cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.4211/hs.18ffc61b69fe49debd99edc407cbcbaa
title: Theory of an Automatic Seepage Meter and Ramifications for Applications

description: A new approach for measuring fluxes across surface water – groundwater interfaces was recently proposed. The Automatic Seepage Meter (ASM) is equipped with a precise water level sensor and digital memory that analyzes water level time series in a vertical tube inserted into a streambed (Solomon et al., 2020). The ability to infer flux values with high temporal resolution relies on an accurate interpretation of water level dynamics inside the tube. Here, we reduce the three-dimensional hydrodynamic problem that describes the ASM water level in a variety of field conditions to a single ordinary differential equation. This novel general analytical solution for estimating ASM responses is more comprehensive and flexible than previous approaches and is applicable to the entire range of field conditions, including steady or transient stream stages, evaporation, rainfall, and noise. For example, our analysis determines the timing of the non-monotonic ASM response to a monotonic linear stream stage variation and explains previously used empirical parabolic approximation for estimating fluxes. We present algorithms for simultaneous inference of vertical interface flux and hydraulic conductivity values together with an example code. We quantify how the accuracy of parameter estimation depends on test duration and noise amplitude and propose how our analysis can be used to optimize field test protocols.  On this basis, changing the ASM geometry by increasing the radius and decreasing tube insertion depth may enable ASM field test protocols that estimate interface flux and hydraulic conductivity faster while maintaining desired accuracy. Potential applications of joint parameter estimation are suggested.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.808cf3c2f01e427e84435af0c60c5974
title: Radiation, clearness and clear-day indices at 37 FLUXNET sites

description: This database comprises the information used to calculate the clear-day and clearness indices in 37 FLUXNET sites distributed across the globe and their values. Data are obtained using the FLUXNET data set (Baldocchi, 2001, Olson, 2004) and the "First European Comprehensive Solar Irradiance Data Exploitation project'' (SOLID) (Haberreiter, 2017, Scholl, 2016).

The results obtained with this database are published in Muñoz & Ochoa (2021). Climatic traits on daily clearness and cloudiness indices. This article inspects for climatic traits in the shape of the probability density function (PDF) of the clear-day (c) and the clearness (k) indices. The analysis was made for shortwave radiation (SW) at all sites and for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 28 sites. We identified three types of PDF, unimodal with low dispersion (ULD), unimodal with high dispersion (UHD), and bimodal (B), with no difference in the PDF type between c and k at each site. Looking for regional patterns in the PDF type we found that latitude, global climate zone, and Köppen climate type have a weak and the Holdridge life a stronger relation with c and k PDF types.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.3f298a462cfb4e2c983abd085f0770b6
title: Urban stream temperature data: Wissahickon Creek & Naylors Run, 2017-2018

description: Stream temperature data for 24 sites in Wissahickon Creek and Naylors Run in the Philadelphia region, Pennsylvania. The data support the following manuscript:

Beganskas, S and Toran, L. 2021. Urban stream temperature patterns: Spatial and temporal variability in the Philadelphia region, Pennsylvania, USA. Hydrological Processes. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.14039
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9mcekh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 393454 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-82.17452 54.97994,-82.59995 54.2695,\n-82.30862 53.83128,-82.44774 53.35054,-82.40013 52.90033,-81.87724 52.50085,\n-81.78962 52.1482,-80.98756 51.85687,-80.49233 51.26263,-79.65936 51.10381,\n-79.30358 51.61984,-78.94595 51.39845,-78.62927 51.44007,-78.76892 51.72637,\n-78.33257 51.92856,-78.81093 53.7483,-79.71947 54.77292,-82.17452 54.97994))",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 393454 records from 31 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0049936-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.2a1d272203f54502810dd57e69d9b0a8
title: Agua Salud Stage Data

description: This resource contains an archive of tab-separated data files with minimally processed stage values above each weir in the Agua Salud Project. These data are a precursor to the depth data found in the Agua Salud Discharge Data resource. The depth data included with in the Agua Salud Discharge Data HDF archive were processed using algorithm that reduces the influence of clogs and woody debris on stage readings behind a weir. The archive contains a README.md file with a more complete description of the data and details how these data were processed.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.693ed96d8c85447b9a62c29c5751a4ff
title: Agua Salud Hydrometric Data

description: This resource collections contains discharge and rainfall data from 13 experimental catchments in Central Panama. The Agua Salud Project is managed by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to facilitate research into the ecosystem benefits of various land covers in the humid tropics. Each resource contains a README.md with a more thorough description of this dataset and site specific details. A user can export these data from the HDF archive using the included Python scripts or access the data directly using a variety of HDF libraries in other languages.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.e9137bf4054a45778a7944d3ebceea0f
title: Urban Water Demand Regression Modeling for California Water Suppliers

