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DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1478758.v2
title: Timing, petrogenesis, and setting of granites from the southern Beishan late Palaeozoic granitic belt, Northwest China and implications for their tectonic evolution

description: Late Palaeozoic granites are widely distributed in the southeastern Beishan area, which is located in the central part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). U–Pb zircon dates of five late Palaeozoic granitic plutons from the southeastern Beishan area yield Permian ages: 285 ± 2 Ma (Shuwojing and Western Shuwojing plutons), 269 ± 3 Ma (Jianquanzi and Jiuquandihongshan plutons), and 260 ± 1 Ma (Jiujing pluton). The early Permian Shuwojing pluton, an unfractionated calc-alkaline biotite monzogranite with slightly positive εNd(<i>t</i>) (+0.7 and +0.6) and low initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.70722 and 0.70712), and the early Permian Western Shuwojing pluton, a high-K calc-alkaline biotite granite with slightly negative εNd(<i>t</i>) (−0.2 and −0.1) and low initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.70390 and 0.70919), are likely derived from a mixture of depleted (juvenile) mantle and upper continental crustal (or sedimentary) material. The mid-Permian Jianquanzi and Jiuquandihongshan monzogranites have highly fractionated potassium-rich calc-alkaline characteristics with negative εNd(<i>t</i>) (−4.3) and very high initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.71949), reflecting a continental crustal component. The compositionally diverse Jiujing pluton and the granodiorite and high-Sr monzogranite phases display adakite-like compositions with relatively low εNd(<i>t</i>) (−0.1 and −2.2) and high initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.70822 and 0.70913). The Jiujing low-Sr monzogranite has higher initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.73464) and lower εNd(<i>t</i>) (−2.8), indicating a significant continental crustal component in its genesis. This work, combined with the regional geology and previous studies, suggest that the early to middle Permian southern Beishan plutons formed in a post-collisional environment, probably an intracontinental rift environment linked to asthenospheric upwelling in response to the break-off of a subducted slab. In the late Permian, the southern Beishan area was in a compressive tectonic regime and thickening of the continental crust resulted in the formation of the Jiujing adakite-like granite.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1478758.v3
title: Timing, petrogenesis, and setting of granites from the southern Beishan late Palaeozoic granitic belt, Northwest China and implications for their tectonic evolution

description: Late Palaeozoic granites are widely distributed in the southeastern Beishan area, which is located in the central part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). U–Pb zircon dates of five late Palaeozoic granitic plutons from the southeastern Beishan area yield Permian ages: 285 ± 2 Ma (Shuwojing and Western Shuwojing plutons), 269 ± 3 Ma (Jianquanzi and Jiuquandihongshan plutons), and 260 ± 1 Ma (Jiujing pluton). The early Permian Shuwojing pluton, an unfractionated calc-alkaline biotite monzogranite with slightly positive εNd(<i>t</i>) (+0.7 and +0.6) and low initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.70722 and 0.70712), and the early Permian Western Shuwojing pluton, a high-K calc-alkaline biotite granite with slightly negative εNd(<i>t</i>) (−0.2 and −0.1) and low initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.70390 and 0.70919), are likely derived from a mixture of depleted (juvenile) mantle and upper continental crustal (or sedimentary) material. The mid-Permian Jianquanzi and Jiuquandihongshan monzogranites have highly fractionated potassium-rich calc-alkaline characteristics with negative εNd(<i>t</i>) (−4.3) and very high initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.71949), reflecting a continental crustal component. The compositionally diverse Jiujing pluton and the granodiorite and high-Sr monzogranite phases display adakite-like compositions with relatively low εNd(<i>t</i>) (−0.1 and −2.2) and high initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.70822 and 0.70913). The Jiujing low-Sr monzogranite has higher initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr (0.73464) and lower εNd(<i>t</i>) (−2.8), indicating a significant continental crustal component in its genesis. This work, combined with the regional geology and previous studies, suggest that the early to middle Permian southern Beishan plutons formed in a post-collisional environment, probably an intracontinental rift environment linked to asthenospheric upwelling in response to the break-off of a subducted slab. In the late Permian, the southern Beishan area was in a compressive tectonic regime and thickening of the continental crust resulted in the formation of the Jiujing adakite-like granite.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480632
title: Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of boninitic dikes from the Kangqiong ophiolite: implications for the Early Cretaceous evolution of Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean in Tibet

