DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gf1vhhn1x
title: Data from: Inhibitory basal ganglia nuclei differentially innervate pedunculopontine nucleus subpopulations and evoke opposite motor and valence behaviors

description: The canonical basal ganglia model predicts that the substantia nigra pars
 reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus externa (GPe) will have specific
 effects on locomotion: the SNr inhibiting locomotion and the GPe enhancing
 it. In this manuscript, we use in vivo optogenetics to show that a
 projection-defined neural subpopulation within each structure exerts
 non-canonical effects on locomotion. These non-canonical subpopulations
 are defined by their projection to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and
 mediate opposing effects on reward. To understand how these structures
 differentially modulate the PPN, we use ex vivo whole-cell recording with
 optogenetics to comprehensively dissect the SNr and GPe connections to
 regionally- and molecularly-defined populations of PPN neurons. The SNr
 inhibits all PPN subtypes, but most strongly inhibits caudal glutamatergic
 neurons. The GPe selectively inhibits caudal glutamatergic and GABAergic
 neurons, avoiding both cholinergic and rostral cells. This circuit
 characterization reveals non-canonical basal ganglia pathways for
 locomotion and valence.
description: # Data from: Inhibitory basal ganglia nuclei differentially innervate
 pedunculopontine nucleus subpopulations and evoke opposite motor and
 valence behaviors Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.gf1vhhn1x](10.5061/dryad.gf1vhhn1x) ## Description of the
 data and file structure These data are from our electrophysiology and
 behavioral experiments for Fallah et al., 2025 published in eLife. 
 Electrophysiology data are csv with data from Figures 2-6.  Behavior data
 with optogenetic activation is in csv files and shows data points used in
 Figure 7.  ### Files and variables **Files and variables** **File:
 Figure2E_H.csv** **Description:** Raw and normalized current amplitude by
 stimulation number for ChAT+ PPN neurons in response to substantia nigra
 reticulata axon activation. **Variables** * Columns are individual cells
 from rostral or caudal PPN and are the raw current amplitude and
 normalized current amplitude as specified. * Rows are current responses
 from individual pulses in the pulse train (20 Hz, 2 ms blue led light
 activations of SNr axons). **File: Figure2F_I.csv** **Description:** Raw
 measure of current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse and
 calculated paired pulse ratio between the first two current amplitudes of
 the 20 Hz stimulation train measured in ChAT+ PPN neurons in response to
 substantia nigra reticulata axon activation. **Variables** * Columns are
 the raw measure of current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse
 and calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR) as specified. * Rows are
 individual cells from rostral or caudal ChAT+ PPN neurons. **File:
 Figure2K.csv** **Description:** Percent of pre-optical stimulation firing
 frequency in ChAT+ PPN neurons before, during, and after activation of
 substantia nigra reticulata axons. **Variables** * Columns are the percent
 of pre-optical stimulation firing frequency (% Pre-Opto Frq) pre, during,
 and post optical stimulation. * Rows are individual cells from rostral or
 caudal ChAT+ PPN neurons. **File: Figure2L_M.csv** **Description:**
 Absolute change in firing frequency during optical stimulation of SNr
 axons, absolute change in rebound frequency during optical stimulation of
 SNr axons, and average resting membrane potential measured in ChAT+ PPN
 neurons. **Variables** * Columns are the absolute change in firing
 frequency (dFrq During Opto), absolute change in rebound frequency
 (dRebFrq), and average resting membrane potential (Avg Rm). Values are not
 matched across rows. * Rows are individual cells from rostral or caudal
 ChAT+ PPN neurons. **File: Figure2N_O.csv** **Description:** Matched
 values for current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse,
 calculated paired pulse ratio, absolute change in firing frequency,
 pre-optical firing frequency, and change in rebound frequency in ChAT+ PPN
 neurons in response to substantia nigra reticulata axon activation.
