cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0023
title: Cryogenic solutions: innovations to serve refrigerated transportation for sustainable and efficient cold chain.

description: In the cold chain process, refrigerated transport is a key item that has been developing over the years. In parallel, regulations are stricter and environmental concerns are growing to be more and more important. As such, industries continue to search for more sustainable and efficient solutions to approach these challenges. After reviewing existing technologies in the market, cryogenic solutions, based on liquid carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen, are presented and described to answer these needs. The following paper also explains how industrial units work and how they provide transport companies with sustainable and cost-effective solutions, as well as the benefits for End Users. In conclusion, main advantages of cryogenic solutions are the silence and the absence of any refrigerant fluid. Such solutions give a high performance of cold chain to lead to better quality, and are petroleum-free (there is no combustion engine). Latest innovations are related to the development of solutions that are used in series with a global approach from cryogenic fluid supply to TRU’s fully adapted to transport requirements and services to provide an efficient solution to the market. Lastly, such solutions can be adapted to any size of an insulated body from a parcel up to a trailer, based on Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs (ATP) for body characteristics. Future market trends show that cryogenic solutions could be deployed in a broader range, when combined for instance with truck engines fed by biogas (compressed or liquefied) to meet next sustainable challenges in cold chain.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0032
title: Research on heating performance of air source heat pump system utilized in small residential buildings.

description: In order to estimate the heating performance of air source heat pump system utilized in small residential buildings, experimental tests were taken to explore the variation of condensing pressure, condensing temperature, evaporating pressure, evaporating temperature, power consumption, heating capacity and COP with changing the indoor dry-ball temperature and outdoor dry-ball temperature. .The results showed that, under the same outdoor dry-ball temperature, with the indoor dry-ball temperature increase, the condensing pressure, condensing temperature and power consumption increased, but the heating capacity and COP decreased，if dry-bulb temperature of indoor air increases by 1℃, following is a decrease of 1.62% in heating capacity and 1.27% in COP. Under the same indoor dry-ball temperature, the evaporating pressure, evaporating temperature, heating capacity and COP increased, but the power consumption decreased, if dry-bulb temperature of outdoor air increases by 1℃, following is an increase of 1.75% in heating capacity and 2.23% in COP.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0034
title: A quick, reliable solution for modelling cheese chilling process.

description: Optimisation of the refrigerating system for cheese processing requires an accurate prediction of chilling time, product temperature distributions and heat flow. Many existing CFD models can provide the best predictions by directly solving the three-dimensional heat transfer problem within the product and for air flow around the product; however, they are time-consuming and not suitable for routine use. A one-dimensional numerical solution proposed by Ghraizi, Chumak, Onistchenko, and Terziev (1996) has been used to provide the quick answer to food processing engineers with a good accuracy. In this method, the partial differential equation describing one-dimensional non-linear unsteady heat conduction inside the product has been solved by a finite difference technique. The method can take into account the temperature-dependence of thermal properties of foods and a general shape factor was used to reflect the product geometry. The model was applied to a single block of cheese, and agar. Predicted results are
compared to experimentally-measured temperature profiles as well as to results generated by the Food Product Modeller, FPM, software.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0041
title: Comparative study on electric heater defrosting of gravity feeding refrigeration system.

description: The gravity feeding refrigeration system is based on the thermal siphon principle, rely on the height difference between the gas-liquid separator and the evaporator to realize super times feeding liquid for the evaporator.When the evaporator surface is covered with frost, increase the thermal resistance of the tube wall,impede air circulation, thus affecting the overall performance of the refrigerating unit. Therefore, studying defrosting of the evaporator is of great significance for the whole refrigeration system
operation.The defrosting mathematical models of the evaporator are established. A test bench of the gravity feeding refrigeration system is established to study the defrosting effect of the evaporator with and without refrigerant.Experimental studies have shown that,The two defrosting modes each have advantages, for the evaporator without refrigerant, the defrosting time is shorter, but the range of temperature rise is slightly larger, the whole experiment process takes longer.Under the same condition, for the evaporator without refrigerant, the frost quantity is more than that of evaporator with refrigerant, but the defrosting time is shorter.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0048
title: Care: IIR working group with emphasis on women in refrigeration.

