cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024121006
title: JapanFlux2024 CN-Lsh Laoshan

description: This study was conducted in a Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantation at the Laoshan flux site in Northeast China. The larch was planted in 1969. Themean height of the canopy trees was about 17 m.
The canopy layer was mainly composed of Dahurian larch, paper birch (Betulla platyphylla), and Northeast China ash (Flaxinus mandshurica).
The shrub layer consisted primarily of Ulmus propinqua, Corylus heterophylla, Lonicera ruprechtiana, Syringa mandshurica, Rubus sachalinensis,Sorbaria solbifolia, Acanthopanax senticosus, and Aralia elata.
The forest floor was covered with abundant herbs, primarily belonging to the Cyperaceous and Liliaceous families .A typical temperate monsoon climate dominates this region.The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024121012
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Tdf Toyota Deciduous Forest

description: To quantify the carbon sequestration capacity of urban and rural forests in specific climate zones.We compared the carbon sequestration of two temperate deciduous forests located in Nagoya and Toyota.The forest in Nagoya University represents an urban forest, while the one in Toyota represents a rural forest.The two cities differ in area and population density, with Nagoya having a total area of 327 km2 and a population density of 6503 persons/km2 , and Toyota having 919 km2 and a population density of 426 persons/km2 .The Nagoya University Experiment Forest has urban characteristics, while the Toyota Experiment Forest has rural characteristics. 
Due to their geographic proximity, the solar climates are considered similar, and any differences are thought to result from factors related to urbanization.
Both forests were similar in age, approximately 70-80 years, with the evergreen coniferous red pine ( Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.) being the dominant species.The red pine population gradually declined due to Pinus densiflora.After the pine disease, natural vegetation recovered. Over the past approximately 35-40 years, the red pine has been gradually replaced by the deciduous broadleaf oak ( Quercus serrata Murray ), which has become the dominant species.The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102223
title: JapanFlux2024 RU-Tur Tura

description: The observation site was established to observe the carbon budget and carbon cycle in a deciduous coniferous forest (larch forest) ecosystem spreading across Northeast Asia. 
Larch forests are established on permafrost over eastern and central Siberia. Larch forests on permafrost, which can only be found in this region of the earth, are widespread.
The larch forest ecosystem is spreading, which can only be found in this region of the earth.
The eddy covariance system was used to measure the sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 turbulent fluxes at a point about 13 m above the forest canopy at the tower.
General meteorological observations were made continuously at an open field in an urban area 25 km away from the tower.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102233
title: JapanFlux2024 ID-Pag Palangkaraya Undrained Forest

description: The study was conducted in tropical peatlands in the upper catchment of the Sebangau River near Palangkaraya, the capital city of Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia. In Central Kalimantan, a large peatland area was deforested and drained during the late 1990s, mainly to develop farmlands according to a national project: the Mega Rice Project (MRP). The site had been logged selectively until the late 1990s, so that it is an almost secondary forest. However, it was designated a National Park in 2006 and retains a relatively intact forest.Rich shrubbery grows in the understory.
The soil surface was covered with thick tree debris, mainly comprising leaf litter. Few herbaceous plants existed on the soil surface. The forest floor was uneven with hummocks and hollows. Hummocks, which are formed on dense tree roots, are surrounded by hollows.Hummocks, which are formed on dense tree roots, are surrounded by hollows. Hollows are networks of open soil surfaces between hummocks. Hummock surfaces are typically 20-30 cm higher than hollow surfaces. The peat depth was 2-3 m. A 35m high tower was built in 2004 for flux measurement. Fetch for the flux measurement was longer than 1 km in all directions.The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102244
title: JapanFlux2024 CN-In4 Inner Mongolia maize

description: Maize was normally cultivated at irrigated fields.The irrigation was operated 2 or 4 times during the growing period depending on rainfall condition.The flooded irrigation method was used at the measurement field,so the field was almost flooded when the water was supplied.
After the supplying of the water,the water level over soil surface decreased gradually,then the ground surface appears a half day after the water supply.The measurements were carried out under the dry soil condition before the water supply on 15 June 1994 and under the wet soil condition after the irrigation on 17 June 1994,in order to investigate the change of micrometeorology by irrigation.The canopy height was 0.4m.The measurement site was located 2.6km west from Yaoledianz village and the area extended more than1.2ha (800m from north to south and at least 1500m from east to west).This field was surrounded by sandy land,which was sparse grassland or fixed dune.
The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the Heat balance Bowen ratio method and the Gradient method.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102220
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Ta2 Takayama evergreen coniferous forest site

