DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xgxd254qm
title: Data from: Sex allocation in a monogamous bird: advantaged matrilines and sons with silver spoons

description: The ability to secure food for offspring and withstand the cost of
 reproduction favors high-quality mothers that overproduce the larger sex,
 typically sons, only if they will receive adequate food as this should
 enhance these sons’ fitness returns. However, high-quality daughters
 ensure grandoffspring receive quality parental care and may possess
 greater reproductive value than their brothers, favoring daughters also
 from high-quality mothers. Using a mixed cross-fostering approach, we
 investigated effects of early rearing conditions, covariance between
 breeders and their genetic parents in parental quality, and primary
 offspring sex ratios in Carolina wrens. In this socially and genetically
 monogamous bird, sons grew larger than daughters, paternal
 food-provisioning impacted the condition and recruitment of sons, but not
 daughters, and females overproduced sons when paired with males that
 provisioned at a high rate, reflecting females’ anticipation of the
 quality of the rearing environment. Components of reproductive potential,
 including total fecundity, were inherited matrilineally and, all else
 being equal, females in better condition produced larger-than-average
 clutches biased toward daughters, who eventually produced
 larger-than-average clutches themselves. Sex ratios therefore varied with
 components of parental investment, but in opposing directions for
 matrilineally inherited and environmental effects, suggesting that
 multiple, countervailing selective forces shape sex-ratio variation.
description: All authors assisted with data collection. EKB wrote statistical
 code. These data were collected from 2017-2021.
description: # Data from: Sex allocation in a monogamous bird: advantaged matrilines
 and sons with silver spoons
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xgxd254qm](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xgxd254qm) This study examined the effects of parental investment in a monogamous bird and its effects on offspring survival, condition, and recruitment, covariance between offspring and their genetic parents in components of reproductive investment, and offspring sex ratios. ## Description of the data and file structure The data collected for this study at the University of Memphis Meeman Biological Station is contained in a set of .SAS and .R files, which are intended to be immediately executable. Provided in addition to these files are eight .csv files with the raw data: (i) data FEMS_FIRST_NEST, (ii) data NESTS, (iii) data NESTS_STACKED, (iv) data RECRUITS, (v) data REPEAT_ADULTS, (vi) data REPEAT_PROV, (vii) data YOUNG, (viii) data SEX_RATIO_VARIANCE. Datasets i-vii were analyzed using SAS (ver. 9.4) and dataset viii was analyzed using R (ver. 4.2.1). See "Code and Output" PDF for further detail. Column headings (variable names) for each file are described below. Most data were standardized before analysis by converting to z-scores (mean ± SD = 0 ± 1). These standardized variables are indicated by "STD" in the variable name. With the exception of body mass (original unit of measure: grams) and tarsus length (original unit of measure: millimeters), nearly all variables were "count data" (i.e., positive integers) before standardization. Missing data are indicated by a period. ### (i) data FEMS\_FIRST\_NEST YEAR: The year in which the nest was created. SP: Species (CW = Carolina Wren). CS: Clutch size. SP_STD_CS: Standardized clutch size. TOTAL_FLEDGLINGS: Number of fledglings produced by a female during her lifetime in the study area. SP_STD_TOTAL_FLEDGLINGS: Total fledglings standardized by species. FBAND: Female band number (USGS leg band). ### (ii) data NESTS YEAR: The year in which the nest was created. NEST: Nestbox and clutch/brood number. e.g., A__4z1 represents nestbox A 4, and 1 indicates the first clutch/brood produced in that box in a given year. FBAND: Female band number (USGS leg band). MBAND: Male band number (USGS leg band). FBAND2: Shortened female band number. MBAND2: Shortened male band number. NE: number of eggs - the number of eggs present in the nestbox before hatching. CS: clutch size - the total number