cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.873k5k4
title: Data from: Contrasting patterns of population structure at large and fine scales in an avian disturbance specialist of braided river ecosystems

description: Aim: To understand the population structure and its potential drivers at
 different spatial scales in a migratory bird, the black-fronted tern
 (Chlidonias albostriatus); a specialist of the spatially and temporally
 dynamic environments of braided rivers. Location: New Zealand Methods: We
 used a three-pronged approach based on 17 microsatellites, two
 mitochondrial loci (cytochrome b / control region), and phenotypic data
 (head-bill length, bill depth, wing length, weight). We determined
 large-scale genetic structure throughout the whole breeding range (approx.
 150,000 km2), calculated genetic divergence of breeding populations, and
 tested for isolation-by-distance between populations. We investigated the
 level of fine-scale genetic structure based on spatial autocorrelation
 analyses and assessed the presence of a body size cline based on
 phenotypic data. Lastly, we compared phenotypic divergence (PST) and the
 level of divergence by genetic drift (FST) among breeding populations to
 test for underlying mechanisms of population differentiation. Results:
 Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA showed that across their range black-fronted
 terns were effectively panmictic, with low genetic divergence between
 breeding colonies overall and no isolation-by-distance. However, at fine
 geographical scales black-fronted terns accrued significant genetic
 structure for distances up to 75 km, primarily driven by males, indicating
 more frequent female dispersal. Furthermore, a phenotypic cline in
 accordance with Bergmann’s rule was evident. PST exceeded FST in three
 traits, suggestive of local adaptation. Main conclusions: Significant
 fine-scale structure can be present in highly mobile, specialist species
 while not affecting spatial structures at larger scales. Hence,
 methodologies applied to both whole landscapes and local scales are
 important to appropriately estimate connectivity in dynamic
 metapopulations and investigate the processes behind connectivity.
 Conservation management will need to include protecting currently
 uninhabited patches to facilitate natural colonisation of suitable
 habitat. For black-fronted terns, managing whole catchments throughout the
 entire breeding range would be preferable to managing single patches.
description: BFT morphometric
 dataChlidonias albostriatus
 morphometric data with head-bill length, bill width, wing length, weight,
 and sex measured on 356 adultsBFT microsatellite
 genotypesChlidonias albostriatus
 microsatellite genotypes for 17 loci and 422 samplesBFT microsatellite
 dataBFT sample
 locationsChlidonias albostraitus
 sampling location names and longitude/latitude
 coordinatesSample
 locations.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r0hf2qn
title: Data from: Aldosterone reduction rate after saline infusion may be a novel clinical prediction of determining subtypes of primary aldosteronism

description: ObjectiveAccurate assessment of the localization of aldosterone-producing
 adenomas (APAs) is essential for the treatment of primary aldosteronism
 (PA). Although adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is the standard method of
 reference for subtype diagnosis in PA, controversy exists concerning the
 criteria for interpretation. This study aimed to determine better
 indicators that can reliably predict subtypes of PA. 
 MethodRetrospective analysis in single-cohort including 209 patients with
 PA who were subjected to AVS. 82 patients whose plasma aldosterone
 concentrations (PAC) were normalized after surgery were
 histopathologically or genetically diagnosed with APA. The accuracy of
 image findings was compared to AVS results. Receiver operating
 characteristic (ROC) curve analysis between the operated and no apparent
 laterality groups was performed using AVS parameters and loading test for
 diagnosis of PA.  Result The agreement between image
 findings and AVS results was 56.3%. ROC curve analysis revealed that
 lateralization index (LI) after ACTH stimulation cutoff value was 2.40,
 with 98.8% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity. The contralateral
 suppression index (CSI) cutoff value was 1.19, with 98.0% sensitivity and
 93.9% specificity. All patients over the LI and CSI cutoff values
 exhibited unilateral subtypes. Among the loading test, the best
 classification accuracy was achieved using the PAC reduction rate
 after saline infusiontest (SIT) &gt;33.8%, which yielded 87.2%
 sensitivity or PAC after SIT &lt;87.9 pg/mL 86.2% specificity for
 predicting bilateral PA.  ConclusionThe combined criterion of the
 PAC reduction rate and PAC after SIT may determine a subset of patients
 with APA who should be performed AVS for validation.   
description: Supplemental
 figureAVS_supple_fig_201905.pdfSupplemental Table 1AVS_Supplement_Table 1.docxSupplemental Table 2AVS_Supplement_Table2.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q3j21m8
title: Data from: A perceptual bias for man-made objects in humans

