cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15144770
title: Table 3 in Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus

description: Table 3. Scale counts, measurements (in mm), and mensural ratios for the type series of V. louisiadensis sp. nov. and V. tanimbar sp. nov.
PQRSTVENNXXYDORCMSVLFTLABCGH11011Varanus louisiadensis sp. nov.AMNH 76736Rossell41916115711213294421481632811412516529024.5139661.321.882.72AMNH 76737Rossell478858142108125914013915228112115155270241295.55.51.352.02.67AMNH 76755Sudest4710066163107128101431581702511014520535029.516117.56.51.411.842.68AMNH 76828Misima4786531521031199345148160251182053005053619.5141181.461.852.57AMNH 76735Rossell4291551511061268845155170261012704006704927181110.51.481.812.72ZMUT Sa196Misima41905915410111989411461582610932048080052261814131.502.02.89ZMUT Sa197Misima42936015710312387431551642510524036060040221511.591.501.822.67ZMUT Sa198Misima44906014711012995411491602610330547077551271715121.541.893.0ZMUT Sa199Sudest4310062161106123904716918426107460630109068352321161.942.96ZMUT Sa200Sudest449766161112134944216818025118460710117070372522171.541.892.80ZMUT Sa201Rossell40876014411313291421511632510940054094062332318161.882.70V. tanimbar sp. nov.WAM112255Yamdena43915815810712891441591702410918729548236.319.514.511.38.41.591.862.50WAM109940Yamdena48936516110912893441701822111317025542534.71812.910.67.51.501.932.69WAM112323Selaru46956014510712592481621732111930561.7342420.5141.812.57WAM109896Yamdena4289631521071269045164175221093906801070723725.721.814.71.741.952.80
description: Published as part of Weijola, Valter & Kraus, Fred, 2023, Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus, pp. 957 in Journal of Natural History 57 (13 - 16) on page 957, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2218574, http://zenodo.org/record/8221626
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15144771
title: Table 3 in Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus

description: Table 3. Scale counts, measurements (in mm), and mensural ratios for the type series of V. louisiadensis sp. nov. and V. tanimbar sp. nov.
PQRSTVENNXXYDORCMSVLFTLABCGH11011Varanus louisiadensis sp. nov.AMNH 76736Rossell41916115711213294421481632811412516529024.5139661.321.882.72AMNH 76737Rossell478858142108125914013915228112115155270241295.55.51.352.02.67AMNH 76755Sudest4710066163107128101431581702511014520535029.516117.56.51.411.842.68AMNH 76828Misima4786531521031199345148160251182053005053619.5141181.461.852.57AMNH 76735Rossell4291551511061268845155170261012704006704927181110.51.481.812.72ZMUT Sa196Misima41905915410111989411461582610932048080052261814131.502.02.89ZMUT Sa197Misima42936015710312387431551642510524036060040221511.591.501.822.67ZMUT Sa198Misima44906014711012995411491602610330547077551271715121.541.893.0ZMUT Sa199Sudest4310062161106123904716918426107460630109068352321161.942.96ZMUT Sa200Sudest449766161112134944216818025118460710117070372522171.541.892.80ZMUT Sa201Rossell40876014411313291421511632510940054094062332318161.882.70V. tanimbar sp. nov.WAM112255Yamdena43915815810712891441591702410918729548236.319.514.511.38.41.591.862.50WAM109940Yamdena48936516110912893441701822111317025542534.71812.910.67.51.501.932.69WAM112323Selaru46956014510712592481621732111930561.7342420.5141.812.57WAM109896Yamdena4289631521071269045164175221093906801070723725.721.814.71.741.952.80
description: Published as part of Weijola, Valter & Kraus, Fred, 2023, Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus, pp. 957 in Journal of Natural History 57 (13 - 16) on page 957, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2218574, http://zenodo.org/record/8221626
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nk98sf7r2
title: Data from: Long-term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival and recruitment of dominant tree species

