cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jr934
title: Data from: Personality drives physiological adjustments and is not related to survival

description: The evolutionary function and maintenance of variation in animal
 personality is still under debate. Variation in the size of metabolic
 organs has recently been suggested to cause and maintain variation in
 personality. Here, we examine two main underlying notions: (i) that organ
 sizes vary consistently between individuals and cause consistent
 behavioural patterns, and (ii) that a more exploratory personality is
 associated with reduced survival. Exploratory behaviour of captive red
 knots (Calidris canutus, a migrant shorebird) was negatively rather than
 positively correlated with digestive organ (gizzard) mass, as well as with
 body mass. In an experiment, we reciprocally reduced and increased
 individual gizzard masses and found that exploration scores were
 unaffected. Whether or not these birds were resighted locally over the 19
 months after release was negatively correlated with their exploration
 scores. Moreover, a long-term mark–recapture effort on free-living red
 knots with known gizzard masses at capture confirmed that local resighting
 probability (an inverse measure of exploratory behaviour) was correlated
 with gizzard mass without detrimental effects on survival. We conclude
 that personality drives physiological adjustments, rather than the other
 way around, and suggest that physiological adjustments mitigate the
 survival costs of exploratory behaviour. Our results show that we need to
 reconsider hypotheses explaining personality variation based on organ
 sizes and differential survival.
description: Repeatability of
 exploratory behaviour in red knotsThis data file contains
 an individual's experimental exploration score, field gizzard mass,
 and body mass at each replicate as well as their sex. See the ReadMe file
 for more information.01_exploration_repeatability.csvExploration scores and manipulated gizzard massesThis file contains data on experimental exploration scores in relation to their manipulated gizzard masses. See the ReadMe file for more information.02_exploration_gizzard_manipulation.csvExploration scores and whether a bird was resighted after its releaseThis data file contains experimental exploration scores, gizzard masses, and whether these birds were resighted after their release into the wild. See the ReadMe file for more information.03_resightings_experimental_birds.csvEncounter histories of free living red knots and their gizzard masses at captureThis file contains data on encounter histories (1998-2013) of free-living red knots together with their recorded gizzard masses at capture. These data were used in the MARK capture-recapture analyses. See the ReadMe file for more information.04_encounterhistory_free_living_birds.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8774
title: Data from: Random interbreeding between cryptic lineages of the Common Raven: evidence for speciation in reverse

description: DNA sequence studies frequently reveal evidence of cryptic lineages in
 morphologically uniform species, many of which turn out to be
 evolutionarily distinct species. The Common Raven (Corvus corax) includes
 two deeply divergent mtDNA lineages: one lineage seems restricted to
 western North America and the other is Holarctic in distribution. These
 deep clades hint of the possibility of cryptic species in the western
 United States. We tested this hypothesis in a population consisting of an
 equal proportion of both mtDNA clades, by quantifying mating patterns and
 associated fitness consequences with respect to mtDNA. We also tested for
 morphological, behavioural and ecological correlates of sex and mtDNA
 clade membership. Mate pairings were random with respect to mtDNA clades,
 and there were no differences in reproductive success between
 assortatively and nonassortatively mated pairs. We found no differences in
 survival or resource use between clades. There were no differences in
 morphological or behavioural characters between mtDNA clades, except one
 clade trended towards greater mobility. These results suggest there are no
 barriers to gene flow between mtDNA clades and argue that the mtDNA clades
 have remerged in this population, likely due to a lack of ecological or
 signal differentiation between individuals in each lineage. Hence, in
 Common Ravens, phylogeographic structure in mtDNA is a reflection of
 likely past isolation rather than currently differentiated species.
description: Dryad_MatedPair_DataThis spreadsheet (MS Excel format) contains data related to raven mate pairing behavior with respect to their mtDNA haplotypes. See the associated ReadMe file for addition details.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dt059
title: Data from: Predator-rodent-plant interactions along a coast-inland gradient in Fennoscandian tundra

