cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15154/1423469
title: The Importance of Knowing When You Don't Remember: Neural Signaling of Retrieval Failure Predicts Memory Improvement Over Time.

description: Just as the ability to remember prior events is critical for guiding our decision-making, so too is the ability to recognize the limitations of our memory. Indeed, we hypothesize that neural signaling of retrieval failure promotes more accurate memory judgments over time. To test this hypothesis, we collected longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 8 to 9 years olds, 10 to 12 years olds, and adults, with two time points spaced approximately 1.4 years apart (198 scan sessions in total). Participants performed an episodic memory retrieval task in which they could either select a response or report uncertainty about the target memory detail. Children who engaged anterior insula more strongly during inaccurate or uncertain responses exhibited greater longitudinal increases in anterior prefrontal cortex activation for decisions to report uncertainty; both of these neural variables predicted improvements in episodic memory. Together, the results suggest that the brain processes supporting effective cognitive control and decision-making continue to develop in middle childhood and play an important role for memory development.
DOI: 10.15154/1423471
title: Age- and performance-related differences in hippocampal contributions to episodic retrieval.

description: The goal of the present study was to investigate whether hippocampal contribution to episodic memory retrieval varies as a function of age (8-9 versus 10-11 versus adults), performance levels (high versus low) and hippocampal sub-region (head, body, tail). We examined fMRI data collected during episodic retrieval from a large sample (N=126). Participants judged whether a stimulus had been encoded previously, and, if so, which of three scenes it had been paired with (i.e., source judgment). For 8- to 9-years-olds as well as low-performing 10- to 11-year-olds, hippocampal activations did not reliably differentiate between trials on which item-scene associations were correctly recalled (correct source), incorrectly recalled (incorrect source), or trials on which the item was forgotten (miss trials). For high-performing 10-11-year olds and low-performing adults, selective hippocampal activation was observed for correct source relative to incorrect source and miss trials; this effect was observed across the entire hippocampus. For high-performing adults, hippocampal activation also distinguished between correct and incorrect source trialsl, but only in the hippocampal head, suggesting that good performance in adults is associated with more focal hippocampal recruitment. Thus, both age and performance are important factors for understanding the development of memory and hippocampal function.
DOI: 10.15154/1423632
title: White Matter Tracts Connected to the Medial Temporal Lobe Support the Development of Mnemonic Control.

description: One of the most important factors driving the development of memory during childhood is mnemonic control, or the capacity to initiate and maintain the processes that guide encoding and retrieval operations. The ability to selectively attend to and encode relevant stimuli is a particularly useful form of mnemonic control, and is one that undergoes marked improvement over childhood. We hypothesized that structural integrity of white matter tracts, in particular those connecting medial temporal lobe memory regions to other cortical areas, and/or those connecting frontal and parietal control regions, should contribute to successful mnemonic control. To test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between structural integrity of selected white matter tracts and an experimental measure of mnemonic control, involving enhancement of memory by attention at encoding, in 116 children aged 7-11 and 25 young adults. We observed a positive relationship between integrity of uncinate fasciculus and mnemonic enhancement across age groups. In adults, but not in children, we also observed an association between mnemonic enhancement and integrity of ventral cingulum bundle and ventral fornix/fimbria. Integrity of fronto-parietal tracts, including dorsal cingulum and superior longitudinal fasciculus, was unrelated to mnemonic enhancement.
DOI: 10.15154/1423633
title: A Time and Place for Everything: Developmental Differences in the Building Blocks of Episodic Memory.

description: This research investigated whether episodic memory development can be explained by improvements in relational binding processes, involved in forming novel associations between events and the context in which they occurred. Memory for item-space, item-time, and item-item relations was assessed in an ethnically diverse sample of 151 children aged 7-11 years and 28 young adults. Item-space memory reached adult performance by 9½ years, whereas item-time and item-item memory improved into adulthood. In path analysis, item-space, but not item-time best explained item-item memory. Across age groups, relational binding related to source memory and performance on standardized memory assessments. In conclusion, relational binding development depends on relation type, but relational binding overall supports episodic memory development.
DOI: 10.15154/1425407
title: T1 white/gray contrast as a predictor of chronological age, and an index of cognitive performance

