cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7sqv9s4p3
title: The distribution and spread of naturally occurring Medea selfish genetic elements in the United States

description: Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) are DNA sequences that are transmitted to
 viable offspring in greater than Mendelian
 frequencies. Medea SGEs occur naturally in some
 populations of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and are expected to
 increase in frequency within populations and spread among populations. The
 large‐scale U.S. distributions of Medea‐4 (M4) had been
 mapped based on samples from 1993 to 1995. We sampled beetles in 2011–2014
 and show that the distribution of M4 in the United States is
 dynamic and has shifted southward. By using a genetic marker
 of Medea‐1 (M1), we found five unique geographic
 clusters with high and low M1 frequencies in a pattern not
 predicted by microsatellite‐based analysis of population structure. Our
 results indicate the absence of rigid barriers
 to Medea spread in the United States, so assessment of
 what factors have limited its current distribution requires further
 investigation. There is great interest in using synthetic SGEs, including
 synthetic Medea, to alter or suppress pest populations, but there
 is concern about unpredicted spread of these SGEs and potential for
 populations to become resistant to them. The finding of patchy
 distributions of Medea elements suggests that released
 synthetic SGEs cannot always be expected to spread uniformly, especially
 in target species with limited dispersal.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gxd2547gj
title: Data from: Craniodental and postcranial characters of non-avian Dinosauria often imply different trees

description: Despite the increasing importance of molecular sequence data, morphology
 still makes an important contribution to resolving the phylogeny of many
 groups, and is the only source of data for most fossils. Most systematists
 sample morphological characters as broadly as possible on the principle of
 total evidence. However, it is not uncommon for sampling to be focussed on
 particular aspects of anatomy, either because characters therein are
 believed to be more informative, or because preservation biases restrict
 what is available. Empirically, the optimal trees from partitions of
 morphological data sets often represent significantly different hypotheses
 of relationships. Previous work on hard-part versus soft-part characters
 across animal phyla revealed significant differences in about a half of
 sampled studies. Similarly, studies of the craniodental versus postcranial
 characters of vertebrates revealed significantly different trees in about
 one third of cases, with the highest rates observed in non-avian
 dinosaurs. We test whether this is a generality here with a much larger
 sample of 81 published data matrices across all major dinosaur groups.
 Using the incongruence length difference (ILD) test and two variants of
 the incongruence relationship difference (IRD) test, we found significant
 incongruence in about 50% of cases. Incongruence is not uniformly
 distributed across major dinosaur clades, being highest (63%) in Theropoda
 and lowest (25%) in Thyreophora. As in previous studies, our partition
 tests show some sensitivity to matrix dimensions and the amount and
 distribution of missing entries. Levels of homomplasy and retained
 synapomorphy are similar between partitions, such that incongruence must
 partly reflect differences in patterns of homoplasy between partitions,
 which may itself be a function of modularity and mosaic evolution.
 Finally, we implement new tests to determine which partition yields trees
 most similar to those from the entire matrix. Despite no bias across
 dinosaurs overall, there are striking differences between major groups.
 The craniodental characters of Ornithischia and the postcranial characters
 of Saurischia yield trees most similar to the ‘total evidence’ trees
 derived from the entire matrix. Trees from these same character partitions
 also tend to be most stratigraphically congruent: a mutual consilience
 suggesting that those partitions yield more accurate trees.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ksn02v70h
title: Predicting hedgehog mortality risks on British roads using habitat suitability modelling

