cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.3886/e110642
title: Is Occupational Licensing a Barrier to Interstate Migration?

description: Occupational licensure may limit the interstate movement of workers because it adds to the cost of moving between states. We analyze the interstate migration of 22 licensed occupations, proxying for the difficulty of the regulations by comparing state-specific licensed occupations to those with national licensing exams. Our empirical strategy also uses individuals who move a long distance, removing the influence of occupation characteristics and self-selection of migration-averse individuals into licensed occupations. Our estimates show that occupational licensing reduces interstate migration, but the magnitude of the effect can only account for a small part of the overall decline in recent decades.
DOI: 10.3886/e110642v1
title: Is Occupational Licensing a Barrier to Interstate Migration?

description: Occupational licensure may limit the interstate movement of workers because it adds to the cost of moving between states. We analyze the interstate migration of 22 licensed occupations, proxying for the difficulty of the regulations by comparing state-specific licensed occupations to those with national licensing exams. Our empirical strategy also uses individuals who move a long distance, removing the influence of occupation characteristics and self-selection of migration-averse individuals into licensed occupations. Our estimates show that occupational licensing reduces interstate migration, but the magnitude of the effect can only account for a small part of the overall decline in recent decades.
DOI: 10.3886/e114888
title: Data and Code for: The Buck Stops Where? Federalism, Uncertainty, and Investment in the Brazilian Water and Sanitation Sector

description: This paper documents how regulatory uncertainty may undermine public service when different levels of government share a mandate on public service provision. I examine the Brazilian water and sanitation sector, which presents a natural experiment of shared provision between state and municipal companies. Using a difference-in-differences framework, I study a legal reform that clarified the relationship between municipal and state providers and eliminated any takeover threat by state companies. I find after the reform, municipal companies almost doubled their total system investment, leading to significant increases in system access and decreases in child mortality.<br><br>
description: Brazilian municipios<br>.
DOI: 10.3886/e114888v1
title: Data and Code for: The Buck Stops Where? Federalism, Uncertainty, and Investment in the Brazilian Water and Sanitation Sector

description: This paper documents how regulatory uncertainty may undermine public service when different levels of government share a mandate on public service provision. I examine the Brazilian water and sanitation sector, which presents a natural experiment of shared provision between state and municipal companies. Using a difference-in-differences framework, I study a legal reform that clarified the relationship between municipal and state providers and eliminated any takeover threat by state companies. I find after the reform, municipal companies almost doubled their total system investment, leading to significant increases in system access and decreases in child mortality.<br><br>
description: Brazilian municipios<br>.
DOI: 10.3886/e110661
title: Code for: "Bunching to Maximize Tax Credits: Evidence from Kinks in the U.S. Tax Schedule"

description: We explore bunching at U.S. income tax kinks using a panel of 258 million tax returns from 1996 to 2014. We find bunching at seven kinks, with nearly all bunching occurring at kinks maximizing tax credits. In our sample period, the total number of bunchers increased at an 10.9 percent annualized growth rate, from 134,300 in 1996 to 866,600 in 2014. Approximately two-thirds of these bunchers locate at the unique point that maximizes refunds. Some taxpayers repeatedly bunch at this point, even in consecutive years when different tax kinks are refund-maximizing.
description: other;
DOI: 10.3886/e110661v1
title: Code for: "Bunching to Maximize Tax Credits: Evidence from Kinks in the U.S. Tax Schedule"

description: We explore bunching at U.S. income tax kinks using a panel of 258 million tax returns from 1996 to 2014. We find bunching at seven kinks, with nearly all bunching occurring at kinks maximizing tax credits. In our sample period, the total number of bunchers increased at an 10.9 percent annualized growth rate, from 134,300 in 1996 to 866,600 in 2014. Approximately two-thirds of these bunchers locate at the unique point that maximizes refunds. Some taxpayers repeatedly bunch at this point, even in consecutive years when different tax kinks are refund-maximizing.
description: other;
DOI: 10.3886/e111481
title: Data and Code for: Misunderstanding nonlinear prices: Evidence from a natural experiment on residential electricity demand

