cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1145
title: Speed of sound and dielectric constant measurements for a mixture of HFO-1123 and R-32 in the gas phase.

description: Speed of sound and dielectric constant in the gas phase were simultaneously measured for a mixture of HFO-1123 and R-32 by using a cylindrical acoustic-microwave resonator. Speed of sound was determined from a measurement of an acoustic resonant frequency in the sample gas filled resonator. Similarly, dielectric constant was determined from a measurement of a microwave resonant frequency.
The mixture sample of HFO-1123 and R-32 was composed of 40/60 mass fraction, and speed of sound and dielectric constant measurements were carried out in a temperature range of (303 to 333) K and a pressure range of (200 to 1600) kPa.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1149
title: Atmospheric chemistry and environmental impact of CF3CF=CH2 (HFO-1234yf), E-CF3CH=CHF (1234ze(E)), CF3CF=CF2, (FO-1216), Z-CF3CH=CHCI (HCFO-1233zd(Z)), and E-CF3-CH=CHCI (HCFO-1233zd(E)).

description: Short-chain haloolefins (a.k.a. haloalkenes) are replacements for saturated halocarbons as refrigerants, blowingagents, and solvents. Haloolefins have one or more &gt;C=C&lt; double bonds and are reactive towards OH radicals in the atmosphere. We discuss the atmospheric lifetimes, photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs), global warming potentials (GWPs), ozone depletion potentials (ODPs), and atmospheric degradation products of commercially significant short-chain haloalkenes. CF3CF=CH2 (HFO-1234yf), E-CF3CH=CHF (1234ze(E)), CF3CF=CF2, (FO-1216), Z-CF3CH=CHCl (1233zd(Z)), and E-CF3-CH=CHCl (1233zd(E)) have short atmospheric lifetimes, negligible POCPs, negligible GWPs, negligible ODPs, and their atmospheric oxidation products are not expected to impact ecosystems. The title compounds have negligible impact on local air pollution and ecosystems, stratospheric ozone, and climate change and are environmentally acceptable.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1174
title: Influence of a leak on a liquid cooling chiller performances working with a non-azeotrope mix.

description: The F-Gas regulation (2014) requires gradual decrease of GWP for all refrigerants which allows the development of new blends placed on the market. Many of these blends have an important glide, which is propitious for a modification of the composition in the circuit (evaporator, condenser, leakage…).

The composition of circulating blend becomes a major parameter in the comprehension of results for any study. Thus, a non-intrusive method for composition measurement was developed. This method is based on online optical measurement with a Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer. After a careful calibration and setting up a statistical model based on sample spectra, the measurement of composition is nearly real time.

For this study, a chiller working with blend R-455A is used for a series of leakages and recharges, in parallel the performance and composition is measured between each step. For the R-455A in this set-up with direct expansion, the compositions and the performances stayed constant. Although the study is still in its beginning, the results obtained are encouraging.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1184
title: An experimental investigation on flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerants HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a in microchannels.

description: HFO-1234yf has similar thermodynamic properties to HFC-134a but much lower GWP value. It is expected as a good candidate to replace the refrigerant HFC-134a in the near future. However, only very few papers have been published in the past years regarding to the flow boiling heat transfer performance of this new refrigerant, but some of their results are still not in consistent with each other. This study provides an experimental measurement of flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerants HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a in a microchannel. The test results show that the flow boiling heat transfer performance depend on the fluid properties, flow conditions and flow patterns. The major controlling properties on heat transfer coefficients of flow boiling is strongly depending on their two-phase flow pattern at various flow conditions. The flow pattern analysis is able to explain the inconsistency between the test results in the previous published literatures on flow boiling heat transfer and pressure of refrigerants HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf adequately.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212tdc
title: CCDC 1879542: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Brian W. Skelton, Massimiliano Massi|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/24afap
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers_metadata.pdf
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/homtaw
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.shp.xml
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/kiq64v
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.sbn
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/wvfrky
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.sbx
DOI: 10.17632/k63jybdsh3.1
title: Data for: Knowledge-rich optimisation of prefabricated façades to support conceptual design

description: The data includes the database of materials and the Energy Plus file (.IDF) used for the optimisation presented in the journal paper "Knowledge-rich optimisation of prefabricated façades to support conceptual design". It also includes the raw output data (results from the optimisation).
DOI: 10.17632/r63wzsp4b6.1
title: Data for: Permeability anisotropy and geometrical properties of sealed-microfractures from micro-CT analyses: An open-source implementation.