description: Urban water demand modeling with regression identifies explanatory factors of water use in cities. A generalized demand modeling approach was developed for over 400 urban water supply agencies in California. Using standardized data from self-reported sources for agencies across the state, a batch-processing approach was used to create standardized urban water demand models. The models were developed to test the validity of a simplified and generalized demand modeling approach using monthly available data. Semilog, multivariate regression models were developed for each urban water supply agency. Consumption from residential (single- and multi-family), commercial, industrial, and institutional water use were considered as outcome variables. Explanatory variables include indicator variables for months in a calendar year, periods of water conservation requirements during a 2011-16 severe drought, population, and water rates. The models were of reasonable fit, with adjusted R-squared values ranging from 0.6-0.99. Visual inspection revealed that the monthly models captured trends with reasonable accuracy. The time frame for models was 2013-18, a period with standardized available data through statewide reporting. The modeling approach has been subsequently further extended to incorporate additional climate variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration) for sector-specific models. The models are intended to understand explanatory factors of demand through a generalized modeling approach and not intended to be used for water supply operations without further refinement and testing. The approach can be adapted to many types of cities.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.7962c298ce544953be8d1dd6dab63bb0
title: Radiation, clearness and clear-day indices at 37 FLUXNET sites

description: This database comprises the information used to calculate the clear-day and clearness indices in 37 FLUXNET sites distributed across the globe and their values. Data are obtained using the FLUXNET data set (Baldocchi, 2001, Olson, 2004) and the "First European Comprehensive Solar Irradiance Data Exploitation project'' (SOLID) (Haberreiter, 2017, Scholl, 2016).

The results obtained with this database are published in Muñoz & Ochoa (2021). Climatic traits on daily clearness and cloudiness indices. This article inspects for climatic traits in the shape of the probability density function (PDF) of the clear-day (c) and the clearness (k) indices. The analysis was made for shortwave radiation (SW) at all sites and for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 28 sites. We identified three types of PDF, unimodal with low dispersion (ULD), unimodal with high dispersion (UHD), and bimodal (B), with no difference in the PDF type between c and k at each site. Looking for regional patterns in the PDF type we found that latitude, global climate zone, and Köppen climate type have a weak and the Holdridge life a stronger relation with c and k PDF types.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.d1fe0668734e4892b066f198c4015b06
title: Notebook for retrieval of precipitation, air temperature, and snow water equivalent measurements at SNOTEL sites

description: The notebooks in this resource have been developed to retrieve precipitation, air temperature, and snow water equivalent measured at Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) SNOTEL sites by calling associated Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc (CUAHSI) web services.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.ca62023e72ae4df7af31dd27fea02450
title: Effect of Elevated Temperatures on the Mechanical Properties and Relaxation of CFRP Strands; Excel Data files

description: Although prestressing carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strands outperform steel strands on different levels such as strength and durability, their performance under elevated temperatures remains a susceptible design issue that needs careful evaluation. Moderate increase in the temperature of prestressing CFRP strands takes place during construction due to concrete curing. CFRP strands can also experience increase in temperature if the CFRP-prestressed structural element is subjected to fire during service. This paper addresses the effect of increasing the temperature on the strength of prestressing CFRP strands as well as the level of prestressing force. Two sets of CFRP strand specimens with two different diameters were prepared and evaluated for strength degradation triggered by the increase in temperature to 350 °C (662 °F). Two more sets of prestressed CFRP strands were evaluated for prestress loss due to increase in temperature to 204 °C (400 °F). The prestress loss due to temperature increase was verified by constructing and monitoring half-scale decked bulb T beams prestressed with CFRP strands.   Test results showed that tensile strength of CFRP specimens decreased with the increase in temperature. In addition, first heating cycle of prestressed CFRP strands led to a slight permanent strand relaxation and a corresponding prestress loss. Subsequent cycles of heating and cooling did not seem to generate additional relaxation of the strands as long as the temperature of the first cycle was not exceeded. Furthermore, CFRP specimens subjected to heating and cooling cycles showed no reduction in the strength when tested at ambient conditions afterwards.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.36e195451798497193628c235b537052
title: Climate change impacts model parameter sensitivity - implications for calibration strategy and model diagnostic evaluation