 **Variables** * Columns are the current amplitude during the first
 stimulation pulse (First oIPSC), calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR),
 absolute change in firing frequency (dFrq), pre-optical firing frequency
 (Pre-Opto Frq), and change in rebound frequency (dRebFrq) from a single
 neuron. * Rows are individual cells from rostral or caudal ChAT+ PPN
 neurons. **File: Figure3C_F.csv** **Description:** Raw and normalized
 current amplitude by stimulation number for Vgat+ PPN neurons in response
 to substantia nigra reticulata axon activation. **Variables** * Columns
 are individual cells from rostral or caudal PPN and are the raw current
 amplitude and normalized current amplitude as specified. * Rows are
 current responses from individual pulses in the pulse train (20 Hz, 2 ms
 blue led light activations of SNr axons). **File: Figure3D_G.csv**
 **Description:** Raw measure of current amplitude during the first
 stimulation pulse and calculated paired pulse ratio between the first two
 current amplitudes of the 20 Hz stimulation train measured in Vgat+ PPN
 neurons in response to substantia nigra reticulata axon activation.
 **Variables** * Columns are the raw measure of current amplitude during
 the first stimulation pulse and calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR) as
 specified. * Rows are individual cells from rostral or caudal Vgat+ PPN
 neurons. **File: Figure3H.csv** **Description:** Percent of pre-optical
 stimulation firing frequency in Vgat+ PPN neurons before, during, and
 after activation of substantia nigra reticulata axons. **Variables** *
 Columns are the percent of pre-optical stimulation firing frequency (%
 Pre-Opto Frq) pre, during, and post optical stimulation. * Rows are
 individual cells from rostral or caudal Vgat+ PPN neurons. **File:
 Figure3I.csv** **Description:** Absolute change in firing frequency during
 optical stimulation of SNr axons, absolute change in rebound frequency
 during optical stimulation of SNr axons, and average resting membrane
 potential measured in Vgat+ PPN neurons. **Variables** * Columns are the
 absolute change in firing frequency (dFrq During Opto), absolute change in
 rebound frequency (dRebFrq), and average resting membrane potential (Avg
 Rm). Values are not matched across rows. * Rows are individual cells from
 rostral or caudal Vgat+ PPN neurons. **File: Figure3J-L.csv**
 **Description:** Matched values for current amplitude during the first
 stimulation pulse, calculated paired pulse ratio, absolute change in
 firing frequency, and pre-optical firing frequency in Vgat+ PPN neurons in
 response to substantia nigra reticulata axon activation. **Variables** *
 Columns are the current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse
 (First oIPSC), calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR), absolute change in
 firing frequency (dFrq), and pre-optical firing frequency (Pre-Opto Frq)
 from a single neuron. * Rows are individual cells from rostral or caudal
 Vgat+ PPN neurons. **File: Figure4C_F.csv** **Description:** Raw and
 normalized current amplitude by stimulation number for Vglut2+ PPN neurons
 in response to substantia nigra reticulata axon activation. **Variables**
 * Columns are individual cells from rostral or caudal PPN and are the raw
 current amplitude and normalized current amplitude as specified. * Rows
 are current responses from individual pulses in the pulse train (20 Hz, 2
 ms blue led light activations of SNr axons). **File: Figure4D_G.csv**
 **Description:** Raw measure of current amplitude during the first
 stimulation pulse and calculated paired pulse ratio between the first two
 current amplitudes of the 20 Hz stimulation train measured in Vglut2+ PPN
 neurons in response to substantia nigra reticulata axon activation.
