cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8371377
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library//RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8376995
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library//RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8377025
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library//RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10612252
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library//RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10629847
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library//RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10646785
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library//RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712854
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library/RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13883287
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library/RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189342
title: RegVar annotation files

description: Required annotation files for RegVar; must be in correct directory according to github, https://github.com/RomoL2/RegVar (for example, located in: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library/RegVar/inst/extdata).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.brb59j
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1961 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Saccharum officinarum L., Saccharum robustum E.W.Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1961 records from 223 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0022781-241107131044228/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ts92u2
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3948 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-75.05726 32.01332,-110.24947 39.09468,-164.5399 24.50279,-156.17102 14.41722,-81.28028 3.4733,-81.92404 -17.98537,-43.08385 -32.36267,-31.55526 -5.09911,-0.1235 0.46914,5.43035 1.35776,18.98175 -17.74749,30.3116 -34.40904,55.63716 -20.19118,49.86116 -4.19609,58.74732 0.6913,88.51596 4.91223,108.73198 -16.85887,123.83845 -36.40842,157.82802 -39.96289,167.15849 -0.64163,143.16585 50.4538,20.98113 17.57501,-75.05726 32.01332))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3948 records from 201 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0022782-241107131044228/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xyztrg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 211 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Cyanocorax sanblasianus nelsoni (Bangs & T.E.Penard, 1919)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 211 records from 20 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0022783-241107131044228/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13984518
title: CT Scans of Roots in Soil
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13984519
title: CT Scans of Roots in Soil
DOI: 10.15468/dl.axxh96
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Solanum sanctae"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0022784-241107131044228/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xyy2pk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 29420 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "PublishingOrg" : [
 "is c0c8850d-e3d3-4f2c-b422-a8209d99bab2"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 29420 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0022785-241107131044228/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13943097
title: Training Data - Plant root segmentation using 3D-Unet

description: CT data and corresponding mask images used to train 3D-Unet
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13943098
title: Training Data - Plant root segmentation using 3D-Unet

description: CT data and corresponding mask images used to train 3D-Unet
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14183802
title: Training Data - Plant root segmentation using 3D-Unet

description: CT data and corresponding mask images used to train 3D-Unet
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189395
title: Training Data - Plant root segmentation using 3D-Unet

description: CT data and corresponding mask images used to train 3D-Unet
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189375
title: NSUN2 in ccRCC

description: The working sheets and R codes.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189376
title: NSUN2 in ccRCC

description: The working sheets and R codes.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wafvdm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((18.79101 2.93608,17.44039 3.91153,12.63816 0.91014,14.8892 -0.8907,18.79101 2.93608))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Congochromis sabinae (Lamboj, 2005)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0022787-241107131044228/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189393
title: Table 1 in New species and new combination in Calotelea Westwood, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from India

description: Table 1. Checklist of species of Calotelea Westwood, 1837 of the Oriental region.
SpeciesDistributionReference1C. acuta Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Karnataka)present study2C. andamanensis Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)3C. aurea Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)4C. auriventria Sharma, 1978India (Western Ghats)Saraswat & Sharma (1978)5C. brevinotaularis Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)6C. chitraka Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Karnataka)present study7C. foveata Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Kerala)present study8C. fulva Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Karnataka)present study9C. hodgsoni Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)10C. immaculata Sharma,1978India (Tamil Nadu)Saraswat & Sharma (1978)11C. indica Mani, 1975India (Maharashtra)Mani (1975)12C. kannagiae Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)13C. lambodara Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)14C. laminaris Rajmohana, 2013India (Karnataka)Rajmohana (2013)15C. longistriata Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)16C. malabarica (Narendran & Ramesh Babu, 1999) comb. nov.India (Kerala)Narendran & Ramesh Babu (1999); present study17C. mandavyai Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)18C. marykingsleyae Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)19C. microtrichiana Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)20C. montana (Kieffer, 1906)India (Maharashtra)Kieffer (1906); Popovici & Kamalnathan (2019)21C. nigriventris Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)22C. oloftoreni Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Great Nicobar)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)23C. sibyllamerianae Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)24C. sushrutai Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)25C. trikona Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)
description: Published as part of Debnath, Rupam, Rajmohana, Keloth & Peter, Abhilash, 2024, New species and new combination in Calotelea Westwood, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from India, pp. 216 in European Journal of Taxonomy 968 on page 216, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.968.2729, http://zenodo.org/record/14160969
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189394
title: Table 1 in New species and new combination in Calotelea Westwood, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from India

