cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5tk7357
title: Data from: Chemical cues linked to risk: cues from belowground natural enemies enhance plant defences and influence herbivore behaviour and performance

description: 1. Chemical cues are essential for many ecological interactions. Previous
 studies of chemically mediated multitrophic interactions have typically
 focused on responses to cues from plants or herbivores aboveground. It is
 increasingly clear, however, that belowground cues and those produced by
 organisms at higher trophic levels also have ecological importance. Prey
 animals often avoid predator odours to improve survival, and previous
 research documented enhanced plant resistance following contact with
 belowground natural enemies, though the ecological basis was unknown. 2.
 Here we investigated plant and insect responses to chemical cues from
 belowground natural enemies and explored the ecological significance of
 these cues for multitrophic interactions. More specifically, we examined
 the influence of odours emitted by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), a
 natural enemy of insect herbivores, on the performance and behaviour of
 their insect prey and the defence responses of nearby plants. 3. Our
 findings revealed that EPN-infected insect cadavers emit a characteristic
 blend of volatile compounds with bioactivity in plants and insects. EPN
 chemical cues influenced both performance and preference of a specialist
 herbivore, Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata),
 feeding on its host plant, potato (Solanum tuberosum). CPB larvae consumed
 less leaf tissue and gained less mass feeding on plants exposed to EPN
 cues compared to control plants. Female CPBs laid fewer eggs on plants
 with EPN cues than on controls, indicating deterrence by EPN cues or
 EPN-altered plant defences. 4. Plant defences were enhanced by exposure to
 live EPNs or EPN chemical cues. Potato plants exposed to EPN infective
 juveniles induced higher amounts of the defence hormone salicylic acid and
 had higher expression of the pathogen-resistance gene PR-1(PR4) in foliar
 tissue. Exposing plants to EPN cues primed induction of salicylic acid and
 jasmonic acid in response to feeding damage by CPB larvae. 5. These
 findings suggest that herbivores avoid cues from their EPN natural enemies
 and plants respond to the beneficial nematodes by enhancing systemic
 defences that reduce herbivore performance. This work has important
 implications for the chemical ecology of tritrophic interactions as we
 report that the third trophic level can play direct and indirect roles in
 plant defence.
description: Helms et al 2019 FE
 dataOviposition, Larval mass
 and leaf area consumed, JA and SA amounts in leaf tissue, expression of
 defense genes, volatiles produced. The excel file contains 6 sheets with
 all data from the publication organized by experiment. Data provided are
 not transformed.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.46f1n9j
title: Data from: Plant geographic origin and phylogeny as potential drivers of community structure in root-inhabiting fungi

description: 1. Root-inhabiting fungal communities, including mutualists and
 antagonists, influence host plant performance, and can potentially shape
 plant community composition. However, there is uncertainty about how
 root-inhabiting fungal communities are structured, and if fungal community
 characteristics are significant predictors of host plant abundance. 2. In
 this study, we first assessed how root-inhabiting fungal communities were
 structured in relation to the phylogeny and geographic origins (native vs
 exotic) of their host plants in an old-field community. In addition, we
 took into consideration the spatial arrangements (i.e. physical locations)
 of the individual host plants. We then tested if the relative abundances
 of pathogenic and beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi could
 predict host plant abundances. 3. We found that host plant phylogeny was
 an important factor in structuring the whole fungal community,
 irrespective of host plant origin. Furthermore, the spatial arrangements
 of individual host plants were a strong predictor of AM fungal community
 structure. Host plant phylogeny and spatial arrangements appeared to
 similarly affect the structure of pathogenic fungal communities. No
 distinct differences were observed between native and exotic plant species
 in fungal community characteristics. The relative abundances of AM and
 pathogenic fungi were not significant predictors for observed abundances
 of their host plants. 4. Synthesis. Host plant phylogeny and spatial
 arrangements can structure naturally occurring root-inhabiting fungal
 communities. The absence of distinct differences in fungal community
 composition, including pathogens, in exotic and native plants suggests
 long residence times and the consequent naturalization of exotic species
 in the region, allowing for the establishment of similar plant-microbial
 interactions between native and exotic species.
description: Plant species relative
 abundances at Long-Term Mycorrhiza Research Site in Jun
 2016Relative abundances of
 vascular plants were quantified between June 13 and June 20, 2016, at
 Long-Term Mycorrhiza Research Site in the University of Guelph Nature
 Reserve, Guelph, Canada. The method is described in the
 article.arboretum_plant_species_abundance_Jun_2016_dryad.xlsxLocations of individual plants collected in July 2016 at Long-Term Mycorrhiza Research SiteThe locations of individual plants were recorded on the coordinate plane of the grid (45 m X 50 m ) where permanent plots were placed for plant community survey at the Long-Term Mycorrhiza Research Site in the University of Guelph Nature Reserve, Guelph, Canada . The origin (0, 0) is located on a north corner of the grid, and X and Y axes are oriented toward southwest and southeast from the origin, respectively.arboretum_individual_plant_location_dryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8hg2gg6
title: Data from: Restricted morphospace occupancy of early Cambrian reef-building archaeocyaths

