cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17144002
title: Monthly Number of Grants and Funding Amount per PI from US Federal Funding Agencies (2008-2020)

description: The raw data collected for this study contains descriptive metadata about grant awards from seven federal agencies from 2008 through 2020 and was collected through the Federal RePORTER database. The data was collected in February 2021 just prior to the retirement of the platform in March 2021. The agencies for which funding data was collected include the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of Education (ED), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Health and Human Services (HHS), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Veterans Association (VA). Within the grant data for HHS are research projects funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).This dataset includes a total of 1,251,492 grants. Some federal agencies did not have complete data reported in Federal RePORTER to cover the whole period. To complete the dataset, archived award data from each agency’s individual public access portals were collected where accessible. Supplemental data was deemed appropriate for use if it included at a minimum the PI name(s), institution, grant starting and ending years, and award amount.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.ryqpac
title: Resolving Emission from Small Dust Grains in the Blue Compact Dwarf II Zw 40 with JWST

description: We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) and Mid25 infrared Instrument (MIRI) integral-field spectroscopy of the nearby blue compact dwarf II Zw 40, 26 which has a low metallicity of 25% of solar. Leveraging the high spatial/spectral resolution and 27 wavelength coverage of JWST/NIRSpec, we present robust detections of the 3.3 µm polycyclic aromatic 28 hydrocarbon (PAH) emission on 10 pc scales. The strength of the Pf δ emission relative to the 3.3 29 PAH feature is significantly stronger than typical higher metallicity star-forming regions. We find that 30 3.3 µm PAH emission is concentrated near the northern super star cluster and is co-spatial with CO gas. 31 Additionally, a strong correlation exists between the 3.3/11.3 PAH ratio and radiation field hardness 32 probed by [Ne iii]/[Ne ii], providing evidence of photodestruction of PAH molecules in intense radiation 33 environments. Our analysis shows that while the overall PAH fraction is lower in II Zw 40 than in 34 higher metallicity galaxies, the contribution of the 3.3 µm PAH feature to the total PAH emission is 35 higher. We therefore propose that the PAH size distribution is fundamentally shaped by two competing 36 mechanisms: photon destruction and inhibited growth. Additionally, the high radiation field intensity 37 in II Zw 40 suggests that multi-photon heating of PAHs could also be a compelling explanation. As 38 one of the first spatially resolved studies of aromatic emission in a low-metallicity environment, our 39 spectroscopic results offer practical guidance for future observations for probing the 3.3 µm PAH feature 40 with the removal of Pf δ line using the NIRCam filters.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.calako
title: Mixed hydrometeorological processes explain regional landslide susceptibilities

description: During December 2022–January 2023, nine atmospheric rivers (ARs) struck California consecutively, causing catastrophic flooding and 600+ landslides. The extensive footprints of landslide-triggering storms and their diverse hydrometeorological forcings highlight the urgent need to incorporate regional-scale hydrometeorology into landslide research. Here, using a meteorologically-informed hydrologic model, we simulate the time-evolving water budget during the nine AR event and identify hydrometeorological conditions that contributed to widespread landslide occurrences across California. Our analysis reveals that 89% of observed landslides occurred under excessively wet conditions, driven by precipitation exceeding the capacities of infiltration, storage, evapotranspiration, and soil drainage. Using K-means clustering, we identify three distinct hydrometeorological pathways that increased landslide potential: intense precipitation-induced runoff (~32% of reported landslides), rain on pre-wetted soils (~53%), and snowmelt and soil ice thawing (~15%). Our findings highlight the importance of constraining the compounding factors that influence slope stability over spatial scales consistent with landslide-triggering weather systems.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.1fjk1w
title: Requirements for Joint Orbital Characterization of Cold Giants and Habitable Worlds with Habitable Worlds Observatory

description: We determine optimal requirements for the joint detection of habitable-zone planets and cold giant planets with the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Analysis of 164 nearby stars shows that a coronagraph outer working angle (OWA) of 1440 milliarcseconds (mas) is necessary to achieve 80-90% visibility of cold giants. Approximately 40 precursor radial velocity measurements with 1 m/s precision are required to adequately constrain orbital parameters before HWO observations. We demonstrate that 6-8 astrometric measurements and 40 RV measurements distributed across the mission timeline, compared to radial velocity constraints alone and to astrometry constraints alone, significantly improve orbital parameter precision, enabling direct determination of orbital inclination with uncertainties of &lt; 3 ◦ . For habitable-zone planet characterization, 4-5 epochs provide moderate confidence, while high-confidence (95%) confirmation requires 8+ observations. These specifications are essential for the comprehensive characterization of planetary system architectures and understanding the potential habitability of terrestrial exoplanets.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.iecwyn
title: Feature Intensity Mapping: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission from All Galaxies Across Cosmic Time

