DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17715382
title: Global Bee Interaction Data

description: Last modified: January 09, 2025

IntroductionThis dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others.

Data DescriptionPlease see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data.

Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format.

Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields

Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data.

If you know of a missing dataset, or wish to share your dataset, please contact us!

 

Metrics




Date


Total bee records



07-17-2020
232,906


01-24-2021
257,738


11-17-2021
226,160


06-01-2022
286,818


11-07-2022
429,308


01-18-2024
842,819


07-03-2024
1,109,057


01-09-2025
1,223,768


11-25-2025
2,480,473




 




Date
Andrenidae
Apidae
Colletidae
Halictidae


07-17-2020
73,463
106,222
20,821
58,880


01-24-2021
77,824
120,919
21,376
63,945


11-17-2021
25,535
134,517
10,568
43,070


06-01-2022
78,016
144,827
20,409
64,054


11-07-2022
84,172
171,378
30,792
79,155


01-18-2024
166,473
334,224
63,847
171,931


07-03-2024


289,400



371,953



83,337



190,562



01-09-2025


204,565



686,195



70,724



241,856



11-25-2025


269,191



1,509,768



129,763



386,203





 




Date
Megachilidae
Melittidae
Stenotritidae


07-17-2020
44,449
2,511
23


01-24-2021
48,856
2,624
18


11-17-2021
37,001
995
9


06-01-2022
54,516
2,994
18


11-07-2022
61,391
2,396
24


01-18-2024
100,814
5,088
442


07-03-2024


162,587



4,964

438


01-09-2025


126,113



5,928

441


11-25-2025


174,935



9,764

849




 

Included files



filter_and_count_bee_families.sh - script for separating bee records into family and counting number of records for each family

citation-count.sh - script for counting citations

family_counts.tsv - counts by family

globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2025-Nov-25 produced by [filter_and_count_bee_families.sh].

interactions.tsv.gz - archive of the full Global Biotic Interaction dataset on November 25, 2025. Downloaded from https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org


 

Interaction Sources

Below is a list of sources that contributed to this dataset, along with raw counts of unique interactions and links to the corresponding digital archives and reviews. These datasets are indexed and reviewed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) using automated, reproducible workflows that extract species-interaction records, reconcile taxonomic names against authoritative catalogs, and summarize the findings. Each review produces a versioned digital archive to ensure long-term preservation and to document data provenance. For details, see the Methods section within each linked archive.




count
source


276746




http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world.




266822




Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a food web for Switzerland. EnviDat. https://www.doi.org/10.16904/envidat.467.




258683




USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT




180849




ecdysis - a portal for live-managing arthropod occurrence data




113301




Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388; PBI: Phytophagous Insects as a Model Group for Documenting Planetary Biodiversity (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae, Phylinae). Version: 08 Mar 2016. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0316495; Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 08 Mar 2016. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115




112006




University of Kansas Natural History Museum - Snow Entomological Museum Collection




79134




Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN)




62736




Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University




49513




Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000




41298




Balfour, N.J., Castellanos, M.C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A. and Johnson, C., 2022. DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103, e3801.




28517




PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au.




27114




Guzman, Laura Melissa; Kelly, Tyler; Elle, Elizabeth, 2022, "A dataset for pollinator diversity and their interactions with plants in the Pacific NorthWest", https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WTEZNH, Borealis, V1




24564




University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner.




23727




Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867




18757




A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining.




18003




Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit




17603




Dorey, J.B., Fischer, E.E., Chesshire, P.R. et al. A globally synthesised and flagged bee occurrence dataset and cleaning workflow. Sci Data 10, 747 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02626-w




17088




Vandame R, Mérida J, Sagot P, Madrigal González D, Bedolla García B Y, González-Vanegas P A, Cultid-Medina C A, Barrios J M (2023). Potential host plant records recovered from ECOAB wild bee collection, Mexico. Version 1.10. Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad.




15763




Schwarz, Benjamin et al. (2021). Data from: Temporal scale-dependence of plant-pollinator networks [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qz612jmbp




10211




Pensoft Darwin Core Archives with associateTaxa columns




9104




American Museum of Natural History Hymenoptera




8678




Aubouin, L., Genoud, D., Givord-Coupeau, B. et al. BeeFunc, a comprehensive trait database for French bees. Sci Data 12, 1302 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05626-0




8657




Web of Life. http://www.web-of-life.es .




