DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z34tmpgqn
title: Data from: Polyelectrolyte-based wireless and drift-free iontronic sensors for orthodontic sensing

description: The real-time monitoring of health conditions of humans is a long-lasting
 topic, but there are two major challenges. First, many biomedical
 applications accept only implanted sensors. Second, tissue-like soft
 sensors often suffer from viscoelasticity-induced signal drift, causing
 inaccurate measurements. Here, we report a wireless and drift-free sensory
 system enabled by a low-creep polyelectrolyte elastomer. The system
 consists of ionotropic pressure sensors incorporating LC oscillators,
 exhibiting a combined low drift ratio, high Q-factor, high robustness to
 interferences, and wide-range measurement, superior to other capacitive
 sensors using regular dielectrics or ionogels. We have recorded 14-day
 orthodontic loads of two subjects using the system, showing pressure
 decreasing from 300 to 50 kPa and torque from 12.5 to 0.5 N·mm. The
 wireless, drift-free sensory system may be extended to other implants for
 long-term and accurate sensing.
description: # Data from: Polyelectrolyte-based wireless and drift-free iontronic
 sensors for orthodontic sensing
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z34tmpgqn](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z34tmpgqn) ## Description of the data and file structure Every Excel concludes the data of 1 whole figure; FIG-number = the data in Figure-number of the main text; Figure - number - lowercase = the data in specific Figure; For instance, Figure 2b in FIG 2 Excel means the origin data of the Figure 2b. Each small graph has a unit, a physical quantity. ### Files and variables #### File: FIG-2.xlsx **Description:** **Fig. 2. Synthesis, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of the crosslinked P(VBIM-TFSI) polyelectrolyte.** ##### Variables **Fig2 B** Wide-angle X-ray scattering spectra of the noncrosslinked polyelectrolyte and the crosslinked polyelectrolyte. **Fig2 C** Tensile stress-strain curves of the two polyelectrolytes.  **Fig2 D** Young’s modulus of the two polyelectrolytes. **Fig2 E** Creep test of the crosslinked polyelectrolyte under a constant compressive stress of 300 kPa.  **Fig2 F** Electrical conductivity as a function of frequency for the crosslinked polyelectrolyte and noncrosslinked polyelectrolyte. #### File: FIG-5.xlsx **Description:** **Fig. 5 | *In vivo* orthodontic pressure and torque measurement.** ##### Variables **Fig5 E**, **F** Orthodontic pressure measurement of the two incisors of subject A over 14 d during overbite treatment. Panel (E) shows the measured resonant frequencies of the two LC pressure sensors and panel (F) shows calculated orthodontic pressure over time. **Fig5** **I**, **J** Orthodontic torque measurement over 14 d for crossbite treatment. Panel (I) shows the measured resonant frequencies of the LC torque sensor and panel (J) shows the calculated orthodontic torque over time. #### File: FIG-4.xlsx **Description:** **Fig. 4. Design and properties of the LC sensor array for pressure and torque sensing.** ##### Variables **Fig4 B** Measured S_11 parameter to frequency under different pressures of sensor #12. **Fig4 C** Resonant frequency as a function of pressure of sensor #12. **Fig4 D** Resonant frequencies of sensor #12 under loads of 100, 101, and 102 kPa. **Fig4 F** Resonant frequency as a function of torque for sensor #13. **Fig4 G** Resonant frequencies of sensor #13 under loads of 10.0, 10.1, and 10.2 Nmm. **Fig4 H, I** Results showing that the torque sensor is crosstalk-free. A torque sensor consists of two parts: S1 and S2. When applying different loads on S1, no change in f_r is observed for S2, and vice versa. #### File: FIG-3.xlsx **Description:** **Fig. 3. Sensing properties and drift behavior of the polyelectrolyte-based pressure sensor.** ##### Variables **Fig3 A** Capacitance as a function of pressure for the polyelectrolyte-based capacitor. **Fig3 B** Dynamic tracking of resonant frequency and capacitance in response to pressure steps. **Fig3 C** Drift rate and drift ratio of the capacitors based on polyelectrolyte and ionogel. **Fig3 D** Capacitance and resonant frequency of the polyelectrolyte-based sensor under a static pressure of 300 kPa for 10 h. **Fig3 E** Capacitance and f_r curves of the polyelectrolyte-based sensor under pressures of 70, 140, 280, and 560 kPa over 10 min for each pressure. **Fig3 F** Capacitance and resonant frequency of the ionogel-based sensor under a static pressure of 300 kPa for 10 min. **Fig3 G** Capacitance and f_r curves of the ionogel-based sensor under pressures of 70, 140, 280, and 560 kPa over 10 min for each pressure. **Code/software** File: FIG-4.xlsx Description: Fig. 4. Design and properties of the LC sensor array for pressure and torque sensing. ##### Variables Resonant frequency fr was measured by matlab code at:  [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14625362](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14625362) File: FIG-3.xlsx Description: Fig. 3. Sensing properties and drift behavior of the polyelectrolyte-based pressure sensor. ##### Variables Resonant frequency fr was measured by matlab code at:  [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14625362](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14625362)