DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1254136.v7
title: Supporting EFSA assessment of the EU environmental suitability for exotic forestry pests: Final Report

description: <strong>Cite as:</strong> de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Busetto, L., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2014. Supporting EFSA assessment of the EU environmental suitability for exotic forestry pests: Final report. EFSA Supporting Publications 2014 (EN-434), 61pp. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/doc/434e.pdf <strong><br></strong> <strong>Supporting EFSA assessment of the EU environmental suitability for exotic forestry pests: Final Report</strong> <strong><br></strong> Daniele de Rigo, Giovanni Caudullo, Lorenzo Busetto, Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz <strong>Abstract</strong>: An updated series of distribution maps of more than 50 taxa, mainly of forest tree species, is presented along with the description of involved materials, inventory data and ancillary datasets, data-processing and modelling methods. Different methodologies are discussed and corresponding specific maps are presented for supporting the assessment on emerging plant pest risks. Updated maps of taxa habitat suitability are also presented. Maps, material and methods for supporting the risk assessment on Phytophthora ramorum for the European territory and for supporting the evaluation on Agrilus planipennis are provided. Maps, material and methods related to the assessment of the current spatial distribution of pine wilt nematode and of some of its main host plants, and also of relatively less investigated ones, have been presented at European and global scale. In this respect, four host taxa have been of particular interest: one species (Pinus pinea) and three genera (Juniperus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria). The distribution of Monochamus at global scale has also been presented and its uncertainty has been discussed. A new XML based description of the subset of fields from the PRASSIS schema which are relevant in describing forest inventories is presented, along with a series of relevant metadata of forest inventories. A detailed analysis of plant biodiversity indicators, endangered/rare plant species and plant biodiversity related information is provided. The final design of the online pre-questionnaire regarding the definition of the spatial units for the questionnaire “Spatial information of forest practices in Europe” and the current stage of the actual excel-based questionnaire are presented. (Accepted: 16 May 2013) This work is an executive summary of: de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Busetto, L., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2014. <strong>Supporting EFSA assessment of the EU environmental suitability for exotic forestry pests: Final report</strong>. <em>EFSA Supporting Publications 2014</em> (EN-434), 61pp. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/doc/434e.pdf The content of this summary is an authors’ version excerpted from the complete report. The complete report is published by the European Food Safety Authority in the series EFSA Supporting Publications and may be accessed at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/434e.htm Please, refer to the complete report in your work. <em>Disclaimer: The views expressed are purely those of the writer and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission or of the European Food Safety Authority.</em> <br><br><strong>References</strong> <br>[1] Abelleira, A., Picoaga, A., Mansilla, J. P., Aguin, O., 2011. Detection of Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus, Causal Agent of Pine Wilt Disease on Pinus pinaster in Northwestern Spain. Plant Disease 95 (6), 776. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-12-10-0902<br>[2] Athar, M., Nasir, S. M., 2005. Taxonomic perspective of plant species yielding vegetable oils used in cosmetics and skin care products. African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (1) 36-44.<br>[3] Badal, E., 2001. La recolección de piñas durante la prehistoria en la Cueva de Nerja (Málaga). in De neandertales a cromañones – el inicio del poblamiento humano en las tierras valencianas, pp. 101–104. Edited by V. Villaverde, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia.<br>[4] Berry, P. M., Dawson, T. P., Harrison, P. A., Pearson, R. G., 2002. Modelling potential impacts of climate change on the bioclimatic envelope of species in Britain and Ireland. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11 ( 6): 453-462.