description: Ambiguous images are widely recognized as a valuable tool for probing
 human perception. Perceptual biases that arise when people make judgements
 about ambiguous images reveal their expectations about the environment.
 While perceptual biases in early visual processing have been well
 established, their existence in higher-level vision has been explored only
 for faces, which may be processed differently from other objects. Here we
 developed a new, highly versatile method of creating ambiguous hybrid
 images comprising two component objects belonging to distinct categories.
 We used these hybrids to measure perceptual biases in object
 classification and found that images of man-made (manufactured) objects
 dominated those of naturally occurring (non-man-made) ones in hybrids.
 This dominance generalised to a broad range of object categories,
 persisted when the horizontal and vertical elements that dominate man-made
 objects were removed, and increased with the real-world size of the
 manufactured object. Our findings show for the first time that people have
 perceptual biases to see man-made objects and suggest that extended
 exposure to manufactured environments in our urban-living participants has
 changed the way that they see the world.
description: Hybrids - Ismail et al
 2019The zip file contains
 Matlab codes required to create stimuli, run experiments and analyse
 behavioural data. The Excel file "AlexNet" contains class labels
 from the AlexNet DNN and the corresponding super-ordinate categorical
 labels that we have assigned to each class label. Readme files outlining
 instructions to run Matlab codes are available inside the folder
 "Experiment 1 and 2".Ismail et
 al2019.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3cq6127
title: Data from: Partitioning between atmospheric deposition and canopy microbial nitrification into throughfall nitrate fluxes in a Mediterranean forest

description: 1. Microbial activity plays a central role in nitrogen (N) cycling, with
 effects on forest productivity. Though N bio-transformations, such as
 nitrification, are known to occur in the soil, here we investigate whether
 nitrifiers are present in tree canopies and actively process atmospheric
 N. 2. This study was conducted in a Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex
 L.) forest in Spain during the transition from hot dry summer to cool wet
 winter. We quantified NH4+—N and NO3-—N fluxes for rainfall (RF) and
 throughfall (TF) and used δ15N, δ18O, and Δ17O to elucidate sources of
 NO3-. Finally, we characterized microbial communities and abundance of
 nitrifiers on foliage, RF and TF water through metabarcoding and
 quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, respectively. 3. NO3—N fluxes at
 the site were larger in TF than RF, suggesting a contribution from dry
 deposition, as also supported by δ15N and δ18O. However, Δ17O indicated
 that about 20% of NO3- in TF derived from canopies nitrification in
 August, after a severe drought, with a lower proportion in September (≈
 8%). This seasonal partitioning between biologically and atmospherically
 derived NO3- coincided with a decreasing trend of the abundance of
 archaeal nitrifiers. Tree canopies and TF had more diverse microbial
 communities than RF. Yet, RF showed higher variability in microbial
 composition, likely associated to the origin of air masses. 4. Synthesis.
 Atmospheric N deposition is significantly altered after passing through
 tree canopies. While nitrification has been proposed as one of the
 mechanisms responsible for these changes, very few studies directly
 investigate its occurrence. Here, we showed that nitrification by
 epiphytic leaf microbes contributed to increasing NO3 in TF and that
 nitrifiers’ activity was reduced going from the dry and hot summer to the
 cool winter. Overall, these results highlight the power of coupling
 microbial community analysis, functional gene amplification and stable
 isotope approaches to examine ecosystem-scale processes.
description: GuerrieriEtAl_Gene_Isotopes_data_FINALThe file contains the following data: 1) stable oxygen and nitrogen isotopes measured in NO3 extracted from rainfall and throughfall water; 2) Archaeal and bacterial amoA functiona gene obtained from microbial DNA extracted from foliar surface, rainfall and throughfall water.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hv09571
title: Data from: Elevational filtering and the evolution of planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) in Papua New Guinea

