DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1rn8pk11k
title: Data from: Current-induced switching of a van der Waals ferromagnet at room temperature

description: The recent discovery of emergent magnetism in van der Waals magnetic
 materials (vdWMM) has broadened the material space for developing
 spintronic devices for energy-efficient computation. While there has been
 appreciable progress in vdWMM discovery, a solution for non-volatile,
 deterministic switching of vdWMMs at room temperature has been missing,
 limiting the prospects of their adoption into commercial spintronic
 devices. Here, we report the first demonstration of current-controlled
 non-volatile, deterministic magnetization switching in a vdW magnetic
 material at room temperature. We have achieved spin-orbit torque (SOT)
 switching of the PMA vdW ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2 using a Pt spin-Hall layer
 up to 320 K, with a threshold switching current density as low as JSW =
 1.69 × 106 A cm-2 at room temperature. We have also
 quantitatively estimated the anti-damping-like SOT efficiency of our
 Fe3GaTe2/Pt bilayer system to be ξDL = 0.093, using the second harmonic
 Hall voltage measurement technique. These results mark a crucial step in
 making vdW magnetic materials a viable choice for the development of
 scalable, energy-efficient spintronic devices.
description: Bulk Crystal Characterisation Powder X-ray
 diffraction (PXRD) data were measured on bulk samples using an X’Pert Pro
 diffractometer (PANalytical) in Bragg-Brentano geometry operating with a
 curved Ge(111) monochromator and Cu K<sub>α1</sub> radiation
 with a wavelength of 0.154 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images
 on both bulk crystals and exfoliated flakes on SiO<sub>2</sub>
 substrates are measured using a Zeiss Merlin high-resolution SEM system
 with images acquired at an acceleration voltage of 20 kV, a current of
 1000 pA, and a working distance of 8.5 mm. SEM-energy dispersive X-ray
 spectroscopy (EDS) elemental maps were taken using the EDAX APEX
 software. Electrical transport measurements were
 performed on the bulk crystals in a Physical Property Measurement System
 (PPMS Dynacool, Quantum Design) in a five-probe geometry with contacts
 made of silver epoxy H20E and platinum wires. Direct current magnetization
 of the sample was acquired using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
 option on crystals placed in the proper orientation using Kapton tape on a
 quartz holder (OOP) or using a Brass holder (IP). Temperature-dependent
 field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements were
 performed with an applied magnetic field of 1000 Oe. Specific heat
 capacity was measured on a 4.4 mg crystal using the Heat Capacity (HC)
 option with Apiezon H vacuum grease applied on the platform.
 Transport measurements in devices All
 transport measurements were performed in a 9 T PPMS DynaCool system.
 Anomalous Hall effect measurements on the FGaT-only devices were performed
 using the Electrical Transport Option of the PPMS Dynacool, with a drive
 current of 100 A. Current-induced switching experiments were
 performed by interfacing a Keithley 6221 current source and 2182A
 nanovoltmeter with the PPMS Dynacool. Current input sequence consisted of
 a 1 ms write-pulse followed by 999 ms of read pulses (200
 A). For second harmonic Hall measurements, AC current was
 supplied by the Keithley 6221, at a frequency 1711.97 Hz. Two lock-in
 amplifiers, Stanford Research Systems (SRS) SR860 were used to
 simultaneously measure and transverse voltage
 components.
description: # Current-induced switching of a van der Waals ferromagnet at room
 temperature The source
 datafiles are created according to the figures in the manuscript. Each
 figure (main text or supplemenatary) has it's own .xlsx file. Data
 corresponding to sub-figures or insets is added to separate spreadsheet
 pages within the file for that figure. Below we provide detailed
 description of the data (abbreviations, data arrangement) for all the main
 text figures. Similar conventions as the main text figures have been
 followed for the supplementary figures. **Fig.1** **(b)** X-ray diffration
 - 2theta vs I (intensity) **(c)** Energy dispersive spectroscopy - Energy
 (E) vs intensity (I) **(d)** Hysteresis curves - field vs M
 (magnetization) at different temperatures (3, 100, 200, 300, 320, 330,
 ..., 380, 400K). Two columns (field, M) are provided for each temperature.
