DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fj6q5745z
title: NASA interplanetary mission (NIM) dataset

description: The database consists of a survey of NASA Interplanetary Missions (NIMs)
 launched between May 1989 and October 2023. Mission data includes
 system-level attributes in support of advanced system-level modeling. The
 attributes include elements of the program, schedule, cost, and technical
 design. Cost silos include three inflation formats: Then$ representing
 realized expenses in the Year of recording, NASA’s New Start Inflation
 Index (NSII) adjusted expenses, and Personal Consumption Expenditures
 Price Index (PCEPI) adjusted expenses. Inflated values are adjusted to
 fiscal Year 2022 equivalent dollars with an index of 1.00 applied forward
 to adjust to 2023 and 2024 equivalent expenditures. The NIM database
 serves as a reference for future research and cost analytics in
 NASA's system-level analysis of the NIM.
description: # NASA interplanetary mission (NIM) dataset Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.fj6q5745z](10.5061/dryad.fj6q5745z) ## Description of the
 data and file structure The database consists of a survey of NASA
 Interplanetary Missions (NIMs) launched between May 1989 and October 2023.
 Mission data includes system-level attributes in support of advanced
 system-level modeling. The attributes include elements of the program,
 schedule, cost, and technical design. Cost silos include three inflation
 formats: Then$ representing realized expenses in the Year of recording,
 NASA’s New Start Inflation Index (NSII) adjusted expenses, and Personal
 Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCEPI) adjusted expenses. Inflated
 values are adjusted to fiscal Year 2022 equivalent dollars with an index
 of 1.00 applied forward to adjust to 2023 and 2024 equivalent
 expenditures. The NIM database serves as a reference for future research
 and cost analytics in NASA's system-level analysis of the
 Interplanetary Mission. ### Files and variables #### File:
 NIM\_Database.xlsx **Description:** The NIM database is organized by data
 segment, consisting of programmatic, schedule, cost, and technical data
 silos. Cost is provided in three data formats: Then $ is represented as
 the sum of incurred costs valued at the year of inception, NSII adjusted $
 is defined as the sum of adjusted incurred costs inflated from the value
 of the year of inception to 2022 $ using the appropriate index multiplier,
 and PCEPI adjusted $ represented as the sum of adjusted incurred costs
 inflated from the value of the year of inception to 2022 $ using the
 appropriate index multiplier. Unpopulated cells are designated with “na”.
 Cells containing a zero value represent a quantity of zero or a value of 0
 and do not designate a blank entry. ##### Variables ***Mission
 Definition*** The mission definition provides the programmatic attributes
 of the mission elements. These variables are string-formatted data. This
 includes: * *Mission* – Given the identification name of the NASA
 interplanetary mission/program * *COSPAR* – International identifier
 assigned to artificial objects in space by the Committee on Space Research
 (COSPAR) * *Initiative* – NASA program name or program directive of a
 class of missions * *Destination* –  Planet or celestial body identified
 as the primary science objective of the mission: lunar, LaGrange 1,
 Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, comet, asteroid, asteroid belt. *
 *Success* – The operational status of the mission: Success, Failure, or
 Operational. Failure is defined as the inability to achieve the primary
 science objective. * *Type* – Primary science function class of the
 mission: flyby, impact, lander, orbiter, rendezvous, rover, or sample
 return * *Launch Vehicle* – Expendable or reusable launch platform used to
 achieve Earth-based transfer orbit status  ***Schedule*** The schedule
 definition provides the initial budget schedule attributes of the mission
 elements. Month and year time durations are real-number data. Dates are
 presented in the format mm/dd/yyyy. This includes: * *Proposed Design
 Schedule (PDS)* – Initial schedule budget for development activities
 defined as initiation (contract award or funding announcement) to launch.
