cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.24
title: Biomass-to-syngas production in catalyst-loaded molten salt: catalytic enhancement and conceptual process design

description: Pyrolysis and CO2 gasification were experimentally investigated by direct dispersion of cellulose powder in hightemperature molten salt system (MS). Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was loaded in molten salt (CLMS) to improve the production rate and yield of syngas in both cellulose pyrolysis and CO2 gasification of the pyrolyzed char. A combined CO2 pyrolysis-gasification (CPG) process is known to provide CO-rich syngas while H2 fraction decreased due to the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS). In this study, a two-step separate pyrolysis-CO2 gasification (SPG) process in catalystloaded molten salt (CLMS) was proposed to avoid this problem. Four conceptual process designs, namely, SPG in MS, SPG in CLMS, CPG in MS, and CPG in CLMS were carried out and their results compared. Based on a design basis of 100 kmol/h (16,200 kg/h) of cellulose feed, the CPG in MS and CLMS produced 593 kmol/h and 485 kmol/h of syngas with an overall H2:CO ratio of 0.21 and 0.14, respectively, whereas the corresponding values of the SPG in MS and CLMS were 770 kmol/h and 0.58, and 1,137 kmol/h and 0.76, respectively. In addition, the SPG in MS reduced the residual char to 33 from 268 kmol/h for its CPG counterpart. Similarly, SPG in CLMS reduced the residual char to 30 from 239 kmol/h for its CPG counterpart. The required total reactor volumes of SPG (135.4 m3 in MS and161.1 m3 in CLMS) were about half of CPG (272.5 m3 in MS and 310.6 m3 in CLMS). The total heat required for SPG (23,308 kW in MS and 24,832 kW in CLMS) was significantly less than that of CPG (28,404 kW in MS and 26,814 kW in CLMS). The Ni/Al2O3 could enhance the syngas yield, reduced CH4 yield, and increase char conversion. The SPG process in CLMS could exhibit the most effective arrangement of gasifier in terms of both quantity and quality of syngas products, char residual, as well as effective utilization of solar energy.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.25
title: Overview and status of biogas production in Zambia

description: Despite research work and implementation of biogas having started as early as in the 1980s, Zambia has lagged behind in the adoption and use of biogas in the sub-Saharan Africa. The study established that there is a biogas theoretical potential of 76PJ per annum from animal manure and crop residues. This is sufficient to provide energy for cooking and lighting in more than 3 million households. Lack of funding, lack of policy, regulatory framework and strategies on biogas, unfavorable investor monetary policy, inadequate expertise, lack of awareness of the benefits of biogas technology among leaders, financial institutions and locals, resistance to change due cultural and traditions of the locals, high installation and maintenance costs of biogas digesters, inadequate research and development, improper management and lack of monitoring of installed digesters, complexity of the carbon market, lack of incentives and social equity are among the challenges that have derailed the adoption and sustainable implementation of domestic biogas production in Zambia. Unless these are addressed, it is unlikely that the biogas sector in Zambia will flourish.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.26
title: Study of using Tillandsia usneoides L., case of heating value

description: Presently, the increasing of "Save the World" is higher popularity in the cities. Spanish mosses (Tillandsia usneoides L.) is a kind of decorative plants which is easy to find, cheap to buy, and not much maintenance required. Number of pieces which are trimmed from plants probably are increased and become rubbish. The aim of the study is to analyze properties and chemical components of Tillandsia. usneoides L. The analysis parts was determined by calorific, gravimetric and dynamic flash combustion methods for heating value, moisture value and elucidation properties, respectively. The results showed that the heating value was 14.64?0.27 MJ/kg, the moisture value was 58.74?1.06 % and the chemical components was 0.76% (N), 42.86% (C), 5.65% (H), and 0.05% (S). Tillandsia. usneoides L. is possibly used as biomass power plant in the future.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.27
title: Combustion properties of Thai biomass

description: The design and operation of biomass combustion systems rely substantially on several biomass characteristics, namely, heating value, moisture, ash content, density and elemental composition. This worked provides information on heating values, proximate analysis ultimate analysis, ash deposition and thermal behavior of biomass. Heating values of biomass vary between 13-22 MJ/kg (dry basis). Biomass has high volatile matter (60-90%) and low fixed carbon compare with fossil fuel. High oxygen concentration was found in biomass (40-50% d.a.f.). Mineral matter deposition in biomass created slagging, fouling and high temperature corrosion in boiler. Each type of biomass has individual characteristic and required specific suitable operation condition setting for efficiency energy utilization.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.28
title: Performance prediction of a downdraft gasifier using equilibrium model: effect of different biomass

