cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.34973/fr6d-c702
title: The timing of an avatar’s beat gestures biases lexical stress perception in vocoded speech

description: This repository contains experimental data and scripts for the study "The timing of an avatar’s beat gestures biases lexical stress perception in vocoded speech" (Maran et al., 2025). For the stimuli, see the associated repository di.dcc.DSC_2023.00140_719 (https://doi.org/10.34973/b8k1-q907). Cochlear implants (CIs) are neural prostheses that restore some level of hearing capacity, albeit conveying a less fine-grained speech signal than normal hearing conditions. For example, CIs convey altered fundamental frequency (F0) information, resulting in atypical lexical stress perception (e.g., distinguishing between the noun CONtent and the adjective conTENT) in languages in which this feature rests on F0 modulations. CI users can compensate for the degraded nature of the acoustic input by exploiting the audiovisual affordances of human communication, weighing more heavily the visual information provided by speakers (e.g., lip movements and gestures). Recent studies showed that, in individuals with normal hearing, the timing of simple up-and-down movements of the hand (i.e., beat gestures) biases lexical stress perception. The present study tested if the timing of beat gestures produced by an avatar can bias Dutch lexical stress perception in vocoded speech, which limits the reliability of F0 information in a way that mimics CI-hearing conditions. The effect of gestures in vocoded speech was particularly pronounced when hearing an ambiguous or the least frequent stress pattern in Dutch. These results suggest that (even artificially generated) beat gestures can support the perception of vocoded speech, especially when processing less frequent prosodic features. Acknowledgements: Funded by an ERC Starting Grant (HearingHands, 101040276) from the European Union awarded to Hans Rutger Bosker. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.
DOI: 10.34973/1e8x-xb44
title: Strategically timing exercise and Cognitive Behavior Therapy for depressive outpatients: A feasibility study

description: This dataset was collected for a feasibility pilot study investigating the effects of brief exercise sessions conducted immediately prior to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression. The study, conducted between January 2019 and March 2020 at Radboud University Medical Center and Pro Persona mental health care in the Netherlands, aimed to explore whether augmenting CBT with exercise (EX+CBT) is feasible and potentially more effective compared to CBT alone.The dataset comprises questionnaire-based data collected at five time points (baseline to 6 months follow-up) from 33 adult participants randomly assigned to either CBT alone or EX+CBT. Variables include repeated measures of depressive symptoms (BDI-II), cognitive therapy skills (SoCT), functioning (WHODAS 2.0), physical activity (IPAQ), rumination (RRS), self-esteem (RSES), and sleep quality (PSQI). A time variable (daysT0toCBT) is also included to account for potential confounding between assessment timing and treatment start. This collection is used to store raw data and documentation.
DOI: 10.34973/90eg-rm26
title: Systematic review and meta-analyses of word production abilities in dysfunction of the basal ganglia: stroke, small vessel disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease

description: Clinical populations with basal ganglia pathologies may present with language production impairments, which are however often described in combination with comprehension measures and/or attributed to motor or memory problems. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we studied word production in four (vascular and non-vascular) pathologies of the basal ganglia: stroke affecting the basal ganglia, small vessel disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. We compared scores of these clinical populations with those of matched cognitively unimpaired adults on four well established production tasks, namely picture naming, category fluency, letter fluency, and past-tense verb inflection. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and PsychINFO on November 2019 with terms for basal ganglia structures, basal ganglia disorders and language production tasks. A total of 101 studies were included, containing results for one or more of the tasks of interest. For each pathology and task combination, effect sizes (Hedges’ g) were extracted comparing patient versus control groups. For all four populations, performance was consistently worse than that of cognitively unimpaired adults across the four language production tasks (ps < 0.010). Given that performance in picture naming and verb inflection across all pathologies was quantified in terms of accuracy, our results suggest that production impairments cannot be fully explained by motor or memory deficits. Our review shows that language production difficulties in these clinical populations are not negligible, but more evidence is necessary to determine the exact mechanism that leads to these deficits and whether this mechanism is the same across different pathologies.
DOI: 10.34973/npgn-zc98
title: Two-Class c-VEP EEG Dataset for Covert Attention-Based, Gaze-Independent Brain-Computer Interfacing

description: Recent advances in brain-computer interfacing (BCI) have led to the development of a sophisticated stimulus protocol known as noise-tagging, in which stimuli are encoded using pseudo-random noise sequences. These sequences are ideal for BCI applications because they exhibit near-zero correlation with time-shifted versions of themselves and with other stimuli, minimizing interference and enabling robust signal detection. This type of stimulation elicits a neural response known as the code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP).

