DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b2rbnzsp6
title: Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides alter behaviour and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee (Xenoglossa pruinosa)

description: Mounting evidence supporting the negative impacts of exposure to
 neonicotinoids on bees has prompted the registration of novel
 ‘bee-friendly’ insecticides for agricultural use. Flupyradifurone (FPF) is
 a butenolide insecticide that shares the same mode of action as
 neonicotinoids and has been assessed to be “practically non-toxic to adult
 honeybees” using current risk assessment procedures. However, these
 assessments overlook some routes of exposure specific to wild bees, such
 as contact with residues in soil for ground nesters. Co-exposure with
 other pesticides may also lead to detrimental synergistic effects. In a
 fully crossed experiment, we assessed the possible lethal and sublethal
 effects of chronic exposure to two pesticides used on Cucurbita crops, the
 insecticide Sivanto® Prime (FPF) and the fungicide Quadris Top®
 (azoxystrobin and difenoconazole), alone or combined, on solitary
 ground-nesting squash bees (Xenoglossa pruinosa). Squash bees exposed to
 Quadris Top collected less pollen per flower visit while Sivanto-exposed
 bees produced larger offspring. Pesticide co-exposure induced
 hyperactivity in female squash bees, relative to both the control and
 single pesticide exposure, and reduced the number of emerging offspring
 per nest compared to individual pesticide treatments. This study
 demonstrates that ‘low-toxicity’ pesticides can adversely affect squash
 bees under field-realistic rates, alone or in combination.
description: # Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides alter behaviour
 and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee (*Xenoglossa
 pruinosa*) This README
 file describes the data package accompanying the publication: Rondeau S,
 Raine NE. 2024. Single and combined exposure to ‘bee safe’ pesticides
 alter behaviour and offspring production in a ground-nesting solitary bee
 (*Xenoglossa pruinosa*). *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
 Sciences*. doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2939. ## Description of the data and file
 structure The file "Data_Rondeau_Raine2024.xslx" contains
 multiple tabs (sheets) representing each dataset analyzed in the study.
 The description of each dataset and variables therein are as follows:
 **All tabs** * Hoophouse_ID: unique enclosure identifier (see Figure S1) *
 Block: block (see Figure S1) * Insecticide_tx: Insecticide treatment
 (Control or Sivanto) * Fungicide_tx: Fungicide treatment (Control or
 Quadris Top) * TX: treatment (Control, Quadris, Sivanto, Mixture) *
 Bee_ID: unique bee identifier * Mean_male_flw: mean number of staminate
 (male) flowers per day * Mean_tot_flw: mean number of flowers per day
 **Survival**: dataset presented and analyzed in the 'Survival'
 subsection of the methodology * Date of death: last date the bee was seen
 alive (= presumed date of death) * Time of death: number of days after the
 bees were introduced in hoophouses * Censored: whether the data was right
 censored (0) or not (1) **Nests & yield data**: dataset presented and
 analyzed in the 'Nesting activity' and 'Crop yield and
 flower counts' subsections of the methodology * Nb_nest: total number
 of active nests * Nb_female_bees: number of female bees present in
 enclosures after some bees have crossed from the side of the hoop house
 where they were introduced to the other side of the hoop house (see
 Appendix S2). * Nb_nests_per_bee: number of nests per bee (see Appendix
 S2). * Percent_marketable_fruits: percentage of fruits ≥500 g *
 Percent_fruit_set: percentage of pistillate flowers that have set fruit
 **Yield_binomial**: binomial (0/1) yield data of each marked pistillate
 flower, as presented in the 'Crop yield and flower counts'
 subsection of the methodology. * Fruit_set_binomial: 1 = the marked flower
 set fruit, 0 = the marked flower did not set fruit. *
 Maketable_fruit_binomial: 1 = the marked flower produced a fruit of
 marketable size, 0 = the marked flower did not produce a fruit of
 marketable size. * Nb_females_Aug15: number of female squash bees present
 in enclosures at the beginning of flower marking (August 15) **Foraging
 activity**: dataset presented and analyzed in the 'Foraging
 activity' subsection of the methodology * Sampling_date: date of data
 collection * Sampling_time: Time of data collection * Time_category:
 early, mid, or late morning * Nb_pollen_grains1-4: number of pollen grains
 counted in aliquots 1 to 4 * Mean_pollen_grains: mean number of pollen
 grains per 5-μl aliquot * Handling_time: handling time of flowers, in
 seconds **Motor activity**: dataset presented and analyzed in the
 'Motor activity' subsection of the methodology * Date: date of
 data collection * Line_crossing: number of line crossings made in 2
 minutes * Time_grooming: time (in seconds) bees spent engaging in grooming
 behaviour * Time_escape: time (in seconds) bees spent engaging in escaping
 behaviour * Time_grooming+escape: time (in seconds) bees spent engaging in
 grooming or escaping behaviour **Offspring emergence**: data on the 99
 individual offspring that emerged in 2021. These data are presented and
 analyzed in the 'Offspring production' subsection of the
 methodology * Date_emergence: date of emergence of the offspring bee *
 Date_afterJUL29: number of days elapsed between bee emergence and July 29,
 2020 * Trap_ID: unique identifier of emergence trap; flowers = the bee was
 found in wilted flower. * Sex: sex of emerged offspring (male or female) *
 IT_span: intertegular span of emerged bee (in mm) **Offspring summary**:
 offspring emergence data summarized per enclosure. These data are
 presented and analyzed in the 'Offspring production' subsection
 of the methodology. * Nb_emerged_males: total number of emerged male
 offspring per enclosure * Nb_emerged_females: total number of emerged
 female offspring per enclosure * Emergence_total: total number of emerged
 offspring per enclosure * Nb_nest: total number of active nest per
 enclosure * Emergence.nest: number of offspring per nest (total number of
 emerged bees divided by total number of nests) * Date_first_emergence:
 date of emergence of the first bee in the enclosure *
 Date_afterJul29_female: number of days elapsed between the emergence of
 the first female and July 29, 2020 * Date_afterJul29_male: number of days
 elapsed between the emergence of the first male and July 29, 2020 *
 Date_afterJUL29_first_offspring: number of days elapsed between the
 emergence of the first offspring and July 29, 2020 * Sex-ratio: sex-ratio
 of emerged offspring (males/total offspring) * Nb_offspring_trap1: total
 number of offspring caught in emergence trap 1 * Nb_offspring_trap2: total
 number of offspring caught in emergence trap 2 * Nb.trap_mean: mean number
 of nests per trap across the two emergence traps *
 Mean_offspring_per_nest: mean number of offspring caught in emergence
 traps 1 and 2 * Sex_first_offspring: sex of first emerged offspring (male
 or female) * Total_emergence_per_bee: total number of offspring per bee
 (see Appendix S2). **Soil pesticide residues**: dataset presented and
 analyzed in the 'Pesticide residues' subsection of the
 methodology * Sampling_date: date of soil sampling * Mass (g): mass of
 soil used for extraction * Columns D to CQ: name of active ingredient
 screened for. Residue concentrations are presented in ng/g. * n.d. = not
 detected ## Code/Software The file 'Code_Rondeau_Raine2024.R'
 reproduces the analyses of the article cited above.