cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29835534.v1
title: Revealing inherited Precambrian crustal structure of the Vaupés Arch in the Colombian Amazonian Craton using teleseismic receiver functions and gravity spectral analysis

description: Uncovering the crustal structure is essential for understanding the tectonic history of a region. However, such analysis in remote and poorly exposed areas such as the Colombian Amazonian Craton is often challenging due to limited geological and geophysical data. This research presents a new regional Moho model for the southeastern Amazonian region in Colombia, encompassing the Sub-Andean basins and part of the northwestern Amazonian Craton. We combined Moho depth estimates from gravity analysis, using a 2D radially averaged power spectrum, with those derived from receiver functions using the H-<b><sub>k</sub></b> stacking technique at five seismic stations. The resulting Moho map reveals notable crustal heterogeneities along the NW-SE trending Vaupés Arch, with depths ranging from 33 to 51 km. In the light of the limited evidence of Phanerozoic tectonic activity in the Colombian Amazonian Craton and the inconsistency between Moho depths and present-day topography as indicated by an isostatic model, we suggest that the observed Moho depth variations likely reflect a polyphase history of Precambrian contraction and extension in the NW Amazonian Craton. This history is linked to Neoproterozoic rifting during Rodinia’s break-up, which led to discontinuous crustal thinning in crustal domains previously thickened by Paleo-Mesoproterozoic orogenic pulses and the compressional phases of the Putumayo Orogen. Our findings underscore the value of integrating geophysical methods to better understand the tectonic evolution of cratonic regions with sparse surface data.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27239513.v1
title: Mineral fabrics unravel syn-magmatic deformation and constrain Permian and Jurassic tectonic regimes in arc plutons from the southern Colombian Andes

description: Mineral fabric analyses of Permian La Plata and Jurassic Paez arc plutons provide information about the interplay of tectonic deformation and magma emplacement in the southern Colombian Andes. We combined field mapping, microstructural data, AMS fabrics, rock magnetic properties, vorticity analysis, and thermobarometry to study the internal fabrics of the plutons. Our results indicate that the studied plutons have well-developed NE magmatic and mylonitic foliations, with the latter being distinctive for the Permian pluton. These foliations are consistent with the N65°E/63°W Permian and N43°E/82°W Jurassic AMS magnetic fabrics. Magnetic lineations record subhorizontal (Permian) and vertical (Jurassic) magmas upwards in the NE–SW trajectories. The orientations of all the plutonic fabrics indicate structurally controlled magma emplacement consistent with compressional tectonics and bulk NW–SE crustal shortening. Microstructural features recorded in the plutons reveal magmatic to sub-magmatic and solid-state deformation developed at high- to low-temperatures during their syn-tectonic emplacement history. Thermobarometric calculations indicate similar shallow emplacement conditions (~10 km depth) in the La Plata and Paez plutons. The application of vorticity analysis shows that the magnetic fabrics and syn-emplacement of the Permian pluton developed by simple-shear dominated dextral transpression, whereas the AMS fabrics for the Jurassic syn-tectonic intrusion may have been associated with pure-shear contractional deformation.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.31043975
title: Late Miocene garnet-bearing andesites in the Northern Andes and their tectonic implications