description: The evolution of novel morphologies can signify expansion of a clade into
 new niches. This can be studied in the fossil record by investigating the
 morphospace occupancy of organisms, with small morphospaces signifying low
 morphological disparity and more diffuse morphospaces suggesting a broader
 range of morphologies adapted to different environments. Morphological
 disparity of many taxa (arthropods, crinoids, etc.) from the Cambrian to
 modern intervals have been studied in this manner. However, no study has
 investigated this in archaeocyaths, which, as reef builders, can have a
 disproportionate effect on early Cambrian biodiversity relative to their
 frequency. Here, we collect morphological data on archaeocyathan sponges,
 mostly from Laurentia. Over 600 museum specimens and 400 field samples
 were measured for traditional morphometric characters as well as discrete
 gross morphological characteristics. We find that archaeocyaths have an
 average cup/individual (body) diameter of 10.6 mm. This is significantly
 smaller than a selected group of modern demosponges and lithistid sponges
 which measure 94.1 mm and 66.8 mm in diameter respectively and each has a
 larger size variance. Archaeocyath gross morphologies are also highly
 constrained to a few simple morphologies (3-6 categories) while modern
 demosponges and lithistids are more diverse (9 categories each). These
 data indicate that Laurentian archaeocyaths were restricted in their
 morphological disparity, potentially due to limitations imposed by having
 a robust calcareous skeleton while still maintaining a large intervallum
 cavity space to facilitate passive entrainment. The fact that these
 Cambrian reef builders were restricted in their morphological complexity
 may have had a strong influence on the biodiversity of early Phanerozoic
 ecosystems. Furthermore, a clade limited to only a few specific
 morphologies is at an increased risk of extinction.
description: Supplemental
 MaterialsIncludes all
 supplemental statistical tables and supplemental
 figures.Supplemental
 SpreadsheetContains all
 morphological measurements and gross morphological codings for
 archaeocyaths, lithistid sponges and modern demosponges used in
 study.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.386q152
title: Data from: Behavioral responses by an apex predator to urbanization

