DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27190329
title: Spreadsheets with data

description: <b>Study area</b>: The study was conducted at Una Biological Reserve (REBIO-Una; 15°17’S, 39°04’W), in the municipality of Una, Bahia, Brazil. The study area was defined based on the home range of a troop of capuchin monkeys (<i>Sapajus xanthosternos</i>) monitored for nine months (see below for details). Most of this area is covered by old-growth forests, classified as dense lowland ombrophilous forest (Amorim et al., 2008).<b>Study troop and data collection: </b>A troop of <i>S. xanthosternos,</i> previously habituated to the presence of researchers, was followed between November 2011 and August 2012. During this period, the troop consisted of 33 individuals with recognized identity: 10 female and 5 male adults, 2 male subadults, 7 juveniles, and 9 infants. The primates were followed for 3 to 4 days per week and monitored from the time they woke up until they went to sleep. The troop was located each day through radio transmitters (Telonics Inc. TR-4 e Advanced Telemetry Systems Inc. M1940) installed in up to two adult individuals (Figure S1). We follow the laws and protocols required for data collect, capturing and inserting radio transmitters under permissions (SISBIO license numbers 22960-2, 22927‐3, 36652-1, and 36652-2). Radio transmitters were kept (some replaced) in the animals after August 2012 as the troop were part of a long-term research. The troop was monitored using the <i>Feeding plant focal sample</i> method (Izar, 2004; Strier, 1989), which consists of recording from the first capuchin monkey that begins feeding on a plant until the last to leave the food source. We prioritized collecting data on flesh-fruit species because they have the largest contribution to the monkeys' diet. For each visit, the following characteristics were recorded: (1) the identity and sex of the first adult monkey that entered the fruit plant; (2) the development stage of the first four monkeys that entered the fruit plant; (3) the fruit color category; (4) the fruit disposition category; (5) the fruit size; and (6) the plant species. Fruit color categories were created according to Melin et al. 2014: (1) conspicuous to dichromats and trichromats (black and dark-purple); (2) cryptic to both (green); and (3) conspicuous only to trichromats (yellow, orange, red, purple and brown). Regarding disposition, the fruits were categorized into single or grouped (arranged in bunches). Species whose fruits are considered infructescence, such as jackfruit (<i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>) and giant bromeliad (<i>Aechmea</i> sp.), were considered single fruits as they have a singular shape or volume. Fruit size was estimated by multiplying the length and diameter of fruits that monkeys dropped during consumption or were retrieved from the literature (Galetti et al., 2011; Lorenzi, 1949b, 1949c, 1949a; Lorenzi et al., 2010; Morales, 2007; Sobral & Couto, 2006). We identified the fruit species consumed based on material (fruits and twigs) knocked down by the capuchin monkeys or subsequently collected with a tree pruner. The material was compared and deposited at the Herbarium of the Executive Commission of Cacao Plantation (CEPLAC) in Itabuna, Bahia. Based on this identification, we searched the literature for data on soluble carbohydrate, lipid, and crude protein percentages of the fruits (Catenacci et al., 2016; Pessoa et al., 2017; Rogers et al., 2011). The first four monkeys that entered the fruit plant were considered the subgroup responsible for the encounter. They were classified as: (1) Experienced: subgroup consisting of only adults and/or subadults; (2) Mixed: subgroup consisting of at least one adult or subadult and at least one juvenile or infant; or (3) Inexperienced: subgroup consisting of only juveniles and/or infants. We focused on subgroup instead of the first individual, assuming that even if adults weren't the first to reach the fruit plant, they could still guide infants and juveniles.