Traditionally, c-VEP BCI spellers require users to move their eyes, referred to as gaze-dependent BCIs, to fixate on the target letter and thereby on the corresponding stimulus sequence. This process, known as overt attention, becomes increasingly more difficult for individuals with motor impairments, such as those living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

In this study, we introduce a two-class c-VEP BCI that eliminates the need for eye movements. Our gaze-independent approach uses a covert attention paradigm, in which users maintain fixation at the center of the screen while directing their attention to a stimulus presented in the visual periphery, either to the left or right of a central fixation cross.
DOI: 10.3535/3xh-9sa-qk6
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/xe1-3vj-74m
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.34973/7szn-q216
title: Noise-Tagging Auditory Attention Decoding

description: Recent advancements in neuroscience have demonstrated the feasibility of identifying the target of auditory focus using non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Building on these findings, numerous algorithms fo auditory
attention decoding (AAD) have been suggested. These innovations could pave the way for what are often referred to as neurosteered hearing devices.

In this study, we combined the state-of-the- art AAD with the noise-tagging stimulus protocol. In the visual domain, it has been shown that the code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP) can be decoded from the EEG with extremely high accuracy, leading to high communication rates. We introduced these code-modulated responses to the auditory domain, evoking the code-modulated auditory evoked potentials (c-AEP), by amplitude modulating the speaker-specific audio with pseudo-random noise-codes. By performing this amplitude modulation, each speaker audio is "watermarked" with a unique identifier, that may facilitate the (accuracy and speed of the) decoding of the attended speaker.

We carried out a pilot EEG experiment in which participants were presented with a stream of audio either to the left ear, or to the right ear. Additionally, we performed a pilot experiment in which two streams were simultaneously presented, one to each of the ears. The participant was instructed to attend to one of the two streams. We presented both modulated and unmodulated audio.
DOI: 10.3535/2qj-59j-t5h
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/6f9-cs8-lgq
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/azh-310-ey5
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/hez-fpc-7xm
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/9wb-e5b-pxd
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/nl0-3pb-sd2
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/xlm-dk2-8p4
title: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.34973/e8v8-rd88
title: Pupil-Linked Arousal Modulates Precision of Stimulus Representation in Cortex

description: Neural responses are naturally variable from one moment to the next, even when the stimulus is held constant. What factors might underlie this variability in neural population activity? We hypothesized that spontaneous fluctuations in cortical stimulus representations are created by changes in arousal state. We tested the hypothesis using a combination of fMRI, probabilistic decoding methods, and pupillometry. Human participants (20 female, 12 male) were presented with gratings of random orientation. Shortly after viewing the grating, participants reported its orientation and gave their level of confidence in this judgment. Using a probabilistic fMRI decoding technique, we quantified the precision of the stimulus representation in the visual cortex on a trial-by-trial basis. Pupil size was recorded and analyzed to index the observer's arousal state. We found that the precision of the cortical stimulus representation, reported confidence, and variability in the behavioral orientation judgments varied from trial to trial. Interestingly, these trial-by-trial changes in cortical and behavioral precision and confidence were linked to pupil size and its temporal rate of change. Specifically, when the cortical stimulus representation was more precise, the pupil dilated more strongly prior to stimulus onset and remained larger during stimulus presentation. Similarly, stronger pupil dilation during stimulus presentation was associated with higher levels of subjective confidence, a secondary measure of sensory precision, as well as improved behavioral performance. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that spontaneous fluctuations in arousal state modulate the fidelity of the stimulus representation in the human visual cortex, with clear consequences for behavior.

This repository contains preprocessed behavioral, decoding and pupil data for individual participants. The structure of the dataset is described in README.txt. For details regarding study design and preprocessing procedures, see: Geurts, Ling & Jehee (2024), Journal of Neuroscience.
DOI: 10.34973/983b-a047
title: Subjective confidence reflects representation of Bayesian probability in cortex

description: What gives rise to the human sense of confidence? Here, we tested the Bayesian hypothesis that confidence is based on a probability distribution represented in neural population activity. We implemented several computational models of confidence, and tested their predictions using psychophysics and fMRI. Using a generative model-based fMRI decoding approach, we extracted probability distributions from neural population activity in human visual cortex. We found that subjective confidence tracks the shape of the decoded distribution. That is, when sensory evidence was more precise, as indicated by the decoded distribution, observers reported higher levels of confidence. We furthermore found that neural activity in the insula, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortex was linked to both the shape of the decoded distribution and reported confidence, in ways consistent with the Bayesian model. Altogether, our findings support recent statistical theories of confidence and suggest that probabilistic information guides the computation of one’s sense of confidence.
DOI: 10.34973/yk4k-tp41
title: Data accompanying the paper "Motion direction is represented as a bimodal probability distribution in the human visual cortex"