description: Spatial variation in the strength of trophic cascades in arctic tundra has
 been related to flows of subsidies across ecosystem boundaries. Here, we
 ask whether the input of marine subsidies in tundra systems would cause
 spatial variation in the strength of rodent-plant interactions between
 coastal areas, where predators have access to marine-derived resources,
 and non-subsidized inland areas of northern Fennoscandia. We present a
 detailed evaluation of predator-rodent-vegetation interactions along a
 coast-inland gradient, during the 2011 rodent outbreak and the two
 following decline years, by using direct assessments of rodent impacts and
 tracing of marine-derived nutrients in the food web. Our results revealed
 that the main rodent predator during summer, the long-tailed jaeger
 Stercorarius longicaudus, did not benefit from marine resources while
 breeding (relative dietary proportion in chicks’ diet = 0-3%). Contrary to
 this pattern, parasitic jaegers S. parasiticus, bred exclusively near the
 coast and preyed effectively on both marine resources (41% of chicks’
 diet) and rodents (12%). Mammalian predators also showed a higher activity
 during winter near the coast. Despite overall higher predator numbers, no
 evidence was found for lower rodent population growth rates during the
 three monitoring summers and for weaker rodent grazing impacts in the
 coastal area. Instead, we documented pronounced damages caused by lemmings
 and voles on bryophytes and vascular plants, especially dwarf shrubs
 (e.g., Vaccinum myrtillus) all along the coast-inland gradient. Taken
 together, our results did not support the hypothesis that marine subsidies
 would trigger a trophic cascade in coastal tundra areas of northern
 Fennoscandia during a major rodent outbreak, probably due to a low
 diversity of marine-subsidized predators in the region. Comparative
 observational and experimental studies at large spatial scales in various
 arctic regions are absolutely necessary for a better understanding of
 factors causing regional variations in the functioning of arctic food
 webs.
description: Stable isotopic values
 of jaegers and their prey used in Ruffino et al. 2015
 EcographyStable isotope values of
 long-tailed and parasitic jaegers' chick feathers in nothern
 Fennoscandian tundra. Values are arranged by year and study area. There
 were three study areas, scattered along a coast (Altafjord) - inland
 (highland tundra plateau of Joatka Reserch Area) gradient (see Figure 1 in
 Ruffino et al. 2015 in Ecography for details of study areas). Year 2011
 was a rodent outbreak year (both Norwegian lemmings and voles) in our
 study areas, while in 2012 rodent abundances declined sharply. Values have
 been obtained after lipid extraction - Analyses were made at the Stable
 Isotope Laboratory of Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Canada. See also the
 supplementary files of Ruffino et al. 2015 for further details on how the
 stable isotopic analyses were conducted.Ruffino_etal_2015_Ecography_Dryad files.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.48km5
title: Data from: Deceiving predators: linking distraction behavior with nest survival in a ground-nesting bird

description: Individual behavior that minimizes predation risk is favored by natural
 selection. Ground-nesting birds employ different defensive behaviors as
 part of their antipredator strategies because they nest where a wide range
 of predators have access. We investigated the influence of distraction
 displays on breeding success in the Kentish Plover, Charadrius
 alexandrinus, in order to explore the role of the defensive behavior on
 nest survival. We quantified the intensity of defensive behavior of adult
 plovers in response to nest disturbance caused by an approaching
 researcher, by ranking display types according to the intensity and
 exposure to predation. We also examined sex differences in nest defense to
 determine whether the existence, intensity, and consistency of individual
 defensive behaviors could have an impact on nest survival. We used the
 nest survival model in Program MARK to estimate daily survival rates of
 nests and to examine the influence of temporal, behavioral, and habitat
 variables on nest success. Our results show a positive correlation between
 male and female defense behaviors within pairs and that nests in which
 parents invested more on defense survived longer. Nevertheless, there were
 differences in the risks assumed by the 2 members of breeding pairs in
 nest defense, with females performing riskier defensive behaviors than
 males. The top-ranked nest survival models included combined additive
 effects of site, season, habitat type, nest exposure, and the defense
 behavioral response of females as best predictors. Finally, our study
 highlights that increased risk assumption in offspring defense is
 advantageous in terms of individual fitness.
description: Dataset of Kentish
 Plover behaviour & breeding parametersThis is the datafile
 used in the paper. We did not change the variable names as these are used
 in the model descriptions provided in the table 2.KentishPlover_behaviour&breeding_parameters_dataset.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8mp13
title: Data from: Modeling the effects of anthropogenic exploitation and climate change on an endemic stag beetle, Lucanus miwai, of Taiwan

description: Loss of biodiversity is a worldwide phenomenon and conservation of endemic
 species is becoming a pressing issue. However, species differ in life
 history characteristics, causing the best strategy for conservation to
 vary among species. Lucanus miwai is an endemic stag beetle of Taiwan, but
 the natural history and the conservation status of L. miwai have not been
 fully studied. Lucanus miwai adults live in forest-edge grassland habitats
 and are experiencing threats from anthropogenic exploitation.
 Additionally, climate change may threaten its long-term survival because
 of its specific habitat preference. Results from this study clearly
 indicate the need for more studies on the natural history of L. miwai and
 demonstrate that contemporary intensity of anthropogenic exploitation can
 have a negative effect on population size of this species. Future habitat
 loss because of global climate change, in addition, can be another major
 factor leading to population decline. Moreover, increasing demands on L.
 miwai because of population decline may lead to population extinction. In
 addition to protecting adult males from being collected, conservation
 strategies should also focus on discovering habitats utilized by
 individuals from different life stages, investigating the connectivity
 between populations, and maintaining the long-term availability of
 suitable habitats for L. miwai.
description: S1R codesupplement
 1S2R
 codeS3Supplement S3 R
 code
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7hs24
title: Data from: Can maternally inherited endosymbionts adapt to a novel host? Direct costs of Spiroplasma infection, but not vertical transmission efficiency, evolve rapidly after horizontal transfer into D. melanogaster

