DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10648154
title: Cephalopod growth rates

description: 1. Introduction

This dataset compiles growth rates of 29 cephalopod species from orders Myopsida, Octopoda, Oegopsida, and Sepiida. Growth rate is a complex trait affected by multiple factors, such as temperature. Oceanic warming due to climate change is thought to increase growth of cephalopods, possibly negatively affecting competing species (Pecl & Jackson, 2008). However, the changes in growth rates may vary by ecosystem and latitude, meaning collating global growth data is important for further studies and monitoring.

Alongside growth rates, water temperature was also recorded in the dataset as available. Included temperatures were chosen to represent highest temperatures of the species’ natural habitats as this is where growth tends to be highest. To further increase comparability, growth rates in the 1st phase of the 2-phase growth often observed in captivity were used (Moltschaniwskyj, 2004).

2. Search protocol

I searched literature between 03/02/2024 and 09/02/2024 on Web of Science and Google Scholar, as well as citations on chosen articles. The following search terms were used: cephalopod OR octopus OR squid OR cuttlefish AND “growth rate” AND weight. Only studies using direct methods (statolith/beak ageing, hatching, anatomy) for age determination were included, as these tend to be more reliable than indirect methods (Sifner, 2008). Studies using weight instead of length as a growth indicator were used, as length may vary based on muscular contraction and therefore produce less reliable growth rates (Domain et al., 2000).

3. Metadata

Variable information

name_study = Species binomial Latin name used in the study.

name_acc = Accepted species binomial Latin name.

order = Order of the cephalopod species.

location = Name of the sampling location of the studied individuals (or their parents when hatched in captivity).

lat = Sampling location latitude (°), either as described in the study or estimated using location name and Google maps where coordinates were not mentioned.

long = Sampling location longitude (°), either as described in the study or estimated using location name and Google maps where coordinates were not mentioned.

year = Year the study was published.

growth = Mean growth rate (% bw d¯¹) described in the study.

Species displaying 2-phase growth patterns – only 1st phase/hatchling/juvenile growth was included.

Studies describing male and female growth rates separately – mean was calculated.

Studies reporting growth rates separately for age classes – only growth rates of the youngest age class were included.

Studies reporting growth rates for both wet and dry weights – wet weight used.

Experimental studies with several conditions – growth rate in control conditions that resembled natural environmental conditions of the species most were included.

Experimental studies with several temperature conditions – temperatures most resembling summer water temperatures of the sampling location were included (checked using seatemperature.org if not mentioned in the article).

growth_unit = Unit of the growth rate measurement

              % bw d¯¹ = percent of body weight per day

time = Time (d) between first and last weight measurements included in the growth rate calculation.

temp = Mean water temperature (°C) during the measurement period.

ageing = Method of ageing the cephalopod, i.e. how was age confirmed for growth rate calculations and how was hatchling/juvenile state confirmed to ensure only 1st phase growth was included.

hatch = Age determined by using individuals hatched in laboratory conditions

juvenile = Age determined by identifying the individuals as juveniles based on anatomy.

statolith = Age determined using statolith analysis (calcareous structures found in squids which show growth increments) (Arkhipkin & Shcherbich, 2012).

beak = Age determined using beak growth analysis.

captivity = Captivity of used individuals (wild/captive).

              captive = Animals were kept in tanks for the duration of the growth rate measurements.

wild = Animals were caught from the wild and growth rates estimated without keeping them in tanks.

sex_sep = Growth rates described separately for sexes (yes/no). If yes, the growth rate presented at variable ‘growth’ is a mean of these.

ref = Reference for the study where the data was derived from, represented in the form of an in-text citation. Full references included at the end of this document at section ‘4. References’.

4. References

ReadMe

Arkhipkin, A. I., & Shcherbich, Z. N. (2012). Thirty years’ progress in age determination of squid using statoliths. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92(6). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315411001585

Domain, F., Jouffre, D., & Caverivière, A. (2000). Growth of Octopus vulgaris from tagging in Senegalese waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400002526

Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (2004). Understanding the process of growth in cephalopods. Marine and Freshwater Research, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.1071/MF03147

Pecl, G. T., & Jackson, G. D. (2008). The potential impacts of climate change on inshore squid: Biology, ecology and fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-007-9077-3

Sifner, S. K. (2008). Methods for age and growth determination in cephalopods. Ribarstvo, 66(1).

