DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f7m0cfz0x
title: Fish habitats, fish diets, and bathymetry for 18 terminal lakes

description: Terminal lakes are lakes with no hydrologic surface outflows and with
 losses of water occurring only through surface evaporation and groundwater
 discharge. We quantified the extent of the littoral zones (areas where 1%
 or more of surface irradiation reaches the lake bottom) and open water
 zones (areas where less than 1% of surface irradiation reaches the lake
 bottom) in 18 terminal lakes. Additionally, we quantified habitat usage
 and diets of the fish species inhabiting these lakes. This dataset
 contains includes seven lakes from North America (Atitlan, Crater, Eagle,
 Mann, Pyramid, Summit, Walker), one from South America (Titicaca), five
 from Eurasia (Caspian, Issyk-Kul, Neusiedl, Qinghai, Van), and five from
 Africa (Abijatta, Manyara, Nakuru, Shala, Turkana).
description: Measurements of the surface areas of the littoral and open water
 zones were performed using ArcGIS Pro Version 2.9. First, we generated
 year-specific digital elevation models (DEMs) of the lake’s bathymetry by
 a) using existing bathymetry raster data or b) by digitizing published
 depth contours of the lake’s bathymetry and interpolating a bathymetry
 raster using a natural neighbor interpolation. For several lakes that
 showed significant changes in lake level and where data regarding lake
 level change were available, we were able to produce a second year closer
 to the present by using the Raster Calculator function in ArcGIS Pro and
 then clipping the bathymetry raster to the lower lake level. This was
 possible for 5 of the 18 lakes (Mann Lake, Eagle Lake, Lake Abijatta,
 Walker Lake, and Lake Turkana), allowing us to map changes in the littoral
 zone size between the two years. For the lakes containing two years of
 data, we used only the most recent year in all subsequent analyses. We
 defined the portions of the littoral zone of the lake as the portions
 where the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching
 the lake bottom is 1% or greater relative to the intensity at the surface.
 For lakes where 1% PAR depth was not published, we calculated 1% PAR depth
 from published light profiles using the Lambert-Beer Law: 0.01 =
 e<sup>-u*z</sup> where µ is the light attenuation coefficient
 (meters<sup>-1</sup>) and z is 1% PAR depth (meters). For
 lakes where neither 1% PAR depth nor light profiles were published, we
 approximated the 1% PAR depth by multiplying the Secchi depth of the lake
 by a coefficient of 2.5. We sought the most recently collected Secchi
 depth to make these calculations. We then used the Raster Calculator
 function in ArcGIS PRO 2.9 to determine the portions of the lake where
 depth was less than or greater than the 1% PAR depth to map the open water
 and littoral zones, respectively. Fish species
 inventories and information regarding each species’ habitat and diet was
 compiled from 1) published peer-reviewed primary literature, 2)
 non-peer-reviewed literature (books, reports by government agencies or
 private firms), 3) online databases (i.e., FishBase (https://www.fishbase.de/home.htm), California Fish Website (www.calfish.ucdavis.edu)), and/or 4) experts studying the ecology of the species or lake ecosystem. We employed a conservative view regarding species taxonomy (i.e., ‘lumping’ rather than ‘splitting’). We classified species’ habitats with respect to three categories: 1) littoral zone (occurring in parts of the lake where 1% or more of the surface radiation reaches the lake bottom), 2) open water zone (occurring in parts of the lake where less than 1% of the surface radiation reaches the lake bottom), and 3) littoral &amp; open water zone (occurring in both lake zones). These habitat classifications were based on adult habitat use only, and habitat use during larval and juvenile stages was not considered. We classified diets with respect to seven categories: 1) plankton only, 2) periphyton only, 3) periphyton and macroinvertebrates, 4) periphyton, macroinvertebrates, and plankton, 5) periphyton, macroinvertebrates, and fish, 6) fish OR fish and plankton, and 7) fish, plankton, periphyton, and macroinvertebrates.
description: The fish habitat and diet data (All_Lakes_Fish_Data.csv) can be
 opened with any program capable of reading .csv files (e.g. Microsoft
 Excel). The GIS files can opened with any software capable of opening GIS
 files (e.g. ArcGIS Pro, QGIS, Google Earth).
