DOI: 10.5061/dryad.brv15dvp2
title: State of the spread of the exotic parasitoid wasp <em>Leptopilina japonica</em> tracking the route of its invasive host fly <em>Drosophila suzukii</em> in France

description: The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is one of the most
 damaging invasive fruit pests in the world. It infests a wide range of
 wild and crop host plants, impacting natural habitats and causing
 significant economic losses. Leptopilina japonica, a predominant larval
 parasitoid of D. suzukii in the native areas of the fly, is now
 spontaneously expanding into non-native areas of its fly host. This study
 documents the presence and genetic structure of L. japonica collected from
 various wild and cultivated fruits across 11 sites in France in 2023.
 Leptopilina japonica emerged from 15% of fruit samples and was strongly
 positively associated with D. suzukii, showing parasitism rates up to
 38.5%, notably in Lonicera fruits. Despite this, D. suzukii remained
 dominant, indicating a limited current biocontrol effect, while native
 parasitoids were nearly absent from samples. Molecular analyses using COI
 markers revealed 10 distinct haplotypes of the L. japonica subspecies in
 France that clustered into three groups, suggesting multiple introductions
 and/or migration routes into France from Asia, North America, and
 neighboring European countries. The lack of nuclear diversity measured
 from ITS2 markers suggests that the colonization is recent and that the
 populations experienced a bottleneck process. Nevertheless, a more
 extensive sampling combined with the use of additional genetic markers
 would be needed to better understand the origin and spread of L. japonica
 and its consequence on the equilibrium of Drosophila communities.
description: # State of the spread of the exotic parasitoid wasp *Leptopilina japonica*
 tracking the route of its invasive host fly *Drosophila suzukii* in France
 Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.brv15dvp2](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.brv15dvp2) ##
 Description of the data and file structure This dataset contains
 supplementary materials associated with the publication above. The data
 include phylogenetic, molecular, and ecological information related to
 *Leptopilina japonica* populations collected in Europe and other regions.
 Each file provides information necessary to reproduce the analyses and
 figures presented in the paper. ### Files and variables #### File:
 Figure_S1_Tree-RAxML.jpg **Description:** Phylogenetic tree inferred using
 RAxML. Bootstrap support values above 70 show at nodes. In red are marked
 the COI sequences of *Leptopilina japonica* obtained in this study.
 Format: Image file .jpg #### File: Table_S4.csv
 **Description:** Distribution of COI haplotypes of *Leptopilina japonica*.
 Summary table of COI haplotype distribution across samples. #####
 Variables * Haplotype_id: the haplotype number assigned to each COI
 sequence. The code consists of the prefix Hap\_ followed by the haplotype
 number * Ref_BM_code/accession_number_NCBI_BOLD: Reference code of the
 specimen or sequence, corresponding to either the specimen barcode
 (Ref_BM_code) or a public accession number in NCBI or BOLD * Status:
 indicates whether the haplotype was identified as "valid
 haplotype" or "putative pseudogene (negative frequency
 mutations)" * Continent: continent of origin for the sample *
 Country: country where the sample was collected * France_area: the region
 (North-East, South-East and South-Weast) in France where the specimen was
 collected where specimens are from outside France, this is marked with a
 "-" * Source: Source of the data "this study" or
 "available data" (for GenBank or BOLD) Format: .csv #### File:
 Table_S5.csv **Description:** Geographical distributions and frequency of
 haplotypes of *L. japonica* in different countries. ##### Variables *
 Continent: continent of origin for the sample * Country: country where the
 sample was collected * France_area: the region (North-East, South-East and
 South-Weast) in France where the specimen was collected where specimens
 are from outside France, this is marked with a "-" *
 Haplotype_id: the haplotype number assigned to each COI sequence. The code
 consists of the prefix Hap\_ followed by the haplotype number. For each
 haplotype, the frequency numbers are added where the haplotype is not
 represented; the cell is marked with a "_" Format: .csv ####
 File: Table_S1.csv **Description:** Collection information for insect
 specimens in France. FIR: Fruit infestation rates. ##### Variables *
 sample_name: unique reference number assigned to each fruit sample
 collected * collection_date: date when the sample was collected
 (DD-MM-YYYY) * site_name: name of the sampling site * locality: geographic
 locality in France * host_plant: plant species from which the fruits were
 collected * weight_of_collected_fruit: total weight of collected fruit
 from each sample (g) * Number_of_Drosophila_suzukii: number of *D.
 suzukii* individuals emerged from the sample * FIR_D._suzukii: fruit
 infestation rate by *D. suzukii* (100 × number of *D. suzukii* individuals
 from fruits collected from a given plant individual / total mass of fruit
 collected from the same plant individual) (%) *
 Number_of_other_Drosophila_species: number of *Drosophila* individuals
 other than *D. suzukii* * FIR_other_Drosophila_species: Fruit infestation
 rate by other *Drosophila* species (100 × number of other *Drosophila*
 individuals from fruits collected from a given plant individual / total
 mass of fruit collected from the same plant individual) (%) *
 Number_of_Leptopilina_japonica: number of *Leptopilina japonica*
 parasitoids emerged from the sample * FIR_L._japonica: fruit infestation
 rate by *L. japonica* (100 × number of *L. japonica* individuals from
 fruits collected from a given plant individual / total mass of fruit
 collected from the same plant individual) (%) *
 Number_of_Asobara_rufescens: number of *Asobara rufescens* parasitoids
 emerged from the sample * FIR_A._rufescens: fruit infestation rate by *A.
