cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0zpc866t8
title: Geological and climatic factors affect the population genetic connectivity in Mirabilis himalaica (Nyctaginaceae): insight from phylogeography and dispersal corridors in the Himalaya-Hengduan Biodiversity hotspot

description: The genetic differentiation within a species in the Himalaya-Hengduan
 Mountains (HHM) region was considered as the combined consequence of
 historical orogenesis and climatic oscillations. The visualization of
 dispersal corridors as the function of population genetic connectivity
 became crucial to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of organisms.
 However, geodiversity and physical barriers created by paleo-geoclimatic
 events acted vigorously to impact notable alterations in the
 phylogeographic pattern and dispersal corridors. Therefore, to achieve
 detailed phylogeography, locate dispersal corridors and estimate gene
 flow, we integrated phylogeography with species distribution modelling and
 Least Cost method of Mirabilis himalaica (Edgew.) Heimerl in the HHM. We
 amplified four cpDNA (petL-psbE, rps16-trnK, rps16 intron, trnS-trnG), and
 a low copy nuclear gene (G3pdh) sequences from entire 29 populations.
 SAMOVA, genealogical relationships, and phylogenetic analysis revealed
 four structured phylogroups for M. himalaica with the onset of
 diversification in late Pliocene c. 3.64 Ma. Bayesian skyline plot (BSP)
 indicated demographic or no recent demographic growth, which is supported
 by mismatch and neutrality tests. Paleo-distribution modelling revealed
 the range dynamics of M. himalaica to be highly sensitive to geo-climatic
 change with limited long-distance dispersal ability and potential
 evolutionary adaptation. Furthermore, river drainage systems, valleys and
 mountain gorges were identified as the corridors for population genetic
 connectivity among the populations. It is concluded that recent intense
 mountain uplift and subsequent climatic alterations including monsoonal
 changes since Pliocene or early Pleistocene formulated fragmented habitats
 and diverse ecology that governed the habitat connectivity, evolutionary
 and demographic history of M. himalaica. The integrative genetic and
 geospatial method would bring new implications for the evolutionary
 process and conservation priority of HHM endemic species.
DOI: 10.7291/d1308k
title: Sperm morphology and count vary with fine-scale changes in local density in a wild lizard population

description: Given that sperm production can be costly, theory predicts that males
 should optimally adjust the quantity and/or quality of their sperm in
 response to their social environment to maximize their paternity success.
 Although experiments demonstrate that males can alter their ejaculates in
 response to manipulations of the social environment and studies show that
 ejaculate traits covary with social environment across populations, it is
 unknown whether individual variation in sperm traits corresponds to
 natural variation found within wild populations. Using an island
 population of brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei), we tested the
 prediction that sperm traits (sperm count, sperm morphology, sperm
 velocity) respond to natural variation in the risk of sperm competition,
 as inferred from the local density and operational sex ratio (OSR) of
 conspecifics. We found that males living in high-density areas of the
 island produced relatively larger sperm midpieces, smaller sperm heads,
 and lower sperm counts. Sperm traits were unrelated to OSR after
 accounting for the covariance between OSR and density. Our findings
 broaden the implications of sperm competition theory to intrapopulation
 social environment variation by showing that sperm count and sperm
 morphology vary with fine-scale differences in density within a single
 wild population.
description: Data is in excel file format. The first sheet provides a
 description of each sheet in the excel file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.wdbrv15j5
title: Data from: Non-consumptive effects of predation: does perceived risk strengthen the genetic integration of behaviour and morphology in stickleback?

description: Predators can shape genetic correlations in prey by
 altering prey perception of risk. We
 manipulated perceived risk to test whether
 such non-consumptive effects tightened
 behavioural trait correlations in
 wild-caught stickleback from high- compared to
 low-risk environments due to genetic variation
 in plasticity. We expected tighter genetic correlations
 within perceived risk treatments than across
 them, and tighter genetic correlations in
 high-risk than in low-risk treatments. We
 identified genetic variation in plasticity,
 with genetic correlations between boldness, sociality
 and antipredator morphology, as expected, being tighter within
 treatments than across them, for both of two populations. By
 contrast, genetic correlations did not tighten with
 exposure to risk. Tighter phenotypic correlations in
 wild stickleback may thus arise because predators induce
 correlational selection on environmental components of these traits, or
 because predators tighten residual correlations by causing environmental
 heterogeneity that is controlled in the laboratory. Our study places
 phenotypic integration firmly into an ecological
 context.
description: POP Population 0 = Cae Mawr 1 = Lyn Alaw
 TREAT Treatment
                0 = Low Risk                1 =
 High Risk ANIMAL Individual
 identity SIRE Father’s
 identity DAM Mother’s
 identity AGE Populaton-mean centered
 age (days since hatching) SL
 Standard Length as defined in Dingemanse et al. (2009)
 BD Body depth as defined in Dingemanse et al.
 (2009) Spine Length of the first
 dorsal spine as defined in Dingemanse et al. (2009)
 E2 Principle component of behavioral variables
 measured in the novel environment test. Component A1 in Table S4 in
 Dingemanse et al. (2009). Called “exploratory activity” in the main
 text S1 First principle component of
 behavioral variables measured in the sociability test. Component D1 in
 Table S4 in Dingemanse et al. (2009). Called “solitariness” in the main
 text I Principle component of
 behavioral variables measured in the predator-inspection test. Component
 E1 in Table S4 in Dingemanse et al. (2009). Called “inspection” in the
 main text “NA” Missing values
 applicable to multiple variables listed above
 Reference Dingemanse, N.J., van der Plas, F., Wright, J., Réale, D., Schrama, M., Roff, D.A., van der Zee, E. & Barber, I. (2009) Individual experience and evolutionary history of predation affect expression of heritable variation in fish personality and morphology. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B,</i> <b>276,</b> 1285-1293.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sxksn02z6
title: Evolutionary pathways to communal and cooperative breeding in Carnivores

