DOI: 10.5061/dryad.w6m905qvp
title: Prediction of Individual Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores based on neural responses during live eye-to-eye contact

description: Social difficulties are impactful in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and
 links between these difficulties and underlying neural processes are
 active research questions. We present a multivariate classification method
 for neural data acquired from 36 participants during a live eye-to-eye
 contact task. Participants were either typically developed (TD) or
 diagnosed as ASD through gold-standard Autism Diagnostic Observation
 Schedule (ADOS) evaluation. We hypothesized multivariate classification
 could discriminate TD vs. ASD based on neural responses. Support vector
 machine (SVM) classification was able to discriminate between groups
 during the eye-contact interaction. In addition, it was found that
 underlying neural patterns contributing to binary classification also
 predicted measured ADOS scores with high correlation even though ADOS
 scores were not used for training. The correlation between observed and
 predicted ADOS scores was 0.72 (p &lt; 0.002) for eye-to-eye contact.
 These findings suggest neural responses to live eye-to-eye contact are
 predictive of social symptomatology in ASD.
description: Functional near-infrared spectroscopic brain imaging data were
 collected from a Shimadzu LABNIRS during a face to face interaction task
 from participants that were categorized as either TD or ASD by a trained
 clinician.  Univaraite and Multivariate analyses were
 used to determine classification of participants as TD or ASD using only
 FNIRS responses. Typical GLM methods were used for
 univariate classification. For multivariate
 classification, an SVM classifier was used to predict ADOS values for the
 ASD group and categorize all participants as either TD or ASD.
description: # Prediction of Individual Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
 scores based on neural responses during live eye-to-eye contact Included
 in the compressed folder ("ASDSVM.zip") are the fNIRS data
 collected from typically developing and autistic participants engaged in a
 face-to-face task in which direct eye contact is made on and off for
 3-second intervals during a 30-second block design in which 18 seconds are
 task (face looking alternating with LED looking) and a rest phase (only
 LED looking) for 12 seconds. The zipped folder also included the 3D
 localizer information for each participant. ## Description of the Data and
 file structure The data file includes the following file structures: There
 is one folder named ASDSVM. In this folder are all the files needed. ADOS
 Scores for each participant are defined in the file ADOS4ASD.txt. The
 onset times of each face-to-face interaction are defined in the onset.txt
 file. The paradigm was defined as follows * 0-10 seconds - baseline rest
 period * 10-12 seconds - look at faces * 13-15 seconds - look at LED Light
 * 16-18 seconds - look at faces * 19-21 seconds - look at LED Light *
 22-24 seconds - Look at faces * 25-28 seconds - Look at LED light * 29-39
 seconds - Look at LED light This pattern repeats 6 times with onsets at
 10, 40, 70, 100, 130 and 160 seconds marking the initial face-looking
 onset. For every TD and ASD subject, a series of files exists. These files
 are pre-pended with TD\_SXX or ASD\_SXX depending on the Subject Number
 (XX). For each subject, there are expected to be a total of 5 files. As
 described above, each file is prepended with the SubjectID. Each file name
 is subsequently named according to the run name or the 3D placement of the
 optodes on the head. Runs are defined as either EyeEye (direct
 face-to-face interaction with live partner) or EyeVideo (Gaze at eyes of
 prerecorded video of partner). There are expected to be 2 runs per
 interaction. In each of these text files the structure is as follows: The
 first column is time. The following columns are increasing channel numbers
 that contain OxyHb and DeOxyHb values per channel. The channel locations
 are defined in the xyz file as described below. The 3D digitized optode
 locations are in MNI coordinates for the optodes on the subject in the
 file that has xyz in the filename. The file is a CSV text file in which
 each row is a channel number and the channel location is defined as (X, Y,
 Z) ## Sharing/access Information Links to other publicly accessible
 locations of the data: N/A Was data derived from another source? No If
 yes, list source(s): These data were orginally recorded and used in the
 following publication: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265798 Hirsch
 J, Zhang X, Noah JA, Dravida S, Naples A, Tiede M, Wolf JM, McPartland JC.
 Neural correlates of eye contact and social function in autism spectrum
 disorder. Plos one. 2022 Nov 9;17(11):e0265798.