DOI: 10.5279/dk-sa-dda-1401
title: Det middelalderlige skeletfund ved Bygholm
title: Medieval Skeleton Finds at Bygholm

description: Denne undersøgelse er en registrering af det middelalderlige skeletfund ''Bygholm'' ved Raackmanns Fabrikker på Hattingvej lige vest for Horsens (Hatting Sogn og Herred).
        
        Udgravningen foregik i sommeren 1984 og blev foretaget ved Vejle Kulturhistoriske Museum (VKH 1201). Det fremkomne antropologiske materiale blev overladt til Jesper Boldsen for bearbejdning på Matematisk Institut, Aarhus Universitet. Registreringen omfatter følgende variable:
      
            
        A) Gravenes lokalisering og orientering: De anførte koordinater
        
        er målt i udgravningens målesystem, og vinklen er vinklen
        
        mellem dette systems anden akse og hovedaksen i graven.
      
            
        B) Gravform: Tre typer af gravforme er registreret: Kistegrave,
        
        grave med smal (kropsformet) bund og stensatte grave. De
        
        stensatte grave er underklassificeret som følger:
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 1: En issesten, dvs. en sten ved issen,
        
        vest for hovedet, dog ganske nær ved det.
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 2: En issesten og en fodsten, dvs. en sten
        
        vest for hovedet og en øst for fødderne, begge sten er nær ved
        
        skelettet, ofte står fødderne op ad den østre sten.
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 3: En kindsten, dvs. en sten lige syd eller
        
        lige nord for hovedet.
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 4: To kindsten, dvs. en sten lige syd og en
        
        lige nord for hovedet.
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 5: To kindsten og to ankelsten, dvs. en
        
        sten på hver side af hovedet og en på hver side af
        
        anklerne-fødderne.
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 6: Mange sten, dvs. tre eller flere sten
        
        i hoved- og fodenden af graven. I eet tilfælde var der bygget
        
        et helt lille stenkammer omkring hovedet.
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 7: Andre nære sten, dvs. sten nær ved
        
        skelettet, som ikke passer ind i stenarrangementerne 1-6;
        
        nogle af disse er ufuldstændigt bevarede arrangementer af
        
        en af typerne 1-6.
        
        Stenarrangement nr. 8: Fjerne sten, dvs. sten i randen -
        
        hyppigst i hjørnerne - af en bredbundet grav; stenene har ikke
        
        ligget lige op ad liget ved begravelsen.
      
            
        C) Armstillinger: Armstillingen er bestemt ud fra underarmens
        
        placering i forhold til kroppen og specielt overarmen.
        
        A: Armen ligger ned langs siden, eventuelt lidt ind over
        
        bækkenet, hånden krydser dog ikke midtlinjen.
        
        B: Underarmen ligger ind over bækkenet, og hånden ligger i
        
        det mindste delvist på den anden side af midtlinjen.
        
        Vinklen i albuen er over 120 gr.
        
        C: Underarmen ligger ind over maven eller det nederste af
        
        brystkassen, albuens vinkel er omtrent ret (75-120 gr.).
      
            
        D) Fund: Der er opregnet følgende fundkategorier:
        
        Keramik (antal skår), frådsten og/eller mørtel, tegl, trækul,
        
        metalting (af jern, dvs. mest søm, eller af andet metal, dvs.
        
        bronze eller andre kobberlegeringer).
      
            
        E) Køn: Kønnet er bestemt til en af følgende kategorier:
        
        F (kvinde), F? (sikkert en kvinde), ?F (muligvis en kvinde),
        
        ? (kønnet kunne ikke bestemmes), ?M (muligvis en mand), M?
        
        (sikkert en mand) og M (mand). I statistiske sammenhænge
        
        regnes F og F? for kvinder og M og M? for mænd.
      
            
        F) Alder: I de fleste tilfælde er alderen givet i ret snævre
        
        aldersintervaller. Dette betyder ikke, at primærundersøgeren
        
        er bedre end andre til at aldersbestemme skeletter, men at han
        
        har valgt at tillade en ret høj fejlprocent i
        
        aldersbestemmelserne (det er sandsynligt, at 20-30 pct. af
        
        dødsaldrene falder uden for det angivne interval). Dette valg
        
        hænger sammen med den metode, som primærundersøgeren benytter
        
        ved rekonstruktion af aldersfordelingen blandt de døde. Denne
        
        metode giver erfaringsmæssigt de bedste resultater, hvis der
        
        arbejdes med ''optimistiske aldersbestemmelser''.
      
            
        G) Højden: Den målte højde er den, som er målt i graven efter den
        
        metode, der er givet af primærundersøgeren (Boldsen, Jesper:
        
        A statistical evaluation of the basis for predicting stature
        
        from lengths of long bones in European populations. American
        
        Journal of Physical Anthropology 65, no. 3, 1984), og den
        
        beregnede højde er predikteret ud fra formlerne i samme
        
        publikation.
      