description: Table 1. Checklist of species of Calotelea Westwood, 1837 of the Oriental region.
SpeciesDistributionReference1C. acuta Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Karnataka)present study2C. andamanensis Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)3C. aurea Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)4C. auriventria Sharma, 1978India (Western Ghats)Saraswat & Sharma (1978)5C. brevinotaularis Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)6C. chitraka Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Karnataka)present study7C. foveata Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Kerala)present study8C. fulva Rajmohana & Debnath sp. nov.India (Karnataka)present study9C. hodgsoni Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)10C. immaculata Sharma,1978India (Tamil Nadu)Saraswat & Sharma (1978)11C. indica Mani, 1975India (Maharashtra)Mani (1975)12C. kannagiae Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)13C. lambodara Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)14C. laminaris Rajmohana, 2013India (Karnataka)Rajmohana (2013)15C. longistriata Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)16C. malabarica (Narendran & Ramesh Babu, 1999) comb. nov.India (Kerala)Narendran & Ramesh Babu (1999); present study17C. mandavyai Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)18C. marykingsleyae Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)19C. microtrichiana Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)20C. montana (Kieffer, 1906)India (Maharashtra)Kieffer (1906); Popovici & Kamalnathan (2019)21C. nigriventris Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)22C. oloftoreni Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Great Nicobar)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)23C. sibyllamerianae Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)24C. sushrutai Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)25C. trikona Veenakumari & Popovici, 2022India (Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh)Kamalanathan et al. (2022)
description: Published as part of Debnath, Rupam, Rajmohana, Keloth & Peter, Abhilash, 2024, New species and new combination in Calotelea Westwood, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from India, pp. 216 in European Journal of Taxonomy 968 on page 216, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.968.2729, http://zenodo.org/record/14160969
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189396
title: TABLE 1 in Planktonic ostracods (Myodocopa: Halocyprididae) from abyssopelagic depths in the Atlantic, North Pacific and Gulf of Oman: Chavturia abyssopelagica (n. gen., n. sp.), Halocypretta profunda (n. sp.), Halocypretta parvirostrata Chavtur and Stovbun, 2008 and Halocypretta striata (Müller, 1906)

description: TABLE 1. Carapace lengths of Chavturia abyssopelagica from the North Atlantic.
StageMean (mm)NumberRange (mm)Female3.44 ± 0.17383.12–3.72Male3.34 ± 0.10193.16–3.48A-12.58 ± 0.12222.24–2.76A-21.8521.82–1.88A-31.581
description: Published as part of Angel, Martin V., 2013, Planktonic ostracods (Myodocopa: Halocyprididae) from abyssopelagic depths in the Atlantic, North Pacific and Gulf of Oman: Chavturia abyssopelagica (n. gen., n. sp.), Halocypretta profunda (n. sp.), Halocypretta parvirostrata Chavtur and Stovbun, 2008 and Halocypretta striata (Müller, 1906), pp. 410 in Zootaxa 3709 (5) on page 410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3709.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/222440
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189397
title: TABLE 1 in Planktonic ostracods (Myodocopa: Halocyprididae) from abyssopelagic depths in the Atlantic, North Pacific and Gulf of Oman: Chavturia abyssopelagica (n. gen., n. sp.), Halocypretta profunda (n. sp.), Halocypretta parvirostrata Chavtur and Stovbun, 2008 and Halocypretta striata (Müller, 1906)

