DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n5tb2rc3p
title: Biogeographical patterns of freshwater fauna

description: Aim Temperature is regarded as an important driver of broad-scale
 biodiversity patterns. However, less is known of the role of dispersal in
 shaping broad-scale species and trait distributions, particularly given
 that species had to disperse out of glacial refugia after the Last Glacial
 Maximum (LGM). Here, we used a unique dataset describing the distributions
 of freshwater fauna combined with trait information, to evaluate
 biodiversity relationships to distance to glacial refugia and temperature.
 Location 25 biogeographical regions across Europe Time period Data from
 species occurrence gathered in 1978 Major taxa studied 2,816 freshwater
 invertebrate species and 230 freshwater fish species Methods using the
 occurrence of invertebrate and fish species on the biogeographical
 regions, and publicly available trait information, we analyzed patterns in
 diversity indices (i.e., species richness, trait richness, and trait
 redundancy), trait distribution, and species and trait β-diversity, and
 their relationship to distance to known glacial refugia and regional
 temperature. Results We show that distributions of European invertebrate
 and fish species and traits are primarily explained by distance to refugia
 and its covarying effect with temperature (i.e., refugia tend to be
 warmer). Specifically, species and trait richness were higher in regions
 proximate to refugia and lower in distant regions. Additionally,
 communities in colder and distant regions exhibited reduced niche
 dimensions and slower life histories, suggesting increased vulnerability
 to environmental change. Main conclusions Species more distant from their
 refugia were characterized by higher dispersal capacities. Accordingly,
 since the LGM, only a subset of species was able to colonize distant
 regions, while many species have spatial ranges constrained by their
 dispersal capacity, increasing their potential for extinction under
 ongoing climate change. Therefore, additional conservation measures
 considering species’ dispersal capacities are required.
description: # Biogeographical patterns in European freshwater biodiversity
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n5tb2rc3p](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n5tb2rc3p) This dataset contains the diversity indices, trait matrices, and beta-diversity dissimilarity matrices used in the Manuscript "Dispersal, glacial refugia, and temperature shape biogeographical patterns in European freshwater biodiversity", as well as the code to run the analyses. These analyses include (1) linear models with diversity indices as response variables and temperature, distance to refugia, area, and Moran's eigenvectors as predictors and controlling variables; (2) variation partitioning analyses; (3) redundancy analyses of the trait composition matrices; (4) partial Mantel test for dissimilarity matrices; and (5) distance-decay models for dissimilarity matrices. For further details, please consult the original publication. The data were extracted and modified from Limnofauna Europaea (Illies, 1978). Illies, J. (1978) *Limnofauna Europaea*, 2nd edn. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. ## Description of the data and file structure #### File: Distance between centroids Description: it contains a matrix with standardized pairwise distances between biogeographical regions (X101 to X125) #### File: Diversity Description: It contains the diversity indices and geographical characteristics of the European biogeographical regions. Column names: * reg: region number * region: region acronym * region_name: region name * lat_center: latitudinal center * lon_center: longitudinal center * area: area in km2 * temp: average temperature in °C  from 1980 to 2010 * temp_cv: coefficient of variation of temperature values * near_ref: distance to the nearest refugium in km * all.sp.fish: overall fish richness * all.bat.fish: overall fish trait richness * all.red.fish: overall fish trait redundancy * all.ses.fish: overall standardized fish trait richness * brack: brackish habitats * len: lentic habitats * lot: lotic habitats * inv: invertebrates #### File: Fish composition Description: presence-absence matrix of fish species (columns) in the European biogeographical regions (rows) #### File: Fish traits\_database Description: table containing fish trait affinities extracted from freshwaterecology.info Column names: * gbif: species name according to GBIF * freshwater_name: species name according to freshwaterecology.info * aqem: AQEM from freshwaterecology.info * family: taxonomic family * fe_1: fecundity low * fe_2: fecundity medium * fe_3: fecundity high * bl_1: body length small * bl_2: body length medium * bl_3: body length large * ma_1: female maturity &lt;= 2 years * ma_2: female maturity 2 to 3 years * ma_3: female maturity 3 to 4 years * ma_4: female maturity 4 to 5 years * ma_5: female maturity &gt;5 years * temp_eury: temperature preference, eurythermal (broad tolerance) * temp_steno: temperature preference, stenothermal (narrow tolerance) * sw_1: swimming factor &lt;= 0.38 * sw_2: swimming factor 0.38-0.43 * sw_3: swimming factor &gt;0.43 #### File: Fish\_distance to refugia Description: it contains a table with the distance to known glacial refugia for fishes (columns) from each European biogeographical region (rows) #### File: Fish\_habitats Description: it contains a table with the presence of fish species (rows) in the freshwater habitats (columns) #### File: Fish\_phylogeny Description: it contains a table with the fish species and their respective taxonomic family and order #### File: Invertebrates composition Description: presence-absence matrix of invertebrate species (columns) in the European biogeographical regions (rows) #### File: Invertebrates traits\_database Description: table containing invertebrate trait affinities extracted from freshwaterecology.info Column names: * gbif: species name according to GBIF * freshwater_name: species name according to freshwaterecology.info * aqem: AQEM from freshwaterecology.info * family: taxonomic family * tachdisp_aquapass: dispersal strategy aquatic passive * tachdisp_aquaact: dispersal strategy aquatic active * tachdisp_aerpass: dispersal strategy aerial passive * tachdisp_aeract: dispersal strategy aerial active * tachsize_less0.25: maximal body size less 0.25 cm * tachsize_0.25to0.5: maximal body size 0.25 to 0.5 cm * tachsize_0.5to1: maximal body size 0.5 to 1 cm * tachsize_1to2: maximal body size 1 to 2 cm * tachsize_2to4: maximal body size 2 to 4 cm * tachsize_4to8: maximal body size 4 to 8 cm * tachsize_gr8: maximal body size greater than 8 cm * tachrepcyc_less1: number of generations less 1 per year * tachrepcyc_one: number of generations one per year * tachrepcyc_gr1: number of generations more than 1 per year * tachtemp_psy: temperature tolerance psychrophilic (cold-tolerance) * tachtemp_the: temperature tolerance thermophilic (warm-tolerance) * tachtemp_eut: temperature tolerance eurythermal (broad tolerance) #### File: Invertebrates\_distance to refugia Description: it contains a table with the distance to known glacial refugia for invertebrates (columns) from each European biogeographical region (rows) #### File: Invertebrates\_habitats Description: it contains a table with the presence of invertebrate species (rows) in the freshwater habitats (columns) #### File: Invertebrates\_phylogeny Description: it contains a table with the invertebrate species and their respective taxonomic family and order #### File: Temperature dissimilarity Description: it contains a matrix with standardized pairwise dissimilarities in temperature between biogeographical regions ## Sharing/Access information n/a ## Code/Software Analyses were performed in R 4.2.2 (R Core Team, 2022). For further details, please consult the original publication.