description: Road vehicle collisions are likely to be an important contributory factor
 in the decline of the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in
 Britain. Here, a collaborative roadkill dataset collected from multiple
 projects across Britain was used to assess when, where and why hedgehog
 roadkill are more likely to occur. Seasonal trends were assessed using a
 Generalized Additive Model (GAM). There were few casualties in winter —
 the hibernation season for hedgehogs — with a gradual increase from
 February that reached a peak in July before declining thereafter. A
 sequential multi-level Habitat Suitability Modelling (HSM) framework was
 then used to identify areas showing a high probability of hedgehog
 roadkill occurrence throughout the entire British road network (~ 400,000
 km) based on multi-scale environmental determinants. The HSM predicted
 that grassland and urban habitat coverage were important in predicting the
 probability of roadkill at a national scale. Probabilities peaked at
 approximately 50% urban cover at a 1 km scale and increased linearly with
 grassland cover (improved and rough grassland). Areas predicted to
 experience high probabilities of hedgehog roadkill occurrence were
 therefore in urban and suburban environments, i.e. where a mix of urban
 and grassland habitats occur. These areas covered 9% of the total area
 within the national British road network. Used alongside evidence on the
 persistence with which hedgehog roadkill are recorded in a given location
 over time, the HSM framework can help to identify priority areas for
 mitigation measures.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q2bvq83fg
title: Evolutionary divergences mirror Pleistocene paleodrainages in a rapidly-evolving complex of oasis-dwelling jumping spiders (Salticidae, Habronattus tarsalis)

description: We aimed to understand the diversification history of jumping spiders in
 the Habronattus tarsalis species complex, with particular emphasis on how
 history in this system might illuminate biogeographic patterns and
 processes in deserts of the western United States. Desert populations of
 H. tarsalis are now confined to highly discontinuous oasis-like habitats,
 but these habitats would have been periodically more connected during
 multiple pluvial periods of the Pleistocene. We estimated divergence times
 using relaxed molecular clock analyses of published transcriptome
 datasets. Geographic patterns of diversification history were assessed
 using phylogenetic and cluster analyses of original sequence capture,
 RADSeq and morphological data. Clock analyses of multiple replicate
 transcriptome datasets indicate mid- to late-Pleistocene divergence dates
 within the H. tarsalis group complex. Coalescent and concatenated
 phylogenetic analyses indicate four early-diverging lineages (H.
 mustaciata, H. ophrys, and H. tarsalis from the Lahontan and Owens
 drainage basins), with remaining samples separated into larger clades from
 the Mojave desert, and western populations from the California Floristic
 Province of California and northern Baja California. Focusing on desert
 populations, there is a strong correspondence between RAD lineages and
 modern and/or paleodrainages, mirrored more finely in STRUCTURE and
 machine learning results. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis
 reveals a strong congruence between morphological clusters and genetic
 lineages, whether the latter represent previously described species or
 H.tarsalis RAD lineages. Here we have uncovered a system that adds to our
 regional biogeographic knowledge in unique ways, using multiple types of
 evidence in a broadly-distributed terrestrial taxon. At the same time, we
 have discovered rapid evolution of both novel morphological forms and
 diverging genetic lineages. The hierarchical nature of variation in the H.
 tarsalis complex, the minute range sizes of many forms, the high
 likelihood that geographic distributions have shrunk and expanded through
 time, and signs of introgression all align with an ephemeral speciation
 model.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.95x69p8fg
title: Regional variation in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) revisited: morphology of wild and captive populations

description: The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is listed as a vulnerable species by the
 IUCN, including two critically endangered subspecies, the Saharan cheetah,
 and the Iranian cheetah, so it is imperative that we understand variation
 in cheetah morphology to make good decisions regarding the conservation of
 this species. Here, we aim to determine whether northeastern African
 cheetahs have smaller body sizes than southern African cheetahs. This
 study also adds to our knowledge of cheetah morphology from two cheetah
 populations that do not yet have comprehensive published data: Kenya, and
 northeastern Africa, including captive individuals. We calculated means
 and standard deviations on cranial and body measurements of live or in few
 cases, freshly dead, cheetahs from the aforementioned populations, plus
 previously published data on Namibian and Botswanan cheetahs and compared
 them to one another using multivariate analysis of variance. Results show
 that northeastern African cheetahs have smaller body sizes than southern
 and eastern African populations. We also found that captive cheetahs
 retain the morphological characteristics of their ancestral population-
 captive cheetahs from southern Africa have similar body sizes to wild
 southern African cheetahs and larger body sizes than captives from
 northeastern Africa. Other analyses regarding cheetah growth agree with
 previous studies on Namibian and Botswanan cheetah populations rates. As
 such, this study can serve as a baseline for the care of captive cheetah
 populations to maintain healthy weights and body proportions.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f4qrfj6s5
title: Data from: Genetic diversity and conservation status of Helianthus verticillatus, an endangered sunflower of the Southern United States

