DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sxksn03fh
title: Data from: Asymmetry in cross-sex cross-trait genetic covariances and the evolvability of sexual dimorphism

description: The evolution of sexual dimorphism is predicted to resolve conflict that
 can arise from divergent evolutionary interests between sexes, enabling
 each sex to reach its fitness optimum. However, most of the genome is
 shared between sexes, which can lead to a genetic constraint for
 dimorphism evolution. Most studies of intersexual genetic constraints have
 focused on the effect of genetic correlations, rmf, for single traits.
 However, multivariate studies of the B-matrix of intersexual genetic
 covariances suggest that sexual dimorphism may be more evolvable than
 inferred from rmf because of the potential for indirect responses
 to selection from correlated traits. To comprehensively address this
 question, we collected and re-analyzed published estimates of B using a
 recently developed approach to quantify the evolvability of sexual
 monomorphism and dimorphism. We find that across the traits and species we
 study, the evolvability of dimorphism is lower than that of monomorphism,
 but also that sexually concordant and antagonistic selection are almost
 equally capable of producing dimorphism. We also find that asymmetry in B
 would affect the response to selection more in females than in males. Our
 results show that sexual dimorphism is more evolvable than studies of rmf
 suggest and underscore that sexually antagonistic selection is not
 required for the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
description: # Data from: Asymmetry in cross-sex cross-trait genetic covariances and
 the evolvability of sexual dimorphism Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.sxksn03fh](10.5061/dryad.sxksn03fh) ## Description of the
 data and file structure Repository for the paper: “Asymmetry in cross-sex
 cross-trait genetic covariances and the evolvability of sexual dimorphism”
 ## Authors & institutions: Mathieu Videlier;
 [mathieu.videlier@utoronto.ca](mailto:mathieu.videlier@utoronto.ca)
 Jacqueline Sztepanacz;
 [j.sztepanacz@utoronto.ca](mailto:j.sztepanacz@utoronto.ca) Author
 affiliations: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
 of Toronto, 25 Willcocks street, Toronto, ON, M5S3B2, Canada Responsible
 for collecting data: Mathieu Videlier Responsible for writing code:
 Mathieu Videlier ## Files and variables ### File: data.zip ####
 Description:  contains the following files: \- raw_data.csv: Dataset with
 information from literature survey \- combined_data.csv: Final dataset
 produced by running the script MAIN_SCRIPT_GMF_LIST.r \-
 VIDELIER_mvn_samples.csv : 1,000 REML-MVN samples of Gmf from Videlier,
 M., H. D. Rundle, and V. Careau. 2021. Sex‐specific genetic (co)variances
 of standard metabolic rate, body mass and locomotor activity in
 *Drosophila melanogaster*. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 34:1279–1289.
 \- SZTEPANACZ_mvn_samples.dat: 1,000 REML-MVN samples of Gmf from
 Sztepanacz, J. L., and D. Houle. 2019. Cross‐sex genetic covariances limit
 the evolvability of wing‐shape within and among species of *Drosophila*.
 Evolution 73:1617–1633. \- HOULE_mvn_samples.csv: 1,000 REML-MVN samples
 of Gmf from Houle, D., and C. Cheng. 2021. Predicting the Evolution of
 Sexual Dimorphism in Gene Expression. Molecular Biology and Evolution.
 38:1847-1859 ### Description of datasets Variables (columns) within data
 files: ### folder “data”: #### raw_data.csv: \[1] "Article.Nb":
 Unique numerical manuscript label \[2] "Article.Code" : Unique
 categorical (letter) manuscript label \[3] "Authors": First
 author of the manuscript \[4] "Year": Year of publication of the
 manuscript \[5] "NOTES": Notes associated with the manuscript.