description: Throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline,
 either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced
 recruitment. The situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are
 dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Although
 numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree
 performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important
 drivers of these changes. Here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old
 exclosure experiments, we evaluated the individual and interactive effects
 of large and small mammalian herbivores on the performance of three
 widespread oak species in California – coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia),
 California black oak (Q. kelloggii) and Oregon white oak (Q. garryana).
 Although impacts varied somewhat by species and experiment, herbivory by
 black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) reduced the height and
 survival of juvenile coast live oaks and altered their architecture, as
 well as reduced the abundance of black oak seedlings, the richness of
 woody species and the cover of non-oak woody species. Small mammals
 (Microtus californicus and Peromyscus maniculatus) had even more
 widespread effects, reducing the abundance of black oak seedlings and the
 height and cover of all three oak species. We also detected numerous
 interactions between small mammals and deer, with one herbivore having
 positive or negative effects on oak abundance and cover when the other
 herbivore was either present or absent. For example, deer often had
 negative effects on seedling abundance only when, or even more so when,
 small mammals were present. In summary, mammalian consumers play crucial
 roles in limiting oak recruitment by reducing seedling abundance,
 maintaining trees in stunted states and preventing them from reaching
 sapling stages and becoming reproductive. Interactions between large and
 small mammals can also alter the intensity and direction of their effects
 on trees.
description: See publsihed article.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15144772
title: Table 4 in Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus

description: Table 4. Scale counts for the members of Euprepiosaurus.
Varanus indicus groupPQRSTNXXYMV. bennetti (n = 16)39–49 (43.3)74–96 (87.1)55–68 (62.1)131–145 (136.9)92–100 (95.7)87–98 (91.8)41–48 (45.9)148–160 (153.8)85–117 (101.6)V. colei (n = 11)87–105 (96.4)139–155 (146)39–43 (41.4)150–162 (154.5)95–108 (102.3)V. chlorostigma (n = 40)36–47 (42)60–99 (78.4)46–69 (60.8)100–145 (124)74–96 (88)71–94 (78.9)28–42 (36.4)109–158 (127.8)73–103 (87.3)V. douarrha (n = 14)39–50 (43.5)83–104 (90.2)49–64 (57.5)129–153 (140.9)90–108 (96.9)82–92 (85.7)35–44 (39.9)125–147 (136)91–115 (100.7)V. indicus (n = 11)46–54 (50.1)79–91 (85.5)49–60 (53.5)131–150 (141.4)93–100 (96.3)79–91 (85.5)35–43 (39.9)138–154 (147.7)96–110 (103.3)V. juxtindicus (n = 7)39–43 (41)72–87 (78)47–52128–140 (135.2)104–111 (106.6)83–96 (87.6)34–43 (38.2)132–149 (140.2)92–104 (97.4)V. lirungensis (n = 11)38–47 (42.4)79–88 (83)55–65 (59.5)134–151 (141.6)92–102 (97.5)81–88 (84.1)34–48 (39)131–159 (139.8)87–106 (97.8)V. louisiadensis (n = 11)40–47 (43.5)87–100 (92.1)53–66 (60)142–163 (153.5)101–113 (107.4)87–101 (92.1)40–45 (42.8)139–169 (153.3)101–118 (109.6)V. melinus (n = 4)46–55 (49.3)81–85 (83)58–68 (63.3)124–133 (128.3)87–99 (93)83–89 (86.5)29–45 (37.8)119–151 (134.3)83–91 (86.8)V. obor (n = 1/7*)4780119–134 (125.4*)88–94 (92.4*)8035119–127 (123.4*)85V. rainerguentheri (n = 7)38–44 (42.1)76–82 (79.1)57–61 (58.3)120–139 (128.9)90–94 (91.9)85–92 (87.6)38–47 (41.7)133–163 (144)85–94 (89.4)V. tanimbar (n = 4)42–48 (44.8)89–95 (92)58–65 (61.5)145–161 (154)107–109 (107.5)90–93 (91.5)44–48 (45.3)159–170 (163.7)109–119 (112.5)V. tsukamotoi (n = 41)31–40 (34.8)54–74 (67)48–59 (54)101–126 (113.5)78–88 (84)74–90 (79.9)33–45 (39.2)117–140 (131)76–103 (86.4)V. doreanus groupV. doreanus (n = 9)43–56 (52.1)96–114 (104.4)56–73 (60.7)158–180 (167.6)82–97 (89.2)87–100 (90.8)38–57 (43.4)153–180 (165.2)95–120 (110)V. finschi (n = 5)45–50 (48)103–121 (109.2)45–58 (53.6)172–188 (179.8)94–105 (98.8)92–100 (97.6)46–54 (49.4)165–188 (180.8)125–131 (128.4)V. semotus (n = 5)47–52 (48.2)97–103 (100.4)66–74 (68.4)152–167 (160.4)87–89 (88.2)85–93 (90)38–43 (39.8)147–153 (150.2)108–119 (115)V. yuwonoi (n = 2)47–53 (50)98–108 (103)174–188 (181)100–101 (100.5)10345184137OtherV. caerulivirens (n = 3)44–51 (47.6)97–102 (100)53–56 (54.7)175–178 (176.7)91–97 (93.6)91–94 (93)44–56 (50.4)169–202 (185.7)128–134 (131)V. jobiensis (n = 13)47–64 (55.1)90–114 (105.2)51–65 (58.9)156–197 (180.7)92–110 (98.5)91–110 (100.8)43–54 (46)160–189 (171)117–150 (132.5)V. zugorum (n = 1)4582561349710135128105
description: Published as part of Weijola, Valter & Kraus, Fred, 2023, Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus, pp. 967 in Journal of Natural History 57 (13 - 16) on page 967, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2218574, http://zenodo.org/record/8221626
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15144773
title: Table 4 in Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus

description: Table 4. Scale counts for the members of Euprepiosaurus.
Varanus indicus groupPQRSTNXXYMV. bennetti (n = 16)39–49 (43.3)74–96 (87.1)55–68 (62.1)131–145 (136.9)92–100 (95.7)87–98 (91.8)41–48 (45.9)148–160 (153.8)85–117 (101.6)V. colei (n = 11)87–105 (96.4)139–155 (146)39–43 (41.4)150–162 (154.5)95–108 (102.3)V. chlorostigma (n = 40)36–47 (42)60–99 (78.4)46–69 (60.8)100–145 (124)74–96 (88)71–94 (78.9)28–42 (36.4)109–158 (127.8)73–103 (87.3)V. douarrha (n = 14)39–50 (43.5)83–104 (90.2)49–64 (57.5)129–153 (140.9)90–108 (96.9)82–92 (85.7)35–44 (39.9)125–147 (136)91–115 (100.7)V. indicus (n = 11)46–54 (50.1)79–91 (85.5)49–60 (53.5)131–150 (141.4)93–100 (96.3)79–91 (85.5)35–43 (39.9)138–154 (147.7)96–110 (103.3)V. juxtindicus (n = 7)39–43 (41)72–87 (78)47–52128–140 (135.2)104–111 (106.6)83–96 (87.6)34–43 (38.2)132–149 (140.2)92–104 (97.4)V. lirungensis (n = 11)38–47 (42.4)79–88 (83)55–65 (59.5)134–151 (141.6)92–102 (97.5)81–88 (84.1)34–48 (39)131–159 (139.8)87–106 (97.8)V. louisiadensis (n = 11)40–47 (43.5)87–100 (92.1)53–66 (60)142–163 (153.5)101–113 (107.4)87–101 (92.1)40–45 (42.8)139–169 (153.3)101–118 (109.6)V. melinus (n = 4)46–55 (49.3)81–85 (83)58–68 (63.3)124–133 (128.3)87–99 (93)83–89 (86.5)29–45 (37.8)119–151 (134.3)83–91 (86.8)V. obor (n = 1/7*)4780119–134 (125.4*)88–94 (92.4*)8035119–127 (123.4*)85V. rainerguentheri (n = 7)38–44 (42.1)76–82 (79.1)57–61 (58.3)120–139 (128.9)90–94 (91.9)85–92 (87.6)38–47 (41.7)133–163 (144)85–94 (89.4)V. tanimbar (n = 4)42–48 (44.8)89–95 (92)58–65 (61.5)145–161 (154)107–109 (107.5)90–93 (91.5)44–48 (45.3)159–170 (163.7)109–119 (112.5)V. tsukamotoi (n = 41)31–40 (34.8)54–74 (67)48–59 (54)101–126 (113.5)78–88 (84)74–90 (79.9)33–45 (39.2)117–140 (131)76–103 (86.4)V. doreanus groupV. doreanus (n = 9)43–56 (52.1)96–114 (104.4)56–73 (60.7)158–180 (167.6)82–97 (89.2)87–100 (90.8)38–57 (43.4)153–180 (165.2)95–120 (110)V. finschi (n = 5)45–50 (48)103–121 (109.2)45–58 (53.6)172–188 (179.8)94–105 (98.8)92–100 (97.6)46–54 (49.4)165–188 (180.8)125–131 (128.4)V. semotus (n = 5)47–52 (48.2)97–103 (100.4)66–74 (68.4)152–167 (160.4)87–89 (88.2)85–93 (90)38–43 (39.8)147–153 (150.2)108–119 (115)V. yuwonoi (n = 2)47–53 (50)98–108 (103)174–188 (181)100–101 (100.5)10345184137OtherV. caerulivirens (n = 3)44–51 (47.6)97–102 (100)53–56 (54.7)175–178 (176.7)91–97 (93.6)91–94 (93)44–56 (50.4)169–202 (185.7)128–134 (131)V. jobiensis (n = 13)47–64 (55.1)90–114 (105.2)51–65 (58.9)156–197 (180.7)92–110 (98.5)91–110 (100.8)43–54 (46)160–189 (171)117–150 (132.5)V. zugorum (n = 1)4582561349710135128105
description: Published as part of Weijola, Valter & Kraus, Fred, 2023, Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar Archipelagos with a key to the subgenus Euprepiosaurus, pp. 967 in Journal of Natural History 57 (13 - 16) on page 967, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2218574, http://zenodo.org/record/8221626
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.djh9w0vxg
title: Data from: Functional role of the cerebellum in Parkinson’s disease: a PET study

