cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c53m9d5
title: Preparation and regeneration of iron-modified nanofibres for low-concentration phosphorus-containing wastewater treatment

description: In this study, nanocellulose (CNFs) was prepared by a mechanical shearing
 method, a simple and pollution-free process. Iron hydroxide was loaded on
 nanocellulose, a natural macromolecule derived from bamboo, to produce the
 second generation iron-loaded nanocellulose for the removal of
 low-concentration phosphorus from wastewater. We found that the best
 modified ferric salt was ferric chloride. When the mass ratio of Fe(OH)3
 and CNFs was 1.5:1, freeze-drying with liquid nitrogen yielded the best
 adsorption performance. The adsorption process of Fe(OH)3@CNFs followed
 the pseudo-second-order kinetics and belonged to chemical adsorption.
 Regeneration experiments showed that after 10 cycles of
 adsorption-regenerations of the adsorbent, the phosphorus adsorption
 efficiency was still stable at 80 % of the initial material.
 Thepreparedadsorbentwascharacterizedby theBETsurfacearea
 measurement,scanningelectronmicroscopyandFT-IR. The surface morphology,
 pore size and elements of materials before and after iron loading were
 analyzed. Compared with other adsorbents, the phosphorus removal
 performances of the second generation iron-loaded nanocellulose were
 superior. Compared with the first generation material, the second
 generation adsorbent is simpler and more environmentally friendly.
description: dataInfrared spectrum of
 CNFs before and after modification,Phosphorus removal effect of CNFs and
 Fe(OH)3@CNFs under different pH conditions,Phosphorus removal effect of
 different concentrations of Fe(OH)3@CNFs after freezing in refrigerator
 and liquid nitrogen,Phosphorus removal effect of the second generation
 iron-loaded nanocellulose modified by different Fe(OH)3 and CNFs mass
 ratio,Sorption kinetics of phosphate on Fe(OH)3@CNFs,Effect of NaOH
 concentration on desorption,Effect of regeneration times on adsorption
 efficiency of the second-generation iron-modified
 nanocellulose.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nk410t9
title: Data from: The role of hybridisation in the origin and evolutionary persistence of vertebrate parthenogens: a case study of Darevskia lizards

description: Obligate parthenogenesis is found in only 0.1% of vertebrate species, is
 thought to be relatively short lived and is typically of hybrid origin.
 However, neither the evolutionary persistence of asexuality in
 vertebrates, nor the conditions that allow the generation of new
 parthenogenetic lineages are currently well understood. It has been
 proposed that vertebrate parthenogenetic lineages arise from hybridisation
 between two divergent taxa within a specific range of phylogenetic
 distances (the “Balance Hypothesis”). Moreover, parthenogenetic species
 often maintain a certain level of hybridisation with their closest sexual
 relatives, potentially generating new polyploid hybrid lineages. Here we
 address the role of hybridisation in the origin and evolutionary lifespan
 of vertebrate parthenogens. We use a set of microsatellite markers to
 characterize the origins of parthenogens in the lizard genus Darevskia to
 study the distinctiveness of sexual and asexual taxa currently in
 sympatry, and to analyse the evolutionary consequences of interspecific
 hybridisation between asexual females and sexual males. We find that
 parthenogens result from multiple past hybridisation events between
 species from specific lineages over a range of phylogenetic distances.
 This suggests that the Balance Hypothesis needs to make allowance for
 lineage-specific effects, as envisaged in the “Phylogenetic Constraint
 Hypothesis”. Our results show recurrent backcrossing between sexual and
 parthenogenetic Darevskia but neither gene flow nor formation of new
 asexual lineages is found. We suggest that, along with their demographic
 advantage, parthenogens gain additional leverage to outcompete sexuals in
 nature when the retention of sexual reproductive machinery allows
 backcrossing with their sexual ancestors.
description: microsat
 genotypesEstimated fragment
 lengths for microsatellites (genotypes) of several Darevskia species and
 hybridsdryad.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.628pd5n
title: Data from: Multiple transmission routes sustain high prevalence of a virulent parasite in a butterfly host

