DOI: 10.5061/dryad.95752p7
title: Data from: Spotting the pests of tomorrow - Sampling designs for detection of species associations with woody plants

description: Aim: Early warning against potentially harmful organisms of woody plant
 species can be achieved by sampling sentinel plants in exporting
 countries. However, it is unclear where sentinel plants can best be
 located, and how many samples are required and when and how often sampling
 optimally should take place for the adequate assessment of the
 biodiversity associated with the target plant species. We aimed to review
 spatial and temporal factors affecting associate biodiversity of single
 woody plant species and to develop guidance for the design of global
 biodiversity sampling studies. Location: Worldwide. Taxon: Insects and
 Fungi. Methods: Literature about factors affecting the diversity of
 insects and fungi in association with single plant species on global,
 regional, local and different temporal scales was reviewed. Case studies
 of insect and fungal diversity, primarily collected on single plant
 species, and the cost of collecting and analysing samples from locations
 around the world were analysed. Results: The review of the literature
 illustrated various factors affecting diversity, and the case studies
 allowed quantification of the relative impact of some spatial, temporal
 and financial aspects on captured biodiversity and, thus, illustrate the
 need to consider all possible factors that may affect the result of the
 sampling when deciding on a sampling design. Main conclusions: Our study
 illustrates the factors that should be considered when deciding on the
 location and timing of sampling for sentinel plants, which is important
 because of the trade-off between the number of samples and sampling
 locations needed to detect many of the species which may be potential
 pests, and the cost of (repeated) sampling in many locations. Decisions
 about the sampling design must be based on the objective of the sampling,
 but our recommendations apply irrespective of the targeted plant species
 or country.
description: Eschen et al Case study
 1Inter-annual and spatial
 patterns in insect diversity. Sheet one (All plots). The first four
 columns contain information about the sampling location name, the fifth
 the year of sampling and the remaining columns the number of individuals
 in each of 13 identified insect taxa. Sheet 2 (18-year continuous). The
 first four columns contain information about the sampling location name,
 the fifth the number of insect taxa found over eighteen years of sampling,
 the sixth column indicates the rate of increase in species number and the
 remaining seven columns contain data that characterise the plots, their
 geographic location and average climate.Eschen et al Case study
 2Intra-annual patterns in
 insect diversity. The first column identifies the insect trap, the second
 the date of collection. The remaining 21 columns contain the number of
 individuals of different identified taxa, counted on each trap per
 collection date.Eschen et al Case study
 3Spatial patterns in
 diversity of seed-borne fungi. Sheet 1 (Pinus.ponderosa): The first column
 identifies the seed lot, the second column the tree species (P. ponderosa
 only), the third the seed that was put on agar and the fourth column
 identifies the morphotype obtained from a seed. Sheet 2 (Eight species):
 The first three columns identify the tree species, seed lot and individual
 plated seeds. The remaining 188 columns indicate presence or absence (1 or
 0) of morphotypes obtained from a seed. The numbering of morphotypes in
 the different tree species does not correspond to the same morphotypes,
 i.e. Spp 1 in one tree species is not necessarily the same as in another
 tree species.Eschen et al Case study
 4Spatial and temporal
 patterns across and within regions, locations and years. The first two
 columns indicate the replicate of the dataset and the created subsample
 from each sampling location and occasion in each replicate. The next four
 columns indicate sampling year, geographic region, sampling week and
 collection site. The remaining 25 columns indicate the number of adults of
 each ladybird species found at each sampling location and
 date.Eschen et al Case study
 5Cost
 vs sampling effort. The first five columns indicate the country where
 samples were taken, whether the country is in Europe (1) or not (0), the
 number of sampling locations in the country, the total number of tree
 species sampled in the country and the average number of species per
 location. The remaining twelve columns contain estimated costs (in EUR) of
 various aspects of travel, sampling and detection or identification. “NA”
 indicates that no value was provided.