description: The refrigeration industry plays a major and increasing role in today’s global economy, with significant contributions made in food, health, energy and environmental domains which policy makers need to better understand and take into account. The need for engineering and technical staff is currently increasing due to the growing demand for refrigerating capacities, along with the unique skills required from refrigeration-related professions in the field of energy and environment. There is a need to attract the young
generation into the industry especially minority groups such as women. This is one of the main priorities of the International Institute of Refrigeration. Women are still significantly and visibly under-represented in the refrigeration industry. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the current preliminary state-of-the-art of women in the refrigeration field collected from national refrigeration institutions and associations. Suggested incentive actions are the outcomes of meetings carried out by the IIR Career in Refrigeration (CaRe) working group.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0053
title: Research progress on flow pattern of evaporative condenser.

description: The progress in the study of two-phase flow, one of the factors affecting the heat transfer performance of evaporative condensers, is expounded in detail. The principle of co-current evaporative condensers and countercurrent evaporative condensers is introduced. The structural improvements are analysed and compared, proposing a new two-phase flow mode of double-countercurrent and explaining its principle in detail. Finally, the advantages of evaporative condenser are introduced, and a more reliable solution is put
forward according to the problems of the development in practical application.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0056
title: A novel refrigeration system for refrigerated trucks incorporating organic rankine cycle.

description: An integrated refrigeration system combined an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and a vapor compression refrigerating (VCR) system is proposed for the refrigerated trucks. In which the ORC system is designed to recover the exhaust heat from the engine and the VCR system is employed to provide cooling capacity to keep goods under desired thermal conditions, and the VCR system is totally driven by the electricity generated in the ORC system. In this work, the thermal and economic performance for a 4.2m length
refrigerated truck is investigated through comparing with a conventional refrigeration system. The results indicate that the proposed system holds advantages regarding the overall thermal and economic performance compared with the conventional one. It is verified that ORC system can guarantee the amount of the electricity for VCR system. Moreover, diesel consumption can be reduced and the cost will be cut down during refrigerated transport with the proposed system.
DOI: 10.5258/soton/d0630
title: Dataset for article "Electrical characteristics of interfacial barriers at Metal â TiO2 contacts"

description: Dataset to support the publication:
Michalas, L., Khiat, A., Stathopoulos, S., & Prodromakis, T. (2018). Electrical characteristics of interfacial barriers at Metal – TiO2 contacts. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aadbd2
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0018
title: Freeze-thaw stability of konjac glocomannane-potato starch gels: stability from macroscopic to microscopic scale, using image processing.

description: Freeze-thaw (FT) stability is often used to assess the ability of a gel to support the damage induced byfreezing; selected parameters such as drip loss, damage to structure etc can be used to assess the freezetolerance of a gel. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a very specific hydrocolloid able to trap 100 timesits weight in water; it has not been studied so far as an improver to enhance FT stability. The aim of the study was to show that the presence of a small quantity of konjac glucomannan (KGM)in potato starch suspension increased the stability of carvacrol antioxidant trapping. FT cycles wereused to accelerate the ageing of the product and to assess its stability. In addition to drip lossesdetermination, the stability of carvacrol trapping was evaluated by the quantification of carvacrol inthe syneresis liquid. Microscopic and macroscopic scales were considered with microscopy. Themoment of the addition of carvacrol and the presence of KGM both had an effect on the stability ofcarvacrol trapping and of the structure of the gel. KGM promoted amylose retrogradation but sloweddown amylopectin retrogradation. The stability of potato starch gels can be improved by the additionof a small quantity of KGM, which showed a “cryoprotectant” behaviour. New method to characterizethe micro and macrostructure from SEM images processing has also been proposed. The processing ofmicroscopy images was done using Generalized Fourier Descriptors and allowed the characterizationof each sample. The carvacrol addition lowered the physical stability of the gel with larger pores andincreased syneresis. On the contrary, the KGM addition increased the size of the pores but preventedthe formation of very large pores and reduced syneresis. The most stable system was obtained by theaddition of carvacrol at the end of heating, in a konjac glucomannane potato starch gel.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0027
title: Modelling of liquid air energy storage applied to refrigerated cold stores.

description: Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) is a promising technology for dealing with the variability in production of various concurrent Renewable Energy Sources (RES). In this context, the work presented forms part of the CryoHub project. CryoHub is an H2020 Innovation Action project to investigate and demonstrate the feasibility of using LAES in conjunction with refrigerated warehouses cooling. In this paper, multiple different configurations that could achieve the project goals have been modelled and ranked against Round Trip Efficiency (RTE). A configuration currently being deployed is presented and its merits are discussed. The effect of multiple process parameters on the RTE are assessed and discussed.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0030
title: Review on the impact of electrical and magnetic disturbances during freezing.