description: Maternally inherited symbionts are common in arthropods and many have
 important roles in host adaptation. The observation that specific symbiont
 lineages infect distantly related host species implies new interactions
 are commonly established by lateral transfer events. However, studies have
 shown that symbionts often perform poorly in novel hosts. We hypothesized
 selection on the symbiont may be sufficiently rapid that poor performance
 in a novel host environment is rapidly ameliorated, permitting symbiont
 maintenance. Here, we test this prediction for a Spiroplasma strain
 transinfected into the novel host Drosophila melanogaster. In the
 generations immediately following transinfection, the symbiont had low
 transmission efficiency to offspring and imposed severe fitness costs on
 its host. We observed that effects on host fitness evolved rapidly, being
 undetectable after 17 generations in the novel host, whereas vertical
 transmission efficiency was poorly responsive over this period. Our
 results suggest that long-term symbiosis may more readily be established
 in cases where symbionts perform poorly in just one aspect of symbiosis.
description: All
 dataNote: Supplementary data
 is included in the data on vertical tranmission
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1h8sr94
title: Data from: Alaskan brown bears (Ursus arctos) aggregate and display fidelity to foraging neighborhoods while preying on Pacific salmon along small streams

description: The interaction between brown bears (Ursus arctos) and Pacific salmon
 (Oncorhynchus spp.) is important to the population dynamics of both
 species and a celebrated example of consumer-mediated nutrient transport.
 Yet, much of the site-specific information we have about the bears in this
 relationship comes from observations at a few highly visible but
 unrepresentative locations and a small number of radio-telemetry studies.
 Consequently, our understanding of brown bear abundance and behavior at
 more cryptic locations where they commonly feed on salmon, including small
 spawning streams, remains limited. We employed a non-invasive genetic
 approach (barbed wire hair snares) over four summers (2012-2015) to
 document patterns of brown bear abundance and movement among six spawning
 streams for sockeye salmon, O. nerka, in southwestern Alaska. The streams
 were grouped into two trios on opposite sides of Lake Aleknagik. Thus, we
 predicted that most bears would forage within only one trio during the
 spawning season because of the energetic costs associated with swimming
 between them or traveling around the lake, and show fidelity to particular
 trios across years because of the benefits of familiarity with local
 salmon dynamics and stream characteristics. Huggins closed-capture models
 based on encounter histories from genotyped hair samples revealed that as
 many as 41 individuals visited single streams during the annual six-week
 sampling season. Bears also moved freely among trios of streams but rarely
 moved between these putative foraging neighborhoods, either during or
 between years. By implication, even small salmon spawning streams can
 serve as important resources for brown bears, and consistent use of stream
 neighborhoods by certain bears may play an important role in spatially
 structuring coastal bear populations. Our findings also underscore the
 efficacy of non-invasive hair snagging and genetic analysis for examining
 bear abundance and movements at relatively fine spatial and temporal
 scales.
description: 2013 bears
 v2Brown bear detections
 for 2013 organized for genetic capture-mark-recapture analysis in
 MARKWirsing-Craig-Bears 2013
 v2R
 script for 2013 bear detections data file.2014 bears
 v2Brown bear detections
 for 2014 organized for genetic capture-mark-recapture analysis in
 MARKWirsing-Craig-Bears 2014
 v2R
 script for 2014 data file.2015 bears
 v2Brown bear detections
 for 2015 organized for genetic capture-mark-recapture analysis in
 MARKWirsing-Craig-Bears 2015
 v2R
 script for 2015 data file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bs200
title: Data from: A randomised trial deploying a simulation to investigate the impact of hospital discharge letters on patient care in general practice.