 (months) * Proposed Mission Schedule (PMS) – Proposed or initial schedule
 budget for the operations life defined as launch to end of mission
 disposal (years) * Realized Design Schedule (RDS) – The reported
 development schedule is stated as the period between initiation (contract
 award or funding announcement) and launch. (months) * Calculated Design
 Schedule (CDS) – Calculated as the [number of days/30] from the funding
 announcement to the manifest launch date, actual time realized. (months) *
 Realized Mission Schedule (RMS) – The reported primary operations schedule
 stated as launch to current status. The current status is either the end
 of the mission (for both successful and failed missions) or March 17, 2024
 (the date establishing Version 1.0). This data should be updated for
 consistency as operational missions transition to extended missions or
 reach the end of mission status. (years) * Calculated Mission Schedule
 (CMS) – Calculated as the [number of days/365] from the operational
 schedule reported from the launch date to the end of the mission date,
 actual time realized. (years) * Feasibility – The document's
 feasibility date indicates when the proposed mission was considered viable
 for concept development, feasibility analysis, or consideration. (date) *
 Funding – The document date for the selection or award indicates the
 initiation of the mission, which is typically identified by the award
 date, funding date, and budget request initiation date, as acknowledged in
 a NASA announcement. (date) * PDR – The document/report date for the
 completion of the mission, Preliminary Design Review (PDR) associated with
 the spacecraft bus PDR. Instrument and Launch Vehicle PDRs are completed
 before the spacecraft bus/mission PDR. (date) * CDR – The
 documented/report date for the completion of the mission Critical Design
 Review (CDR) associated with the spacecraft bus CDR. Instrument and Launch
 Vehicle CDRs are completed before the spacecraft bus/mission CDR. (date) *
 Launch – The document/manifest date recording the mission launch. (date) *
 *On-station* – The document date recording the arrival of the mission at
 the primary destination is described as the initiation of orbit
 acquisition, spacecraft initiation, or initial instrument operation/
 check-out. (date) * Science – The document/announcement date signifying
 the initiation of primary science operations. (date) * Mission Extension
 (Extend) – The document/announcement date signifying the end of primary
 operations, initiation of extended mission operation scope, or extension
 of operation funding. (date) * End of Mission (EoM) – The
 document/announcement date indicates the end of the mission, either as
 loss of communication, loss of science function, loss of tracking contact,
 or disposal. (date)            * StartY – The Year the mission was
 identified as a line item in the NASA budget requests. (yyyy format) *
 LaunchY – The Year the mission was reported launched in the NASA budget
 requests. (yyyy format) ***Cost*** The cost attributes are organized into
 four parts: cost and schedule planning and performance, cost accounting in
 Then Year $, cost accounting adjusted for inflation using the NSII index,
 and cost accounting adjusted for inflation using the PCEPI index. Headings
 use a WXYZ format for identification: * W represents the cost context: P –
 proposed, F – final, and T – total reported * X represents the program
 phase: M – mission (full program duration), D – development, L – launch, O
 – primary operations, E – extended operations * Y represents the system
 component: C – cost * Z represents the accounting format: T – Then-Year
 (reported) dollars, N – NSII adjusted dollars, P – PCEPI adjusted dollars.
 All dollars are reported in millions ($M) The Part 1 cost attributes
 (PMCT, CMCT) provide the initial budget cost and schedule attributes of
 the original mission planning. The Part 2 cost attributes (T*CT) provide
 the cost summation by mission cost attributes (development, launch,
 primary operations, and extended operations) for the mission. Lumped costs
 are distributed over a time duration consistent with other detailed cost
 profiles. This was common with launch vehicle cost accounting, which was
 reported as a single cost budget item.  When required, the launch cost was
 distributed over a 2 or 3-year period of performance, including the launch
 year and preceding years. The Part 3 cost attributes (T*CN) provide the
 cost summation by mission cost attribute (development, launch, primary
 operations, and extended operations) for the mission adjusted for
 inflation using the NSII index. The NSII index adjusts cost elements to
 2022 $ based on the NSII index multiplier and the year of cost incurred.