description: Evaluating species diversity and patterns of population genetic variation
 is an essential aspect of conservation biology to determine appropriate
 management strategies and preserve the biodiversity of native plants.
 Habitat fragmentation and potential habitat loss are often an outcome of a
 reduction in naturally occurring wildfires and controlled prescribed
 burning, as seen in Helianthus verticillatus (whorled
 sunflower). This endangered, wild relative of the common
 sunflower, Helianthus annuus, is endemic to four locations in
 Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, United States. Despite its endangered
 status, there is no recovery plan for H. verticillatus, and
 knowledge related to its basic plant biology and importance in ecosystem
 services is mostly unknown. In this study, we utilized 14 microsatellite
 loci to investigate fine-scale population structure and genetic diversity
 of H. verticillatus individuals found on two sampling
 sites within the Georgia population. Our results indicated moderate
 genetic diversity and the presence of two distinct genetic clusters.
 Analyses of molecular variance indicated that the majority of variance was
 individually based, thus confirming high genetic differentiation and
 limited gene flow between H. verticillatus collection
 sites. The evidence of a population bottleneck in these sites suggests a
 recent reduction in population size that could be explained by habitat
 loss and population fragmentation. Also, high levels of linkage
 disequilibrium were detected, putatively suggesting clonal reproduction
 among these individuals. Our study provides a better understanding of
 fine-scale genetic diversity and spatial distribution of H.
 verticillatus populations in Georgia. Our results can underpin an
 original recovery plan for H. verticillatus that could be
 utilized for the conservation of this endangered species and to promote
 its persistence in the wild.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.00000000c
title: Data from: Disrupting butterfly caterpillar microbiomes does not impact their survival and development

description: Associations with gut microbes are believed to play crucial roles in the
 physiology, immune function, development and behaviour of insects.
 However, microbiome sequencing has recently suggested that butterflies are
 an anomaly, because their microbiomes do not show strong host- and
 developmental stage-specific associations. We experimentally manipulated
 butterfly larval gut microbiota and found that disrupting gut microbes had
 little influence on larval survival and development. Larvae of the
 butterflies Danaus chrysippus and Ariadne
 merione that fed on chemically sterilized or antibiotic-treated
 host plant leaves had significantly reduced bacterial loads, and their gut
 bacterial communities were disrupted substantially. However, neither host
 species treated this way suffered a significant fitness cost: across
 multiple experimental blocks, treated and control larvae had similar
 survival, growth and development. Furthermore, re-introducing microbes
 from the excreta of control larvae did not improve larval growth and
 survival. Thus, these butterfly larvae did not appear to rely on
 specialized gut bacteria for digestion, detoxification, biomass
 accumulation and metamorphosis. Our experiments thus show that dependence
 on gut bacteria for growth and survival is not a universal phenomenon
 across insects. Our findings also caution that strategies which target gut
 microbiomes may not always succeed in controlling Lepidopteran pests.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.wpzgmsbh4
title: Merging indigenous and scientific knowledge links climate with the growth of a large migratory caribou population