 Empty cells in this column mean there are no notes associated with the
 study. \[6] "Journal": Name of the Journal publishing the
 manuscript \[7] "Title": Title of the manuscript \[8]
 "Gmf.dimension": Dimension of the Gmf \[9] "Traits":
 Traits of interest of the manuscript \[10] "Trait_Nature" :
 Category of the trait of interest \[11] "Species": Species of
 the system \[12] "Group": Category of the species \[13]
 "Laboratory...Field": Origin of the population of interest \[14]
 "Frequentist.Bayesien": Statistical category the original paper
 used for analysis (frequentist vs bayesian) \[15]
 "Genetic_Technics": Genetic technique used to obtain genetic
 variance \[16] "Stat_Methods": quantitative genetic model (sire,
 animal, parent-offspring regression, etc) \[17] "nb_ind" :
 number of individuals in the data \[18] "nb_fam": number of
 families in the data \[19] "Nature.variance": Additive or total
 genetic variance \[20] "Standardized.traits": Categorical
 variable indicating if variables are standardized \[21]
 "Standardized.Type": Technique used to standardize variable.
 Empty cells in this column mean the variables were not standardized. \[22]
 "UniqueTrait": Categorical variable indicating whether the
 traits are functionally related or not \[23]
 "Pronounced_SexualDimorphism": Categorical variable indicating
 if the traits have pronounced sexual dimorphism \[24]
 "Sexual.differential.trait..under.sexual.selection": Categorical
 variable indicating if the traits are usually under sexual selection \[25]
 "Test.B.0": Categorical variable indicating if the manuscript
 tests for B=0 \[26] "Test.Asymmetry": Categorical variable
 indicating if the manuscript tests for B asymmetry. ####
 combined_data.csv: *NULL means the data was unavailable from the original
 study *values of NA in this dataset indicates that the data required to
 produce these values were unavailable from the original study \[1]
 "PAPER": Unique manuscript label \[2] "SAMPLE": Unique
 numerical manuscript label \[3] "AUTHOR": First Author of the
 manuscript \[4] "YEAR": Year of publication of the manuscript
 \[5] "Gmf_Matrix": Gmf matrix \[6] "POP": Population
 label (if there is different Gmf) \[7] "CORRECTED": Factor
 variable indicating if Gmf corrected for negative eigenvalues (NearPD
 function) \[8] "TotVa_Gmf": Total genetic variance of Gmf \[9]
 "TotVa_Gf": Total genetic variance of Gf \[10]
 "TotVa_Gm": Total genetic variance of Gm \[11]
 "SDindex_TotVa": Sexual difference in total genetic variance
 from equation 1 \[12] "TotVa_unshared": sexually-autonomous or
 unshared genetic variance (size of B matrix) from equation 2 \[13]
 "Prop_TotVa_unshared": proportion of sexually-autonomous genetic
 variance \[14] "ND_Gmf": effective dimensionality of Gmf from
 equation 3 \[15] "ND_Gf": effective dimensionality of Gf from
 equation 3 \[16] "ND_Gm": effective dimensionality of Gm from
 equation 3 \[17] "SDindex_ND": Sex difference in effective
 dimensionality \[18] "ND_DiffTotvsSex": Difference between the
 effective dimensionality of Gmf and the sum of the effective
 dimensionality of Gf and Gm \[19] "Sim_GfGm": Similarity between
 Gf and Gm from equation 4 \[20] " Bm_norm": Frobenius norm of B
 \[21] "Prop_TotVa_shared": proportion of shared genetic variance
 \[22] "B_matrix": Between sex genetic variance \[23]
 "Asymetric_Prop": Asymmetry of the B matrix from equation 7
 \[24] "TotGenVar_Gmf": Total genetic variance of Gmf \[25]
 "GCA_Matrix": concordant-antagonistic genetic matrix from
 equation 6 \[26] "TotGenVar_Gc": total genetic variance of Gc
 \[27] "TotGenVar_Ga": total genetic variance of Ga \[28]
 "PropGenVar_Gc": proportion of concordant genetic variance in
 GCA \[29] "PropGenVar_Ga": proportion of antagonistic genetic
 variance in GCA \[30] "size_Gc": Frobenius norm of Gc \[31]
 "size_Ga": Frobenius norm Ga \[32] "size_BCa":
 Frobenius norm Bca \[33] "Qac": ratio of Frobenius norm_Ga over
 Frobenius norm_Gc \[34] "Qind_c": log of the ratio of Frobenius
 norm_BCa over Frobenius norm_Gc \[35] "Qind_a": log of the ratio
 of Frobenius norm_BCa over Frobenius norm_Ga \[36]
 "Length_RSP_Zc_C": total length (Euclidean norm) of predicted
 responses to selection of Gc in sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[37]
 "Length_RSP_Zc_C_SEM": total length (Euclidean norm) of
 predicted responses to selection of Gc in sexual concordant scenario (mean
 standard error) \[38] "Length_RSP_Za_C": total length (Euclidean
 norm) of predicted responses to selection of Ga in sexual concordant
 scenario (mean) \[39] "Length_RSP_Za_C_SEM": total length
 (Euclidean norm) of predicted responses to selection of Ga in sexual
 concordant scenario (mean standard error) \[40]
 "Length_RSP_Zc_A": total length (Euclidean norm) of predicted
 responses to selection of Gc in sexual antagonist scenario (mean) \[41]
 "Length_RSP_Zc_A_SEM": total length (Euclidean norm) of
 predicted responses to selection of Gc in sexual antagonist scenario (mean
 standard error) \[42] "Length_RSP_Za_A": total length (Euclidean
 norm) of predicted responses to selection of Ga in sexual antagonist
 scenario (mean) \[43] "Length_RSP_Za_A_SEM": total length
 (Euclidean norm) predicted responses to selection of Ga in sexual
 antagonist scenario (mean standard error) \[44]
 "Rsp_C_indirect": ratio of RSP_Za_C over RSP_Zc_C (mean) \[45]
 "Rsp_C_indirect_SEM": ratio of RSP_Za_C over RSP_Zc_C (standard
 error of the mean) \[46] "Rsp_A_indirect": ratio of RSP_Zc_A
 over RSP_Za_A (mean) \[47] "Rsp_A_indirect_SEM": ratio of
 RSP_Zc_A over RSP_Za_A (standard error of the mean) \[48]
 "Rsp_C_indirect_log": log of Rsp_C_indirect (mean) \[49]
 "Rsp_C_indirect_log_SEM": log of Rsp_C_indirect (standard error
 of the mean) \[50] "Rsp_A_indirect_log": log of Rsp_A_indirect
 (mean) \[51] "Rsp_A_indirect_log_SEM": log of Rsp_A_indirect
 (standard error of the mean) \[52] "Init_C": projection of
