DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6638282
title: Iceland as stepping stone for intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus between Europe and North America: data set on phylogeographic analysis

description: Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) subtype H5 clade 2.3.4.4b have widely spread within the northern hemisphere since 2020 and threaten wild bird populations as well as poultry production. For the very first time, HPAIV were detected in wild birds and, subsequently, in poultry holdings in Iceland. Here, we present phylogeographic evidence that Iceland has been used as a stepping stone for HPAIV translocation from Northern Europe to North America in 2021 and describe two independent incursions of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses of two different genotypes to Iceland in 2021 and 2022. 00_INT_ICE_data_overview.tsv data overview 01_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B1_B2__229__MCC.trees Time-scaled tree of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia, Europe, North America 2020-2022. 02_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B1_B2__229__MCC.trees.pdf Time-scaled tree of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia, Europe, North America 2020-2022. 03_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B1__76__MCC.trees Time-scaled tree of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia, Europe, North America 2020-2022. 04_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B1__76__MCC.trees.pdf Time-scaled tree of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia, Europe, North America 2020-2022. 05_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B2__86__MCC.trees Time-scaled tree of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia and Europe, 2020-2022. 06_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B2__86__MCC.trees.pdf Time-scaled tree of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia and Europe, 2020-2022. 07_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B1__76__MCC.kml Spatio-temporal analysis of spread and routes of incursion of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b to Iceland 2021. 08_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_B2__86__MCC.kml Spatio-temporal analysis of spread and routes of incursion of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b to Iceland 2022. 09_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_allreass__697__.pdf Reassortant analysis of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia, South Asia, Africa, Europe and North America 2020-2022. 10_INT_ICE_ref_seg_concat_allreass__697__.newick Reassortant analysis of HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b collected in North Asia, South Asia, Africa, Europe and North America 2020-2022. 11_INT_ICE_ref_seg1_PB2_allreass__680__.newick ML tree of PB2 segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 12_INT_ICE_ref_seg2_PB1_allreass__681__.newick ML tree of PB1 segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 13_INT_ICE_ref_seg3_PA_allreass__685__.newick ML tree of PA segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 14_INT_ICE_ref_seg4_HA5_allreass__697__.newick ML tree of HA5 segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 15_INT_ICE_ref_seg5_NP_allreass__688__.newick ML tree of NP segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 16_INT_ICE_ref_seg6_NA1_allreass__688__.newick ML tree of NA1 segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 17_INT_ICE_ref_seg7_MP_allreass__687__.newick ML tree of MP segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 18_INT_ICE_ref_seg8_NS_allreass__685__.newick ML tree of NS segments of international HPAIV, subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b 2020-2022. 19_INT_ICE_data_source_acknowledgment_table.txt Data source and acknowledgment table 20_INT_ICE_methods.pdf Methods