<br>[5] Biała, K., Condé, S., Delbaere, B., Jones-Walters, L., Torre-Marín, A., 2012. Streamlining European biodiversity indicators 2020: Building a future on lessons learnt from the SEBI 2010 process. doi: 10.2800/55751<br>[6] Brasier, C. M., Vettraino, A. M., Chang, T. T., Vannini, A., 2010. Phytophthora lateralis discovered in an old growth Chamaecyparis forest in Taiwan. Plant Pathology 59, 595–603. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02278.x<br>[7] Casalegno, S., Amatulli, G., Camia, A., Nelson, A., Pekkarinen, A., 2010. Vulnerability of Pinus cembra L. in the Alps and the Carpathian mountains under present and future climates. Forest Ecology and Management 259 (4): 750-761<br>[8] Cheng, H. R., Lin, M., Li, W., Fang, Z., 1983. The occurrence of a pine wilting disease caused by a nematode found in Nanjing. Forest Pest and Disease 4, 1–5.<br>[9] Contreras, R. N., Ruter, J. M., Schwartz, B. M., 2010. Oryzalin-induced Tetraploidy in Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae). HortScience February 45, 316-319.<br>[10] Craig, A. M., Karchesy, J. J., Blythe, L. L., del Pilar González-Hernández, M., Swan, L. R., 2004. Toxicity studies on western juniper oil (Juniperus occidentalis) and Port-Orford-cedar oil (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) extracts utilizing local lymph node and acute dermal irritation assays. Toxicology Letters 154 (3), 217-224, ISSN 0378-4274, doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.08.004<br>[11] de Rigo, D., 2012. Applying semantic constraints to array programming: the module "check_is" of the mastrave modelling library. Mastrave project technical report. http://mastrave.org/doc/mtv_m/check_is<br>[12] de Rigo, D., 2012. Semantic array programming for environmental modelling: Application of the mastrave library. In: Seppelt, R., Voinov, A. A., Lange, S., Bankamp, D. (Eds.), International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) 2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. Managing Resources of a Limited Planet: Pathways and Visions under Uncertainty, pp. 1167-1176.<br>[13] de Rigo, D., 2012. Semantic Array Programming with Mastrave - Introduction to Semantic Computational Modelling. The Mastrave Project.<br>[14] de Rigo D., Caudullo G., Amatulli, G., Strobl, P., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., (exp.) 2014. Modelling tree species distribution in Europe with constrained spatial multi-frequency analysis. (in prep.).<br>[15] de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Stancanelli, G., 2012. Mapping European forest tree species distribution to support pest risk assessment. In: Baker, R., Koch, F., Kriticos, D., Rafoss, T., Venette, R., van der Werf, W. (Eds.), Advancing risk assessment models for invasive alien species in the food chain: contending with climate change, economics and uncertainty. Bioforsk FOKUS 7. http://www.pestrisk.org/2012/BioforskFOKUS7-10_IPRMW-VI.pdf<br>[16] de Rigo, D., Corti, P., Caudullo, G., McInerney, D., Di Leo, M., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2013. Toward open science at the European scale: geospatial semantic array programming for integrated environmental modelling. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 15, 13245+. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.155703<br>[17] de Rigo, D., (exp.) 2014. Behind the horizon of reproducible integrated environmental modelling at European scale: ethics and practice of scientific knowledge freedom. (in prep.).<br>[18] de Rigo, D., 2013. Software Uncertainty in Integrated Environmental Modelling: the role of Semantics and Open Science. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 15, 13292+. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.155701.<br>[19] Dickens, M., Neves, V., 2005. Post-breeding density and habitat preferences of the Azores Woodpigeon, Columba palumbus azorica: an inter-island comparison. ARQUIPÉLAGO. Ciências Biológicas e Marinhas. ISSN 0873-4704. Nº 22A, pp. 61-69.<br>[20] Direcção Geral dos Recursos Florestais, 2007. Planos Regionais de Ordenamento Florestal (PROF). http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/portal/gestao-florestal/ppf/profs<br>[21] Dudley, N. (ed.), 2008. Guidelines for Appling Protected Areas Management Categories. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, p.8-9. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1086-0 http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/PAPS-016.pdf<br>[22] Durrant, T., San-Miguel Ayanz, J., Schulte, E, Suarez-Meyer, A., 2011. Evaluation of BioSoil Demonstration Project: Forest Biodiversity - Analysis of biodiversity module. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, EUR 24777 EN.