DOI: 10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t62
title: A dataset of hydrological effects induced by historical and modern earthquakes in the Southern Apennines of Italy

description: We present a dataset of 610 observations of hydrological changes
 associated with 40 seismic events that occurred in Southern Italy between
 1688 and 2019 with magnitude ranging between M=4.1 and M=7.1. We report
 variations in the discharge of rivers and springs, the level of the water
 in wells, effects of liquefaction, turbid flow, and variations of the
 chemical-physical parameters of waters. The data was collected between
 2020 and 2024 as one of the outcomes of the Project ‘Further - The role of
 fluids in the preparatory phase of earthquakes in Southern Apennines’,
 which aims at investigating the whole pathway of fluids from the source to
 the surface in peninsular Southern Italy.
description: Data was collected in archives and libraries, genre literature,
 newspapers, seismic postacards, macroseismic questionnaires, specific
 online databases, scientific papers. The hydrological data were filed by
 earthquake into individual folders composed of 1) a sub-folder with the
 original sources of information, 2) a text file with notes and
 transcriptions of the original observations, along with references and
 bibliography, and 3) a Google spreadsheets file with the database of
 hydrological observations. Following a final round of screening and
 editing of the collected data, we merged each single Google spreadsheet
 (relative to the individual earthquakes) in a unique Microsoft Excel
 spreadsheets file (XLS).
description: # A dataset of hydrological effects induced by historical and modern
 earthquakes in the Southern Apennines of Italy
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t62](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t62) ## Description of the data and file structure The dataset contains 610 observations of hydrological changes associated with 40 seismic events with magnitude ranging between M=4.1 and M=7.1, that have occurred in three areas of Southern Italy (Sannio-Matese, Irpinia-Mefite, Pollino) between 1688 and 2019. We report variations of the discharge of rivers and springs, of the level of the water in wells, effects of liquefaction, turbid flow, and variation of the chemical-physical parameters of waters. The hydrological informations were collected from archives and libraries, coeval chronicles, official reports, newspapers, seismic postcards, macroseismic questionnaires, online databases, and scientific papers. ### Files and variables #### File: Dryad\_dataset\_revised.csv **Description:**  ##### Variables * Object ID (integer) defines the object identifier * ID Event (integer) indicates the identifier of the seismic event * Event date (date) indicates the date of the seismic event in the format yyyy-mm-dd * Site of observation (text) indicates the name of the site where the hydrological change has been observed * Site Latitude: double type (three decimal places) indicating the latitude of the observation, in decimal degrees (dd.mmm) within a WGS_1984 Geographic Coordinate System * Site Longitude: double type (three decimal places) indicating the longitude of the observation point, in decimal degrees (dd.mmm) within a WGS_1984 Geographic Coordinate System * Site Epicentral Distance: double type (one decimal place) indicating the distance in km between the site of observation and the epicenter of the seismic event * Hydrological observation: (text) indicates the synthetic description of the reported hydrological effect * Observation Code: (text) indicates the category of the hydrological effect reported. Seven categories are defined as follows: “L” (liquefaction); “PT” (chemical-physical variation); “R” (river); “S” (spring); “T” (turbid flow); “U” (undefined); “W” (well) * Quality Code: (text) indicates the quality of the hydrological effect reported. Three categories are defined as follows: “A” (high quality); “B” (intermediate quality); “C” (low quality) * Notes: (text) provides additional information that characterizes the hydrological observation (time extent, location, rainfall, ecc) * References: (text) a list of the sources that report the hydrological observation along with a DOI or other stable accession when available ## Code/software Microsoft Excel can be used to view the file.