cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.3886/e120363v1
title: Correcting for measurement error in categorical, longitudinal data using hidden Markov models

description: This project focuses on the problem of measurement error and investigates the feasibility of using hidden Markov models (HMMs) to correct for such error in categorical, longitudinal data. In doing so, we have first illustrate how measurement error poses a substantial threat to the validity and accuracy of estimates. We then demonstrate the need to use multiple-indicator HMM specifications, which can account for the nonignorable presence of systematic/dependent errors. Finally, we show that the use of such extended models is feasible. That is, even though such HMMs require record linkage, linkage error is largely not a problem. Furthermore, while their implementation process is complex and time-consuming, it can be simplified because error parameters can be re-used for a number of years.
description: In the LFS the weighting of the observations is twofold. First, inclusion weights are assigned to the observations. These weights correct for biased inclusion probabilities that are caused by the sampling method. Second, the final weights are constructed (by adjusting for sex, age, country of origin, official place of residence and some other regional classifications). These weights are used to reduce non-response bias. <br><br>While in our analyses the inclusion of weights did not significantly affect the results and therefore we decided to exclude them, this might not be the case in other applications, in particular when the weights vary substantially across respondents.
description: Response Rates: In general, according to colleagues from Statistics Netherlands, the response rate in the LFS was around 61% in 2009 and 53% in 2010. However, as in our analysis we used a sub-sample of the LFS data and selected (i) only individuals between 25 and 55 years of age and (ii) only those who could be linked to the ER data, we do not know the response rates for our sample. Statistics Netherlands has also indicated that the LFS is subject to relatively high panel attrition, which also leads to selectivity, but the exact rates are unknown<br><br>While the ER officially cannot be subject to drop-out as submission of reports is obligatory for all employers, 2,619 observations (out of a total of 133,290) are missing. <br>
description: Individuals on the Dutch labour market aged 25 to 55. .
description: The LFS is a sample survey. <br><br>The ER covers all individuals who are employed in the Netherlands.<br><br>
DOI: 10.3886/e120430
title: Reconciling yield gains in agronomic trials with returns under African smallholder conditions

description: Increased adoption of improved agricultural technologies is considered an essential step to address global poverty and hunger, and agronomic trials suggest intensification in developing countries could result in large yield gains. Yet the promise of new technologies does not always carry over from trials to real-life conditions, and diffusion of many technologies remains limited. We show how parcel and farmer selection, together with behavioural responses in agronomic trials, can explain why yield gain estimates from trials may differ from the yield gains of smallholders using the same inputs under real-life conditions. We provide quantitative evidence by exploiting variation in farmer selection and detailed data collection from research trials in Western Kenya on which large yield increments were observed from improved input packages for maize and soybean. After adjusting for selection, behavioural responses, and other corrections, estimates of yield gains fall to being not significantly different from zero for the input package tested on one of the crops (soybean), but remain high for the other (maize). These results suggest that testing new agricultural technologies in real-world conditions and without researcher interference early in the agricultural research and development process might help with identifying which innovations are more likely to be taken up at scale.
description: Households in rural areas in Siaya, Western Kenya. Mix of randomly selected representativ households and households selected by the community to participate in the agronomic trials. .
DOI: 10.3886/e120430v1
title: Reconciling yield gains in agronomic trials with returns under African smallholder conditions

description: Increased adoption of improved agricultural technologies is considered an essential step to address global poverty and hunger, and agronomic trials suggest intensification in developing countries could result in large yield gains. Yet the promise of new technologies does not always carry over from trials to real-life conditions, and diffusion of many technologies remains limited. We show how parcel and farmer selection, together with behavioural responses in agronomic trials, can explain why yield gain estimates from trials may differ from the yield gains of smallholders using the same inputs under real-life conditions. We provide quantitative evidence by exploiting variation in farmer selection and detailed data collection from research trials in Western Kenya on which large yield increments were observed from improved input packages for maize and soybean. After adjusting for selection, behavioural responses, and other corrections, estimates of yield gains fall to being not significantly different from zero for the input package tested on one of the crops (soybean), but remain high for the other (maize). These results suggest that testing new agricultural technologies in real-world conditions and without researcher interference early in the agricultural research and development process might help with identifying which innovations are more likely to be taken up at scale.
description: Households in rural areas in Siaya, Western Kenya. Mix of randomly selected representativ households and households selected by the community to participate in the agronomic trials. .
DOI: 10.3886/e110841v1
title: Data and Code for: Using aggregate relational data to feasibly identify network structure without network data