description: Objective: To determine how the timing and length of hospital discharge
 letters impact on the number of ongoing patient problems identified by
 general practitioners (GPs). Trial design: GPs were randomised into four
 groups. Each viewed a video monologue of an actor-patient as he might
 present to his GP following a hospital admission with 10 problems. GPs
 were provided with a medical record as well as a long or short discharge
 letter, which was available when the video was viewed or 1 week later. GPs
 indicated if they would prescribe, refer or order tests for the
 patient's problems. Methods: Setting: Primary care. Participants:
 Practising Australian GPs. Intervention: A short or long hospital
 discharge letter enumerating patient problems. Outcome measure: Number of
 ongoing patient problems out of 10 identified for management by the GPs.
 Randomisation: 1:1 randomisation. Blinding (masking): Single-blind.
 Results: Numbers randomised 59 GPs. Recruitment: GPs were recruited from a
 network of 102 GPs across Australia. Numbers analysed 59 GPs. Outcome: GPs
 who received the long letter immediately were more satisfied with this
 information (p&lt;0.001). Those who received the letter immediately
 identified significantly more health problems (p=0.001). GPs who received
 a short, delayed discharge letter were less satisfied than those who
 received a longer delayed letter (p=0.03); however, both groups who
 received the delayed letter identified a similar number of health
 problems. GPs who were older, who practised in an inner regional area or
 who offered more patient sessions per week identified fewer health
 problems (p values &lt;0.01, &lt;0.05 and &lt;0.05,
 respectively). Harms Nil. Conclusions: Receiving information during
 patient consultation, as well as GP characteristics, influences the number
 of patient problems addressed.
description: Jiwa data
 fileSPSS
 datasetsJiwa_ remove
 identity.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6hp93cd
title: Data from: Variation in mandible development and its relationship to dependence on parents across burying beetles

description: Background: In species with parental care, there is striking variation in
 offspring dependence at birth, ranging from feeding independence to
 complete dependency on parents for nutrition. Frequently, highly dependent
 offspring further evolve reductions or alterations of morphological traits
 that would otherwise promote self-sufficiency. Here, we examine evidence
 for morphological evolution associated with dependence in burying beetles
 (Nicrophorus spp.), in which dependence upon parents appears to have
 several independent origins. In many species precocial first instar larvae
 can survive without parenting, but several altricial species die at this
 stage on their own. We focused specifically on the mandibles, which are
 expected to be related to feeding ability and therefore independence from
 parents. Results: We find no evidence that the size of the mandible is
 related to dependence on parents. However, we do find a developmental and
 phylogenetic correlation between independence and the presence of
 serrations on the inner edge of the mandible. Mandibles of independent
 species bear serrations at hatching, whereas dependent species hatch with
 smooth mandibles, only developing serrations in the second instar when
 these larvae gain the ability to survive on their own. Phylogenetic
 evidence suggests that serrations coincide with independence repeatedly.
 We note a single exception to this trend, a beetle with a serrated
 mandible that cannot survive without parents. However, this exception
 occurs in a species that has recently evolved the loss of independence.
 Conclusions: We argue that the absence of mandible serrations occurs due
 to alternative selection pressures incurred in larvae dependent upon
 parents to survive. We suggest that this may have led to a variable
 function for mandibles, perhaps related to increased competitive ability
 among siblings or increased efficiency in receiving nutrition from
 parents. Furthermore, we propose that the phylogenetic pattern we see is
 consistent with the long-held evolutionary hypothesis that evolutionary
 change in behavior and physiology precede morphological change.
description: head capsule and
 mandible lengthsbenowitz_etal_ece_for_dryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jj72n4t1
title: Data from: Sperm competition roles and ejaculate investment in a promiscuous mammal

description: Theoretical models of sperm competition predict how males should allocate
 sperm and seminal fluid components to ejaculates according to their mating
 role (dominant vs. subordinate). Here we present a detailed analysis of
 ejaculate expenditure according to male roles in the bank vole (Myodes
 glareolus). Sperm competition occurs regularly in this species and
 dominant males typically achieve higher fertilisation success than
 subordinates. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we found that dominant
 male bank voles invest more sperm per ejaculate than subordinates, both
 absolutely and relative to body and testes mass. The testes of dominant
 males were also absolutely (although not relatively) larger than those of
 subordinates. However, we found no evidence that subordinate males
 compensate for lower sperm numbers per ejaculate by increasing ejaculation
 frequency or sperm velocity. Similarly, we found no evidence for
 differential investment in copulatory plug size according to male roles in
 sperm competition, although dominant males had significantly larger
 seminal vesicles (both absolutely and relative to body mass) compared to
 subordinates. We conclude that sperm competition roles can have
 significant but unexpected influences on ejaculate investment in mammals
 with clearly defined differences in male social status.
description: Sperm competition roles
 _ Lemaitre et al. JEBData from: Sperm
 competition roles and ejaculate investment in a promiscuous
 mammal.