cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3n6s7
title: Data from: A further cost for the sicker sex? Evidence for male-biased parasite-induced vulnerability to predation

description: Males are typically the sicker sex. Data from multiple taxa indicate that
 they are more likely to be infected with parasites, and are less
 “tolerant,” or less able to mitigate the fitness costs of a given
 infection, than females. One cost of infection for many animals is an
 increased probability of being captured by a predator. A clear, hitherto
 untested, prediction is therefore that this parasite-induced vulnerability
 to predation is more pronounced among males than females. We tested this
 prediction in the sexually size dimorphic guppy, Poecilia reticulata, in
 which females are typically larger than males. We either sham or
 experimentally infected guppies with Gyrodactylus turnbulli, elicited
 their escape response using an established protocol and measured the
 distance they covered during 60 ms. To discriminate between the effects of
 body size and those of other inherent sex differences, we size-matched
 fish across treatment groups. Infection with G. turnbulli reduced the
 distance covered during the escape response of small adults by 20.1%,
 whereas that of large fish was unaffected. This result implies that
 parasite-induced vulnerability to predation is male-biased in the wild:
 although there was no difference in escape response between our
 experimentally size-matched groups of males and females, males are
 significantly smaller across natural guppy populations. These results are
 consistent with Bateman's principle for immunity: Natural selection
 for larger body sizes and longevity in females seems to have resulted in
 the evolution of increased infection tolerance. We discuss the potential
 implications of sex- and size-biased parasite-induced vulnerability to
 predation for the evolutionary ecology of this host–parasite interaction
 in natural communities.
description: StephensonetalDataThese are the raw data from the experiment described in the paper. The variables are as follows: fish = fish identity; sex = fish sex; infected = whether or not the fish was infected; date.inf = the date the fish was infected; dayofinf = the number of days post infection that the fish was tested; gyrocount = the number of parasites on the fish at the time of testing; length = fish length; weight = fish weight; drop = the order of the ball drop; position = whether the fish was closer or further away from the ball when it dropped; distance = the distance covered in mm during the 60s of the escape response. NB this file only contains the response data - fish and ball drops that failed to respond have been excluded, as per our original analysis.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5sv61
title: Data from: Repeated stressors in adulthood increase the rate of biological ageing

description: Background: Individuals of the same age can differ substantially in the
 degree to which they have accumulated tissue damage, akin to bodily wear
 and tear, from past experiences. This accumulated tissue damage reflects
 the individual’s biological age and may better predict physiological and
 behavioural performance than the individual‘s chronological age. However,
 at present it remains unclear how to reliably assess biological age in
 individual wild vertebrates. Methods: We exposed hand-raised adult
 Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) to a combination of repeated immune
 and disturbance stressors for over one year to determine the effects of
 chronic stress on potential biomarkers of biological ageing including
 telomere shortening, oxidative stress load, and glucocorticoid hormones.
 We also assessed general measures of individual condition including body
 mass and locomotor activity. Results: By the end of the experiment,
 stress-exposed birds showed greater decreases in telomere lengths.
 Stress-exposed birds also maintained higher circulating levels of
 oxidative damage compared with control birds. Other potential biomarkers
 such as concentrations of antioxidants and glucocorticoid hormone traits
 showed greater resilience and did not differ significantly between
 treatment groups. Conclusions: The current data demonstrate that repeated
 exposure to experimental stressors affects the rate of biological ageing
 in adult Eurasian blackbirds. Both telomeres and oxidative damage were
 affected by repeated stress exposure and thus can serve as blood-derived
 biomarkers of biological ageing.
description: Hau et al 2015 for dryad
 submission
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qb562
title: Data from: Group cohesion in foraging meerkats: follow the moving ‘vocal hot spot’

description: Group coordination, when ‘on the move’ or when visibility is low, is a
 challenge faced by many social living animals. While some animals manage
 to maintain cohesion solely through visual contact, the mechanism of group
 cohesion through other modes of communication, a necessity when visual
 contact is reduced, is not yet understood. Meerkats (Suricata suricatta),
 a small, social carnivore, forage as a cohesive group while moving
 continuously. While foraging, they frequently emit ‘close calls’, soft
 close-range contact calls. Variations in their call rates based on their
 local environment, coupled with individual movement, produce a dynamic
 acoustic landscape with a moving ‘vocal hotspot’ of the highest calling
 activity. We investigated whether meerkats follow such a vocal hotspot by
 playing back close calls of multiple individuals to foraging meerkats from
 the front and back edge of the group simultaneously. These two
 artificially induced vocal hotspots caused the group to spatially elongate
 and split into two subgroups. We conclude that meerkats use the emergent
 dynamic call pattern of the group to adjust their movement direction and
 maintain cohesion. Our study describes a highly flexible mechanism for the
 maintenance of group cohesion through vocal communication, for mobile
 species in habitats with low visibility and where movement decisions need
 to be adjusted continuously to changing environmental conditions.
description: CC_GroupSplit_BiologyLettersThis is the data from a playback experiment on meerkats which aimed at splitting a group by playing back close calls.Dryad_CC_GroupSplit_BL.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d7v27
title: Data from: Clever mothers balance time and effort in parental care: a study on free-ranging dogs