 rufescens* (100 × number of *A. rufescens* individuals from fruits
 collected from a given plant individual / total mass of fruit collected
 from the same plant individual) (%) * Number_of_Pachycrepoideus_vindemiae:
 number of *Pachycrepoideus vindemiae* parasitoids emerged from the sample
 * FIR_P._vindemmiae: fruit infestation rate by *P. vindemmiae* (100 ×
 number of *P. vindemmiae* individuals from fruits collected from a given
 plant individual / total mass of fruit collected from the same plant
 individual) (%) Format: .csv #### File: Table_S2.csv
 **Description:** Collection information for the *Leptopilina japonica*
 specimens for which DNA sequences were obtained in this study and were
 included in the haplotype network analyses. For each COI or ITS2 marker,
 GenBank accession numbers were included. ##### Variables * Ref_BM_code:
 unique specimen reference ID * country: country where the specimen was
 collected * locality: sampling locality * France_site_codes: site code
 used for sampling locations in France * host_plant: host plant species
 from which the sample was obtained. When the information is missing, the
 case is marked with a "_", or the specimen was collected alive
 and this was noted * collection_date: date when the specimen was collected
 (DD-MM-YYYY) * Haplotype_COI: Haplotype number assigned based on COI
 sequence analysis * COI_accession_number: GenBank accession number
 corresponding to the COI sequence * Haplotype_ITS2: Haplotype number
 assigned based on ITS2 sequence analysis * ITS2_accession_number: GenBank
 accession number corresponding to the ITS2 sequence Format: .csv ####
 File: Table_S3.csv **Description:** The values of infestation and
 parasitism variables in different plant species and locations. FIR: Fruit
 infestation rates. PR: parasitism rate. ##### Variables * Site_code: name
 of the sampling site * host_plant: plant species from which the fruits
 were collected * FIR_D.suzukii: fruit infestation rate by *D. suzukii*
 (100 × number of *D. suzukii* individuals from fruits collected from a
 given plant individual / total mass of fruit collected from the same plant
 individual) (%) * FIR_other_drosophilids: Fruit infestation rate by other
 *Drosophila* species (100 × number of other *Drosophila* individuals from
 fruits collected from a given plant individual / total mass of fruit
 collected from the same plant individual) (%) * FIR_L._japonica: fruit
 infestation rate by *L. japonica* (100 × number of *L. japonica*
 individuals from fruits collected from a given plant individual / total
 mass of fruit collected from the same plant individual) (%) *
 FIR_other_parasitoids: Fruit infestation rate by other parasitoids species
 than *L. japonica* (100 × number of other parasitoids individuals from
 fruits collected from a given plant individual / total mass of fruit
 collected from the same plant individual) (%) * PR_L._japonica: Parasitism
 rate by *L. japonica* (100 × number of L. japonica / [numbers of *D.
 suzukii* + other *Drosophila* + *L. japonica* + other parasitoids]) (%)
 PR_other_parasitoids: Parasitism rate by other parasitoids* *(100 × number
 of other parasitoids / [numbers of *D. suzukii* + other *Drosophila* + *L.
 japonica* + other parasitoids]) (%) Format: .csv #### File:
 COI_ITS2_metadata.csv **Description:** This dataset contains molecular
 sequence information generated for the species *Leptopilina japonica*. The
 table includes details on sample origin, molecular markers used, sequence
 identifiers, GenBank accession numbers, and the final processed (trimmed)
 sequences obtained after primer removal. ##### Variables * Species: The
 species analyzed, in this dataset, *Leptopilina japonica* * Sequence_ID:
 unique specimen reference ID * country: The country where the specimen was
 collected * city: The locality (city, region, or specific area) where the
 specimen was collected * Date: The date the specimen was collected,
 formatted as dd/mm/yyyy * molecular_marker: The molecular marker used for
 sequencing. In this dataset, markers are either COI or ITS2 *
 GenBank_accesion_number: The accession number assigned to the sequence in
 GenBank * Sequence_trimmed: The final DNA sequence obtained after removing
 both 5’ and 3’ primers, used in downstream genetic analyses #### File:
 COI_Leptopilina_japonica.txt **Description:** The .txt file contains the
 trimmed COI DNA sequences of Leptopilina japonica in a simplified FASTA
 format. The header begins with the &gt; symbol and contains three
 comma-separated fields: &gt;Species, molecular_marker, Sequence_ID #####
 Variables * *Leptopilina japonica,* the species analyzed in this dataset *
 COI: the molecular marker used * the internal Sequence_ID corresponding to
 the dataset table  #### File: ITS2_Leptopilina_japonica.txt
 **Description:** The .txt file contains the trimmed ITS2 DNA sequences of
 *Leptopilina japonica* in a simplified FASTA format. The header begins
 with the &gt; symbol and contains three comma-separated
 fields: &gt;Species, molecular_marker, Sequence_ID ##### Variables *
 *Leptopilina japonica*, the species analyzed in this dataset * ITS2: the
 molecular marker used * the internal Sequence_ID corresponding to the
 dataset table