description: This paper examines how consumers respond to nonlinear prices. Exploiting a natural experiment with electricity consumers in British Columbia, I find evidence that some households severely misunderstand nonlinear prices---incorrectly perceiving that the marginal price applies to all consumption, not simply the last unit. While small in number, the exaggerated responses by these households have a large effect in aggregate, masking an otherwise predominant response to average price. Previously largely unexplored in the literature, this type of misunderstanding has important economic, policy and methodological implications beyond electricity markets. I estimate the welfare loss for these households to be the equivalent of 10% of annual electricity expenditure.
description: All residential electricity accounts (households) in the City of New Westminster and the surrounding 3-digit postal codes served by BC Hydro.
DOI: 10.3886/e111481v1
title: Data and Code for: Misunderstanding nonlinear prices: Evidence from a natural experiment on residential electricity demand

description: This paper examines how consumers respond to nonlinear prices. Exploiting a natural experiment with electricity consumers in British Columbia, I find evidence that some households severely misunderstand nonlinear prices---incorrectly perceiving that the marginal price applies to all consumption, not simply the last unit. While small in number, the exaggerated responses by these households have a large effect in aggregate, masking an otherwise predominant response to average price. Previously largely unexplored in the literature, this type of misunderstanding has important economic, policy and methodological implications beyond electricity markets. I estimate the welfare loss for these households to be the equivalent of 10% of annual electricity expenditure.
description: All residential electricity accounts (households) in the City of New Westminster and the surrounding 3-digit postal codes served by BC Hydro.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3958298
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-Hyperpro-Profiles_2020-03-25_v1.2

description: Cruise: KOK1606, Gradients 1 Project Name: Simons Foundation, Gradients NPSG Description: The Satlantic (now Seabird) HyperPro is an in-situ free-fall profiling unit designed to measure the apparent optical properties of the ocean with concurrent measurements of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll and dissolved matter fluorescence, and optical backscattering (a proxy for total particle load). The unit is equipped with one up-looking and one down-looking hyperspectral (350-800nm) radiometer with 10 ± 0.3 nm resolution, a WET Labs ECO-Puck Triplet, and temperature, pressure, and conductivity sensors. It also incorporates a ship-mounted surface (air) hyperspectral radiometer. These data are collated from the vertical profiles conducted during the Gradients I cruise.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3733883
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-Hyperpro-Profiles_2020-03-25_v1.2

description: Cruise: KOK1606, Gradients 1 Project Name: Simons Foundation, Gradients NPSG Description: The Satlantic (now Seabird) HyperPro is an in-situ free-fall profiling unit designed to measure the apparent optical properties of the ocean with concurrent measurements of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll and dissolved matter fluorescence, and optical backscattering (a proxy for total particle load). The unit is equipped with one up-looking and one down-looking hyperspectral (350-800nm) radiometer with 10 ± 0.3 nm resolution, a WET Labs ECO-Puck Triplet, and temperature, pressure, and conductivity sensors. It also incorporates a ship-mounted surface (air) hyperspectral radiometer. These data are collated from the vertical profiles conducted during the Gradients I cruise.
DOI: 10.3886/e120321v4
title: COVID-19 Twitter Dataset with Latent Topics, Sentiments and Emotions Attributes

description: This project presents a large dataset covering over 63 million coronavirus-related Twitter posts from more than 13 million unique users during since 28 January to 1 July 2020. As strong concerns and emotions are expressed in the tweets, we analyzed the tweets content using natural language processing techniques and machine-learning based algorithms, and inferred seventeen latent semantic attributes associated with each tweet, including 1) ten attributes indicating the tweet’s relevance to ten detected topics, 2) five quantitative attributes indicating the degree of intensity in the valence (i.e., unpleasantness/pleasantness) and emotional intensities across four primary emotions of fear, anger, sadness and joy, and 3) two qualitative attributes indicating the sentiment category and the most dominant emotion category, respectively.
description: Twitter posts.
DOI: 10.3886/e119549v4
title: Data and Code for Money Mining and Price Dynamics

description: The deposit contains the data and computer code for the paper "Money mining and price dynamics" written by Michael Choi and Guillaume Rocheteau.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3958303
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-HPLC_2020-03-23_v1.2