6600




University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Division of Insects




6331




Allen-Perkins, Alfonso, Magrach, Ainhoa, Dainese, Matteo, Garibaldi, Lucas A., Kleijn, David, Rader, Romina, Reilly, James R., et al. 2022. "CropPol: A Dynamic, Open and Global Database on Crop Pollination." Ecology 103(3): e3614. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3614




6290




Purdue Entomological Research Collection




6178




Redhead, J.W.; Coombes, C.F.; Dean, H.J.; Dyer, R.; Oliver, T.H.; Pocock, M.J.O.; Rorke, S.L.; Vanbergen, A.J.; Woodcock, B.A.; Pywell, R.F. (2018). Plant-pollinator interactions database for construction of potential networks. NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/6d8d5cb5-bd54-4da7-903a-15bd4bbd531b




5535




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5531




https://mangal.io - the ecological interaction database.




5316




Clint Otto, Russ Bryant, and Ned H. Euliss Jr., 2020, The U.S. Geological Survey Pollinator Library Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DSS3VL




4688




University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Entomology Collection




4680




National Database Plant Pollinators. Center for Plant Conservation at San Diego Zoo Global. Accessed via https://saveplants.org/national-collection/pollinator-search/ on 2020-06-05.




4284




Seltmann, K., Van Wagner, J., Behm, R., Brown, Z., Tan, E., & Liu, K. (2020). BID: A project to share biotic interaction and ecological trait data about bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). UC Santa Barbara: Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g21k7bf




4169




Eardley C, Coetzer W. 2016. Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees.




3709




Arizona State University Hasbrouck Insect Collection




3619




Maiorano, L., Montemaggiori, A., Ficetola, G.F., O’Connor, L. & Thuiller, W. (2020), Data from: Tetra-EU 1.0: a species-level trophic meta-web of European tetrapods, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jm63xsj7b hash://md5/40b3d2de829d5f6d98ab71b0b5aa87fd




3547




Mycology Collections Data Portal (MyCoPortal). https://mycoportal.org




3140




University of New Hampshire Donald S. Chandler Entomological Collection




3124




CaraDonna, P.J. 2020. Temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, CO, USA, 2013 - 2015 ver 1. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/27dc02fe1655e3896f20326fed5cb95f (Accessed 2021-04-16).




3120




LaManna, JA, Burkle, LA, Belote, RT, Myers, JA. Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant–pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients. J Ecol. 2020; 00: 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13530 .




3039




Ollerton, J., Trunschke, J. ., Havens, K. ., Landaverde-González, P. ., Keller, A. ., Gilpin, A.-M. ., Rodrigo Rech, A. ., Baronio, G. J. ., Phillips, B. J., Mackin, C. ., Stanley, D. A., Treanore, E. ., Baker, E. ., Rotheray, E. L., Erickson, E. ., Fornoff, F. ., Brearley, F. Q. ., Ballantyne, G. ., Iossa, G. ., Stone, G. N., Bartomeus, I. ., Stockan, J. A., Leguizamón, J., Prendergast, K. ., Rowley, L., Giovanetti, M., de Oliveira Bueno, R., Wesselingh, R. A., Mallinger, R., Edmondson, S., Howard, S. R., Leonhardt, S. D., Rojas-Nossa, S. V., Brett, M., Joaqui, T., Antoniazzi, R., Burton, V. J., Feng, H.-H., Tian, Z.-X., Xu, Q., Zhang, C., Shi, C.-L., Huang, S.-Q., Cole, L. J., Bendifallah, L., Ellis, E. E., Hegland, S. J., Straffon Díaz, S., Lander, T. A. ., Mayr, A. V., Dawson, R. ., Eeraerts, M. ., Armbruster, W. S. ., Walton, B. ., Adjlane, N. ., Falk, S. ., Mata, L. ., Goncalves Geiger, A. ., Carvell, C. ., Wallace, C. ., Ratto, F. ., Barberis, M. ., Kahane, F. ., Connop, S. ., Stip, A. ., Sigrist, M. R. ., Vereecken, N. J. ., Klein, A.-M., Baldock, K. ., & Arnold, S. E. J. . (2022). Pollinator-flower interactions in gardens during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown of 2020. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 31, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)695




2831




Robert L. Minckley San Bernardino Valley from the year 2000 to 2011.