description: 1. Climate change in the Arctic is two to three times faster than anywhere
 else in the world. It is therefore crucial to understand the effects of
 weather on keystone arctic species, particularly those such as caribou
 (Rangifer tarandus) that sustain northern communities. Bridging long-term
 scientific and indigenous knowledge offers a promising path to achieve
 this goal, as both types of knowledge may complement one another. 2. We
 assessed the influence of environmental variables on the spring and fall
 body condition of caribou from the Porcupine Caribou Herd. This herd
 ranges in the Yukon and Northwest Territories (Canada) and Alaska (USA),
 and is the only large North American herd that has not declined since the
 2000s. Using observations recorded through an indigenous community-based
 monitoring program between 2000-2010, we analyzed temporal trends in
 caribou condition and quantified the effects of weather and critical
 weather-dependent variables (insect harassment and vegetation growth), on
 spring (n = 617 individuals) and fall (n =711) caribou condition. 3. Both
 spring and fall body condition improved from 2000 to 2010, despite a
 continuous population increase of ca. 3.6% per year. Spring and fall
 caribou condition were influenced by weather on the winter and spring
 ranges, particularly snow conditions and spring temperatures. Both snow
 conditions and spring temperatures improved during our study period,
 likely contributing to the observed caribou population increase. Insect
 harassment during the previous summer and the frequency of icing events
 also influenced caribou condition. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our
 study first shows how untangling the relative influences of seasonal
 weather variables allows a much better understanding of variation in
 seasonal body condition in Rangifer populations. Second, it indicates that
 a large migratory caribou population can grow and improve body condition
 in a global context of caribou decline and climate warming, thereby
 warning against generalizations about the influence of climate on all
 Rangifer populations. Finally, it testifies how data from indigenous
 community-based monitoring on a large spatiotemporal scale can remarkably
 improve ecological understanding of wildlife sustaining human communities.
 We recommend that management practices promote indigenous community-based
 ecological monitoring whenever feasible.
description: The seasonal weather variables present in this database were calculated based on daily weather variables specific to the seasonal ranges used by the PCH during the fall and spring. These daily weather variables are part of the CircumArctic <i>Rangifer</i>Monitoring and Assessment (CARMA) network’s caribou range climate database (https://carma.caff.is/. The CARMA database was developed using NASA’s MERRA database, containing remotely sensed daily averaged climate data with a spatial resolution of 0.50° Lat. x 0.66° Long.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6m905qfw1
title: Vaccine driven virulence evolution: Consequences of unbalanced reductions in mortality and transmission and implications for pertussis vaccines

description: Many vaccines have heterogenous effects across individuals. Additionally,
 some vaccines do not prevent infection, but reduce disease-associated
 mortality and transmission. Both of these factors will alter selection
 pressures on pathogens, and thus shape the evolution of pathogen
 virulence. We use a mathematical modeling framework to show that 1. the
 balance of how vaccines reduce transmission vs. mortality, and 2.
 individual variability in protection conferred, both shape the evolution
 of pathogen virulence. Epidemiological (burden of disease) and
 evolutionary (pathogen virulence) outcomes are both worse when vaccines
 confer smaller reductions in transmission than mortality. Furthermore,
 outcomes are modulated by variability in vaccine effects, with increased
 variability limiting the extent of virulence evolution but in some cases
 preventing eradication. These findings are pertinent to current concerns
 about the global resurgence of pertussis and the efficacy of pertussis
 vaccines, as the two classes of these vaccines may reduce disease symptoms
 without preventing infection and differ in their ability to reduce
 transmission. Furthermore, these findings point to the importance of
 generating precise predictions for virulence evolution in B. pertussis
 (and other similar pathogens) by incorporating empirical characterizations
 of vaccine effects into models capturing the epidemiological details of
 this system.
description: For large scale analyses, code should be adapted for use on a
 computing cluster.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3j9kd51d2
title: Pond excavation reduces coastal wetland carbon dioxide assimilation

