cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2012.866
title: Factors influence household to use latrines after open defecation free declaration in Ermera Distritct, Timor-Leste

description: The objectives of this study were to find out percentage of association between variables and use and maintain latrines. This information is needed to scale up programs in the Ermera District of Timor-Leste. The respondents were males and females 18-65 years of age in Haupu village. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey, based on quantitative data. Overall 417 respondents agreed to participate and data were collected through interview by using a structured questionnaire and chi-square test was applied for significance. The study was conducted in February 2013. The results of the study showed 47.2% households had latrines used and maintained them, while 52.8% has stopped using them after 2011. 57.6% of respondents were male. 54% had no education and there was a strong significant association between level of education and latrine use, 34.1% of respondents’ occupations were “primarily farmers” or “managed livestock” and there was a significant association between occupation and latrine use (p-value 0.005), 59.2% earned incomes of less than 100 US dollars per month and there was a strong significant association between income and latrine use (p-value &lt; 0.001). With regard to family size, 49.2% had 6-10 members, which had strong significant association with latrine use and maintenance (p-value 0.001), 44.0% had neighbors who used latrines and there was a strong significant association of this with latrine use and maintenance (p-value 0.001), 36.8% of neighbors influenced building and using latrines and there was a strong significant association with latrine use and maintenance (p-value &lt; 0.001). In the study found that knowledge (p-value 0.002), attitude (p-value &lt; 0.001) and practice (p-value &lt; 0.001) were strong significant association with latrine use and maintenance. However there were insignificant association between latrine use and age, marital status and waters source. Regular basis health education and promotion about latrine use and maintenance to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices, including family members and children under five years old to use and maintain latrines.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2012.868
title: Sedimentological characteristics of storm-induced washover deposits along the coastal zone of Changwat Prachuap Khiri Khan to Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Thailand

description: Modern and ancient storm surge washover deposits from Thailand generated by several storm surge events along the southern coast of the Gulf of Thailand side were analyzed aiming to improve the understanding in the typical sedimentary features within the washover deposit. The studies sites were focused where there have been affected by modern storm surges at Prachuap Khiri Khan, Chumphon, Surat Thani, and Nakhon Sri Thammarat Provinces. Washover storm deposits were found in a swale behind beach, tidal floodplain, and sand spit. Washover deposits were characterized into three types including, perched fan, washover terrace, and sheetwash lineations. These depositional patterns were found within a distance 100 m and 400 m far inland from shoreline for modern and ancient deposits, respectively. The investigations in sedimentary structures were performed in both lateral and horizontal variations.As a result, the modern washover sediments were differentiated into two types based on sedimentary characteristics, including (i) a thick-bedded sand of multiple reverse grading layers and (ii) a medium-bedded sand of multiple normal grading layers. Washover deposits show landward dipping of horizontal to subhorizontal layers with the bottom sharp contact to the underlying buried surface. The thickness ranges from 1-80 cm and commonly decreases inland. Multiple grading layers of normal and reverse graded sand (up to 12 layers) were identified and can be used as typical feature of washover storm deposit for this study. At the lower part of each storm depositional layer, laminae of medium to coarse sand and shells were observed. Foreset bedding and lamination are common at the distal part of washover margin. Inclination of bedding was recognized only in unidirectional side from seaward to landward. Post modifications of the deposit by bioturbation from root plants, aeolian process, and erosion by the latter storm surge were also recognized. Dark organic layer of burial vegetation and small grain sand layer reworked by aeolian process between sand successions is one characteristic that can be used as sedimentological clue to distinguish the two different storm depositional events.
DOI: 10.11578/1562011
title: Application of IR imaging for free-surface velocity measurement in liquid-metal systems

description: Measuring free-surface, liquid-metal flow velocity is challenging to do in a reliable and accurate manner. This paper presents a non-invasive, easily-calibrated method of measuring the surface velocities of open-channel liquid-metal flows using an IR camera. Unlike other spatially-limited methods, this IR camera particle tracking technique provides full field-of-view data that can be used to better understand open-channel flows and determine surface boundary conditions. This method could be implemented and automated for a wide range of liquid-metal experiments, even if they operate at high-temperatures or within strong magnetic fields.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2012.869
title: The effect of a moderate-intensity physical activity enhancing program for elderly patients with hip fracture post surgery

