cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.19dj5
title: Data from: Hidden in plain sight: how ventral line markings in chameleons may enhance camouflage

description: Chameleons, lizards often synonymous with camouflage for their
 color-changing abilities, possess a variety of permanent coloration
 patterns whose evolutionary significance remains largely unknown. In this
 study, we explore the potential for white ventral line markings in species
 across the genus Chamaeleonidae to function as a camouflage pattern
 against diurnal predators. Diurnal behavioral field studies of the
 white-lined chameleon, Furcifer viridis showed that individuals typically
 exposed ventral line markings during the characteristic ring-flip
 anti-predator behavior, in response to a predatory threat. These ventral
 line markings are largely inconspicuous in other postures. Comparative
 morphological analyses of 86 species found that there was a significant
 positive correlation between ventral line markings with arboreal habitat
 type, even when accounting for phylogeny. These results suggest that
 ventral line markings (and the ring-flip behavior) could act as a
 disruptive or mimetic coloration marking for arboreal chameleons against
 visual diurnal predators. Further work testing differential predation
 rates is necessary in order to verify the proposed function of these line
 markings.
description: Behavioral Field
 StudyResponses to a
 "predatory threat" by 57 Furcifer viridis and 4 Calumma
 gastrotaenia specimens collected between 9-19th January 2011 in the Makay
 Massif, Madagascar at three sites: Antsoha Forest 21.596°S, 45.114°E;
 Androtsy Forest 21.569°S, 45.076°E; and Ankilytsoky 21.674°S, 44.993°E.
 Presence or absence of lateral and ventral line markings are recorded for
 each specimen in addition to their response to a predatory
 threat.RingFlip.txtImage Analyses from Behavioral StudyChameleons were collected between 9-19th January 2011 in the Makay Massif, Madagascar at three sites: Antsoha Forest 21.596°S, 45.114°E; Androtsy Forest 21.569°S, 45.076°E; and Ankilytsoky 21.674°S, 44.993°E. Video from behavioral trials were used to take snapshots of various chameleon views and analyzed using ImageJ. SVL is the snout-vent length. Specimen is a specific identification number assigned to each specimen that is composed of the date and number.ImageAnalyses.txtFull Museum DataAMNH and USNM museum specimens across Chamaeleonidae were scored for a variety of coloration and line morphological traits. Tubercle size was estimated as none (0), small (S), medium (M), large (L), and ridge (R).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jj8pn
title: Data from: LiDAR-derived canopy structure supports the more-individuals hypothesis for arthropod diversity in temperate forests

description: Despite considerable progress in the ability to measure the complex 3-D
 structure of forests with the improvement of remote-sensing techniques,
 our mechanistic understanding of how biodiversity is linked to canopy
 structure is still limited. Here we tested whether the increase in
 arthropod abundance and richness in beech forest canopies with increasing
 canopy complexity supports the more-individuals hypothesis or the
 habitat-heterogeneity hypothesis. We used fogging to collect arthropod
 samples from 80 standardized plots from canopies of single- to
 multi-layered mature montane European beech stands. Tree height and an
 independent measure of vertical heterogeneity — the vertical distribution
 ratio — on each arthropod sampling plot were derived from high-resolution
 full-waveform airborne laser scanning data. Mixed-model path analysis
 based on almost 20,000 specimens of 762 species from 11 orders provided
 support for the more-individuals hypothesis, with higher arthropod
 abundance but not higher species richness in stands with a more equal
 vertical distribution of plant biomass. By contrast, we found no support
 for the habitat-heterogeneity hypothesis. The increase in the number of
 individuals with increasing vertical distribution of biomass might be
 caused either by increasing leaf area, as indicated by higher space
 filling and productivity in multi-layered stands, or by higher persistence
 of arthropod populations owing to better shelter, reduced competition and
 more refuges under harsh conditions, or by both. High-resolution airborne
 laser scanning, with its ability to penetrate dense canopies under leaf-on
 conditions, has proved suitable for measuring vertical structures as a
 predictor for canopy diversity. Expanding combinations of remote-sensing
 and canopy-biodiversity data opens many avenues for improving our
 understanding of the link between diversity and forest structures.
description: Arthropod data from
 beech canopy foggingArthropod data collected
 on 80 subplots in the Bavarian Forests Nationalpark by canopy fogging in
 2015BeechFoggingRawdata.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r25g1
title: Data from: Demographic histories and genetic diversities of Fennoscandian marine and landlocked ringed seal subspecies