description: # Fish Habitats and Diets and Interpolated Bathymetry for 18 Terminal
 Lakes --- Terminal lakes are lakes with no hydrologic surface outflows and
 with losses of water occurring only through surface evaporation and
 groundwater discharge. We quantified the extent of the littoral zones
 (areas where 1% or more of surface irradiation reaches the lake bottom)
 and open water zones (areas where less than 1% of surface irradiation
 reaches the lake bottom) in 18 terminal lakes. Additionally, we quantified
 habitat usage and diets of the fish species inhabiting these lakes. This
 dataset contains includes seven lakes in North America (Atitlan, Crater,
 Eagle, Mann, Pyramid, Summit, Walker), one in South America (Titicaca),
 five in Eurasia (Caspian, Issyk-Kul, Neusiedl, Qinghai, Van), and five in
 Africa (Abijatta, Manyara, Nakuru, Shala, Turkana). ## Description of the
 data and file structure All of the data pertaining to fish habitat and
 diet is contained in All_Lakes_Fish_Data.csv. This dataset contains a
 unique record for each fish species in each lake. This file contains
 fields for a) the continent on which the lake is located; b) the
 species' scientific name; c) the taxonomic family to which the
 species belongs; d) the taxonomic order to which the species belongs; e)
 the species' habitat; f) the species' diet; g) the status of the
 species in the lake as either an endemic taxa, a native taxa, or a
 non-native taxa; h) the surface area of the lake (in square kilometers);
 i) the depth of the lake (in meters); j) the 1% PAR depth (in meters); k)
 the percent of the lake's surface area overlying littoral habitat; l)
 the surface area of the lake's littoral zone (in square kilometers);
 m) the references consulted in quantifying the taxa's habitat use;
 and n) the references consulted in quantifying the taxa's diet. There
 are GIS files for each lake's shoreline, open water zone, littoral
 zone, and interpolated bathymetry. The interpolated bathymetry is in
 raster format, while the open water zones, littoral zones, and shorelines
 are in shapefile formats. These are stored in compressed folders named in
 accordance with the following formula: Lakename_year_Datatype.zip
 Examples: 1. The shapefile for Pyramid Lake's 1970 shoreline is named
 Pyramid_1970_Shoreline.zip 2. The raster file for Crater Lake's 2020
 bathymetry is named Crater_2020_Bathymetry.zip 3. The shapefile for Mann
 Lake's 2020 open water zone is named Mann_2020_Open_water_zone.zip 4.
 The shapefile for Mann Lake's 2020 littoral zone is named
 Mann_2020_Littoral_zone.zip The following offers specific details for each
 lake's GIS files: Abijatta: The 1% PAR depth is 1.62 meters (Belay
 & Wood 1984). The bathymetry was generated by digitizing the contours
 published in Legesse et al. 2004 and then interpolating into a raster
 using the Natural Neighbor function. Changes in size from 1980 to 1995
 were calculated from water depth reported by Legesse 2004. Atitlan:
 Bathymetric contours provided by Domingo Francisco Ujpan. 1% PAR depth is
 27.5 meters. This is calculated by 2.5 x Secchi depth. Secchi depth is 11
 meters in the center of the lake (Rejmankova et al. 2011). Caspian: A 1%
 light level of 11.5 meters (calculated from a Secchi disk depth of 4.6
 meters reported in Bagheri et al. 2012) was used to delineate the boundary
 between the open water and littoral zones. A Bathymetry DEM published by
 GEBCO was used to generate the bathymetry of the Caspian Sea. Crater:
 Bathymetry of Crater Lake available at:
 
 The 1% light depth is 86 meters, courtesy of data provided by Scott
 Girdner. Eagle: Secchi depth measurements were provided by Ryan McKim that
 were recorded in the southern basin in the 2000s. The average of these
 Secchi depths was 17.3 feet. Therefore, the 1% PAR depth was approximated
 as 17.3 feet x 2.5 = 43 feet = 13.1 meters. The bathymetry raster was
 generated by digitizing contours from Vail et al. 1974 and then
 interpolating a raster using the natural neighbor method. Issyk-Kul: Light
 attenuation is reported by Abakumov 2019: 0.045/meter. Bathymetry was
 provided in raster format by Damien Delvaux. The raster file integrates
 the bathymetry of the lake with the surrounding topography. Raster
 calculator was used to remove all elevations greater than the surface
 elevation (1607 meters). Mann: Bathymetry from 1959 (Atlas of Oregon
 Lakes) was used to generate contours of the lakes depth. Then, a raster
 was interpolated from the contours. This raster was then clipped to a
 polygon drawn of the 2020 shoreline from Landsat imagery. The 1% light
 depth is the 2007 Secchi depth (0.48m) x 2.5 = 1.2 meters (Atlas of Oregon
 Lakes). Manyara: A 1% PAR depth was calculated from the minimum and
 maximum Secchi values reported in Kiwhele et al. 2015. A minimum value of
 2.5 cm was recorded in March, and a maximum value of 19.5 cm was recorded
 in May. Therefore, 1% PAR depth was 0.275 meters. The bathymetry raster
 was generated from interpolation of contours digitized from Deus et al.