description: TABLE 1. Carapace lengths of Chavturia abyssopelagica from the North Atlantic.
StageMean (mm)NumberRange (mm)Female3.44 ± 0.17383.12–3.72Male3.34 ± 0.10193.16–3.48A-12.58 ± 0.12222.24–2.76A-21.8521.82–1.88A-31.581
description: Published as part of Angel, Martin V., 2013, Planktonic ostracods (Myodocopa: Halocyprididae) from abyssopelagic depths in the Atlantic, North Pacific and Gulf of Oman: Chavturia abyssopelagica (n. gen., n. sp.), Halocypretta profunda (n. sp.), Halocypretta parvirostrata Chavtur and Stovbun, 2008 and Halocypretta striata (Müller, 1906), pp. 410 in Zootaxa 3709 (5) on page 410, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3709.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/222440
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25106419
title: Red quantum-dot common layer for organic-quantum-dot hybrid light-emitting diodes for full-color displays

description: Organic and quantum dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (OLEDs and QLEDs, respectively) have been known for their practical application in full-color displays. Each primary color-emitting layer (EML) needs to be patterned via fine metal shadow masks (FMMs) or inkjet printing. However, the FMM method suffers from a shadow effect, misalignment, and size limitation, while inkjet printing hinders fine patterning, which disrupts high-resolution, large-scale fabrication. Here, we show a novel organic–QD hybrid device architecture by introducing a red QD common layer (QDCL). Since the QDCL is deposited onto all sub-pixels in a solution process without patterning, one patterning step for the red sub-pixel is reduced for full-color display fabrication. The green and blue OLEDs incorporating a red-emitting QDCL emitted their own color, owing to the effective exciton confinement within the EML by adopting a buffer layer, while the QDs in the QDCL emitted saturated red light. As a result, we could demonstrate a full-color organic–QD hybrid light-emitting device fabricated on a single substrate using the QDCL. We believe our strategy would help fabricate full-color and high-resolution displays with reduced manufacturing costs and time.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25561806
title: Time multiplexing multi-view display using slit mirror array and light emitting diode illuminated digital micromirror device

description: In this paper, we propose a new approach to create a compact autostereoscopic aerial multi-view display. It employs a transmission type retroreflector, i.e. a slit mirror array (SMA), and a digital micromirror device (DMD). The retroreflector’s unique capability generates a floating image on the opposite side in a mirror-symmetric position. The SMA creates a real image of the DMD and the array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) positioned in front of the SMA. LEDs’ real images form an array of viewpoints, enabling users to experience diverse perspectives of the three dimensional image. We successfully validate the proposed system using five LEDs with full-resolution 4-bit depth viewpoint images. We also discuss the SMA and DMD parameters’ impact on perceived images.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25561806.v1
title: Time multiplexing multi-view display using slit mirror array and light emitting diode illuminated digital micromirror device

description: In this paper, we propose a new approach to create a compact autostereoscopic aerial multi-view display. It employs a transmission type retroreflector, i.e. a slit mirror array (SMA), and a digital micromirror device (DMD). The retroreflector’s unique capability generates a floating image on the opposite side in a mirror-symmetric position. The SMA creates a real image of the DMD and the array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) positioned in front of the SMA. LEDs’ real images form an array of viewpoints, enabling users to experience diverse perspectives of the three dimensional image. We successfully validate the proposed system using five LEDs with full-resolution 4-bit depth viewpoint images. We also discuss the SMA and DMD parameters’ impact on perceived images.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14189399
title: TABLE 2 in Planktonic ostracods (Myodocopa: Halocyprididae) from abyssopelagic depths in the Atlantic, North Pacific and Gulf of Oman: Chavturia abyssopelagica (n. gen., n. sp.), Halocypretta profunda (n. sp.), Halocypretta parvirostrata Chavtur and Stovbun, 2008 and Halocypretta striata (Müller, 1906)