description: Understanding factors that allow highly virulent parasites to reach high
 infection prevalence in host populations is important for managing
 infection risks to human and wildlife health. Multiple transmission routes
 have been proposed as one mechanism by which virulent pathogens can
 achieve high prevalence, underscoring the need to investigate this
 hypothesis through an integrated modeling-empirical framework. Here, we
 examine a harmful specialist protozoan infecting monarch butterflies that
 commonly reaches high prevalence (50-100%) in resident populations. We
 integrate field and modeling work to show that a combination of three
 empirically-supported transmission routes (vertical, adult transfer, and
 environmental transmission) can produce and sustain high infection
 prevalence in this system. Although horizontal transmission is necessary
 for parasite invasion, most new infections post-establishment arise from
 vertical transmission. Our study predicts that multiple transmission
 routes, coupled with high parasite virulence, can reduce resident host
 abundance by up to 50%, suggesting that the protozoan could contribute to
 declines of North American monarchs.
description: Majewska_etal-10.1098.rspb.2019.01630_R projectThe compressed folder contains R project with code (4 scripts), metadata, and data (4 .csv files) to accompany Multiple transmission routes sustain high prevalence of a virulent parasite in a butterfly host (Majewska, Sims, Schneider, Altizer, Hall 2019, Proceedings B; DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1630)Majewska_et_al_R project.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8p25386
title: Data from: Detection error influences both temporal seroprevalence predictions and risk factors associations in wildlife disease models

description: Understanding the prevalence of pathogens in invasive species is essential
 to guide efforts to prevent transmission to agricultural animals,
 wildlife, and humans. Pathogen prevalence can be difficult to estimate for
 wild species due to imperfect sampling and testing (pathogens may not be
 detected in infected individuals and erroneously detected in individuals
 that are not infected). The invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa, also referred
 to as wild boar and feral swine) is one of the most widespread hosts of
 domestic animal and human pathogens in North America. We developed
 hierarchical Bayesian models that account for imperfect detection to
 estimate the seroprevalence of five pathogens (porcine reproductive and
 respiratory syndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, Influenza A virus in
 swine, Hepatitis E virus, and Brucella spp.) in wild pigs in the United
 States using a dataset of over 50,000 samples across nine years. To assess
 the effect of incorporating detection error in models, we also evaluated
 models that ignored detection error. Both sets of models included effects
 of demographic parameters on seroprevalence. We compared our predictions
 of seroprevalence to 40 published studies, only one of which accounted for
 imperfect detection. We found a range of seroprevalence among the
 pathogens with a high seroprevalence of pseudorabies virus, indicating
 significant risk to livestock and wildlife. Demographics had mostly weak
 effects, indicating that other variables may have greater effects in
 predicting seroprevalence. Models that ignored detection error led to
 different predictions of seroprevalence as well as different inferences on
 the effects of demographic parameters. Our results highlight the
 importance of incorporating detection error in models of seroprevalence
 and demonstrate that ignoring such error may lead to erroneous conclusions
 about the risk associated with pathogen transmission. When using
 opportunistic sampling data to model seroprevalence and evaluate risk
 factors, detection error should be included.
description: pathogen sampling
 dataThis file describes
 pathogen sampling data for each pathogen in wild pig populations in the
 USA in each year when sampling occurred. Data are further summarized by
 age class and sex of individuals sampled. Pathogens sampled include
 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS), pseudorabies
 virus (PRV), influenza A virus in swine (IAVS), hepatitis E virus (HEV),
 and Brucella spp. (SB). "num_positive" represents the number of
 individuals testing positive for that pathogen. "num_tested" is
 the total number of individuals that were tested for the pathogen in that
 year in that sex and age class.pathogen_data_summary.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4pn6413
title: Data from: Cryptic petal colouration decreases floral apparency and herbivory in nocturnally closing daisies

