DOI: 10.5061/dryad.18931zd3j
title: Data from: Large fitness benefits of social nesting in a small carpenter bee

description: Facultatively social insects are an optimal model group for the study of
 the emergence of cooperation between individuals. Factors influencing the
 fitness benefits of social nesting are still debated. Non-reproductive
 subordinates can benefit from indirect fitness benefits due to increasing
 reproductive success of related individuals or direct fitness benefits due
 to direct future reproduction. Here, we studied the costs and benefits of
 social nesting in the small carpenter bee Ceratina albosticta. From
 demographic data and within-nest relatedness we obtained key parameters
 for assessing the fitness of solitary females, social primaries, and
 social secondaries. C. albosticta were found to usually mate with one male
 and multiple mating is not common although exists at low frequencies.
 Social nests usually contain two females, which were found to be related
 (full sisters), but also some females were unrelated to each other.
 Patterns of parentage from microsatellite loci revealed that only one
 female reproduces in social nests. Our results show that relatedness, per
 capita brood productivity, and offspring survival strongly increase the
 fitness benefits of social nesting strategies. Social secondaries, when
 related to the social primaries, have higher inclusive fitness than
 solitary females, but unrelated social nesting females had no indirect
 fitness and much reduced inclusive fitness compared to solitary females.
 Interestingly, average fitness benefits of the social secondary were
 higher than solitary females. This study provides important empirical data
 on the costs and benefits of sociality in a facultatively social bee and
 sets the stage for future comparative studies.
description: Nests of <em>Ceratina ceratina albosticta </em>were
 collected and its content was noted and individuals were stored in ethanol
 for later analysis. DNA was extracted using chelex protocol. Individuals
 were genotpyped for 14 microsatellite loci using three multiplexes. Gene
 marker software was used for reading of peaks, Colony and Kingroup
 software was used for relatedness analysis.
description: # Data from: **Large fitness benefits of social nesting in a small
 carpenter bee**
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.18931zd3j](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.18931zd3j) Dataset contains information about genotypes of individuals *Ceratina albosticta* (Hymenoptera:Apidae:Xylocopinae) which were used for studying nest relatedness (maternity and mating frequency). *Ceratina albosticta* is facultative social species, knowledge of relatedness is important for understanding social evolution ## Description of the data and file structure Sheet 1 (genotypes): This sheet contains genetic profiles of all successfully genotyped individuals (N=201) and metadata to these individuals. Each individual is in a separate row. There are these columns: * A: nest code (code of nest from which individual originated) * B: individual code * C: location, where sample was collected (village/town name) * D: date when sample was collected * E: nest status - solitary nests contain only single adult female, two-female nests contain two adult females. larger social nests contain three or four females. Other are additionally genotyped individuals or nest where adult male and female was present * F: sex - F - female, M-male * G: stage - offspring are non-adult individuals, old female are candidate mothers * H-AI: lengths of microsatellite alleles: Each locus has two columns (allele a and b). Number means length of locus. NA is when locus was not successfully genotyped. For males, only number in allele a is present, as males are haploid * AJ-AW: heterozygotic status for each locus (0 - homozygote, 1- heterozygote) * AX: Number of heterozygous loci Sheet 2 (3\_4\_F\_nest maternity): There is relatedness situation in three and four female nests (large social nests). The structure of this sheet is similar to the previous one, but some additional columns are added: * A: nest code * B: individual code * C: sex * D: offspring vs candidate mother * E: status of adult female: social primary is female which reproduces the most, social secondary is female with little or no reproduction * F-I: Probability of maternity of different females in the nest (responding to column e), calculating using Colony software. There are multiple social secondaries (in three female nest is one social primary and two social secondaries, in four female nests is one social primary and three social secondaries; different columns are for different social secondaries (Colony\_probability\_of\_maternity\_social\_secondary\_1 - relatedness to one social secondary, relatedness\_to\_social\_secondary\_2 - relatedness to second social secondary, relatedness\_to\_social\_secodnary\_3 - relatedness to third social secondary, if present) * J-M: Relatedness coefficients between candidate mothers and offspring (also pairwise relatedness between candidate mothers). Different columns for each female (one for social primary, 2-3 for social secondaries) * N-Q: number of alleles incompatible with maternity of focal female. (one for social primary, 2-3 for social secondaries) * R-AS: genotypes of individuals (same as in the previous sheet) Sheet 3 (2\_female\_nests\_maternity): There is shown maternity in two female nests. similar structure as previous sheets * A: nest code * B: individual code * C: sex * D: mother or offspring * E: individual code of mother (social primary) * F: relatedness between social primary and social secondary (related=full sisters or mother and daughter) * G: Probability of maternity of social primary using Colony software * H: probability of maternity of social secondary using Colony software * I: relatedness to social primary using Kingroup software * J: relatedness to social secondary using colony software * K: Number of incompatible alleles with social primary * L: Number of incompatible alleles with social secondary * M-AN: genotypes (same as in first sheet) Sheet 4 (pairwise\_relatedness\_kingroup): Pairwise relatedness obtained by Kingroup software * A: nest ID * B: nest type * C: 1st individual ID * D: sex if 1st individual * E: stage of 1st individual (offspring vs adult female) * F: 2nd individual ID * G: sex of 2nd individual * H: stage of 2nd individual * I: relatedness coefficient obtained using Kingroup software between 1st and 2nd individual * J: relatedness coefficient corrected to male-female relatedness (see methods of paper) Sheet 5 (allele frequency): * This sheet contains allele frequencies for analyzed microsatellite loci * Each locus is on two rows, in the first is length of allele and in the second its frequency * A: N of locus * B: what is in row * C and later: length of alleles and their frequencies Sheet 6 (mating\_frequency): Mating frequency of nests with at least two female offspring assigned to one mother. Maternity and sibship were analyzed using Colony software * A: nest code * B: number of adult males in nest (1-solitary nests, 2-4 social nests) * C: number of female offspring * D: number of males that have offspring in nest (1-single mated female, 2 and more -multiple mated female) * E: average relatedness between female offspring (using Kingroup software) ## Sharing/Access information Data should be accessible also as supplementary material of paper related to this dataset. ## Code/Software GeneMarker - software used for scoring of microsatellite peaks Colony software - used for maternity assignment and mating frequency Kingroup - used for calculating of relatedness coefficients