description: The Takayama evergreen coniferous forest site is located approximately 13 km east of the Takayama City, in the central part of Japan's main island. This region belongs to a cool-temperate zone under the influence of the Asian monsoon climate. It is characterized by mild humid springs and autumns, hot humid summers, and cold snowy winters.Snow typically covers the ground from December to March/April. The study site is located at a mid-slope position in a valley and includes a 30 m tower and a 0.15 ha ecological research plot.The forest surrounding the tower mainly consists of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). This forest covers most of the 2 km2 area surrounding the study site; however, deciduous forest, croplands, a few houses, and roads are also present in patches, mainly from the northwestern to northeastern side. The fetch length from the tower varies with wind direction and ranges from 100 to 1000 m.
The evergreen conifers were planted between 1965 to1967. The understorey is sparsely covered by shrubs, herbs, and ferns. The soil parent material at the ecological research plot is a volcanic ash deposit, and the soil type is of the Dystric Cambisol type with a dominant soil texture of clay loam. In 2005, the forest stand density was 1,027 trees/ha, with 151 Japanese cedar and three Japanese cypress trees in the permanent ecological plot. In mid-December 2014, a moderate snow disturbance occurred. As a result, many trees were damaged by the heavy moist snow that covered the forest canopy.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102221
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Tak Takayama deciduous broadleaf forest site

description: The cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf secondary forest (TKY site) at the Takayama Experiment Site of the Center for Watershed Science, Gifu University, was established in 1993 as the core site of the Center for Watershed Science, Gifu University. It is located at an altitude of 1,420 m on the mountainside of Mt. Norikura in Takayama City, Gifu Prefecture, almost in the middle of the Japanese archipelago, and has a site area of about 5 ha.
It belongs to a cool-temperate zone, with distinct variations in temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation. There is snow from late November to April, with a maximum snow depth of 1 to 2 meters. The site is accessible by car, and it is very convenient for loading and unloading the various tools and equipment needed for research and surveys. The forest is a secondary deciduous broadleaf forest dominated by Japanese white birch, Japanese red birch, and Quercus crispula, with dense stands of Quercus crispula growing on the forest floor. The soils are black-brick soils with a dark and thick surface layer. The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024121027
title: JapanFlux2024 RU-USk Ulakhan Sykkhan Alas

description: To clarify the global changes, such as global warming and climatic anomalies, it is important to understand the characteristics of the basic meteorological elements and surface fluxes. The purpose of FORSGC-Eastern Siberian Taiga (Grass land site) Observation is to monitor these meteorological values and modeling of the phenomena through observational research. This observation was carried out during the Intensive Observation Period in 2000.In grassland, the Bowen ratio method was used to determine sensible and latent heat fluxes.(FORSGC: Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change)
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102247
title: JapanFlux2024 CN-In7 Inner Mongolia light grazing

description: We designed the field experiments to study the effects of the grazing strength on the degradation of grassland and to know the grazing capacity at the grassland in semi-arid area in Inner Mongolia.The experiments started in1991 autumn and continued to autumn in1995.
An experimental grazing section (260m X 200m in rectangular area) was established on the grassland (1.6km north-east from the Naiman Station),where the micro meteorological observation had been conducted in1991,as the site of typical grassland.
The experimental site was divided by barbwire fence to three 75m X 200m rectangular areas and one 35m X 200m area.
The longer side of the four rectangles was directed to north-south to obtain the maximum fetch for the prevailing wind direction (south) during the observation period.
Each of the four areas was treated by different grazing densities (different sheep numbers in each area) from May1992.
The grazing strength of the three 75m X 200m areas was set as 6, 4 and 2 sheep/ha,namely "Heavy grazing site", "Medium grazing site" and "Light grazing site", respectively.
In the Light grazing site,two sheep per hectare were grazed during the grazing period.
Grass condition was better than that of natural grassland.
The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the Heat balance Bowen ratio method and the Gradient method.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102213
title: JapanFlux2024 ID-PaB Palangkaraya Drained Burnt forest