description: Mammalian offspring require parental care, at least in the form of nursing
 during their early development. While mothers need to invest considerable
 time and energy in ensuring the survival of their current offspring, they
 also need to optimize their investment in one batch of offspring in order
 to ensure future reproduction and hence lifetime reproductive success.
 Free-ranging dogs live in small social groups, mate promiscuously and lack
 the cooperative breeding biology of other group-living canids. They face
 high early-life mortality, which in turn reduces fitness benefits of the
 mother from a batch of pups. We carried out a field-based study on
 free-ranging dogs in India to understand the nature of maternal care. Our
 analysis reveals that mothers reduce investment in energy-intensive active
 care and increase passive care as the pups grow older, thereby keeping
 overall levels of care more or less constant over pup age. Using the
 patterns of mother–pup interactions, we define the different phases of
 maternal care behaviour.
description: ParentalcareRaw data on parental care behaviour for 22 mother-litter sets.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jm1jf49
title: Data from: Dry-season decline in tree sapflux is correlated with leaf turgor loss point in a tropical rainforest

description: 1. Water availability is a key determinant of forest ecosystem function
 and tree species distributions. While droughts are increasing in frequency
 in many ecosystems, including in the tropics, plant responses to water
 supply vary with species and drought intensity, and are therefore
 difficult to model. Based on physiological first principles, we
 hypothesized that trees with a lower turgor loss point (πtlp), i.e., a
 more negative leaf water potential at wilting, would maintain water
 transport for longer into a dry season. 2. We measured sapflux density of
 22 mature trees of 10 species during a dry season in an Amazonian
 rainforest, quantified sapflux decline as soil water content decreased,
 and tested its relationship to tree πtlp, size, and leaf predawn and
 midday water potentials measured after the onset of the dry season. 3. The
 measured trees varied strongly in the response of water use to the
 seasonal drought, with sapflux at the end of the dry season ranging from
 37 to 117% (on average 83 ± 5 %) of that at the beginning of the dry
 season. The decline of water transport as soil dried was correlated with
 tree πtlp (Spearman ρ≥0.63), but not with tree size or predawn and midday
 water potentials. Thus, trees with more drought-tolerant leaves better
 maintained water transport during the seasonal drought. 4. Our study
 provides an explicit correlation between a trait, measurable at the leaf
 level, and whole-plant performance under drying conditions. Physiological
 traits such as πtlp can be used to assess and model higher-scale processes
 in response to drying conditions.
description: Variation of daily
 sapflux density of 22 trees during a dry season within an Amazonian
 rainforestThis data file contains
 the climate data (daily rain in mm, daily potential evapotranspiration -
 PET - in mm, and relative soil water content - RSWC) and tree sapflux
 density data (daily sapflux density, Ds, in kg dm-2 day-1) used in
 Maréchaux et al. All methods, units and tree codes are explicitely
 described and provided in the corresponding paper.data_Marechaux_et_al.csv
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/14637057
title: Peer-to-Peer Boliviano (BOB) Exchange Data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h04hr
title: Data from: Duplication and population dynamics shape historic patterns of selection and genetic variation at the major histocompatibility complex in rodents

description: Genetic variation at the MHC is vitally important for wildlife populations
 to respond to pathogen threats. Because natural populations can fluctuate
 greatly in size, a key issue concerns how population cycles and
 bottlenecks that could reduce genetic diversity will influence MHC genes.
 Using 454 sequencing, we characterized genetic diversity at the DRB Class
 II locus in montane voles (Microtus montanus), a North American rodent
 that regularly undergoes high amplitude fluctuations in population size.
 We tested for evidence of historic balancing selection, recombination, and
 gene duplication to identify mechanisms maintaining allelic diversity.
 Counter to our expectations, we found strong evidence of purifying
 selection acting on the DRB locus in montane voles. We speculate that the
 interplay between population fluctuations and gene duplication might be
 responsible for the weak evidence of historic balancing selection and
 strong evidence of purifying selection detected. To further explore this
 idea, we conducted a phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis
 across 16 rodent species with varying demographic histories and MHC
 duplication events (based on the maximum number of alleles detected per
 individual). Based on phylogenetic generalized linear model-averaging, we
 found evidence that the estimated number of duplicated loci was positively
 related to allelic diversity and, surprisingly, to the strength of
 purifying selection at the DRB locus. Our analyses also revealed that
 species that had undergone population bottlenecks had lower allelic
 richness than stable species. This study highlights the need to consider
 demographic history and genetic structure alongside patterns of natural
 selection to understand resulting patterns of genetic variation at the
 MHC.
description: 21 MHC Class II DRB
 alleles from Microtus montanusFASTA file of 21 MHC
 Class II Mimo-DRB alleles recovered from a wild population of montane vole
 (Microtus montanus). Samples were obtained between 2008-2010 near the
 Rocky Mountain biological Laboratory, located in the Upper East River
 Valley, CO (39N, 107W).21 documents from Microtus
 montanus.fasta
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mn11k
title: Data from: Brood size matching: a novel perspective on predator dilution