description: Along elevational gradients, phylogenetic relatedness patterns constitute
 a considerable source of information, and may shed light on ecological
 processes that structure communities. This study focuses on community
 phylogenetic structure of planthoppers, specifically the species-rich and
 abundant Fulgoromorpha families (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha), Cixiidae and
 Derbidae+Achilidae, along an elevational gradient on Mount Wilhelm (Papua
 New Guinea). In order to assess the factors driving planthoppers community
 composition, we recorded abundance data for planthoppers species at each
 elevation and we generated a molecular phylogeny of the local species,
 using Bayesian Inference. We analyzed 168 individuals representing 59
 local morphospecies. Using a fully resolved and well-supported phylogeny,
 we then investigated the phylogenetic structure of the communities by
 performing a Spatial Analysis of Community Diversity. We show that
 Cixiidae are phylogenetically clustered along the elevational gradient,
 whereas Derbidae+Achilidae harbour a random structure, suggesting that
 local adaptation to elevation shapes community structure of Cixiidae, but
 not that of Derbidae+Achilidae. Our findings highlight the importance of
 phylogenies in the study of tropical elevational gradients.
description: Alltaxaall the sequences used to buld up the phylogeny
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2fq07h7
title: Data from: Are signals of aggressive intent less honest in urban habitats?

description: How anthropogenic change affects animal social behavior, including
 communication is an important question. Urban noise often drives shifts in
 acoustic properties of signals but the consequences of noise for the
 honesty of signals – i.e. how well they predict signaler behavior – is
 unclear. Here we examine whether honesty of aggressive signaling is
 compromised in male urban song sparrows (Melospiza melodia). Song sparrows
 have two honest close-range signals: the low amplitude soft songs (an
 acoustic signal) and wing waves (a visual signal) but whether the honesty
 of these signals is affected by urbanization has not been examined. If
 soft songs are less effective in urban noise, we predict that they should
 predict attacks less reliably in urban habitats compared to rural
 habitats. We confirmed earlier findings that urban birds were more
 aggressive than rural birds and found that acoustic noise was higher in
 urban habitats. Urban birds still sang more soft songs than rural birds.
 High rates of soft songs and low rates of loud songs predicted attacks in
 both habitats. Thus, while urbanization has a significant effect on
 aggressive behaviors, it might have a limited effect on the overall
 honesty of aggressive signals in song sparrows. We also found evidence for
 a multimodal shift: urban birds tended to give proportionally more wing
 waves than soft songs than rural birds, although whether that shift is due
 to noise-dependent plasticity is unclear. These findings encourage further
 experimental study of the specific variables that are responsible for
 behavioral change due to urbanization.
description: AkcayBeckSewall-2019-DatasheetDatasheet for the data used in Akcay et al. Are signals of aggressive intent less honest in urban habitats?
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b42j56r
title: Data from: Born digital biodiversity data: millions and billions

description: Given the dramatic pace of change of our planet, we need rapid collection
 of environmental data to document how species are coping and to evaluate
 the impact of our conservation interventions. To address this need, new
 classes of ‘born digital’ biodiversity records are now being collected and
 curated many orders of magnitude faster than traditional data. In addition
 to the millions of citizen science observations of species that have been
 accumulating over the last decade, the last few years have seen a surge of
 sensor data, with eMammal’s camera trap archive passing 600,000
 photo-vouchered specimens and Movebank’s animal tracking database recently
 passing one billion animal locations. Data from digital sensors have other
 advantages over visual citizen science observation in that the level of
 survey effort is intrinsically documented and they can preserve digital
 vouchers that can be used to verify species identity. These novel digital
 specimens are leading spatial ecology into the era of Big Data and will
 require a big tent of collaborating organizations to make these databases
 sustainable and durable. We urge institutions to recognize the future of
 born digital records and invest in proper curation and standards so we can
 make the most of these records to inform management, inspire conservation
 action, and tell natural history stories about life on the planet.
description: Taxa with data in
 eMammal and MovebankCount of data per taxa
 in the Movebank and eMammal databases.combo_taxacount.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2dt037b
title: Data from: Is computer-assisted instruction more effective than other educational methods in achieving ECG competence amongst medical students and residents? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

