DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8mj19
title: Data from: The Yin and the Yang of Prediction: an fMRI study of semantic predictive processing

description: Probabilistic prediction plays a crucial role in language comprehension.
 When predictions are fulfilled, the resulting facilitation allows for
 fast, efficient processing of ambiguous, rapidly-unfolding input; when
 predictions are not fulfilled, the resulting error signal allows us to
 adapt to broader statistical changes in this input. We used functional
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging to examine the neuroanatomical networks engaged
 in semantic predictive processing and adaptation. We used a relatedness
 proportion semantic priming paradigm, in which we manipulated the
 probability of predictions while holding local semantic context constant.
 Under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity, we
 replicate previous observations of reduced activity to semantically
 predictable words in the left anterior superior/middle temporal cortex,
 reflecting facilitated processing of targets that are consistent with
 prior semantic predictions. In addition, under conditions of higher
 (versus lower) predictive validity we observed significant differences in
 the effects of semantic relatedness within the left inferior frontal gyrus
 and the posterior portion of the left superior/middle temporal gyrus. We
 suggest that together these two regions mediated the suppression of
 unfulfilled semantic predictions and lexico-semantic processing of
 unrelated targets that were inconsistent with these predictions. Moreover,
 under conditions of higher (versus lower) predictive validity, a
 functional connectivity analysis showed that the left inferior frontal and
 left posterior superior/middle temporal gyrus were more tightly
 interconnected with one another, as well as with the left anterior
 cingulate cortex. The left anterior cingulate cortex was, in turn, more
 tightly connected to superior lateral frontal cortices and subcortical
 regions — a network that mediates rapid learning and adaptation and that
 may have played a role in switching to a more predictive mode of
 processing in response to the statistical structure of the wider
 environmental context. Together, these findings highlight close links
 between the networks mediating semantic prediction, executive function and
 learning, giving new insights into how our brains are able to flexibly
 adapt to our environment.
description: Second (group) level
 activation analysisSecond level spm models.
 One modelling the interaction (between relatedness and proportion), used
 to provide t-maps for the interaction and main effect of relatedness, and
 one modelling the main effect of proportion, used to provide t-maps for
 the main effect of proportion and the word-pairs versus
 baseline.ActivationAnalysis.zipSecond (group) level connectivity analysisSecond level SPM/gPPI models for the connectivity analyses from seeds in left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and left anterior cingulate cortex (LACC). The main effect of proportion is modelled.ConnectivityAnalysis.zipRegions of InterestsRegions of interests (5mm radius spheres in left anterior temporal, left posterior middle/superior temporal and left inferior frontal gyrus) used for small volume correction (SVC)ROIs4SVC.zipSeedsForConnectivitySeeds in left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and left anterior cingulate cortex (LACC) used for the connectivity (gPPI) analysis.Behavioural Task PerformancePercentage correct on task in the higher and lower proportion blocks in the experiment (clicking a button whenever a word for an animal was displayed).BehaviouralTaskPerformance