description: Cruise: Gradients 1, KOK1606 Project Name: Simons Foundation, Gradients NPSG Method: Samples were processed to detect and quantify phytoplankton pigments using a modified version of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of Wright et al. (1991) as described by Bidigare et al. (2005). Sample water was concentrated onto Whatman GF/F filters (0.7 µm nominal pore size) and stored at -80°C until analysis. Filters were extracted in 100% acetone for 24 h at 4°C. Extracts were processed in reverse-phase on a 250 mm C18 column using a Waters separations module and photodiode detector array. Empower chromatography software was used for integration and pigment quantification. The instrument was calibrated using chlorophyll a from Anacystis nidulans (Sigma USA) and mixed pigment standards were obtained from DHI in Denmark.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3727212
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-HPLC_2020-03-23_v1.2

description: Cruise: Gradients 1, KOK1606 Project Name: Simons Foundation, Gradients NPSG Method: Samples were processed to detect and quantify phytoplankton pigments using a modified version of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of Wright et al. (1991) as described by Bidigare et al. (2005). Sample water was concentrated onto Whatman GF/F filters (0.7 µm nominal pore size) and stored at -80°C until analysis. Filters were extracted in 100% acetone for 24 h at 4°C. Extracts were processed in reverse-phase on a 250 mm C18 column using a Waters separations module and photodiode detector array. Empower chromatography software was used for integration and pigment quantification. The instrument was calibrated using chlorophyll a from Anacystis nidulans (Sigma USA) and mixed pigment standards were obtained from DHI in Denmark.
DOI: 10.24431/rw1k45z
title: Historical gridded lightning, Alaska, AK NSF EPSCoR Fire and Ice, (1986 - 2017)

description: This dataset contains the daily number of lightning strikes in 20km grid boxes collected throughout Alaska as part of the AK NSF EPSCoR Fire and Ice program.The dataset is is part of a historical study to evaluate the predictability of lightning in Alaska. These data were derived from the historical lightning strikes recorded by Alaska Lightning Detection Database (ALDN) for 1986 - 2017. The data were gridded to 20km for ease of comparison with existing downscaled climate data by counting the number of lightning flashes that occurred in each grid box. The 2012-2017 are only available in the form of the individual flashes while the number of flashes in each strike were estimated for 1986-2011 based on the observed multiplicity parameter.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3958304
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-UW_Hyperpro_Surface_PAR_2020-03-19_v1.2

description: Cruise: Gradients 1, KOK1606 Project Name: Simons Foundation, SCOPE, Gradients NPSG Dataset description: The Satlantic (now Seabird) HyperPro is an in-situ free-fall profiling unit designed to measure the apparent optical properties of the ocean with concurrent measurements of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll and dissolved matter fluorescence, and optical backscattering (a proxy for total particle load). The unit is equipped with one up-looking and one down-looking hyperspectral (350-800nm) radiometer with 10 ± 0.3 nm resolution, a WET Labs ECO-Puck Triplet, and temperature, pressure, and conductivity sensors. It also incorporates a ship-mounted surface (air) hyperspectral radiometer. This dataset is derived from the ship-mounted surface (air) hyperspectral radiometer. These photosynthetically active radiation - PAR(0+) - data are reported from the duration of the cruise, except when hyperpro ocean profiles were conducted.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3958307
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-PPPCPN-UW_2020-03-10_v1.2

