DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c59zw3rnq
title: On-farm agrivoltaic impacts on main crop yield: the roles of shade avoidance, cultivation practices, and varieties

description: Agrivoltaic systems, which integrate agricultural production with
 photovoltaic energy generation on the same land, have garnered increasing
 attention for their dual-use potential. Despite the potential, few studies
 have addressed the variability in yield responses of major staple crops in
 agrivoltaic systems and morphological and physiological traits underlying
 this variability. This study investigated the yield performances and shade
 avoidance responses of three key staple crops in Asia, namely rice,
 soybean, and sweet potato, and five cultivars of sweet potato in
 agrivoltaic systems. We also assessed the influence of cultivation
 management practices, such as cultivar selection, weed control, and
 micronutrient fertilization, using organically grown sweet potato as a
 case study. Field experiments for rice, soybean, and sweet potato were
 conducted in 2024, while organic sweet potato experiments were carried out
 in 2023–2024; in 2023, four cultivars and three weed control timings were
 tested; in 2024, five cultivars and micronutrient fertilization treatments
 were evaluated. The data are the results of all the field experiments
 analyzed in the paper and microclimate data collected by sensors in the
 study sites. The file names of data correspond to Table S1 and details of
 the statistical analysis using this data set can be found in Table S2.
description: # On-farm agrivoltaic impacts on main crop yield: the roles of shade
 avoidance, cultivation practices, and varieties We have submitted our raw
 experimental results and  microclimate data from the study sites. ##
 **File Overview** * "rice.csv", "soybean.csv",
 "conventional_sweetpotato.csv",
 "organic_sweetpotato2023.csv", and 
 "organic_sweetpotato2024.csv" are the results of rice, soybean,
 conventional sweet potato, and organic sweet potato (2023 and 2024)
 experiments in agrivoltaic system (AVS) and control fields, respectively.
 * "microclimate_rice_AVS.csv" and
 "microclimate_soybean_AVS.csv" are the microclimate data of rice
 and soybean agrivoltaic system (AVS) fields, respectively. *
 "microclimate_rice_control.csv" and
 "microclimate_soybean_control.csv" are the microclimate data
 of rice and soybean control fields, respectively. *
 "microclimate_water_rice_AVS.csv" and
 "microclimate_water_rice_control.csv" are the water-related
 microclimate data of rice  agrivoltaic system (AVS) and control fields,
 respectively. * "microclimate_sweet_potato_31%shading.csv" and
 "microclimate_sweet_potato_49%shading.csv" are the microclimate
 data of conventional sweet potato agrivoltaic system (AVS) fields with 31%
 and 49% shading, respectively. *
 "microclimate_sweet_potato_control.csv" is the microclimate data
 of the conventional sweet potato control field. ## Description of the data
 and file structure The "data.zip" file includes the results of
 all the field experiments analyzed in the paper and microclimate data
 collected by sensors in the study sites. The filenames of the data
 correspond to Table S1 and details of the statistical analysis using this
 dataset can be found in Table S2 of the paper. "rice.csv",
 "soybean.csv", "conventional_sweetpotato.csv",
 "organic_sweetpotato2023.csv", and 
 "organic_sweetpotato2024.csv" are the results of rice, soybean,
 conventional sweet potato, and organic sweet potato in 2023 and 2024
 experiments, respectively. **rice.csv**  * plot: Identification number of
 the sampling plot * panel: Plots are in the control without photovoltaic
 panels (Control) or under an agrivoltaic system (AVS) * id: Identification
 number of the plant within the plot * height (cm): Stem height of plants
 (cm) * aboveground_biomass: Weight of aboveground biomass  (g) *  panicle
 (m^-2^): Number of panicles per square meter * spikelets (panicle ^-1^):
 Number of spikelets per panicle * filled_grain (%): Percentage of filled
 grain per total grains (%) * 1000-grain weight: Weight of 1000 grains (g)
 * yield (kg/10a): Grain yield (kg/10a) * crude_protein_content: Weight of
 crude protein content per total grain weight (g/100g) * null: not
 applicable data **soybean.csv** * plot: Identification number of the
 sampling plot * treatment: Plots are in the control without photovoltaic
 panels (Control) or under an agrivoltaic system (AVS) * location: Plots
 are in the south or north of the field * ridge:  Identification number of
 the ridge * aboveground_biomass: Weight of aboveground biomass  (g) *
 100seed_weight: Weight of 100 seeds (g) * yield : Seed yield (kg/10a) *
 height : Stem height of plants (cm) * diameter_main_stem: Diameter of the
 main stem (cm) * number_branch: Number of branches * Node_per_plant:
 Number of nodes per plant * pod_per_plant: Number of pods per plant *
 seed_per_plant: Number of seeds per plant * filled_pod (%): Percentage of
 filled pods per total pods (%) * protein_content: Weight of crude protein
 content per total seed weight (g/100g) * fat_content: Weight of fat
 content per total seed weight (g/100g) * sugar_content: Weight of sugar
 content per total seed weight (g/100g) **conventional_sweetpotato.csv** *
 Days after planting: Days after planting (days) * shading: Shading rate in
 the field (%). 0% is the control field without photovoltaic panels. *
 ridge: Identification number of ridge * Vine length: Length of vine (cm) *
 Number of branch: Number of branches  * Underground weight: Weight of the
 underground part of the sweet potato (g) * Number of tube: Number of
 tubers * T/R ratio: Top to root ratio * Aboveground weight: Weight of the
 aboveground part of the sweet potato (g) * Tuber weight: Weight of tubers
 per plant (g) **organic_sweetpotato2023.csv** * Treatment: Plots are in
 the control without photovoltaic panels (Control) or under an agrivoltaic
 system (AVS) * Ridge: Identification of the ridge * Variety: Variety of
 sweet potato * Weeding: Three weed control timings in 30 cm on each side
 of the rows. '25%' refers to the first weeding conducted when
 weeds covered 25% of the side. '50%' shows that the first
 weeding was performed after weeds covered 50% of the side, while
 '100%' denotes that the first weeding was carried out after
 weeds covered 100% of the side. * Vine length: Length of vine (cm) *
 Number of branch: Number of branches  * Aboveground weight: Weight of the
 aboveground part of the sweet potato (g) * Tuber weight: Weight of tubers
 per plant (g) * Underground weight: Weight of the underground part of the
 sweet potato (g) * Number of tube: Number of tubers * T/R ratio: Top to
 root ratio * null: not applicable data **organic_sweetpotato2024.csv** *
 Treatment: Plots are in the control without photovoltaic panels (Control)
 or under an agrivoltaic system (AVS) * Ridge: Identification number of the
 ridge * Plot: Identification number of the sampling plot * variety:
 Variety of sweet potato * Fertilizer: Organic fertilizers were applied
 ('Treated') or not applied ('Untreated') * Vine
 length: Length of vine (cm) * Number of branch: Number of branches  *
 Aboveground weight: Weight of the aboveground part of the sweet potato (g)
 * Tuber weight: Weight of tubers per plant (g) * Underground weight:
 Weight of the underground part of the sweet potato (g) * Number of tube:
 Number of tubers * T/R ratio: Top to root ratio * null: not applicable
 data 
 