description: Wildlife can respond to urbanization positively (synanthropic) or
 negatively (misanthropic), and for some species this is a non-linear
 process, whereby low levels of urbanization elicits a positive response,
 but this response becomes negative at high levels of urbanization. We
 applied concepts from foraging theory to predict positive and negative
 behavioral responses of coyotes (Canis latrans) along an urbanization
 gradient in the Chicago metropolitan area, USA. We estimated home range
 size and complexity, and metrics of three movement behaviors (encamped,
 foraging, and traveling) using Hidden Markov movement models. We found
 coyotes exhibited negative behavioral responses to highly urbanized
 landscapes: coyotes viewed the landscape as lower quality, riskier, and
 more fragmented (home range size and complexity, and time spent encamped
 increased). Conversely, we found evidence of both positive and negative
 responses to suburban landscapes: coyotes viewed the landscape as higher
 quality than natural fragments and equally risky, but also viewed it as
 fragmented (home range size decreased, time spent encamped did not change,
 and home range complexity increased). Although the spatial and behavioral
 responses of coyotes to urbanization became increasingly negative as
 urbanization increased, coyotes were still able to occupy highly urbanized
 landscapes. Our study demonstrates how wildlife behavioral responses can
 be dependent upon the degree of urbanization and represents one of the
 first descriptions of apex predator space use and movement in a highly
 urbanized landscape.
description: Appendices
 1-4Behavioral_responses_by_an_apex_predator_to_urbanization_Appendix1-4_Dec21_2018.docxAppendix 5MAP_APPENDIX_MQ_RED.pdf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4ck362b
title: Data from: Collective responses to heterospecifics emerge from individual differences in aggression

description: Variation in individual behavior among group members impacts collective
 outcomes. The ability of both individuals and groups to outcompete others
 can determine access to resources. The invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema
 humile, dominates resources and displaces native species. To determine how
 access to resources by groups of L. humile is impacted by their behavioral
 composition we first determined that L. humile workers consistently vary
 in aggressive behavior. We then asked if variation in aggression within a
 group influences the group’s ability to access a resource in the presence
 of cues of a native species, Tapinoma sessile. We found that the
 behavioral composition of L. humile groups impacted the groups’ collective
 response to cues of T. sessile. Group behavior was the result of mostly
 additive, rather than synergistic, combinations of the behaviors of the
 group members. The behavior of groups that contained 50% highly aggressive
 and 50% low-aggression individuals was similar to the average of the
 behaviors of groups of all highly aggressive and groups of all
 low-aggression individuals. Uncovering the mechanisms that allow social
 invasive species to dominate the ecological communities they invade can
 inform the mitigation of invasion.
description: Data for Collective
 responses to heterospecifics emerge from individual differences in
 aggressionSee Readme sheet in
 file
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kd3g03r
title: Data from: Niches within a niche: ecological differentiation of subterranean amphipods across Europe’s interstitial waters

description: Species that successfully colonized subterranean environments are subject
 to two opposing selection processes. Stringent abiotic factors select for
 convergent adaptations, such as loss of eyes and pigments, while
 interspecific competition drives between-species divergence. Subterranean
 species can resolve opposing selection by adaptation to physically
 different microhabitats. Yet, species frequently co-occur in physically
 homogeneous subterranean habitats, like interstitial. These co-occurrences
 in such a narrow ecological context can be explained either by equalizing
 mechanisms, in which neither of the co-occurring species has a competitive
 advantage, or by more complex niche models that include species’
 differentiation along a trophic niche axis. We tested these hypotheses
 using the amphipod genus Niphargus. We analysed Europe-wide co-occurrence
 records of Niphargus species from interstitial habitats, split into six
 independent large-scale regions. Firstly, we addressed whether species’
 pairwise co-occurrences are random using a probabilistic model. Secondly,
 we tested whether species cluster into distinct functional-morphological
 groups and whether ecologically or phylogenetically distinct species are
 more likely to co-occur. We found that 68 % of species co-occurrences were
 not different from random expectation, indicating that most species had
 access to most sites within each region. The remaining 32 % co-occurred
 either significantly more or less often than expected by chance. Cluster
 analysis of functional morphological characters showed that interstitial
 species belong to two feeding types, micro- and macrofeeders, likely
 representing two peaks of the interstitial adaptive landscape, and hinting
 that niche divergence, as a mechanism allowing coexistence, is favoured.
 Finally, we found that the number of co-occurrences increases with
 increasing differentiation of functional morphology, but not phylogenetic
 differences. We conclude that ecological differentiation may be important
 in shaping such interstitial communities.
description: SupplementaryMaterial_DataMatricesThe file contains list of communities with coordinates, a table of species occurrences, morphometric data, list of species used in phylogenetic analysis, details of molecular analyses, a table of species co-occurrence records, a table of pairwise Euclidean distances and a table of pairwise Patristic distances.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gg7rt25
title: Data from: Developmental and genetic effects on behavioral and life-history traits in a field cricket