description: The study was conducted in tropical peatlands in the upper catchment of the Sebangau River near Palangkaraya, the capital city of Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia. In Central Kalimantan, a large peatland area was deforested and drained during the late 1990s, mainly to develop farmlands according to a national project: the Mega Rice Project (MRP). 
The site was a swamp forest; however, it was burnt in 1997 and 2002, El Nino years, and vegetation and surface peat soil were lost. A small tower of 4.0 m height was built at a distance of about 200 m from the canal in April 2004, when fern plants were sparsely re-growing and the ground was studded with small pools. Fern (Stenochlaena, Blechnum, and Lygodium spp.) and sedge (Cyperus, Scleria and Eleocharis spp.) plants had grown up to 0.5 m and covered most part of the ground in June 2005.There were no hummocks on the ground, because of destruction by fires. The peat depth was about 4 m. Fetches were about 250, 300, 1000, and 1000 m, respectively, for the west, south, north, and east directions.The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102245
title: JapanFlux2024 CN-In5 Inner Mongolia no grazing

description: We designed the field experiments to study the effects of the grazing strength on the degradation of grassland and to know the grazing capacity at the grassland in semi-arid areas in Inner Mongolia. The experiments started in1991 autumn and continued to autumn in1995.
An experimental grazing section (260m X 200m in rectangular area) was established on the grassland (1.6km north-east from the Naiman Station), where the micro meteorological observation had been conducted in 1991, as the site of typical grassland.
The experimental site was divided by barbwire fence to three 75m X 200m rectangular areas and one 35m X 200m area.
The longer side of the four rectangles was directed to north-south to obtain the maximum fetch for the prevailing wind direction (south) during the observation period.
Each of the four areas was treated by different grazing densities (different sheep numbers in each area) from May 1992.
The grazing strength of the three 75m X 200m areas was set as 6, 4 and 2 sheep/ha,namely "Heavy grazing site","Medium grazing site" and "Light grazing site",respectively.
No sheep was stocked in the 35m X 200m rectangular area, that was named "No grazing site".
The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the Heat balance Bowen ratio method and the Gradient method.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102246
title: JapanFlux2024 CN-In6 Inner Mongolia heavy grazing

description: We designed the field experiments to study the effects of the grazing strength on the degradation of grassland and to know the grazing capacity at the grassland in semi-arid area in Inner Mongolia. The experiments started in 1991 autumn and continued to autumn in1995. An experimental grazing section (260m X 200m in rectangular area) was established on the grassland (1.6km north-east from the Naiman Station), where the micro meteorological observation had been conducted in 1991, as the site of typical grassland. The experimental site was divided by barbwire fence to three 75m X 200m rectangular areas and one 35m X 200m area. The longer side of the four rectangles was directed to north-south to obtain the maximum fetch for the prevailing wind direction (south) during the observation period. Each of the four areas was treated by different grazing densities (different sheep numbers in each area) from May 1992. The grazing strength of the three 75m X 200m areas was set as 6, 4 and 2 sheep/ha, namely "Heavy grazing site", "Medium grazing site" and "Light grazing site", respectively. In the Heavy grazing site, six sheep per hectare were grazed during the grazing period. The project was conducted from May to September in each year (1992-1994).
The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the Heat balance Bowen ratio method and the Gradient method.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102222
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Tmk Tomakomai Flux Research Site

description: Based on the joint project system with the Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, we have conducted observation projects in cooperation with Hokkaido University (Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere and Faculty of Agriculture), Hokkaido Government (Environmental Science Research Center), and other organizations, including the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, and other government experimental research institutes and universities. However, the tower collapsed due to Typhoon No. 18 in 2004, making it impossible to continue observations under the same conditions.
The typhoon in September 2004 caused large-scale windfall damage in forests throughout the province (area of damage: 37,000 ha in all). The Tomakomai observation site also suffered about 90% wind-damage and conventional observations can no longer continue. However, in order to elucidate the changes in the carbon budget and its mechanism during the vegetation recovery process, we are currently cooperating with Hokkaido University (Graduate School of Agriculture) on the basis of a joint project system with the Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, to continue observations of CO2, water vapor, and Energy flux observation has been continued. The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system. 
After the wind damage, winter observations were not conducted, but a tower was erected in 2012, and observations have been conducted year-round since 2013. The observation site before it was damaged by Typhoon No. 18 in 2004.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024072202
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-BBY Bibai bog

description: The study site was established at a cool temperate bog, Bibai Mire, in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The Bibai Mire is one of the remaining mires of the Ishikari Mire, which originally had an area of 55,000 ha but decreased to 119 ha after agricultural development. The Bibai Mire was a 22 ha conserved mire, but only 2 ha was preserved with the original bog vegetation intact. The site within the flux footprint was characterized as the original bog, where graminoids (Moliniopsis japonica), sedges (e.g., Carex omiana, Carex middendorffii, Rhynchospora alba, Rhynchospora fauriei, and Eriophorum vaginatum), and sparse woody plants (Vaccinium oxycoccos, Myrica gale, and Ilex crenata) were distributed among Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum papillosum). Since the site was on a well-developed bog, the vegetation was relatively homogeneous within the flux footprint. The thickness of peat was approximately 4 to 5 m, which began to accumulate on the alluvial plain approximately 2000 years ago. The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2, and CH4 were measured using an eddy covariance system installed at 2.3 m above the ground using pipe scaffolding.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024121030
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Tmd Tomakomai Flux Research Site Disturbed