 **Variables** * Columns are the raw measure of current amplitude during
 the first stimulation pulse and calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR) as
 specified. * Rows are individual cells from rostral or caudal Vglut2+ PPN
 neurons. **File: Figure4I.csv** **Description:** Percent of pre-optical
 stimulation firing frequency in Vglut2+ PPN neurons before, during, and
 after activation of substantia nigra reticulata axons. **Variables** *
 Columns are the percent of pre-optical stimulation firing frequency (%
 Pre-Opto Frq) pre, during, and post optical stimulation. * Rows are
 individual cells from rostral or caudal Vglut2+ PPN neurons. **File:
 Figure4J.csv** **Description:** Absolute change in firing frequency during
 optical stimulation of SNr axons, absolute change in rebound frequency
 during optical stimulation of SNr axons, and average resting membrane
 potential measured in Vglut2+ PPN neurons. **Variables** * Columns are the
 absolute change in firing frequency (dFrq During Opto), absolute change in
 rebound frequency (dRebFrq), and average resting membrane potential (Avg
 Rm). Values are not matched across rows. * Rows are individual cells from
 rostral or caudal Vglut2+ PPN neurons. **File: Figure4L-P.csv**
 **Description:** Matched values for current amplitude during the first
 stimulation pulse, calculated paired pulse ratio, absolute change in
 firing frequency, and pre-optical firing frequency in Vglut2+ PPN neurons
 in response to substantia nigra reticulata axon activation. **Variables**
 * Columns are the current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse
 (First oIPSC), calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR), absolute change in
 firing frequency (dFrq), and pre-optical firing frequency (Pre-Opto Frq)
 from a single neuron. * Rows are individual cells from rostral or caudal
 Vglut2+ PPN neurons. **File: Figure6D_F.csv** **Description:** Raw and
 normalized current amplitude by stimulation number for ChAT+, Vglut2+, and
 Vgat+ caudal PPN neurons in response to globus pallidus externa axon
 activation. **Variables** * Columns are individual cells from ChAT+,
 Vglut2+, or Vgat+ caudal PPN and are the raw current amplitude and
 normalized current amplitude as specified. * Rows are current responses
 from individual pulses in the pulse train (20 Hz, 2 ms blue led light
 activations of GPe axons). **File: Figure6E_G.csv** **Description:** Raw
 measure of current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse and
 calculated paired pulse ratio between the first two current amplitudes of
 the 20 Hz stimulation train measured in ChAT+, Vglut2+, and Vgat+ caudal
 PPN neurons in response to globus pallidus externa axon activation.
 **Variables** * Columns are the raw measure of current amplitude during
 the first stimulation pulse and calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR) as
 specified. * Rows are individual cells from ChAT+, Vglut2+, or Vgat+
 caudal PPN neurons. **File: Figure6H.csv** **Description:** Percent of
 pre-optical stimulation firing frequency in ChAT+, Vglut2+, and Vgat+
 caudal PPN neurons before, during, and after activation of globus pallidus
 externa axons. **Variables** * Columns are the percent of pre-optical
 stimulation firing frequency (% Pre-Opto Frq) pre, during, and post
 optical stimulation. * Rows are individual cells from ChAT+, Vglut2+, or
 Vgat+ caudal PPN neurons. **File: Figure6I.csv** **Description:** Absolute
 change in firing frequency during optical stimulation of GPe axons,
 absolute change in rebound frequency during optical stimulation of GPe
 axons, and average resting membrane potential measured in ChAT+, Vglut2+,
 and Vgat+ caudal PPN neurons. **Variables** * Columns are the absolute
 change in firing frequency (dFrq During Opto), absolute change in rebound
 frequency (dRebFrq), and average resting membrane potential (Avg Rm).
 Values are not matched across rows. * Rows are individual cells from
 ChAT+, Vglut2+, or Vgat+ caudal PPN neurons. **File: Figure6J_K.csv**
 **Description:** Matched values for current amplitude during the first
 stimulation pulse, calculated paired pulse ratio, absolute change in
 firing frequency, and pre-optical firing frequency in caudal Vgat+ PPN
 neurons in response to globus pallidus externa axon activation.