description: Line intensity mapping (LIM) is an emerging technique for probing the aggregate emission of a spectral line from all sources, without requiring individual detections. Through the wavelength–redshift relation, one can map the line-of-sight evolution of the line emission that traces the underlying largescale structure in a spectral-imaging survey. In this work, we present a new technique — feature intensity mapping — as an extension of the LIM formalism to map broad spectral features in 3D, rather than the narrow emission lines typically targeted by LIM. By accounting for the convolution of spectral features with the instrument’s spectral response across redshift, our technique enables simultaneous constraints on the redshift-dependent emission from multiple features. This approach opens the opportunity to perform 3D intensity mapping with one of the brightest features in galaxies’ infrared spectra — the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We forecast the detectability of PAH signals using feature intensity mapping with the ongoing SPHEREx mission in the near-infrared and the proposed PRIMA mission in the far-infrared. We find that S/N of ≳ 10 per redshift bin of widths Δz = 0.1 and 0.5 can be achieved at z &lt; 0.5 and 1 &lt; z &lt; 5 with SPHEREx and PRIMA, respectively, for multiple PAH features, suggesting a promising prospect for mapping the aggregate PAH emission at cosmological distances with upcoming datasets.a)
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.vpiudf
title: Calibration and Performance of the High Resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Map

description: This article reports on the initial calibration and performance of the High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3) slated for launch onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lunar Trailblazer mission. HVM3 is an imaging spectrometer measuring the 600-3600 nm interval with approximately 77 m ground sampling and 10 nm spectral sampling. The mission aims to understand the form and abundance of volatiles across the lunar surface by measuring the distinct absorptions of molecular H2O, water ice, and OH/hydroxl while controlling for thermal effects. HVM3 has been assembled, tested and calibrated in preparation for launch. We review the HVM3 design, calibration process, results, and implications for Lunar Trailblazer science goals. We find HVM3's radiometric is sensitivity sufficient to confidently measure 1% differences in absorption band strengths under direct solar illumination. It can discriminate different species of volatile absorptions at irradiances as low as 1 W m-2, which should be sufficient to measure a significant fraction of the moon's Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) via terrain-scattered illumination.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.4twvjv
title: An Earth-Sized Planet in a 5.4h Orbit Around a Nearby K dwarf

description: We present the discovery and confirmation of the ultra-short period (USP) planet TOI-2431 b orbiting a nearby (d ∼ 36 pc) late K star (Teff = 4109 ± 28K) using observations from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), precise radial velocities with the NEID and the Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) spectrographs, as well as ground-based high contrast imaging from NESSI. TOI-2431 b has a period of 5 hours and 22 minutes, making it one of the shortest-period exoplanets known to date. TOI-2431 b has a radius of 1.536 ± 0.033 R⊕, and a mass of 6.2 ± 1.2M⊕, suggesting it has a density compatible with an Earth-like composition and, due to its high irradiation, is likely a ‘lava-world’ with a Teq = 2063 ± 30K. We estimate that the current orbital period is only 30% larger than the Roche-limit orbital period, and that it has an expected orbital decay timescale of only ∼31 Myr. Finally, due to the brightness of the host star (V = 10.9, K = 7.6), TOI-2431 b has a high Emission Spectroscopy Metric of 27, making it one of the best USP systems for atmospheric phase-curve analysis.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.b2vrrc
title: A Tone-based Flicker Noise Mitigation Technique for Hyperspectral Radiometers

description: High frequency microwave and millimeter radiometers with low noise amplifier front-ends commonly suffer from gain instability, or so-called “flicker” noise. This noise has a $1/f$ energy spectrum and hence is also commonly referred to as $1/f$ noise. The effect of this noise on a passive instrument is to degrade its sensitivity and introduce post-processing calibration errors such as ‘striping’. In this paper we present a $1/f$ noise mitigation technique using a combination of single frequency tone injection and high spectral resolution digital signal detection. This technique can be used in radiometers with sufficient information redundancy so that a limited portion of the detected signal spectrum can be dedicated to noise mitigation. A key requirement of implementing this technique is ASIC or FPGA-based spectral decomposition of the radio frequency energy. A proof-of-concept hardware setup and signal processing steps required to implement such a technique are presented in this paper. Measurements presented here show a reduction up to 87~$\%$ in $1/f$ noise energy using this technique and are applicable to airborne and ground-based instruments.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.nmbyzj
title: Worlds Next Door: A Candidate Giant Planet Imaged in the Habitable Zone of \acenA.\\ I. Observations, Planet Orbital and Physical Properties, and Exozodi Upper Limits