description: A primary benefit of grouping is diluting the individual risk of attack by
 predators. However, the fact that groups are formed not always by solitary
 adults but also by subgroups (e.g., families) has been overlooked. The
 subgroup-specific benefit of predator dilution depends on its relative
 contribution to total group size. Therefore, the willingness of a subgroup
 to merge with others should increase the less it contributes to total
 group size, but the conflicting preferences of partners may result in the
 preferential merger of similar-sized subgroups. Here, we evaluate how the
 proportional contribution of subgroups to diluting risk affects group
 formation. We generate predictions using a bidding game over parental care
 and test them using data on common eiders (Somateria mollissima), in which
 females with variable-sized broods may form brood-rearing coalitions. The
 predictions (1) that size-matched subgroups should have a higher
 propensity to merge, (2) that predation should increase group formation
 propensity, and (3) that increased bargaining power, as proxied by female
 body condition, should increase the time needed to establish partnerships
 were all supported. Partners do negotiate over their relative
 contributions to predator dilution, accepting or rejecting partnerships on
 the basis of this criterion. Our results show that consideration of the
 size of subgroups before merger is critical in understanding the process
 of group formation under the threat of predation.
description: EiderField data on eider
 group formation behaviour.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j07h2
title: Data from: Weak rappers rock more: Hermit crabs assess their own agonistic behaviour

description: Fighting animals use a variety of information sources to make strategic
 decisions. A neglected potential source of information is an
 individual's own performance during a fight. Surprisingly, this
 possibility has yet to be incorporated into the large body of theory
 concerning the evolution of aggressive behaviour. Here, by experimentally
 dampening the impact of their shell rapping behaviour, we test for the
 possibility that attacking hermit crabs monitor their own fight
 performance. Attackers with dampened raps did not show a reduction in the
 number of raps used. By contrast, they showed an increased frequency of a
 less intense agonistic behaviour, shell rocking. This change in behaviour,
 in attackers that are forced to rap weakly, indicates that they assess
 their own agonistic behaviour.
description: Rocking
 dataData on shell rocking
 and rapping in hermit crabs with normal and dampend shell rapping.
 Predictors: Treatment Group (Categorical), Outcome (Categorical), RWD
 (Continuous). Responses: Bouts of rocking, bouts of rapping, total rocks,
 total bouts, mean duration of pauses.Rocking_data.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v9f5s
title: Data from: A structural approach for understanding multispecies coexistence

description: Although observations of species-rich communities have long served as a
 primary motivation for research on the coexistence of competitors, the
 majority of our empirical and theoretical understanding comes from
 two-species systems. How much of the coexistence observed in species rich
 communities results from indirect effects among competitors that only
 emerge in diverse systems remains poorly understood. Resolving this issue
 requires simple, scalable, and intuitive metrics for quantifying the
 conditions for coexistence in multispecies systems, and how these
 conditions differ from those expected based solely on pairwise
 interactions. To achieve these aims, we develop a structural approach for
 studying the set of parameter values compatible with n-species coexistence
 given the geometric constraints imposed by the the matrix of competition
 coefficients. We derive novel mathematical metrics analogous to
 stabilizing niche differences and fitness differences that measure the
 range of conditions compatible with multispecies coexistence,
 incorporating the effects of indirect interactions emerging in diverse
 systems. We show how our measures can be used to quantify the extent to
 which the conditions for coexistence in multispecies systems differ from
 those that allow pairwise coexistence, and apply the method to a field
 system of annual plants. We conclude by presenting new challenges and
 empirical opportunities emerging from our structural metrics of
 multispecies coexistence.
description: R-codeThe file contains the
 R-code: (1) to compute the structural niche and fitness difference (2) to
 compute the contribution of multiple interactions to coexistence, and (3)
 to draw the feasibility domain.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r390f
title: Data from: On the variety of methods for calculating confidence intervals by bootstrapping