description: Island populations are on average smaller, genetically less diverse, and
 at a higher risk to go extinct than mainland populations. Low genetic
 diversity may elevate extinction probability, but the genetic component of
 the risk can be affected by the mode of diversity loss, which, in turn, is
 connected to the demographic history of the population. Here, we examined
 the history of genetic erosion in three Fennoscandian ringed seal
 subspecies, of which one inhabits the Baltic Sea ‘mainland’ and two the
 ‘aquatic islands’ composed of Lake Saimaa in Finland and Lake Ladoga in
 Russia. Both lakes were colonized by marine seals after their formation c.
 9500 years ago, but Lake Ladoga is larger and more contiguous than Lake
 Saimaa. All three populations suffered dramatic declines during the 20th
 century, but the bottleneck was particularly severe in Lake Saimaa. Data
 from 17 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial control-region sequences
 show that Saimaa ringed seals have lost most of the genetic diversity
 present in their Baltic ancestors, while the Ladoga population has
 experienced only minor reductions. Using Approximate Bayesian computing
 analyses, we show that the genetic uniformity of the Saimaa subspecies
 derives from an extended founder event and subsequent slow erosion, rather
 than from the recent bottleneck. This suggests that the population has
 persisted for nearly 10,000 years despite having low genetic variation.
 The relatively high diversity of the Ladoga population appears to result
 from a high number of initial colonizers and a high post-colonization
 population size, but possibly also by a shorter isolation period and/or
 occasional gene flow from the Baltic Sea.
description: Nyman_etal_to_DRYADText-formatted DIYABC data file containing microsatellite genotypes and mitochondrial control-region sequences of Saimaa, Ladoga, and Baltic ringed seals.Nyman_etal_to_DRYAD_reftableHeadersText-formatted reftableHeader file containing scenarios, priors, and summary statistics used in the main DIYABC analyses
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sk14mf2
title: Data from: Offspring growth and mobility in response to variation in parental care: a comparison between populations

description: Life history theory emphasizes the importance of trade-offs in how time
 and energy are allocated to the competing demands of growth, fecundity,
 and survival. However, avian studies have historically emphasized the
 importance of resource acquisition over resource allocation to explain
 geographic variation in fecundity, parental care, and offspring
 development. We compared the brood sizes and nestling mass and feather
 growth trajectories between orange-crowned warblers (Oreothlypis celata)
 breeding in Alaska versus California, and used 24-hour video recordings to
 study the relationship between parental care and growth rates.
 Per-offspring provisioning rates were highest in the smallest broods, and
 food delivery was positively correlated with nestling growth over the
 24-hour period only in Alaska. Females in Alaska spend more time brooding,
 and juveniles there showed faster feather growth and earlier mobility
 compared with those in California. We also found differences in the
 energetic and nutritional content of insect larvae that could potentially
 facilitate the observed differences in nestling growth relative to food
 provisioning. Our results point to the potential importance of food
 quality and parental provisioning of warmth, in addition to food, for
 explaining avian growth patterns. We highlight the need to quantify
 multiple dimensions of parental care and of offspring growth and
 development, and to better understand the relationships between feather
 growth, nestling period length, and fledgling mobility.
description: OCWA_KnownNestlingPeriodLengthSofaer_etal_ClutchBroodSizesSofaer_etal_LarvaeQualitySofaer_etal_OCWA24HrFeedingDataSofaer_etal_OCWA24HrGrowthFeedingSofaer_etal_OCWAFeatherGrowth_FINALSofaer_etal_OCWAFledgeMobility
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6rn80
title: Data from: The response of amphibian larvae to environmental change is both consistent and variable

