cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925953.v1
title: murcia_2000_ph.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.3535/00g-zyc-25d
title: Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/ydv-x44-k2b
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925938.v1
title: murcia_2000_potassium.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925947.v1
title: murcia_2000_phosphorus.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925956
title: murcia_2020_nitrogen.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.3535/lxw-13e-jpa
title: Amphistegina lessonii d'Orbigny in Deshayes, 1830

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925956.v1
title: murcia_2020_nitrogen.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925959
title: murcia_2010_phosphorus.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925962
title: murcia_2020_organic_carbon.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925962.v1
title: murcia_2020_organic_carbon.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925968
title: murcia_2020_phosphorus.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>
DOI: 10.15468/dl.af6qfr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Aedes albopictus",
 "Country is Bolivia (Plurinational State of)",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0014840-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/56w-at8-nhz
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/xyv-z39-35g
title: Anommonia Schmitz, 1917

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29925953
title: murcia_2000_ph.zipSiora Open Soil Nutrient Dataset – Murcia (2000, 2010, 2020)

description: <strong>Title:</strong><br>
Murcia Soil Nutrient Datasets (2000, 2010, 2020) – Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, pH
<br>
<strong>Description:</strong><br>
This record contains open satellite-derived soil nutrient maps for the Region of Murcia, Spain. The datasets provide estimates of <strong>Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic Carbon, and pH</strong> at ~30 m spatial resolution for the years <strong>2000, 2010, and 2020</strong>.
<br>
The nutrient values were generated using calibrated multispectral sensing models that detect how soils reflect sunlight across spectral bands. This method parallels laboratory spectroscopy but is applied remotely from Earth-observation satellites. Each dataset is distributed as a single-band GeoTIFF with accompanying heatmaps and documentation.
<br>
<strong>Primary DOI (Zenodo citation):</strong><br>
10.5281/zenodo.16889684<br>
(Please use this Zenodo DOI when citing the dataset.)
<br>
<strong>Key features:</strong>

 Region: Murcia, Spain
 Parameters: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Organic Carbon (OC), pH
 Temporal coverage: 2000, 2010, 2020
 Spatial resolution: 30 m
 Format: GeoTIFF (.tif), PNG previews, metadata JSON, README, license
 Coordinate system: WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

<strong>Comparable laboratory references:</strong>

 Nitrogen – ISO 11261:1995 (Modified Kjeldahl)
 Phosphorus – ISO 11263:1994 (Spectrometric)
 Potassium – USDA–NRCS (Atomic absorption, NH₄OAc extraction)
 Organic Carbon – ISO 10694:1995 (Dry combustion)
 pH – ISO 10390:2005 (Glass electrode method)

<strong>Suggested applications:</strong>

 Soil fertility and nutrient trend research
 Agricultural management and fertilization planning
 Environmental monitoring and sustainability analysis
 Machine learning model training and validation for remote sensing

<strong>Attribution:</strong><br>
Dataset created and released by Siora, provider of satellite-based soil analysis. If you use this dataset, please credit:<br>
<em>“Siora (2025). Murcia Soil Nutrient Dataset (2000–2020). Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16889684.”</em>