description: Cruise: KOK1606, Gradients 1<br> Project Name: Simons Foundation, SCOPE, Gradients NPSG The phosphorus content of particulate material (PP) was collected by semi-automated and sequential filtration of the ship’s underway flow through seawater onto acid-washed and combusted GFF filters. Select samples had a piggybacked GFF filter holder in sequence for collection of dissolved organic material and/or evaluation of trapping efficiency of GFF; these samples are termed ‘&lt;0.7 micron P’. Following filtration, filters were placed in histoprep capsules and stored at -80°C for later analysis. Post-cruise, all filters were thawed overnight, combusted at 450°C for 4.5 hours, then extracted with 0.15 M HCl for 1 hour at 60°C. PP was then analyzed spectrophotometrically as SRP in a 1.0 cm cell at 880 nm following Strickland and Parsons (1972). Recovery efficiency was assessed from the analysis of a known dry weight of certified reference material (National Institute of Standards, NIST 1515, apple leaves, certified 0.159% P by weight). The carbon and nitrogen content of particulate material (PC, PN) was collected by semi-automated and sequential filtration of the ship’s underway flow through seawater onto a combusted GFF filter. Select samples had a piggybacked GFF filter holder in sequence for collection of dissolved organic material and/or evaluation of trapping efficiency of GFF; these samples are termed ‘&lt;0.7 micron C’ or '&lt;0.7 micron N'. Following filtration, filters were folded in half and placed in combusted aluminum foil and stored at -80°C for later analysis. Post-cruise, all filters were thawed, acidified, and dried overnight at 60°C. Samples were then balled into Ag and Sn boats and plated for analysis. Organic carbon and total nitrogen content was analyzed using high-temperature combustion (1020 C) on a ThermoQuest NC 2500 elemental analyzer. Three standards with known %C and %N were weighed, folded in tin boats, and analyzed with the samples to develop the calibration equation for each run. The calibration equation was then used to calculate the mass (mg) of carbon and nitrogen in each sample using EAS Clarity Chromatography Station software. The standards are Cystine (Elemental Microanalysis, B2035, 11.66 %TN, 29.99 %TC), Atropine (Elemental Microanalysis, B2002, 4.84 %TN, 70.56%TC), and GoniLab Secondary Standard (low %C)-A1 (an internal standard of sediment from the Gulf of Mexico, MV0803, with low carbon - 0.12 %N, 1.3 %C). Depth of 4m refers to the depth of the seawater intake on the R/V Ka’imikai-O-Kanaloa (KOK). The ship’s location, sea surface temperature and salinity from ship’s underway instrumentation are matched to the mid-point of each PCPN filtration time, and PP data were matched to the closest PCPN filtration.<br>
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3718560
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-PPPCPN-UW_2020-03-10_v1.2

description: Cruise: KOK1606, Gradients 1<br> Project Name: Simons Foundation, SCOPE, Gradients NPSG The phosphorus content of particulate material (PP) was collected by semi-automated and sequential filtration of the ship’s underway flow through seawater onto acid-washed and combusted GFF filters. Select samples had a piggybacked GFF filter holder in sequence for collection of dissolved organic material and/or evaluation of trapping efficiency of GFF; these samples are termed ‘&lt;0.7 micron P’. Following filtration, filters were placed in histoprep capsules and stored at -80°C for later analysis. Post-cruise, all filters were thawed overnight, combusted at 450°C for 4.5 hours, then extracted with 0.15 M HCl for 1 hour at 60°C. PP was then analyzed spectrophotometrically as SRP in a 1.0 cm cell at 880 nm following Strickland and Parsons (1972). Recovery efficiency was assessed from the analysis of a known dry weight of certified reference material (National Institute of Standards, NIST 1515, apple leaves, certified 0.159% P by weight). The carbon and nitrogen content of particulate material (PC, PN) was collected by semi-automated and sequential filtration of the ship’s underway flow through seawater onto a combusted GFF filter. Select samples had a piggybacked GFF filter holder in sequence for collection of dissolved organic material and/or evaluation of trapping efficiency of GFF; these samples are termed ‘&lt;0.7 micron C’ or '&lt;0.7 micron N'. Following filtration, filters were folded in half and placed in combusted aluminum foil and stored at -80°C for later analysis. Post-cruise, all filters were thawed, acidified, and dried overnight at 60°C. Samples were then balled into Ag and Sn boats and plated for analysis. Organic carbon and total nitrogen content was analyzed using high-temperature combustion (1020 C) on a ThermoQuest NC 2500 elemental analyzer. Three standards with known %C and %N were weighed, folded in tin boats, and analyzed with the samples to develop the calibration equation for each run. The calibration equation was then used to calculate the mass (mg) of carbon and nitrogen in each sample using EAS Clarity Chromatography Station software. The standards are Cystine (Elemental Microanalysis, B2035, 11.66 %TN, 29.99 %TC), Atropine (Elemental Microanalysis, B2002, 4.84 %TN, 70.56%TC), and GoniLab Secondary Standard (low %C)-A1 (an internal standard of sediment from the Gulf of Mexico, MV0803, with low carbon - 0.12 %N, 1.3 %C). Depth of 4m refers to the depth of the seawater intake on the R/V Ka’imikai-O-Kanaloa (KOK). The ship’s location, sea surface temperature and salinity from ship’s underway instrumentation are matched to the mid-point of each PCPN filtration time, and PP data were matched to the closest PCPN filtration.<br>
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3958310
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-15N13C_2020-03-10_v1.2

