DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2fqz61319
title: Data from: Tolerant and despotic macaques show divergent temperament but similar theory of mind

description: The social intelligence hypothesis proposes that the demands of social
 life shape the evolution of cognition, but different aspects of social
 interactions may be relevant. To test how competitive versus cooperative
 interactions shape social cognition, we assessed multiple metrics of
 social cognition in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus, n = 40) and rhesus
 macaques (Macaca mulatta, n = 60). These closely related species have
 similar social organization, but diverge in social styles: Barbary
 macaques are more tolerant, whereas rhesus macaques are more despotic.
 Monkeys completed a battery of experimental tasks measuring gaze-following
 (co-orienting with others); knowledge attribution (representing others’
 underlying knowledge states); goal attribution (interpreting others’
 actions in terms of underlying intentional goals); and temperament
 (boldness in response to exploring novelty). While the rhesus macaques
 were more willing to approach a novel object than Barbary macaques, both
 species showed similar success in each social task. However, individual
 Barbary macaques were more likely to show greater overall proficiency
 across all social measures combined than were individual rhesus monkeys.
 Overall, these results indicate that similar social cognitive capacities
 may evolve in distinct social contexts, and suggest that socio-cognitive
 skills may be relevant both for competitive and cooperative interactions
 in primates.
description: # Tolerant and despotic macaques show divergent temperament but similar
 theory of mind Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.2fqz61319](10.5061/dryad.2fqz61319) ## Description of the
 data and file structure This dataset consists of five files (.xlsx format)
 with the data from this study along with associated R analysis scripts.
 There is a data file for each individual task the monkeys completed (Gaze,
 Goal Attribution, Knowledge Attribution, and Temperament) as well as a
 final file used for analyses of performance across multiple tasks
 (Cross-Task Relationships). Each task data file includes subject
 identification; subject characteristics (species, sex, age); relevant
 experimental variables (trial number, condition); and the response
 variable of interest (e.g., if monkeys looked up for the Gaze Task,
 looking time in seconds for Goal Attribution and Knowledge Attribution
 Tasks; whether they approached for the Temperament Task). Each file
 includes a key tab where all variables reported in the main data tab are
 defined (also appended below). NAs in these files indicate that monkeys
 either did not have a relevant measure (e.g., there is no latency to
 approach if monkeys did not approach in the Temperament Task), or did not
 participate in the relevant task (e.g., in the Cross-Task Relationships),
 as noted for each individual variable. ### Files and variables **Files**
 1. Schwob_etal_Macaque_Gaze_Task.xlsx: trial data for gaze task 2.
 Schwob_etal_Macaque_Knowledge_Attribution_Task.xlsx: trial data for
 knowledge attribution task 3.
 Schwob_etal_Macaque_Goal_Attribution_Task.xlsx: trial data for goal
 attribution task 4. Schwob_etal_Macaque_Temperament_Task.xlsx: trial data
 for temperament task 5. Schwob_etal_Macaque_Cross-Task_Relationships.xlsx:
 combined cognitive performance data for each monkey #### **Variables: Gaze
 Task** | ***Variable*** | ***Description*** | | :------------- |
 :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Subject | Code for each monkey's unique identity | | Species | Monkey's species; Barbary or rhesus macaque | | Sex | Monkey's sex; all monkeys in this study were male | | Age | Age at time of study in years | | Trial\_Num | Trial number (1-4); monkeys had to complete at least one trial set (e.g., trials 1 and 2) to be included in the study, and some did not complete the second set (trials 3 and 4) | | Condition | Trial condition (Up = test, experimenter looked up; Down = control, experimenter looked down) | | Look\_YN | Whether the monkey looked up on that trial (1 = yes, 0 = no) | #### **Variables: Knowledge Attribution Task** | ***Variable*** | ***Description*** | | :------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Subject | Code for each monkey's unique identity | | Species | Monkey's species; Barbary or rhesus macaque | | Sex | Monkey's sex; all monkeys in