description: Social network data is often prohibitively expensive to collect, limiting empirical network research. We propose an inexpensive and feasible strategy for network elicitation using Aggregated Relational Data (ARD) - responses to questions of the form "how many of your links have trait $k$?" Our method uses ARD to recover parameters of a network formation model, which permits sampling from a distribution over node- or graph-level statistics. We replicate the results of two field experiments that used network data and draw similar conclusions with ARD alone.
DOI: 10.3886/e120427v2
title: Data and Code for: Childhood Chronic Poverty Estimations_Looking beyond a count index

description: Previous works have estimated the level of chronic poverty suffered by children using a count index, that is, the number of times a child was observed to be poor over a specified period of time. In addressing the question of which child suffers greater chronic poverty, this study looks beyond a count-based approach by paying attention to poverty measurement approaches that account for the timing, spacing and severity of poverty spells. This study is the first to document the poverty experiences of children in a developed nation using these intertemporal lifetime poverty measures. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics longitudinal dataset of the United States, I demonstrate that the count index does not account for all aspects of chronic poverty. Specifically, the evidence suggests that spending fewer periods in poverty is not always an indication of less chronic poverty suffered if the depth and distribution of poverty are ignored. I compare chronic poverty experiences between groups of children based on race, age of mother at birth, region, type of household, parental educational attainment and experiences of parental marital dissolution. Not surprisingly, non-whites suffer more chronic poverty than whites. This study shows that this difference is significantly increased when the timing and spacing of poverty spells are accounted for.
description: Children born in each year (that is aged 1) in each survey year between 1968 and 1988 followed for 10 years.
DOI: 10.3886/e120427v1
title: Childhood Chronic Poverty Estimations:Looking beyond a count index

description: Previous works have estimated the level of chronic poverty suffered by children using a count index, that is, the number of times a child was observed to be poor over a specified period of time. In addressing the question of which child suffers greater chronic poverty, this study looks beyond a count-based approach by paying attention to poverty measurement approaches that account for the timing, spacing and severity of poverty spells. This study is the first to document the poverty experiences of children in a developed nation using these intertemporal lifetime poverty measures. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics longitudinal dataset of the United States, I demonstrate that the count index does not account for all aspects of chronic poverty. Specifically, the evidence suggests that spending fewer periods in poverty is not always an indication of less chronic poverty suffered if the depth and distribution of poverty are ignored. I compare chronic poverty experiences between groups of children based on race, age of mother at birth, region, type of household, parental educational attainment and experiences of parental marital dissolution. Not surprisingly, non-whites suffer more chronic poverty than whites. This study shows that this difference is significantly increased when the timing and spacing of poverty spells are accounted for.
description: Children born in each year (that is aged 1) in each survey year between 1968 and 1988 followed for 10 years.
DOI: 10.3886/e120366v1
title: Data and Code for: Corporate Yields: Effect of Credit Ratings and Sovereign Yields

description: Data and code for the article in which we evaluate the importance of two sources of public information: bond ratings provided by rating agencies and sovereign yields of the issuer’s country for the pricing of private bonds issued in global markets.<br><br>Keywords: bond, debt, crisis<br>
DOI: 10.3886/e119152v1
title: Data and Code for: Venture Capital’s Role in Financing Innovation: How far we have come and how much we still need to learn

description: In this paper, we argue that despite the innovation and growth generated by the venture capital (VC) industry, VC also has very real limitations in advancing substantial technological change. We identify three main issues: (1) The very narrow band of technological innovations that fits the requirements of institutional VC investors, (2) the relatively small number of VC investors who hold and shape the direction of a substantial fraction of capital that is deployed into financing radical technological change, and (3) The relaxation of the intense emphasis on corporate governance by VCs in recent years.<br><br>We begin by tracing the growth of the institutional venture capital industry. We then highlight how technological and institutional changes in the past two decades have narrowed the focus of and concentrated the capital invested by VCs. We highlight recent research examining the potential real effects that these changes can have. We end by speculating on potential adaptations to the venture capital model might enable a broader base of ideas and technologies to receive risk capital. <br>
description: Venture capital investments in the United States.
DOI: 10.3886/e119152
title: Data and Code for: Venture Capital’s Role in Financing Innovation: How far we have come and how much we still need to learn