description: We report on coronagraphic observations of the nearest solar-type star \acenA using the MIRI instrument on the \emph{James Webb} Space Telescope. The proximity of \acen (1.34 pc) means that the star's habitable zone is spatially resolved at mid-infrared wavelengths so that sufficiently large planets or quantities of exozodiacal dust would be detectable via direct imaging. With three epochs of observation (August 2024, February 2025 and April 2025) we achieve a sensitivity sufficient to detect $T_{\rm eff}\approx$ 250 K (1~$R_{\rm Jup}$) planets between 1\arcsec--2\arcsec\ and exozodiacal dust emission at the level of $&gt;$2$\times$ the brightness of our own zodiacal cloud, for a S/N = 5 detection threshold. The lack of exozodiacal dust emission sets an unprecedented limit: a factor of $\sim$10-100 more sensitive than measured toward any other stellar system to date. In August 2024, we detected a F$_\nu$(15.5 \mum) = 3.5~mJy point source at a separation of 1.5\arcsec\ from \acenA. Because the August epoch had only one successful observation at a single roll angle, it is not possible to claim that \sone is a bona fide planet. Our analysis confirms that \sone is neither a background nor a foreground object. The failure to recover \sone in the February and April 2025 epochs implies either that \sone is an artifact (disfavored by various tests) or that \sone is real but has been carried by its orbital motion to an unfavorable location for detection. Assuming that \sone is the counterpart of the object, $C1$, seen by the VLT/NEAR program, we obtain four families of dynamically stable orbits (two prograde, two retrograde) consistent with the one detection and the two non-detections. The key median properties of these orbit families include a semi-major axis of 1.7~au or 2.2~au (corresponding to a 2.1~yr and 3~yr period, respectively), eccentricity of $\approx$0.4, and a mutual inclination of 48$^\circ$ (prograde) or 130$^\circ$ (retrograde) with respect to the \acenAB binary orbital plane (typical uncertainty of $\pm10^\circ$). A 225~K and $\approx$1.1~\rj\ planet with a mass between 90--150~\mearth (consistent with radial velocity limits) fits the $S1+C1$ photometry. Alternatively, the $S1+C1$ photometry is consistent with a Saturn radius ($\approx$0.85~\rj) planet surrounded by a Saturn-like ring system, which would be responsible for the majority of the MIRI F1550C emission. This paper is first in a series of two papers: Paper II (Sanghi \& Beichman et al. 2025, submitted) discusses the data reduction strategy and the robustness of \sone as a planet candidate, as opposed to an image artifact, in post-processing.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.qvz24m
title: Triple-oxygen isotopic evidence of a biosignature from direct bioleaching of pyrite with O2

description: Sulfate is often touted as containing atmospheric oxygen whose isotopic signature can constrain redox, environmental conditions, and biological activity. Yet, the amount and isotopic fractionation associated with air-O2 incorporation during sulfate formation is still debated, making its verification difficult. In this study, we identify a distinct, microbially dominated environment with the potential to preserve maximum signals of air-O2 in sulfate. We report triple-oxygen isotope data for sulfate produced from pyrite oxidation in microbial and abiotic experiments, and from natural dissolved sulfate from the Rio Tinto, Spain, an acid mine drainage site. The oxygen isotope systematics of sulfate in these environments define a unique kinetic isotope effect associated with initial stage pyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans that preserves &gt;80% oxygen from air-O2 in sulfate. This microbial triple-oxygen isotopic fractionation is statistically distinct from abiotic controls and the microbial main stage. Therefore, in addition to containing signals from water and air, sulfates can also contain a biosignature that is promising for understanding conditions on Mars and early Earth.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.qyeel5
title: Southward impact excavated magma ocean at the lunar South Pole-Aitken basin

description: The ancient South Pole-Aitken (SPA) impact basin provides a key datapoint for our understanding of the evolution of the Moon, since it formed during the earliest pre-Nectarian epoch of lunar history1, excavated more deeply than any other known impact basin2,3, and is found on the lunar farside about which less is known than the well-explored nearside. Here we show that the tapering of the basin outline and the more gradual topographic and crustal thickness transition toward the south support a southward impact trajectory, opposite of that commonly assumed. A broad thorium- and iron-rich ejecta deposit southwest of the basin is consistent with partial excavation of late-stage magma ocean liquids. These observations indicate that Th-rich magma ocean liquids persisted only beneath the southwestern half of the basin at the time of impact, matching predictions for the transition from a global magma ocean to a localized nearside Procellarum KREEP terrane. These results have important implications for the upcoming human exploration of the lunar south pole by Artemis, as proposed landing sites are now recognized to sit on the downrange rim and Th-rich impact ejecta of the basin.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.ruk2te
title: Oxygen isotopic evidence that Gale crater, Mars was home to an Early Hesperian water reservoir that underwent significant evaporation