description: Since hip fracture prevalence increases exponentially with age, as population’s age and longevity increases worldwide, these injuries are likely to increase various degrees of subsequent disability. The purposes of this research were to examine the effects of a moderate-intensity physical activity enhancing program (MPEP) on physical activity and satisfaction with nursing intervention in elderly patient with hip fracture post surgery.This study was randomized control trial two group pretest and posttest research design. The sample, 46 first diagnosed hip fracture elderly patients were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group by using coin flip randomization, consisting of 23 subjects in each group. The participants in the control group received usual care, whereas the participants in the experimental group received the MPEP together with usual care within 7 weeks. The MPEP was developed based on the model of theory of self-efficacy (Resnick, 2009). The MPEP emphasized physical training and efficacy based intervention based on four information sources for self-efficacy: performance accomplishment, vicarious experience, verbal encouragement, and physiological feedback. The experimental group underwent 4 phases: 1 assessment phase, 2) the preparation phase, 3) the practice phase, and 4) the evaluation phase. The media of the program were composed of physical activity booklet concerning what physical activity should to do, benefit of physical activity, key of success, how to overcome unpleasant sensations associated with given activities, physical activity for hip fractures poster, and flip book, and physical activity diary and log. The instrument for collecting the physical activity was International physical activity questionnaire, long form (IPAQ-L), whose internal consistency was proved by Cronbach’s alphas coefficient = .68 and Satisfaction with nursing intervention, whose internal consistency was proved by Cronbach’s alphas coefficient = .94. MANCOVA were used for data analysisThe results revealed that overall physical activity scores and satisfaction with nursing intervention scores at posttest were significantly higher than the control group after controlling delirium (p &lt; .05). The finding indicated that the MPEP effectively increased the physical activity and satisfaction with nursing intervention in elderly hip fracture patients with surgery.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2012.870
title: Technical efficiency of public insurance health centers in Gezira State of Sudan

description: This study aimed to measure the technical efficiency of 31 direct and 57 indirect insurance public primary health centers in Gezira State of Sudan and to identify the possible factors affecting their technical inefficiency. In the first stage, an input orientated data envelopment analysis was adopted to compute the technical efficiency scores for both types of health centers. In the second stage Tobit model was used to determine the factors that affect technical inefficiency of the health centers.The study revealed that the average technical efficiency score of both direct and indirect health centers was 77%. The results also showed that 45.4% of direct and 43.9% of indirect health centers were run inefficiently. From the results of Tobit regression, being direct health center, large size and large center in urban were found to be significant and negatively affecting the technical inefficiency. Being in urban, high ratio of medical to non-medical staff, the size in form of square and the time dummy variable for year 2012 significantly increased the technical inefficiency of the health center.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2012.871
title: Capitation payment method as a policy tool, versus fee for services, for financial sustainability of the national health insurance in Sudan : Algadarif case study

description: Moving away from Fee-For-Services payment method in the National Health Insurance fund- Algadarif State to capitation, is an important step towards averting the financial sustainability problem of the scheme associated with such payment.The objectives of this study are to analyze the cash flow and the financial status of the National Health Insurance –Algadarif State during the last five years (2008-2012) and to evaluate the financial status during the years 2013-2017 if the Fee for Services payment method changes into capitation payment method. The study tries to calculate the per capita rate by using top-down allocation method and then investigates the financial sustainability in three different scenarios; Scenario (A) Total revenues increase according to the trend in the past and the total health expenditures under FFS with the actual outpatient provider's expenditures adjusted to the expected inflation rate 30%, 35% and 40%. Scenario (B) the same as (A) but the outpatient paid under capitation payment method for both NHIF and providers adjusted to the same inflation rates. Scenario (C) revenues increase by 2% and the NHIF perspective under both FFS and capitation adjusted to inflation rate. All scenarios also adjusted to different utilization rate.The methods used by the study are based on cash flow analysis, trend analysis, growth ratio method and per capita calculation method. Data used for analyzing total revenues, total expenditures and calculating per capita rate are obtained from the financial and coverage records of the NHIF-Algadarif State during the year 2008-2012 and the actual outpatient expenditures data are obtained from the providers in the year 2012.The findings indicate that, the financial gap for the years 2008-2012 are negative except in the year 2008 and 2009, therefore the expected financial gap are negative in the three scenarios from NHIF perspective. If the NHIF continue on FFS for outpatient, will incur more loss especially at high inflation and utilization rate, in contrast the providers will gain more profit. Under capitated outpatient the NHIF will decrease the expenditures by 14% for the coming year 2013-2017, but the providers will get loss especially at high inflation and utilization rate so the providers may change their behavior to compensate the loss. For financial sustainability, the scheme should increase its revenues from non-government source such as expand the coverage, investments and increasing the contribution rate during the year 2013-2017.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2012.872
title: Knowledge attitude and practices of hygiene behaviors among Nargis cyclone survivors of Laputta Township Ayeyarwaddy Union of Myanmar

