DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sqv9s4n98
title: Data for: Linking vertical movements of large pelagic predators with distribution patterns of biomass in the open ocean

description: Many predator species make regular excursions from near-surface waters to
 the twilight (200-1,000 m) and midnight (1,000-3,000 m) zones of the deep
 pelagic ocean. While the occurrence of significant vertical movements into
 the deep ocean has evolved independently across taxonomic groups, the
 functional role(s) and ecological significance of these movements remain
 poorly understood. Here, we integrate results from satellite tagging
 efforts with model-predictions of deep prey layers in the North Atlantic
 Ocean to determine if prey distributions are correlated with vertical
 habitat use across 12 species of predators. Using 3D movement data for 344
 individuals that traversed nearly 1.5 million km of pelagic ocean in
 &gt;42,000 days, we found that nearly every tagged predator frequented
 the twilight zone and many made regular trips to the midnight zone. Using
 a predictive model, we found clear alignment of predator depth use with
 the expected location of deep pelagic prey for at least half of the
 predator species. We compared high-resolution predator data with shipboard
 acoustics and selected representative matches that highlight the
 opportunities and challenges in the analysis and synthesis of these data.
 While not all observed behavior was consistent with estimated prey
 availability at depth, our results suggest that deep pelagic biomass
 likely has high ecological value for a suite of commercially important
 predators in the open ocean. Careful consideration of the disruption to
 ecosystem services provided by pelagic food webs is needed before the
 potential costs and benefits of proceeding with extractive activities in
 the deep ocean can be evaluated.
description: # Data for Linking vertical movements of large pelagic predators with
 distribution patterns of biomass in the open ocean *** Reference
 Information === Provenance for this README --- * Authors: Camrin D. Braun
 * Other contributors: see manuscript citation below for all contributing
 authors * Date created: 2023-10-16 * Date modified: 2023-10-16 Dataset
 Version and Release History --- * Current Version: * Number: 1.0.0 * Date:
 2023-2023-10-16 * Persistent identifier:
 https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sqv9s4n98 * Summary of changes: n/a *
 Embargo Provenance: n/a * Scope of embargo: n/a * Embargo period: n/a
 Dataset Attribution and Usage --- * Dataset Title: Data for "Linking
 vertical movements of large pelagic predators with distribution patterns
 of biomass in the open ocean" * Persistent Identifier:
 https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sqv9s4n98 * Dataset Contributors: *
 Creators: Camrin D. Braun * Date of Issue: 2023-10-16 * Publisher: Woods
 Hole Oceanographic Institution * License: Use of these data is covered by
 the MIT access license * Title: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) *
 Specification: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/; the
 authors respectfully request to be contacted by researchers interested in
 the re-use of these data so that the possibility of collaboration can be
 discussed. * Suggested Citations: * Dataset citation: &gt; Braun, C.
 D., Della Penna, A., Arostegui, M. C., Afonso, P., Berumen, M. L., Block,
 B., Brown, C., Fontes, J., Furtado, M., Gallagher, A., Gaube, P., Golet,
 W., Kneebone, J., Macena, B., Mucientes, G., Orbesen, E., Queiroz, N.,
 Shea, B., Schratweiser, J., Sims, D. W., Skomal, G. B., Snodgrass, D.
 & Thorrold, S. R. Data for: Linking vertical movements of large
 pelagic predators with distribution patterns of biomass in the open ocean.
 Dryad. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sqv9s4n98. * Corresponding
 publication: &gt; Braun, C. D., Della Penna, A., Arostegui, M. C.,
 Afonso, P., Berumen, M. L., Block, B., Brown, C., Fontes, J., Furtado, M.,
 Gallagher, A., Gaube, P., Golet, W., Kneebone, J., Macena, B., Mucientes,
 G., Orbesen, E., Queiroz, N., Shea, B., Schratweiser, J., Sims, D. W.,
 Skomal, G. B., Snodgrass, D. & Thorrold, S. R. In press. Linking
 vertical movements of large pelagic predators with distribution patterns
 of biomass in the open ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of
 Sciences. Accepted. DOI: xxx &lt; article DOI will be added when it is
 assigned &gt; Contact Information --- * Name: Camrin D. Braun *
 Affiliations: Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution *
 ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9317-9489 * Email: cbraun@whoi.edu
 *** Methodological Information === Methods of data collection/generation:
 We analyzed data from 344 deployments of pop-up satellite archival
 transmitting (PSAT) tags on 12 species of teleost and elasmobranch
 predators in the North Atlantic, including sharks (white, *Carcharodon
 carcharias*, n=24; basking, *Cetorhinus maximus*, n=38; tiger, *Galeocerdo
 cuvier*, n=10; shortfin mako, *Isurus oxyrinchus*, n=19; porbeagle, *Lamna
 nasus*, n=17; blue, *Prionace glauca*, n=41; and whale, *Rhincodon typus*,
 n=11), rays (Chilean devil ray, *Mobula tarapacana*, n=16), tunas (Bigeye
 tuna, *Thunnus obesus*, n=16; Yellowfin tuna, *Thunnus albacares*, n=86)
