DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cgj2
title: Data from: Genomic and ecological divergence support recognition of a new species of endangered Satyrium butterfly (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

description: We describe a highly isolated population of hairstreak butterfly from
 Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, Canada, previously recognized as
 the Half-moon Hairstreak (Satyrium semiluna), as a new species, Satyrium
 curiosolus sp. nov. We propose “Curiously Isolated Hairstreak” as the
 common name due to its disjunct and unusual distribution. Previous
 whole-genome analyses revealed S. curiosolus has extremely low genomic
 diversity and is highly divergent from the nearest S. semiluna populations
 in British Columbia and Montana, more than 400 km distant. Further
 analysis suggests prolonged inbreeding and isolation for up to ~40,000
 years BP. Ecological niche modeling indicated that S. curiosolus occupies
 environmental conditions that are distinct from S. semiluna, suggesting
 niche divergence driven by long-term geographical and ecological
 separation. While host plant and ant associations have not been
 definitively resolved, they likely differ between S. curiosolus and S.
 semiluna. As part of this description, we provide whole-genome consensus
 sequences for each individual of the type series and identify 21,985
 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are divergently fixed between
 S. curiosolus and S. semiluna, including 117 unlinked SNPs distributed
 across the genome as putative diagnostic markers. Previously listed as
 endangered in Canada as the Waterton population of S. semiluna, S.
 curiosolus should retain this conservation status due to its extreme
 isolation, small population size, and flatlined genomic diversity. We
 propose species recognition as a testable hypothesis under the General
 Lineage Concept, and recommend further research to explore the taxonomy,
 ecological relationships, and conservation of the greater species complex,
 including S. semiluna and S. fuliginosa.
description: Nuclear whole-genome consensus sequences (fastq format) were
 generated for each individual using individual-level BAM files (produced
 in genotype calling) and the mpileup command (-C 50, -Q 30, and -q 30) in
 samtools (Danecek et al. 2021). This was piped into the vcf2fq command
 from vcfutils.pl using our genome assembly as the reference. Filtering
 included sites with inferred consensus quality &lt;20 and a read depth
 less than 8× or greater than two times each individual sample’s mean
 coverage, calculated from BAM files using samtools “depth”.
description: # Genomic and ecological divergence support the recognition of a new
 species of endangered Satyrium butterfly (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cgj2](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cgj2) ## Description of the data and file structure Details on sequencing and genotype calling are provided in: MacDonald, Z. G., Dupuis, J. R., Glasier, J. R., Sissons, R., Moehrenschlager, A., Shaffer, H. B., & Sperling, F. A. (2025). Whole‐Genome Evaluation of Genetic Rescue: The Case of a Curiously Isolated and Endangered Butterfly. *Molecular Ecology*, *34*(4), e17657. [https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17657](https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17657) Nuclear whole-genome consensus sequences (fastq format) were generated for each individual using individual-level BAM files (produced in genotype calling) and the mpileup command (-C 50, -Q 30, and -q 30) in samtools (Danecek et al. 2021). This was piped into the vcf2fq command from vcfutils.pl using our genome assembly as the reference. Filtering included sites with inferred consensus quality &lt;20 and a read depth less than 8× or greater than two times each individual sample’s mean coverage, calculated from BAM files using samtools “depth”. ### Files and variables #### File: Satyrium_curiosolus_09.fq **Description:** *Paratype.* 1 ♀[white label] “CANADA: Alberta, Waterton Lakes National Park, Blakiston Fan (Hay Barn), 49.079, -113.866 (WGS84), 14-Jul-2021, J. Glasier; 14002, Saytrium_curiosolus_009”; [white label] “UASM 423534”. BioSample: SAMN45172749. #### File: Satyrium_curiosolus_10.fq **Description:**  *Paratype.* 1 ♂[white label] “CANADA: Alberta, Waterton Lakes National Park, Blakiston Fan (Hay Barn), 49.078, -113.869 (WGS84), 14-Jul-2021, J. Glasier; 14003, Saytrium_curiosolus_010”; [white label] “UASM 423535”. BioSample: SAMN45172750. #### File: Satyrium_curiosolus_12.fq **Description:**  *Paratype.* 1 ♂[white label] “CANADA: Alberta, Waterton Lakes National Park, Blakiston Fan (Hay Barn), 49.076, -113.869 (WGS84), 14-Jul-2021, J. Glasier; 14006, Saytrium_curiosolus_012”; [white label] “UASM 423536”.  BioSample: SAMN45172751. #### File: Satyrium_curiosolus_16.fq **Description:** *Holotype.* 1 ♂[white label] “CANADA: Alberta, Waterton Lakes National Park, Blakiston Fan (Marquis), 49.068, -113.877 (WGS84), 14-Jul-2021, J. Glasier; 14008, Saytrium_curiosolus_016”; [white label] “UASM 423537”; [red label] “Holotype *Satyrium curiosolus*”. BioSample: SAMN45172752. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * n/a Data was derived from the following sources: * [https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17657](https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17657)