description: Garnet-bearing volcanic rocks are rare in convergent margin settings, yet they constitute a distinct component of the Late Miocene volcanic suite in the Northern Andes along Colombia’s Central Cordillera. Here, we present new petrographic, geochemical, and geochronological data from seven porphyritic garnet-bearing andesites of the Amagá-Cauca-Patía Basin (ACPB) to constrain their petrogenesis, crystallization conditions, and tectonic context. We identify three distinct garnet types in the ACPB andesites, distinguished by their chemistry, textures, and associated mineral assemblages. Type‑1 and Type‑2 garnets, from the southern and central ACPB, crystallized at moderate depths (8–7 kbar and ~900 °C), consistent with rapid ascent and differentiation in mid‑crustal reservoirs. In contrast, Type‑3 garnets, found in the northernmost samples, formed at greater depths (~13 kbar and 1100 °C) within deep magma chambers. Textural evidence, including garnet and plagioclase resorption, amphibole diffusion zoning, and sieve textures, indicates that these melts evolved in an open system, involving processes such as crustal assimilation, crystal entrainment, and magma recharge in shallow reservoirs. Mineral chemistry and trace element data show that the metaluminous magmas come from a parental melt modified by partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle. U – Pb zircon dating reveals a south-to-north progression of magmatism, with Type-1 garnet-bearing andesites emplaced at 11.75 Ma in the south, Type-2 at 10.43 Ma, and Type-3 at 8.45 Ma in the north. We propose that these garnet-bearing andesites formed under transient extensional conditions associated with the subduction of the Sandra Ridge beneath the South American Plate, which facilitated the ascent and preservation of deep-seated hydrous magmas. This study provides direct mineralogical evidence of stratified magma storage and dynamic magmatic processes that shaped the Northern Andean block during the Miocene.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.31043975.v1
title: Late Miocene garnet-bearing andesites in the Northern Andes and their tectonic implications

description: Garnet-bearing volcanic rocks are rare in convergent margin settings, yet they constitute a distinct component of the Late Miocene volcanic suite in the Northern Andes along Colombia’s Central Cordillera. Here, we present new petrographic, geochemical, and geochronological data from seven porphyritic garnet-bearing andesites of the Amagá-Cauca-Patía Basin (ACPB) to constrain their petrogenesis, crystallization conditions, and tectonic context. We identify three distinct garnet types in the ACPB andesites, distinguished by their chemistry, textures, and associated mineral assemblages. Type‑1 and Type‑2 garnets, from the southern and central ACPB, crystallized at moderate depths (8–7 kbar and ~900 °C), consistent with rapid ascent and differentiation in mid‑crustal reservoirs. In contrast, Type‑3 garnets, found in the northernmost samples, formed at greater depths (~13 kbar and 1100 °C) within deep magma chambers. Textural evidence, including garnet and plagioclase resorption, amphibole diffusion zoning, and sieve textures, indicates that these melts evolved in an open system, involving processes such as crustal assimilation, crystal entrainment, and magma recharge in shallow reservoirs. Mineral chemistry and trace element data show that the metaluminous magmas come from a parental melt modified by partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle. U – Pb zircon dating reveals a south-to-north progression of magmatism, with Type-1 garnet-bearing andesites emplaced at 11.75 Ma in the south, Type-2 at 10.43 Ma, and Type-3 at 8.45 Ma in the north. We propose that these garnet-bearing andesites formed under transient extensional conditions associated with the subduction of the Sandra Ridge beneath the South American Plate, which facilitated the ascent and preservation of deep-seated hydrous magmas. This study provides direct mineralogical evidence of stratified magma storage and dynamic magmatic processes that shaped the Northern Andean block during the Miocene.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27161707
title: Early Miocene magmatism in the Western Cordillera of Colombia: implications for magma source and evolution

description: Lower Miocene plutons exposed in the Western Cordillera of Colombia record the reinitiation of continental arc magmatism in the Northern Andes after a period of magmatic quiescence between the Late Eocene and Early Miocene. Petrography, U-Pb zircon geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry, and zircon Hf isotope data from these plutons are used to reconstruct the Miocene magmatic evolution in the Colombian Andes and understand its relation with the major plate-tectonic reorganization experienced by the NW South American continental margin during the Lower Miocene. We examined a suite of gabbros, granodiorites and tonalites from Danubio, Pance and Tatamá plutons, formed between 21 Ma and 15 Ma. Gabbros present highly positive εHf values (+13.5 and + 11.5) with low Th/La and La/Yb ratios, and granodiorites and tonalites present lower εHf values (+14.3 to + 6.4). The results of this contribution show a major asthenospheric source with absent or minor melting of subducted sediments, and contribution of oxidized aqueous fluids. The compositional diversification of these magmas was controlled by fractional crystallization and, in the Tatamá pluton, also by local assimilation of continental crust at lower crustal levels of the upper plate. Subsequently, these magmas were emplaced in the Cretaceous to Palaeogene volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the uppermost crust. The renewed magmatic activity recorded by the studied plutons suggests a normal to step subduction of the elder Farallon Plate during the Neogene subduction re-organization in the Colombian Andes, as well as the local presence of continental crust fragments in the lower crust of the Western Cordillera of Colombia.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27161707.v1
title: Early Miocene magmatism in the Western Cordillera of Colombia: implications for magma source and evolution