<b>Statistical analysis: </b>We used a Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), with the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, and an Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) to compare the composition of fruit plants found by sexes. We further used the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index to measure the similarity in the set of fruit plants found by the three experience subgroups of capuchin monkeys.Visual detection of fruits by capuchin monkey sex: We calculated the relative frequency for the encounters guided by each adult individual in each category of color (conspicuous to trichromats and dichromats, cryptic to both or conspicuous to trichromats) and disposition (single or grouped). For each individual, the relative frequency was calculated as the number of encounters to fruit species with a determined characteristic divided by the total number of encounters of this individual to all fruit plants, regardless of plant species. We also calculated the mean size of the fruits of the plants found by each individual. We used t-tests to compare if the mean relative frequency of encounters in each category of color and disposition, and the mean fruit size varied between sexes. In these analyses, individuals were used as sample units. We used the Functional Shift index (FShift) to evaluate if differences in the set of visual attributes (therefore a phenotypic shift) in fruits of the plants found was greater between pairs of individuals of the opposite sex (male-female) in relation to pairs of individuals of the same sex (female-female or male-male). Such analysis was made using the matrix with the frequency of encounters of individuals (row) to each fruit species (columns) and a second matrix with the fruit characteristics (columns) by fruit species (row). We converted the qualitative traits into ordinal variables of color (1 = cryptic to trichromats and dichromats; 2 = conspicuous to trichromats; 3 = conspicuous to both) and disposition (1 = single; 2 = grouped). We calculated the functional space used by each individual and an FShift value for each pair of individuals using the <i>FSECchange </i>function of the package of the same name (Mouillot et al., 2013). Finally, we compared the FShift means using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Conover-Iman post-hoc test.Nutritional selection of fruits by experience level of capuchin monkeys: We used Kruskal-Wallis tests and Conover post-hoc tests to evaluate if the nutritional value of the fruits found by the subgroups was explained by experience level (inexperienced, mixed, and experienced). In this analysis, each encounter of the subgroup was used as sample unit, and the response variables (percentage of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein) were log transformed. We used functions “<i>undersample_mclust</i>” and “<i>oversample_smote</i>” from scutr package (Agrawal et al., 2015) to deal with discrepant sampling size between the categories of experience level.Software: R environment 4.2.1.Packages and functions: stats - <i>shapiro.test</i>, <i>t.test</i>car - <i>leveneTest</i>ggplot2 - <i>ggplot</i>vegan - <i>metaMDS</i>, <i>ordihull</i>, <i>anosim</i>FSECchange - <i>FSECchange</i>stats - <i>kruskal.test</i>conover.test - <i>conover.test</i>scutr - <i>oversample_smote</i>, <i>undersample_mclust</i>dplyr - <i>bind_rows</i>Ethical Statement:<b> </b>Our research complied with the ethical and animal care requirements with permits approved by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio/SISBIO). Therefore, this research adhered to the legal and ethical requirements of Brazil. We are unaware of any conflicts of interest that would bias the review process.<b>Description of the data and file structure</b><b>:</b><b>File: </b>Encounters_individuals_Color.csvDescription: relative frequency for the encounters guided by each adult individual of Sapajus xanthosternos in each category of color of the fruits (conspicuous to trichromats and dichromats, cryptic to both or conspicuous to trichromats).Variables:sexes: sex of de each individualencounters_cons_tri: relative frequency for the encounters in fruits with conspicuous colors for trichromatsencounters_cons_bot: relative frequency for the encounters in fruits with conspicuous colors for trichromats and dichromatsencounters_cryp_bot: relative frequency for the encounters in fruits with conspicuous colors for dichromats<br><b>File:</b> Encounters_individuals_Single.csvDescription<b>:</b> relative frequency for the encounters guided by each adult individual of Sapajus xanthosternos in each category of disposition singleVariables:sexes: sex of de each individualencounters_sing: relative frequency for the encounters in fruits with single disposition<br><b>File: </b>Mean_size_Individuals.csvDescription: mean size of the fruits of the plants found by each individualVariables:sexes: sex of de each individualmean_size: mean size of the fruits of the plants<br><b>File: </b>Fruit_traits.csvDescription: matrix with the fruit characteristics (columns) by fruit species (row). We converted the qualitative traits into ordinal variables of color (1 = cryptic to trichromats and dichromats; 2 = conspicuous to trichromats; 3 = conspicuous to both) and disposition (1 = single; 2 = grouped).Variables:specie: specie of