description: Many environments are undergoing rapid environmental change and there is a
 need to understand the mechanisms by which species can persist in altered
 environments. Model systems, such as amphibian metamorphosis, which can be
 generalized across many types of environmental change and across many
 species, are a powerful tool for understanding mechanisms that facilitate
 persistence in altered and disturbed environments. Amphibian larvae
 respond to environmental change by varying age at metamorphosis, or size
 at metamorphosis. Differential selection pressures on age or size at
 metamorphosis may result in a differential response among taxa to
 environmental change. Using a meta-analysis, we investigated whether age
 at metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis, and larval growth rate vary
 within and among taxonomic families of amphibians in experiments that
 modified the environmental temperature, density of individuals, food,
 hydroperiod and the presence of predators. For all environmental factors
 except predators, the direction of the response was consistent across most
 of the studied taxa. However, there was considerable variation in effect
 size both within and among families. Results demonstrate that amphibian
 metamorphosis is a valuable model system for studying the effects of
 environmental change. Yet, we stress the need for caution in making
 generalizations about how individuals respond to environmental factors
 that have an indirect effect on physiology and require the perception of
 an environmental cue, such as the presence of predators.
description: Appendix 1 -
 Standardized mean effect sizes used in analysesData that was used in
 all analyses. See appendix 2 for list of references from which data were
 collected.Edge_etal_Oikos2016_Data.csvAppendix 2 - List of data sources used in analysesReference list for sources of data used in the analyses.Edge_etal_Oikos2016_DataSources.pdf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tq3m0
title: Data from: Duetting behavior in a Neotropical ovenbird: sexual and seasonal variation and adaptive signaling functions

description: Duetting is a collective behavior and might have multiple functions,
 including joint territory defense and mate guarding. An important step
 toward understanding the adaptive function of bird song is to determine if
 and how singing behavior varies seasonally. However, seasonal patterns for
 duetting species are different from the pattern described for species in
 which only the male sings, because song function may vary according to
 sex, singing role (initiator vs. responder) and level of duet organization
 (individual vs. pair). We investigated whether patterns of seasonal
 variation in duetting depends on these factors, which would suggest
 different interpretations of song function. We studied social pairs of a
 Neotropical bird species (rufous hornero Furnarius rufus) for seven
 consecutive months, recording vocal and territorial behaviors. Overall,
 partners coordinated 61% of their songs into duets and many song traits
 (song initiation rate, song output and duet rate) peaked in territorial
 contexts. Males engaged in territorial interactions with strangers more
 often, initiated more songs, and answered proportionately more of their
 partners’ songs than females. Male song initiation rate peaked during the
 pre- and post-breeding stages, whereas females initiated more songs during
 the non-breeding season. Both sexes answered partner songs faster and at
 higher rates during the pre-breeding and female fertile stages. Partners
 duetted at a higher rate during the pre- and post-breeding stages.
 Finally, song initiation rates and duet rate, but not song answering
 rates, correlated with frequency of territorial interactions with
 strangers. Although our findings indicate that song function may vary with
 sex, singing role and level of duet organization, our results suggest that
 in general duet functions to defend common territories and as a mutual
 mate guarding strategy in the rufous hornero.
description: Diniz_et_al_2018_Duet_seasonality_HornerosThis file includes data about seasonal variation in territorial interactions and in many song traits of individuals and pairs of the Rufous Hornero.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f971b
title: Data from: Linking genetic and ecological differentiation in an ungulate with a circumpolar distribution

