous retroviruses. bioRxiv.  https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.25.666750  


 

Version history

v1: Internal HERV fragments were merged using a maximum gap of 100 bp.

v2: The merge gap was increased to 150 bp, which improved the recovery of longer internal regions while still avoiding over-merging across distinct loci. All other steps of the pipeline remained unchanged.

v3: The merge gap was further increased to 200 bp after noting that bona fide internal regions were still being fragmented at <200 bp. All other steps of the pipeline remained unchanged.