description: A fundamental goal of evolutionary ecology is to identify the sources
 underlying trait variation on which selection can act. Phenotypic
 variation will be determined by both genetic and environmental factors,
 and adaptive phenotypic plasticity is expected when organisms can adjust
 their phenotypes to match environmental cues. Much recent research
 interest has focused on the relative importance of environmental and
 genetic factors on the expression of behavioral traits, in particular, and
 how they compare with morphological and life-history traits. Little
 research to date examines the effect of development on the expression of
 heritable variation in behavioral traits, such as boldness and activity.
 We tested for genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment
 differences in body mass, development time, boldness, and activity, using
 developmental density treatments combined with a quantitative genetic
 design in the sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus). Similar to results from
 previous work, animals reared at high densities were generally smaller and
 took longer to mature, and body mass and development time were moderately
 heritable. In contrast, neither boldness nor activity responded to density
 treatments, and they were not heritable. The only trait that showed
 significant genotype-by-environment differences was development time. It
 is possible that adaptive behavioral plasticity is not evident in this
 species because of the highly variable social environments it naturally
 experiences. Our results illustrate the importance of validating the
 assumption that behavioral phenotype reflects genetic patterns and suggest
 questions about the role of environmental instability in trait variation
 and heritability.
description: Raw data for Gryllus
 firmus quantitative genetics experiment on rearing density and
 behaviorInformation on
 individuals included in the experiment, including: ID, dam, sire, rearing
 density, sex, mass, eclosion date, behavioral trial
 information.cricket-qg-datafile.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1gf7803
title: Data from: Social parasitism as an alternative reproductive tactic in a cooperatively breeding cuckoo

description: Cooperatively nesting birds are vulnerable to social parasites that lay
 their eggs in host nests but provide no parental care1,2,3,4. Most
 previous research has focused on the co-evolutionary arms race between
 host defences and the parasites that attempt to circumvent them5,6,7,8,9,
 but it remains unclear why females sometimes cooperate and sometimes
 parasitize, and how parasitic tactics arise in cooperative
 systems10,11,12. Here we show that cooperative and parasitic reproductive
 strategies result in approximately equal fitness pay-offs in the greater
 ani (Crotophaga major), a long-lived tropical cuckoo, using an 11-year
 dataset and comprehensive genetic data that enable comparisons of the
 life-histories of individual females. We found that most females in the
 population nested cooperatively at the beginning of the breeding season;
 however, of those birds that had their first nests destroyed, a minority
 subsequently acted as reproductive parasites. The tendency to parasitize
 was highly repeatable, which indicates individual specialization. Across
 years, the fitness pay-offs of the two strategies were approximately
 equal: females who never parasitized (a ‘pure cooperative’ strategy) laid
 larger clutches and fledged more young from their own nests than did birds
 that both nested and parasitized (a ‘mixed’ strategy). Our results suggest
 that the success of parasites is constrained by reproductive trade-offs as
 well as by host defences, and illustrate how cooperative and parasitic
 tactics can coexist stably in the same population.
description: Data from: Social
 parasitism as an alternative reproductive tactic in a communally breeding
 cuckooExcel file with three
 spreadsheets, containing 1) individual egg data from genotyped eggs from
 female Greater Anis; 2) annual reproductive output for individual female
 Greater Anis; 3) pairwise linear distances for host and parasite nests of
 communal groups of Greater Anis.Riehl and Strong_Social
 Parasitism Data_2007-2017_DRYAD.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.06cs1f9
title: Data from: Impacts of landscape composition, marginality of distribution, soil fertility, and climatic stability on the patterns of woody plant endemism in the Cerrado