description: The Kangqiong ophiolite is exposed in the central–western part of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) of central Tibet. This study reports new data for boninitic dikes with the aim of reconstructing the geodynamic and petrogenetic evolution of the Kangqiong ophiolite. Ten samples of boninitic dikes that cross-cut the mafic cumulates have very low TiO<sub>2</sub> (0.34–0.42%) contents and high MgO (6.65–8.25%) contents. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analyses of zircon from the boninitic dikes yield an age of 115 Ma. They are characterized by positive εHf(t) values varying from +13.1 to +15.0. Taking into account the geochemical characteristics of the mantle section, the Kangqiong ophiolite should be generated in a fore-arc spreading setting resulting from intra-oceanic subduction. Based on our data and previous studies, we propose that the BNSZ represents the major suture and records the Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean, and the Shiquan River–Yongzhu–Jiali ophiolitic mélange belt represents a back-arc basin. These two belts, together with the northern Lhasa subterrane should, represent an Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system and back-arc basin in central Tibet that is similar to present-day active intra-oceanic subduction systems in the western Pacific Ocean. The final closure of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean might have taken place later than the Early Cretaceous.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480632.v1
title: Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of boninitic dikes from the Kangqiong ophiolite: implications for the Early Cretaceous evolution of Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean in Tibet

description: The Kangqiong ophiolite is exposed in the central–western part of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) of central Tibet. This study reports new data for boninitic dikes with the aim of reconstructing the geodynamic and petrogenetic evolution of the Kangqiong ophiolite. Ten samples of boninitic dikes that cross-cut the mafic cumulates have very low TiO<sub>2</sub> (0.34–0.42%) contents and high MgO (6.65–8.25%) contents. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analyses of zircon from the boninitic dikes yield an age of 115 Ma. They are characterized by positive εHf(t) values varying from +13.1 to +15.0. Taking into account the geochemical characteristics of the mantle section, the Kangqiong ophiolite should be generated in a fore-arc spreading setting resulting from intra-oceanic subduction. Based on our data and previous studies, we propose that the BNSZ represents the major suture and records the Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean, and the Shiquan River–Yongzhu–Jiali ophiolitic mélange belt represents a back-arc basin. These two belts, together with the northern Lhasa subterrane should, represent an Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system and back-arc basin in central Tibet that is similar to present-day active intra-oceanic subduction systems in the western Pacific Ocean. The final closure of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean might have taken place later than the Early Cretaceous.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480632.v2
title: Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of boninitic dikes from the Kangqiong ophiolite: implications for the Early Cretaceous evolution of Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean in Tibet

description: The Kangqiong ophiolite is exposed in the central–western part of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) of central Tibet. This study reports new data for boninitic dikes with the aim of reconstructing the geodynamic and petrogenetic evolution of the Kangqiong ophiolite. Ten samples of boninitic dikes that cross-cut the mafic cumulates have very low TiO<sub>2</sub> (0.34–0.42%) contents and high MgO (6.65–8.25%) contents. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analyses of zircon from the boninitic dikes yield an age of 115 Ma. They are characterized by positive εHf(t) values varying from +13.1 to +15.0. Taking into account the geochemical characteristics of the mantle section, the Kangqiong ophiolite should be generated in a fore-arc spreading setting resulting from intra-oceanic subduction. Based on our data and previous studies, we propose that the BNSZ represents the major suture and records the Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean, and the Shiquan River–Yongzhu–Jiali ophiolitic mélange belt represents a back-arc basin. These two belts, together with the northern Lhasa subterrane should, represent an Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system and back-arc basin in central Tibet that is similar to present-day active intra-oceanic subduction systems in the western Pacific Ocean. The final closure of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean might have taken place later than the Early Cretaceous.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480632.v3
title: Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of boninitic dikes from the Kangqiong ophiolite: implications for the Early Cretaceous evolution of Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean in Tibet