<br>[23] Edwards, J.L., 2004. Research and Societal Benefits of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. BioScience 54 (6), 486-487. American Institute of Biological Sciences. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0486:RASBOT]2.0.CO;2<br>[24] EFDAC, 2005. E-forest platform. European forest data centre, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. http://efdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu<br>[25] EFDAC, 2008. European forest data centre, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. http://efdac.ifn.fr/eforest/index/welcome<br>[26] Elith, J., Graham, C. H., P. Anderson, R., Dudík, M., Ferrier, S., Guisan, A., Hijmans, R. J., Huettmann, F., Leathwick, J. R., Lehmann, A., Li, J., Lohmann, L. G., Loiselle, B. A., Manion, G., Moritz, C., Nakamura, M., Nakazawa, Y., Mc C. Overton, J., Townsend Peterson, A., Phillips, S. J., Richardson, K., Scachetti-Pereira, R., Schapire, R. E., Soberón, J., Williams, S., Wisz, M. S., Zimmermann, N. E., 2006. Novel methods improve prediction of species’ distributions from occurrence data. Ecography 29 (2): 129-151<br>[27] EPPO/CABI, 1996. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In Quarantine Pests for Europe (2nd edition). CAB International, Wallingford (GB).<br>[28] EPPO/CABI, 1997. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In Quarantine Pests for Europe. 2nd edition. Edited by Smith IM, McNamara DG, Scott PR, Holderness M. CABI International, Wallingford, UK, 1425 pp.<br>[29] EPPO, 2009. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors: procedures for official control. EPPO Bulletin 39 (3), pp. 454-459.<br>[30] European Commission, 2006. Commission decision of 13 February 2006 requiring Member States temporarily to take additional measures against the dissemination of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle et al. (the pine wood nematode) as regards areas in Portugal, other than those in which it is known not to occur. Official Journal of the European Union (23.2.2006), 2006/133/EC.<br>[31] European Council, 1992. Council directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal of the European Communities (22.7.1992), 92/43/EEC.<br>[32] European Council, 1999. Council directive 1999/105/EC of 22 December 1999 on the marketing of forest reproductive material. Official Journal of the European Communities (15.1.2000), 1999/105/EC.<br>[33] European Environment Agency, 2011. Corine Land Cover 2006 raster data - version 15 (08/2011). http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/corine-land-cover-2006-raster<br>[34] European Parliament, European Council, 2003. Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 concerning monitoring of forests and environmental interactions in the Community (Forest Focus). Official Journal of the European Communities L 324 (11.12.2003), pp. 0001-0008.<br>[35] European Parliament, European Council, 2007. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE). Official Journal of the European Communities (25.4.2007), 2007/2/EC.<br>[36] European Parliament, European Council, 2010. Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on conservation birds. Official Journal of the European Communities L 20/7 (26.1.2010).<br>[37] Evans, H.F., Mc Namara, D.G., Braasch, H., Chadoeuf, J., Magnusson C., 1996. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for the territories of the European Union (as PRA area) on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors in the genus Monochamus. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 26, 199-249.<br>[38] FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995. Non-wood forest products from conifers. Non-wood forest products 12, ISBN 92-5-104212-8<br>[39] Fady, B., Fineschi, S., Vendramin, G.G., 2004. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Italian stone pine (Pinus pinea). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br>[40] Gil, L., 1999. La transformación histórica del paisaje: la permanencia y la extinción local del pino piñonero. in Los montes y su historia – una perspectiva política, económica y social, edited by Marin, F., Domingo, J., Calzado, A., Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, pp. 151–185.<br>[41] Gilman, E., Kink, N., Peterson, T., Chavan, V., Hahn, A., 2009. Building the Biodiversity Data Commons – The Global Biodiversity Information Facility. In Maurer, L., Ed., ICT for Agriculture and Biodiversity Conservation. ICT Ensure, Graz University of Technology, Graz, pp. 79–102.