 random sexually concordant selection gradient through observed Gmf (mean)
 \[53] "Init_C_SEM": projection of random sexually concordant
 selection gradient through observed Gmf (standard error of the mean) \[54]
 "NoAsym_C": projection of random sexually concordant selection
 gradient through Gmf B=symmetric (mean) \[55] "NoAsym_C_SEM":
 projection of random sexually concordant selection gradient through Gmf
 B=symmetric (standard error of the mean) \[56] "Diag_C":
 projection of random sexually concordant selection gradient through Gmf
 B=diagonal (mean) \[57] "Diag_C_SEM": tprojection of random
 sexually concordant selection gradient through Gmf B=diagonal (standard
 error of the mean) \[58] "B0_C": projection of random sexually
 concordant selection gradient through Gmf where B=0 (mean) \[59]
 "B0_C_SEM": projection of random sexually concordant selection
 gradient through Gmf where B=0 (standard error of the mean) \[60]
 "L_NoAsym_C": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with
 B symmetrical for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[61]
 "L_NoAsym_C_SEM": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified
 with B symmetrical for sexual concordant scenario(standard error of the
 mean) \[62] "L_Diag_C": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B with just its diagonal for sexual concordant scenario
 (mean) \[63] "L_Diag_C_SEM": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B with just its diagonal for sexual concordant scenario
 (standard error of the mean) \[64] "L_B0_C": L ratio between Gmf
 observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual concordant scenario (mean)
 \[65] "L_B0_C_SEM": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified
 with B=0 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[66]
 "L_NoAsymDiag_C": L ratio between Gmf modified with B
 symmetrical vs Gmf modified with B with just the diagonal for sexual
 concordant scenario (mean) \[67] "L_NoAsymDiag_C_SEM": L ratio
 between Gmf modified with B symmetrical vs Gmf modified with B with just
 the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[68] "L_DiagB0_C": L ratio between Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual concordant scenario
 (mean) \[69] "L_DiagB0_C_SEM": L ratio between Gmf modified with
 B with just the diagonal vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual concordant
 scenario (standard error of the mean) \[70] "Prop_NoAsym_C":
 Part 1 of equation 8 for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[71]
 "Prop_NoAsym_C_SEM": Part 1 of equation 8 for sexual concordant
 scenario (standard error of the mean) \[72] "Prop_NoAsymDiag_C":
 Part 2 of equation 8 for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[73]
 "Prop_NoAsymDiag_C_SEM": Part 2 of equation 8 for sexual
 concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[74]
 "Prop_DiagB0_C": Part 3 of equation 8 for sexual concordant
 scenario (mean) \[75] "Prop_DiagB0_C_SE": Part 3 of equation 8
 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[76]
 "Init_A": projection of random sexually antagonistic selection
 gradient through observed Gmf (mean) \[77] "Init_A_SEM”: projection
 of random sexually antagonistic selection gradient through observed Gmf
 (standard error of the mean) \[78] "NoAsym_A": projection of
 random sexually antagonistic selection gradient through Gmf where
 B=symmetric (mean) \[79] "NoAsym_A_SEM": projection of random
 sexually antagonistic selection gradient through Gmf where B=symmetric
 (standard error of the mean) \[80] "Diag_A": tprojection of
 random sexually antagonistic selection gradient through Gmf where
 B=diagonal (mean) \[81] "Diag_A_SEM": projection of random
 sexually antagonistic selection gradient through Gmf where B=diagonal
 (standard error of the mean) \[82] "B0_A": projection of random
 sexually antagonistic selection gradient through Gmf where B=0 (mean)
 \[83] "B0_A_SE": projection of random sexually antagonistic
 selection gradient through Gmf where B=0 (standard error of the mean)
 \[84] "L_NoAsym_A": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified
 with B symmetrical for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[85]
 "L_NoAsym_A_SEM": ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified
 with B symmetrical for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[86] "L_Diag_A": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B with just its diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario
 (mean) \[87] "L_Diag_A_SEM": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B with just its diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario
 (standard error of the mean) \[88] "L_B0_A": L ratio between Gmf
 observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean)
 \[89] "L_B0_A_SEM": L ratio between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified
 with B=0 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[90] "L_NoAsymDiag_A": L ratio between Gmf modified with B
 symmetrical vs Gmf modified with B with just the diagonal for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[91] "L_NoAsymDiag_A_SEM": L ratio
 between Gmf modified with B symmetrical vs Gmf modified with B with just
 the diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[92] "L_DiagB0_A": L ratio between Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual antagonistic
 scenario (mean) \[93] "L_DiagB0_A_SEM": L ratio between Gmf
 modified with B with just the diagonal vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[94]
 "Prop_NoAsym_A": Part 1 of equation 8 for sexual antagonistic
 scenario (mean) \[95] "Prop_NoAsym_A_SEM": Part 1 of equation 8
 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[96]
 "Prop_NoAsymDiag_A": Part 2 of equation 8 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[97] "Prop_NoAsymDiag_A_SEM": Part
