DOI: 10.5279/dk-sa-dda-2273
title: Ungdomsforløbsundersøgelsen, 1968-1992
title: Young People: Educational and Occupational Choice, 1968-1992

description: I 1965 gennemførte Socialforskningsinstituttet en undersøgelse af de 14-20 åriges uddannelsessituation. Som en fortsættelse af denne undersøgelse ønskede man nærmere at belyse den proces, der fører til de uddannelsesmæssige forhold, som 1965-undersøgelsen påviste. Derfor iværksatte Socialforskningsinstituttet i foråret 1968 på foranledning af Undervisningsministeriet en undersøgelse af en generation af unges uddannelses- og erhvervsvalg.
        
        Undersøgelsen kaldes Ungdomsforløbsundersøgelsen. I undersøgelsen forsøgte man at finde frem til, hvordan det kan være, at nogle får een uddannelse frem for en anden, eller eet arbejde frem for et andet. Desuden ville man finde ud af, hvorfor nogle er i uddannelse i ungdomsårene, mens andre er i arbejde.
        
        Et sådant undersøgelsesformål kan bedst opfyldes, hvis undersøgelsen er af longitudinal karakter, dvs. en forløbsundersøgelse. Derfor består undersøgelsespopulationen af 3.100 unge, som man ville følge i ca. 6 år, fra deres 14.-15. til deres 20.-21. år. Disse unge blev i foråret 1968 udvalgt som et repræsentativt udsnit af 7. klasses-elever over hele landet.
        
        For at gøre billedet af uddannelses- og erhvervsvalgsprocessen så fyldigt og klart som muligt prøvede man at afdække mange forskellige områder, som kunne tænkes at have indflydelse på denne proces. Dette gjorde man ved at optage interviews af forskellig art, ved at spørge de unge om forhold, som måske ikke umiddelbart syntes at have forbindelse med uddannelses- og erhvervsvalget (fx om fritidsbeskæftigelse og kontakt med jævnaldrende) samt ved at interviewe de unges forældre og lærere.
        
        Umiddelbart kunne man tro, at det ville være nok at interviewe een gang, fx ved 25-års alderen, og så bede interviewpersonerne fortælle, hvordan det er gået dem. Når man ikke gjorde det, skyldes det, at blandt de utroligt mange forhold, der har betydning for, hvordan det går den enkelte, husker man kun nogle, og som tiden går, bliver det huskede mere og mere forvrænget. Måske svarer man, så det passer med, hvad der senere er sket. I undersøgelsen var man interesseret i, hvad der faktisk skete. Derfor var man også nødt til at spørge om det, mens det foregik, og altså måtte man interviewe flere gange under uddannelses- og erhvervsvalgsforløbet.
      
        1. fase:
        
        Det første interview med de unge fandt sted i maj 1968, hvor de unge foruden et spørgeskema (elevskema A) hovedsagelig vedrørende social baggrund, skoleforhold og fritidsaktiviteter også besvarede et spørgeskema (elevskema B) til belysning af forskellige sociale attituder samt et spørgeskema med tre færdighedsprøver. Dette første interview blev gennemført som gruppeinterview i skolen under tilsyn af en fra Socialforskningsinstituttet udsendt interviewer.
        
        I den første fase gennemførte man desuden i maj 1968 interviews med de unges klasselærere ved hjælp af et selvadministreret spørgeskema, der faldt i tre afsnit, hvor det første omhandlede almindelige data vedrørende lærer og klasse, det andet formede sig som lærerens forsøg på at skønne over sine elevers uddannelsesmæssige karriere, mens tredje afsnit drejede sig om nogle mere generelle vurderinger, hvor man spurgte om lærerens almindelige holdning til nogle af de værdier, som eleverne havde vurderet i de skemaer, de havde udfyldt. Spørgsmålene i det første afsnit af dette skema blev - ligeledes ved et selvadministreret spørgeskema - igen besvaret af de unges klasselærere i oktober 1968.
        
        Endelig gennemførte man i første fase i juni 1969 postskemainterviews med de unges forældre, hvor man spugte om bl.a. forældrenes kontakt med deres børns skole, og hvilke tanker forældrene havde gjort sig om deres børns uddannelse.
      