<br>[42] Guerrero, F., Gascó, J. M., Hernández-Apaolaza, L., 2007. Use of pine bark and sewage sludge compost as components of substrates for Pinus pinea and Cupressus arizonica production. Journal of Plant Nutrition 25 (1), 129-141.<br>[43] Hansen, E. M., Goheen, D. J., Jules, E. S., Ullian, B, 2000. Managing Port-Orford-Cedar and the introduced pathogen Phytophthora lateralis. Plant Disease 84, 4–14.<br>[44] Hernández-Apaolaza, L., Gascó, A. M., Gascó, J. M., Guerrero, F., 2005. Reuse of waste materials as growing media for ornamental plants. Bioresource Technology 96 (1), 125–131.<br>[45] Hiederer. R., Durrant, T., Granke, O., Lambotte, M., Lorenz, M., Mignon, B., 2008. Forest Focus Monitoring Database System – Technical Report 2006 Level II Data. EUR 23578 EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. 161pp.<br>[46] Hiederer, R., Durrant, T., Granke, O., Lambotte, M., Lorenz, M., Mignon, B., Mues, V., 2007 Forest Focus Monitoring Database System – Validation Methodology. EUR 23020 EN. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. 56pp.<br>[47] Hirsch, J. E., 2005. An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (46), 16569-16572. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507655102<br>[48] INSPIRE, 2007. INSPIRE directive portal. http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu<br>[49] Iverson, L. R., Prasad, A. M., Matthews, S. N., Peters, M., 2008. Estimating potential habitat for 134 eastern US tree species under six climate scenarios. Forest Ecology and Management 254 (3): 390-406<br>[50] Junta de Extremadura, 2008. RESOLUCIÓN de 12 de noviembre de 2008, de la Dirección General de Explotaciones y Calidad Alimentaria, por la que se declara contaminada por el nematodo de la madera del pino Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle et al. Determinada área forestal del término municipal de Villanueva de la Sierra y se establece una zona demarcada de 20 kilómetros de radio, adoptándose en ella diversas medidas fitosanitarias tendentes al control y erradicación del agente patógeno. Diario Official de Extremadura Numero 233, Martes, 2 de diciembre de 2008, pp. 32028–32036.<br>[51] Kingsland, S. E., 2002. Creating a Science of Nature Reserve Design: Perspectives from History. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 7 (2), 61-69. doi: 10.1023/A:101563383022<br>[52] Kishi, Y., 1995. The pine wood nematode and the Japanese pine sawyer. Thomas Company Limited, Tokyo.<br>[53] Kiyohara, T., Tokushige, Y., 1971. Inoculation experiments of a nematode, Bursaphelenchus sp., onto pine trees. J Jap For Soc 53, 210–218.<br>[54] Koyama, S., Yamaguchi, Y., Tanaka, S., Motoyoshiya, S., 1997. A new substance (Yoshixol) with an interesting antibiotic mechanism from wood oil of Japanese traditional tree (Kiso-Hinoki), Chamaecyparis obtuse. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 28 (5), 797-804. ISSN 0306-3623, doi: 10.1016/S0306-3623(96)00370-9<br>[55] Kurttila, M., 2001. The spatial structure of forests in the optimization calculations of forest planning - a landscape ecological perspective. Forest Ecology and Management 14, 129-142.<br>[56] Li, G.W., Shao, G.Y., Huo, Y.L., Xu, F.Y., 1983. Discovery of and preliminary investigations on pine wood nematodes in China. Forest Science and Technology 7, 25-28.<br>[57] Long Term Ecological Research Network, 2011. Strategic and Implementation Plan - Long-term Ecological Research Network (LTER): Research and Education.<br>[58] Malek, R.B., Appleby, J.E., 1984. Epidemiology of pine wilt in Illinois. Plant Disease 68, 180-186.<br>[59] Mamiya, Y., 1983. Pathology of pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Annual Review of Phytopathology 21, 201-220.<br>[60] Matras, J., Pâques, L., 2008. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for European Larch (Larix decidua). Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. 6 pages.<br>[61] Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe, 2007. Warsaw Declaration. Fifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe, 5–7 November 2007, Warsaw, Poland.<br>[62] Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe, 2008. MCPFE Work Programme. Pan-European Follow-up of the 5th Ministerial Conference, 5–7 November 2007, Warsaw, PolandFifth Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe, 7–8 May 2008, Oslo, Norway.<br>[63] Ministério de Agricultura, 2001. Mapa Forestal de España (MFE) - Escala 1:200.000. ICONA. Ministerio de Agricultura. Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid. http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/servicios/banco-datos-naturaleza/informacion-disponible/mfe200_descargas.aspx<br>[64] Ministério da Agricultura, 2008. Portuguese Ministério da Agricultura, do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas, Portaria n.