2778




Harvard University M, Morris P J (2021). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.




2252




Giselle Muschett & Francisco E. Fontúrbel. 2021. A comprehensive catalogue of plant – pollinator interactions for Chile




2068




Cohen JM, Sauer EL, Santiago O, Spencer S, Rohr JR. 2020. Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates. Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb1702




2038




Sarah E. Miller. 07/06/2017. Information extracted from dataset https://www.idigbio.org/portal/recordsets/db4bb0df-8539-4617-ab5f-eb118aa3126b.




1884




International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Year of The Stomach Datasets.




1815




http://gomexsi.tamucc.edu




1812




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1766




Fricke, E.C., Svenning, J. Accelerating homogenization of the global plant–frugivore meta-network. Nature 585, 74–78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2640-y




1654




Klompen H, Johnson N (2018). Ohio State Acarology Laboratory (OSAL), Ohio State University. Museum of Biological Diversity, The Ohio State University. Accessed via https://mbd-db.osu.edu/hol/taxon_name/05fbf4bb-f8e1-404e-a27c-759d345aa4d0 on 2023-11-06 hash://sha256/fb23140e60f4889de35ae174b2570cf294012bff4f2c8c419c292af51c98c25f




1619




Grundler MC (2020) SquamataBase: a natural history database and R package for comparative biology of snake feeding habits. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49943. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49943




1510




Brose, U. (2018). GlobAL daTabasE of traits and food Web Architecture (GATEWAy) version 1.0 [Data set]. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig. https://doi.org/10.25829/IDIV.283-3-756




1502




Florida State Collection of Arthropods




1431




Sarah E Miller. 6/19/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.




1351




Rubinigg M. 2023 Data on economic dependence of pollination by animals in crops as well as observations of pollinators on plant species, inon economic dependence of pollination by animals in crops as well as observations of pollinators on plant species, in particular crops. EU Pollinator Hub. [2025-08-28] app.pollinatorhub.eu




1091




Magrach, Ainhoa et al. (2017), Data from: Plant-pollinator networks in semi-natural grasslands are resistant to the loss of pollinators during blooming of mass-flowering crops, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k0q1n




1057




Sarah E Miller. 4/18/2016. Species associations from Wardeh, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci. Data 2:150049 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.49 (2015)




1057




Wardeh, M., Risley, C., McIntyre, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci Data 2, 150049 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.49




958




Sarah E Miller. 5/30/2016. Interations from various papers.




945




University of California Santa Barbara Invertebrate Zoology Collection




873




Ed Baker; Ian J. Kitching; George W. Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker et al. (2016). Dataset: NHM Interactions Bank. Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk). https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767




870




Del Risco, A.A., Montoya, Á.M., García, V. et al. Data synthesis and dynamic visualization converge into a comprehensive biotic interaction network: a case study of the urban and rural areas of Bogotá D.C.. Urban Ecosyst (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01133-3




857




The International Barcode of Life Consortium (2016). International Barcode of Life project (iBOL). Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/inygc6




762




Ollerton J, Liede-Schumann S, Endress ME, Meve U, Rech AR, Shuttleworth A, Keller HA, Fishbein M, Alvarado-Cárdenas LO, Amorim FW, Bernhardt P, Celep F, Chirango Y, Chiriboga-Arroyo F, Civeyrel L, Cocucci A, Cranmer L, da Silva-Batista IC, de Jager L, Deprá MS, Domingos-Melo A, Dvorsky C, Agostini K, Freitas L, Gaglianone MC, Galetto L, Gilbert M, González-Ramírez I, Gorostiague P, Goyder D, Hachuy-Filho L, Heiduk A, Howard A, Ionta G, Islas-Hernández SC, Johnson SD, Joubert L, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kephart S, Kidyoo A, Koptur S, Koschnitzke C, Lamborn E, Livshultz T, Machado IC, Marino S, Mema L, Mochizuki K, Morellato LPC, Mrisha CK, Muiruri EW, Nakahama N, Nascimento VT, Nuttman C, Oliveira PE, Peter CI, Punekar S, Rafferty N, Rapini A, Ren ZX, Rodríguez-Flores CI, Rosero L, Sakai S, Sazima M, Steenhuisen SL, Tan CW, Torres C, Trøjelsgaard K, Ushimaru A, Vieira MF, Wiemer AP, Yamashiro T, Nadia T, Queiroz J, Quirino Z. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study. Ann Bot. 2019 Jan 23;123(2):311-325. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcy127. PMID: 30099492; PMCID: PMC6344220.