 

Dataset

Arkhipkin, A., & Mikheev, A. (1992). Age and growth of the squid Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Oegopsida: Ommastrephidae) from the Central-East Atlantic. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 163(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(92)90054-E

Boyle, P. R., & Knobloch, D. (1982). On Growth of the Octopus Eledone Cirrhosa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400057283

Cortez, T., González, A. F., & Guerra, A. (1999). Growth of cultured Octopus mimus (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae). Fisheries Research, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00203-3

Daly, H. I., & Peck, L. S. (2000). Energy balance and cold adaptation in the octopus Pareledone charcoti. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 245(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00161-6

Derusha, R. H., Forsythe, J. W., & Hanlon, R. T. (1987). Laboratory growth, reproduction and life span of the pacific pygmy octopus, Octopus digueti. Pacific Science, 41(1–4).

Forsythe, J. W., & Hanlon, R. T. (1989). Growth of the Eastern Atlantic squid, Loligo forbesi Steenstrup (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Aquaculture Research, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1989.tb00437.x

Forsythe, J. W., Walsh, L. S., Turk, P. E., & Lee, P. G. (2001). Impact of temperature on juvenile growth age at first egg-laying of the Pacific reef squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana reared in captivity. Marine Biology, 138(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270000450

Garrido, D., Varó, I., Morales, A. E., Hidalgo, M. C., Navarro, J. C., Hontoria, F., Monroig, O., Iglesias, J., Otero, J. J., Estévez, A., Pérez, J., Martín, M. V., Rodríguez, C., Almansa, E., & Cardenete, G. (2017). Assessment of stress and nutritional biomarkers in cultured Octopus vulgaris paralarvae: Effects of geographical origin and dietary regime. Aquaculture, 468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.11.023

González, A. F., Castro, B. G., & Guerra, A. (1996). Age and growth of the short-finned squid Illex coindetii in Galician waters (NW Spain) based on statolith analysis. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 53(5). https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0101

Gutowska, M. A., Pörtner, H. O., & Melzner, F. (2008). Growth and calcification in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis under elevated seawater pCO2. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 373. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07782

Hatfield, E. M. C., Hanlon, R. T., Forsythe, J. W., & Grist, E. P. M. (2001). Laboratory testing of a growth hypothesis for juvenile squid Loligo pealeii (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58(5). https://doi.org/10.1139/f01-030

Hoving, H. J. T., & Robison, B. H. (2017). The pace of life in deep-dwelling squids. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.05.005

Ibarra-García, L. E., Mazón-Suástegui, J. M., Rosas, C., Tovar-Ramírez, D., Bárcenas-Pazos, G., Civera-Cerecedo, R., & Campa-Córdova, A. I. (2018). Morphological and physiological changes of Octopus bimaculoides: From embryo to juvenile. Aquaculture, 497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.069

Leporati, S. C., Pecl, G. T., & Semmens, J. M. (2007). Cephalopod hatchling growth: The effects of initial size and seasonal temperatures. Marine Biology, 151(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0575-y

Liu, B., Lin, J., Feng, C., Li, J., & Su, H. (2017). Estimation of age, growth and maturation of purpleback flying squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, in Bashi Channel, central Pacific Ocean. Journal of Ocean University of China, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-017-3184-0

Minton, J. W. (2004). The pattern of growth in the early life cycle of individual Sepia pharaonis. Marine and Freshwater Research, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.1071/MF03204

Opresko, L., & Thomas, R. (1975). Observations on Octopus joubini: Some aspects of reproductive biology and growth. Marine Biology, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00390647

Peng, S., Yin, F., Shi, Z., Sun, P., Wang, J., & Liu, Z. (2011). Optimum water temperature for the growth of juvenile common Chinese cuttlefish, Sepiella maindroni (De Rochebrune 1884). Journal of Shellfish Research, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.2983/035.030.0202

Pérez, M. C., López, D. A., Aguila, K., & González, M. L. (2006). Feeding and growth in captivity of the octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus Gould, 1852. Aquaculture Research, 37(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01454.x

Rosas, C., Tut, J., Baeza, J., Sánchez, A., Sosa, V., Pascual, C., Arena, L., Domingues, P., & Cuzon, G. (2008). Effect of type of binder on growth, digestibility, and energetic balance of Octopus maya. Aquaculture, 275(1–4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.015

Schwarz, R., Hoving, H. J., Noever, C., & Piatkowski, U. (2019). Life histories of Antarctic incirrate octopods (Cephalopoda: Octopoda). PLoS ONE, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219694

Segawa, S., & Nomoto, A. (2002). Laboratory growth, feeding, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of Octopus ocellatus. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71(2).

Vidal, E. A. G., DiMarco, F. P., Wormuth, J. H., & Lee, P. G. (2002). Influence of temperature and food availability on survival, growth and yolk utilization in hatchling squid. Bulletin of Marine Science, 71(2).

Vidal, E. A. G., Roberts, M. J., & Martins, R. S. (2005). Yolk utilization, metabolism and growth in reared Loligo vulgaris reynaudii paralarvae. Aquatic Living Resources, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2005040