description: The Kangqiong ophiolite is exposed in the central–western part of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone (BNSZ) of central Tibet. This study reports new data for boninitic dikes with the aim of reconstructing the geodynamic and petrogenetic evolution of the Kangqiong ophiolite. Ten samples of boninitic dikes that cross-cut the mafic cumulates have very low TiO<sub>2</sub> (0.34–0.42%) contents and high MgO (6.65–8.25%) contents. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb analyses of zircon from the boninitic dikes yield an age of 115 Ma. They are characterized by positive εHf(t) values varying from +13.1 to +15.0. Taking into account the geochemical characteristics of the mantle section, the Kangqiong ophiolite should be generated in a fore-arc spreading setting resulting from intra-oceanic subduction. Based on our data and previous studies, we propose that the BNSZ represents the major suture and records the Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean, and the Shiquan River–Yongzhu–Jiali ophiolitic mélange belt represents a back-arc basin. These two belts, together with the northern Lhasa subterrane should, represent an Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system and back-arc basin in central Tibet that is similar to present-day active intra-oceanic subduction systems in the western Pacific Ocean. The final closure of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys Ocean might have taken place later than the Early Cretaceous.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480973
title: Nitrous oxide emission potentials of <i>Burkholderia</i> species isolated from the leaves of a boreal peat moss <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i><sup>*</sup>

description: Using a culture-based nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission assay, three active N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were isolated from <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> leaves and all identified as members of <i>Burkholderia</i>. These isolates showed N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the medium supplemented with but not with , and <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2 showed the most efficient N<sub>2</sub>O emission (0.20 μg·vial<sup>−1</sup>·day<sup>−1</sup>) at 1.0 mM KNO<sub>3</sub>. In <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2, the optimum pH for N<sub>2</sub>O production was 5.0, close to that of the phyllosphere of <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses, while the optimum temperature was uniquely over 30 °C. The stimulating effect of additional 1.5 mM sucrose on N<sub>2</sub>O emission was ignorable, but <i>Burkholderia</i> sp<i>.</i> SF-E2 upon exposure to 100 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> <i>E</i>-caffeic acid showed uniquely 67-fold higher N<sub>2</sub>O emission. All of the three N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were negative in both acetylene inhibition assay and PCR assay for <i>nosZ</i>-detection, suggesting that N<sub>2</sub>O reductase or the gene itself is missing in the N<sub>2</sub>O-emitting <i>Burkholderia</i>. Upon exposure to <i>E</i>-caffeic acid often contained in <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses, N<sub>2</sub>O emission by <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2 that was isolated as an epiphyte of <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> was highly accelerated.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480973.v1
title: Nitrous oxide emission potentials of <i>Burkholderia</i> species isolated from the leaves of a boreal peat moss <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i>

description: Using a culture-based nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission assay, three active N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were isolated from <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> leaves and all identified as members of <i>Burkholderia</i>. These isolates showed N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the medium supplemented with but not with , and <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2 showed the most efficient N<sub>2</sub>O emission (0.20 μg·vial<sup>−1</sup>·day<sup>−1</sup>) at 1.0 mM KNO<sub>3</sub>. In <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2, the optimum pH for N<sub>2</sub>O production was 5.0, close to that of the phyllosphere of <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses, while the optimum temperature was uniquely over 30 °C. The stimulating effect of additional 1.5 mM sucrose on N<sub>2</sub>O emission was ignorable, but <i>Burkholderia</i> sp<i>.</i> SF-E2 upon exposure to 100 mg·L<sup>−1</sup><i>E</i>-caffeic acid showed uniquely 67-fold higher N<sub>2</sub>O emission. All of the three N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were negative in both acetylene inhibition assay and PCR assay for <i>nosZ</i>-detection, suggesting that N<sub>2</sub>O reductase or the gene itself is missing in the N<sub>2</sub>O-emitting <i>Burkholderia</i>.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480973.v2
title: Nitrous oxide emission potentials of <i>Burkholderia</i> species isolated from the leaves of a boreal peat moss <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i>