description: Objectives: To test for cerebellar involvement in motor and nonmotor
 impairments in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and to determine patterns of
 metabolic correlations with supratentorial brain structures, we correlated
 clinical motor, cognitive and psychiatric scales with cerebellar
 metabolism. Methods: We included 90 patients with PD. Motor, cognitive and
 psychiatric domains were assessed, and resting-state 18FDG-PET metabolic
 imaging was performed. The motor, cognitive and psychiatric scores were
 entered separately in a principal component analysis. We looked for
 correlations between these three principal components and cerebellar
 metabolism. Furthermore, we extracted the mean glucose metabolism value
 for each significant cerebellar cluster and looked for patterns of
 cerebrum‑cerebellum metabolic correlations. Results: Severity of
 impairment was correlated with increased metabolism in the anterior lobes
 and vermis (motor domain), and the right Crus I, Crus II, and declive
 (cognitive domain), and the right Crus I and Crus II (psychiatric domain).
 There were no results surviving multiple testing corrections regarding the
 psychiatric domain. Moreover, we found distributed and overlapping ‑ but
 not identical‑ patterns of metabolic correlations for motor and cognitive
 domains. Specific supratentorial structures (cortical structures, basal
 ganglia, and thalamus) were strongly correlated with each of the
 cerebellar clusters. Conclusions: These results confirm the role of the
 cerebellum in nonmotor domains of Parkinson’s disease, with differential
 but overlapping patterns of metabolic correlations suggesting the
 involvement of cerebello‑thalamo-striatal‑cortical loops.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xksn02vcr
title: Data from: Effects of an experimental increase in flow intermittency on an alpine stream