description: Knowing the maturational schedule of typical brain development is critical to our ability to identify deviations from it; such deviations have been related to cognitive performance and even developmental disorders. Chronological age can be predicted from brain images with considerable accuracy, but with limited spatial specificity, particularly in the case of the cerebral cortex. Methods using multi-modal data have shown the greatest accuracy, but have made limited use of cortical measures. Methods using complex measures derived from voxels throughout the brain have also shown great accuracy, but are difficult to interpret in terms of cortical development. Measures based on cortical surfaces have yielded less accurate predictions, suggesting that perhaps cortical maturation is less strongly related to chronological age than is maturation of deep white matter or subcortical structures. We question this suggestion. We show that a simple metric based on the white/gray contrast at the inner border of the cortex is a good predictor of chronological age. We demonstrate this in two large datasets: the NIH Pediatric Data, with 832 scans of typically developing children, adolescents, and young adults; and the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics data, with 760 scans of individuals in a similar age-range. Further, our usage of an elastic net penalized linear regression model reveals the brain regions which contribute most to age-prediction. Moreover, we show that the residuals of age-prediction based on this white/gray contrast metric are not merely random errors, but are strongly related to IQ, suggesting that this metric is sensitive to aspects of brain development that reflect cognitive performance.
DOI: 10.15154/1430695
title: Brief Report: Social Functioning Predicts Externalizing Problem Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

description: Individuals with ASD often display externalizing behaviors, which have been associated with lower quality of life in adulthood. Social difficulties have been hypothesized to underlie externalizing problems among individuals with ASD (Klin and Volkmar in Asperger Syndrome, 340-366, 2000), but this has never been tested empirically. We examined whether socialization abilities predicted externalizing problems assessed by parent report in a group of 29 individuals with ASD (age range 7-16 years) and 29 TD individuals matched for IQ, age, and gender. Socialization scores accounted for 50% of the variance in externalizing behaviors among individuals with ASD, but not in TD children. These findings have implications for intervention, and suggest that targeting social difficulties might provide a better means to addressing externalizing problems.
DOI: 10.15154/1459208
title: Suicidal Ideation in First-Episode Psychosis (FEP): Examination of Symptoms of Depression and Psychosis Among Individuals in an Early Phase of Treatment

description: First-episode psychosis (FEP) is a particularly high-risk period for suicide,
in which risk elevates by 60% within a first year of treatment as compared
to later stages of illness. To date, much of the literature has focused on individuals
with a longer duration of psychosis; thus, there is an urgency for research
to examine suicide risk among individuals in FEP in the beginning stage of
treatment. This study aimed to identify the relationships between demographic
characteristics, symptoms of depression, psychosis (particularly positive symptoms
of psychosis), and suicidal ideation among individuals in FEP. Secondary
data were obtained from National Institute of Mental Health’s Early Treatment
Program of the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode project
(N = 404). Consistent with prior research, participants who experienced suicidal
ideation during the study period reported having a longer duration of untreated
psychosis and greater symptoms of depression. Further, positive symptoms of
psychosis, namely hallucinations and delusions, were found to increase the odds
of experiencing suicidal ideation. Findings point toward the implication that
depression and positive symptoms of psychosis relate to the experience of suicidal
ideation among individuals with a FEP and should be evaluated for and
treated in the early stages of treatment.
DOI: 10.15154/1459209
title: Suicidal Ideation in First-Episode Psychosis (FEP): Examination of Symptoms of Depression and Psychosis Among Individuals in an Early Phase of Treatment

description: First-episode psychosis (FEP) is a particularly high-risk period for suicide,
in which risk elevates by 60% within a first year of treatment as compared
to later stages of illness. To date, much of the literature has focused on individuals
with a longer duration of psychosis; thus, there is an urgency for research
to examine suicide risk among individuals in FEP in the beginning stage of
treatment. This study aimed to identify the relationships between demographic
characteristics, symptoms of depression, psychosis (particularly positive symptoms
of psychosis), and suicidal ideation among individuals in FEP. Secondary
data were obtained from National Institute of Mental Health’s Early Treatment
Program of the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode project
(N = 404). Consistent with prior research, participants who experienced suicidal
ideation during the study period reported having a longer duration of untreated
psychosis and greater symptoms of depression. Further, positive symptoms of
psychosis, namely hallucinations and delusions, were found to increase the odds
of experiencing suicidal ideation. Findings point toward the implication that
depression and positive symptoms of psychosis relate to the experience of suicidal
ideation among individuals with a FEP and should be evaluated for and
treated in the early stages of treatment.
DOI: 10.15154/1460410
title: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 1.1

description: The ABCD Curated Annual Release 1.1 includes high quality baseline data from the first ~4,500 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the genetics, physical & mental health, neurocognition, substance use, biospecimens and culture & environment domains. All personally identifiable information is removed from the data to ensure participant confidentiality and anonymity. For a detailed description of all the measures included in this release, download the Curated Annual Release 1.1 Summary document.
DOI: 10.15154/1461178
title: Measuring theory of mind in schizophrenia research: Cross-cultural validation.