description: In this paper, a thermochemical equilibrium model was used to simulate the gasification process of biomass and predict the composition of the producer gas. The predicted results agreed well with those of the experiments available in the literature. The model was then employed in order to optimize the selection procedure of a specific biomass for a certain application. For this purpose, at constant operational conditions, the ultimate compositions of various biomasses were used to investigate the influence on syngas characteristics. These included the calorific value, gasification efficiencies and the volume of producer gas.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.29
title: The utilization and sustainability of jatropha oil biodiesel in the agricultural sector of Myanmar

description: In Myanmar, Jatropha trees grow naturally and abundantly. But currently there are only a few commercial farms just in starting. Agriculture is backbone of Myanmar economy and it contributes 36.4% of GDP in 2011/2012 and over 70% of population work in it. In agriculture sector most of the machineries used are driven by diesel engines. Considering green and renewable energy, biodiesel is one of the best alternative fuels for diesel engines. Basically biodiesel can be processed from vegetable oils by the transesterification by using alcohol and catalyst. From our research on Jatropha oil, we processed methyl ester type Jatropha oil biodiesel namely Jatropha oil methyl ester (JME) and analyzed the fuel properties. The five stages speed-load engine experiments were carried out with a single cylinder DI diesel engine by fuelling with JME and, rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), soybean oil methyl ester (SME) and diesel fuel (JIS No. 2) were used for comparison. From the analytical and experimental results, we found that JME has good fuel properties, fair ignition ability, less exhaust emissions and good thermal efficiencies. Base on these findings, our main purpose of this study is to get the interest and on the development of Jatropha plantation and to point out the potential of Jatropha oil biodiesel utilization and sustainability to the government, public and private sectors of Myanmar.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.30
title: Production of fuels and chemicals by hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae

description: Microalgae are considered as one of the main renewable fuel crop in the future. Among several valorization pathways, the whole algae hydrothermal liquefaction and further hydrotreatment is an attractive one using all algal biomass and preventing costly drying and extraction methods. In the present study, HTL reaction was optimized for bioliquid production with Spirulina and then applied to the conversion of 4 other microalgae: Ourococcus sp., Porphyridium cruentum, Nannochloropsis occulata and Dunaliella salina. The bioliquids were further hydrotreated in order to get fuel like hydrocarbons. Comprehensive characterization of the products was obtained by HT GCXGC FID.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.31
title: Hydrodynamic behavior of a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier under elevated temperature: CFD simulation

description: A bubbling fluidized bed gasifier model was developed to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior inside bed zone at an elevated temperature. Compared to the behavior under ambient temperature condition, the pressure drop across the bed resulted from the simulation at elevated temperature, i.e. 800?C, was lower and the bubbles formed rose to the bed surface faster. The main reasons were the decrease in air density and dynamic pressure with increasing temperature.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.32
title: Ecological, technological and economic advantages of co-digestion for biogas production

description: Co-digestion is the simultaneous digestion of mixture of two or more substrates and a promising opportunity for the utilization of agricultural residues. Studies demonstrated that digestion of a variety of substrates, especially the utilization of animal manure together with solid agricultural residues and/or energy crops improves the nutrient balance and the anaerobic digestion process is more stable. Further advantages are an optimized use of fermenter volume which will result in increased plant capacities and the equalization of solid matter distribution in the fermenter. Using Agricultural waste as energy source is an effective solution for waste management and can reduce environmental problems as well as global warming [6]. The utilization of agricultural residues as source for biogas production will furthermore contribute to economic, environmental and social sustainability.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.33
title: Techno-economic and ecological assessment approaches for new biomass value chains

description: Utilization of biomass for energetic and material purposes aims to substitute fossil carbon sources to achieve more sustainable value chains. Sustainability analysis and assessment approaches play an important role in the development of these new bio-based supply chains to support the technological development by identifying key figures and providing an objective basis for the discussion and communication of such concepts with stakeholders and political decision makers. This article proposes a framework for analysis and assessment of bio-based value chains at an early process development stage with adaptability for relevant particularities of the considered value chain. The framework is applied for three case studies - the assessment of a lignocellulosic biorefinery concept, an integrated biorefinery concept for several biotechnological and chemical conversions of various domestic oil seeds and an assessment approach for a biochar value chain with thermochemical conversion technologies and biochar application for soil improvement.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.34
title: Thermal decomposition of upgraded product obtained from rice straw by solvent treatment

description: We have developed a new effective method which realizes both dewatering and upgrading of low carbonaceous materials by treating them in a non-polar solvent at temperatures below 350?C. During this treatment, we obtained the solvent-soluble fraction at room temperature, which we call "Soluble". Because Soluble has unique properties, it has a possibility to utilize it as raw materials for carbon materials, such as carbon fiber and binder for coke making. Since the initial step of the preparation of such carbon materials is thermal decomposition, it is essential to understand how the properties of Soluble change when Soluble is pyrolyzed. In this study, the thermal decomposition behavior of Soluble at around 350?C was examined either in an inert gas or in a solvent.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.35
title: Development of efficient separation method of extract and solvent in degradative solvent extraction of low-rank coals or biomass wastes