description: Hydrological models are useful tools to explore the impact of climate change. To prioritize parameters for calibration and to evaluate hydrological model functioning, sensitivity analysis can be conducted. Parameter sensitivity, however, varies over climate, and therefore climate change could influence parameter sensitivity. In this study we explore the change in parameter sensitivity for the mean discharge and the timing of the discharge, within a plausible climate change rate. We investigate if changes in sensitivity propagate into the calibration strategy, and diagnostically compare three hydrological models based on the sensitivity results. We employed three frequently used hydrological models (SAC, VIC, and HBV), and explored parameter sensitivity changes across 605 catchments in the United States by comparing GCM(RCP8.5)-forced historical and future periods. Consistent among all hydrological models and both for the mean discharge and the timing of the discharge, is that the sensitivity of snow parameters decreases in the future. Which other parameters increase in sensitivity is less consistent among the hydrological models. In 45% to 55% of the catchments, dependent on the hydrological model, at least one parameter changes in the future in the top-5 most sensitive parameters for mean discharge. For the timing, this varies between 40% and 88%. This requires an adapted calibration strategy for long-term projections, for which we provide several suggestions. The disagreement among the models on the  processes that become more relevant in future projections also calls for a strict evaluation of the adequacy of the model structure for long-term simulations.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.aaa7246437144f2390411ef9f2f4ebd0
title: Supporting data and tools for "An open source cyberinfrastructure for collecting, processing, storing and accessing high temporal resolution residential water use data"

description: The files provided here are the supporting data and code files for the analyses presented in "An open source cyberinfrastructure for collecting, processing, storing and accessing high temporal resolution residential water use data," an article in Environmental Modelling and Software (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105137). The data included in this resource were processed using the Cyberinfrastructure for Intelligent Water Supply (CIWS) (https://github.com/UCHIC/CIWS-Server), and collected using the CIWS-Node (https://github.com/UCHIC/CIWS-WM-Node) data logging device. CIWS is an open-source, modular, generalized architecture designed to automate the process from data collection to analysis and presentation of high temporal residential water use data. The CIWS-Node is a low cost device capable of collecting this type of data on magnetically driven water meters. The code included allows replication of the analyses presented in the journal paper, and the raw data included allow for extension of the analyses conducted. The journal paper presents the architecture design and a prototype implementation for CIWS that was built using existing open-source technologies, including smart meters, databases, and services. Two case studies were selected to test functionalities of CIWS, including push and pull data models within single family and multi-unit residential contexts, respectively. CIWS was tested for scalability and performance within our design constraints and proved to be effective within both case studies. All CIWS elements and the case study data described are freely available for re-use.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.a8a33808c4de4852aff616a1b857d036
title: Western New York GSFLOW Model

description: Globally, the number of people experiencing water stress is expected to increase by millions by the end of the century. The Great Lakes region, representing 20% of the world’s surface freshwater, is not immune to stresses on water supply due to uncertainties on the impacts of climate and land use change. It is imperative for researchers and policy makers to assess the changing state of water resources, even if the region is water rich. This research developed the integrated surface water-groundwater GSFLOW model and investigated the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on water resources in the lower Great Lakes region of Western New York. To capture a range of scenarios, two climate emission pathways and three land development projections were used, specifically RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5, increased urbanization by 50%, decreased urbanization by 50%, and current land cover, respectively. Model outputs of surface water and groundwater discharge into the Great Lakes and groundwater storage for mid- and late century were compared to historical to determine the direction and amplitude of changes. Both surface water and groundwater systems show no statistically significant changes under RCP 4.5 but substantial and worrisome losses with RCP 8.5 by mid-century and end of century. Under RCP 8.5, streamflow decreased by 22% for mid-century and 42% for late century. Adjusting impervious surfaces revealed complex land use effects, resulting in spatially varying groundwater head fluctuations. For instance, increasing impervious surfaces lowered groundwater levels from 0.5 m to 3.8 m under Buffalo, the largest city in the model domain, due to reduced recharge in surrounding suburban areas. Ultimately, results of this study highlight the necessity of integrated modeling in assessing temporal changes to water resources. This research has implications for other water-rich areas, which may not be immune to effects of climate change and human activities.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.1c8ffe88d6ec46bca853fd836bd2948e
title: Watersheds and stream networks in the Luquillo Experimental  Forest, Puerto Rico.

description: Hydrological mapping in the Luquillo Experimental Forest: Opportunities and challenges to improve watershed ecological knowledge

The streams and rivers of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, have been the subject of extensive watershed and aquatic and research since the 1980’s.  This research includes understanding stream export of nutrients, physicochemical constituents, coarse particulate organic matter export dynamics, and aquatic fauna populations.  However, many of these studied streams and watersheds do not show up in standard hydrological maps. We document the recent collaborative work delineating long-term research watersheds and identifying gaps in hydrological network information.  We describe the trade-offs and caveats of achieving appropriate stream densification to represent sites of on-going research. The methods used to delimit and densify stream networks include incorporation of updated new vertical datum for Puerto Rico, LIDAR derived elevation, and a combination of visual-manual and automated digitalization processes. The outcomes of this collaborative effort have resulted in improved watershed delineation, densification of hydrologic networks to reflect the scale of on-going studies, and the identification of constraining factors such as unmapped roadways, culverts, and other features of the built environment that interrupt water flow and obstruct runoff identification. This work contributes to enhance knowledge for watershed management, including riparian areas, road and channel intersections, and ridge to reef initiatives with broad application to other watersheds.