 Cost attributes represent the accumulation of expenses over successive
 years, with each year assigned an independent multiplier based on the NSII
 index. Expenses incurred in 2023 and 2024 were assigned a multiplier of
 1.00. The Part 4 cost attributes (T*CP) provide the cost summation by
 mission cost attribute (development, launch, primary operations, and
 extended operations) for the mission adjusted for inflation using the
 PCEPI index. The PCEPI index adjusts cost elements to 2022 $ based on the
 PCEPI index multiplier and the year of cost incurred. Cost attributes are
 the accumulation of expenses over successive years, with each year
 assigned an independent multiplier based on the PCEPI index. Expenses
 incurred in 2023 and 2024 were assigned a multiplier of 1.00. Cost values
 are listed in millions of dollars ($M). This includes: * PMCT – Proposed
 Mission Cost Total represents the total mission cost proposed in the
 initial NASA budget request or amount allocated by NASA before the mission
 award. * CMCT – Calculated Mission Cost Total represents the current/final
 realized mission cost reported in the NASA budget requests. * TMCT – Total
 Mission Cost in Then-$ represents the total mission cost summed for all
 years of program reporting, as actual costs reported in the NASA budget
 requests. These values are not adjusted. * TDCT – Total Development Cost
 in Then-$ represents the total development cost summed for all years of
 program reporting as actual cost reported in the NASA budget requests.
 These values are not adjusted. * TLCT – Total Launch Cost in Then-$
 represents the total launch cost summed for all years of program reporting
 as actual cost reported in the NASA budget requests. These values are not
 adjusted. * TOCT –  Total Operations Cost in Then-$ represents the total
 planned operations cost summed for all years of program reporting as
 actual cost reported in the NASA budget requests. These values are not
 adjusted. * TECT – Total Extension Cost in Then-$ represents the total
 extended operations cost summed for all years of program reporting as
 actual cost reported in the NASA budget requests. These values are not
 adjusted. * TMCN –  Total Mission Cost in NSII-$ represents the total
 mission cost summed for all years of the program reported as actual cost
 in the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the NSII
 index. * TDCN – Total Development Cost in NSII-$ represents the total
 development cost summed for all years of program reporting as actual cost
 in the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the NSII
 index. * TLCN – Total Launch Cost in NSII-$ represents the total launch
 cost summed for all years of program reporting as actual cost in the NASA
 budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the NSII index. * TOCN –
 Total Operations Cost in NSII-$ represents the total planned operations
 cost summed for all years of program reporting as actual cost reported in
 the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the NSII index.
 * TECN – Total Extension Cost in NSII-$ represents the total extended
 operations cost summed for all years of program reporting as actual cost
 reported in the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the
 NSII index. * TMCP – Total Mission Cost in PCEPI-$ represents the total
 mission cost summed for all years of the program reported as actual cost
 in the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the PCEPI
 index. * TDCP – Total Development Cost in PCEPI-$ represents the total
 development cost summed for all years of program reporting as actual cost
 in the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the PCEPI
 index. * TLCP – Total Development Cost in PCEPI-$ represents the total
 development cost summed for all years of program reporting as actual cost
 in the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the PCEPI
 index. * TOCP – Total Operations Cost in PCEPI-$ represents the total
 planned operations cost summed for all years of program reporting as
 actual cost reported in the NASA budget requests and adjusted to Year
 2022-$ using the PCEPI index. * TECP – Total Extension Cost in PCEPI-$
 represents the total extended operations cost summed for all years of
 program reporting as actual cost reported in the NASA budget requests and
 adjusted to Year 2022-$ using the PCEPI index. ***Technical*** The
 technical definition provides the design attributes of the mission
 elements. This includes: * Launch mass (LM) – The manifested launch mass
 of the spacecraft. (kgs) * *Fuel –*  The spacecraft fuel load. In most
 cases, the fuel load is the difference between the launch mass and the
 spacecraft's dry mass. Where documented, this is confirmed by fuel
 budgets. Fuel includes propellant and oxidizer. (kgs) * *AKM –*  AKM is
 the mass of the apogee kick motor (AKM) used for orbit circularization or
 transfer boost integrated within the spacecraft. (kgs) * *Ballast and
 Adapter (Ball) –* The ballast and adapter account for any non-space