of eggs produced in a nesting attempt. YR_STD_CS: Clutch size standardized by year. YR_STD_E1D: Egg-1 date - the day of the year (ordinal calendar) on which the first egg of the clutch was laid. Standardized by year. YR_STD_BD0: Brood-day zero - the day of the year (ordinal calendar) on which the first egg of the clutch hatches. Standardized by year. STD_NY4: Number of young present on day 4 post-hatching (i.e., brood day 4). NYB: Number of young banded before fledgling. YR_STD_NYB: Number of young banded before fledging, standardized by year. FEM_AGE: Female's age in years. STD_FEM_AGE: Standardized female age. YR_STD_FEM_CONDITION: Female body condition (residual of log[mass]*log[tarsus] linear regression), standardized by year. YR_STD_FEM_TRIPS: Number of female feeding trips per hour, standardized by year. MALE_AGE: Male's age in years. STD_MALE_AGE: Standardized male age. YR_STD_MALE_CONDITION: Male body condition (residual of log[mass]*log[tarsus] linear regression), standardized by year. YR_STD_MALE_TRIPS: Number of male feeding trips per hour, standardized by year. NUM_MALE_PRIM: Number of nestlings sexed as a male among eggs produced before cross-fostering. NUM_SEXED_PRIM: Total number of nestlings sexed among eggs produced before cross-fostering. PMALE_PRIM: Proportion of male nestlings among eggs produced before cross-fostering. YR_STD_PMALE_PRIM: Proportion of male nestlings, standardized by year. TRT: Cross-fostering treatment. None = no cross-fostering, EXF = Eggs cross-fostered, NXF = Nestlings cross-fostered. TRT2: Cross-fostering treatment as a binary variable: None vs. XF(cross-fostered). YG_AGE_MANIP: for the NXF treatment, this represents the age of the nestlings relative to the brood to which it was cross-fostered (some nestlings were older than their foster brood mates, some were younger). NUM_MALE_REAR: Number of nestlings sexed as male among young reared (where TRT=None, this is the same as the NUM_MALE_PRIM). NUM_SEXED_REAR: Number of nestlings sexed among young reared (where TRT=None, this is the same as the NUM_MALE_PRIM). PMALE_REAR: Proportion of male nestlings among young reared by parents. YR_STD_PMALE_REAR: Proportion of male nestlings reared, standardized by year. SUCCESS: Binary variable indicating whether or not the nest successfully fledged young (success=1, fail=0). YR_STD_CONDITION: Mean body condition of young (residual of log[mass]*log[tarsus] linear regression) before fledging. RECRUIT_PRODUCED: Binary variable indicating whether or not the nest produced at least one recruit (yes=1, no=0). ### (iii) data NESTS\_STACKED YEAR: The year in which the nest was created. NEST: Nestbox and clutch/brood number. e.g., A__4z1 represents nestbox A 4, and 1 indicates the first clutch/brood produced in that box in a given year. YR_STD_BD0: Brood-day zero - the day of the year (ordinal calendar) on which the first egg of the clutch hatches. Standardized by year. YR_STD_NYB: Number of young banded before fledging, standardized by year. PARENT_SEX: Sex of parent at a given nest. BAND: USGS leg band number of a given parent. BAND2: Shortened form of band number. AGE: Age, in years, of the parent. STD_AGE: Standardized parental age. YR_STD_TRIPS: Number of feeding trips per hour, standardized by year. TRT: Cross-fostering treatment. None = no cross-fostering, EXF = Eggs cross-fostered, NXF = Nestlings cross-fostered. TRT2: Cross-fostering treatment as a binary variable: None vs. XF(cross-fostered). YG_AGE_MANIP: for the NXF treatment, this represents the age of the nestlings relative to the brood to which it was cross-fostered (some nestlings were older than their foster brood mates, some were younger). ### (iv) data RECRUITS YEAR: The year in which the nest was created. NEST: Nestbox and clutch/brood number. e.g., A__4z1 represents nestbox A 4, and 1 indicates the first clutch/brood produced in that box in a given year. BANDNUM: USGS leg band number of a given individual. YR_STD_OFFSP_AD_CONDITION: Body condition (residual of log[mass]*log[tarsus] linear regression) of this individual before fledging, standardized by year. STD_OFFSP_AD_FLEDGLINGS: Standardized number of fledglings produced by a recruit as an adult. SEX: Sex of the individual. STD_AVG_AD_PROV_PER_YG: Number of feeding trips per nestling per hour, standardized by year. YR_STD_CS: Clutch size standardized by year. STD_NESTING_CYCLES: Standardized number of nesting cycles initiated by an individual during their lifetime at the study area. STD_SUCCESSES: Standardized number of successful (fledged at least 1 young) nesting cycles. STD_OFFSP_NEST_PMALE: Standardized proportion of male young in the brood in which a recruit was reared as a nestling. XFOSTER_TRT: Cross-fostering treatment. None = no cross-fostering, EXF = Eggs cross-fostered, NXF = Nestlings cross-fostered. FOSTER_STATUS: Cross-fostering treatment as a binary variable: Non_fost = not cross-fostered, Foster = cross-fostered. YG_AGE_MANIP: for the NXF treatment, this represents the age of the nestlings relative to the brood to which it was cross-fostered (some nestlings were older than their foster brood mates, some were younger). STD_PRE_FLEDGE_CONDITION: Condition of this individual as a nestling before fledging. MOM_BAND: USGS leg band number of the individual's genetic mother. MOM_BAND2: Shortened form of maternal band number. YR_STD_MIDPARENT_CONDITION: Average body condition (residual of log[mass]*log[tarsus] linear regression) of male and female parents, standardized by year. YR_STD_MOM_AVG_CS: Average clutch size produced by a recruit's mother, standardized by year. YR_STD_MIDPARENT_PROV_PER_YG: Average number of feeding trips by male and female parents (per nestling per hour), standardized by year. YR_STD_PARENT_ANNUAL_FLEDGLINGS: Total number of fledglings produced by parents, standardized by year. ### (v) data REPEAT\_ADULTS YEAR: The year in which the nest was created. NEST: Nestbox and clutch/brood number. e.g., A__4z1 represents nestbox A 4, and 1 indicates the first clutch/brood produced in that box in a given year. SEX: Sex of the individual. BAND: USGS leg band number of the individual. BAND2: Shortened form of the leg band number. MASS: Body mass (g) of the individual. TARSUS: Tarsus length (mm) of the individual. COUNT: Total number of observations for this individual's mass and tarsus. ### (vi) data REPEAT\_PROV YEAR: The year in which the nest was created. NEST: Nestbox and clutch/brood number. e.g., A__4z1 represents nestbox A 4, and 1 indicates the first clutch/brood produced in that box in a given year. BD0: Brood-day zero - the day of the year (ordinal calendar) on which the first egg of the clutch hatches. BAND2: Shortened form of the individual's USGS band number. TRIPS: Number of provisioning trips to the nest per hour. SEX: Sex of the individual. ### (vii) data YOUNG YEAR: The year in which the nest was created. NEST: Nstbox and clutch/brood number. e.g., A__4z1 represents nestbox A 4, and 1 indicates the first clutch/brood produced in that box in a given year. FBAND: Female band number (USGS leg band). STD_BD0: Standardized brood-day zero - the day of the year (ordinal calendar) on which the first egg of the clutch hatches. STD_NYB: Standardized number of young before fledgling. BANDNO: Band number (USGS leg band) of the individual. TRT: Cross-fostering treatment. None = no cross-fostering, EXF = Eggs cross-fostered, NXF = Nestlings cross-fostered. TRT2: Cross-fostering treatment as a binary variable: None vs. XF(cross-fostered). YG_AGE_MANIP: for the NXF treatment, this represents the age of the nestlings relative to the brood to which it was cross-fostered (some nestlings were older than their foster brood mates, some were younger). SEX: Sex of the individual. YR_STD_PRE_FLEDGE_CONDITION: Body condition (residual of log[mass]*log[tarsus] linear regression) before fledging, standardized by year. YR_STD_FEM_TRIPS: Number of provisioning trips by the mother to the nest per hour, standardized by year. YR_STD_MALE_TRIPS: Number of provisioning trips by the father to the nest per hour, standardized by year. ### (viii) data SEX\_RATIO\_VARIANCE N: Number of young sexed in a given nest. M: Number of young sexed as male in a given nest. ## Code/Software The data underlying this study was analyzed using SAS (ver. 9.4) and R (ver. 4.2.1). All data and code needed to recreate analyses in the paper are contained in a set of .SAS and .R files, which are intended to be immediately executable. **11 Sept 2024 version:** The file "Nest-level analyses" was edited to include a bit more code toward the bottom of the program (on the line beginning with "*To create Fig 4F,[...]").