 "microclimate_rice_AVS.csv" and
 "microclimate_soybean_AVS.csv" are the microclimate data of rice
 and soybean agrivoltaic system (AVS) fields, respectively.
 "microclimate_rice_control.csv" and
 "microclimate_soybean_control.csv" are the microclimate data
 of rice and soybean control fields, respectively. The variables of these
 four data files are the same:
 **microclimate_rice_AVS.csv, microclimate_soybean_AVS.csv,
 microclimate_rice_control.csv, microclimate_soybean_control.csv** * Date:
 Date on which microclimate data was collected * Time: Time at which
 microclimate data was collected * Air temperature (℃): Measured air
 temperature (℃) * Humidity (%): Measured Humidity (%) * Luminosity (lx):
 Measured Luminosity (lx) * Precipitation per every 5 minutes (mm):
 Measured precipitation per every 5 minutes (mm) * Precipitation per every
 1 hour (mm): Measured precipitation per every 1 hour (mm) * Wind speed
 (m/s): Measured wind speed(m/s) * Wind direction: Measured wind direction
 * Air pressure (hPa): Measured air pressure (hPa)  
 
 "microclimate_water_rice_AVS.csv" and
 "microclimate_water_rice_control.csv" are the water-related
 microclimate data of rice  agrivoltaic system (AVS) and control fields,
 respectively. The variables of these two data files are the same:
 **microclimate_water_rice_AVS.csv, microclimate_water_rice_control.csv** *
 Date: Date on which microclimate data was collected * Time: Time at which
 microclimate data was collected * Water level (cm): Measured water level
 (cm) * Water temperature (℃): Measured water temperature (℃) 
 
 "microclimate_sweet_potato_31%shading.csv" and
 "microclimate_sweet_potato_49%shading.csv" are the microclimate
 data of conventional sweet potato agrivoltaic system (AVS) fields with 31%
 and 49% shading, respectively.
 "microclimate_sweet_potato_control.csv" is the microclimate data
 of the conventional sweet potato control field. The variables of these
 three data files are the same: **microclimate_sweet_potato_31%shading.csv,
 microclimate_sweet_potato_49%shading.csv,
 microclimate_sweet_potato_control.csv** * Year: Year in which microclimate
 data was collected * Month: Month in which microclimate data was collected
 * Day: Day on which microclimate data was collected * Date Time: Date on
 which microclimate data was collected * Temperature (℃): Measured air
 temperature (℃) * Soil temperature (℃): Measured soil temperature (℃) *
 Soil water content (%): Measured soil water content (%) * Luminosity (Lx):
 Measured luminosity in the air (Lx) * Electrical conductance: Measured
 electrical conductivity (mS/cm)