description: Lower Miocene plutons exposed in the Western Cordillera of Colombia record the reinitiation of continental arc magmatism in the Northern Andes after a period of magmatic quiescence between the Late Eocene and Early Miocene. Petrography, U-Pb zircon geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry, and zircon Hf isotope data from these plutons are used to reconstruct the Miocene magmatic evolution in the Colombian Andes and understand its relation with the major plate-tectonic reorganization experienced by the NW South American continental margin during the Lower Miocene. We examined a suite of gabbros, granodiorites and tonalites from Danubio, Pance and Tatamá plutons, formed between 21 Ma and 15 Ma. Gabbros present highly positive εHf values (+13.5 and + 11.5) with low Th/La and La/Yb ratios, and granodiorites and tonalites present lower εHf values (+14.3 to + 6.4). The results of this contribution show a major asthenospheric source with absent or minor melting of subducted sediments, and contribution of oxidized aqueous fluids. The compositional diversification of these magmas was controlled by fractional crystallization and, in the Tatamá pluton, also by local assimilation of continental crust at lower crustal levels of the upper plate. Subsequently, these magmas were emplaced in the Cretaceous to Palaeogene volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the uppermost crust. The renewed magmatic activity recorded by the studied plutons suggests a normal to step subduction of the elder Farallon Plate during the Neogene subduction re-organization in the Colombian Andes, as well as the local presence of continental crust fragments in the lower crust of the Western Cordillera of Colombia.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28107740
title: The Pantanillo Granulites and their implications into the cretaceous tectonic history of the Western Cordillera, Colombia

description: The Western Cordillera of Colombia preserves the remnants of the Cretaceous tectonic history of the northernmost Andes, including fragments of Ecuadorian-Colombian-Leeward Antilles Arc formed during the northeastward movement of the Caribbean plate. Although the granitoid rocks (such as the Santa Fe tonalite) that constitute the arc crust have been extensively studied, the mafic-ultramafic rocks hosted within the felsic facies, along with their textural variations and potential genetic relationships, remain less understood. This study focuses on the Pantanillo Granulites, analysing their mineral composition to determine their pressure and temperature conditions of formation through pseudosections. Our findings indicate that the Pantanillo granulite-facies rocks formed under pressures ranging from 0.87 to 1.12 GPa and temperatures between 940°C and 1050°C, corresponding to crustal depths of 20–30 km and a high geothermal gradient. Field and petrographic observations suggest that the Santa Fe batholith and the Pantanillo granulites are consanguineous, forming part of an appinite suite characterized by the common presence of large hornblende crystals.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28107740.v1
title: The Pantanillo Granulites and their implications into the cretaceous tectonic history of the Western Cordillera, Colombia

