cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q8b18
title: Data from: Defense traits of larval Drosophila melanogaster exhibit genetically based tradeoffs against different species of parasitoids

description: Populations of Drosophila melanogaster face significant mortality risks
 from parasitoid wasps that use species-specific strategies to locate and
 survive in hosts. We tested the hypothesis that parasitoids with different
 strategies select for alternative host defense characteristics and in
 doing so contribute to the maintenance of fitness variation and produce
 trade-offs among traits. We characterized defense traits of Drosophila
 when exposed to parasitoids with different host searching behaviors
 (Aphaereta sp. and Leptopilina boulardi). We used host larvae with
 different natural alleles of the gene Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), a gene
 controlling the production of dopamine and known to influence the immune
 response against parasitoids. Previous population genetic analyses
 indicate that our focal alleles are maintained by balancing selection.
 Genotypes exhibited a trade-off between the immune response against
 Aphaereta sp. and the ability to avoid parasitism by L. boulardi. We also
 identified a trade off between the ability to avoid parasitism by L.
 boulardi and larval competitive ability as indicated by differences in
 foraging and feeding behavior. Genotypes differed in dopamine levels
 potentially explaining variation in these traits. Our results highlight
 the potential role of parasitoid biodiversity on host fitness variation
 and implicate Ddc as an antagonistic pleiotropic locus influencing larval
 fitness traits.
description: Dopamine data for
 DRYADThese data are dopamine
 levels for the different Ddc genotypes.feeding rate for
 DRYADThese data are for
 feeding rates of different Ddc genotypesField Attack Rate Data
 for DRYADThese data are for the
 attack rates of wasps on the different Ddc genotypes in the
 field.Foraging Assay for
 DRYADForaging rates of
 different Ddc genotypesLaboratory Attack Rate
 Data for DRYADAttack rate of
 Leptopilina and Aphaereta on different Ddc genotypesLaboratory Encapsulation
 ability for DRYADEncapsulation ability of
 different Ddc genotypes exposed to Leptopilina and Aphaereta
 wasps
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b20q512
title: Data from: Urban nectarivorous bird communities in Cape Town, South Africa, are structured by ecological generalisation and resource distribution

description: Biological communities are increasingly faced with novel urban habitats
 and their response may depend on a combination of biological and habitat
 traits. The response of pollinator species to urban habitats are of
 particular importance because all species involved in the pollination
 mutualism may be affected. Nectarivorous bird communities worldwide show
 varying tolerances to urban areas, but studies from Africa are lacking. We
 investigated nectarivorous bird communities in a medium-sized South
 African city and asked which biological and garden traits best predict the
 community assembly of specialist and opportunistic nectarivorous birds.
 Information was collected on garden traits and the frequency of nine
 nectarivorous bird species for 193 gardens by means of a questionnaire.
 Information on biological traits of birds was obtained from published
 literature. Habitat generalism and tree nesting were identified as the
 most important biological traits influencing bird occurrence in gardens. A
 greater diversity of indigenous bird-pollinated plants and the presence of
 sugar water feeders increased the numbers of nectar specialist birds and
 species richness of nectarivorous birds. While bird baths increased the
 species richness of nectar specialist birds, opportunistic birds’ urban
 adjustment was further facilitated by large vegetated areas in gardens and
 limited by the distance to the nearest natural habitat. In conclusion,
 though some biological traits and dispersal barriers seem to limit urban
 adjustment, a combination of natural and artificial nectar resource
 provisioning could facilitate this adjustment.
description: Coetzee2018-BirdsInGardensData gathered primarily through questionnaires to bird club members. Description of columns in the Readme file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k6618
title: Data from: Dietary habits of polar bears in Foxe Basin, Canada: possible evidence of a trophic regime shift mediated by a new top predator

description: Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in several areas with seasonal
 sea ice regimes have shown declines in body condition, reproductive rates,
 or abundance as a result of declining sea ice habitat. In the Foxe Basin
 region of Nunavut, Canada, the size of the polar bear subpopulation has
 remained largely stable over the past 20 years, despite concurrent
 declines in sea ice habitat. We used fatty acid analysis to examine polar
 bear feeding habits in Foxe Basin and thus potentially identify ecological
 factors contributing to population stability. Adipose tissue samples were
 collected from 103 polar bears harvested during 2010–2012. Polar bear diet
 composition varied spatially within the region with ringed seal (Pusa
 hispida) comprising the primary prey in northern and southern Foxe Basin,
 whereas polar bears in Hudson Strait consumed equal proportions of ringed
 seal and harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
 consumption was highest in northern Foxe Basin, a trend driven by the
 ability of adult male bears to capture large-bodied prey. Importantly,
 bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) contributed to polar bear diets in all
 areas and all age and sex classes. Bowhead carcasses resulting from killer
 whale (Orcinus orca) predation and subsistence harvest potentially provide
 an important supplementary food source for polar bears during the ice-free
 period. Our results suggest that the increasing abundance of killer whales
 and bowhead whales in the region could be indirectly contributing to
 improved polar bear foraging success despite declining sea ice habitat.
 However, this indirect interaction between top predators may be temporary
 if continued sea ice declines eventually severely limit on-ice feeding
 opportunities for polar bears.
description: Galicia et al polar bear
 and prey fatty acid dataGalicia et al supplemental
 fatty acid data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mk966
title: Data from: Herbivory differentially affects plant fitness in three populations of the perennial herb Lythrum salicaria along a latitudinal gradient