description: TABLE 2. Comparison of meristic characters of male and female Chavturia abyssopelagica n. sp., Halocypris parvirostrata Chavtur & Stovbun, 2008, H. profunda n. sp. and H. striata (Müller, 1906). Characters that distinguish C. abyssopelagica from the Halocypretta species are italicised, and those that in combination distinguish between the three Halocypretta species are emboldened.
CharacterC. abyssopelagicaH. parvirostrataH. profundaH. striataFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleCarapace:Length range (mm)3.12– 3.723.16– 3.483.482.7–3.33.443.162.60–2.962.56–2.88Height:length ratio (%)58.457.560.369.866.360.858.958.8Breadth:length ratio (%)39.340.249.1no data67.4no data56.251.5Rostrum (% CL)11.710.212.114.0no data18.410.29.7Incisure (% CL)8.57.53.58.018.410.08.36.2LAGnear PDCnear PDCnear PDCnear PDCnear PDCnear PDCnear PDCnear PDCRAG> PVC> PVCat PVCat PVC> PVCno dataat PVCat PVCFrontal organ:Stem (% CL)15.513.86.04.36.36.56.05.0Capitulum (% CL)12.911.921.522.820.821.322.423.6First antenna:Limb (% CL)16.214.914.3no datano datano data13.914.9Dorsal seta (% CL)6.34.94.03.43.93.94.03.8a–d setae (% CL)29.022.426.830.5*29.632.927.533.0e-seta (% CL)46.347.858.260.964.967.458.366.0Second antenna:Protopodite (% CL)25.128.625.932.627.530.2-32.9Exopodite 1 (% CL)26.926.629.933.233.331.628.532.6Exopodite 2–9 (% CL)7.96.86.97.412.210.29.59.2Swimming seta (% CL)54.249.358.267.358.664.464.042.5f-seta (% CL)44.239.453.747.152.955.2>49.848.8g-seta (% CL)53.458.563.869.464.970.471.2>63.9h–j setae (% CL)26.923.932.219.428.734.530.031.0Mandible:Long terminal seta (% CL)21.619.422.416.122.6no data>22.4no dataFifth limb:Long terminal seta (% CL)11.511.310.113.310.310.311.710.5Sixth limb:Long terminal seta (% CL)18.316.414.614.213.913.814.213.6Caudal furca:Long terminal seta (% CL)19.419.4no data16.616.6no data14.9no dataCopulatory organ:Length (% CL)20.929.425.321.4Breadth:length ratio (%)35.722.618.121.3No. muscles6636
* Value estimated from Chavtur and Stovbun (2008) figure 1C.
description: Published as part of Angel, Martin V., 2013, Planktonic ostracods (Myodocopa: Halocyprididae) from abyssopelagic depths in the Atlantic, North Pacific and Gulf of Oman: Chavturia abyssopelagica (n. gen., n. sp.), Halocypretta profunda (n. sp.), Halocypretta parvirostrata Chavtur and Stovbun, 2008 and Halocypretta striata (Müller, 1906), pp. 420 in Zootaxa 3709 (5) on page 420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3709.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/222440
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25106419.v1
title: Red quantum-dot common layer for organic-quantum-dot hybrid light-emitting diodes for full-color displays

description: Organic and quantum dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (OLEDs and QLEDs, respectively) have been known for their practical application in full-color displays. Each primary color-emitting layer (EML) needs to be patterned via fine metal shadow masks (FMMs) or inkjet printing. However, the FMM method suffers from a shadow effect, misalignment, and size limitation, while inkjet printing hinders fine patterning, which disrupts high-resolution, large-scale fabrication. Here, we show a novel organic–QD hybrid device architecture by introducing a red QD common layer (QDCL). Since the QDCL is deposited onto all sub-pixels in a solution process without patterning, one patterning step for the red sub-pixel is reduced for full-color display fabrication. The green and blue OLEDs incorporating a red-emitting QDCL emitted their own color, owing to the effective exciton confinement within the EML by adopting a buffer layer, while the QDs in the QDCL emitted saturated red light. As a result, we could demonstrate a full-color organic–QD hybrid light-emitting device fabricated on a single substrate using the QDCL. We believe our strategy would help fabricate full-color and high-resolution displays with reduced manufacturing costs and time.