description: Objectives It remains unclear whether computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
 is more effective than other teaching methods in acquiring and retaining
 ECG competence amongst medical students and residents. Design This
 systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items
 for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data sources
 Electronic literature searches of PubMed, databases via EBSCOhost, Scopus,
 Web of Science, Google Scholar and grey literature were conducted on 28
 November 2017. We subsequently reviewed the citation indexes of articles
 identified by the search. Eligibility criteria Studies were included if a
 comparative research design was used to evaluate the efficacy of CAI
 versus other methods of ECG instruction, as determined by the acquisition
 and/or retention of ECG competence of medical students and/or residents.
 Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers independently extracted data
 from all eligible studies and assessed the risk of bias. After duplicates
 were removed, 559 papers were screened. Thirteen studies met the
 eligibility criteria. Eight studies reported sufficient data to be
 included in the meta-analysis. Results In all studies, CAI was compared to
 face-to-face ECG instruction. There was a wide range of computer-assisted
 and face-to-face teaching methods. Overall, the meta-analysis found no
 significant difference in acquired ECG competence between those who
 received computer-assisted or face-to-face instruction. However,
 sub-analyses showed that CAI in a blended learning context was better than
 face-to-face teaching alone, especially if trainees had unlimited access
 to teaching materials and/or deliberate practice with feedback. There was
 no conclusive evidence that CAI was better than face-to-face teaching for
 longer-term retention of ECG competence. Conclusion CAI was not better
 than face-to-face ECG teaching. However, this meta-analysis was
 constrained by significant heterogeneity amongst studies. Nevertheless,
 the finding that blended learning is more effective than face-to-face ECG
 teaching is important in the era of increased implementation of
 e-learning. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017067054
description: Data Dictionary
 CodebookData Dictionary
 CodebookIs computer-assisted
 instruction more effective than other educational methods in achieving ECG
 competence amongst medical students and residentsdata of included and
 excluded studies
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3s41j61
title: Data from: Beyond dispersal versus philopatry? Alternative behavioural tactics of juvenile roe deer in a heterogeneous landscape

description: Although inter-individual heterogeneity in many aspects of dispersal
 behaviour is widely reported, this key life-history trait is predominantly
 modelled as a dichotomous state of philopatry vs. dispersal. The
 increasing body of evidence for dispersal syndromes (i.e. a suite of
 correlated morphological, behavioural, and life-history traits associated
 with dispersal) implies substantial but, to date, undocumented individual
 heterogeneity in behavioural tactics during dispersal. Using a large
 sample (N = 154) of GPS monitored juvenile roe deer (Capreolus capreolus),
 we evaluated among-individual behavioural heterogeneity in dispersal
 tactics, and the individual and environmental drivers of these alternative
 tactics. We developed a sequential three-stage decision tree based on
 space use stability, exploration events and the directionality of
 movement. We identified six discrete alternative behavioural tactics
 during the dispersal period which were characterised by different timing,
 amplitude and duration in movement: slightly less than half of the deer
 were sedentary, either “strictly philopatric” or “explorers”, which
 subsequently settled on their natal range; around 40% dispersed (“classic
 dispersal”), of which, one in six subsequently aborted, moving back to
 their natal range (“aborted dispersal”); finally, around 15% expressed
 either a “progressive dispersal” tactic, gradually moving away from their
 natal area to settle elsewhere, or a “multi-range” tactic. The propensity
 to express an alternative dispersal tactic was strongly influenced by an
 individual’s local environment. In particular, when landscape
 heterogeneity, resource quality, and human-related disturbance in the
 natal range were low, individuals were (i) more likely to adopt the
 alternative tactics of either progressive dispersal or multi-ranging, but
 (ii) also more likely to abort their dispersal attempt. Our work indicates
 that natal dispersal is likely not a single uniform behaviour, but that
 individuals may adopt a variety of alternative movement tactics which are
 likely governed by different selection pressures, with potentially
 important impacts for population dynamics and functioning.
description: Roe deer environmental
 and phenotype dataThis file contains the
 dispersal status of each individual, its sex, its body mass at capture and
 information regarding its natal range (Shannon's heterogeneity index,
 quality of the habitat, i.e. the percentage of crops and meadows in the
 natal range, and the level of disturbance in the area, i.e. the distance
 to the nearest road or building).roedeer.RData
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cq8qh8n
title: Data from: The effect of conspecific density, herbivory, and bamboo on seedling dynamics of a dominant oak in a neotropical highland forest