760




Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection




721




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711




Texas A&M University Insect Collection




703




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688




Russo, Laura; Fitzpatrick, Una; Larkin, Michelle et al. (2022). Database of plant-flower visitor interactions from Ireland [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.kwh70rz47




634




Classen, Alice; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2020): Plant-pollinator interactions along an elevational gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.911390




627




A review of the status of web-based African Plant-Pollinator Interaction data.




607




Scott L. Gardner and Gabor R. Racz (2021). University of Nebraska State Museum - Parasitology. Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. University of Nebraska State Museum.




590




National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution IPT RSS Feed




563




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555




Sarah E Miller. 6/22/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.




492




RCPol: Online Pollen Catalogs Network. 2016. https://rcpol.org.br/




480




Pinnegar, J.K. (2014). DAPSTOM - An Integrated Database & Portal for Fish Stomach Records. Version 4.7. Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK. February 2014, 39pp.




459




Pardee, G.L., Ballare, K.M., Neff, J.L., Do, L.Q., Ojeda, D., Bienenstock, E.J., Brosi, B.J., Grubesic, T.H., Miller, J.A., Tong, D. and Jha, S., 2023. Local and Landscape Factors Influence Plant-Pollinator Networks and Bee Foraging Behavior across an Urban Corridor. Land, 12(2), p.362. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/362




437




The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection




409




Sarah E Miller. 6/25/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.




384




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334




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320




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296




Global Web Database (http://globalwebdb.com): an online collection of food webs. Accessed via https://www.globalwebdb.com/Service/DownloadArchive on 2017-10-12.




290




California Academy of Sciences Entomology and Entomology Type Collection




290




Sarah E Miller. 06/10/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Chamberlin, W. J. The Buprestidae of North America, Exclusive of Mexico, a Catalogue including Synonomy, Bibliography, Distribution, Type Locality and Hosts of Each Species,. 1926.




274




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263




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263




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259




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248




WorldFAIR pilot data from: VisitationData_Luisa_Carvalheiro.




246




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230




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211




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204




@article{Sabino_2022, doi = {10.1016/j.agee.2022.108012}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agee.2022.108012}, year = 2022, month = {sep}, publisher = {Elsevier {BV}}, volume = {335}, pages = {108012}, author = {William Sabino and Luciano Costa and Tamires Andrade and Juliana Teixeira and Gustavo Araújo and André Luís Acosta and Luísa Carvalheiro and Tereza Cristina Giannini}, title = {Status and trends of pollination services in Amazon agroforestry systems}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}}




181




Brigham Young University Arthropod Museum




179




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169




University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stephen J. Taft Parasitological Collection




164




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162




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143




Yale University Peabody Museum Collections Data Portal




141




WIRC / University of Wisconsin Madison WIS-IH / Wisconsin Insect Research Collection




134




Bartomeus, Ignasi (2013): Plant-Pollinator Network Data. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.154863.v1




133




Sarah E Miller. 12/13/2016. Species associations manually extracted from Onstad, D.W. EDWIP: Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, [23/11/2016]. http://insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/Pathogens/EDWIP.




128




Llewelyn, J., Strona, G., Dickman, C.R., Greenville, A.C., Wardle, G.M., Lee, M.S.Y., Doherty, S., Shabani, F., Saltré, F. and Bradshaw, C.J.A. (2023), Predicting predator–prey interactions in terrestrial endotherms using random forest. Ecography e06619. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06619




119




Species Interactions of Australia Database (SIAD): Helping us to understand species interactions in Australia and beyond. http://www.discoverlife.org/siad/ .




116




Field Museum of Natural History IPT




106




Groom, Q.J., Maarten De Groot, M. & Marčiulynienė, D. (2020) Species interation data manually extracted from literature for species .




