DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t1g1jwtf3
title: The metabolic costs of meiotic drive

description: Selfish genetic elements, such as meiotic drive genes, disrupt Mendel’s
 law of equal segregation by biasing their own transmission, often at a
 detriment to the rest of the genome. Metabolic costs of the X-linked
 sex-ratio (SR) meiotic drive were investigated in stalk-eyed flies
 (Teleopsis dalmanni). The experiments demonstrate that individuals with SR
 have reduced capacity for ATP synthesis. The disruption in mitochondrial
 function leads to compensation exhibited in increased basal metabolic rate
 and greater food consumption across a range of diets. The range of
 metabolic costs of drive was evident in males and females at a similar
 magnitude. The likely cause lies in the accumulation of deleterious
 mutations within the series of large inversions on the drive X chromosome,
 subject to low recombination and weak natural selection. In females, the
 drive chromosome had a dominant effect, with a single copy causing
 substantial metabolic compromise. There was little evidence of
 male-specific metabolic costs, nor evidence of greater effects of drive
 chromosomes on female metabolism. This suggests that direct metabolic
 costs from meiotic drive on spermatogenesis and from sexually antagonistic
 selection are relatively weak. Our results underscore the broad
 physiological impacts that selfish genetic elements have on host
 metabolism and fitness.
description: # The metabolic costs of meiotic drive --- Principal Investigator Contact
 Information Name: Andrew Pomiankowski Institution: UCL Email:
 [ucbhpom@ucl.ac.uk](mailto:ucbhpom@ucl.ac.uk) Name: Flo Camus Institution:
 UCL Email: [f.camus@ucl.ac.uk](mailto:f.camus@ucl.ac.uk) Dataset Overview
 Three experiments were carried out to compare metabolism in stalk-eyed
 flies (Teleopsis dalmanni), of both sexes, that carry wildtype or meiotic
 drive X chromosomes: (1) the **oroboros** dataset compares mitochondrial
 function through high-resolution respirometry, (2) the **maven** dataset
 compares whole-organism metabolic rate, (3) the **diet** dataset compares
 dietary consumption. We have submitted data from our three experiments: 1.
 High-resolution respirometry (**oroboros.csv**), 2. Whole organism
 metabolic rate (**maven2.csv**), 3. Diet consumption (**diet.csv**). ##
 Descriptions ### **1. High-Resolution Respirometry**\_Data A full
 description of the measurements made using high-resolution respirometry is
 available in the Supplementary Information of the paper. Thoracic tissue
 was extracted in buffer, and the homogenate was placed in an O2k
 fluorespirometer (Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria), to which
 various substrates were added and respiratory states measured. *
 *Genotype*: * male genotypes: ST (XST/Y) or SR (XSR/Y); * female
 genotypes: ST (XST/XST) or SR (XSR/XSR) * *sex*: male or female *
 *protein.conc*: mg/mL of protein * *N_L*: LEAK state * *N_P*: OXPHOS
 respiratory state sustained by Complex I * *Nc_P*: Cytochrome c state *
 *NG_P*: Glutamate state * *NGS_P*: Succinate state * *NGSGp_P*:
 Glycerophosphate state * *NGSGp_E*: Maximum uncoupled respiration *
 *SGp_E*: State after addition of Complex I inhibitor * *Gp_E*: State after
 addition of Complex II inhibitor * *CIV*: CIV activity * *ROX*: ROX
 corrected for baseline state * *CI*: Complex I activity * *RCR*: N_P/N_L
 ### **2. Whole-Organism Respirometry**\_Data Whole fly resting metabolic
 rate was measured using a MAVEn-FT (Multiple Animal Versatile Energetics
 Flow-Through System; Sable Systems International, USA). Individual flies
 were weighed and then placed into metabolic chambers coupled to an
 external CO? analyser (LICOR 850; LI-COR, USA). Fly activity was measured
 via the presence of 3 infrared beams below each chamber, recording
 movement every time the beams were broken. The system monitors 16
 individual chambers consecutively, with three or four measurements for
 each chamber, over a 3-hour cycle. * *chamber*: The MAVEn-FT has 16
 chambers, one was left vacant as a control * *chamber.rep*: Each chamber
 was measured 3-5 times (repeated measures) * *block*: 8 replicates of 15
 flies (sample size = 120) * *uniqueID*: unique fly identifier * *sex*:
 male or female * *Genotype*: * male genotypes: ST (XST/Y) or SR (XSR/Y); *
 female genotypes: ST (XST/XST) or SR (XSR/XSR) * *Genotype1*: * male
 genotypes: ST (XST/Y) or SR (XSR/Y); * female genotypes: ST (XST/XST) or
 SR (XSR/XSR + XSR/XST) &lt;- this is pooled genotypes * *age*: days since
 eclosion * *weight*: weight of fly (mg) * *CO2*: CO2 measurement (ul/min)
 * *activity*: average bean crosses in 60 seconds ### **3. Diet
 consumption**\_Data Food consumption was measured using a CApillary FEeder
 (CAFE) assay. Flies were placed singly in tubes with a glass capillary
 feeder filled with allocated diet * *box*: three replicates were carried
 out * *ID*: unique fly identifier * *treatment*: dietary treatment. Three
 were used, which were: sugar water, low protein, and high protein *
 *Genotype*: * male genotypes: ST (XST/Y) or SR (XSR/Y); * female
 genotypes: ST (XST/XST) or SR (XSR/XSR) * *Genotype1*: * male genotypes:
 ST (XST/Y) or SR (XSR/Y); * female genotypes: ST (XST/XST) or SR (XSR/XSR
 + XSR/XST) &lt;- this is pooled genotypes * *sex*: male or female *
 *thorax*: length of fly thorax (cm) * *total*: total consumption (ml) over
 60hrs ## Code/Software R is required to analyze our data; the script was
 created using version 4.2.3. We have provided an R-markdown file as part
 of our publication (Supplementary Information). Annotations are provided
 throughout the R-markdown script to recreate our results. This is from
 dataset loading/cleaning to analysis.