description: See Readme file
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1116
title: An experimental and numerical study of refrigerant leaks in refrigerated transport containers.

description: While the use of flammable refrigerants is an active area of research within the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVACR) industry, limited work has been documented on their use for refrigerated transport applications. Hydrofluoro-olefin (HFO) refrigerants are currently under investigation and are expected to see expanded use when safety, efficiency, and reliability can be delivered. Recent industry work has identified the importance of understanding the fluid dynamics of refrigerant leak events in order to predict the flammability risks posed by flammable refrigerants. This paper describes the first steps towards a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based simulation framework to assess the risks of flammable refrigerant leaks in a marine refrigerated container. The paper details experimental testing of leakages under a range of scenarios and validation of a CFD model setup for leaks that occur when evaporator fans in the refrigeration unit are operating. Results are presented for spatial and temporal distributions of concentration within a sealed and unventilated container for experiments and simulations. The next steps of this work will replicate these steps of the framework for the more challenging scenarios in which fans are powered off.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1137
title: Stabler R-1233zd(E) for energy recovery applications.

description: Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (E-1233zd) is an unsaturated molecule with a very low GWP, which has a high potential as a refrigerant for low pressure chillers and energy recovery applications such as Organic Rankine Cycles or high temperature heat pumps. As a refrigerant for low pressure chillers, E-1233zd has shown positive attributes of high performance and low environmental impact, while maintaining the safety benefits of refrigerants commonly used today, by being non-flammable and having a low toxicity. However, E-1233zd was found to undergo geometric isomerization when heated, which could limit its use in energy recovery applications where the system could see sustained temperatures higher than 150°C. This paper will present the work done to understand the parameters impacting the kinetic of E-1233zd isomerization and will introduce the approaches taken to stabilize the molecule. The performance of E-1233zd in energy recovery applications will also be discussed.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1150
title: Development, testing and evaluation of 2L refrigerants.

description: The development and subsequent proving of fitness for use of flammable refrigerants for applications that have traditionally used non-flammable working fluids are both complex tasks. The challenges associated with these include: development of acceptable performance characteristics; producing and gaining acceptance of robust safety assessment methodologies, and the need to help facilitate standard setting bodies in developing new working standards. Mexichem has undertaken these activities in several application areas, notably in development of alternatives to R-134a, and has accordingly developed expertise and knowledge of what needs be done. The paper will discuss this process and share some results of development and testing activities connected with 2L refrigerants for a range of applications.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1157
title: A visual representation of refrigerant characteristics: what do HFOs look like?

description: The selection of refrigerant for an application is a balance of competing properties and it can be difficult and confusing to choose between two alternatives that have very different properties. The introduction of HFOs, particularly lower flammability refrigerants, has made this comparison even more difficult by introducing some additional considerations. In this paper a wide range of refrigerants are considered and comparatively assessed, considering factors such as operating pressure and system efficiency alongside environmental effects and cost elements. The resulting ranking is then displayed as a polar chart to give a visual representation of the trade-off required between cost, ease of operation and environmental impact. The purpose of this work is to create an easy and effective way to communicate the challenges that face the refrigeration industry to nontechnical stakeholders including legislators, building owners, students and the general public.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1158
title: Risk assessment of industrial systems with A2L refrigerants.

description: This paper considers the similarities and differences between lower flammability fluorocarbons and ammonia when used in industrial refrigeration and heat pump systems and between commercial and industrial systems using lower flammability fluorocarbons. The implications for accurate and appropriate risk assessment in design of the industrial systems are investigated and guidelines for conducting the assessment are presented. A typical risk assessment for an industrial system is prepared, using a hypothetical plant as the benchmark and the implications for system configuration and plant layout are identified. The paper should be useful for owners, operators, notified bodies, consultants and contractors who are engaged in the design and construction of industrial facilities.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1167
title: Challenges and opportunities to design chillers using low and medium GWP fluids.

description: Among the possible refrigerants, low pressure fluids offer the best theoretical cycle efficiency. But because of high volumetric flow, current chiller designs must be completely revisited with such fluids; otherwise, the footprint of units can be huge, or (and) the potential fluid benefits can be wasted in penalties like high internal pressure losses etc. Low pressure fluids like R-11 and R-123 were used in the past, but new technologies were introduced since then like the extensive use of direct drive variable speed motors and falling film evaporators. It is not enough to just “recycle” platforms formerly used for low pressure fluids, or to change fluid in state of the art products using higher pressure fluids. This paper presents challenges, opportunities and trade-offs in the choice between various categories of fluids for chillers.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1173
title: Optimal volume ratio of two stage rotary compressor using R32/R1234ze(E) mixtures.

