DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17065506
title: Primary data for the publication "Wide climatic niche and adaptive phenology contribute to the spread of the invasive plant Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle) in Europe", Neobiota, 2025.

description: Primary data associated with the following publication:  Visakorpi K., Reshi ZA., Grau O., Muola A., Orczewska A., Van Meerbeek K. and Graae BJ. Wide climatic niche and adaptive phenology contribute to the spread of the invasive plant Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle) in Europe. Neobiota, 2025.

The dataset consists of the following data files:

Fielddata2022_sites.csvThis file contains data of the sites sampled during fieldwork, and of the plant community composition surrounding the focal I. glandulifera populations. The columns contain the following information:*Sampling_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the sampling was performed*Region: the larger region (country or part of a country) where the population was located*PopulationID: unique ID for each sampled population*Location: the closest populated area to the sampled population*Latitude: latitude of the sampling location*Longitude: longitude of the sampling location*Altitude_masl: altitude of the sampling location as m.a.s.l (only provided for Kashmir)*Description: short description of the sampled location*SpeciesName: Name of the species identified belonging to the surrounding plant community*Cover_perc: Cover as percentage within the 3m x 3m sampling area of the species named in the previous column*Height_cm: the average height of the species identified in the previous column*Cover_Impgla_perc: Cover of I. glandulifera within the 3m x 3m sampling area*Number_Impgla: estimated number of I.glandulifera individuals in the whole population

Fielddata2022_plants.csvThis file contains data of the individual I. glandulifera plants sampled during fieldwork, their height and the amount of herbivory on them. The columns contain the following information:*Sampling_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the sampling was performed*Region: the larger region (country or part of a country) where the population was located*PopulationID: unique ID for each sampled population*PlantID: identifies sampled I. glandulifera plants per population*Height_focal_plant_cm: Height of the sampled I. glandulifera in cm*leaves_intact: number of leaves without any visible herbivory damage*leaves_1to10perc_damage: number of leaves with 1-10% of herbivory damage*leaves_10to25perc_damage: number of leaves with 10-25% of herbivory damage*leaves_25to50perc_damage: number of leaves with 25-50% of herbivory damage*leaves_50to75perc_damage: number of leaves with 50-75% of herbivory damage*leaves_75to100perc_damage: number of leaves with 75-100% of herbivory damage*Aphids: number of aphids found on the plant*Snails: number of snails found on the plant*Leafminers: number of leafminers found on the plant

Fielddata2022_lma.csvThis file contains leaf areas and dry weights collected from the populations in the field. The columns contain the following information:*Region: the larger region (country or part of a country) where the population was located*PopulationID: identifies population per region*SampleID: identifies a sample withing a population*Dry_weight_g: dry weight of the leaf in g*leafArea_cm2: area of the fresh leaf in cm2

Greenhousedata_2023_germination.csvThis file contains information on germination success and dates of I. glandulifera individuals planted from the field-collected seeds and grown in a greenhouse in three different light+temperature treatments. This files also contains information about the location of each plant in the greenhouse (treatment + table). The columns contain the following information:*PlantID: unique identifier for each plant, comprising of the sampled region (Be = Belgium, Ca = Catalonia / Northern Spain, It = Italy, Pl = Poland, Tr = Trondheim / Central Norway, Ts = Tromsø / Northern Norway), population number (the first number after the region code) and an identification number for the individual plant.*Planting_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the seeds were planted *Treatment: this columns identifies which of the three treatments the plant was growing in: north_edge (colder temperature and 24h light), range_core (warm temperature, average daylength) or south_edge (hotter temperature and less water, shorter daylength).*Table: identfies which table the plant was originally placed on. Each treatment had plants spread on four different tables, which are numbered here 1-4. Note that the tables between treatments are different (e.g. table 1 in range core treatment is different from table 1 in the other treatments).*Earliest_germination_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the first seedling in that pot emerged

Greenhousedata_2023_flowers.csvThis file contains information on number of flowers counted from the I. glandulifera plants growing in the greenhouse. The columns contain the following information:*PlantID: unique identifier for each plant, comprising of the sampled region (Be = Belgium, Ca = Catalonia / Northern Spain, It = Italy, Pl = Poland, Tr = Trondheim / Central Norway, Ts = Tromsø / Northern Norway), population number (the first number after the region code) and an identification number for the individual plant.*Flowers: number of flowers recorded per plant*Sampling_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the sampling was performed

Greenhousedata_2023_height.csvThis file contains information on the height of the I. glandulifera plants growing in the greenhouse. The columns contain the following information:*PlantID: unique identifier for each plant, comprising of the sampled region (Be = Belgium, Ca = Catalonia / Northern Spain, It = Italy, Pl = Poland, Tr = Trondheim / Central Norway, Ts = Tromsø / Northern Norway), population number (the first number after the region code) and an identification number for the individual plant.*Height_cm: Height of the plant in cm.*Sampling_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the sampling was performed*Measuring_period: identifies whether the height measurement taken is the first, second or final measurement on that plant

Greenhousedata2023_lma.csvThis file contains information on leaf areas and dry weights of leaf samples collected from the I. glandulifera plants grown in the greenhouse. The columns contain the following information:*PlantID: unique identifier for each plant, comprising of the sampled region (Be = Belgium, Ca = Catalonia / Northern Spain, It = Italy, Pl = Poland, Tr = Trondheim / Central Norway, Ts = Tromsø / Northern Norway), population number (the first number after the region code) and an identification number for the individual plant.*leafArea_cm2: area of the fresh leaf in cm2*Sampling_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the leaf collection was performed*Dry_weight_g: dry weight of the leaf in g*Weighing_date: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the weighing of the oven-dried leaf was performed

Greenhousedata_2023_biomass.csvThis file contains information on the biomass measurements of the I. glandulifera plants grown in the greenhouse. The columns contain the following information:*PlantID: unique identifier for each plant, comprising of the sampled region (Be = Belgium, Ca = Catalonia / Northern Spain, It = Italy, Pl = Poland, Tr = Trondheim / Central Norway, Ts = Tromsø / Northern Norway), population number (the first number after the region code) and an identification number for the individual plant.*WeightAG_g: dry weight of the aboveground part of the plant. Note that the above- and belowground parts were weighed separately only during the final measuring round.*Measuring_date_AG: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the dry weight of the aboveground part was measured*WeightBG_g: dry weight of the belowground part of the plant. Note that the above- and belowground parts were weighed separately only during the final measuring round.*Measuring_date_BG : date as DD.MM.YYYY when the dry weight of the belowground part was measured*Measuring_round: whether the biomass value refer to one of the early seedling stages (first and second) or to the final adult biomass (final).*Weight_total_g: Total dry weight of the plant (above- and belowground parts combined)*Measuring_date_total: date as DD.MM.YYYY when the total dry weight of the plant was measured (valid only for the first and second measuring rounds).