DOI: 10.5061/dryad.48s53
title: Data from: Evolution at a different pace: distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos

description: Ancient oceanic archipelagos of similar geological age are expected to
 accrue comparable numbers of endemic lineages with identical life history
 strategies, especially if the islands exhibit analogous habitats. We
 tested this hypothesis using marine snails of the genus Conus from the
 Atlantic archipelagos of Cape Verde and Canary Islands. Together with
 Azores and Madeira, these archipelagos comprise the Macaronesia
 biogeographic region and differ remarkably in the diversity of this group.
 More than 50 endemic Conus species have been described from Cape Verde
 whereas prior to this study, only two non-endemic species, including a
 putative species complex, were thought to occur in the Canary Islands. We
 combined molecular phylogenetic data and geometric morphometrics with
 bathymetric and paleoclimatic reconstructions to understand the
 contrasting diversification patterns found in these regions. Our results
 suggest that species diversity is even lower than previously thought in
 the Canary Islands, with the putative species complex corresponding to a
 single species, Conus guanche Lauer, 1993. One explanation for the
 enormous disparity in Conus diversity is that the amount of available
 habitat may differ, or may have differed in the past due to eustatic
 (global) sea level changes. Historical bathymetric data, however,
 indicated that sea level fluctuations since the Miocene have had a similar
 impact on the available habitat area in both Cape Verde and Canary
 archipelagos and therefore do not explain this disparity. We suggest that
 recurrent gene flow between the Canary Islands and West Africa, habitat
 losses due to intense volcanic activity in combination with unsuccessful
 colonization of new Conus species from more diverse regions, were all
 determinant in shaping diversity patterns within the Canarian archipelago.
 Worldwide Conus species richness follows the well-established pattern of
 latitudinal increase of species richness from the poles towards the
 tropics. However, the eastern Atlantic revealed a striking pattern with
 two main peaks of Conus species richness in the sub-tropical area and
 decreasing diversities towards the tropical western African coast. A
 Random Forests (RF) model using 12 oceanographic variables suggested that
 sea surface temperature (SST) is the main determinant of Conus diversity
 either at continental scales (eastern Atlantic coast) or in a broader
 context (worldwide). Other factors such as availability of suitable
 habitat and reduced salinity due to the influx of large rivers in the
 tropical area also play an important role in shaping Conus diversity
 patterns in the western coast of Africa.
description: Data from: Evolution at
 a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from
 two ancient oceanic archipelagosCombined data file: One
 fragment obtained with the universal primers 16Sar-L and 16Sbr-H (Palumbi,
 1996), amplified a 472-base pair (bp) of the 16S rRNA gene in 115
 specimens. The other fragment was obtained using C. guanche specific
 primers and amplified a 777-bp portion of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4
 (NADH4) mitochondrial gene in 143 specimens. Additionally, a partial
 fragment (505 bp) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of
 nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA was amplified in 129 specimens using C.
 guanche specific primers.Combined1754bp_USYB-2013-183.nexData from: Evolution at a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagosMitochondrial fragment of 2,044 bp. This fragment includes the 3’ end of the 12S rRNA, the complete tRNA-Valine (Val), the 5’ portion of the 16S rRNA, and a partial sequence of the cytochrome b gene - cyt bConusall2044bp_USYB-2013-183.nexData from: Evolution at a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagosS1- List of specimens of Conus guanche used in this study, sampling sites and island/country. Voucher numbers for Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle specimens are included in the associated ReadMe (S1_dryad.48s53). S2- Selected points for capturing the shape of the shell and each radular tooth of Conus guanche. S4- Selected points for capturing the shape of each radular tooth of Conus guanche. (a) Average Pairwise Procrustes distances within groups of specimens of Conus guanche defined by locality, based on shell morphometry; (b) Pairwise Procrustes distances between groups defined by locality, based on shell morphometry of Conus guanche; (c) Average Pairwise Procrustes distances within groups of specimens of Conus guanche defined by locality, based on radula morphometry; (d) Pairwise Procrustes distances between groups defined by locality, based on radula morphometry of Conus guanche. S6- Selected variables and their importance (in %) obtained with the Random Forests (RF) model used to evaluate their effect on Conus diversity. (a) worldwide; (b) along the West African coast.S1_S2_S4_S6_Supplem mat_Tables.xlsxS1_dryad.48s53.xlsxData from: Evolution at a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos(a) Canonical variate analysis (CVA) of the shape of the shell of 92 specimens from 6 populations of Conus guanche considering sample location (island/continent) as grouping factor. Deformation grids of the 2D scatter plots of the CVA are shown. CV1 represents the increase of the spire height with the concomitant ascent of the point markings the maximum width of the shells. CV2 represents the lowering of the spire height and the enlargement of the aperture of the shell;S3a_Supplem mat_CVA_shell.pdfData from: Evolution at a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos(b) CVA of the shape of 84 radular teeth of 42 specimens from 6 populations of Conus guanche considering sample location as grouping factor. The 2D scatter plots of the CVA and the corresponding deformation grids are shown. CV1 represents the relative shortening of the radular tooth along the middle point of its axis. CV2 represents the shortening of the anterior portion and the increase of the width of the shaft of the radular tooth. The numbers in the shell and radular tooth represent landmarks and semilandmarks used in geometric morphometric analyses (see further details in Supplementary material_S2).S3b_Supplem mat_CVA_radula.pdfData from: Evolution at a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagosPhylogenetic relationships of Conus guanche based on Bayesian inference analysis of mitochondrial (NADH4 and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (internal transcriber spacer ITS1) sequence data using MRBAYES. Numbers above and below the nodes represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap proportions, respectively.S5_Supplem mat_BIguanche.pdfData from: Evolution at a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagosWorldwide Conus diversity. Data from NatureServe and IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2012. Cone snails. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 05/03/2014.S7_Supplem mat_Conus worlwide div.pdfData from: Evolution at a different pace: Distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagosWorldwide sea surface temperature variation. The scale represents temperature (ºC). Latitudes and longitudes are shown.S8_Supplem mat_sst worlwide.pdf