106




Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2023. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, 103(1), pp.53-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00323-6




99




Mihara, T., Nishimura, Y., Shimizu, Y., Nishiyama, H., Yoshikawa, G., Uehara, H., Hingamp, P., Goto, S., and Ogata, H.; Linking virus genomes with host taxonomy. Viruses 8, 66 doi:10.3390/v8030066 (2016).




92




San Diego Natural History Museum




79




Carlson, C.J. et al., 2021. The Global Virome in One Network (VIRION): an atlas of vertebrate-virus associations. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.06.455442




79




Cristina Preda and Quentin Groom. 2014. Species associations manually extracted from literature.




72




Faulwetter S, Markantonatou V, Pavloudi C, Papageorgiou N, Keklikoglou K, Chatzinikolaou E, Pafilis E, Chatzigeorgiou G, Vasileiadou K, Dailianis T, Fanini L, Koulouri P, Arvanitidis C (2014) Polytraits: A database on biological traits of marine polychaetes. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1024. doi:10.3897/BDJ.2.e1024 . Available at http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu.




62




US National Museum of Natural History Ixodes Records




60




Almeida, F. (2005) Trophic Ecology of Atlantic Cod, off Cape Cod, MA, from F/V Riena Marie NEC-FA2001-1 in the Gulf of Maine from 2001-2004 (NEC-CoopRes project). Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). (Version final) Version Date 2005-10-01 [if applicable, indicate subset used]. http://lod.bco-dmo.org/id/dataset/3087




54




Farr, David F.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Castlebury, Lisa A. (2021). United States National Fungus Collections Fungus-Host Dataset. Ag Data Commons. https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1524414.




53




Soleto-Casas RC and Simões N (2020). Parasitic and commensal invertebrates of echinoderms from American Tropical And Subtropical Atlantic manually extracted from literature.




48




Semantic Prototypes in Research Ecoinformatics (SPIRE). Data provided by Joel Sachs. See also http://ebiquity.umbc.edu/get/a/publication/297.pdf .




45




Olito, Colin; Fox, Jeremy W. (2015), Data from: Species traits and abundances predict metrics of plant–pollinator network structure, but not pairwise interactions, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7st32




43




Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah




40




Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2017. Species associations manually extracted from Benesh, D. P., Lafferty, K. D. and Kuris, A. (2017), A life cycle database for parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes. Ecology, 98: 882. doi:10.1002/ecy.1680




37




Pocock, Michael J. O.; Evans, Darren M.; Memmott, Jane (2012), Data from: The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3s36r118




36




Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Species interactions of species on the List of invasive alien species of Union concern




34




Sarah E Miller. 6/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.




32




Ballantyne, Gavin; Baldock, Katherine C. R.; Willmer, Pat G. (2015), Data from: Constructing more informative plant-pollinator networks: visitation and pollen deposition networks in a heathland plant community, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.17pp3




31




Shaw, LP, Wang, AD, Dylus, D, et al. The phylogenetic range of bacterial and viral pathogens of vertebrates. Mol Ecol. 2020; 29: 3361– 3379. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15463




27




Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection




27




Sarah E Miller. 5/17/2016. Wenzel, Rupert L., and Vernon J. Tipton. Appendix: Classified List of Hosts and Parasites. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1966.




26




Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2016. Species associations extracted from Graystock, P., Blane, E.J., McFrederick, Q.S., Goulson, D. and Hughes, W.O., 2016. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5(1), pp.64-75.




23




Agosti, Donat. 2020. Transcription of Linné, C. von, 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 .




23




Udy, Kristy; Reininghaus, Hannah; Scherber, Christoph; Tscharntke, Teja (2020), Data from: Plant-pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4mw6m906s




20




IPBES. (2016). The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Table 2.4.3 p88 Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402857




20




Sherman, Aja C.; Geiselman, Cullen; Simons, Nancy B.; Upham, Nathan S.; Poelen, Jorrit H.; Reeder, DeeAnn M.; Bertolino, Sandro; Groom, Quentin; Phelps, Kendra; Agosti, Donat; Willoughby, Anna R. In Preparation. Bat-Co-Roosting Database develop by the Biodiversity-related knowledge hub on COVID-19.