description: 1. Floral apparency is shaped by both mutualistic and antagonistic
 interactions that can act in opposing ways. Pollinators are expected to
 select for more visually apparent flowers, but this likely trades off
 against the potentially severe fitness costs of damage to apparent flowers
 by floral herbivores. One way in which flowers that close during parts of
 the day might circumvent this trade-off, is by evolving less visible lower
 petal surfaces that are inconspicuous to herbivores when flowers are
 closed. 2. Here we used visual system modelling and herbivory experiments
 to test whether petal surfaces that are exposed when flowers are closed
 are cryptically coloured. We collected lower and upper petal surface
 spectra for 77 Asteraceae species from Namaqualand, South Africa. This
 included closing species that expose their lower petal surfaces for 5 to 6
 daylight hours, and non-closing species that do not expose their lower
 surfaces. We used these contrasting groups to test the expectation of
 reduced conspicuousness of lower petal surfaces in closing, but not
 non-closing species. 3. By modelling reflectance spectra of petal surfaces
 against a green leaf background in various visual systems we showed 1)
 that conspicuousness of upper petal surfaces to pollinators and various
 herbivores were strongly correlated, suggesting the potential for fitness
 trade-offs between attracting mutualists and antagonists to open flowers,
 2) that closing species’ lower petal surfaces were less visible to
 herbivores against a leaf background than those of non-closing species,
 and 3) that closing species had larger differences between upper and lower
 petal surface colouration than non-closing species. Behavioural
 experiments with tortoise herbivores demonstrated that flowers are easily
 detected when upper surfaces are exposed, but that tortoises were unable
 to distinguish lower petal surfaces against a leaf background, resulting
 in reduced flower herbivory. 4. These results are consistent with
 selection by herbivores for cryptic colouration of lower petal surfaces,
 and divergence of colouration between lower and upper petal surfaces in
 species with closing flowers. Visual crypsis of flowers may be an
 effective anti-herbivory strategy during times when pollinators are
 inactive, and provides an alternative to chemical defence, which often
 involves costs to pollination.
description: Spectra for upper and
 lower daisy petal surfacesThe file contains
 spectra for upper and lower petal surfaces of multiple daisy species in
 Namaqualand, South Africa. Wavelengths of 300-700 nm were collected (see
 paper for details). All negative values have been converted to zero. Each
 spectrum is the average of multiple flowers of a given species. Some
 species have multiple floral forms across the landscape, and these floral
 forms are indicated after the species names.Upper and lower petal
 surfaces.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q4n4884
title: The effects of body mass on immune cell concentrations of terrestrial mammals

description: Theory predicts that body mass should affect the way organisms evolve and
 use immune defenses. We investigated the relationship between body mass
 and blood neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations among 250+ terrestrial
 mammalian species. We tested whether existing theories (e.g., Protecton
 Theory, immune system complexity, and rate of metabolism) accurately
 predicted the scaling of immune cell concentrations. We also evaluated the
 predictive power of body mass for these leukocyte concentrations compared
 to sociality, diet, life history, and phylogenetic relatedness. Phylogeny
 explained &gt;65% of variation in both lymphocytes and neutrophils,
 and body mass appeared more informative than other interspecific trait
 variation. In the best-fit mass-only model, neutrophils scaled
 hypermetrically (b = 0.11) with body mass whereas lymphocytes scaled
 isometrically. Extrapolating to total cell numbers, this exponent means
 that an African elephant circulates 13.3 million times the neutrophils of
 a house mouse, whereas their masses differ by only 250k-fold. We
 hypothesize that such high neutrophil numbers might offset the i) higher
 overall parasite exposure that large animals face and/or ii) the higher
 relative replication capacities of pathogens to host cells.
description: Life history and
 ecological data for mammalsLife history and
 ecological data for mammals used in "The effects of body mass on
 immune cell concentrations of terrestrial mammals." Data include body
 mass (log-transformed), maximal longevity (log-transformed), maximal
 reproductive potential (log-transformed), trophic level, and
 sociality.DownsEtAl_AmNat_ScalingNL_DataDryad.csvR code for statistics used in "The effects of body mass on immune cell concentrations of mammals"R code for statistics used in The effects of body mass on immune cell concentrations of mammals by Downs et al.DownsEtAl_AmNat_ScalingNL_ScalingCode_dryad.r
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7tg31p7
title: Data from: A lineage-resolved molecular atlas of C. elegans embryogenesis at single-cell resolution