description: Herbivory can negatively and selectively affect plant fitness by reducing
 growth, survival and reproductive output, thereby influencing plant
 population dynamics and evolution. Latitudinal variation in intensity of
 herbivory is common, but the extent to which it translates into
 corresponding variation in effects on plant performance is still poorly
 known. We tested the hypothesis that variation in the fitness-consequences
 of herbivory mirror differences in intensity of herbivory among three
 natural populations of the perennial herb Lythrum salicaria along a
 latitudinal gradient from southern to northernmost Sweden. We documented
 intensity of herbivory and examined its effect on survival, growth and
 reproductive output over two years by experimentally removing herbivores
 with insecticide. The intensity of herbivory and the effects of herbivory
 on plant fitness were strongest in the southern population, intermediate
 in the central population and weakest in the northern population. The mean
 proportion of the leaf area removed ranged from 11% in the southern to 3%
 in the northern population. Herbivore removal increased plant height
 1.5-fold in the southern and 1.2-fold in the central population, the
 proportion plants flowering 4-fold in the southern and 2-fold in the
 central population, and seed production per flower 1.6-fold in the
 southern and 1.2-fold in the central population, but did not affect plant
 fitness in the northern population. Herbivore removal thus affected the
 relative fecundity of plants in the three populations: In the control,
 seed output per plant was 8.6 times higher in the northern population
 compared to the southern population, whereas after herbivore removal it
 was 2.5 times higher in the southern population. The results demonstrate
 that native herbivores may strongly affect the demographic structure of L.
 salicaria populations and thereby shape geographic patterns of seed
 production. They further suggest that the strength of herbivore-mediated
 selection varies among populations and decreases towards the north.
description: Lehndal and Agren PLOS
 ONE
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3v5d2
title: Data from: Template for using biological trait groupings when exploring large-scale variation in seafloor multifunctionality

description: Understanding large-scale spatial variation in ecosystem properties and
 associated functionality is key for successful conservation of ecosystems.
 This study provides a template for how to estimate differences in
 ecosystem functionality over large spatial scales by using groupings of
 biological traits. We focus on trait groupings that describe three
 important benthic ecosystem properties, namely bioturbation, community
 stability and juvenile dispersal. Recognizing that groups of traits
 interact and are constrained within an organism, we statistically define
 important functional trait subgroups that describe each ecosystem
 property. The sub-groups are scored according to their weighted ecological
 impact to gain an overall estimation of the cumulative expression of each
 ecosystem property at individual sites. Furthermore, by assigning each
 property a value relative to its observed maximum, and by summing up the
 individual property values, we offer an estimate of benthic ecosystem
 multifunctionality. Based on a spatially extensive benthic data set, we
 were able to identify coastal areas with high and low potential for the
 considered benthic ecosystem properties and the measure of ecosystem
 multifunctionality. Importantly, we show that a large part of the spatial
 variation in functional trait sub-groups and in benthic ecosystem
 multifunctionality was explained by environmental change. Our results
 indicate that through this simplification it is possible to estimate the
 functionality of the seafloor. Such information is vital in marine spatial
 planning efforts striving to balance the utilization with the preservation
 of natural resources.
description: Data on biological trait
 groupsData on benthic
 biological trait groupings along the SW Finnish coast. Numbers represent
 individuals per m-2.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tr69js8
title: Data from: Effects of admixture in native and invasive populations of Lythrum salicaria