description: In this paper, we argue that despite the innovation and growth generated by the venture capital (VC) industry, VC also has very real limitations in advancing substantial technological change. We identify three main issues: (1) The very narrow band of technological innovations that fits the requirements of institutional VC investors, (2) the relatively small number of VC investors who hold and shape the direction of a substantial fraction of capital that is deployed into financing radical technological change, and (3) The relaxation of the intense emphasis on corporate governance by VCs in recent years.<br><br>We begin by tracing the growth of the institutional venture capital industry. We then highlight how technological and institutional changes in the past two decades have narrowed the focus of and concentrated the capital invested by VCs. We highlight recent research examining the potential real effects that these changes can have. We end by speculating on potential adaptations to the venture capital model might enable a broader base of ideas and technologies to receive risk capital. <br>
description: Venture capital investments in the United States.
DOI: 10.3886/e117562v1
title: Code for: How You Can Work to Increase the Presence and Improve the Experience of Black, Latinx and Native American People in the Economics Profession

description: Recently in economics there has been discussion of how to increase diversity in the profession and how to improve the work life of diverse peoples. We conducted surveys and interviews with Black, Latinx and Native American people, groups long underrepresented in the economics profession. Participants, at various stages along the economics career trajectory or on the trajectory no longer, used their lived experience to reflect on what helps and hurts underrepresented minorities in economics. We heard a few consistent themes, bias, hostile climate, and the lack of information and good mentoring among them. Respondents’ insights and experience point toward action steps that you can take today to increase the presence and improve the work life of unrepresented minorities in the economics profession. <br><br><br><br><br>
description: Response Rates: for the survey unknown as we asked recipients of our survey invitation to send the invitation on.<br>for the long form interviews, we tried to interview 55 people. We succeeded in interviewing 42. <br>
description: face-to-face interview; web-based survey;
description: Black, Latinx and Native American economists<br>.
description: We sent out our call for survey invitations through list serves and social media of The Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession, the American Society of Hispanic Economists and the National Economic Association. Of course, these interest groups reach graduate students and practicing economists. Because we also wanted to reach those who at one time had an interest in economics but decided against it, we also targeted by e-mail former AEA Summer program attendants and program applicants who did not attend. (These groups were targeted for a survey designed to measure the impact of the AEA Summer Program (Becker et. al 2016))<br><br><br><br><br>
DOI: 10.3886/e117562
title: Code for: How You Can Work to Increase the Presence and Improve the Experience of Black, Latinx and Native American People in the Economics Profession

description: Recently in economics there has been discussion of how to increase diversity in the profession and how to improve the work life of diverse peoples. We conducted surveys and interviews with Black, Latinx and Native American people, groups long underrepresented in the economics profession. Participants, at various stages along the economics career trajectory or on the trajectory no longer, used their lived experience to reflect on what helps and hurts underrepresented minorities in economics. We heard a few consistent themes, bias, hostile climate, and the lack of information and good mentoring among them. Respondents’ insights and experience point toward action steps that you can take today to increase the presence and improve the work life of unrepresented minorities in the economics profession. <br><br><br><br><br>
description: Response Rates: for the survey unknown as we asked recipients of our survey invitation to send the invitation on.<br>for the long form interviews, we tried to interview 55 people. We succeeded in interviewing 42. <br>
description: face-to-face interview; web-based survey;
description: Black, Latinx and Native American economists<br>.
description: We sent out our call for survey invitations through list serves and social media of The Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession, the American Society of Hispanic Economists and the National Economic Association. Of course, these interest groups reach graduate students and practicing economists. Because we also wanted to reach those who at one time had an interest in economics but decided against it, we also targeted by e-mail former AEA Summer program attendants and program applicants who did not attend. (These groups were targeted for a survey designed to measure the impact of the AEA Summer Program (Becker et. al 2016))<br><br><br><br><br>
DOI: 10.3886/e118741
title: Data and Code for "Using Place-Based Jobs Policies to Help Distressed Communities"

description: Place-based jobs policies seek to create jobs in particular local labor markets. Such policies are currently most widely used by state and local governments, which current devote almost $50 billion in annual resources to encouraging individual businesses to create jobs by tax incentives, cash grants, and customized public services. The most persuasive rationale for such policies is that they can advance equity goals and economic efficiency by increasing employment rates in distressed local labor markets, which currently have high rates of nonemployment. Local job creation in such distressed local labor markets can have large, long-term benefits for increasing employment rates and earnings per capita of local residents. The net benefits of place-based jobs policies also depend on the costs of job creation. Tax incentives have relatively high costs, while public services to business show some potential for having much lower costs per job created. Reforms in place-based jobs policies should aim at: targeting distressed local labor markets; focusing more on businesses with high local job multipliers; relying less on incentives, and more on public services that enhance business inputs; designing policies so that they can be better evaluated, via better comparison groups. These reforms can be pursued by state and local governments, acting in the best interests of their residents. But the right kind of federal intervention can also advance equity goals and efficiency by discouraging excessive use of tax incentives, and helping distressed local labor markets with block grants which allow the flexibility to respond to local circumstances.
DOI: 10.3886/e118741v1
title: Data and Code for "Using Place-Based Jobs Policies to Help Distressed Communities"