description: C. elegans is an animal with few cells, but a striking diversity of cell
 types. Here, we characterize the molecular basis for their specification
 by profiling the transcriptomes of 86,024 single embryonic cells. We
 identify 502 terminal and pre-terminal cell types, mapping most single
 cell transcriptomes to their exact position in C. elegans’ invariant
 lineage. Using these annotations, we find that: 1) the correlation between
 a cell’s lineage and its transcriptome increases from mid to late
 gastrulation, then falls dramatically as cells in the nervous system and
 pharynx adopt their terminal fates; 2) multilineage priming contributes to
 the differentiation of sister cells at dozens of lineage branches; and 3)
 most distinct lineages that produce the same anatomical cell type converge
 to a homogenous transcriptomic state.
description: Dryad_metadataThe Dryad metadata file contains the list of the 41 3D confocal time lapse movies of developing C. elegans embryos that reveal the embryonic expression patterns of various genes in the C. elegans embryo. Each movie records the expression of a red or green fluorescent protein either driven by a promoter or fused in frame to a gene of interest. A second channel records the expression of a globally expressed fluorescent protein that is used to determine cell divisions and infer the cell lineage. The resultant expression patterns were used to assign cells analyzed by single cell RNA-sequencing to specific cell types.20071015_end-120080221_tbx-9_820110504_tbx-2_OP159_L120111205_unc-39_1220111208_JIM108_L120120426_JIM122_L220120605_hlh-3_L120120925_aha-1_2_L220121015_lim-6_10_L220121026_ceh-31_6_L220130219_let-381_2_L220130304_Y53C12C1_13_L220130311_ceh-22_L320130522_egl-38_OP171_L120130527_nhr-67_JIM202_L220130712_lin-26_L120130827_tbx-7_L420130903_pha-2_L420140210_unc-120_12_L120140401_elt-3_HS1673_L220140408_ztf-11_120140507_hlh-8_16_L220140617_hlh-19_2_L220140717_atf-2_13_L120140828_ceh-32_OP516_L120141028_ceh-27_JIM290_L120141112_ceh-34_OP524_L120141119_ref-2_OP520_L220141203_hlh-4_OP523_L120150303_ces-1_XIL049_L120150304_unc-86_XIL039_L120150406_hlh-6_L120160301_hlh-3_OP650_L220160304_ceh-51_L120170501_lin-39_GFP_L120170523_nob-1_GFP_L120171128_sem-2_GFP_L120180613_707_sptf-1-GFP_L120180618_113X744_hlh-13-GFP_L420180622_ham-2_RW12054_L220180827_113XMT19703_ngn-1-GFP_L1
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mr47gq3
title: Data from: Assessing the potential for assisted gene flow using past introduction of Norway spruce in Southern Sweden: local adaptation and genetic basis of quantitative traits in trees

description: Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a dominant conifer species of major
 economic importance in Northern Europe. Extensive breeding programs were
 established to improve phenotypic traits of economic interest. In southern
 Sweden seeds used to create progeny tests were collected on about 3000
 trees of outstanding phenotype (“plus” trees) across the region. In a
 companion paper (Chen et al., 2019) we showed that some were of local
 origin but many were recent introductions from the rest of the natural
 range. The mixed origin of the trees together with partial sequencing of
 the exome of &gt;1,500 of these trees and phenotypic data retrieved
 from the Swedish breeding program offered a unique opportunity to dissect
 the genetic basis of local adaptation of three quantitative traits
 (height, diameter and budburst) and assess the potential of assisted gene
 flow. Through a combination of multivariate analyses and genome-wide
 association studies, we showed that there was a very strong effect of
 geographical origin on growth (height and diameter) and phenology
 (budburst) with trees from southern origins outperforming local
 provenances. Association studies revealed that growth traits were highly
 polygenic and budburst somewhat less. Hence, our results suggest that
 assisted gene flow and genomic selection approaches could help to
 alleviate the effect of climate change on P. abies breeding programs in
 Sweden.
description: Sample location,
 phenotypic, climatic and Gwas dataSample loc pheno
 climatetxt.txtAllelic effect
 sizeGwas
 diameter.txtGwas
 Height.txtGwas
 budburst.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gc6p546
title: Data from: Behavioural fever reduces ranaviral infection in toads