description: Based on the joint project system with the Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, we have conducted observation projects in cooperation with Hokkaido University (Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere and Faculty of Agriculture), Hokkaido Government (Environmental Science Research Center), and other organizations, including the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, and other government experimental research institutes and universities. However, the tower collapsed due to Typhoon No. 18 in 2004, making it impossible to continue observations under the same conditions.
The typhoon in September 2004 caused large-scale windfall damage in forests throughout the province (area of damage: 37,000 ha in all). The Tomakomai observation site also suffered about 90% wind-damage and conventional observations can no longer continue. However, in order to elucidate the changes in the carbon budget and its mechanism during the vegetation recovery process, we are currently cooperating with Hokkaido University (Graduate School of Agriculture) on the basis of a joint project system with the Hokkaido Regional Forest Office, to continue observations of CO2, water vapor, and Energy flux observation has been continued. The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system. 
After the wind damage, winter observations were not conducted, but a tower was erected in 2012, and observations have been conducted year-round since 2013.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024121024
title: JapanFlux2024 TH-Mae Mae Moh plantation

description: The experiments were carried out in an even-aged teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) plantation located in the upper part of the Chao Phraya river basin, in Mae Mo district, Lampang Province, northern Thailand. Teak plantations have been widely established throughout the tropics, especially in Indochina and India, due to their high market value-a trend that is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. A case in point is Thailand, where significant decreases in forest area were documented until the 1980s. Forest rehabilitation and plantation have since been vigorously promoted, resulting in the establishment of large-scale teak plantations by the Forest Industry Organization, one of which is used here as a case study.The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102202
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Fjy Fujiyoshida forest meteorology research site

description: Fujiyoshida forest meteorology research site is located in Fujiyoshida city, Yamanashi Pref. which is on Kenmarubi lava flow in Mt. Fuji. The dominant species is red pine and there are also mixed evergreen and deciduous broadlef trees such as holly and azalea. Because of its high altitude (1000m), the climate is relatively cold for its latitude and snowdepth reaches up to 0.5m in winter. Soil is poorly developed due to underneath volcanic lava, land surafce is covered with a very thin layer of liter and its decomposing materials. We are measureing CO2 and energy balance in this red pine forest.The turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2 were measured using the eddy covariance system.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024121003
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Fmt Field Museum Tama Hills

description: CO2 and H2O flux observation is conducted from 2013 at Field Museum Tamakyuryo (FM Tama) of the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, which is located in a western suburb of Tokyo. FM Tama has a forest on hilly terrain that is near a residential area. For flux measurements, a 30-m-high walk-up tower was established on the floor (168 m asl) of a forest with a canopy height of about 20 m. The top of the tower was the highest position in the immediate area. Immediately south of the tower, the surface of the forest canopy was relatively uniform, with a slope of approximately 8 degree; however, the surface was complex in other directions. Deciduous trees (Quercus) were dominant around the tower, and Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria) was lightly distributed.
DOI: 10.17592/001.2024102228
title: JapanFlux2024 JP-Hc3 Hachihama Experimental Farm: Double Crop

description: Paddy fields are a characteristic agricultural crop in Asia, accounting for 54% of the total arable land area in Japan.The carbon budget of paddy ecosystems is greatly influenced by irrigation water management, compost application, tillage, and post-harvest residue disposal.Among them, irrigation water management is a unique cultivation management for paddy fields, and decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic soil conditions promotes CH4 production.In addition, Asian paddy fields are characterized by mono-cropping (one crop per year) and double cropping (wheat and rapeseed as a back crop),The differences in cropping systems also contribute to the carbon budget.Differences in cropping systems also have a significant impact on the carbon budget.We observed sensible heat, latent heat and CO2 fluxes in a barley-paddy rice double cropping system using the eddy correlation method.The observation was conducted in a privately owned barley-paddy rice double cropping field in Tamano City, Okayama Prefecture.It is 1.5 km away from Hachihama Farm, which is affiliated with the Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, in a straight line.The measurements were conducted when the principal investigator belonged to Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University.