description: Using a culture-based nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission assay, three active N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were isolated from <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> leaves and all identified as members of <i>Burkholderia</i>. These isolates showed N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the medium supplemented with but not with , and <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2 showed the most efficient N<sub>2</sub>O emission (0.20 μg·vial<sup>−1</sup>·day<sup>−1</sup>) at 1.0 mM KNO<sub>3</sub>. In <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2, the optimum pH for N<sub>2</sub>O production was 5.0, close to that of the phyllosphere of <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses, while the optimum temperature was uniquely over 30 °C. The stimulating effect of additional 1.5 mM sucrose on N<sub>2</sub>O emission was ignorable, but <i>Burkholderia</i> sp<i>.</i> SF-E2 upon exposure to 100 mg·L<sup>−1</sup><i>E</i>-caffeic acid showed uniquely 67-fold higher N<sub>2</sub>O emission. All of the three N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were negative in both acetylene inhibition assay and PCR assay for <i>nosZ</i>-detection, suggesting that N<sub>2</sub>O reductase or the gene itself is missing in the N<sub>2</sub>O-emitting <i>Burkholderia</i>.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1480973.v3
title: Nitrous oxide emission potentials of <i>Burkholderia</i> species isolated from the leaves of a boreal peat moss <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i><sup>*</sup>

description: Using a culture-based nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission assay, three active N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were isolated from <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> leaves and all identified as members of <i>Burkholderia</i>. These isolates showed N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the medium supplemented with but not with , and <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2 showed the most efficient N<sub>2</sub>O emission (0.20 μg·vial<sup>−1</sup>·day<sup>−1</sup>) at 1.0 mM KNO<sub>3</sub>. In <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2, the optimum pH for N<sub>2</sub>O production was 5.0, close to that of the phyllosphere of <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses, while the optimum temperature was uniquely over 30 °C. The stimulating effect of additional 1.5 mM sucrose on N<sub>2</sub>O emission was ignorable, but <i>Burkholderia</i> sp<i>.</i> SF-E2 upon exposure to 100 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> <i>E</i>-caffeic acid showed uniquely 67-fold higher N<sub>2</sub>O emission. All of the three N<sub>2</sub>O emitters were negative in both acetylene inhibition assay and PCR assay for <i>nosZ</i>-detection, suggesting that N<sub>2</sub>O reductase or the gene itself is missing in the N<sub>2</sub>O-emitting <i>Burkholderia</i>. Upon exposure to <i>E</i>-caffeic acid often contained in <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses, N<sub>2</sub>O emission by <i>Burkholderia</i> sp. SF-E2 that was isolated as an epiphyte of <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> was highly accelerated.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1481263
title: CUSUM Statistical Monitoring of M/M/1 Queues and Extensions