description: Phase change in biological tissues may be affected by electrical and magnetic disturbances. This presentation proposes a review based on existing literature as well as some very recent results on freezing under static electric field (SEF), magnetic field (MF) and electromagnetic radiations. Freezing under static electric field of water, aqueous solution and pork meat has been investigated by the authors, showing the ability of this process to refine ice crystals in frozen matrices. SEF permits to lower the supercooling and to trigger the phase change of water to ice. Radiofrequencies and microwaves havebeen used recently by researchers to promote refined ice crystallization in food systems. Even though the energy optimization of the process is still in debate, the benefit in terms of size of ice crystals has been evidenced.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0033
title: Research on the triple system based on solar and air source heat pump.

description: We submit a triple system based on solar and air source heat pump and establish steady-state operation mathematical model Based on the 60 m2 room in Wuhan city. We obtain the different system parameters under the cooling model, heating model, hot water supply model, cooling and hot water supply model, heating and hot water supply model, heating by hot water mode. It shows the high-performance, remarkable energy-saving effect, even in extreme weather, it still can meet the requirements.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0035
title: Frost simulation analysis of the liquid refrigerant defrost system.

description: The liquid refrigerant defrost process is continuous during the defrost. The temperature fluctuation of the cold storage is small and the additional energy consumption isn’t needed. In order to solve the difficulty of measuring the frost mass and frost thickness in the experiment process, and to investigate the law of the frost formation, a thermodynamic model of the duplex air cooler was established. The results showed that when the environment temperature was 25℃ and the cold storage temperature was -20℃, the part of the pipe behind the 4.5m didn't frost when the frost time was within 48h. This is because the air relative humidity of
the rear row pipe was low and the frost temperature difference increased, it was hard to frost, which was basically the same as the experimental results.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0044
title: Experimental study on single-refrigerant cascade refrigeration system.

description: High and low temperature levels are using R410A as refrigerant, and expansion of the containers and other devices do not need to set in flow single-refrigerant cascade refrigeration system. It makes system structure is more simple.The refrigerant flow can be controlled by the frequency of compressor in this refrigeration system.Study and analyze the effect of evaporation temperature incremental and high temperature compressor frequency incremental on system performance.The flow ratio decreases and COP increases with evaporation temperature increases when condensation temperature is constant in the cascade refrigeration system. The maximum flow ratio of the high temperature level decreased by 0.071% and the flow ratio of the low temperature level increased by 0.27% when the evaporation temperature increased by 1K. Meanwhile the flow ratio decreased by about 1.36%, and the interstage capacity ratio increased by 1.5%, and the COP maximum increased by 3.76%. And the interstage capacity ratio maximum decreased by 2.62% when the frequency of compressor increased by 1Hz. Through changing the frequency of compressor, the energy consumption can be reduced. And the COP can be improved and the system is more energy efficient.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0051
title: Evaluation of suitability of recycled domestic appliance for re-use.

description: Reasons for disposal of domestic refrigerators and whether some of the appliances could potentially be re-used was studied. Based on visual inspection, a simple operational test and an electrical inspection, 28% of appliances were considered suitable for re-use. Potentially, these appliances could be provided cheaply or without cost to low income households. It might be unethical to provide low income households with appliances that had high energy use or performance issues, therefore the appliances were tested to compare the temperature and energy performance with their original stated performance. In addition the appliances
were compared to current energy efficient appliances. For appliances where manufacturers data was available it was found that 18 (out of 22) appliances used more energy when tested than provided on the energy label, 1 appliance used almost identical energy and 3 appliances used less energy. Compared to current appliances only 5 appliances were better than or equal to an ‘A’ rated appliance.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0062
title: Low GWP refrigerant options and their LCCP impact for transport refrigeration products.

description: Transport refrigeration is one of the most critical segments of the global cold food chain, however it has limited impact on global refrigerant greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories (typically &lt;1%). Because regulators are focusing on reducing GWP in large GHG contributing refrigeration sectors, like stationary refrigeration, there is potential for regulators to reduce the available refrigerant choices for transport refrigeration products and putting at risk this critical segment without having much GHG impact. These systems are not regulated to meet a minimum efficiency standards. Efficiency can vary greatly based on various design constraints like; weight and space regulations, increasing regulations on fuel type (fossil fuel versus electric driven), application temperature and refrigerant choice. Footprint restrictions and application requirements drive system designs to restrict heat exchanger size and thus drive systems to have reduced capacities, reduced efficiencies and high compressor discharge temperature. This paper will provide a review of low GWP refrigerant technologies in use or under consideration and LCCP assessments for various transport refrigeration product segments.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0073
title: Characteristics of R454C and R455A as R404A alternatives in commercial refrigeration.