 2 of equation 8 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[98] "Prop_DiagB0_A": Part 3 of equation 8 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[99] "Prop_DiagB0_A_SEM": Part 3
 of equation 8 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[100] "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_C": Angle of the predicted response
 to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[101] "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_C_SEM":
 Angle of the predicted concordant to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B symmetrical for sexual concordant scenario (standard error
 of the mean) \[102] "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_F_C": Female angle of the
 predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with
 B symmetrical for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[103]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_F_C_SEM": Female angle of the predicted response
 to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[104]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_M_C": Male angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[105]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_M_C_SEM": Male angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[106]
 "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_C": Angle of the predicted response to selection
 between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B with just the diagonal for
 sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[107] "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_C_SEM":
 Angle of the predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B with just the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario
 (standard error of the mean) \[108] "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_F_C": Female
 angle of the predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B with just the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario
 (mean) \[109] "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_F_C_SEM": Female angle of the
 predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with
 B with just the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of
 the mean) \[110] "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_M_C": Male angle of the
 predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with
 B with just the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[111]
 "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_M_C_SEM": Male angle of the predicted response
 to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with just the B diagonal
 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[112]
 "ANGLE_RxR_B0_C": Angle of the predicted response to selection
 between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual concordant
 scenario (mean) \[113] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_C_SEM": Angle of the
 predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with
 B=0 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[114]
 "ANGLE_RxR_B0_F_C": Female angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 concordant scenario (mean) \[115] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_F_C_SEM": Female
 angle of the predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B=0 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[116] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_M_C": Male angle of the predicted
 response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for
 sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[117] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_M_C_SEM":
 Male angle of the predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs
 Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of
 the mean) \[118] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_C": Angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf observed for sexual
 concordant scenario (mean) \[119] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_C_SEM": Angle
 between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf
 observed for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[120] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_F_C": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf observed for sexual
 concordant scenario (mean) \[121] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_F_C_SEM":
 Female angle between selection gradient and predicted response to
 selection with Gmf observed for sexual concordant scenario (standard error
 of the mean) \[122] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_M_C": Male angle between
 selection gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf observed
 for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[123]
 "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_M_C_SEM": Male angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf observed for sexual
 concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[124]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_C": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[125] "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_C_SEM":
 Angle between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with
 Gmf modified with B symmetrical for sexual concordant scenario (standard
 error of the mean) \[126] "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_F_C": Female angle
 between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf
 modified with B symmetrical for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[127]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_F_C_SEM": Female angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical
 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[128]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_M_C": Male angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[129]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_M_C_SEM": Male angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical
 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[130]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_C": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[131]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_C_SEM": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[132] "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_F_C": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[133]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_F_C_SEM": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[134] "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_M_C": Male angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[135]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_M_C_SEM": Male angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[136] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_C": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 concordant scenario (mean) \[137] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_C_SEM": Angle
 between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf
 modified with B=0 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[138] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_F_C": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0
 for sexual concordant scenario (mean) \[139]
 "ANGLE_BxR_B0_F_C_SEM": Female angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 concordant scenario (standard error of the mean) \[140]
 "ANGLE_BxR_B0_M_C": Male angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 concordant scenario (mean) \[141] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_M_C_SEM": Male
 angle between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with
 Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual concordant scenario (standard error of
 the mean) \[142] "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_A": Angle of the predicted
 response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B
 symmetrical for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[143]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_A_SEM": Angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[144]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_F_A": Female angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[145]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_F_A_SEM": Female angle of the predicted response
 to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[146]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_M_A": Male angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[147]
 "ANGLE_RxR_SYM_M_A_SEM": Male angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[148]
 "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_A": Angle of the predicted response to selection
 between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B with just the diagonal for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[149]
 "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_A_SEM": Angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[150] "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_F_A": Female angle of the predicted
 response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[151]
 "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_F_A_SEM": Female angle of the predicted response
 to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[152] "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_M_A": Male angle of the predicted
 response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[153]
 "ANGLE_RxR_DIAG_M_A_SEM": Male angle of the predicted response
 to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[154] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_A": Angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[155] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_A_SEM": Angle
 of the predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B=0 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[156] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_F_A": Female angle of the predicted
 response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[157]
 "ANGLE_RxR_B0_F_A_SEM": Female angle of the predicted response
 to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[158]
 "ANGLE_RxR_B0_M_A": Male angle of the predicted response to
 selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[159] "ANGLE_RxR_B0_M_A_SEM": Male
 angle of the predicted response to selection between Gmf observed vs Gmf
 modified with B=0 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[160] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_A": Angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf observed for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[161] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_A_SEM":
 Angle between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with
 Gmf observed for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[162] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_F_A": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf observed for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[163] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_F_A_SEM":
 Female angle between selection gradient and predicted response to
 selection with Gmf observed for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard
 error of the mean) \[164] "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_M_A": Male angle
 between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf
 observed for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[165]
 "ANGLE_BxR_INIT_M_A_SEM": Male angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf observed for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[166]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_A": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[167]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_A_SEM": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[168]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_F_A": Female angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[169]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_F_A_SEM": Female angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical
 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[170]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_M_A": Male angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical for
 sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[171]
 "ANGLE_BxR_SYM_M_A_SEM" Male angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B symmetrical
 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[172]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_A": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[173]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_A_SEM": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[174] "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_F_A": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[175]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_F_A_SEM": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[176] "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_M_A": Male angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with
 just the diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[177]
 "ANGLE_BxR_DIAG_M_A_SEM": Male angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B with just the
 diagonal for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean)
 \[178] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_A": Angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[179] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_A_SEM": Angle
 between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf
 modified with B=0 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of the
 mean) \[180] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_F_A": Female angle between selection
 gradient and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0
 for sexual antagonistic scenario (mean) \[181]
 "ANGLE_BxR_B0_F_A_SEM": Female angle between selection gradient
 and predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (standard error of the mean) \[182]
 "ANGLE_BxR_B0_M_A": Male angle between selection gradient and
 predicted response to selection with Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual
 antagonistic scenario (mean) \[183] "ANGLE_BxR_B0_M_A_SEM": Male
 angle between selection gradient and predicted response to selection with
 Gmf modified with B=0 for sexual antagonistic scenario (standard error of
 the mean) \[184] "Article.Nb": Unique numerical manuscript label
 \[185] "Article.Code": Unique categorical (letter) manuscript
 label \[186] "Authors": First author of the manuscript \[187]
 "Year": Year of publication of the manuscript \[188]
 "NOTES": Notes associated to the manuscript \[189]
 "Journal": Name of the Journal publishing the manuscript \[190]
 "Title": Title of the manuscript \[191]
 "Gmf.dimension": Dimension of the Gmf \[192] "Traits":
 Traits of interest of the manuscript \[193] "Trait_Nature":
 Category of the trait of interest \[194] "Species": Species of
 the system \[195] "Group": Group species of the system \[196]
 "Laboratory...Field": Origin of the population of interest
 \[197] "Frequentist.Bayesien": Statistical category use for
 analysis in the original paper (frequentist vs bayesian) \[198]
 "Genetic_Technics": Genetic technique used to obtain genetic
 variance \[199] "Stat_Methods": Statistical methods \[200]
 "nb_ind": number of individuals in the data \[201]
 "nb_fam": number of family in the data \[202]
 "Nature.variance": Additive or total genetic variance \[203]
 "Standardized.traits": Categorical variable indicating if
 variables are standardized \[204] "Standardized.Type": Technique
 used to standardize variable \[205] "UniqueTrait": Categorical
 variable indicating whether the traits are functionally related or not
 \[206] "Pronounced_SexualDimorphism": Categorical variable
 indicating if the traits have pronounced sexual dimorphism \[207]
 "Sexual.differential.trait.under.sexual.selection": Categorical
 variable indicating if the traits are usually under sexual selection
 \[208] "Test.B.0": Categorical variable indicating if the
 manuscript tests for B=0 \[209] "Test.Asymmetry": Categorical
 variable indicating if the manuscript tests for B asymmetry \[210]
 "Matrix.Code" : Label for each manuscript for figure ##
 Code/software ## Software version and package information \- R version
 4.4.2 (2024-10-31 ucrt) \- Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 \- Running
 under: Windows 11 x64 (build 26100) #### R-packages: attached base
 packages: stats, graphics, grDevices, utils, datasets, methods, base other
 attached packages: PerformanceAnalytics_2.0.8 xts_0.14.1 zoo_1.8-12
 data.table_1.16.2 beepr_2.0 evolvability_2.0.0 Matrix_1.7-1 moments_0.14.1
 **loaded via a namespace (and not attached):** lme4_1.1-35.5 digest_0.6.37
 lattice_0.22-6 splines_4.4.2 audio_0.1-11 parallel_4.4.2 ape_5.8-1
 nloptr_2.1.1 grid_4.4.2 compiler_4.4.2 boot_1.3-31 nlme_3.1-166
 minqa_1.2.8 Rcpp_1.0.13-1 quadprog_1.5-8 MASS_7.3-61 ### **“scripts”
 contains the following files:** MAIN_SCRIPT_GMF_LIST.r: run this script
 first to generate the file “combined_data.csv” MANUSCRIPT_RESULT.r: run
 this script second to generate the main results that are shown in the
 manuscript MANUSCRIPT_GRAPH.r: run this script third to generate Figs1 -
 S6b MV_RandomSampling_GMF.r: run this script to generate the mean with CI
 of columns in combined_data.csv for the 1,000 REML-MVN samples of
 “VIDELIER_mvn_samples.csv “, “SZTEPANACZ_mvn_samples.dat”, and
 “HOULE_mvn_samples.csv”. Due to the long computational time , intermediate
 output files have been saved in the folder
 “../results/random_sampling_intermediate_files”.
