cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110645112
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0314.103, Fort 0314.103

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0314.103 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impressions on left edge, reverse and upper edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage or cracks on on right edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643900
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110645101
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0314.103, Fort 0314.103

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0314.103 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impressions on left edge, reverse and upper edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage or cracks on on right edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643882
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643874
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110645057
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 039, PFAT 039

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal PFATS 0051 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 039, Bowman 039 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0051 on obverse, reverse, upper edge, bottom edge, flat edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage on round edge
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110645053
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 037, PFAT 037

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seals PFATS 0106s; PFATS 0105s ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 037, Bowman 37 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0106s flat edge; PFATS 0105s reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643869
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110645042
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 038, PFAT 038

description: [Text Description:] Administrative Text with seal PFS 1624s ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 038, Bowman 38 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription, incised inscription. Seal impression PFS 1624s reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643865
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643846
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643861
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0543.206, PFAnep 0543.206

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0543.206, PFUT 0543-206 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on bottom edge? left edge, obverse, upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracks on bottom edge, left edge, obverse, reverse, upper edge. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643843
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643858
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643836
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643852
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0543.206, PFAnep 0543.206

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0543.206, PFUT 0543-206 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on bottom edge? left edge, obverse, upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracks on bottom edge, left edge, obverse, reverse, upper edge. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643826
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0000.102, Fort 0000.102

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 0000.102 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracking and chipping throughout tablet.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643849
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0543.203, PFAnep 0543.203

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0543.203, PFUT 0543-203 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on bottom edge, left edge, obverse, upper edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc1sto1613672
title: InscriptiFact -- an image database of inscriptions and artifacts

description: The InscriptiFact Collection is designed to allow access via the Internet to high-resolution images of ancient inscriptions and artifacts, primarily from the Near Eastern and Mediterranean Worlds. The targeted inscriptions constitute some of the world’s earliest written records, which are mostly housed in a number of international museums and libraries, as well as field projects where inscriptions still remain in situ. Included, for example, are, selected Dead Sea Scrolls; cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia, Persia, Canaan and Egypt; early Jewish papyri from Egypt; lapidary inscriptions, primarily from Jordan, Lebanon and Cyprus; inscriptions on a variety of hard media (e.g., ostraca, copper, semi-precious stones, jar handles) mostly written in early Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, Ammonite and Edomite; and much more. These ancient texts are foundational documents that serve as a point of reference for Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the cultures out of which they emerged. The name "InscriptiFact" is intended to convey the concept of a scholarly archive based on "facts" about "inscriptions" and "artifacts." West Semitic Research Project (WSRP) under the auspices of the University of Southern California (USC) is broadly acknowledged as a leader in the application of photographic and digital technologies to capture and analyze data of ancient texts. The West Semitic Research image archive now contains approximately 1,500,000 images. Important! Search terms with more than one word or number need to be enclosed in quotation marks.Guide to Searching InscriptiFact
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110646976
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 1387.101, Fort 1387.101

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 1387.101 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage or cracks on all sides.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643784
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0534.201, PFAnep 0534.201

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0534.201, PFUT 0534-201 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on left edge, obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Some damage and cracks on obverse, reverse. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110646973
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 1387.101, Fort 1387.101

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 1387.101 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage or cracks on all sides.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110646967
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 1387.101, Fort 1387.101

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 1387.101 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage or cracks on all sides.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc1sto1613668
title: InscriptiFact -- an image database of inscriptions and artifacts

description: The InscriptiFact Collection is designed to allow access via the Internet to high-resolution images of ancient inscriptions and artifacts, primarily from the Near Eastern and Mediterranean Worlds. The targeted inscriptions constitute some of the world’s earliest written records, which are mostly housed in a number of international museums and libraries, as well as field projects where inscriptions still remain in situ. Included, for example, are, selected Dead Sea Scrolls; cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia, Persia, Canaan and Egypt; early Jewish papyri from Egypt; lapidary inscriptions, primarily from Jordan, Lebanon and Cyprus; inscriptions on a variety of hard media (e.g., ostraca, copper, semi-precious stones, jar handles) mostly written in early Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, Ammonite and Edomite; and much more. These ancient texts are foundational documents that serve as a point of reference for Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the cultures out of which they emerged. The name "InscriptiFact" is intended to convey the concept of a scholarly archive based on "facts" about "inscriptions" and "artifacts." West Semitic Research Project (WSRP) under the auspices of the University of Southern California (USC) is broadly acknowledged as a leader in the application of photographic and digital technologies to capture and analyze data of ancient texts. The West Semitic Research image archive now contains approximately 1,500,000 images. Important! Search terms with more than one word or number need to be enclosed in quotation marks.Guide to Searching InscriptiFact
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643768
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0534.202, PFAnep 0534.202

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0534.202, PFUT 0534-202 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on left edge, obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracks and gouge on left edge. Reverse has cracks and damaged corner. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110646964
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 1387.101, Fort 1387.101

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 1387.101 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage or cracks on all sides.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643767
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0534.202, PFAnep 0534.202

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0534.202, PFUT 0534-202 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on left edge, obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Cracks and gouge on left edge. Reverse has cracks and damaged corner. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110646906
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 1387.101, Fort 1387.101

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 1387.101 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage or cracks on all sides.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110642001
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0332.201, PFAnep 0332.201

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0332.201, PFUT 0332-201 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on left edge, obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Right side of tablet broken. Deposits on obverse. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110643764
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0532.204, PFAnep 0532.204

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0532.204, PFUT 0532-204 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on bottom edge, left edge, obverse, reverse, upper edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Part of upper edge broken. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110642832
title: PFAT 030 Upper Edge 1 PTM/RTI

description: [Digital Object Type Note:] Digital Image ❧ [Photograph Description:] PFAT 030 Upper Edge 1 PTM/RTI ❧ [Ancient Text Represented:] PFAT 030 ❧ [ISF Assigned Text Number:] ISF_TXT_01804 ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110641995
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0330A.201, PFAnep 0330A.201

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0330A.201, PFUT 0330A-201 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on left edge, obverse. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Right edge broken. Damage on bottom of obverse. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110641981
title: Persepolis Fortification Anepigraphic Tablet 0324.202, PFAnep 0324.202

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet with seals ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAnep 0324.202, PFUT 0324-202 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Text ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with seal impressions on bottom edge, left edge, obverse, upper edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Right edge of tablet broken. Damage and cracks on obverse, reverse. Right part of reverse missing. (Upper and bottom edges may be reversed)