description: Intraspecific hybridization between diverged populations can enhance
 fitness via various genetic mechanisms. The benefits of such admixture
 have been proposed to be particularly relevant in biological invasions,
 when invasive populations originating from different source populations
 are found sympatrically. However, it remains poorly understood if
 admixture is an important contributor to plant invasive success and how
 admixture effects compare between invasive and native ranges. Here, we
 used experimental crosses in Lythrum salicaria, a species with
 well-established history of multiple introductions to Eastern North
 America, to quantify and compare admixture effects in native European and
 invasive North American populations. We observed heterosis in
 between-population crosses both in native and invasive ranges. However,
 invasive-range heterosis was restricted to crosses between two different
 Eastern and Western invasion fronts, whereas heterosis was absent in
 geographically distant crosses within a single large invasion front. Our
 results suggest that multiple introductions have led to already-admixed
 invasion fronts, such that experimental crosses do not further increase
 performance, but that contact between different invasion fronts further
 enhances fitness after admixture. Thus, intra-continental movement of
 invasive plants in their introduced range has the potential to boost
 invasiveness even in well-established and successfully spreading invasive
 species.
description: Phenotypic
 dataData from offspring of
 within-population, between-population and between-region crosses of
 Lythrum salicaria plants originating from North America or Western Europe,
 grown under 'dry' and 'wet' experimental greenhouse
 conditions. Data are from individual plants. Information is included on
 cross type (including parental plant identity) and experimental design
 (realblock refers to spatial greenhouse blocking and timeblock refers to
 time-separated replications).primary_data.txtSAS_analysis_scriptStatistical analysis script used for the statistical analyses presented in the manuscript. The script takes the phenotypic data file as input and was written in SAS version 9.4 for Windows.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v7v8c
title: Data from: How do functional traits syndromes covary with growth and reproductive performance in a water-stressed population of Fagus sylvatica?

description: A central issue in plant evolutionary ecology is to understand how several
 coordinated suites of traits (i.e. traits syndrome) may be jointly
 selected within a single species. This study aims to describe patterns of
 variation and co-variation of functional traits in a water-stressed tree
 population and test their relationships with performance traits. Within a
 Mediterranean population of Fagus sylvatica experiencing recurrent summer
 droughts, we investigated the phenotypic variation of leaf unfolding
 phenology, Leaf Area (LA), Leaf Mass per Area (LMA), Leaf Water Content
 (LWC), water use efficiency (WUE) estimated by carbon isotopic
 discrimination (d13C), twig Huber-value (HV: the stem cross-section
 divided by the leaf area distal to the stem), wood density (WDens), and
 leaf nitrogen content (Nmass). First, a Principal Component Analysis
 revealed that two main axes structured the phenotypic variability: the
 first axis opposed leaf unfolding earliness and LWC to LMA and WUE; the
 second axis opposed LA to HV. These two axes can be interpreted as the
 opposition of two strategies (water economy versus water uptake) at two
 distinct scales (leaf for the first axis and branches for the second
 axis). Second, we found that LMA, LA, leaf unfolding and LWC responded
 differently to competition intensity, while WUE, WDens and HV did not
 correlate with competition. Third, we found that all studied functional
 traits were related to growth and/or reproductive performance traits and
 that these relationships were frequently non-linear, showing strong
 interactions between traits. By highlighting phenotypic clustering of
 functional traits involved in response to water stress and by evidencing
 antagonistic selection favouring intermediate trait values as well as
 trait combinations, our study brought new insights on how natural
 selection operates on plant functional traits in a stressful environment.
description: data_Bontempsetal2016
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jb4dh
title: Data from: Invariant antagonistic network structure despite high spatial and temporal turnover of interactions

description: Recent work has suggested that emergent ecological network structure
 exhibits very little spatial or temporal variance despite changes in
 community composition. However, the changes in network interactions
 associated with turnover in community composition have seldom been
 assessed. Here we examine whether changes in ecological networks are best
 detected by standard emergent network metrics or by assessing internal
 network changes (i.e. interaction and composition turnover). To eliminate
 possible spatial or phylogenetic effects, that in large-scale studies may
 obscure mechanisms structuring networks and interactions, we sampled
 multiple antagonistic (plant-herbivore) networks for a single diverse
 plant family (the Restionaceae) in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region.
 These are the first plant-herbivore networks constructed for this global
 biodiversity hotspot. We found invariant emergent network structure
 despite considerable changes in insect and plant composition across
 communities over time and space. In contrast, there was high interaction
 turnover between networks. Seasonally, this was driven by turnover in
 insect species and insect host switching. Spatially, this was driven by
 simultaneous turnover in plant and insect species, suggesting that many
 insects are host specific or that both groups exhibit parallel responses
 to environmental gradients. Spatial interaction turnover was also driven
 by turnover in plants, showing that many insects can utilise multiple
 (possibly closely related) hosts and this may create divergent selection
 gradients that promote insect speciation. Thus we show highly variable
 interaction fidelity, despite invariant emergent network structure. We
 suggest that evaluating internal network changes may be more effective at
 elucidating the processes structuring networks, and many fine-scale
 changes may be obscured when only calculating emergent network metrics.
description: Restio-insect herbivore
 interaction network data for the CFRInsect species were
 sampled from Restionaceae plant species in the CFR. Except for the
 Cephalelini, insects were identified to family and then assigned to a
 morphospecies group. Columns depict insects, rows, depict plant species,
 and cells are filled with interaction frequencies. Data for sites and
 seasons are given separately.kemp
 dryad.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5j8b1
title: Data from: A radical shift in the taxonomy of Lepraria s.l.: molecular and morphological studies shed new light on the evolution of asexuality and lichen growth form diversification