 MV_RandomSampling_Gmf_Graph.r: run this script to generate FigsS7 - S12
 ### **subfolder: “source files” contains R scripts that are called by
 MAIN_SCRIPT_GMF_LIST.r and by MV_RandomSampling_GMF.r. Do not run these
 scripts independently** -Analysis_Part_1.r: Script to produce the dataset
 structure, load packages and call for local functions -Analysis_Part_2.r:
 Script to extract all the information from Gmf, as well to produce random
 skewers (selection gradients), L ratio, and angles. -Analysis_Part_3.r:
 Script to combine the final dataset and the literature review files
 (“raw_data.csv”) to produce the final file (“combined_data.csv”).
 -Analysis_Part1_RS.r: Script to produce the dataset structure and call for
 functions -Analysis_Part2_RS.r: Script to extract all the information from
 resampling Gmf matrices, as well to produce random skewers (selection
 gradients), L ratio, and angles. ### **“results” contains the results of
 the analyses:** subfolder “figures” contains all figures shown in the
 manuscript ie) Figs1 - S6b generated by MANUSCRIPT_GRAPH.r subfolder
 “random_sampling_intermediate_files” contains files produced by
 MV_RandomSampling_GMF.r. subfolder “random_sampling_figures” contains
 FigsS7 - S12 generated by MV_RandomSampling_Gmf_Graph.r ### subfolder:
 “Random_sampling_intermediate_files” All files follow the same structure
 as “combined_data” with mean and CI (quantile 2.5% and 95.7%) for each Gmf
 (Houle, Videlier, Sztepanacz) \- BETA_VIDELIER.csv: Storage selection
 gradients from the Analysis_Part_2 for VIDELIER Gmf \-
 ASYM_VIDELIER_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and
 97.5) of Gmf resampling of VIDELIER metric \- RSP_Gca_VIDELIER_MEANCI.csv
 : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and 97.5) of respondability
 of concordant -antagonistic genetic matrix of SZTEPANACZ resampling \-
 Angle_VIDELIER_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and
 97.5) of angle of VIDELIER Gmf resampling \- Lmetric_VIDELIER_MEANCI.csv :
 mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and 97.5) of L ratio of
 VIDELIER Gmf resampling \- BETA_SZTEPANACZ.csv: Storage selection
 gradients from the Analysis_Part_2 for SZTEPANACZ Gmf \-
 ASYM_SZTEPANACZ_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5
 and 97.5) of Gmf resampling of SZTEPANACZ metric \-
 RSP_Gca_SZTEPANACZ_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5
 and 97.5) of respondability of concordant -antagonistic genetic matrix of
 SZTEPANACZ resampling \- Angle_SZTEPANACZ_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence
 interval (quantile 2.5 and 97.5) of angle of SZTEPANACZ Gmf resampling \-
 Lmetric_SZTEPANACZ_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5
 and 97.5) of L ratio of SZTEPANACZ Gmf resampling \- BETA_HOULE.csv:
 Storage selection gradients from the Analysis_Part_2 for HOULE Gmf \-
 ASYM_HOULE_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and
 97.5) of Gmf resampling of HOULE metric \- RSP_Gca_HOULE_MEANCI.csv : mean
 and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and 97.5) of respondability of
 concordant -antagonistic genetic matrix of HOULE resampling \-
 Angle_HOULE_MEANCI.csv : mean and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and
 97.5) of angle of HOULE Gmf resampling \- Lmetric_HOULE_MEANCI.csv : mean
 and confidence interval (quantile 2.5 and 97.5) of L ratio of HOULE Gmf
 resampling