description: Refrigerant mixtures are commonly regarded as potential substitutes because rare pure refrigerants can totally meet all the requirements of environment, thermodynamic performance and safety. Meanwhile, as an effective means, two-stage compression system is widely applied to improve the performance of heat pump under large pressure ratio. The volume ratio of high-pressure stage to the low-pressure stage is a critical parameter for performance, which is largely effected by refrigerants. In this paper, R32/R1234ze(E) mixtures are chosen as typical blend refrigerant to study the impact of concentration on the optimal volume ratio. The result indicates that the optimum volume ratio of mixtures is less than the pure composition which make up the mixtures.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1179
title: Two-phase heat transfer performance of ternary mixtures of HFOs and HFCs inside channels.

description: Some blends of low-GWP refrigerants have been developed to satisfy the demand for a wide range of working conditions and substitute R410A in air-conditioning applications and R404A in refrigeration applications. The present paper investigates the two-phase heat transfer performance of R455A (mixture of R1234yf, R32, CO2 at 75.5/21.5/3.0% by mass composition) and R452B (mixture of R32, R1234yf, R125 at 67.0/26.0/7.0% by mass composition). New experimental heat transfer coefficients obtained during convective condensation in 1 mm and 8 mm inner diameter channels have been compared with those of the pure components R1234yf and R32. This allows to analyze the heat transfer penalization due to the zeotrope of the mixture and to assess available predicting models for condensation. In order to fully characterize the performance of the two blends, the pressure drop during adiabatic two-phase flow are measured and compared to predicting models.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1187
title: Study on environmental and health effects of HFO refrigerants.

description: Here we present the findings of a study on HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins) conducted on behalf of the Norwegian Environment Agency. The study had three aims: firstly to identify the HFOs used, their associated emissions, atmospheric dispersion, degradation of HFOs and the deposition of degradation products. Secondly, to assess the environmental and human health impacts associated with HFOs and their degradation products. Finally, a risk assessment was performed to assess how the future use of HFOs and their subsequent emissions would affect the environment globally up to 2100. A systematic review of the literature alongside consultation identified a number of knowledge gaps which need to be addressed to conclude whether HFOs and their degradation products, namely TFA (trifluoroacetic acid), will have negligible effect on the environment and human health. The risk assessment performed indicated the toxicity risk of TFA to organisms and human health appears to be low.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/fzuqdm/crmvz5
title: Economics_2016-9.pdf
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/gun14t
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.shx
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/jijyu8
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.shp
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/wdpc8q
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.cpg
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/y2o8cp
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.prj
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/itmmcb/yyj4ue
title: LV_HydroSHEDS_rivers.dbf
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/l8ylcj/4pzah1
title: Morgan_Kelly_Latin American Redistribution Attitudes_Supplemental Analysis.do
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/l8ylcj/rqwurj
title: Morgan_Kelly data.tab
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1103
title: Refrigerants with low environmental impact for refrigeration systems.

description: Refrigerants with high global warming potential (GWP), such as R404A, have been used in a wide range of refrigeration applications, but were subject to regulations and mandatory bans in several countries in the last few years. This paper presents several options to significantly reduce the environmental impact in both existing and new commercial refrigeration applications, while improving the energy efficiency.

As the leading option for retrofitting R404A in existing systems R448A is presented in a supermarket refrigeration system retrofit case study. This field evaluation showed energy savings with R448A of 9-20% depending on the ambient temperature while maintaining the operational requirements. Compressor discharge temperatures remained within manufacturer specifications and no mitigation measures were needed.

For new refrigeration systems a concept design is introduced using hermetic self-contained units to provide refrigeration at low temperature levels with R1234yf and medium temperature levels with the nonflammable blend R515A. The environmental impact of this new concept is compared with other system architectures. The R515A /R1234yf system shows up to 27% lower total emissions and up to 30% higher energy efficiency than a transcritical R744 system.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1107
title: Experimental study on diffusion absorption refrigeration cycle using low GWP refrigerants.