º 358 ⁄2008 de 12 de Maio. Diário da República, 1.ª série N.º 91 12 de Maio de 2008, pp. 2527–2528.<br>[65] Moiteiro, C., Feio, S., Rojas, R., Bragança, H., 2008. Antimicrobial activity of azorean cryptomeria japonica essential oils. Revista Portuguesa de Farmácia 52 (3), 75.<br>[66] Mota, M., Braasch, H., Bravo, M. A., Penas, A. C., Burgermeister, W., Metge, K., Sousa, E., 1999. First report of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal and in Europe. Nematology 1, 727–734.<br>[67] Mutke, S., Gordo, J., 2005. Cone Yield Characterization of a Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.) Clone Bank. Silvae Genetica 54 (4–5), 189-197.<br>[68] Nickle, W.R., Golden, A.M., Mamiya, Y., Wergin, W.P., 1981. On the taxonomy and morphology of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer 1934) Nickle 1971. Journal of Nematology 13, 385- 392.<br>[69] OEPP/EPPO, 1986. Data sheets on quarantine organisms No. 158, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 16, 55-60.<br>[70] Robertson, L., Cobacho Arcos, S., Escuer, M., Santiago Merino, R., Esparrago, G., Abelleira, A., Navas, A., 2011. Incidence of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophlius Steiner Buhrer, 1934 (Nickle, 1970) in Spain. Nematology 13 (6), 755-757. doi: 10.1163/138855411X578888<br>[71] Rodriguez-Aseretto, D., Di Leo, M., de Rigo, D., Corti, P., McInerney, D., Camia, A., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., 2013. Free and open source software underpinning the European Forest Data Centre. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 15, 12101+. doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.155700<br>[72] Sharashkin, L., Gold, M., 2004. Pine Nuts (Pignolia): Species, Products, Markets, and Potential for U.S. In: Northern Nut Growers Association 95th Annual Report. Proceeding for the 95th annual meeting, Columbia, Missouri.<br>[73] Skrøppa, T., 2003. EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Norway spruce (Picea abies). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. 6 pages.<br>[74] Soliman, T., Hengeveld, G.M., Robinet, C., Mourits, M., van der Werf, W., Oude Lansink, A., 2011. A Risk Assessment Model on Pine Wood Nematode in the EU. EAAE 2011 Congress - Change and Uncertainty - Challenges for Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, August 30 to September 2, 2011. ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.<br>[75] Torchik, V., 2010. Evaluation of an Assortment of Ornamental Forms of Conifers in Central Botanical Garden of Belarus National Academy of Science. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 885, 375-381, http://www.actahort.org/books/885/885_53.htm<br>[76] Tzean, S., Jan, S., 1985. The occurrence of pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Taiwan. in Proceedings of the 6th ROC symposium of electron microscopy; pp. 38–39.<br>[77] Venette, R.C., Albrecht, E.M., Davis, E.E., Walter, A.J., 2008. Exotic pine pests: survey reference. Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey (CAPS), USDA Forest Service.<br>[78] Vieira, P., Burgermeister, W., Mota, M., Metge, K., Silva, G., 2007. Lack of genetic variation of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal revealed by RAPD-PCR analyses. J. Nematol. 39 (2), 118–126.<br>[79] Yesson, C., Brewer, P.W., Sutton, T., Caithness, N., Pahwa, J.S., Mikhaila Burgess, M., Gray, W.A., White, R.J., Jones, A.C., Bisby, F.A., Culhamet, A., 2007. How Global Is the Global Biodiversity Information Facility? PLoS ONE 2 (11), e1124. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001124<br>[80] Ward, D. B., 1989. Commercial utilization of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides, Cupressaceae). Economy botany 43 (3), 386-415, doi: 10.1007/BF0285873<br>[81] Webber, J. F., Vettraino, A. M., Chang, T. T., Bellgard, S., Brasier, C. M., Vannini, A., 2011. Isolation of Phytophthora lateralis from Chamaecyparis foliage in Taiwan. Forest Pathology 42 (2), 136–143. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00729.x<br>[82] Williams, J. C., 1998. Delineating protected wildlife corridors with multi-objective programming. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 3 (1), 77-86. doi: 10.1023/A:101900672127<br>[83] Yano, M., 1913. Investigation on the cause of pine mortality in Nagasaki Prefecture. Sanrinkoho. 1913;4, pp. 1–14.<br>[84] Yi, C., Byun, B., Park, J., Yang, S., Chang, K., 1989. First finding of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle and its insect vector in Korea. Research Reports of the Forestry Research Institute Seoul. 1989;38, pp. 141–149.