 and billfish (blue marlin, *Makaira nigricans*, n=48; swordfish, *Xiphias
 gladius*, n=18). These tags collect data on vertical movements and light
 levels that can be used to estimate the position of tagged individuals. A
 subset of individuals tagged with PSATs were also equipped with
 satellite-linked location-only tags (n=25) which were used to provide
 spatial movement information. For most individuals (n=319), we used a
 combination of state-space modeling approaches to estimate daily locations
 and associated uncertainty for each tag based on sunrise and sunset times
 and environmental measurements. All vertical data was filtered to only
 include those periods in which the tracking data indicated the tagged
 individual was in water at least 2,000 m deep. See manuscript and
 associated Supplemental Information for complete details. *** Data and
 File Overview === This repository contains the data and code for Braun et
 al. Linking vertical movements of large pelagic predators with
 distribution patterns of biomass in the open ocean published in PNAS. It
 includes the derived vertical habitat use metrics presented in the
 manuscript, including the model training data. ## Description of the data
 and file structure * all\_mmd.csv This is the summarized, species-specific
 maximum daily depth (in meters) as shown in Figure 1 and S1 in the
 manuscript. * all\_meso200.csv This is the summarized, species-specific
 daily time in the mesopelagic (expressed as % of daily time) as shown in
 Figures 2 and S2 in the manuscript. * hgam\_data.csv This is the model
 training and prediction data and variables as shown in Figure 3 and
 described in detail in the Methods section. *** Data File Details ===
 Details for: all\_mmd.csv --- * Description: a comma-delimited file
 containing the summary of maximum daily depth (in meters) for each grid
 cell. For full detail on the variables listed below, including source,
 resolution and other details, please see the manuscript. * Format(s): .csv
 * Size(s): 56 KB * Dimensions: 1920 rows by 4 columns * Variables: *
 value: maximum daily depth (in meters) for each grid cell * longitude:
 longitude coordinates in degrees east * latitude: latitude coordinates in
 degrees north * species: species scientific name * Missing data codes:
 none Details for: all\_meso200.csv --- * Description: a comma-delimited
 file containing the summary of time (as percentage) in the mesopelagic for
 each grid cell. For full detail on the variables listed below, including
 source, resolution and other details, please see the manuscript. *
 Format(s): .csv * Size(s): 37 KB * Dimensions: 1170 rows by 4 columns *
 Variables: * value: median daily time per grid cell spent in the
 mesopelagic, expressed as percentage of day * longitude: longitude
 coordinates in degrees east * latitude: latitude coordinates in degrees
 north * species: species scientific name * Missing data codes: none ##
 Details for: hgam\_data.csv * Description: a comma-delimited file
 containing the observed and model-predicted q95 of daily dive depths and
 the two dependent variables used in the hierarchical generalized additive
 models (HGAMs). For full detail on the variables listed below, including
 source, resolution and other details, please see the manuscript. *
 Format(s): .csv * Size(s): 500 KB * Dimensions: 6967 rows by 5 columns *
 Variables: * species: species scientific name * geoMeanDSL: geometric mean
 of the model-predicted deep scattering layer depth derived from the 3
 published DSL models as described in the manuscript * deltaT220.0:
 temperature difference between 220m depth and 0m depth as extracted from
 the GLORYS oceanographic model * observedQ95: daily observed 95th
 percentile of the daytime depth distribution for each tagged individual
 (in meters) * predictedQ95: daily HGAM model-predicted 95th percentile of
 the daytime depth distribution for each tagged individual (in meters) *
 Missing data codes: none *** # Additional Dataset Metadata ##
 Acknowledgements * Funding sources: We thank J. Collins for discussions
 about the marine carbon cycle, A. Chase for help with optical
 oceanography, L. Gallagher (Fishpics) who created the species art and a
 number of individuals who contributed to fieldwork. This work was funded
 in part by: The Coastal Research Fund in Support of Scientific Staff and
 the Investment in Science Fund at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 (to CDB), the WHOI President's Innovation Fund and Postdoctoral
 Scholar Program at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with funding
 provided by the Dr. George D. Grice Postdoctoral Scholarship Fund (to
 MCA), UK Natural Environment Research Council (to DWS), the European
 Research Council (to DWS), a Marine Biological Association Senior Research
 Fellowship (to DWS) and the King Abdullah University of Science and
 Technology (baseline research funds to MLB). BCLM was supported by the
 projects IslandShark (PTDC/BIA-BMA/32204/2017), AEROS-Az
 (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000131), MEESO (EU H2020-LC-BG-03-2018), and Mission
 Atlantic (H2020-LC-BG-08-2018-862428). This work was part of the Woods
 Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Twilight Zone Project, funded as
 part of the Audacious Project housed at TED. *** #