DOI: 10.7910/dvn/xxgy0b
title: Replication data for: A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data

description: &lt;b&gt;Preface from the book:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this book, I present a solution to the ecological inference problem: a method of inferring individual behavior from aggregate data that works in practice. Ecological inference is the process of using aggregate (i.e., "ecological'') data to infer discrete individual-level relationships of interest when individual-level data are not available. Existing methods of ecological inference generate very inaccurate conclusions about the empirical world--which
thus gives rise to the ecological inference problem. Most scholars who analyze aggregate data routinely encounter some form of the th
is problem. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The ecological inference problem has been among the longest standing, hitherto unsolved problems in quantitative social science. It was originally raised over seventy-five years ago as the first statistical problem in the nascent discipline of political science, and it has held back research agendas in most of its empirical subfields. Ecological inferences are required in political science research when individual-level surveys are unavailable (for example, local or compa
rative electoral politics), unreliable (racial politics), insufficient (political geography), or infeasible (political history). They are also required in numerous areas of major significance in public policy (for example, for applying the Voting Rights Act) and other academic disciplines, ranging from epidemiology and marketing to sociology and quantitative history.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because the ecological inference problem is caused by the lack of individual-level information, no method of ecological inference, including that introduced in this book, will produce precisely accurate results in every instance. However, potential difficulties are minimized here by models that include more available information, diagnostics to evaluate when assumptions need to be modified, and realistic uncertainty estimates for all quantities of interest. For political methodologis
ts, many opportunities remain, and I hope the results reported here lead to continued research into and further improvements in the methods of ecological inference. But most importantly, the solution to the ecological inference problem presented here is designed so that empirical researchers can investigate substantive questions that have heretofore proved intractable. Perhaps it will also lead to new theories and empirical research in areas where analysts have feared to tread due to the lack of reliable ecological methods or individual-level data.
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; You can order the &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0691012407/9272-6410949-261461" target="_blank"&gt;paperback&lt;/a&gt; (ISBN 0-691-01240-7) or &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0691012415/9272-6410949-261461/" target="_blank"&gt; hardcover&lt;/a&gt; (ISBN 0-691-01241-5) over the web. Here also is a link to the text; the original data used in the book are available for &lt;a href="http://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/eirepl.zip" target="_blank"&gt;Unix&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://gking.harvard.edu/files/gking/files/eirepl.zip/" target="_blank"&gt;Windows NT&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; You can also read a &lt;a href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=1792" target="_blank"&gt;scholarly review&lt;/a&gt; and an &lt;a href="http://gking.harvard.edu/eicamera/nyt.shtml" target="_blank"&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; from the New York Times, and &lt;a href="http://gking.harvard.edu/eicamera/globe.shtml" target="_blank"&gt;another&lt;/a&gt; from the &lt;i&gt;Boston Globe&lt;/i&gt;, about this
book. This book won the &lt;i&gt;Gosnell Prize&lt;/i&gt; for the best methodological work in political science in the preceding year, and was listed as one of the &lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010421212147/http://www.sevenbridgespress.com/lf/Special/books.9905.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Breakthrough Books in Geography&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://gking.harvard.edu/ei" target="_blank"&gt;the accompanying software &lt;/a&gt; won the APSA Research Software Award. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; See also: &lt;a href="http://
gking.harvard.edu/category/research-interests/methods/ecological-inference" target="_blank"&gt;Ecological Inference
&lt;/a&gt;