        2. fase:
        
        Et noget kortere skema end det ved første fase anvendte blev besvaret af de udvalgte unge i 1970. Da en temmelig stor del af de unge nu var gået ud af skolen, besluttede man at gennemføre den anden interviewfase i to omgange og ved to forskellige metoder. De unge, der stadig gik i skole, blev i marts udspurgt ved gruppeinterview på skolen under en lærers opsyn (ikke under opsyn af en interviewer udsendt af Socialforskningsinstituttet som i 1968, da eleverne nu var spredt over mange flere skoler - ca. 400 mod 152 i 1968), mens de unge, der var gået ud af skolen, i maj måned blev interviewet på deres bopæl af Socialforskningsinstituttets interviewere. Da næsten det samme spørgeskema blev benyttet ved den gruppevis organiserede udfyldning og ved det mundtlige interview, forsøgte man at gøre de to interviewsituationer så lig hinanden som muligt, ved at intervieweren, inden det mundtlige interview blev påbegyndt, gav interviewpersonen et tomt spørgeskema, som denne kunne følge med i under besvarelsen af spørgsmålene.
      
        3. fase:
        
        Tredje interviewfase blev gennemført ved mundtlige interviews i maj 1971, da de unge var omkring 17 år. Denne gang interviewede man kun de unge, der ikke gik i skole, dvs. dem, der var gået ud af skolen efter 7., 8. eller 9. klassetrin. Foruden spørgsmål om arbejde og uddannelse spurgtes der fx om de unges fritidsbeskæftigelse, deres kammerater, holdning til forældre og fremtidsønsker, og ligesom ved det mundtlige interview i maj 1970 fik interviewpersonen et tomt spørgeskema at følge med i under interviewet.
      
        4. fase:
        
        I februar 1973 blev alle de udvalgte unge interviewet (igen ved mundtligt interview, hvor interviewpersonen inden interviewet havde fået udleveret et tomt spørgeskema); de var nu omkring 19 år, og de fleste var gået ud af skolen, mens en del dog endnu gik i gymnasiet. Foruden mange spørgsmål om uddannelse, arbejde og fremtidsplaner spurgtes der om forældre og kammerater m.v., ligesom der også var en hel del spørgsmål om de unges meninger om forskellige forhold, fx om hvad der er af betydning ved det fremtidige arbejde, og om hvorledes de opfatter sig selv.
        
        De første fire faser er beskrevet under DDA-1363: Ungdomsforløbsundersøgelsen, 1968-1973.
      
        5. fase: Den femte interviewfase fandt sted ved mundtligt interview i november 1976, da de unge var omkring 22 år.
        
        Denne femte fase er beskrevet under DDA-1364: Ungdomsforløbsundersøgelsen, 1976.
      
        6. fase:
        
        Den sjette interviewfase fandt sted ved mundtligt interview i oktober 1992, da de unge var i 38 års alderen. 2958 personer af de oprindelige 3151 havde stadig bopæl i Danmark, og 90% lod sig interviewe.
        