description: The Western Cordillera of Colombia preserves the remnants of the Cretaceous tectonic history of the northernmost Andes, including fragments of Ecuadorian-Colombian-Leeward Antilles Arc formed during the northeastward movement of the Caribbean plate. Although the granitoid rocks (such as the Santa Fe tonalite) that constitute the arc crust have been extensively studied, the mafic-ultramafic rocks hosted within the felsic facies, along with their textural variations and potential genetic relationships, remain less understood. This study focuses on the Pantanillo Granulites, analysing their mineral composition to determine their pressure and temperature conditions of formation through pseudosections. Our findings indicate that the Pantanillo granulite-facies rocks formed under pressures ranging from 0.87 to 1.12 GPa and temperatures between 940°C and 1050°C, corresponding to crustal depths of 20–30 km and a high geothermal gradient. Field and petrographic observations suggest that the Santa Fe batholith and the Pantanillo granulites are consanguineous, forming part of an appinite suite characterized by the common presence of large hornblende crystals.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27678699
title: Jurassic magmatism in the Garzón region of the Colombian Andes: insights from whole-rock geochemistry and zircon isotope analysis of granites and subvolcanic rocks

description: New whole-rock geochemical and zircon U – Pb dating and Lu – Hf isotope data are presented for the Garzón granites and related subvolcanic rocks, which formed during widespread Jurassic arc magmatism in the Colombian Andes. This magmatism resulted from the subduction of a proto-Pacific plate under the NW South American margin. Our data indicate that the granitic and related rocks of the Algeciras, Altamira, and Sombrerillo Plutonic Massifs in the Garzón region have crystallization ages ranging from 179 to 169 Ma. These rocks are characterized as high-K alkali-calcic or calc-alkaline, magnesian, with 0.66 ≤ Fe# ≤ 0.94, and metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, with 0.67 ≤ ASI ≤ 1.01, exhibiting geochemical signatures. The trace element patterns normalized to MORB reveal pronounced negative anomalies for Nb, P, and Ti, alongside positive anomalies for Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba. The REE patterns display strong LREE fractionation over HREEs, with moderate to absent negative Eu anomalies in mafic to intermediate rocks (0.5 ≤ Eu/Eu* ≤ 1.0) and greater significance in felsic rocks (Eu/Eu* up to 0.6). Most granitic rocks display negative εHf<sub>(t)</sub>-in-zircon values (−7.7 to −1.2), indicating substantial contributions from ancient continental crust. In contrast, the subvolcanic rocks have a mix of positive and negative εHf<sub>(t)</sub> values (from −7.9 to + 11.5), reflecting significant input from both juvenile mantle and ancient crustal sources (221 Ma ≤ T<sub>DM</sub> ≤1516 Ma). After 167 Ma, the magmatic activity diminished and ceased in the Garzón region, while it continued to the west in the Central Cordillera until ca. 129–110 Ma, with a gradual increase in contributions from the mantle, as indicated by systematic zircon Hf isotopes, arguably due to changes in the subduction regimes.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27678699.v1
title: Jurassic magmatism in the Garzón region of the Colombian Andes: insights from whole-rock geochemistry and zircon isotope analysis of granites and subvolcanic rocks

description: New whole-rock geochemical and zircon U – Pb dating and Lu – Hf isotope data are presented for the Garzón granites and related subvolcanic rocks, which formed during widespread Jurassic arc magmatism in the Colombian Andes. This magmatism resulted from the subduction of a proto-Pacific plate under the NW South American margin. Our data indicate that the granitic and related rocks of the Algeciras, Altamira, and Sombrerillo Plutonic Massifs in the Garzón region have crystallization ages ranging from 179 to 169 Ma. These rocks are characterized as high-K alkali-calcic or calc-alkaline, magnesian, with 0.66 ≤ Fe# ≤ 0.94, and metaluminous to slightly peraluminous, with 0.67 ≤ ASI ≤ 1.01, exhibiting geochemical signatures. The trace element patterns normalized to MORB reveal pronounced negative anomalies for Nb, P, and Ti, alongside positive anomalies for Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Ba. The REE patterns display strong LREE fractionation over HREEs, with moderate to absent negative Eu anomalies in mafic to intermediate rocks (0.5 ≤ Eu/Eu* ≤ 1.0) and greater significance in felsic rocks (Eu/Eu* up to 0.6). Most granitic rocks display negative εHf<sub>(t)</sub>-in-zircon values (−7.7 to −1.2), indicating substantial contributions from ancient continental crust. In contrast, the subvolcanic rocks have a mix of positive and negative εHf<sub>(t)</sub> values (from −7.9 to + 11.5), reflecting significant input from both juvenile mantle and ancient crustal sources (221 Ma ≤ T<sub>DM</sub> ≤1516 Ma). After 167 Ma, the magmatic activity diminished and ceased in the Garzón region, while it continued to the west in the Central Cordillera until ca. 129–110 Ma, with a gradual increase in contributions from the mantle, as indicated by systematic zircon Hf isotopes, arguably due to changes in the subduction regimes.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28408228
title: Magmatic record of Cretaceous marginal basin termination along the western segment of the Central Cordillera of Colombia