19




Seltzer, Carrie; Wysocki, William; Palacios, Melissa; Eickhoff, Anna; Pilla, Hannah; Aungst, Jordan; Mercer, Aaron; Quicho, Jamie; Voss, Neil; Xu, Man; J. Ndangalasi, Henry; C. Lovett, Jon; J. Cordeiro, Norbert (2015): Plant-animal interactions from Africa. figshare. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1526128




18




Jakovos Demetriou and Quentin Groom 2014. Species associations of Sceliphron manually extracted from literature.




17




Species Connect. https://speciesconnect.com




16




Geiselman, Cullen K. & Sarah Younger. 2020. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batbase.org




14




Fabricia Sousa Paz, Carlos Eduardo Pinto, Rafael Melo de Brito, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca, Tereza Cristina Giannini, Edible Fruit Plant Species in the Amazon Forest Rely Mostly on Bees and Beetles as Pollinators, Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 114, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 710–722, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa284




14




Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. (2023). SCAR Southern Ocean Diet and Energetics Database (2023-04-04) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7796465 hash://md5/e41e29d8fb3c2d731f292ec08798cf6b hash://md5/05abf23c0b9e5f4bc721ff407455af0a hash://sha256/7a344b858ab8d1daeca1da49843e8bf957f1116ff9e10a29176ab5c02cb49bef




12




Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology




12




Gaden S. Robinson; Phillip R. Ackery; Ian Kitching; George W Beccaloni; Luis M. Hernández (2023). HOSTS (from HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants) [Data set resource]. Natural History Museum. https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset/hosts/resource/877f387a-36a3-486c-a0c1-b8d5fb69f85a via Natural History Museum (2023). Data Portal query on 1 resources created at 2023-05-24 11:19:42.032183 PID https://doi.org/10.5519/qd.bsucrxdz




12




Gandhi, K. J. K., & Herms, D. A. (2009). North American arthropods at risk due to widespread Fraxinus mortality caused by the Alien Emerald ash borer. Biological Invasions, 12(6), 1839–1846. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9594-1.




12




Meyer R.S., et al., Beach environmental DNA fills gaps in photographic biomonitoring to track spatiotemporal community turnover across 82 phyla. Environmental DNA, submitted June 3, 2019.




10




Consortium of Small Vertebrate Collections




10




Lee, Leshon; Tan, David J. X.; Oboňa, Jozef; Gustafsson, Daniel R.; Ang, Yuchen; Meier, Rudolf (2021). Phoresy Records Appendix.xlsx. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12671711.v1




9




C. Anela Choy, Steven H. D. Haddock, Bruce H. Robison. 2017. Deep pelagic food web structure as revealed by in situ feeding observations. Proc. R. Soc. B 2017 284 20172116; DOI:10.1098/rspb.2017.2116.




8




Sarah E Miller. 7/6/2016. Arctos collection.




6




Geiselman, Cullen K. and Tuli I. Defex. 2015. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batplant.org




5




NEON Biorepository Portal at Arizona State University (ASU)




4




Sarah E Miller. 4/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from various papers and articles from site https://repository.si.edu




4




Sarah E Miller. 5/28/2015. Arnaud, Paul Henri. A Host-parasite Catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, 1978.




4




Sarah E Miller. 7/7/2016. Text gathered from Wirta, H.K., Vesterinen, E.J., Hambäck, P.A., Weingartner, E., Rasmussen, C., Reneerkens, J., Schmidt, N.M., Gilg, O. and Roslin, T., 2015. Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web. Ecology and evolution, 5(17), pp.3842-3856.




4




University of California Santa Barbara Herbarium




3




Gippet, J.M.W., Bates, O.K., Moulin, J. et al. The global risk of infectious disease emergence from giant land snail invasion and pet trade. Parasites Vectors 16, 363 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06000-y




3




Jorrit H. Poelen. 2017. Species interactions associated with known species interaction datasets.




3




Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica de Ecuador - MAATE.




3




Sarah E Miller. 9/15/2016. Species associations extracted from http://parasiticplants.siu.edu/index.html.




3




Sarah E Miller. 9/3/2015. Species associations manually extracted from JSTOR.