This dataset contains watershed delineations, and stream networks for El Verde Research Area and the Bisley Experimental Watershed (BEW)
This data can also be viewed via this story map:
https://arcg.is/1S5qSX
DOI: 10.4211/hs.d812bbb7c93348999371c9f1f517297f
title: Groundwater Chemistry: Nutrient Data

description: Groundwater geochemistry nutrient data, collected between November 2017 and March 2019. The dataset includes: Sample Name, Well ID, Longitude (dd), Latitude (dd), Time Stamp, pH, Temperature (C), Specific Conductance (uS/cm), Salinity, Dissolved oxygen (% and mg/L), Si (ug/L), PO4 (ug/L), NO3 & NO2 (ug/L), NH3 & NH4 (ug/L), TP (ug/L), TN (ug/L), and alkalinity (mg/L).
DOI: 10.4211/hs.557dc959947842eb8aaf5d5427a21be3
title: CESEP Brine Leakage from CO2 Geological Storage Experiments

description: The Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP) conducted three intermediate-scale laboratory experiments to generate high-resolution spatiotemporal data on the development of brine leakage plume from CO2 geological storage. The brine plume migration was simulated from a deep geological storage to a shallow aquifer and across multiple intermediate formations. Instead of creating a large vertical testing system to conduct this simulation, the experiments were performed in a horizontal long soil tank with internal dimensions of 800cm ⨉ 123cm ⨉ 6.5-8.0cm (length ⨉ height ⨉ width). In this tank, the brine surrogate (NaBr Tracer) was injected at sufficiently low concentrations to avoid creating a significant density contrast between the leakage plume and the background water, which can result in a vertical sinking of the plume. Collected data included transient measurements of the hydraulic heads and plume concentrations at different locations at the system. In additions, the tracer injection rates, tank inflows and outflows were also measured and reported. The three conducted experiments and the testing system are described in detail in a research article developed by the dataset authors and entitled "Exploring the Impact of Uncertainties in Source Conditions on Brine Leakage Prediction from Geologic Storage of CO2: Intermediate-Scale Laboratory Testing". For any questions, users are referred to the data owners.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.69204f1ee49c4176a8aab5f4832c7b76
title: Geophysical mapping of hyporheic processes controlled by sedimentary architecture within compound bar deposits

description: Hyporheic exchange influences water quality and controls numerous physical, chemical, and biological processes. Despite its importance, hyporheic exchange and the associated dynamics of solute mixing are often difficult to characterize due to spatial (e.g., sedimentary heterogeneity) and temporal (e.g., river stage fluctuation) variabilities. This study coupled geophysical techniques with physical and chemical sediment analyses to map sedimentary architecture and quantify its influence on hyporheic exchange dynamics within a compound bar deposit in a gravel‐dominated river system in southwestern Ohio. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) was used to quantify variability in electrical conductivity within the compound bar. EMI informed locations of electrode placement for time‐lapse electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) surveys, which were used to examine changes in electrical resistivity driven by hyporheic exchange. Both geophysical methods revealed a zone of high electrical conductivity in the centre of the bar, identified as a fine‐grained cross‐bar channel fill. The zone acts as a baffle to flow, evidenced by stable electrical conditions measured by time‐lapse ERI over the study period. Large changes in electrical resistivity throughout the survey period indicate preferential flowpaths through higher permeability sands and gravels. Grain size analyses confirmed sedimentological interpretations of geophysical data. Loss on ignition and x‐ray fluorescence identified zones with higher organic matter content that are locations for potentially enhanced geochemical activity within the cross‐bar channel fill. Differences in the physical and geochemical characteristics of cross‐bar channel fills play an important role in hyporheic flow dynamics and nutrient processing within riverbed sediments. These findings enhance our understanding of the applications of geophysical methods in mapping riverbed heterogeneity and highlight the importance of accurately representing geomorphologic features and heterogeneity when studying hyporheic exchange processes.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.b32ba184414e475ba36a0bb193866ef1
title: High resolution spatial, chemical (dissolved organic carbon) and hydrological dataset of the upper Rappbode Catchment in the temperate Harz Mountains, Germany

description: This dataset chemically, hydrologically and spatially describes dissolved organic carbon (DOC) source zones within a riparian zone (RZ) of a small temperate forested catchment (2.54 km²) to assess DOC export patterns.
- Chemical classification via FT-ICR MS to classify DOC sources
- stream discharge and depth to water table of 28 adjacent piezometers (installed on a study site of 3600m² adjacent RZ) at a 15 min time step
- topographical wetness index of the study site at 1 m resolution.