description: Genetic differentiation among populations may arise from the disruption of
 gene flow due to local adaptation to distinct environments and/or neutral
 accumulation of mutations and genetic drift resulted from geographical
 isolation. Quantifying the role of these processes in determining the
 genetic structure of natural populations remains challenging. Here, we
 analyze the relative contribution of isolation-by-resistance (IBR),
 isolation-by-environment (IBE), genetic drift and historical isolation in
 allopatry during Pleistocene glacial cycles on shaping patterns of genetic
 differentiation in caribou/reindeer populations (Rangifer tarandus) across
 the entire distribution range of the species. Our study integrates
 analyses at range-wide and regional scales to partial out the effects of
 historical and contemporary isolation mechanisms. At the circumpolar
 scale, our results indicate that genetic differentiation is predominantly
 explained by IBR and historical isolation. At a regional scale, we found
 that environmental dissimilarity and population size significantly
 explained the spatial distribution of genetic variation among populations
 belonging to the Euro-Beringian lineage within North America. In contrast,
 genetic differentiation among populations within the North American
 lineage was predominantly explained by IBR and population size, but not
 IBE. We also found discrepancies between genetic and ecotype designation
 across the Holarctic species distribution range. Overall, these results
 indicate that multiple isolating mechanisms have played roles in shaping
 the spatial distribution of genetic variation across the distribution
 range of a large mammal with high potential for gene flow. Considering
 multiple spatial scales and simultaneously testing a comprehensive suite
 of potential isolating mechanisms, our study contributes to understand the
 ecological and evolutionary processes underlying organism–landscape
 interactions.
description: Ecography_ECOG-02995_DRYAD_2017Table Dryad 1. Sampling sites, number of individuals genotyped at 16 nuclear microsatellites (N), Census population size, and environmental variables for each population (n=57). Table Dryad 2. Pairwise genetic differentiation between caribou herds. Below diagonal: Fst and above diagonal: Dc chord distance. Table Dryad 3. Pairwise geographic distance (IBD) between caribou herds. Below diagonal: geodesic distance and above diagonal: distance on a flat landscape. Table Dryad 4. Above diagonal: Pairwise environmental dissimilarity (IBE) between caribou herds. Below diagonal: Pairwise landscape resistance (IBR) between caribou herds Table Dryad 5. Pairwise harmonic mean of census population sizes (Nc)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n630t
title: Data from: Paternity assignment and demographic closure in the New Zealand southern right whale

description: The identification and characterisation of reproductively isolated
 subpopulations or ‘stocks’ is essential for effective conservation and
 management decisions. This can be difficult in vagile marine species like
 marine mammals. We used paternity assignment and ‘gametic recapture’ to
 examine the reproductive autonomy of southern right whales (Eubalaena
 australis) on their New Zealand (NZ) calving grounds. We derived DNA
 profiles for 34 mother-calf pairs from skin biopsy samples, using
 sex-specific markers, 13 microsatellite loci and mtDNA haplotypes. We
 constructed DNA profiles for 314 adult males, representing 30% of the
 census male abundance of the NZ stock, previously estimated from genotypic
 mark-recapture modelling to be 1085 (95% CL 855, 1416). Under the
 hypothesis of demographic closure and the assumption of equal reproductive
 success among males, we predict: (1) the proportion of paternities
 assigned will reflect the proportion of the male population sampled and
 (2) the gametic mark-recapture (GMR) estimate of male abundance will be
 equivalent to the census male estimate for the NZ stock. Consistent with
 these predictions, we found that the proportion of assigned paternities
 equalled the proportion of the census male population size sampled. Using
 the sample of males as the initial capture, and paternity assignment as
 the recapture, the GMR estimate of male abundance was 1001 (95% CL 542,
 1469), similar to the male census estimate. These findings suggest that
 right whales returning to the NZ calving ground are reproductively
 autonomous on a generational timescale, as well as isolated by maternal
 fidelity on an evolutionary timescale, from others in the Indo-Pacific
 region.
description: Simulation_scriptR code used in paper to test the power of our analyses to reject the null hypothesis of panmictic mating between New Zealand and southwest Australia right whale subpopulations.All_NZSA_ALFAUSTRALIA_ALLELEFREQCowCalfDad_genotypesJan2012_Dryadoffspring_CowCalf_dataset_Jan12CERVUS input file for paternity assignment analysis. Lists cow-calf pairs and candidate males.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2sk82
title: Data from: Comparing direct and indirect selfing rate estimates: when are population-structure estimates reliable?