description: The data and scripts accompanying the paper "Motion direction is represented as a bimodal probability distribution in the human visual cortex" by Andrey Chetverikov & Janneke Jehee.
DOI: 10.34973/13w4-gw70
title: Reinforcement learning in Parkinson’s disease is not associated with inflammatory tone

description: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with large variability in the development and severity of both motor and nonmotor symptoms, including depression and impulse control disorder. Neuroinflammation might contribute to this heterogeneity, given its association with dopaminergic signalling, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and reward versus punishment learning . Here, we assessed the effect of inflammatory tone on probabilistic reinforcement learning and impulse control disorders in PD. We measured computational learning model-based neural reward prediction error and expected value signals in frontostriatal circuity during reinforcement learning using functional MRI. In addition, we acquired cerebral spinal fluid of 74 PD patients and screened for 13 inflammatory factors, including our primary marker of interest IL-6, previously implicated in reward learning signaling in the ventral striatum. In contrast to our prediction, we found no association between inflammatory tone and any of the behavioural or neural reinforcement learning parameters. Furthermore, we did we not find any correlation between inflammatory tone and depressive or impulsive PD symptoms. Exploratory analyses revealed a negative association between MCP-1 and reward prediction error signals in the ventral striatum, an observation that should be replicated in future work. The null findings might reflect the fact that measurements were taken ON medication, or that our sample consists of an early disease stage cohort that may be too small to detect these effects, or that IL-6 is a suboptimal marker for inflammatory tone, or a combination of these factors.


In this collection, you can find the final codebase used for this paper. The research data is available on request only, to ensure the privacy of the participants. A data acquisition request can be sent to info@parkinsonopmaat.nl.
DOI: 10.34973/bt7r-p864
title: Impulse control disorder in Parkinson’s disease is associated with abnormal frontal value signaling

description: Dopaminergic medication is well established to boost reward- versus punishment-based learning in Parkinson’s disease. However, there is tremendous variability in dopaminergic medication effects across different individuals, with some patients exhibiting much greater cognitive sensitivity to medication than others. We aimed to unravel the mechanisms underlying this individual variability in a large heterogeneous sample of early-stage patients with Parkinson’s disease as a function of comorbid neuropsychiatric symptomatology, in particular impulse control disorders and depression. One hundred and ninety-nine patients with Parkinson’s disease (138 ON medication and 61 OFF medication) and 59 healthy controls were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed an established probabilistic instrumental learning task. Reinforcement learning model-based analyses revealed medication group differences in learning from gains versus losses, but only in patients with impulse control disorders. Furthermore, expected-value related brain signaling in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex was increased in patients with impulse control disorders ON medication compared with those OFF medication, while striatal reward prediction error signaling remained unaltered. These data substantiate the hypothesis that dopamine’s effects on reinforcement learning in Parkinson’s disease vary with individual differences in comorbid impulse control disorder and suggest they reflect deficient computation of value in medial frontal cortex, rather than deficient reward prediction error signaling in striatum.

Here we share the codebase for this project. A data access request can be made by contacting us via info@parkinsonopmaat.nl

Changelog V1 to V2:
- Provided correct information on the data acces request above. 
- Updated and deleted various files regarding in order to make the dataset more FAIR and adhere to privacy regulation.
DOI: 10.34973/0bhe-3008
title: Neural reinforcement learning signals predict recovery from impulse control disorder in Parkinson’s disease

description: Background 
Impulse control disorders (ICD) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are associated with a heavy burden 
on patients and caretakers. While recovery can occur, ICD persists in many patients despite 
optimal management. The basis for this inter-individual variability in recovery is unclear and 
poses a major challenge to personalized health care.

Methods
We adopt a computational psychiatry approach and leverage the longitudinal, prospective 
Personalized Parkinson Project (N=136 persons with PD, within 5 years of diagnosis) to 
combine dopaminergic learning theory-informed fMRI with machine learning (at baseline) to 
predict ICD symptom recovery after two years of follow-up. We focused on a change in QUIP-rs 
across the entire cohort, regardless of an ICD diagnosis. 