description: Coastal wetlands comprise important global carbon sinks; however,
 anthropogenic disturbance accompanied with accelerating sea-level rise
 threaten their continued survival. In this study, we quantified habitat
 disturbance to salt marshes in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, resulting from
 the construction of ponds for mosquito control. Geographic object-based
 image analysis of high resolution four-band imagery revealed that over
 7,000 ponds were constructed in the marsh complex with pond densities as
 high as 290 ponds per km2. Physical disturbance from pond creation and
 sediment dispersal extended to over 17% of the Bay’s tidal wetlands. By
 tracking recolonization of vegetation, we estimated it took 5 years for
 51% vegetation recovery, 10 years for 69% recovery, with complete recover
 (100%) not expected for more than 50 years. This suggest that efforts to
 extend the lifespan of drowning coastal wetlands through sediment
 additions might disrupt carbon dioxide assimilation, as effects of
 disturbance persist. Focusing on greenhouse gas exchange, our work found
 that areas of marsh vegetation contribute to carbon assimilation (-42 g C
 m-2 y-1), while ponds and areas of bare peat created by pond excavation
 were associated with carbon emissions (44 and 125 g C m-2 y-1,
 respectively). These results suggest that the conversion of wetlands to
 ponds – which is a significant driver of coastal wetland loss worldwide –
 may convert coastal wetlands from greenhouse gas sinks to sources.
 Additionally, quantifying the area of vegetation within a marsh (vs. bare
 ground or open water) is important for quantifying their greenhouse
 mitigation function.
DOI: 10.25574/30502
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 30502

description: Emission Line Driving in Vela X-1
DOI: 10.25338/b81p5k
title: Data from: Anthropogenic Basin Closure and Groundwater Salinization (ABCSAL)

description: Global food systems rely on irrigated agriculture, and most of these
 systems in turn depend on fresh sources of groundwater. In this study, we
 demonstrate that groundwater development, even without overdraft, can
 transform a fresh, open basin into an evaporation dominated, closed-basin
 system, such that most of the groundwater, rather than exiting via stream
 baseflow and lateral subsurface flow, exits predominantly by
 evapotranspiration from irrigated lands. In these newly closed hydrologic
 basins, just as in other closed basins, groundwater salinization is
 inevitable because dissolved solids cannot escape, and the basin is
 effectively converted into a salt sink. We first provide a conceptual
 model of this process, called "Anthropogenic Basin Closure and
 groundwater SALinization" (ABCSAL). We then examine the
 temporal dynamics of ABCSAL using the Tulare Lake Basin, California, as a
 case study for a large irrigated agricultural region with Mediterranean
 climate, overlying an unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer system. Even with
 modern water management practices that arrest historic overdraft, results
 indicate that shallow aquifers (36 m deep) exceed maximum
 contaminant levels for total dissolved solids on decadal timescales.
 Intermediate (132 m) and deep aquifers (187 m), essential for drinking
 water and irrigated crops, are impacted within two to three centuries.
 Hence, ABCSAL resulting from groundwater development in agricultural
 regions worldwide constitutes a largely unrecognized constraint on
 groundwater sustainable yield on similar timescales to aquifer depletion,
 and poses a serious challenge to global groundwater quality
 sustainability, even where water levels are stable.
DOI: 10.25574/30503
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 30503

description: Emission Line Driving in Vela X-1
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4mw6m906q
title: (2019) Supplementary figures for "Depicting Grand Canyon’s rock layers: 150 years of visualizing and interpreting geology"

description: These color and supplementary figures accompany the following reference:
 Karlstrom, K. E., and Crossey, L. J., 2020, Depicting Grand Canyon’s Rock
 Layers: 150 years of Visualizing and Interpreting Geology: in, Quartaroli,
 Richard, editor,  Celebrating 100 Years of Grand Canyon National
 Park: A Gathering of Grand Canyon Historians: Ideas, Arguments, and
 First-Person Accounts, Symposium Proceedings of the Grand Canyon
 Historical Society, (Grand Canyon, Ariz.: Grand Canyon Conservancy, 2020,
 v. 5, chapter 31, pp. xx –xx.
description: Supplied in PPT and PDF formats