description: The authors have recently proposed a novel method that not only dewaters but upgrades low-grade carbonaceous resources such as biomass, peat, lignite, and sub-bituminous coals. The method comprises a treatment of the raw materials in non-polar solvent, such as 1-methylnaphthalene, at temperatures below 350?C, and subsequent separation of the upgraded samples into extract, residue, and gaseous product consisting of CO2 and a negligible amount of hydrocarbon gases at the treatment temperature. The extract is further separated into solvent-soluble fraction, Soluble, and solvent-insoluble fraction, Deposit, at room temperature. The method can produce a large amount of Soluble which consists of ashless, carbon-rich, low-molecular-weight compounds. From the viewpoint of practical application of the proposed method, it is desired to reduce the energy required to separate the Soluble from solvent. In this study a treatment using the solvent saturated with the Soluble has successfully been proposed in order to omit the energyconsuming distillation process of the solvent by enabling solid-liquid separation of the Soluble and solvent.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.36
title: Life cycle energy analysis of biodiesel from kamani (Calophyllum inophyllum)

description: Kamani or Callophyllum inphyllum is a non-edible seed which has potential to be a feedstock for biodiesel. Kamani trees are mostly found around coastal areas and are also known as forest trees. Kamani seed can be a promising alternative feedstock due to its high oil yield, simple cultivation procedure and non-edible seeds whereas palm oil which is currently used as biodiesel feedstock has environmental concerns and it is also produced for food thus raising issues about food versus fuel. The analysis of the energy inputs and outputs from kamani biodiesel show that its production is efficient because energy from output is higher than the input. Kamani biodiesel can also be considered renewable because its renewability factor at 8.73 is substantially higher than 1.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.37
title: Effect of Solvent Treatment of Rice Straw

description: The fractionation method was reported as solvent treatment of coal. In these days, the application of this method applied to biomass waste like rice straw. In the country where the amount of rice production is high, for example Thailand, it is important to mine rice straw. Therefore the solvent treatment of rice straw is hoped to improve it to energy resources and carbon materials. We examined solvent treatment of two type rice straw. One is from Thailand (RS-T) and another is from Japan (RS-J). In solvent treatment, we produced three solid components, Residue, Deposit and Solvent. Residue is insoluble component at 350?C and separated filtration. Deposit is insoluble component at room temperature in filtrate after treatment at 350?C and separated filtration after cooled down. Soluble is soluble component at room temperature and produced by removing solvent from filtrate by distillation. We evaluated the yields of these components and properties.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.38
title: Study on gasification of multi-air-stage downdraft reactor using pelletized biomass

description: The downdraft gasification technology has been well known among researchers as the most promising biomass utilization method. Common downdraft gasifier generally consist only single stage air supply. This study developed the design of downdraft gasifier to triple air supply stages which can carry up to 50 kWth. The aim of this study is, instead of improving gasifier performance, can improve producer gas quality. Eucalyptus wood pellet was chosen as raw material in consideration of stable dry fuel, more uniform size, increase the energy density and decrease problematic in gasifier. By varying two different air flow feed (285 L/min and 400 L/min) in each double and triple air supply stages, measuring the CO, H2, CH4 and CO2 gas concentrations, the gas heating value, as well as other performance variables were calculated. There was almost linear relation between air flow feed, a number of stages and producer gas quality: Air flow feed of 400 L/min showed a better syngas quality than 285 L/min with CO, CH4 and H2 concentrations of 12.6, 0.88 and 8.80% v.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.39
title: An experimental two-stage of air supply in downdraft gasification

description: This work studies an experiment on two-stages of air supply in a downdraft gasifier. The two stages of air supply had three nozzles location of each stage. Palm shell was used as solid fuel in this experiment. This experiment was operated in difference air flow rates which fed into two-stage of gasifier and distribution by nozzles. The quality of gas compositions were investigated when operating in difference condition. The percentage of gas compositions were highest when increase the maximum air flow rate around 415 l/min and also reduced the concentration of tar when increase the air flow rate. In addition, the maximum air flow rate was also increase temperatures in the combustion zone.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.40
title: Development of a thermal water pump with steam-air for agriculture