description: Cruise Name: KOK1606, Gradients 1 Project Name: Simons Foundation Gradient NPSG Dataset Description: Standard protocols were used to measure in vitro primary productivity via the 13C radiotracer method [Lengendre et al., 1996] and N2-fixation rate measurements via 15N2 isotopic enriched sewater method described by Wilson et al., 2012. Briefly, water samples were collected before dawn in 4.3L polycarbonate bottles, a total of 120ml of cold enriched 15N2 seawater was added via syringe by inserting bevline tubing to the bottom of the sample bottle and slowly injecting the volume while overflowing. Bottles were then sealed with caps fitted with septum and injected with 0.5ml of 47mM 13C bicarbonate stock and gently mixed by inversion. Samples for 13C-DIC to test the 13C enrichment concentration were taken by removing 1ml of enriched sample volume and injecting it into an evacuated exetainer pre-loaded with 85% phosphoric acid. Bottles were incubated on deck in incubators screened to 48% of surface irradiance and plumbed with flow through surface seawater for temperature regulation. All bottles were incubated in the incubator for ~ 24hr at 48% light level and at select stations with shading at ~24% light level. Duplicate light bottles were paired with dark bottles and time final bottles that received no enrichment. Time zero bottles were also collected and sacrificed for each station. Following dawn to dawn incubations, each sample was filtered onto a combusted 25mm glass fiber filter, filters were folded in half and placed in combusted aluminum foil and stored at -80°C for later analysis. Post-cruise, all filters were thawed and dried overnight at 60°C. Samples were then balled into Ag and Sn boats and plated for analysis. The carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition (13C and 15N, respectively) were analyzed by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry using a Carlo Erba elemental analyzer (EA) connected to a Thermo DeltaPlus isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). For all samples the international standards USGS40 (d13C = -26.389 permil vs VPDB, d15N = -4.52 permil vs air) and USGS41 (d13C = +37.626permil vs VPDB, d15N = +47.6 permil vs air) were used to calibrate each run of samples and the international standard IAEA-600 (d13C = -27.771 permil vs VPDB, d15N = +1.0 permil vs air) was used as a check standard (i.e., not used to calibrate data).13C-DIC samples were sent to UC Davis for analysis, resultant data was used to correct the 13C DIC addition for each bottle.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3958313
title: Gradients1-KOK1606-PPPCPN_2020-03-09_v1.2

description: Cruise: Gradients 1, KOK1606 Project Name: Simons Foundation Gradient NPSG Method: The phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen content of particulate material (PP, PC, PN) was collected from rosette niskin bottles at specific depths and filtered at low vacuum through a combusted glass fiber filter (PCPN) or acid washed combusted glass fiber filter (PP). At select stations a secondary set was collected and size fractionated using a 3um polycarbonate filter to provide the &lt;3um size fraction of PP and PCPN. Following filtration, filters for PCPN were folded in half and placed in combusted aluminum foil and stored at -80°C for later analysis. Post-cruise, all filters were thawed and dried overnight at 60°C. Samples were then balled into Ag and Sn boats and plated for analysis. Organic carbon and total nitrogen content was analyzed using high-temperature combustion (1020 C) on a ThermoQuest NC 2500 elemental analyzer. Three standards with known %C and %N were weighed, folded in tin boats, and analyzed with the samples to develop the calibration equation for each run. The calibration equation was then used to calculate the mass (mg) of carbon and nitrogen in each sample using EAS Clarity Chromatography Station software. The standards are Cystine (Elemental Microanalysis, B2035, 11.66 %TN, 29.99 %TC), Atropine (Elemental Microanalysis, B2002, 4.84 %TN, 70.56%TC), and GoniLab Secondary Standard (low %C)-A1 (an internal standard of sediment from the Gulf of Mexico, MV0803, with low carbon - 0.12 %N, 1.3 %C). Following filtration, PP filters were placed in histoprep capsules and stored at -80°C for later analysis. Post-cruise, all filters were thawed overnight, combusted at 450°C for 4.5 hours, then extracted with 0.15 M HCl for 1 hour at 60°C. PP was then analyzed spectrophotometrically as SRP in a 1.0 cm cell at 880 nm following Strickland and Parsons (1972). Recovery efficiency was assessed from the analysis of a known dry weight of certified reference material (National Institute of Standards, NIST 1515, apple leaves, certified 0.159% P by weight).