description: Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to understand mental states of others and it is crucial for building sensitivity to other persons or events. Measuring ToM is important for understanding and rehabilitating social cognitive impairments in persons with schizophrenia. The Social Attribution Task-Multiple Choice (SAT-MC) has been successfully employed to measure ToM between individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and healthy controls (HC) in North America. Given that the SAT-MC uses geometric shapes, is nonverbal and less culturally loaded than other social cognition measures, it may serve for measuring ToM in schizophrenia across cultures. A total of 120 participants (30 per group; Korean SZ; Korean HC; North American SZ; North American HC) were selected from existing databases to examine the reliability and validity of the SAT-MC. Internal consistency, factor structure, measurement invariance, discriminant validity, and convergent/divergent validity were examined. The SAT-MC had good internal consistency regardless of the clinical and cultural group as evidence by Cronbach's α ≥ 0.78 in all groups. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the one-factor model with a good model fit (χ2 = 188.122, TLI = 0.958, CFI = 0.963, RMSEA = 0.045). The SAT-MC was sensitive to detect individual differences in ToM of SZ and HC, regardless of culture (p
DOI: 10.15154/1462716
title: Evolutionary and Genetic Analysis of Synonymous Nucleotide Substitutions in Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders

description: The director of the project, Dr. Igor Rogozin, analyzed a modest collection of synonymous nucleotide substitutions from two small databases of mutations observed in autistic subjects [1]. Dr. Rogozin and his colleagues found that there was a statistically significant tendency for these synonymous nucleotide substitutions to replace a reference codon supportive of faster protein translation with a non-reference codon that is known to be associated with slower translation [1]. In the proposed study, we wish to test the codon replacement properties of synonymous substitutions reported in the much larger NDAR database, including whether the property of propensity to slower translation holds in a much larger data set of mutations. We also wish to compare the characteristics of the synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions, using established techniques in genetics.

[1] Poliakov E, Koonin EV, Rogozin IB. Impairment of translation in neurons as a putative causative factor for autism. Biology Direct. 2014; 9:16.
DOI: 10.15154/1463004
title: NIMH NHGRI data-sharing project

description: An MRI dataset of 441 individuals from 321 nuclear families, containing a T1w anatomical scan for each subject.  At the time of the scan are individuals did not have any psychiatric disorders, as assessed by clinician-administered interviews.  
High resolution (1.07 x 1.07 x 1.2mm) T1 weighted volumetric structural imaging data were collected on a 3-T GE Signa scanner with an eight-channel head coil. Magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequences were obtained with ASSET preparation (124 slices, 1.2mm slice thickness, 224 x 224 acquisition metric, flip angle = 6°, field of view = 24 cm2).
The anatomic images were visually inspected by two raters and given scores of 1 (good quality); 2(moderate motion or other artifacts); 3(severe motion or other artifacts); 4 (unprocessable)
DOI: 10.15154/1463093
title: Human hippocampal replay during rest prioritizes weakly-learned information and predicts memory performance

description: There is now extensive evidence that the hippocampus replays experiences during
quiet rest periods, and that this replay benefits subsequent memory. A critical open
question is how memories are prioritized for replay during these offline periods. We
addressed this question in an experiment in which participants learned the features of 15
objects and then underwent fMRI scanning to track item-level replay in the hippocampus
using pattern analysis during a rest period. Objects that were remembered less well were
replayed more during the subsequent rest period, suggesting a prioritization process in
which weaker memories—memories most vulnerable to forgetting—are selected for
wake replay. Participants came back for a second session, either after a night of sleep or a
day awake, and underwent another scanned rest period followed by a second memory
test. In the second session, more hippocampal replay of a satellite during the rest period
predicted better subsequent memory for that satellite. Only in the group with intervening
sleep did rest replay predict improvement from the first to second session. Our results
provide the first evidence that replay of individual memories occurs during rest in the
human hippocampus and that this replay prioritizes weakly learned information, predicts
subsequent memory performance, and relates to memory improvement across a delay
with sleep.
DOI: 10.15154/1464517
title: Whole-brain, time-locked activation with simple tasks revealed using massive averaging and model-free analysis