description: Marginal basins are the result of extensional tectonics along convergent margins. These basins include an early stage of seafloor spreading that, in some cases, is followed by tectonic inversion and deformation of the basin and the formation of a new magmatic arc front. The Early Cretaceous extensional tectonics along the South American Plate caused the development of multiple pre-Andean back-arc and marginal basins along the continental margin. These basins were inverted during the onset of the Andean orogeny in the Late Cretaceous. For instance, in the Northern Andes, the remnants of this Cretaceous history are found in the Central Cordillera, which can be used to understand the magmatic record associated with the birth and death of marginal basins. In this contribution, we integrate U-Pb zircon geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, Hf and Nd isotopes from Cretaceous volcanic and plutonic rocks at the western margin of Colombia’s Central Cordillera, as well as new zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes from the Santa Isabel Stock in the axis of this cordillera. Geochronological results and published data show a magmatic arc record between 78 and 99 Ma that followed the Albian-Aptian MORB-like and less enriched arc signatures associated with the early stages of marginal basin formation. Older pre-Cretaceous detrital and inherited zircons and the observed field relations confirm that this magmatism was built on a thinned continental crust encased by Triassic basement rocks. The documented spatiotemporal and compositional evolution of the Cretaceous arc-related rocks from the western flank of the Central Cordillera documents the transition from a seafloor spreading stage characterized by magmas sourced from an adiabatically melted mantle to the formation of a new arc front that becomes more enriched and influenced by continental crust as the sub-arc mantle is again responsible for magma generation processes.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28408228.v1
title: Magmatic record of Cretaceous marginal basin termination along the western segment of the Central Cordillera of Colombia

description: Marginal basins are the result of extensional tectonics along convergent margins. These basins include an early stage of seafloor spreading that, in some cases, is followed by tectonic inversion and deformation of the basin and the formation of a new magmatic arc front. The Early Cretaceous extensional tectonics along the South American Plate caused the development of multiple pre-Andean back-arc and marginal basins along the continental margin. These basins were inverted during the onset of the Andean orogeny in the Late Cretaceous. For instance, in the Northern Andes, the remnants of this Cretaceous history are found in the Central Cordillera, which can be used to understand the magmatic record associated with the birth and death of marginal basins. In this contribution, we integrate U-Pb zircon geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, Hf and Nd isotopes from Cretaceous volcanic and plutonic rocks at the western margin of Colombia’s Central Cordillera, as well as new zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes from the Santa Isabel Stock in the axis of this cordillera. Geochronological results and published data show a magmatic arc record between 78 and 99 Ma that followed the Albian-Aptian MORB-like and less enriched arc signatures associated with the early stages of marginal basin formation. Older pre-Cretaceous detrital and inherited zircons and the observed field relations confirm that this magmatism was built on a thinned continental crust encased by Triassic basement rocks. The documented spatiotemporal and compositional evolution of the Cretaceous arc-related rocks from the western flank of the Central Cordillera documents the transition from a seafloor spreading stage characterized by magmas sourced from an adiabatically melted mantle to the formation of a new arc front that becomes more enriched and influenced by continental crust as the sub-arc mantle is again responsible for magma generation processes.