description: Flow intermittency occurs naturally in alpine streams. However, changing
 rainfall patterns and glacier retreat are predicted to increase the
 occurrence of flow intermittency in alpine catchments, with largely
 unknown effects on ecosystem structure and function. We conducted a flow
 manipulation experiment within a headwater stream of Val Roseg, a
 glacierized alpine catchment, to determine the effects of increased flow
 intermittency on aquatic macroinvertebrates, periphyton, benthic organic
 matter, and trophic structure. Compared to an adjacent reference channel,
 an increase in flow intermittency reduced macroinvertebrate density, taxa
 richness, and the proportion of rheophilic taxa. Density and richness
 remained low in the manipulated channel after resumption of natural flow.
 Flow intermittency did not affect organic matter standing stocks, but
 increased assimilation of periphyton by aquatic macroinvertebrates.
 Predation on aquatic invertebrates by riparian spiders also increased. We
 attribute many of these patterns to the timing of drying, which likely
 excluded summer-growing cohorts of rheophilic, aerial dispersers. This
 study suggests that reductions in summer glacial melt and rainfall events
 might increase flow intermittency and lead to fundamental changes in
 diversity and function of alpine fluvial networks.
description: Our paper presents the results of an experimental flow
 manipulation in Val Roseg, a glacierized Alpine catchment, from May to
 November 2017. We manipulated flow within an alpine stream to simulate
 increased summer flow intermittency. Flow intermittency was measured using
 electrical resistance sensors to log presence/absence of water. We then
 compared organic matter dynamics (density and C:N ratios of benthic OM and
 periphyton), macroinvertebrate community composition, and the trophic base
 of food webs (using mixing models of C and N stable isotopes) within the
 manipulated channel with those in an adjacent reference channel.
 Information on data processing is summarised in the associated ReadMe
 file.
description: A ReadMe file (.txt) is included with metadata including
 descriptions of all data files, descriptions of variables, data formats,
 and units. Methods for data analysis can be found in the associated
 publication (Siebers et al. 2020).
DOI: 10.6078/d1mx39
title: A method for probabilistic assessment of tunneling-induced damage to surface structures considering soil-structure interaction effects

description: Uncertainty in the early stage assessment of surface structure damage
 caused by tunneling-induced ground movements is analyzed with a
 Monte-Carlo method and a numerical model for tunnel-soil-structure
 interaction. The sources of uncertainty in tunneling-induced ground
 movements are quantified using field monitoring data, and the
 uncertainties in soil and structure properties are characterized from
 published experimental tests and empirical analyses. Then, a probabilistic
 assessment method to analyze structural damage is proposed and
 demonstrated by two case studies. Variance-based sensitivity analysis and
 factor mapping analysis are conducted to demonstrate how the method can
 identify dominant sources of damage assessment uncertainty. For both case
 studies, volume loss was found to contribute most to the uncertainty in
 building damage prediction; the contribution of other parameters varies
 significantly for different tunneling scenarios. However, the factor
 mapping analysis shows that the uncertainty of building properties and
 ground movements are almost equally responsible for the uncertainty in
 structural damage. More generally, the results lay the foundation for a
 performance-based design method to evaluate potential structural damage
 and to plan mitigation procedures in future tunneling projects.
description: The data is a collection of the analysis result of the case
 studies and parametric studies through the proposed probabilistic
 assessment framework of surface structure damage caused by tunnel induced
 ground movements. 
description: Please refer to the README file in the dataset.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9s4mw6md1
title: Data from: Exogenous testosterone increases the audience effect in healthy males: evidence for the social status hypothesis

