DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15002722
title: Exploring Large Language Models for Automated Non-Functional Requirements Generation

description: Exploring Large Language Models for Automated Non-Functional Requirements Generation: A Human Annotated Dataset for NFR Quality

This artifact provides a comprehensive dataset and analysis tools for evaluating the quality of Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) generated by Large Language Models (LLMs) based solely on Functional Requirements (FRs). The dataset includes human evaluations of NFR quality according to ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standard quality attributes.

Description

This research artifact contains:



Human evaluation data for NFRs generated by 8 different LLMs across 34 functional requirements

Professional responses collected through Turso database service from software engineering professionals

Analysis scripts for data processing and statistical analysis

LLM outputs in structured JSON format for all tested models

Advanced prompting techniques incorporating ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standards


The study evaluates two key aspects:



NFR Validity (1-5 scale): Coherence and appropriateness of generated NFRs

Attribute Applicability (1-5 scale): Relevance of assigned ISO quality attributes


Requirements

Software Dependencies



Deno (JavaScript/TypeScript runtime) - Version 1.40+ recommended

SQLite3 (for database operations)

Standard text editor (for viewing TSV/JSON files)


Hardware Requirements



RAM: Minimum 4GB (recommended 8GB)

Storage: 500MB free space

OS: Cross-platform (Linux, macOS, Windows)


Installation



Install Deno:


# Linux/macOS
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh

# Windows (PowerShell)
irm https://deno.land/install.ps1 | iex




Verify Installation:


deno --version




Clone/Download Artifact: Extract downloaded archive


Step-by-Step Instructions to Reproduce Paper Results

Step 1: Examine Raw Data Sources

Input: Professional evaluation data collected via Turso database service



File: data/dump.sql

Description: SQL dump containing responses from software engineering professionals who evaluated LLM-generated NFRs

Content: Raw evaluation data including validity scores (1-5), applicability scores (1-5), and quality attribute assignments


Expected Output: Understanding of data collection methodology and raw response structure

Step 2: Generate Analysis Database

Purpose: Convert SQL dump to SQLite database for analysis

cd analysis
deno run --allow-read --allow-write generateData.ts


Process:



The generateData.ts script reads data/dump.sql

Creates data/dump.db SQLite database

Structures data for statistical analysis


Expected Output: data/dump.db file created (approximately 2-5MB)

Step 3: Process and Merge Evaluation Data

Purpose: Combine human evaluations with LLM assignments and generate final dataset

The generateData.ts script performs:



Assignment Processing: Maps evaluators to specific FR-LLM combinations:



NFR Validity evaluations: 10 evaluators × 3 FRs each × 8 LLMs

Attribute Applicability evaluations: 10 evaluators × 3 FRs each × 8 LLMs



Data Merging: Combines database records with assignment metadata

CSV Generation: Outputs structured TSV file for analysis


Expected Output: analysis/Human_Evaluation_Data.tsv (final dataset used in paper)

Step 4: Analyze LLM Output Structure

Files: LLMOutputs/*.json (8 files, one per LLM)



claude-3-5-haiku.json

claude-3-7-sonnet.json

deepSeek-V3.json

gemini-1.5-pro.json

gpt-4o-mini.json

grok-2.json

lama-3.3-70B.json

Qwen2.5-72B.json


Expected Format for each FR:

{
  "functionalRequirement": "System shall allow users to log in with username and password",
  "identifiedNFRs": [
    {
      "attribute": "Security",
      "requirement": "The system must encrypt passwords using AES-256 encryption",
      "justification": "Login functionality requires secure credential handling"
    }
  ]
}


Analysis: Each JSON contains 34 FR entries with generated NFRs following ISO/IEC 25010:2023 categories

Step 5: Examine Prompt Engineering Approach

File: data/AdvancedPrompt.txt Content: Complete prompt used for NFR generation including:



Role assignment (expert software quality engineer)

Knowledge grounding (ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standard)

Output structure constraints (JSON format)

Quality requirements (specific, actionable, testable NFRs)


File Descriptions

Core Dataset Files



analysis/Human_Evaluation_Data.tsv: Main evaluation dataset (2,240 evaluated NFRs)



Columns: FR ID, FR text, NFR ID, LLM model, ISO attribute, NFR text, justification, validity score, applicability score, human attribute assignment, evaluator assignment type, evaluator ID



data/FR_34.tsv: 34 functional requirements subset used for evaluation

data/dump.sql: Raw SQL dump from Turso database service containing professional evaluations