description: The study was descriptive cross-sectional study to learn about socio-demographic factors, influencing factors on hygiene knowledge, attitude, practices of hygiene behaviors (KAP), and knowledge, attitude, readiness to practices, and practices of hygiene behaviors among Nargis cyclone survivors of Laputta Township, Ayeyarwaddy, Union of Myanmar. It also explored the relationship among socio-demographic factors, influencing factors on KAP of hygiene behaviors and knowledge, attitude, readiness to practices, and practices of hygiene behaviors. The study was conducted during March 2013. The cluster sampling and simple random sampling methods were used to identify appropriate respondents in the study village for quantitative research. Face-to-face and structured interview questionnaire survey was applied with 440 respondents, both males and females, age 18-59 years old. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Chi-square test) to find the relationship between dependent and independent variables.The result revealed that (41.6%) of the respondents had high level of knowledge and (69.5%) had positive level attitude towards hygiene behaviors, but only (30.2%) had high level of practices of hygiene behaviors. Three socio-demographic factors, namely, education, occupation, and household income indicated statistically significant relationship (P-value= &lt;0.05) with knowledge, attitude, readiness to practices, and practices of hygiene behaviors. The influencing factors, such as, presence of health center, presence of hygiene promotion/education activities, presence of water safety items, fly-proof latrine, hand washing facilities, all demonstrated statistically significant relationship (P-value = &lt;0.05) with knowledge, attitude, readiness to practices, and practices of hygiene behaviors. In addition, knowledge, attitude, readiness to practices, and practices of hygiene behaviors showed statistically significant relationship among each other (P-value = &lt;0.05)To build better hygiene behaviors of the cyclone affected populations, sustainable behavioral change hygiene improvement measures should be implemented. Additional recruitment of health care personnel along with building of functioning health centers equipped with quality drugs should be prioritized. Sustainable hygiene education activities should be implemented by organizing education package including training course, focus group discussion and home visit.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2012.873
title: Factors affecting the likelihood of receiving cesarean section among low and high socio-economic group in public health facilities in Mali

description: Mali free cesarean policy benefits more to the rich women than to the poor ones. Thus the purpose of the study is to determine the non-medical factors affecting the likelihood of receiving cesarean among low and high socio-economic groups in public health facilities in Mali; and to draw some recommendations which will favor more indigent women for a safe motherhood.Data from a cross sectional survey by USAID funded program ATN plus conducted from February to September 2010 was used as secondary data. Three thousand nine hundred and sixty eight women delivering in forty one randomly selected health facilities were evaluated on their socio-economic, demographic and medical factors affecting the cesarean probability. A binomial probit and multinomial probit models were used to figure out first the factors affecting the C-section rate; then to determine the relationship between the medical and the non-medical factors of women.The proportion of C-section is 62.4 % with a predominance of elective cesarean. Most of women were 25 years old with 3 parities, uneducated, unemployed and belonging to a rich household. The majority of women coming themselves by foot (31.5 %) delivered normally, 15.7 % arriving themselves by taxi had elective cesarean and those who were evacuated by ambulance (23.7 %) had emergency cesarean Except Mopti, the highest proportion of C-section was done among the rich group mainly in Bamako and Kidal. Region, mother age, occupation and education, quintile, number of obstetricians and admission mode are the factors affecting cesarean. The mother’s parity and father’s occupation do not matter. The indigent people (unemployed, self-employed, uneducated or low education, poor and poorest women) are either more likely to deliver normally or to have emergency cesarean, especially in the northern regions and benefit less from the free cesarean policy. Further, the cesarean probability increases steadily after the age of 25 years and with a rise of number of obstetricians in the facilities. Compare to the referred women, the evacuated ones are more exposed to emergency cesarean and have a lowest chance to deliver normally.Bergson social welfare is needed through some policies to favor more the neediest women for a better access to health care services. Girls’ education, and safe delivery in health facilities should be promoted. The amelioration of transportation system and maternal referral system can also improve delivery outcomes and provide a safer motherhood.
DOI: 10.11578/1562015
title: Evolution patterns and parameter regimes in edge localized modes on the National Spherical Torus Experiment