 **(e)** Anomalous Hall resistance - field (B) vs Hall resistivity (rhoxy)
 at different temperatures (1.8, 50, 100, ..., 300, 330, 340, ... 370,
 400K). Two columns (B, rhoxy) are provided for each temperature.
 **(e-inset)** Temperature, Hall angle (theta_XY) **(f)** Field cooling
 (FC) and zero field cooling (ZFC) data - temperature (T), magnetization
 (M) **(g)** Heat capacity measurement - 3 columns for temperature (T),
 heat capacity (HC), standard deviation of heat capacity (HC_std), each for
 measurements under zero magnetic field and 1T magnetic field.
 **(g-inset)** Heat capacity measurement at zero field. **(h)** Resistivity
 measurement - temperature (T), resistivity (rhoxx) **(h-inset)** Gradient
 of resistivity with temperature - temperature (T), gradient (drhoxx/dT)
 **Fig. 2** **(a)** Anomalous Hall effect measurement at different
 temperatures (300, 200, 100, 10K). For each temperature, there are two
 columns - H (field) and Rxy (Hall resistance) **(b)** Anomalous Hall
 resistance as a function of temperature - Data provided for cooling under
 +3T and -3T. Plotted data is the difference between the two resistances.
 **(c)** Anomalous Hall resistance for field applied at out-of-plane (0
 degree) and in-plane (90 degree). For each angle, there are four columns -
 backward field, resistance, forward field, resistance. **(d)**
 Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements - Field (H) and MOKE
 signal (measured as voltage, V). **(d-inset)** Atomic force microscopy
 (AFM) line profile - x-coordinate (x) and height **(e-inset)** Atomic
 force microscopy (AFM) line profile - x-coordinate (x) and height **(g)**
 Switching data, for four consecutive cycles. Each cycle has two columns -
 current (I) and Hall resistance (Rxy) **Fig. 3** **(b)** Time series of
 Hall resistance measurement - time (t) and resistance (R) **(c)**
 Switching data, for different in-plane magnetic field magnitudes (100,
 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 Oe). For each field, there are two
 columns - current (I) and resistance (R). **(d)** Switching data, for
 different temperatures (300, 310, 320, 330 K). For each temperature, there
 are two columns - current (I) and resistance (R). **(e)** Switched
 resistance (RxyAHE) for different in-plane fields (H). The data points are
 derived from the curves in figure 3(c). **(f)** Switched resistance
 (RxyAHE) for different temperatures (T). The data points are derived from
 the curves in figure 3(d). **Fig. 4** **(b)** Second harmonic Hall voltage
 (Vxy2w) variation with angle (phi) of applied magnetic field, for 1 mA AC
 current. Data is provided for different magnetic field amplitudes (30,
 32.5, 35, ..., 55, 60, 65, ... 90 kOe). For each field magnitude, there
 are four columns - forward angle, voltage, backward angle, voltage.
 **(c)** Second harmonic Hall voltage (Vxy2w) variation with angle (phi) of
 applied magnetic field, for 1.5 mA AC current. Data is provided for
 different magnetic field amplitudes (30, 32.5, 35, ..., 55, 60, 65, ... 90
 kOe). For each field magnitude, there are four columns - forward angle,
 voltage, backward angle, voltage. **(d)** Amplitude of cos(phi) component
 (refer to Eq. 2 in main text) of second harmonic voltage, Vxy2w at
 different magnetic fields, H, at 1 mA and 1.5 mA current levels. These are
 extracted from the plots in 4(b) and 4(c). **(e)** Second harmonic voltage
 corresponding to damping-like torque (refer to Eq. 3 in main text) of
 second harmonic voltage, Vxy2w at different magnetic fields, H, at 1 mA
 and 1.5 mA current levels. These are extracted from the plots in 4(b) and
 4(c). **(e-inset)** Magnitude of damping-like field (Hdl) for two current
 levels (I). Lower and upper confidence interval (CI, 5%) are also
 provided. **SuppFig. 1** Resistivity of platinum (rho_xx) vs temperature
 (T) **SuppFig. 2** **(a-AFM)** Atomic force microscopy (AFM) line profile
 - x-coordinate and height **(b)** Anomalous Hall effect - Field and
 resistance (Rxy) **(c)** Current induced switching at positive field (H =
 0.1kOe) - Current and resistance (Rxy) **(d)** Current induced switching
 at negative field (H = 0.1kOe) - Current and resistance (Rxy) **SuppFig.