description: Compared to the conventional absorption refrigeration systems, diffusion absorption refrigeration (DAR) system consists of three components of the working fluids: refrigerant, absorbent, and auxiliary gas. In general, the DAR uses ammonia and water as the working fluids. However, ammonia is flammable, explosive, toxic, and d by high pressure gas safety management act. The main objective of this study is to select a low GWP refrigerant, its pair absorbent and auxiliary gas by experimental investigation. During the experiments, types of the refrigerant-absorbent pair, concentration of the refrigerant, pressure, and temperature are considered as the key parameters to obtain the maximum coefficient of performance (COP) and a low evaporation temperature. The optimum conditions for the key parameters were determined by experiments. It was found that R1234ze(E) gave the best COP with the evaporation temperature of -12.2 oC.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1111
title: Experiences with next generation low GWP refrigerants in screw chillers.

description: This paper provides design and application experiences with new olefin-based refrigerants R513A, R516A, and R1234ze(E) in screw compressor-based chillers. R513A and R516A are near design compatible options with slightly lower thermodynamic efficiency than R134a. R1234ze(E) has similar thermodynamic efficiency compared to R134a, however, it requires a significant increase in compressor displacement. Both R516A and R1234ze(E) are ASHRAE Standard 34 and ISO-817 Class 2L flammable refrigerants with global warming potentials (GWP) less than 150 (based on 100-year time horizon). R513A is a nonflammable refrigerant (Class A1) with a GWP less than 600. Reliability indicators such as material compatibility, lubricant compatibility, and chemical stability have been demonstrated to be favorable for all refrigerants evaluated and results comparing these indicators to R134a are presented here. The paper also reviews the thermodynamic cycle performance and heat transfer characteristics of these refrigerants in comparison to R134a.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1114
title: Lubrication and lubricant development considerations for low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants.

description: As the industry transitions to lower GWP refrigerants, and in some cases while simultaneously changing product designs and/or their application space, opportunities exist to re-evaluate whether conventional processes still represent best practice for understanding fluid and equipment interactions, and whether conventional lubricants are optimized to meet these new challenges. In this paper, we will take a fresh look at the interactions of new refrigerant and lubricant chemistries with equipment and their operating maps, and propose challenges to the status quo. We will also discuss considerations and case studies to optimize the performance, reliability, and development speed of HVACR equipment applied with low GWP refrigerants.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1121
title: Theoretical model for calculating HFO based refrigerant performance in simple flooded evaporator systems.

description: Over the last 30 years regulations have been implemented globally focusing on the environmental impact of refrigerants and equipment. Throughout the transition from CFCs to HFCs, and now the need to change again to HFOs, there has been one type of equipment design that has always been seen as a problem and often the last to be retrofitted or replaced, the flooded evaporator system.

Flooded evaporator systems are often bespoke designs making a retrofit option financially more attractive. Often the replacement offered for the incumbent refrigerant (which typically has no or very low temperature glide) was primarily for the direct expansion market and has a significant temperature glide which potentially introduces additional complications and performance issues.

This paper is an initial step into producing a model to predict performance when using low GWP HFO based blends to replace HFCs in simple designs of three types of flooded evaporator systems, i.e. liquid overfeed system, pumped circulation system and simple shell and tube flooded evaporator system.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1127
title: Performance evaluation of HFO-1234yf as a substitute for R-134a in a household freezer/refrigerator.

description: The performance of HFO-1234yf as a substitute for R-134a was evaluated in a household freezer/refrigerator. A series of 'Refrigerant Charging Test', 'Pull-down Test', 'Cooling Speed Test' and 'Energy Consumption Test' were carried out under AHAM (Association of Home Appliance Manufacturer) standard. The results of drop-in test using two capillary tubes were compared with those of R-134a. During the test, capillary tube was considered as the key parameter to increase the speed of decrease in the compartment temperature. The results show that HFO-1234yf is as good as R-134a in a freezer/refrigerator performance but the diameter of capillary tube should be changed to sustain the performance. A larger diameter capillary tube was suggested to keep the cooling speed similar to that of
R-134a.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1133
title: Development of the equation of state for HFCO-1224yd(Z): detailed and extensive evaluation of the current equation and outlook for a new equation.

description: The first fundamental equation of state for HCFO-1224yd(Z) was published in 2017. This equation shows reasonable accuracies in the density and vapor pressure at moderate temperatures and pressures. In addition, this equation is designed to exhibit physically correct behavior in extrapolated regions. At high temperatures and pressures, however, uncertainties in calculated properties would be higher, because at this time available experimental data are limited to restricted ranges. This paper demonstrates comparisons of the current equation to some available experimental data and evaluates behavior of the equation in the extrapolated regions.