Results
Greater reinforcement learning signals at baseline, including those in the ventral striatum, 
measured while ON medication were associated with greater recovery from impulse control 
symptoms two years later. These signals accounted for a unique proportion of the relevant 
variability over and above that explained by other known factors, such as decreases in 
dopamine agonist use.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that dopaminergic learning modeling provides opportunities for recovery 
from ICD symptoms in PD and a proof of principle for combining generative model-based 
inference of latent learning processes with machine learning-based predictive modeling of 
variability in clinical symptom recovery trajectories. These findings may inform the development 
of future biomarker research for evaluating preventive and therapeutic approaches to ICD.

In this collection, you can find the codebase that has been used for the analysis in the paper. Unfortunately, we cannot directly share the raw data, due to privacy concerns. A data acquisition request can be send per e-mail to info@parkinsonopmaat.nl.
DOI: 10.34973/er3c-0e60
title: Defensive freezing and its relation to approach-avoidance decision-making under threat

description: Successful responding to acutely threatening situations requires adequate approach-avoidance decisions. However, it is unclear how threat-induced states –like freezing-related bradycardia– impact weighing of the potential outcomes of such value-based decisions. Insight into the underlying computations is essential to improve interventions for maladaptive decisions, for instance in anxiety patients and first-responders. Forty-two participants made passive and active approach-avoidance decisions under threat-of-shock when confronted with mixed outcome-prospects (varying money and shock amounts). Choice behavior was best predicted by a model including individual action-tendencies and bradycardia, beyond subjective value of outcome. Moreover, threat-related bradycardia interacted with subjective value, depending on the action-context (passive-vs-active). Specifically, in action-contexts incongruent with participants’ intrinsic action-tendencies, strong freezers showed diminished effects of subjective value on choice. These mechanistic insights into approach-avoidance conflict-resolution may inspire freezing-reducing techniques to optimize decision-making under threat. Critically, they demonstrate the relevance of incorporating internal psychophysiological states and external action-contexts into models of decision-making.
DOI: 10.34973/y5ev-s572
title: Acute threat enhances perceptual sensitivity without affecting the decision criterion

description: Threatening situations ask for rapid and accurate perceptual decisions to optimize coping. Theoretical models have stated that psychophysiological states, such as bradycardia during threat-anticipatory freezing, may facilitate perception. However, it’s unclear if this occurs via enhanced bottom-up sensory processing or by relying more on prior expectations. To test this, 52 (26 female) participants completed a visual target-detection paradigm under threat-of-shock (15% reinforcement rate) with a manipulation of prior expectations. Participants judged the presence of a backward-masked grating (target presence rate 50%) after systematically manipulating their decision criterion with a rare (20%) or frequent (80%) target presence rate procedure. Threat-of-shock induced stronger heart rate deceleration compared to safe, indicative of threat-anticipatory freezing. Importantly, threat-of-shock enhanced perceptual sensitivity but did not influence the effect of prior expectations on current decisions. Correct target detection (hits) was furthermore accompanied by an increase in the magnitude of this heart rate deceleration compared to a missed target. While this was independent of threat-of-shock manipulation, only under threat-of-shock this increase was accompanied by more hits and increased sensitivity. Together, these findings suggest that under acute threat participants rely more on bottom-up sensory processing versus prior expectations in perceptual decision-making. Critically, bradycardia may underlie such enhanced perceptual sensitivity.
DOI: 10.34973/7b75-0r20
title: Uncertainty increases curiosity, but decreases happiness

description: You probably know what kind of things you are curious about, but can you also explain what it feels like to be curious? Previous studies have demonstrated that we are particularly curious when uncertainty is high and when information provides us with a substantial update of what we know. It is unclear, however, whether this drive to seek information (curiosity) is appetitive or aversive. Curiosity might correspond to an appetitive drive elicited by the state of uncertainty, because we like that state, or rather it might correspond to an aversive drive to reduce the state of uncertainty, because we don’t like it. To investigate this, we obtained both subjective valence (happiness) and curiosity ratings from subjects who performed a lottery task that elicits uncertainty-dependent curiosity. We replicated a strong main effect of outcome uncertainty on curiosity: Curiosity increased with outcome uncertainty, irrespective of whether the outcome represented a monetary gain or loss. By contrast, happiness decreased with higher outcome uncertainty. This indicates that people were more curious, but less happy about lotteries with higher outcome uncertainty. These findings raise the hypothesis, to be tested in future work, that curiosity reflects an aversive drive to reduce the unpleasant state of uncertainty.