description: This research purpose is to design and construct an automatic thermal water pump (TWP) with steam-air and study the appropriate amount of air added to a steam working fluid for use within the system. Direct contact cooling was employed. The system consisted of feed water tank, liquid piston tank, heating tank, storage tank and well tank. The objective is a feasibility study of the air quantity in the LT was set at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% with a constant discharge head of 1 m, a constant suction head of 0.8 m and 1 hours test time. However, in this research we uses heater as a substitute of renewable energy. Thermal energy input was supplied by an electric heater as a substitute of renewable energy. An operation of the pump consisted of 5 stages: heating, pumping, vapor-flow, cooling and water suction. Results of the experiment use air in conjunction with system the maximum pumping efficiency 0.01903% at quantity of air 10% the maximum pumped water 96.4 l at quantity of air 0% the maximum numbers of pumping cycles 17 cycles at quantity of air 40%. As the quantity of air increased, the numbers of pumping cycles increased but the pumped water could be reduced accordingly, which affected the pumping efficiency. However, HT temperature could be further reduced. Using air in conjunction with the steam working fluid could lower the working temperature suitable to solar application.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.41
title: Implementation of PI-controller based D-STATCOM for harmonics and reactive power compensation

description: This paper presents the implementation of PI-controller based D-STATCOM for harmonics and reactive power compensation. Using the instantaneous active and reactive power theory for calculate the reference currents. The simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink and the experimental results with the prototype D-STATCOM have been implemented.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.42
title: Simulation of a Solar Absorption Chiller and a PV-driven Electric Chiller

description: Popularity of solar cooling techniques is increasing due to its environmental friendliness and its use of renewable energy, leading to reduction in capital investment cost. In this study, hourly simulation will be done on a model of small solar powered 4.7kWth absorption chiller, and a model of PV-driven 7.1kWth electrical chiller. For absorption chiller, 2 scenarios will be considered, one where the hot water is left in collectors to cool down during OFF hours, and another where hot water from the collectors will be drained back to store the thermal energy. Furthermore lifecycle costs were calculated for economic comparison of the systems. Simulation results show that the modeled systems are able to provide cooling, and the lifecycle costing shows, that for small size systems, grid operated chiller is more economically feasible than a solar powered absorption chiller and PV-driven electric chiller.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.43
title: Wave energy potential for power generation in the Gulf of Thailand

description: Regional wind-wave model is the computational model which is applied from the WAve Model (WAM). The data of regional hindcast, operational WAM model, and wind data are used in the validation and calibration. Then, the Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model is used for the calculation of nearshore wave parameters, spectral time series and statistics. Due to the high cost of full SWAN model, utilization of the offshore WAM model results together with nearshore satellite observations is a cost-effective alternative. In the area of Gulf of Thailand (GOT), it is found from WAM and SWAN that areas of the GoT present a stable wave energy and power. Moreover, the average significant wave height is also used to preliminarily evaluate the wave power. From the previous study, it was found that the station S11 is the station with the highest significant wave height of 2.6 m. It was also found that the highest significant wave height can be found in September. As the result the suggested potential locations for wave energy are stations S7-S14. For the extreme case of typhoon Linda in 1997, the highest significant wave height is 2.71 m at S16. Moreover, the average significant wave height and wave power in September 2011 were studied. The results show a good agreement with the previous study that stations S7-S14 are the stations with high potential. However, the results of stations S11, S13, S14 seem to show the highest potential of power generation amongst all stations.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.44
title: A study of transmission and illumination of light through rectangular light pipes with bends

description: Light pipes can bring daylight from the sky into deep interior spaces of a building. A pipe is often connected with a bend so as to orient the entry port in the direction that optimizes light reception and transmission. Another bend is connected before the exit port to optimize delivery of light into a room. This paper presents results of modeling, experiments, and simulation of transmission of beam and diffuse daylight through rectangular light pipes. Analytic method is used for tracing light rays from the source into the bend through to the straight section and through to the bend and then the exit port into the room, or forward raytracing method. The curve surface of the bend is modeled as a pie bend section. The interior surface of each section is specular but may have different reflectances. The algorithms of calculation are coded in MATLAB scripts and functions. The interior surfaces of the rectangular light pipe and bends are lined with a film of reflectance of 99%. A set of experiments was conducted indoor using an LED lamp as a point source. Results of calculation using the method match closely with those from experiments.
DOI: 10.12755/jgsee.res.2014.45
title: Performance of a 3-kWp grid-tied photovoltaic system in a water refilling station

description: Due to the recurring power interruptions and the increasing monthly electricity rates in Metro Manila, residents and business owners need to start using renewable energy. Solar photovoltaic (PV) is the most viable and widely available source of energy. To quantify the benefits of using solar PV systems, the performance of a 3 kWp grid-tied photovoltaic system with back-up battery bank installed in a commercial water refilling station was monitored and analyzed. The battery bank provided an uninterrupted source of energy. The calculations for the monthly savings and the potential rebates of the establishment if net metering were applied are included. Despite negative effects due to the nonimplementation of the net metering scheme, the grid-tied PV system significantly reduced the monthly electricity bill by 50%. Information obtained within the 3-month duration of the study was used to make necessary modifications in the system.