description: The rate of self-fertilization (that is, selfing) is a key evolutionary
 parameter in hermaphroditic species, yet obtaining accurate estimates of
 selfing rates in natural populations can be technically challenging. Most
 published estimates are derived from population-level heterozygote
 deficiency (that is, FIS) or identity disequilibria (for example, the
 software RMES (robust multilocus estimate of selfing)). These indirect
 methods can be applied to population genetic survey data, whereas direct
 methods using progeny arrays require much larger data sets that are often
 difficult to collect in natural populations or even require captive
 breeding. Unfortunately, indirect methods rely on assumptions that can be
 problematic, such as negating biparental inbreeding, inbreeding
 disequilibrium and (for FIS) the presence of null alleles. The performance
 of indirect estimates against progeny-array estimates is still largely
 unknown. Here we used both direct progeny-array and indirect
 population-level methods to estimate the selfing rate in a single natural
 population of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Radix
 balthica throughout its reproductive lifespan using 10 highly polymorphic
 microsatellites. We found that even though progeny arrays (n=1034
 field-collected embryos from 60 families) did not reveal a single selfed
 embryo, FIS-based selfing rates (n=316 adults) were significantly positive
 in all 6 sequential population samples. Including a locus with a high
 frequency of null alleles further biased FIS-based estimates. Conversely,
 RMES-based estimates were very similar to progeny-array estimates and
 proved insensitive to null alleles. The assumptions made by RMES were thus
 either met or irrelevant in this particular population, making RMES a
 valid, cost-efficient alternative to progeny arrays.
description: Microsatellite genotype
 data for 316 adult field-collected snailsThis file contains the
 microsatellite genotypes of 316 adult snails that were collected at six
 different dates from a single population (Uerikon) in Lake Zurich,
 Switzerland. Each snail was genotyped for ten microsatellite
 loci.Microsatellite genotype
 data for 1034 snail embryos from 60 field-collected
 clutchesThis file contains the
 microsatellite genotypes of 1034 snail embryos from a total of 60 egg
 clutches. Clutches were collected at four different dates from a single
 population (Uerikon) in Lake Zurich, Switzerland. Each snail embryo was
 genotyped for ten microsatellite loci.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s1r15c6
title: Data from: Evidence for atypical nest overwintering by hatchling lizards, Heloderma suspectum

description: The timing of reproductive events (e.g., oviposition and hatching) to
 coincide with favorable seasonal conditions is critical for successful
 reproduction. However, developmental time may not match the duration
 between the optimal time for oviposition and the optimal time for
 hatchling survival. Thus, strategies that alter the time between
 oviposition and hatchling emergence can be highly advantageous. Arrested
 development and the resulting extension of the duration between
 oviposition and hatching has been widely documented across oviparous
 amniotes, but nest overwintering by hatchlings has only been documented in
 aquatic chelonians that live where winters are quite cold. Herein, we
 present a compilation of evidence regarding reproductive phenology by
 hatchling Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum), a lizard inhabiting the
 Sonoran Desert of North America. Our data demonstrate that (1) Gila
 monster hatchlings from eggs oviposited in July do not emerge from their
 nests until late spring or summer of the following year, yet (2) Gila
 monster eggs artificially incubated at field-relevant temperatures hatch
 in 4-5 months. Furthermore, we describe a fortuitous excavation of a
 hatching Gila monster nest in late October, which coincides with the
 artificial incubation results. Together, these results provide strong
 support for the existence of overwintering in the nest by a lizard, and
 suggest that this reproductive strategy should be explored in a broader
 array of taxa.
description: artificial incubation
 and hatchling detailsIncludes thermal
 profiles of treatment groups, hatching phenology, and hatchling
 morphological dataGilaNestOverwintering_data.xlsx