description: 1. Host behaviour is known to influence disease dynamics. Additionally,
 hosts often change their behaviours in response to pathogen detection to
 resist and avoid disease. The capacity of wildlife populations to respond
 to pathogens using behavioural plasticity is critical for reducing the
 impacts of disease outbreaks. However, there is limited information
 regarding the ability of ectothermic vertebrates to resist diseases via
 behavioural plasticity. 2. Here, we experimentally examine the effect of
 host behaviour on ranaviral infections, which affect at least 175 species
 of ectothermic vertebrates. We placed metamorphic (temporal block 1) or
 adult (block 2) Southern toads (Anaxyrus terrestris) in thermal gradients,
 tested their temperature preferences before and after oral inoculation by
 measuring individual‐level body temperature over time, and measured
 ranaviral loads of viral‐exposed individuals. 3. We found significant
 individual‐level variation in temperature preference and evidence for
 behavioural fever in both metamorph and adult A. terrestris during the
 first two days after exposure. Additionally, we found that
 individual‐level change in temperature preference was negatively
 correlated with ranaviral load and a better predictor of load than average
 temperature preference or maximum temperature reached by an individual. In
 other words, an increase in baseline temperature preference was more
 important than simply reaching an absolute temperature. 4. These results
 suggest that behavioural fever is an effective mechanism for resisting
 ranaviral infections.
description: Ranavirus-fever
 dataToad temperature, mass,
 and ranaviral load data associated with Sauer et al. 2019 - Functional
 Ecology. Metadata is included in the excel workbook.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c0n5hm8
title: Data from: Causes and consequences of avian within-season dispersal decisions in a dynamic grassland environment

description: Understanding the causes and consequences of dispersal is key to
 identifying selective pressures underlying species-level variation in
 biogeography, metapopulation dynamics and adaptive capacity. We tested the
 hypotheses that nest predation and/or brood parasitism avoidance drive
 breeding dispersal decisions and that dispersal functions to reduce
 subsequent reproductive failure in grasshopper sparrows, Ammodramus
 savannarum, breeding in eastern Kansas, U.S.A. Over 2 years, we monitored
 the fate of 222 nests and the movements of 144 parents. We established the
 spatiotemporal patterns of nest success among all nests, then related nest
 predation and parasitism to subsequent dispersal behaviour and
 reproductive success. Birds were more likely to disperse following nest
 predation, but decisions were unaffected by parasitism. Dispersers
 experienced higher chances of subsequent nest survival than did
 site-faithful individuals. Although second nests were parasitized less
 often than were first nests, dispersers did not experience substantially
 lower parasitism than did site-faithful individuals, suggesting that the
 challenges of predation and brood parasitism may be solved in different
 ways. This study represents one of few tests of alternative hypotheses
 explaining dispersal decisions of songbirds within seasons and represents
 a rare case study of the consequences of breeding dispersal on subsequent
 reproductive success. Our results suggest that differences in dispersal
 tendencies may result from variation in risk-response thresholds rather
 than alternative causal drivers.
description: WilliamsandBoyle_AnimalBehavior_DryadData from: Williams,EJ, Boyle WA, Causes and consequences of avian within-season dispersal decisions in a dynamic grassland environment, Animal Behavior. Files contain data and R code used to complete analyses described in the manuscript. Note: File folders and files are organized by how they are described in the Analyses section of the manuscript.