description: The brain is the body's largest energy consumer, even in the absence of demanding tasks. Electrophysiologists report on-going neuronal firing during stimulation or task in regions beyond those of primary relationship to the perturbation. Although the biological origin of consciousness remains elusive, it is argued that it emerges from complex, continuous whole-brain neuronal collaboration. Despite converging evidence suggesting the whole brain is continuously working and adapting to anticipate and actuate in response to the environment, over the last 20 y, task-based functional MRI (fMRI) have emphasized a localizationist view of brain function, with fMRI showing only a handful of activated regions in response to task/stimulation. Here, we challenge that view with evidence that under optimal noise conditions, fMRI activations extend well beyond areas of primary relationship to the task; and blood-oxygen level-dependent signal changes correlated with task-timing appear in over 95% of the brain for a simple visual stimulation plus attention control task. Moreover, we show that response shape varies substantially across regions, and that whole-brain parcellations based on those differences produce distributed clusters that are anatomically and functionally meaningful, symmetrical across hemispheres, and reproducible across subjects. These findings highlight the exquisite detail lying in fMRI signals beyond what is normally examined, and emphasize both the pervasiveness of false negatives, and how the sparseness of fMRI maps is not a result of localized brain function, but a consequence of high noise and overly strict predictive response models.
DOI: 10.15154/1464520
title: Task Dependence, Tissue Specificity, and Spatial Distribution of Widespread Activations in Large Single-Subject Functional MRI Datasets at 7T

description: It was recently shown that when large amounts of task-based blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) data are combined to increase contrast- and temporal signal-to-noise ratios, the majority of the brain shows significant hemodynamic responses time-locked with the experimental paradigm. Here, we investigate the biological significance of such widespread activations. First, the relationship between activation extent and task demands was investigated by varying cognitive load across participants. Second, the tissue specificity of responses was probed using the better BOLD signal localization capabilities of a 7T scanner. Finally, the spatial distribution of 3 primary response types—namely positively sustained (pSUS), negatively sustained (nSUS), and transient—was evaluated using a newly defined voxel-wise waveshape index that permits separation of responses based on their temporal signature. About 86% of gray matter (GM) became significantly active when all data entered the analysis for the most complex task. Activation extent scaled with task load and largely followed the GM contour. The most common response type was nSUS BOLD, irrespective of the task. Our results suggest that widespread activations associated with extremely large single-subject functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets can provide valuable information about the functional organization of the brain that goes undetected in smaller sample sizes.
DOI: 10.15154/1464602
title: Markers of Autism Spectrum Disorders in At-Risk Toddlers: A Pilot Study

description: This is the release of MRI data from a study is to learn more about risk factors for autism by studying the behavior and brain functioning of toddlers with early communication delays and typically developing toddlers. Children 12 or 18 months of age with language delays (i.e., no words at 18 months, limited vocalizations at 12 months) and typically developing toddlers may be eligible to participate. This study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. There was be an initial screening evaluation that included behavioral assessment. Eligible participants then completed a baseline visit that included an overnight sleep study that included Electroencephalogram (EEG) test to measure brain electrical activity, and an MRI scan. Follow-up visits that included behavioral assessment occurred every 6-12 months, depending on age at study entry. The final study visit occurred at 36 months of age and included behavioral assessment, sleep/EEG study, and MRI.
DOI: 10.15154/1464949
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 18-Month Follow-Up Visit (V02)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI 18-Month Follow-up visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1466212
title: Reductions in Retrieval Competition Predict the Benefit of Repeated Testing

description: Repeated testing leads to improved long-term memory retention compared to repeated study, but the mechanism underlying this improvement remains controversial. In this work, we test the hypothesis that retrieval practice benefits subsequent recall by reducing competition from related memories. This hypothesis implies that the degree of reduction in competition between retrieval practice attempts should predict subsequent memory for practiced items. To test this prediction, we collected electroencephalography (EEG) data across two sessions. In the first session, participants practiced selectively retrieving exemplars from superordinate semantic categories (high competition), as well as retrieving the names of the superordinate categories from exemplars (low competition). In the second session, participants repeatedly studied and were tested on Swahili-English vocabulary. One week after session two, participants were again tested on the vocabulary. We trained a within-subject classifier on the data from session one to distinguish high and low competition states. We then used this classifier to measure the change in competition across multiple successful retrieval practice attempts in the second session. The degree to which competition decreased for a given vocabulary word predicted whether it was subsequently remembered in the third session. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that repeated testing improves retention by reducing competition.