DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bj1514fn
title: Data from: Multiple Quaternary refugia in the eastern Guiana Shield revealed by comparative phylogeography of 12 frog species

description: The Guiana Shield is one of the most pristine regions of Amazonia and
 biologically one of the richest areas on Earth. How and when the massive
 diversity of life that exists in Amazonia arose remains the subject of
 considerable debate. The prevailing hypothesis of Quaternary glacial
 refugia suggests that a part of the eastern Guiana Shield, among other
 areas in Amazonia, served as stable, forested refugia during periods of
 aridity. However, the recently proposed Disturbance-Vicariance hypothesis
 proposes that fluctuations in temperature on orbital timescales, with some
 associated aridity, have driven Neotropical diversification. The
 expectations of the temporal and spatial organization of biodiversity
 differ between these two hypotheses. Here, we compare the genetic
 structure of 12 leaf-litter inhabiting frog species from the Guiana Shield
 lowlands using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear sequence in an
 integrative analytical approach that includes phylogenetic
 reconstructions, molecular dating, and Geographic Information System
 methods. This comparative and integrated approach overcomes the well-known
 limitations of phylogeographic inference based on single species and
 single loci. All of the focal species exhibit distinct phylogeographic
 patterns highlighting taxon specific historical distributions, ecological
 tolerances to climatic disturbance and dispersal abilities. Nevertheless,
 all but one species exhibit a history of fragmentation/isolation within
 the eastern Guiana Shield during the Quaternary with spatial and temporal
 concordance among species. The signature of isolation in northern French
 Guiana during the early Pleistocene is particularly clear. The
 simultaneity of the divergence between Northern French Guiana and other
 Guiana Shield lineages is supported by Approximate Bayesian Computation.
 Sub-structure observed throughout the Guiana Shield suggests further
 Quaternary fragmentation and a role for rivers. Our findings support
 fragmentation of moist tropical forest in the eastern Guiana Shield during
 this period when the Refuge Hypothesis would have the region serving as a
 contiguous wet-forest refuge.
description: Online
 Appendixsample
 informationsuppl Fig
 1-6MtDNA based phylogenetic
 reonstruction for each genus hypothesized from Bayesian analysis. Supports
 are indicated as follows: Bayesian analysis posterior probabilies*100 and
 maximum parsimony bootstap values in %. Lineage locations are coded as
 follows FG=French Guiana, AP=Amapá, SUR=Suriname, GUY=Guyana, PA=Parà,
 AM=Amazonas, MT=Mato Grosso, N=North, W=West, E=East, S=South, Cr=Center.
 The bolded area names indicate localities outside the
 GS.suppl Fig
 7-12MtDNA based haplotype
 statistical parsimony networks for each species.suppl Fig
 13-18Distribution maps for
 each species indicating major lineages and total range from IUCN database.
 We also indicated the range of related species in some case for
 taxonomical considerations.suppl Fig
 19-24NuDNA based alleles
 statistical parsimony networks for each species. Colours correspond to the
 mtDNA major lineages.nuDNA
 datasets