LLM Output Files



LLMOutputs/[model].json: Structured NFR generations for each of 8 LLMs



Each file contains 34 FR entries with associated NFRs in JSON format




Configuration Files



data/AdvancedPrompt.txt: Complete prompt template with ISO/IEC 25010:2023 integration

analysis/generateData.ts: Data processing script for database creation and CSV generation


Documentation



LICENSE.md: Distribution rights and usage terms

analysis/visualization.ipynb: Jupyter notebook for data visualization and statistical analysis


Mapping to Paper Claims

Key Paper Statistics (Section 6 - Results)



1,593 total NFRs generated across 8 LLMs and 34 FRs

174 NFRs evaluated for validity and applicability scoring

168 NFRs evaluated for attribute selection task

Mean validity score: 4.63 (median: 5.0) on 1-5 scale

Mean applicability score: 4.59 (median: 5.0) on 1-5 scale

80.4% attribute accuracy in expert vs. LLM attribute selection


Figure Reproduction Mapping



Figure 3: Reproduced from validity scores in Human_Evaluation_Data.tsv



Shows 90.8% of NFRs scored ≥4, with 76.4% scoring perfect 5



Figure 4: Generated from applicability scores in Human_Evaluation_Data.tsv



Demonstrates 90.2% highly applicable ratings (scores 4-5)



Figure 5: Computed from attribute selection task data



Visualizes 80.4% exact matches, 8.3% near misses, 11.3% complete mismatches



Figure 6: Generated from LLM vs. expert attribute assignments



Shows specific misclassification patterns (e.g., Functional Suitability vs. Reliability)




Table Reproduction Mapping



Table 4 (LLM Comparison): Directly derived from Human_Evaluation_Data.tsv grouped by LLM model



Validity ranges: 3.96 (claude-3-7-sonnet) to 4.94 (llama-3.3-70B)

Applicability ranges: 3.67 (claude-3-7-sonnet) to 4.97 (grok-2)

Attribute accuracy ranges: 71.4% (deepSeek-V3) to 90.9% (gemini-1.5-pro)




Research Questions Validation



RQ1 (LLM Effectiveness): Validated through high validity (90.8% ≥4) and applicability (90.2% ≥4) scores

RQ2 (Best Performing LLM): Answered via Table 4 comparison showing gemini-1.5-pro (highest attribute accuracy) and llama-3.3-70B (highest validity/applicability)

RQ3 (Prompting Technique Impact): Demonstrated through advanced vs. baseline prompting comparison


Methodology Reproduction (Section 4)



34 FRs Selection: Subset available in data/FR_34.tsv

8 LLM Configuration: Models and parameters detailed in Table 3, outputs in LLMOutputs/*.json

Evaluation Framework: 10 evaluators with 13 years average experience, dual-task design

Custom Prompting: Complete advanced prompt available in data/AdvancedPrompt.txt


Statistical Claims Verification



Sample Size Calculation: Based on 15 SRS documents analysis (Table 2) yielding 33.5 average FRs

Expert Evaluation Distribution: Task 1 (32 FRs, 174 NFRs) and Task 2 (2 FRs, 168 NFRs)

Temperature Setting: 0.4 selected through systematic testing (Section 4.3.2)

Quality Assessment: Ordinal scale (1-5) with specific rubrics for validity and applicability


Data Provenance



Professional Collection: Software engineering professionals recruited through academic networks

Turso Database: Cloud database service used for response collection and management

Assignment Strategy: Balanced design ensuring each FR-LLM combination evaluated by multiple professionals

Quality Control: Validation checks implemented in data processing pipeline


Expected Results Summary

When following the reproduction steps, you should observe:



2,240 total NFR evaluations across 8 LLMs and 34 FRs

Validity scores ranging 1-5 with LLM-specific distributions

Applicability scores showing attribute-specific patterns

JSON-structured LLM outputs demonstrating prompt effectiveness

Professional evaluation data providing ground truth for NFR quality assessment


This artifact enables full reproduction of the paper's experimental methodology and statistical findings regarding LLM performance in automated NFR generation.

Troubleshooting

Common Issues



Deno not found: Ensure Deno is properly installed and added to your PATH

Permission errors: Use --allow-read --allow-write flags when running Deno scripts

Database file not found: Ensure generateData.ts has been run to create the database from dump.sql


Support

For questions about the artifact or reproduction steps, please refer to the paper or contact the authors through the conference proceedings.