fruitcolor: category of color of the fruits (conspicuous to trichromats and dichromats, cryptic to both or conspicuous to trichromats)disposition: category of disposition of the fruits (single or grouped)size: size of the fruits (diameter x weight)<br><b>File: </b>Encounters_individuals_Species.csvDescription: matrix with the frequency of encounters of individuals (row) to each fruit species (columns)Variables:sexes: sex of de each individualaechmea_1: number of encounters in <i>Aechmea conifera</i>aechmea_2: number of encounters in <i>Aechmea</i> sp.1alvimia: number of encounters in <i>Alvimia gracilis</i>anomospermum: number of encounters in <i>Anomospermum</i> sp.artocarpus_i: number of encounters in *Artocarpus heterophyllus *immatureartocarpus_m: number of encounters in *Artocarpus heterophyllus *matureattalea_i: number of encounters in *Attalea funifera *immatureattalea_m: number of encounters in *Attalea funifera *maturebrosimum: number of encounters in <i>Brosimum rubescens</i>buchenavia_1: number of encounters in <i>Buchenavia hoehneana</i>buchenavia_2: number of encounters in <i>Buchenavia</i> sp.campomanesia: number of encounters in <i>Campomanesia dichotoma</i>chondrodendron: number of encounters in <i>Chondrodendron microphyllum</i>cissus: number of encounters in <i>Cissus stipulata</i>combretaceae_1: number of encounters in Combretaceae sp.1combretaceae_2: number of encounters in Combretaceae sp.2dalechampia: number of encounters in <i>Dalechampia ilheotica</i>elaeis: number of encounters in <i>Elaeis guineensis</i>eschweilera: number of encounters in <i>Eschweilera ovata</i>guapira: number of encounters in <i>Guapira opposita</i>guettarda: number of encounters in <i>Guettarda viburnoides</i>helicostylis: number of encounters in <i>Helicostylis tomentosa</i>henriettea: number of encounters in <i>Henriettea succosa</i>inga_1: number of encounters in <i>Inga affinis</i>inga_2: number of encounters in <i>Inga edulis</i>inga_3: number of encounters in <i>Inga</i> sp.1inga_4: number of encounters in <i>Inga thibaudiana</i>macoubea: number of encounters in <i>Macoubea guianensis</i>manilkara_1: number of encounters in <i>Manilkara maxima</i>manilkara_2: number of encounters in <i>Manilkara salzmannii</i>marlierea: number of encounters in <i>Marlierea regeliana</i>miconia: number of encounters in <i>Miconia cinnamomifolia</i>micropholis_1: number of encounters in <i>Micropholis gardneriana</i>micropholis_2: number of encounters in <i>Micropholis guyanenses</i>micropholis: number of encounters in <i>Micropholis venulosa</i>myrcia_1: number of encounters in *Myrcia ilheosensis *myrcia_2: number of encounters in <i>Myrcia fallax</i>myrcia_3: number of encounters in <i>Myrcia racemosa</i>myrcia_4: number of encounters in <i>Myrcia</i> sp. 1myrciaria_1: number of encounters in <i>Myrciaria floribunda</i>neea_m: number of encounters in <i>Neea madeirana</i>orthomene: number of encounters in <i>Orthomene schomburgkii</i>parinari: number of encounters in <i>Parinari alvimii</i>passiflora: number of encounters in <i>Passiflora haematostigma</i>pera: number of encounters in <i>Pera glabrata</i>pogonophora: number of encounters in *Pogonophora schomburgkiana *posoqueria: number of encounters in <i>Posoqueria latifolia</i>pourouma: number of encounters in <i>Pourouma mollis</i>pouteria: number of encounters in <i>Pouteria</i> sp.2pradosia: number of encounters in *Pradosia lactescens *psidium_1: number of encounters in <i>Psidium sp.</i>sloanea: number of encounters in <i>Sloanea guianensis</i>solanum_i: number of encounters in <i>Solanum rupincola</i>talisia_1: number of encounters in <i>Talisia esculenta</i>talisia_2: number of encounters in <i>Talisia</i> sp.tapirira_1_i: number of encounters in *Tapirira guianensis *immaturetapirira_1_m: number of encounters in *Tapirira guianensis *maturetapirira_2: number of encounters in <i>Tapirira</i> sp.terminalia: number of encounters in <i>Terminalia kuhlmannii</i>virola: number of encounters in <i>Virola officinalis</i>xylopia: number of encounters in <i>Xylopia sericea</i><br><b>File: </b>Fshift_Sex_pair.csvDescription: FShift means calculated for each type of pair of individuals (female - female, male - female, male - male)Variables:sex_pair: type of pair of individuals (female - female, male - female, male - male)Fshift: FShift mean value<br><b>File: </b>Nutrients_Subgroup.csvDescription: nutritional value of the fruits found by the subgroups was explained by experience level (inexperienced, mixed, and experienced) in each encounter.Variables:subgroup: experience level (inexperienced, mixed, and experienced)lipids: percentage of lipidscarbohydrates: percentage of carbohydrateproteins: percentage of proteins