description: Aim: Although various theories have been proposed to explain the
 outstanding endemism of plants in the Cerrado, four hypotheses about the
 mechanisms of diversification and distribution are most supported: (1)
 plateau/valley, (2) stable/unstable climate, (3) core/peripheral
 distribution, and (4) soil fertility. The first argues that plateaus
 harbor more ancient lineages than valleys and therefore presents higher
 endemism. The second theory suggests that climatic stable environments
 maintained more paleoendemic species. The third scenario attributes the
 distribution of endemism to gradients of conditions available to locally
 adapted species and predicts higher endemism in nuclear than in marginal
 areas. The last theory suggests that lower fertility soils account for
 higher endemism due to the habitat specialization of its species. We
 compared endemism patterns with the predictions of each theory to discuss
 their importance. Location: Brazil. Time period: Quaternary. Major taxa
 studied: Angiosperms. Methods: We mapped the endemism using records of 311
 plant species of the Cerrado and applied spatial analysis and distribution
 models to summarize the importance of each predictor of endemism. Results:
 We identified 28 areas in which the higher endemism of Cerrado plants were
 concentrated and presented a map of its distribution. We found
 correlations among endemism, climate stability, elevation, and
 marginality, which supported the plateau/valley, core/peripheral, and
 stable/unstable hypotheses. No association between soil fertility and
 endemism was detected. We propose that plateaus are more stable climatic
 environments, and this characteristic along with their elevation and
 centrality are predictive of endemism. Main conclusions: We concluded that
 most of the endemism is concentrated in overlapping areas of stability of
 species, which are concentrated in higher elevation central regions. Soil
 fertility was not linked to endemism. We recommend that central plateaus
 in the Cerrado require special attention in conservation to optimize the
 protection of endemic species in the biome.
description: Occurrence
 dataA
 table containing the occurrence data used for the endemism analysis.
 Contains filtered GBIF registries for 311 plant species of the
 Cerrado.Supplementary_info_S2.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8s27g9f
title: Data from: Estimating the intensity of use by interacting predators and prey using camera traps

description: Understanding how organisms distribute themselves in response to
 interacting species, ecosystems, climate, human development and time is
 fundamental to ecological study and practice. A measure to quantify the
 relationship among organisms and their environments is intensity of use:
 the rate of use of a specific resource in a defined unit of time.
 Estimating the intensity of use differs from estimating probabilities of
 occupancy or selection, which can remain constant even when the intensity
 of use varies. We describe a method to evaluate the intensity of use
 across conditions that vary in both space and time. We demonstrate its
 application on a large mammal community where linear developments and
 human activity are conjectured to influence the interactions between
 white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and wolves (Canis lupus) with
 possible consequences on threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus
 caribou). We collect and quantify intensity of use data for multiple,
 interacting species with the goal of assessing management efficacy,
 including a habitat restoration strategy for linear developments. We test
 whether blocking linear developments by spreading logs across a 200‐m
 interval can be applied as an immediate mitigation to reduce the
 intensities of use by humans, predator and prey species in a boreal
 caribou range. We deployed camera traps on linear developments with and
 without restoration treatments in a landscape exposed to both timber and
 oil development. We collected a three‐year dataset and employed spatial
 recurrent event models to analyse intensity of use by an interacting human
 and large mammal community across a range of environmental and climatic
 conditions. Spatial recurrent event models revealed that intensity of use
 by humans influenced the intensity of use by all five large mammal species
 evaluated, and the intensities of use by wolves and deer were inextricably
 linked in space and time. Conditions that resist travel on linear
 developments had a strong negative effect on the intensity of human and
 large mammal use. Mitigation strategies that resist, or redirect, animal
 travel on linear developments can reduce the effects of resource
 development on interacting human and predator–prey interactions. Our
 approach is easily applied to other continuous time point‐based survey
 methodologies and shows that measuring the intensity of use within animal
 communities can help scientists monitor, mitigate and understand
 ecological states and processes.
description: Large Mammal Intensity
 of Use Data Collected by Camera TrapIntensity-of-Use-Data.csvWolf Group Size Data Collected by Camera TrapWolf-Grp-Size.csv