 **Variables** * Columns are the current amplitude during the first
 stimulation pulse (First oIPSC), calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR),
 absolute change in firing frequency (dFrq), and pre-optical firing
 frequency (Pre-Opto Frq) from a single neuron. * Rows are individual cells
 from caudal Vgat+ PPN neurons. **File: Figure6L_M.csv** **Description:**
 Matched values for current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse,
 calculated paired pulse ratio, absolute change in firing frequency, and
 pre-optical firing frequency in caudal Vglut2+ PPN neurons in response to
 globus pallidus externa axon activation. **Variables** * Columns are the
 current amplitude during the first stimulation pulse (First oIPSC),
 calculated paired pulse ratio (PPR), absolute change in firing frequency
 (dFrq), and pre-optical firing frequency (Pre-Opto Frq) from a single
 neuron. * Rows are individual cells from caudal Vglut2+ PPN neurons.
 \** ** **File: Figure_7C.csv** **Description:** Distance traveled over
 time * SNr = Substantia nigra axon stimulation * GPe= Globus pallidus axon
 stimulation * Control=control virus (non-chr2) injected and light applied.
 **Variables** * Distance (m) traveled during each 1-minute segment during
 a trial. * Data are in columns representing individual mice. **File:
 Figure_7D.csv** **Description:** distance (m) traveled during stimulation
 * Ctrl HP: control high power * SNr HP: Substantia nigra axon stimulation
 high power * GPe HP: Globus pallidus axon stimulation high power * SNr LP:
 Substantia nigra axon stimulation low power * GPe LP: Globus pallidus axon
 stimulation low power   **Variables** * Columns are conditions (described
 above) * Each cell is the average distance (m) traveled during optical
 stimulation for one mouse. **File: Figure_7F.csv**
 **Description:** Percent time spent in stimulated zone in 3-chamber Real
 Time Place Preference task **Variables** * Columns are conditions
 (described above) * Each cell is the percent time spent in the optically
 stimulated zone for one mouse. **File: Figure_7G.csv**
 **Description:** Percent time spent in previously stimulated zone during
 1st minute on day 2. Zone is NOT stimulated during this task. * Ctrl:
 control * SNr: Substantia nigra axon stimulation * GPe: Globus pallidus
 axon stimulation **Variables** * Columns are conditions (described above)
 * Each cell is the percent time spent in the first minute of the zone that
 had previously been optically stimulated (the day before) for one mouse.
 **File: Figure_7_FigureSupplement1A_B.csv** **Description:** mouse speed
 (m/s) in 10 s increments before during and after stimulation.
 **Variables** Each column is the average data before, during, and after
 stimulation for 1 mouse. (SNr = substantia nigra axon stimulation;
 GPe=Globus pallidus axon stimulation) **File:
 Figure_7_FigureSupplement2B.csv** **Description:** Distance traveled
 during stimulation with high power optical stimulation. SNr = wild type
 mouse injected with constitute ChR2 (same as SNr condition in main
 figures) DAT-Cre = Dopamine transporter-cre mouse injected with
 cre-dependent ChR2 **Variables** * Columns are conditions (described
 above) * Each cell is the distance (m) traveled during optical stimulation
 for one mouse. **File: Figure_7_FigureSupplement2C.csv** **Description:** 
 Distance traveled during stimulation during low power stimulation. SNr =
 wild type mouse injected with constitute ChR2 (same as SNr condition in
 main figures) DAT-Cre = Dopamine transporter-cre mouse injected with
 cre-dependent ChR2 **Variables** * Columns are conditions (described in
 Figure S3B) * Each cell is the distance (m) traveled during optical
 stimulation for one mouse. **File: Figure_7_FigureSupplement2E.csv**
 **Description:** Percent time spent in stimulated zone with high laser
 power stimulation **Variables** * Columns are conditions (described in
 Figure S3B) * Each cell is the percent time spent in optically stimulated
 zone for one mouse. **File: Figure_7_FigureSupplement2F.csv**
 **Description:** Percent time spent in stimulated zone with low laser
 power. **Variables** * Columns are conditions (described in Figure S3B) *
 Each cell is the percent time spent in optically stimulated zone for one
 mouse.