description: R404A will be soon restricted from usage in commercial refrigeration in the European Union (EU) due to the requirements of the EU Regulation on fluorinated gases. Therefore, new refrigerant HFO/HFC mixtures are being developed to replace it. This paper explores the R454C and R455A as R404A alternatives and compares the characteristics that can lead their imposition in the refrigeration market. The characteristics studied are components and composition, current penetration in the market, security issues, global warming potential, energetic performance, material and lubricant compatibility and, finally, most likely applications.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0016
title: Effect of indirect ice slurry cooling, low temperature transportation and different retailing methods on the circulation quality of cauliflower.

description: Freshly harvest cauliflowers were cooled by indirect ice slurry, transported with 0℃ cooler insulation box, then retailed at 4℃ or 20℃. Cauliflower at room temperature was used as control check (CK). The effect of indirect ice slurry cooling, low temperature transportation and different retailing methods on the circulation quality of cauliflower has been addressed. Physiological changes associated with postharvest were monitored during circulation for 2−5 days. The results indicated that compared with CK, indirect ice slurry cooling, 0℃ cooler insulation box and 4℃ retailing effectively extended the cauliflower circulation time from 2d to 5d,
the corresponding weight loss, lightness, content of vitamin C, soluble protein, total phenolics, total flavonoids of was 1.22% and 0.80%, 66.21 and 64.08, 75.55mg/100g and 68.46 mg/100g, 1.75 mg/g and 2.14 mg/g, 3.482 OD280/g FW and 3.363 OD280/g FW, 2.984 OD350/g FW and 2.661 OD350/g FW, respectively.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0019
title: Managing quality changes of green beans and carrots along storage with temperature fluctuations.

description: Freezing and succeeding frozen storage is one of the most efficient methods to preserve vegetables quality. However, frozen vegetables are often subjected to fluctuating temperatures due to poor cold chain control, leading to ice recrystallization and sublimation thus producing quality losses. This work aims to assess the relevant quality parameters: frost formation, drip loss and vitamin C levels during 12 months of frozen storage with temperature fluctuations. Here, frozen green beans and carrots were
stored in four different freezers: -8 ± 3, -12 ± 3, -18 ± 3 and -23 ± 3 °C. In each freezer, two compartments were formed to achieve different amplitudes of fluctuation: ± 0.1 and ± 2 °C. To incorporate the quality evolution kinetics, the experimental data were fitted to afirst order quality kinetics and predict the temperature dependency using Arrhenius model.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0021
title: Energy agreements regarding grocery stores for a sustainable society - Lessons learned.

description: In this study we aim to shed light on waste heat from commercial refrigeration, which is common but unnecessary. Excess heat is the heat which is not recovered, although it is possible to do so. We include heating for existing buildings:grocery stores as stand-alone, or within another building. VariousSwedish perspectives of the parties involved, tenant and landlord, are discussed. Theoretically and technically, it is not difficult to distributeexcess energy from a tenant to another receiver, which in turn uses the energy. However, to meet energy goals regarding energy consumption for heating buildings requires new and efficient approaches. The technique is already known and availableon the market. We suggest that availableenergy and heat recovery projects, contracts and agreements maysignificantly enhance the possibility of creating viable energy efficiency projects, and include excess heat. Results include lessons learned from the parties.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.iccc.2018.0025
title: Freezewave: a new european project on freezing under microwaves irradiations.

description: FREEZEWAVE project is an ERANET SUSFOOD project (May 2015 – Dec.. 2018). It concerns the freezing of foods using a highly innovative technique combining freezing at slow rate with part time emission of microwaves (2450 MHz); this innovative concept has been investigated recently by ONIRIS and results showed that a 62% decrease of the average ice crystal size was acquired when samples were frozen under microwave irradiation compared to the control (Xanthakis et al., 2014, IFSET - study on pork meat). To improve the quality of frozen foods, fast freezing is usually recommended, resulting in a reduction of the ice crystals. However, a fast freezing increases the energy demand: low ambient temperature & high air velocity to enhance the rate of heat transfer are needed to achieve a fast freezing. FREEZEWAVE project aims at expanding & optimizing the concept to several foods (sauce, meat, vegetable & ready to eat meals) and also at designing industrial equipment.The novel concept concerns the freezing equipment sector thanks to a French SME partner (SAIREM) and the global frozen food sector. FREEZEWAVE will provide scientific knowledge and new scientific insights in food freezing. Project's outcomes may also be of interest for non-food applications such as biotechnology.