description: A combination of molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU
 sequences, morphological and chemical analyses were used to investigate
 the lineages nominally included in the sterile lichen genus Lepraria. A
 core group (Lepraria s. str.) was resolved as sister to Stereocaulon.
 Species producing the secondary compounds argopsin, pannarin and usnic
 acid were found to belong to other lineages of lichen-forming ascomycetes.
 Study of Leprocaulon revealed that all species, except the type, likely
 represent members of Lepraria s. str. that have evolved a fruticose growth
 form. The correct name for the type species of Leprocaulon is shown to be
 L. quisquiliare, not L. microscopicum, and the genus is redefined to
 include several species previously placed in Lepraria. Leprocaulon
 quisquiliare is also shown to comprise two morphologically convergent
 species. The name is lectotypified and epitypified on material from the
 type region (Germany) and its application restricted to Old World
 populations. New World populations of L. quisquiliare are described as L.
 americanum. Leprocaulon, in its revised sense, is recognized in a new
 family (Leprocaulaceae) and order (Leprocaulales) sister to the Caliciales
 and including the genus Halecania. A new genus of Pilocarpaceae,
 Nelsenium, is introduced to accommodate Lepraria usnica. The status of
 Lepraria ecorticata is discussed in the context of usnic acid-producing
 Lecanora species. These nomenclatural novelties are proposed: (i)
 transfers from Leprocaulon to Lepraria: Lepraria albicans comb. nov., L.
 arbuscula comb. nov., L. congestum comb. nov., L. gracilescens comb. nov.,
 L. pseudoarbuscula comb. nov., L. subalbicans comb. nov., L. tenellum
 comb. nov.; (ii) transfers from Lepraria to Leprocaulon: Leprocaulon
 adhaerens comb. nov., L. coriense, L. santamonicae comb. nov., L.
 terricola comb. nov. and L. textum comb. nov.; (iii) new taxa:
 Leprocaulales ord. nov., Leprocaulaceae fam. nov., Nelsenium gen. nov.,
 Leprocaulon americanum sp. nov. and L. knudsenii sp. nov.
description: Lepraria_sl_datasetsThis zipped folder contains the datasets used for this study. These include 1) mtSSU alignment in NEXUS format and constraint tree in NEWICK format for the mapping of Lepraria s.l. sequences 2) full and reduced alignments for mtSSU analyses (MP[NEXUS format], ML[PHYLLIP format], BI[NEXUS format] of Lepraria s. str., 3) alignments for mtSSU analyses of the Halecania clade (MP[NEXUS format], ML[PHYLLIP format], BI[NEXUS format], 4) alignments for ITS analyses of the Halecania clade (MP+PICSORD[NEXUS format], ML+PICSORD[PHYLLIP format], BI+PICSORD[NEXUS format), 5) alignments for mtSSU analyses of the placement of Nelsenium (MP[NEXUS format], ML[PHYLLIP format], BI[NEXUS format]), and 6) alignments for mtSSU analyses of the placement of usnic acid Lepraria taxa recovered in the Lecanoraceae (MP[NEXUS format], ML[PHYLLIP format], BI[NEXUS format]
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8c86rf2
title: Data from: The role of flow velocity combined with habitat complexity as a top–down regulator in seagrass meadows

description: Large‐scale losses of seagrass areas have been associated with
 eutrophication events, which have led to an overproduction of
 photosynthetic organisms including epiphytes. Grazers that feed on
 epiphytes can exert a significant top–down control in the system, but the
 effects of physical factors on grazing activity and feeding behaviour have
 been rarely examined. We addressed the combination of hydrodynamic regime
 and seagrass shoot density can alter the feeding and foraging behaviours
 of mesograzers. A full factorial experiment, with flow velocity (high,
 medium and low) and shoot density (high versus low) as main factors, was
 conducted in a racetrack flume using artificial seagrass plots. The
 results showed that when high flow velocity conditions were combined with
 low shoot density, consumption of epiphytes by mesograzers was strongly
 reduced. In contrast, when flow velocity was low or shoot density was
 high, mesograzers exhibited high feeding rates and vigorous swimming
 behaviour. These results clearly indicate that hydrodynamic stress reduces
 the time that mesograzers can spend feeding, since it inhibits their
 swimming behaviour, and thus indirectly affecting to the density of
 epiphytes. Therefore, the triggering of trophic cascade effects in
 seagrass communities under these experimental conditions depended on the
 interrelationship and feedbacks among shoot density, abiotic (flow
 velocity) and biotic (epiphytes and mesograzers) compartments, with flow
 velocity exerting a top–down control on seagrass ecosystems.
description: OIK-05452data