            
        H) Sygdomme: Der er kun noteret svære og iøjnefaldende tilstande,
        
        derfor giver materialet ikke udtømmende besked om sygeligheden
        
        i befolkningen. Registreringen af tandsygdomme er nok den mest
        
        pålidelige. Det er bemærkelsesværdigt, at der kun er ganske få
        
        invaliderende lidelser, og at de helede brud gennemgående er
        
        helet i god stilling med et minimum af funktionsforstyrrelser.
        
        I mindst to tilfælde har der været tale om øjeblikkelig dødelig
        
        vold mod hovedet, i begge tilfælde er de pågældende fældet af
        
        sværdhug
description: The survey is a registration of the medieval skeleton finds at 'Bygholm' near Raackmanns Fabrikker (Raackmanns Factories) on Hattingvej due west of Horsens (Hatting parish and district).     #  The excavation took place in the summer of 1984 and it was carried out by Vejle Kunsthistoriske Museum (Vejle Museum of Art History). The obtained anthropological material was handed over to Jesper Boldsen for further treatment at the Institute of Mathematics, University of Aarhus. The registration includes the following variables:     #     #A) Localization and orientation of the graves: the given     #   co-ordinates were measured in the measuring system of the     #   excavation, and the angle is the angle between the second     #   axis of this system and the main axis of the grave.     #     #B) Type of grave: three types of grave were registered: tombs,     #   graves with a narrow (body-shaped) bottom and stone-built     #   graves. The stone-built graves have been sub-classified as     #   follows:     #   Stone arrangement no. 1: one vertex stone, i.e. a stone at     #   the vertex, west of the head, however, quite close to the     #   head.     #   Stone arrangement no. 2: one vertex stone and one foot stone,     #   i.e.     #   one stone west of the head and one east of the feet; both     #   stones are near the skeleton, and often the feet stand     #   against the eastern stone.     #   Stone arrangement no. 3: one cheek stone, i.e. one stone due     #   south or due north of the head.     #   Stone arrangement no. 4: two cheek stones, i.e. one stone     #   due south of and one stone due north of the head.     #   Stone arrangement no. 5: two cheek stones and two ankle     #   stones, i.e. a stone on each side of the head and one on     #   each side of the ankles/feet.     #   Stone arrangement no. 6: many stones, i.e. three or more     #   stones at the head and the foot of the grave. In one case     #   a small stone chamber had been built around the head.     #   Stone arrangement no. 7: other stones near the skeleton     #   which are not included in stone arrangements 1 to 6; some of     #   these arrangements are incomplete versions of arrangements     #   1 to 6.     #   Stone arrangement no. 8: remote stones, i.e. stones at the     #   edges (most frequently at the corners) of a broad-bottomed     #   grave. The stones were not placed near the body at the burial.     #     #C) Arm positions: the position of the arms has been determined     #   on the basis of the position of the forearm in relation to     #   the body and especially to the upper arm.     #   A: The arm is placed down the side, in some cases a little     # across the pelvis, however, the arm does not cross the     # centre axis.     #   B: The forearm is placed across the pelvis, and the hand is     # placed at least halfway across the centre line. The     # angle at the elbow is less than 120 degrees.     #   C: The forearm is placed across the stomach or the lower     # part of the chest. The angle at the elbow is nearly     # a right angle (75 to 120 degrees).     #     #D) Finds: the following find categories have been registered:     #   pottery (number of fragments), travertine and/or     #   mortar, tile, charcoal, metal objects (of iron, i.e.     #   mainly nails, or of other metals, i.e. bronze or other     #   copper alloys).     #     #E) Sex: the sex has been determined as one of the following     #   categories:     #   F (female), F? (probably female), ?F (possibly female),     #   ? (the sex could not be determined, ?M (possibly male); M?     #   (probably male) and M (male). Statistically, F and F? are     #   considered as female and M and M? are considered as male.     #     #F) Age: in most cases age is stated in rather narrow age     #   intervals. This does not mean that the primary investigator is     #   better than other people at dating skeletons, it means that     #   he has chosen to allow for a rather high error percentage     #   in connection with the determination of age at death     #   (20 to 30% of the ages at death probably fall outside of the     #   interval given). This choice is connected with     #   the method used by the primary investigator in connection with     #   the reconstruction of the age distribution among the dead     #   persons. According to experience this method yields the best     #   results if it includes 'optimistic age determination'.     #     #G) Height: the measured height is the height measured in the     #   grave on the basis of the primary investigator's method:     #   (Boldsen, Jesper: A Statistical Evaluation of the Basis for     #   Predicting Stature from Length of Bones in European     #   Populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 65, no.     #   3, 1984), and the calculated height is predicted on the basis     #   of the formulas in this publication.     #     #H) Diseases: only severe and conspicuous conditions have been     #   registered. Thus, the material does not contain complete     #   information as regards the sickliness of the population. The     #   registration of dental diseases is probably the most reliable.     #   It is remarkable that there are only a few disabling     #   diseases and that the healed fractures are generally healed     #   up in a good position with a minimum of functional     #   disturbances. In at least two cases death was instantaneous     #   as the result of violence against the head, in both cases the     #   person had been slain by blows with a sword
description: Se abstract
description: See abstract