description: 1. Researchers often want to place a confidence interval around estimated
 parameter values calculated from a sample. This is commonly implemented by
 bootstrapping. There are several different frequently used bootstrapping
 methods for this purpose. 2. Here we demonstrate that authors of recent
 papers frequently do not specify the method they have used and that
 different methods can produce markedly different confidence intervals for
 the same sample and parameter estimate. 3. We encourage authors to be more
 explicit about the method they use (and number of bootstrap resamples
 used). 4. We recommend the bias corrected and accelerated method as giving
 generally good performance; although researchers should be warned that
 coverage of bootstrap confidence intervals is characteristically less than
 the specified nominal level, and confidence interval evaluation by any
 method can be unreliable for small samples in some situations.
description: R code
 usedR
 code usedmarie bootstrapping
 code.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cp7v85c
title: Data from: The effect of uncertain bottom friction on estimates of tidal current power

description: Uncertainty affects estimates of the power potential of tidal currents,
 resulting in large ranges in values reported for a given site, such as the
 Pentland Firth, UK. We examine the role of bottom friction, one of the
 most important sources of uncertainty. We do so by using perturbation
 methods to find the leading-order effect of bottom friction uncertainty in
 theoretical models by Garrett & Cummins (2005), Vennell (2010),
 and Garrett & Cummins (2013), which consider quasi-steady flow in
 a channel completely spanned by tidal turbines, a similar channel but
 retaining the inertial term, and a circular turbine farm in laterally
 unconfined flow. We find that bottom friction uncertainty acts to increase
 estimates of expected power in a fully-spanned channel, but generally has
 the reverse effect in laterally unconfined farms. The optimal number of
 turbines, accounting for bottom friction uncertainty, is lower for a
 fully-spanned channel and higher in laterally unconfined farms. We
 estimate the typical magnitude of bottom friction uncertainty, which
 suggests that the effect on estimates of expected power lies in the range
 −5 to +30%, but is probably small for deep channels such as the Pentland
 Firth (5-10%). In such a channel, the uncertainty in power estimates due
 to bottom friction uncertainty remains considerable, and we estimate a
 relative standard derivation of 30%, increasing to 50% for small channels.
description: V10_optimum_RSOSMatlab code used to find the value of turbine drag parameter which maximises the expected power under uncertain bed roughness parameter for the model presented in R.A. Vennell, Tuning Tidal Turbines In-Concert to Maximise Farm Efficiency, J. Fluid Mech., 671:587–604, 2010.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v6028g3
title: Data from: Developing the global potential of citizen science: assessing opportunities that benefit people, society and the environment in East Africa

description: 1. Citizen science is gaining increasing prominence as a tool for science
 and engagement but has little visibility in many developing countries,
 despite being a potentially valuable tool for sustainable development. 2.
 We undertook a collaborative prioritization process with experts in
 conservation and the environment to assess the potential of environmental
 citizen science in East Africa including its opportunities, benefits and
 barriers. This provided principles that are applicable across developing
 countries, particularly for large-scale citizen science. 3. We found that
 there was great potential for citizen science to add to our scientific
 knowledge of natural resources and biodiversity trends. Many of the
 important benefits of citizen science were for people, as well as the
 environment directly. Major barriers to citizen science were mostly social
 and institutional, although projects should also consider access to
 suitable technology and language barriers. 4. Policy implications. Citizen
 science can provide data to support decision-making and reporting against
 international targets. Participation can provide societal benefits,
 informing and empowering people, thus supporting the United Nations’
 Sustainable Development Goals. In developing countries there needs to be
 innovation to develop culturally-relevant citizen science benefitting
 participants and end-users. This should be supported through regional
 networks of stakeholders for sharing best practice.
description: Ranking of opportunities
 for, benefits of and barriers to environmental citizen science in East
 Africa, based on scores given by workshop participantsScores given by workshop
 participants to their top-ranked items in the lists of opportunities for,
 benefits of and barriers to environmental citizen science in East Africa.
 Participants collaboratively defined these items within each category
 (opportunties, benefits and barriers) and then anonymously scored these
 items, giving a score of three, two and one to their top-, second- and
 third-ranked priorities respectively in each category, based on the
 questions in Table 1 in the main text of ther associated paper. ‘Sum’ and
 ‘count’ is the sum and count of these scores. Items in each category are
 arranged by the sum of scores. Note that the scores were used to rank
 relative important, not to distinguish unimportant items, because all
 items on the list were considered to have importance, even if they were
 not deemed to be a high priority.data for
 dryad.csv