        Den sjette fase er beskrevet under DDA-2190: Ungdomsforløbsundersøgelse, 1992.
      Nærværende undersøgelse omfatter hele materialet fra 6. fase samt udvalgte variable fra forløbsundersøgelsens øvrige faser
description: In 1965 the Danish National Institute of Social Research carried out a survey of the educational conditions of the 14 to 20-year-olds. In continuation of this survey it was decided to examine more closely the process leading to the educational conditions mapped out in the 1965-survey. Thus, in the spring of 1968, the Danish National Institute of Social Research carried out a longitudinal survey of the choice of education and occupation of a generation of adolescents at the request of the Ministry of Education.     #  The aim of this survey, called the youth panel survey, was to examine why some young people choose one education in preference to others and one job in preference to others. Furthermore, the intention was to find out why some young people get an education while others get a job.     #  Such an aim may best be fulfilled if the survey is longitudinal, i.e. a panel survey, and therefore the survey population consists of 3100 young people, who were to be followed through a period of approx. 6 years, from they were 14-15 till they were 20-21. These young people were selected as a representative sample of all 7th form pupils in the entire country in the spring of 1968.     #  In order to get as detailed and clear a picture of the process involved in choice of education and occupation an attempt was made at mapping out a large number of aspects which were considered to influence this process. This was done by carrying out various types of interviews, by asking the young people about conditions which did not immediately seem to have any connection with the choice of education and occupation (e.g. spare time activities, and contact with young people of the same age), and by carrying out interviews with the young people's parents and teachers.     #  On the face of it one might find it sufficient to carry out interviews only once, e.g. when the young people were 25, and then ask the respondents how they had managed. The reason for not doing this was that people only remember a limited number of the aspects which are of importance for how they manage, and as time passes memory becomes more and more distorted. People may answer in such a way that what happened earlier fits in with what happened later. The survey was concerned with what actually happened, and therefore it was necessary to ask about this at the time when it happened, so interviews had to be carried out several times during the course of education and occupation.     #     #Phase 1:     #The first interview with the young people was carried out in May 1968 when the young people, in addition to completing a questionnaire (pupil form A) mainly concerning social background, school conditions and spare time activities, completed a questionnaire (pupil form B) concerning various social attitudes as well as a questionnaire with three proficiency tests. This first interview was carried out as group interviews in class under the supervision of an interviewer from the Danish National Institute of Social Research.     #  In addition, the first phase included interviews carried out in May 1968 with the young people's form masters by means of a self-administered questionnaire containing three sections. The first section dealt with general data concerning the teacher and the form; the second section contained the form master's attempt at assessing the educational 'career' of the young people; and the third section included more general assessments where the form master was asked about her/his general attitude to some of the values which the pupils had assessed in the questionnaires they had completed. The questions in the first section of this questionnaire were answered again by the form masters in October 1968 - also by means of a self-administered questionnaire.     #  Finally, the first phase included postal questionnaire interviews in June 1969 with the young people's parents. Among other things, the parents were asked about their contact with their children's school, and about their expectations as regards their children's education.     #     #Phase 2:     #A somewhat shorter form than the one in phase 1 was completed by the selected young people in 1970. As a rather large number of the young people had by then left school, it was decided to carry out this second interview phase by two stages and by using two different methods. The young people who still attended school participated in group interviews at the school in March under the supervision of a teacher (not under the supervision of an interviewer from the Danish National Institute of Social Research as in 1968, because the pupils now attended different schools - approx. 400 compared with 152 in 1968). In May the young people who had left school were interviewed in their homes by interviewers from the Danish National Institute of Social Research As the two questionnaires used in the group interviews and in the face-to-face interviews were almost alike, an attempt was made at making the two interview situations as similar as possible by handing out an 'empty' questionnaire before the face-to-face interview so that the respondents could follow the questions in this questionnaire during the interview.     #     #Phase 3:     #The third interview phase consisted of face-to-face interviews in May 1971 when the young people were about 17. This time interviews were only carried out with the young people who had left school, i.e. those who had completed the 7th, 8th or 9th form. In addition to questions about job and education, the young people answered questions concerning spare time activities, their friends, their attitude to their parents and their wishes for the future, and, as was the case in connection with the face-to-face interview in May 1970, the respondents were given an 'empty' questionnaire.     #     #Phase 4:     #In February 1973 all the selected young people were interviewed (again by means of face-to-face interviews where the respondent received an 'empty' questionnaire). At that time the young people were about 19 and most of them had left school, however, some of them still attended grammar school. In addition to questions about education, occupation and plans for the future, the respondents were asked about parents, friends, etc. and also about their opinions of various conditions, e.g. factors of importance in connection with future occupation and their views of themselves.     #  The first four phases are filed as DDA-1363: Young People:  Educational and Occupational Choice, 1968-1973.     #     #Phase 5:     #The fifth interview phase consisted of face-to-face interviews in November 1976, when the young people were about 22 years old.     #  This fifth phase is filed as DDA-1364: Young People:  Educational and Occupational Choice, 1976.     #     #Phase 6:     #The sixth interview phase consisted of face-to-face interviews in October 1992, when the young people were about 38 years old. 2958 of the original 3151 respondents still lived in Denmark, and 90% of them agreed to be interviewed.     #  The sixth phase is filed as DDA-2190: Young People: Educational and Occupational Choice, 1992.     #     #This survey comprises the entire material from phase 6 as well as selected variables from the other phases
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