 vehicle accommodations, including the launch vehicle adapter and/or
 ballast that is not included in the SCdry mass but contributes to the
 total launch mass of the spacecraft, independent of fuel. (kgs) * *SCdry 
 –*  SCdry is the total spacecraft dry mass ready for launch before launch
 site fueling. (kgs) * *SVbus  –* SVbus is the space vehicle bus mass, less
 payload and fuel integration. (kgs) * *SVpayload-(SVpay) –* SVpayload is
 the total, or calculated from the instruments, space vehicle payload mass
 ready for integration with the space vehicle bus. (kgs) * *Probe  –* The
 probe mass accounts for secondary payload elements that are deployed from
 the primary spacecraft, such as probes, and are not integral to the
 spacecraft science operations. (kgs) * *Cruise –* The Cruise mass is
 associated with cruise phase elements of the space vehicle. In the case of
 a cruise phase, the spacecraft consists of the science payload-carrying
 vehicle, and the Cruise segment transfers the spacecraft from an Earth
 orbit to a destination, either with or without orbit capture. (kgs) *
 *Lander –* The lander mass is associated with the landing and deployment
 phase elements of the space vehicle. In the case of a landing phase, the
 lander includes both the science payload and a carrying and support
 landing vehicle. (kgs) * Aeroshield (Aero) – The aeroshield mass is
 associated with re-entry shield elements of the space vehicle. In the case
 of a re-entry phase, the spacecraft consists of a science payload-carrying
 and support vehicle. (kgs) * Obj – The number of objectives quantifies the
 published scientific objectives of the mission. A standard for space
 mission objectives does not exist. The values reported represent an
 estimate of the scientific and functional objectives of the mission.
 Delivery of secondary payloads and continuation of service as a
 communication relay are examples of additional objectives attributed to
 the mission objective quantity. (quantity) * Ins – The number of science
 instruments manifested with the mission, including radio science (+1).
 Instruments are defined as science-gathering devices and exclude power and
 data electronics that directly support one or more instruments. In their
 presence, the mass and power associated with support electronics are
 included in the individual instrument properties. In the case of multiple
 or redundant units, the science is counted as a particular quantity. For
 example, a mission may include multiple magnetometer units that are
 considered a single magnetometer experiment due to redundancy or
 cross-correlation. (quantity) * *InsMass –*  The reported mass of all
 payload instruments is recorded as the sum of the payload components or a
 combination of components, including power and data units that directly
 support individual or multiple payload instruments. (kgs) * *InsPwr –* The
 reported instrument power orbit average power of the payload components as
 determined by allocation, the sum of payload instruments, or a combination
 that includes the power associated with power and data units that directly
 support individual or multiple payload instruments. (Watts) * *Deployments
 (Deploy) –* The number of unique mission deployments, excluding separation
 from the launch vehicle adapter. Solar array deployment constitutes a
 single deployment independent of the number of wings or staged to deploy
 the solar array(s) fully. The number of deployments is a measure of the
 complexity and risk associated with spacecraft and operations. (quantity)
 * *Bus Volume (BV) –* Where documented or calculated from spacecraft
 dimensions, the value represents the volume of the spacecraft core
 structure in launch configuration. (meters3) * *SA – * Indicates the
 primary source of spacecraft power, including solar arrays (SA) or
 Radioactive Thermal Generator (RTG). (RTG or SA) * *BoLP –*  The reported
 solar array power capability at 1 AU beginning of life (BoL) for a fully
 deployed solar array complement. (Watts) * *BoMPwr–* The reported solar
 array power capability at destination orbit at perihelion as determined at
 the beginning of the mission (BoM). (Watts) * *BoSPwr–* The reported solar
 array power capability at destination orbit at perihelion as determined at
 the beginning of science (BoS), where there is an extended non-science
 operation phase of the mission. (Watts) * *Solar Array Area (SAA) –* The
 documented or calculated from spacecraft geometry, the total area of the
 spacecraft's solar array(s). When calculated, a packing factor of
 0.90 or 0.95 is used. (meters2) * *Solar Array Type (SAT) –* The type of
 solar array included in the spacecraft design, including mount and
 articulation employed. (2-axis gimbal, roll out, body mount, wing,
 articulated, fixed) ## Code/software Excel csv ## Access information Other
 publicly accessible locations of the data: * Zenodo document link (see
 Supplemental Information Related Works) Data was derived from the
 following sources: * ***General Data References*** \[1] Hunt, Charles.
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