DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bcc2fqzpq
title: Archetypes of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for farming in the North York Moors National Park

description: Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have emerged as crucial strategies to address
 climate change challenges, offering manifold benefits to biodiversity and
 communities by safeguarding, linking and rejuvenating ecosystems. We
 identify and analyse how NbS have been applied within the Farming in
 Protected Landscapes programme in the North York Moors National Park,
 England, focusing on the assessment of interventions, archetypes,
 approaches, challenges, and the delivery of ecosystem services. Using
 archetype analysis, this study provides a uniform framework of NbS types
 in 31 projects carried out throughout the National Park. The results show
 schemes that encompass climate adaptation, community-based adaptation,
 ecosystem-based management, ecological restoration, natural resource
 management, and sustainable agriculture schemes. Five key approaches were
 identified, including connection to nature, ecological restoration,
 enhancement of water quality, fencing, and tree planting. Practical
 implication: from a perspective of NbS diversity and its implementation
 across the wider landscape, this research offers valuable insights for
 policymakers, practitioners, and researchers aiming to enhance the
 efficacy of NbS in protected landscapes around the world.
description: # Data from: Archetypes of Nature-based Solutions for Farming in the North
 York Moors National Park
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bcc2fqzpq](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bcc2fqzpq) ## Description of the data and file structure #### **Dataset context** The binary dataset represents the results of our analysis of 79 Nature-based Solutions (NbS) interventions identified across 31 projects. Each row corresponds to a specific project, while the columns represent 40 categorical variables derived from the threefold classification scheme established by Somarakis et al. (2019). Three categories group these variables: **approaches (A)**, **challenges (B)**, and **ecosystem services**, encompassing **provisioning services (C)**, **regulation and maintenance (D)**, and **cultural services (E)**. #### **Binary values** * **1**: Indicates the presence of a particular approach, challenge, or ecosystem service variable within the project or intervention. * **0**: Indicates the absence of the variable in the project or intervention. The binary encoding simplifies the classification and comparison of NbS interventions across projects. For instance, a "1" in a column like "Provisioning services" means that the project includes activities contributing to provisioning ecosystem services. #### **File structure** 1. **Rows**: Each row corresponds to a single project, derived from the application forms analysed in the first stage of the study. 2. **Columns**: Each column represents one of the 40 categorical variables identified through the NbS classification schemes by Eggermont et al. (2015) and Somarakis et al. (2019). These variables cover the full scope of approaches, challenges, and ecosystem services delivered by the NbS interventions. #### **Project identification and data source** The projects analysed originate from application forms submitted by farmers to the Farming in Protected Landscapes programme, processed by the North York Moors National Park Authority. Objectives, actions, and expected impacts were extracted from these forms during the systematic analysis. The binary dataset was used to generate heatmaps via the **pheatmap** function in R (Kolde, 2019; R Core Team, 2021). These visualisations highlight similarities and patterns among the projects, aiding in the interpretation of the data and subsequent analysis. ## Files and variables #### File: Database\_SuppInfo.xlsx Description: The binary dataset represents the results of our analysis of 79 NbS interventions identified across 31 projects #### **Variables** ###### **Group A: Approaches** * A1 Climate adaptation approaches * A2 Community based adaptation * A3 Ecosystem based adaptation * A4 Ecosystem based management * A5 Ecosystem based mitigation * A6 Ecosystem based disaster risk reduction * A7 Ecological engineering * A8 Ecological restoration * A9 Infrastructure related approaches * A10 Natural resources management * A11 Sustainable agriculture/ agroforestry/ aquaculture ###### **Group B: Challenges** * B1 Climate mitigation and adaptation * B2 Water management * B3 Coastal resilience * B4 Green space management * B5 Air quality * B6 Urban regeneration * B7 Participatory planning and governance * B8 Social justice and social cohesion * B9 Public health and wellbeing * B10 Potential of economic opportunities and green jobs ###### **Group C: Ecosystem services (Provisioning services)** * C1 Food, crops, wild foods, and spices * C2 Water * C3 Pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and industry. Products * C4 Energy ###### **Group D: Ecosystem services (regulation and maintenance)** * D1 Carbon sequestration and climate regulation * D2 Water purification * D3 Air quality regulation * D4 Erosion prevention * D5 Flood protection * D6 Maintaining populations and habitats * D7 Pest and disease control * D8 Crop pollination - D9 Nutrient dispersal & and cycling * D10 Seed dispersal - D11 Soil formation and composting * D12 Primary productionAccess information ###### **Group E: Ecosystem services (cultural)** * E1 Recreation - E2 Intellectual and aesthetic appreciation * E3 Spiritual and symbolic appreciation #### File: Appendix\_A\_SuppInfo.pdf Description: Application form for the Farming in Protected Landscapes programme #### File: Appendix\_B\_SuppInfo.pdf Description: Objectives, actions, and anticipated impacts derived from the application forms submitted to the Farming in Protected Landscapes programme #### File: Appendix\_C\_SuppInfo.pdf Description: 79 categorised NbS interventions using typologies to identify approaches #### File: Appendix\_D\_SuppInf.pdf Description: NbS classification scheme (Somarakis et al., 2019)  #### File: R\_Code\_SuppInfo.pdf Description: R code to generate heatmap visualisations. ## Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * North York Moors National Park ## Data was derived from the following sources: * North York Moors National Park, England.  * Eggermont, H., Balian, E., Azevedo, J.M.N., Beumer, V., Brodin, T., Claudet, J., Fady, B., Grube, M., Keune, H., Lamarque, P., Reuter, K., Smith, M., van Ham, C., Weisser, W.W., & Le Roux, X. (2015). Nature-based solutions: new influence for environmental management and research in Europe. *Gaia*, 24, 243–248. [https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.24.4.9](https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.24.4.9) * Somarakis, G., Stagakis, S., & Chrysoulakis, N. (Eds.). (2019). ThinkNature nature-based solutions handbook. *ThinkNature project funded by the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement. No. 730338.* [https://oppla.eu/product/19999](https://oppla.eu/product/19999)