 2013. Nakuru: 1% PAR depth is 0.91 meters (Vareschi 1982). Bathymetry was
 generated by digitizing contours shown in Vareschi 1982. Neusiedl: Somogyi
 et al. 2010 reports a Secchi depth maximum of 30 cm. Therefore, 1% PAR
 depth is 0.3 x 2.5 = 0.75 meters. The extent of the reed zone was
 digitized from georeferenced images from Krachler et al. 2009. The reed
 zone was considered inherently littoral. A bathymetry raster was generated
 from sonar measurements provided by Tamas Kramer. Pyramid: The 1% PAR
 depth used to distinguish littoral and open water zones is 11 meters
 according to unpublished data from 1976 & 1977 collected by the
 Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. Contours were digitized from Harris 1970.
 Qinghai: Bathymetric contours from 2004 were provided as a shapefile by
 Quangyin Hu. A raster DEM was generated from these contours. The boundary
 between pelagic and open water zones were determined from Secchi disk
 readings reported in Ao et al. 2014: June Secchi = 3.2 meters August
 Secchi = 2.94 Mean = 3.07 meters 3.07 X 2.5 = 7.7 1% light depth Shala:
 Bathymetry raster was generated by digitizing the contours presented in
 Baumann et al. 1975. The 1% PAR depth is 4.93 meters (Belay & Wood
 1984). Summit: A Secchi depth of 2.4 meters is reported in Barnes et al.
 2015. This was used to calculate a 1% PAR depth of 2.4*2.5 = 6 meters.
 Bathymetric contours reported in Barnes et al. 2015 were digitized and
 interpolation was used to generate a bathymetric raster. Titicaca: In the
 northern basin, the Secchi depths are 11.8, 11.9, 13.2, 12.4, and 13.9
 meters. The average of this multiplied by 2.5 is 32 meters which is an
 approximation of the 1% PAR depth for the northern basin. In the southern
 basin, the Secchi depths are 4.7, 4.5, 5.6, 5.4, and 3.2 meters. The mean
 of this multiplied by 2.5 is 12 meters which is an approximation of the 1%
 PAR depth for the southern basin (Iltis et al. 1992). The bathymetry was
 provided as a raster by Sheri Briggs from University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
 Turkana: A mean 1% PAR depth of 6 meters was used to delineate littoral
 and open water zones (Kallqvist et al. 1988). Bathymetry raster was
 generated by contours reported in Kallqvist et al. 1988. Van: A 1% PAR
 depth was calculated from Secchi depth values reported in Ozguven &
 Yetis 2020 which reported a dry season Secchi of 2.54 meters and a wet
 season Secchi of 3.21 meters. Therefore, the mean Secchi depth is 2.875,
 and 1% PAR depth is 7.18 meters. Contours were digitized from Huguet et
 al. 2012. These contours were then interpolated to create a raster.
 Walker: LANDSAT 5 images from 1984 and 2014 were used to generate polygons
 of the shorelines in 1984 and 2014. A bathymetry DEM was used from Smith
 & Lopes 2007. The DEM from Smith & Lopes 2007 was clipped to the
 polygons generated of the lake shoreline for 1984 and 2014. A 1% PAR depth
 of 17 meters was calculated from the mean of the 1% PAR values reported in
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