description: In animal societies, individuals can cooperate in a variety of tasks,
 including rearing young. Such cooperation is observed in complex social
 systems, including communal and cooperative breeding. In mammals, both
 these social systems are characterized by delayed dispersal and
 alloparenting, whereas only cooperative breeding involves reproductive
 suppression. While the evolution of communal breeding has been linked to
 direct fitness benefits of alloparenting, the direct fitness cost of
 reproductive suppression has led to the hypothesis that the evolution of
 cooperative breeding is driven by indirect fitness benefits accrued
 through raising the offspring of related individuals. To decipher between
 the evolutionary scenarios leading to communal and cooperative breeding in
 carnivores, we investigated the coevolution among delayed dispersal,
 reproductive suppression, and alloparenting. We reconstructed ancestral
 states and transition rates between these traits. We found that
 cooperative breeding and communal breeding evolved along separate
 pathways, with delayed dispersal as the first step for both of them. The
 three traits coevolved, enhancing and stabilizing each other, which
 resulted in cooperative social systems being stable as opposed to
 intermediate configurations. These findings promote the key role of
 coevolution among traits to stabilize cooperative social systems, and
 highlight the specificities of evolutionary patterns of sociality in
 carnivores.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.x95x69pcz
title: Data from: Vegetarian diet and incidence of total, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in two cohorts in Taiwan

description: Objectives – To determine how a vegetarian diet affects stroke incidence
 in two prospective cohorts, and to explore whether the association is
 modified by dietary vitamin B12 intakes. Methods –Participants without
 stroke in the Tzu Chi Health study (Cohort1, n=5,050, recruited in
 2007-2009) and the Tzu Chi Vegetarian Study (Cohort2, n=8,302, recruited
 in 2005) were followed until end of 2014. Diet was assessed through food
 frequency questionnaires in both cohorts at baseline. Stroke events and
 baseline comorbidities were identified through the National Health
 Insurance Database. A subgroup of 1528 participants in Cohort1 were
 assessed for serum homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate. Associations
 between vegetarian diet and stroke incidences were estimated by Cox
 regression with age as time scale, adjusted for sex, education, smoking,
 alcohol, physical activities, BMI (only in Cohort1), hypertension,
 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and ischemic heart diseases. Results – Vegetarians
 had lower serum vitamin B12 and higher folate and homocysteine than
 nonvegetarians. In Cohort1, 54 events occurred in 30,797 person-years
 follow-up. Vegetarians (vs. nonvegetarians) experienced lower risk of
 ischemic stroke (HR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.88). In Cohort2, 121 events
 occurred in 76,797 person-years follow-up. Vegetarians (vs.
 nonvegetarians) experienced lower risk of overall stroke (HR: 0.52, 95%
 CI: 0.33-0.82), ischemic stroke (HR: 0.41, 0.19-0.88), and hemorrhagic
 stroke (HR: 034, 95%CI: 0.12-1.00). Our explorative analysis showed that
 vitamin B12 intake may modify the association between vegetarian diet and
 overall stroke (p-interaction = 0.046). Conclusion –Taiwanese vegetarian
 diet is associated with a lower risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vx0k6djmk
title: The genetics of morphological and behavioural island traits in deer mice