description: Simultaneous measurements of HDO, H218O, and H216O in water evolved during pyrolysis of powdered rock samples acquired by the Curiosity rover within Gale crater’s clay-bearing units indicate extreme and variable heavy-isotope enrichments averaging ~4.5 times the D/H ratio and ~1.03 times the 18O/16O ratio of terrestrial seawater. These isotopic compositions are recorded in water desorbed from mineral surfaces and evolved from poorly crystalline phases, hydrated salts, jarosites, and clays. All evolved waters are deuterium-enriched relative to common terrestrial waters, reflecting hydrogen escape from the martian atmosphere. Because oxygen in structurally bound hydroxyl groups is least likely to exchange with other sources over geologic timescales, we focus on the oxygen isotopic compositions of water evolved during dehydroxylation of smectite clays. Several samples have isotopic compositions commensurate with precipitation from, or near-complete isotopic equilibration with, water moderately 18O-enriched relative to terrestrial meteoric waters—consistent with other evidence that Mars’s hydrosphere is basically like Earth’s in terms of oxygen isotopes. However, most smectite oxygen isotopic compositions require a local pronounced 18O-enrichment of their parental waters. On Earth, the most extreme D- and 18O-enrichments in surface waters are found in closed basins having undergone significant evaporative loss into a low-humidity atmosphere, and isotopic compositions of authigenic clay minerals formed in these environs reflect those enrichments. We suggest that a similar process acting on the hydrologic reservoir local to Gale at the time of clay formation and early diagenesis is a plausible explanation for the distinctive oxygen isotopic compositions of these Gale crater clays.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.cab4xe
title: JWST detection of a carbon dioxide dominated gas coma surrounding interstellar object 3I/ATLAS

description: 3I/ATLAS is the third confirmed interstellar object to visit our Solar System, and only the second to 19 display a clear coma. Infrared spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) provides 20 the opportunity to measure its coma composition and determine the primary activity drivers. We 21 report the first results from our JWST NIRSpec campaign for 3I/ATLAS, at an inbound heliocentric 22 distance of rH = 3.32 au. The spectral images (spanning 0.6–5.3 µm) reveal a CO2 dominated coma, 23 with enhanced outgassing in the sunward direction, and the presence of H2O, CO, OCS, water ice and 24 dust. The coma CO2/H2O mixing ratio of 8.0 ± 1.0 is among the highest ever observed in a comet, 25 and is 6.1σ above the trend as a function of rH for long-period and Jupiter-family comets (excluding 26 the outlier C/2016 R2). Our observations are compatible with an intrinsically CO2-rich nucleus, which 27 may indicate that 3I/ATLAS contains ices exposed to higher levels of radiation than Solar System 28 comets, or that it formed close to the CO2 ice line in its parent protoplanetary disk. A low coma H2O 29 gas abundance may also be implied, for example, due to inhibited heat penetration into the nucleus, 30 which could suppress the H2O sublimation rate relative to CO2 and CO.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.0e1ge2
title: Synchronized Eruptions on Io: Evidence of Interconnected Subsurface Magma Reservoirs

description: On December 27, 2024, Juno’s JIRAM infrared experiment observed an unprecedented volcanic event on Io’s southern hemisphere, covering a vast region of ~ 65,000km², near 73°S, 140°E. The total power output is estimated between 140 and 260 TW, potentially the most intense ever recorded, surpassing the brightest eruption at Surt in 2001 (~80 TW). Within that region, only one hot spot was previously known (Pfd454). This feature was earlier estimated to cover an area of 300 km² with a total power output of 34 GW. JIRAM results show that the region produces a power output of 140-260 TW, over 1,000 times higher than earlier estimates. Three adjacent hot spots also exhibited dramatic power increases: P139, PV18, and an unnamed feature south of the main one that surged to ~1 TW, placing all of them among the top 10 most powerful hot spots observed on Io. A temperature analysis of the features supports a simultaneous onset of these brightenings and suggests a single eruptive event propagating beneath the surface across hundreds of kilometers, the first time this has been observed on Io. This implies a connection among the hotspots’ magma reservoirs, while other nearby hotspots that have been known to be active in the recent past, such as Kurdalagon Patera, appear unaffected. The simultaneity supports models of massive, interconnected magma reservoirs. The global scale of this event involving multiple hotspots and covering several hundred thousand km² should be considered in the future models of the lithosphere and interior of Io.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.6nqj42
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 108 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Human Observation",
 "Country is United States of America",
 "StateProvince is Wisconsin",
 "TaxonKey is Setophaga kirtlandii"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 108 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0011241-250914085247600/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.penfqh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4057 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Brazil",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Anacardium occidentale"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4057 records from 160 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0011238-250914085247600/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.s8q2jy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 24 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Etisus H.Milne Edwards, 1834",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1970",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Geometry POLYGON((108.080642 16.439832, 121.84182 16.084389, 123.975906 41.313386, 108.669355 40.867975, 108.080642 16.439832))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 24 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0013225-230828120925497/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.