description: Conspecific negative density-dependence (CNDD) is one of the main
 mechanisms influencing diversity maintenance in tropical forests. Tropical
 highland forests, in contrast to most lowland forests, are commonly
 dominated by a few tree species, and testing the importance of density
 dependence effects on seedling establishment of dominant trees may provide
 insights on the mechanisms regulating population dynamics and forest
 composition of tropical highlands. We tested the effect of CNDD regulation
 on seedling survival and recruitment of Quercus costaricensis, a
 monodominant oak in the Talamanca highland forests of Costa Rica. We used
 Ripley’s K and generalized linear mixed models to test the effects of
 conspecific density, distance to the nearest adult, density of Chusquea
 bamboo shoots, and herbivory on the annual survival probability of 3579
 seedlings between 2014 and 2017. We did not find a significant effect of
 CNDD on seedling survival. However, bamboo density and herbivory both
 significantly decreased oak seedling survival. All seedlings had signs of
 herbivory and predator satiation may explain the lack of density dependent
 regulation in seedlings of this species. We argue that the lack of
 intraspecific density regulation at the seedling stage may contribute to
 explain the dominance of Q. costaricensis in the highland forests of Costa
 Rica. Local seedling dynamics of this endemic oak are instead regulated by
 herbivory and the density of Chusquea.
description: survival_seedlings This file contains the data used for the survival model of Quercus costaricensis seedlings.     <strong>recruitment_seedlings</strong>   This file contains the data used for the recruitment model.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2s7g00v
title: Data from: Grazing disturbance promotes exotic annual grasses by degrading soil biocrust communities

description: Exotic invasive plants threaten ecosystem integrity, and their success
 depends on a combination of abiotic factors, disturbances, and
 interactions with existing communities. In dryland ecosystems, soil
 biocrusts (communities of lichens, bryophytes and microorganisms) can
 limit favorable microsites needed for invasive species establishment, but
 the relative importance of biocrusts for landscape-scale invasion patterns
 remains poorly understood. We examine effects of livestock grazing in
 habitats at high risk for invasion to test the hypothesis that disturbance
 indirectly favors exotic annual grasses by reducing biocrust cover. We
 present some of the first evidence that biocrusts increase site resistance
 to invasion at a landscape scale and mediate the effects of disturbance.
 Biocrust species richness, which is reduced by livestock grazing, also
 appears to promote native perennial grasses. Short mosses, as a functional
 group, appeared to be particularly valuable for preventing invasion by
 exotic annual grasses. Our study suggests that maintaining biocrust
 communities with high cover, species richness, and cover of short mosses
 can increase resistance to invasion. These results highlight the potential
 of soil surface communities to mediate invasion dynamics and suggest
 promising avenues for restoration in dryland ecosystems.
description: Archive of Biocrust,
 grazing and cheatgrassMeasurements of biocrust
 richness, cover, and functional groups related to grazing intensity and
 vascular plant functional group abundances.Archive.xlsx