description: Place-based jobs policies seek to create jobs in particular local labor markets. Such policies are currently most widely used by state and local governments, which current devote almost $50 billion in annual resources to encouraging individual businesses to create jobs by tax incentives, cash grants, and customized public services. The most persuasive rationale for such policies is that they can advance equity goals and economic efficiency by increasing employment rates in distressed local labor markets, which currently have high rates of nonemployment. Local job creation in such distressed local labor markets can have large, long-term benefits for increasing employment rates and earnings per capita of local residents. The net benefits of place-based jobs policies also depend on the costs of job creation. Tax incentives have relatively high costs, while public services to business show some potential for having much lower costs per job created. Reforms in place-based jobs policies should aim at: targeting distressed local labor markets; focusing more on businesses with high local job multipliers; relying less on incentives, and more on public services that enhance business inputs; designing policies so that they can be better evaluated, via better comparison groups. These reforms can be pursued by state and local governments, acting in the best interests of their residents. But the right kind of federal intervention can also advance equity goals and efficiency by discouraging excessive use of tax incentives, and helping distressed local labor markets with block grants which allow the flexibility to respond to local circumstances.
DOI: 10.3886/e119689v1
title: Data and Code for How Close is Close? The Spatial Reach of Agglomeration Economies

description: This paper considers the attenuation of agglomeration economies. Put another way: how close is close? The paper presents evidence of agglomeration effects operating at various levels of spatial aggregation, including the regional, metropolitan, and neighborhood scales. In fact, agglomeration effects also seem to operate below the neighborhood level, including within buildings and organizations. These effects attenuate, with nearby activity exerting the strongest effects. The attenuation of agglomeration economies has implications for urban spatial structure, the microfoundations of agglomeration economies, and commercial real estate. It also affects the ability of governments and businesses to internalize agglomeration economies.
description: Establishments in the northeastern part of the United States.
DOI: 10.3886/e119689
title: Data and Code for How Close is Close? The Spatial Reach of Agglomeration Economies

description: This paper considers the attenuation of agglomeration economies. Put another way: how close is close? The paper presents evidence of agglomeration effects operating at various levels of spatial aggregation, including the regional, metropolitan, and neighborhood scales. In fact, agglomeration effects also seem to operate below the neighborhood level, including within buildings and organizations. These effects attenuate, with nearby activity exerting the strongest effects. The attenuation of agglomeration economies has implications for urban spatial structure, the microfoundations of agglomeration economies, and commercial real estate. It also affects the ability of governments and businesses to internalize agglomeration economies.
description: Establishments in the northeastern part of the United States.
DOI: 10.3886/e120425v1
title: Unpacking Skill Bias: Automation and New Tasks

description: Replication kit for "Unpacking Skill Bias: Automation and New Tasks," by Acemoglu and Restrepo. Please find the documentation inside the zipfile.
DOI: 10.3886/e119842v1
title: Data and Code for: The Distinctive Values of Bankers

description: The banking sector is sometimes characterized by dysfunctional culture, but little is known about what values bankers hold. We gather data on employee values in a large multinational bank and measure alignment within the bank and with broader society. We find that bankers at the bottom of the hierarchy hold values that are mirrors of their societies, but the top-ranked bankers hold values that are most distinct from their countries. These distinctive values are those with the greatest impact on performance and potential for promotion, suggesting a possible trade-off between coherence within the organization and dissonance with society.
DOI: 10.3886/e119842
title: Data and Code for: The Distinctive Values of Bankers

description: The banking sector is sometimes characterized by dysfunctional culture, but little is known about what values bankers hold. We gather data on employee values in a large multinational bank and measure alignment within the bank and with broader society. We find that bankers at the bottom of the hierarchy hold values that are mirrors of their societies, but the top-ranked bankers hold values that are most distinct from their countries. These distinctive values are those with the greatest impact on performance and potential for promotion, suggesting a possible trade-off between coherence within the organization and dissonance with society.