description: We implement unsupervised machine learning techniques to identify characteristic evolution patterns and associated parameter regimes in edge localized mode (ELM) events observed on the National Spherical Torus Experiment. Multi-channel, localized measurements spanning the pedestal region capture the complex evolution patterns of ELM events on Alfven timescales. Some ELM events are active for less than 100~microsec, but others persist for up to 1~ms. Also, some ELM events exhibit a single dominant perturbation, but others are oscillatory. Clustering calculations with time-series similarity metrics indicate the ELM database contains at least two and possibly three groups of ELMs with similar evolution patterns. The identified ELM groups trigger similar stored energy loss, but the groups occupy distinct parameter regimes for ELM-relevant quantities like plasma current, triangularity, and pedestal height. Notably, the pedestal electron pressure gradient is not an effective parameter for distinguishing the ELM groups, but the ELM groups segregate in terms of electron density gradient and electron temperature gradient. The ELM evolution patterns and corresponding parameter regimes can shape the formulation or validation of nonlinear ELM models. Finally, the techniques and results demonstrate an application of unsupervised machine learning at a data-rich fusion facility.
DOI: 10.11578/1562017
title: Energy Exchange Dynamics across L-H Transitions in NSTX

description: We studied the energy exchange dynamics across the low-to-high-confinement (L-H) in NSTX discharges using the gas-puff imaging (GPI) diagnotic. The investigation focused on the energy exchange between flows and turbulence, to help clarify the mechanism of the L-H transition. We apply this study to three type of heating schemes, including a total of 17 shots from the NSTX 2010 campaign run. Results show that the edge fluctuation characteristics (fluctuation levels, radial and poloidal correlation lengths) measured using GPI do not vary just prior to the H-mode transition, but change after the transition. Using a velocimetry approach (orthogonal-programming decomposition), velocity fields of a 24 $\times$ 30 cm GPI view during the L-H transition were obtained with good spatial ($\sim$1 cm) and temporal ($\sim$2.5 $\mu$s) resolutions. Analysis using these velocity fields shows that the production term is systematically negative just prior to the L-H transition indicating transfer from mean flows to turbulence, which is inconsistent with the predator-prey paradigm. Moreover, using the inferred absolute value of the production term, an estimate of the L-H transition duration is found to be 25 ms, which is much larger than the measured duration. These discrepancies are further reinforced by consideration of the ratio between the kinetic energy in the mean flow to the thermal free energy, which is estimated to be much less than 1, suggesting again that turbulence depletion mechanism may not be playing an important role in the transition to the H-mode. Although the Reynolds work is too small to directly deplete the turbulent free energy reservoir, order-of-magnitude analysis shows that the Reynolds stress may still make a non-negligible contribution to the observed poloidal flows.
DOI: 10.11578/1562018
title: Observation of quasi-coherent edge fluctuations in Ohmic plasmas on NSTX

description: A quasi-coherent mode with frequency f = 40 kHz is observed in Ohmic plasmas in NSTX with the gas puff imaging diagnostic (GPI). This mode is located predominantly just inside the separatrix, with a maximum fluctuation amplitude similar to that of the broadband turbulence in the same frequency range. The quasi-coherent mode has a poloidal wavelength 16 cm and a poloidal velocity 49 km/s in the electron diamagnetic direction, which are similar to the characteristics expected from a linear drift-wave like mode in the edge.
DOI: 10.11578/1562019
title: Sensitivity of WallDYN material migration modeling to uncertainties in mixed-material surface binding energies

description: The WallDYN package has recently been applied to a number of tokamaks to self-consistently modelthe evolution of mixed-material plasma facing surfaces. A key component of the WallDYN model is theconcentration-dependent surface sputtering rate, calculated using SDTRIM.SP. This modeled sputteringrate is strongly influenced by the surface binding energies (SBEs) of the constituent materials, whichare well known for pure elements but often are poorly constrained for mixed-materials. This work examinesthe sensitivity of WallDYN surface evolution calculations to different models for mixed-materialSBEs, focusing on the carbon/lithium/oxygen/deuterium system present in NSTX. A realistic plasma background is reconstructed from a high density, H-mode NSTX discharge, featuring an attached outer strikepoint with local density and temperature of 4e20 m^-3 and 4 eV, respectively. It is found that variousmixed-material SBE models lead to significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the surface evolutionprofile at the outer divertor, with the highest leverage parameter being the C-Li binding model.Uncertainties of order 50%, appearing on time scales relevant to tokamak experiments, highlight the importance of choosing an appropriate mixed-material sputtering representation when modeling the surfaceevolution of plasma facing components. These results are generalized to other fusion-relevant materialswith different ranges of SBEs.