description: Several studies have implicated testosterone in the modulation of
 altruistic behaviours instrumental to advancing social status. Independent
 studies have also shown that people tend to behave more altruistically
 when being watched (i.e., audience effect). To date, little is known
 about whether testosterone could modulate the audience effect. In the
 current study, we tested the effect of testosterone on altruistic
 behaviour using a donation task, wherein participants were asked to either
 accept or reject a monetary transfer to a charity organization
 accompanying a personal cost either in the presence or absence of an
 observer. We administered testosterone gel or placebo to healthy young men
 (n = 140) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, mixed design. Our results
 showed that participants were more likely to accept the monetary transfer
 to the charity when being observed compared to when they completed the
 task alone. More importantly, this audience effect was amplified among
 people receiving testosterone vs. placebo. Our findings suggest that
 testosterone administration increases the audience effect and further
 buttress the social status hypothesis, according to which testosterone
 promotes status-seeking behaviour in a context-dependent manner.
description: The data was collected through lab testing. It was analyzed in
 R.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.37pvmcvgz
title: Data from: Asymmetric effects of grazing intensity on macroelements and microelements in grassland soil and plants in Inner Mongolia

description: Grazing is a traditional grassland management technique and greatly alters
 ecosystem nutrient cycling. The effects of grazing intensity on the
 nutrient dynamics of soil and plants in grassland ecosystems remain
 uncertain, especially among microelements. A two-year field grazing
 experiment was conducted in a typical grassland with four grazing
 intensities (ungrazed control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing) in
 Inner Mongolia, China. Nutrient concentration was assessed in soil and
 three dominant plant species (Stipa krylovii, Leyums chinensis, and
 Cleistogenes squarrosa). Assessed quantities included four macroelements
 (carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg)) and four
 microelements (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)).
 Soil total C, total N, total P, available N, and available P
 concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity but soil Mg,
 Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn concentrations had no significant response. Plant C
 concentration decreased but plant N, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn
 concentrations significantly increased with grazing intensity. In soil,
 macroelement dynamics (i.e., C, N, and P) exhibited higher sensitivity
 with grazing intensity, conversely in plants, microelements were more
 sensitive. This result indicates macroelements and microelements in soil
 and plants had asymmetric responses with grazing intensity. The slopes of
 nutrient linear regression in C. squarrosa were higher than that of S.
 krylovii and L. chinensis, indicating that C. squarrosa had higher
 nutrient acquisition capacity and responded more rapidly to heavy grazing.
 These findings indicate that short-term heavy grazing accelerates nutrient
 cycling of the soil-plant system in grassland ecosystems, elucidate the
 multiple nutrient dynamics of soil and plants with grazing intensity, and
 emphasize the important function of microelements in plant adaptation in
 grazing management.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vq83bk3qf
title: A Total-Group Phylogenetic Metatree for Cetacea and the Importance of Fossil Data in Diversification Analyses

description: Phylogenetic trees provide a powerful framework for testing
 macroevolutionary hypotheses, but it is becoming increasingly apparent
 that inferences derived from extant species alone can be highly
 misleading. Trees incorporating living and extinct taxa are are needed to
 address fundamental questions about the origins of diversity and disparity
 but it has proved challenging to generate robust, species--rich
 phylogenies that include large numbers of fossil taxa. As a result, most
 studies of diversification dynamics continue to rely on molecular
 phylogenies. Here, we extend and apply a recently developed meta-analytic
 approach for synthesizing previously published phylogenetic studies to
 infer a well-resolved set of species level, time-scaled phylogenetic
 hypotheses for extinct and extant cetaceans (whales, dolphins and allies).
 Our trees extend sampling from the $\sim 90$ extant species to over 500
 living and extinct species, and therefore allow for more robust inference
 of macroevolutionary dynamics. While the diversification scenarios we
 recover are broadly concordant with those inferred from molecular
 phylogenies they differ in critical ways, notably in the relative
 contributions of extinction and speciation rate shifts in driving rapid
 radiations. The metatree approach provides the most immediate route for
 generating higher level phylogenies of extinct taxa, and opens the door to
 re-evaluation of macroevolutionary hypotheses derived only from extant
 taxa.
description: Morphological character taxon matrices were collected via
 literature review. The molecular dataset was obtained from the
 supplementary information of McGowen 2009 and supplemented with sequence
 data from genbank. Fossil taxon ages were obtained from the paleobiology
 database and supplemented with published dates obtained via  literature
 review. All data processing was done via custom R
 scripts.