DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sbcc2fr5b
title: Data from: A phylogenetic study to assess the link between biome specialisation and diversification in swallowtail butterflies

description: The resource-use hypothesis, proposed by E.S. Vrba, states that habitat
 fragmentation caused by climatic oscillations would affect particularly
 biome specialists (species inhabiting only one biome), which might show
 higher speciation and extinction rates than biome generalists. If true,
 lineages would accumulate biome-specialist species. This effect would be
 particularly exacerbated for biomes located at the periphery of the global
 climatic conditions, namely, biomes that have high/low precipitation and
 high/low temperature such as rainforest (warm-humid), desert (warm-dry),
 steppe (cold-dry), and tundra (cold-humid). Here, we test these hypotheses
 in swallowtail butterflies, a clade with more than 570 species, covering
 all the continents but Antarctica, and all climatic conditions.
 Swallowtail butterflies are among the most studied insects, and they are a
 model group for evolutionary biology and ecology studies. Continental
 macroecological rules are normally tested using vertebrates, this means
 that there are fewer examples exploring terrestrial invertebrate patterns
 at global scale. Here, we compiled a large GIS database on swallowtail
 butterflies’ distribution maps and used the most complete time-calibrated
 phylogeny to quantify diversification rates. In this paper we aim to
 answer the following questions: 1) Are there more biome-specialists
 swallowtail butterflies than biome-generalists? 2) Is diversification rate
 related to biome specialisation? 3) If so, do swallowtail butterflies
 inhabiting extreme biomes show higher diversification rates? 4) What is
 the effect of species distribution area? Our results showed that
 swallowtail family presents a great number of biome specialists which
 showed substantially higher diversification rates compared to generalists.
 We also found that biome-specialists are unevenly distributed across
 biomes. Overall, our results are consistent with the resource-use
 hypothesis., species climatic niche and biome fragmentation as key factors
 promoting isolation.
description: The biomes inhabited by a
 species were determined by the overlap between the reported geographical
 distribution of each species and the biome map (Hernández Fernández,
 2001). Here, we consider a biome as inhabited by a species if it
 constitutes 15% or more of its geographical range. For the cases where the
 species overlapped isolated, small and distinct biome patches, we also
 recorded the presence of a species in a biome if the species is present in
 50% or more of that biome patch (Hernández Fernández, 2001). Further, for those species with presence in
 mountain environments, following Moreno-Bofarull et al. (2008) and Cantalapiedra
 et al. (2011), we considered the altitudinal vegetation belts (ETOPO2v2,
 NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, 2006), which were not included in
 Walter’s map, The overlap between species distribution ranges and biomes
 was calculated using ArcGIS software. These criteria allow to represent
 the adaptation capacity of species while maintaining their climatic
 specificity and, at the same time, allow us to compare our results with
 previous works using the same methodology (Hernández Fernández &
 Vrba, 2005; Moreno Bofarull et al., 2008; Cantalapiedra et al., 2011;
 Gómez Cano et al., 2013; Menéndez et al., 2021; Hernández Fernández et
 al., 2022). Then, we computed the Biomic Specialisation Index (BSI)
 defined by Hernández Fernández & Vrba (2005) as the number of
 inhabited biomes by a species. Biome-specialist species were defined as
 those occupying only one biome, with a BSI = 1 (Hernández Fernández & Vrba,
 2005). In turn, species
 with BSI &gt; 1 were considered as biome-generalists, differentiating
 between “semi-generalists” (1 &lt; BSI &lt; 5) and “extreme
 generalists” (BSI ≥ 5) (Hernández Fernández & Vrba,
 2005)
description: Sheet 1: Papilionide_Biomes contains information on the
 occupation (1) or non-occupation (0) of the biome for each of the 593
 species studied in each of the 10 biomes taken into account, as well as
 the total number of biomes occupied by each species.
 Sheet 2: BSI_phylogeny shows all species included in the
 phylogeny and their BSI values. Sheet 3: Taxonomic
 reconciliation. Supplementary Materials can be
 downloaded from Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6822578) Appendix S1: Systematic references and taxonomical reconciliation Appendix S2: Literature used for the biogeographical survey of all modern Papilionidae species Appendix S3: Supplementary tables and figures