3




Schriml, L. M., Arze, C., Nadendla, S., Ganapathy, A., Felix, V., Mahurkar, A., … Hall, N. (2009). GeMInA, Genomic Metadata for Infectious Agents, a geospatial surveillance pathogen database. Nucleic Acids Research, 38(Database), D754–D764. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp832




2




Carnegie Invertebrate Zoology Collection




2




F. Gabriel. Muñoz. 2017. Palm-Animal frugivore associations extracted from literature with Biodiversity Observations Miner for SouthEast Asia.




2




Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Sánchez-Mercado, Ada Y.; Lozano, Cecilia; Zambrano, Liset; Soto, José; Baettig, Jessica; Leal, María (2014): A compilation of larval host-plant records for six families of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from available electronic resources. figshare. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1168861




2




Inouye, David (2017). An Access database of records collated from the literature about flies pollinating or at least visiting flowers, updated 2017. https://doi.org/10.13016/M2SZ73 http://hdl.handle.net/1903/19193 hash://sha256/a9ab0a6173d34695c85f5fb8947e196478d1253d9d79b0662921ef4e36639c05




2




Paleo Digitization Working Group. Biological associations extracted from fossil specimens.




2




Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Bat interation data manually extracted from literature.




2




Sarah E. Miller. 04/14/2015. Extracted from literature Scott, J.A. 1986.  The Butterflies of North America.  Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA




2




Strona, G., Palomares, M. L. D., Bailly, N., Galli, P., & Lafferty, K. D. (2013). Host range, host ecology, and distribution of more than 11 800 fish parasite species. Ecology, 94(2), 544–544. doi:10.1890/12-1419.1




2




Strong, Justin S., and Shawn J. Leroux. 2014. "Impact of Non-Native Terrestrial Mammals on the Structure of the Terrestrial Mammal Food Web of Newfoundland, Canada." PLOS ONE 9 (8): e106264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106264




2




Thessen AE. 2017. Biotic Interactions in Greenland. GloBI. 10.5281/zenodo.266824




1




Bourlat SJ, Koch M, Kirse A, Langen K, Espeland M, Giebner H, Decher J, Ssymank A, Fonseca VG (2023) Metabarcoding dietary analysis in the insectivorous bat Nyctalus leisleri and implications for conservation. Biodiversity Data Journal 11: e111146. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e111146




1




Camargo-Sanabria, A.A., Fernández, J.A., Hernández-Quiroz, N.S., Buitrago-Torres, D.L. and Álvarez-Córdova, F. (2025), Ecological Interactions of Terrestrial Mammals in the Chihuahuan Desert: A Systematic Map. Mam Rev e70001. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70001




1




De Rojas M, Doña J, Dimov I (2020) A comprehensive survey of Rhinonyssid mites (Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae) in Northwest Russia: New mite-host associations and prevalence data. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49535. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49535




1




Deans, Andrew (2021). Catalog of Rose Gall, Herb Gall, and Inquiline Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada, and Mexico




1




Gunther KA et al. 2014 Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus 25(1):60-72




1




HiveTracks WorldFAIR Test Data.




1




Sarah E Miller. 3/4/2015. Species associations manually extracted from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00907.x/suppinfo.




1




Sarah E Miller. 5/21/2015. Text gathered from http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/




1




Vanderweyen A, Fraiture A, Groom Q, Desmet P, Reyserhove L (2019). Catalogue of the Rust Fungi of Belgium. Botanic Garden Meise.




1




Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 1re partie, Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Melampsoraceae, Phragmidiaceae, Pucciniastraceae, Raveneliaceae et Uropyxidaceae. Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2009). Catalogue des Uredinales de Belgique, 2ème partie, Pucciniaceae (sauf Puccinia)(suite 2). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique.|Vanderweyen, A., & Fraiture, A. (2012). CATALOGUE DES UREDINALES DE Belgique 3ème partie Pucciniaceae (genre Puccinia). Lejeunia, Revue de Botanique.




1




Zeke Marshall. 2021. Species interactions manually extracted from literature.






 

References

Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005

Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037

Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please

Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species.

Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850 
description: Please cite the resources, natural history collections and publications where the data originated as found in uniq_citations.tsv file above. Also, please cite Poelen et. al (above in References) to cite Global Biotic Interactions.