 3** **(a)** Switching data, for different temperatures. Current and
 resistance (Rxy) columns provided for 270K, 280K and 290K. For 300K-330K,
 the current column is the same, and respective resistance (Rxy) columns
 are provided. **(b)** Switched resistance (RxyAHE) and switching current
 (Isw) for different temperatures (T). The data points are derived from the
 curves in figure S3(a). **(c)** Switching data, for different in-plane
 magnetic field magnitudes (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, ..., 10kOe). Current column
 is common for all cases, and resistance (Rxy) recorded for each case is
 provided. **(d)** Switched resistance (RxyAHE) for different in-plane
 fields (H). The data points are derived from the curves in figure S3(c).
 **SuppFig. 4** **(a)** Current pulsing for different magnetic fields (0,
 100, 500, 1000 Oe) applied out of plane. Current column is common for all
 cases, and resistance (Rxy) recorded for each case is provided. **(b)**
 Current pulsing for different magnetic fields (0, 100, 500, 1000 Oe)
 applied in-plane but perpendicular to current. Current column is common
 for all cases, and resistance (Rxy) recorded for each case is provided.
 **SuppFig. 5** **(a)** Second harmonic Hall voltage (Vxy2w) variation with
 angle (phi) of applied magnetic field, for 1 mA AC current. Data is
 provided for different magnetic field amplitudes (45, 47.5, ..., 65, 70,
 ..., 90 kOe). For each field magnitude, there are four columns - forward
 angle, voltage, backward angle, voltage. **(b)** Second harmonic Hall
 voltage (Vxy2w) variation with angle (phi) of applied magnetic field, for
 1.5 mA AC current. Data is provided for different magnetic field
 amplitudes (45, 47.5, ..., 65, 70, ..., 90 kOe). For each field magnitude,
 there are four columns - forward angle, voltage, backward angle, voltage.\
 **(c)** Second harmonic Hall voltage (Vxy2w) variation with angle (phi) of
 applied magnetic field, for 2 mA AC current. Data is provided for
 different magnetic field amplitudes (45, 47.5, ..., 65, 70, ..., 90 kOe).
 For each field magnitude, there are four columns - forward angle, voltage,
 backward angle, voltage.\ **(d)** Amplitude of cos(phi) component (refer
 to Eq. 2 in main text) of second harmonic voltage, Vxy2w at different
 magnetic fields, H, at 1 mA, 1.5mA and 2 mA current levels. These are
 extracted from the plots in S5(a), S5(b) and S5(c).\ **(e)** Second
 harmonic voltage corresponding to damping-like torque (refer to Eq. 3 in
 main text) of second harmonic voltage, Vxy2w at different magnetic fields,
 H, at 1 mA, 1.5mA and 2 mA current levels. These are extracted from the
 plots in S5(a), S5(b) and S5(c).\ **(e-inset)** Magnitude of damping-like
 field (Hdl) for two current levels (I). Lower and upper confidence
 interval (CI, 5%) are also provided. **SuppFig. 6** **(c)** Atomic force
 microscopy (AFM) line profile - x-coordinate and height **(d)** Switching
 data - current and resistance **(e)** Time series of Hall resistance
 measurement - time and resistance **(h)** Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
 line profile - x-coordinate and height **(i)** Switching data - current
 and resistance **(j)** Time series of Hall resistance measurement - time
 and resistance