this study were male | | Age | Age at time of study in years | | Trial\_Num | Trial number (1-4); monkeys had to complete all four trials to be included in the study | | Condition | Trial condition (Habituation 1 = habituation to the reaching action; Habituation 2 = habituation to the fruit; Test Unexpected = actor reached for the box where she did not see the fruit go; Test Expected = actor reached for the box where she did see the fruit go) | | Looking\_Time | Total duration of looking out of a total 10 seconds | #### **Variables: Goal Attribution Task** | ***Variable*** | ***Description*** | | :------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Subject | Code for each monkey's unique identity | | Species | Monkey's species; Barbary or rhesus macaque | | Sex | Monkey's sex; all monkeys in this study were male | | Age | Age at time of study in years | | Trial\_Num | Trial number (1-4); monkeys had to complete all four trials to be included in the study | | Condition | Trial condition (Habituation 1 = habituation to the first set of objects; Test Unexpected = actor reached for different object than in the matched habituation trial; Habituation 2 =  habituation to the second set of objects; Test Expected = actor reached for same object as in the matched habituation trial) | | Looking\_Time | Total duration of looking out of a total 10 seconds | #### **Variables: Temperament Task** | ***Variable*** | ***Description*** | | :--------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Subject | Code for each monkey's unique identity | | Species | Monkey's species; Barbary or rhesus macaque | | Sex | Monkey's sex; all monkeys in this study were male | | Age | Age at time of study in years | | Box\_Appr\_YN | Whether the monkey approached the food box during the task (1 = yes, 0 = no) | | Box\_Appr\_Lat | Latency to approach the food box out of a total 30 seconds (blank / NAs indicate the monkey did not approach) | | NovelObject\_Appr\_YN | Whether the monkey approached the novel object (truck) during the task (1 = yes, 0 = no) | | NovelObject\_Appr\_Lat | Latency to approach the novel object (truck) out of a total 30 seconds (blank / NAs indicate the monkey did not approach) | #### **Variables: Cross-Task Relationships** | ***Variable*** | ***Description*** | | :-------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Subject | Code for each monkey's unique identity | | Species | Monkey's species; Barbary or rhesus macaque | | Sex | Monkey's sex; all monkeys in this study were male | | Age | Age at time of study in years | | Gaze\_Score | Overall gaze task score for that monkey (Test trial looks - Control trial looks); positive scores indicate more looking up on test trials than control trials | | Knowledge\_Score | Overall knowledge task score for that monkey (Unexpected looking time - Expected looking time); positive scores indicate more looking on unexpected than expected test trials; blank / NAs indicates that the monkey did not complete this task | | Goals\_Score | Overall goals task score for that monkey (\[Unexpected looking – Habituation 1 looking] – \[Expected looking – Habituation 2 looking]); positive scores indicate more looking on unexpected than expected test trials, but here the score also accounts for matched habituation trial looking times; blank / NAs indicates that the monkey did not complete this task | | Box\_Appr\_YN | Whether the monkey approached the food box in the temperament task (1 = yes, 0 = no); blank / NAs indicate the monkey did not complete this task | | NovelObject\_Appr\_YN | Whether the monkey approached the novel object (truck) in the temperament task (1 = yes, 0 = no); blank / NAs indicate the monkey did not complete this task | ## Code/software For these datasets, there are corresponding R analysis scripts. The analysis script files are: 1. SCRIPT-Schwob-etal-Macaque-gaze-task.R: Trial-by-trial analyses of the gaze task 2. SCRIPT-Schwob-etal-Macaque-knowledge-task.R: Trial-by-trial analyses of the knowledge attribution task 3. SCRIPT-Schwob-etal-Macaque-goal-task.R: Trial-by-trial analyses of the goal attribution task 4. SCRIPT-Schwob-etal-Macaque-temperament-task.R: Analyses of the temperament task 5. SCRIPT-Schwob-etal-Macaque- temperament_cognition.R: Analyses relating temperament performance to social cognitive performance 6. SCRIPT-Schwob-etal-Macaque-pca-correlations.R: Analyses relating different social cognitive performance metrics 7. SCRIPT-Schwob-etal-Macaque-figures.R: generation of relevant figures from these data files