description: Many production and service systems can be modeled as queueing systems. Their operational efficiency and performance are often measured using queueing performance metrics (QPMs), such as average cycle time, average waiting length, and throughput rate. These metrics need to be quantitatively evaluated and monitored in real time to continuously improve the system performance. However, QPMs are often highly stochastic, and hence are difficult to monitor using existing methods. In this article, we propose the cumulative sum (CUSUM) schemes to efficiently monitor the performance of typical queueing systems based on different sampling schemes. We use M/M/1 queues to illustrate how to design the CUSUM chart and compare their performance with several alternative methods. We demonstrate that the performance of CUSUM is superior, responding faster to many shift patterns through extensive numerical studies. We also briefly discuss the extensions of CUSUM charts to more general queues, such as M/G/1, G/G/1, or M/M/c queues. We use case studies to demonstrate the applications of our approach. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1482037
title: The Zn(II)2Cys6 putative transcription factor is involved in the regulation of leucinostatin production and pathogenicity of the nematophagous fungus <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i>

description: Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor genes encode transcription regulators that manage the infection potential and production of secondary metabolites such as toxins in fungi. In this study, a gene named <i>rolP</i> that encodes a putative Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor regulating leucinostatin production in the ﬁlamentous fungus <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i> was characterized by a gene knockout approach. The deduced proprotein consists of 705 amino acids and is highly homologous to the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i>. Predictive analysis of the secondary structure of the proportion showed that it has two domains. <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i> can produce nematotoxins leucinostatins A and B. Deletion of <i>rolP</i> from the <i>P. lilacinus</i> wild-type strain Pl36-1 leads to the absence of leucinostatin A, while a large increase in the leucinostatin A level was achieved in the <i>rolP</i> overexpression strain Ov-Pl36-1. During the process of nematode infection, <i>rolP</i> showed high expression levels at 48–72 h and peaked at 48 h. Bioassay tests confirmed the requirement of <i>rolP</i> for leucinostatin production. However, the root-knot second-stage juvenile-toxicity was minimized to 35.3% in Δ<i>rolP</i>; toxicity was 97.2% with Ov-Pl36-1 compared with 68.4% with the wild type strain Pl36-1. Interestingly, neither knockout nor overexpression of the <i>rolP</i> gene affected the growth or sporulation of <i>P. lilacinus</i>. Additionally, fungal nutrition and acidic media might stimulate the <i>rolP</i> activity of the wild type strain against nematodes. These findings suggested that the <i>rolP</i> gene is required for the induction and production of leucinostatins and is considered a leucinostatin regulatory gene in <i>P. lilacinus</i>.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1482037.v1
title: The Zn(II)2Cys6 putative transcription factor is involved in the regulation of leucinostatin production and pathogenicity of the nematophagous fungus <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i>

description: Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor genes encode transcription regulators that manage the infection potential and production of secondary metabolites such as toxins in fungi. In this study, a gene named <i>rolP</i> that encodes a putative Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor regulating leucinostatin production in the ﬁlamentous fungus <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i> was characterized by a gene knockout approach. The deduced proprotein consists of 705 amino acids and is highly homologous to the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i>. Predictive analysis of the secondary structure of the proportion showed that it has two domains. <i>Paecilomyces lilacinus</i> can produce nematotoxins leucinostatins A and B. Deletion of <i>rolP</i> from the <i>P. lilacinus</i> wild-type strain Pl36-1 leads to the absence of leucinostatin A, while a large increase in the leucinostatin A level was achieved in the <i>rolP</i> overexpression strain Ov-Pl36-1. During the process of nematode infection, <i>rolP</i> showed high expression levels at 48–72 h and peaked at 48 h. Bioassay tests confirmed the requirement of <i>rolP</i> for leucinostatin production. However, the root-knot second-stage juvenile-toxicity was minimized to 35.3% in Δ<i>rolP</i>; toxicity was 97.2% with Ov-Pl36-1 compared with 68.4% with the wild type strain Pl36-1. Interestingly, neither knockout nor overexpression of the <i>rolP</i> gene affected the growth or sporulation of <i>P. lilacinus</i>. Additionally, fungal nutrition and acidic media might stimulate the <i>rolP</i> activity of the wild type strain against nematodes. These findings suggested that the <i>rolP</i> gene is required for the induction and production of leucinostatins and is considered a leucinostatin regulatory gene in <i>P. lilacinus</i>.