description: Animals on islands often exhibit dramatic differences in morphology and
 behaviour compared to mainland individuals, a phenomenon known as the
 "island syndrome". These differences are thought to be
 adaptations to island environments, but the extent to which they have a
 genetic basis or instead represent plastic responses to environmental
 extremes is often unknown. Here, we revisit a classic case of island
 syndrome in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) from British Columbia. We
 first show that Saturna Island mice and those from neighbouring islands
 are ~35% (~5g) heavier than mainland mice and diverged approximately 10
 thousand years ago. We then establish laboratory colonies and find that
 Saturna Island mice are heavier both because they are longer and have
 disproportionately more lean mass. These trait differences are maintained
 in second-generation captive-born mice raised in a common environment. In
 addition, island-mainland hybrids reveal a maternal genetic effect on body
 weight. Using behavioural testing in the lab, we also find that
 wild-caught island mice are less aggressive than mainland mice; however,
 lab-raised mice born to these founders do not differ in aggression.
 Together, our results reveal that these mice have different responses to
 the environmental conditions on islands – a heritable change in a
 morphological trait and a plastic response in a behavioural trait.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.31164097
title: Drought stress promotes <i>Aphis gossypii</i> growth but decreases host attractiveness in melon

description: Dataset
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.31164097.v1
title: <b>Drought stress promotes </b><b><i>Aphis gossypii</i></b><b> growth but decreases host attractiveness in melon</b>

description: Dataset
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.31164097.v2
title: Drought stress promotes <i>Aphis gossypii</i> growth but decreases host attractiveness in melon

description: Dataset
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nk98sf7ph
title: Data from: Developmental constraints and resource environment shape early emergence and investment in spines in saplings

description: Abstract Background and Aims Herbivory by large mammals imposes a critical
 recruitment bottleneck on plants in many systems. Spines defend plants
 against large herbivores and how early they emerge in saplings may be one
 of the strongest predictors of sapling survival in herbivore-rich
 environments. Yet little effort has been directed at understanding the
 variability in spine emergence across saplings. Methods We present a
 multi-species study examining whether and how sapling size,spine type and
 species’ environmental niche (light and precipitation environment)
 influence early emergence and biomass investment in spines. A
 phylogenetically diverse pool of 45 species possessing different spine
 types (spines, prickles and thorns; that are derived from distinct plant
 organs: leaf, epidermis or cortex, and branch, respectively), were grown
 under common garden conditions, and patterns of spine emergence and
 biomass allocation to spines at 5 and 15 weeks after transplanting were
 characterized. Key Results Spine type and species’ resource niche were the
 main factors driving early emergence and investment patterns. Spines
 emerged earliest in leaf spine-bearing species, and latest in
 thorn-bearing species. The probability of early spine emergence increased
 with decreasing precipitation, and was greater in species from open than
 closed habitats. Sapling investment in spines changed with plant mass but
 was contingent on spine type and habitat type. Conclusions Different spine
 types have strikingly different timing of expression, suggesting that
 developmental origins of spines play a critical role in sapling defences.
 Furthermore, species from different precipitation and light environments
 (open vs. closed habitats) showed contrasting patterns of early spine
 expression suggesting that resource limitation in their native range may
 have driven divergent evolution of early defence expression.
description: 45 diverse spiny plants were grown under common-garden conditions
 and patterns of spine emergence and biomass allocation to spines after 5
 and 15 weeks after transplanting were characterized.
DOI: 10.25338/b8ns4t
title: Life Cycle Modeling of Tech & Strategies for a Sustainable Freight System in California

description: California’s freight transportation system is a vital part of the state’s
 economy, but generates a high portion of local pollution in parts of the
 state with poor air quality. In recognition of these challenges, Executive
 Order B-32-15 encourages adoption of advanced vehicle technologies and
 infrastructure, as well as the use of alternative energy and fuels in the
 freight sector. These measures are echoed in the state’s Sustainable
 Freight Action Plan. Most emissions reductions from freight vehicle
 activities are expected to come from the deployment of new emissions
 control devices, efficiency improvements, and zero emissions vehicle
 technologies for on-road trucks. Where emissions occur, and how emissions
 of different pollutants are affected by factors including vocation, duty
 cycle, powertrain configuration, and fuel pathway, will influence the
 effectiveness and economic costs of emissions reduction strategies. This
 research will apply a life cycle perspective to assess the energy use,
 greenhouse gas emissions, air quality impacts, and costs of on-road
 freight vehicle technologies and operational strategies identified under
 the Sustainable Freight Action Plan. Findings will be synthesized and
 reported as abatement costs and will be a first step in building a supply
 curve for GHG mitigation from the freight sector.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn8ps
title: Forest habitat parameters influence abundance and diversity of cadaver-visiting dung beetles in Central Europe

