DOI: 10.7910/dvn/m7ndxn
title: Kislovodsk Mountain Astronomical Station (KMAS) Sunspot Group Data

description: &lt;h2&gt;Citation and Acknowledgements&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Please cite both this database the paper describing it, as well as adding the following acknowledgement:

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;"KMAS sunspot groups were downloaded from the solar dynamo dataverse (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/solardynamo), maintained by Andrés Muñoz-Jaramillo." &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt; Database citation format is shown at the top of this page, underneath the database title. It can be downloaded in a variety of formats directly from this page&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;The paper describing this database is&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;A. Muñoz-Jaramillo, R. R. Senkpeil, J. C. Windmueller, E. C. Amouzou, D. W. Longcope, A. G. Tlatov, Y. A. Nagovitsyn, A. A. Pevtsov, G. A. Chapman, A. M. Cookson, A. R. Yeates, F. T. Watson, L. A. Balmaceda, E. E. DeLuca, & P. C. H. Martens, Small-scale and global dynamos, and the area and flux Distributions of active regions, sunspot groups, and sunspots: A multi-database study. ApJ, 800, 48 (2015).&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...800...48M"&gt;http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...800...48M&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Main Limitations&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;The main limitations of these data are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Before 2011.04.30, sunspot group coordinates are given only for the first day of group appearance with accuracy 0.5 degrees. Starting on 2011.05.01 sunspot group coordinates are measured and reported every day with accuracy of 0.1 degrees.&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;The digitization of the first years in the survey introduced some typos that are hard to catch (for example changing 3 for 8, 5 to 6, etc.). Our estimation is that about 0.1% of all entries were affected. We have fixed any suspicious entries found, but it is likely some typos are still left in the dataset.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Description&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;img src="http://solardynamo.org/dataverse/KMAS_buterfl_round.jpg" alt="KMAS sunspot groups" width="840"&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sunspot group data of the Kislovodsk Mountain Astronomical Station of the Main (Pulkovo) Astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences.&lt;/p&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
Column Position Description

1 1-5 Year.

1 5-7 Month.

1 7-12 Moment of observation in hundredths of day.

2 12-19 Kislovodsk sunspot group.

3 19-28 Latitude (southern hemisphere is negative)*.

4 28-36 Carrington Longitude*.

5 36-42 Relative distance of sunspot group from the center of solar disk in units of solar radius (r/R).

6 42-49 Observed sunspot area, in millionths of solar hemisphere.

7 49-56 Corrected whole sunspot group area in millionths of solar hemisphere**.

8 56-63 Corrected area of the largest spot in this group in millionths of solar hemisphere**.

9 63-68 Quantity of sunspots in this group.

10 68-82 Time of the group passing through the central meridian of the Sun in units of tenths of day***.
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;p&gt;
* Before 2011.04.30, sunspot group coordinates are given only for the first day of group appearance with accuracy 0.5 degrees.&lt;br&gt; 
Starting on 2011.05.01 sunspot group coordinates are measured and reported every day with accuracy of 0.1 degrees.&lt;br&gt; 
Coordinates are measured at the geometric center of each group.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;
**The corrected area S_{corr} is calculated as S_{corr}=S_{obs}*Sec/2,where S_{obs} is the observed sunspot area (in millionths of solar hemisphere), and Sec is the secant of the angle between the radial and disk center vectors, calculated as sqrt(1/(1-(r/R)^2)).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;***Available only until 2011.04.30.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Days with no visible sunspot groups are indicated by an empty line.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Days without observations have no entry in the dataset.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;