description: Dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea) provide crucial ecosystem services and serve
 as model organisms for various behavioural, ecological and evolutionary
 studies. However, dung beetles have received little attention as consumers
 of large cadavers. In this study, we trapped copronecrophagous dung
 beetles on aboveground exposed piglet cadavers in 61 forest plots
 distributed over three geographically distinct regions in Germany, Central
 Europe. We examined the effects of land use intensity, forest stand, soil
 characteristics, vascular plant diversity and climatic conditions on dung
 beetle abundance, species richness and diversity. In all three regions,
 dung beetles, represented mainly by the geotrupid species
 Anoplotrupes stercorosus and Trypocopris vernalis, were
 attracted to the cadavers. The highest beetle diversity and abundance was
 found on arid sandy soils that presumably form the most suitable habitat
 for the digging habits of dung beetles. Additionally, an increased
 proportion of forest understory vegetation and vascular plant diversity
 positively affected the species richness and diversity of the
 scarabaeoids. Thus, even in warm dry monocultured forest stands exploited
 for timber, we found thriving dung beetle populations when a diverse
 understory was present. Therefore, forestry practices that preserve the
 understory can sustain stable dung beetle populations and ensure their
 important contribution to nutrient cycles.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2280gb5n1
title: Data from: Spatial transitions in tree cover are associated with soil hydrology, but not with grass biomass, fire frequency, or herbivore biomass in Serengeti savannahs

description: 1. Although there is a well-known association between tree cover and soil
 texture in savannahs, the hydrological drivers of tree cover variation
 have not been systematically explored, particularly in parallel with
 factors such as fire, herbivory, and tree-grass interactions. The
 relationship between hydrological factors and tree cover is important for
 resolving the relative contribution of bottom-up vs. top-down factors in
 structuring savannah vegetation. 2. We quantified soil moisture dynamics
 across eight 1-km transects spanning tree cover gradients from open to
 woody savannah in Serengeti National Park in Tanzania using soil moisture
 sensors coupled with dataloggers. We mapped tree cover at two spatial
 scales through supervised classification of high-resolution satellite
 imagery. We simultaneously produced water retention curves in open and
 woody habitats within each transect to compare soil hydrological
 properties and to convert volumetric water content (θ) from dataloggers to
 plant-available water over the course of an annual cycle. We also
 quantified grass biomass at 100 locations per transect, estimated fire
 frequency from MODIS satellite data, and quantified herbivore occupancy
 with paired camera traps situated in open and woody habitats within each
 transect. 3. We found a positive relationship between tree cover and soil
 moisture drainage rate, and found that open habitats had more negative
 water potentials than woody habitats for a given value of θ. In contrast,
 we found no evidence for a consistent relationship between grass biomass
 or fire frequency and tree cover. We found evidence for higher browser
 occupancy in woody than open habitats, but no habitat effects on
 herbivores as a group (browsers plus grazers), suggesting that herbivory
 is unlikely to be the dominant factor explaining variation in tree cover.
 4. Our results suggest that variation in tree cover is partly driven by
 hydrological (edaphic) factors unrelated to fire, herbivory, tree-grass
 interactions or mean annual precipitation at these spatial scales in
 Serengeti. We contrast our findings with previous work attributing tree
 cover shifts in Serengeti to precipitation gradients.
description: For all details on data collection and processing, please refer
 to the associated manuscript.
description: There is an associated ReadMe file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.73n5tb2sb
title: Shorebird feeding specialists differ in how environmental conditions alter their foraging time

description: Feeding specialisation is a common cause of individual variation. Fitness
 payoffs of specialisation vary with environmental conditions, but the
 underlying behavioural mechanisms are poorly understood. Such mechanistic
 knowledge, however, is crucial to reliably predict responses of
 heterogeneous populations to environmental change. We quantified
 spatiotemporal allocation of foraging behaviour in wintering Eurasian
 oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus), a species in which feeding
 specialisation can be inferred from bill shape. We combined GPS and
 accelerometer data to quantify foraging time of 64 individuals for every
 tidal period in one or two winter seasons. Individuals varied widely in
 foraging time (3.7-6.5 hours per tidal period) and individuals that spend
 more time foraging had lower inferred survival. Feeding specialisation
 appeared a major determinant of individual variation in foraging time and
 its spatiotemporal allocation. Visually-hunting worm specialists foraged
 more during day-time and complemented intertidal foraging with grassland
 foraging when the exposure of intertidal flats was limited and nights were
 well-illuminated. Shellfish specialists increased total foraging time in
 cold weather, whereas foraging time of worm specialists decreased as
 frosty grasslands became inaccessible. Our results imply that worm
 specialists may be most sensitive to cold snaps and day-time disturbance,
 while shellfish specialists are most sensitive to high water levels. These
 behavioural responses can be implemented in population models to predict
 the vulnerability of heterogeneous populations to environmental change,
 and thereby provide a shortcut to long-term population studies that
 require fitness data across many years and conditions to make similar
 projections.
description: Intertidal and total foraging time estimates together with all
 the explanatory variables are available in one table
 <em>Foraging_times_vdKolketal2019.csv</em>. A description of
 each variable is provided in
 <em>DataDescription_Foraging_times_vdKolketal2019.csv</em>.