cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-658-1
title: Diagram MAPD0658

description: Latitudes Rectangular: The rectangular presentation of latitudes occurs against a grid created by the intersections of 13 equally spaced horizontal lines with 31 equally spaced vertical lines -- a grid of 12 x 30 small squares. While this is the most common framework for the latitudes in this form, the grid may be drawn with different numbers of lines, e.g., 12 x 20. The 13 horizontal lines, which provide 12 intervals vertically, are the critical element in the layout. As in the circular diagram each planet oscillates between two extreme limits, but here the limits are upper and lower horizontals, rather than the inner and outer circles of the circular form. In the rectangular grid, the path of each planet has a regular wavelike pattern as it oscillates between its latitudinal limits. The names of the seven planets appear vertically on the left side of the grid, In accord with Pliny's text, the sun follows a serpentine path in the two middle intervals, or degrees. Saturn is rarely given an independent line of travel, and its name appears next to the Sun's name. The Moon passes from the bottom line to the top line, covering the full band of the zodiac. Venus has an interval from a small distance above the grid to a small distance below the grid, representing Pliny's assignment of two extra degrees, beyond the zodiacal band, to this planet's latitude. Mercury begins its line, according to Pliny's description, five spaces above the central horizontal line and descends to the line that is three spaces below the central horizontal line. Mars begins two spaces below the central and moves as high as the second line above the central horizontal. Jupiter begins three spaces below the central and travels only as high as the central horizontal. The prescribed numbers of degrees of latitude in the Plinian excerpt are often not well represented by the diagrams. While a few diagrams provide a separate line for the latitude of Saturn, the large majority do not. The overall impression of most rectangular latitude diagrams is that of six wavelike lines progressing from left to right across the grid framework.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-659-1
title: Diagram MAPD0659

description: Latitudes Rectangular: The rectangular presentation of latitudes occurs against a grid created by the intersections of 13 equally spaced horizontal lines with 31 equally spaced vertical lines -- a grid of 12 x 30 small squares. While this is the most common framework for the latitudes in this form, the grid may be drawn with different numbers of lines, e.g., 12 x 20. The 13 horizontal lines, which provide 12 intervals vertically, are the critical element in the layout. As in the circular diagram each planet oscillates between two extreme limits, but here the limits are upper and lower horizontals, rather than the inner and outer circles of the circular form. In the rectangular grid, the path of each planet has a regular wavelike pattern as it oscillates between its latitudinal limits. The names of the seven planets appear vertically on the left side of the grid, In accord with Pliny's text, the sun follows a serpentine path in the two middle intervals, or degrees. Saturn is rarely given an independent line of travel, and its name appears next to the Sun's name. The Moon passes from the bottom line to the top line, covering the full band of the zodiac. Venus has an interval from a small distance above the grid to a small distance below the grid, representing Pliny's assignment of two extra degrees, beyond the zodiacal band, to this planet's latitude. Mercury begins its line, according to Pliny's description, five spaces above the central horizontal line and descends to the line that is three spaces below the central horizontal line. Mars begins two spaces below the central and moves as high as the second line above the central horizontal. Jupiter begins three spaces below the central and travels only as high as the central horizontal. The prescribed numbers of degrees of latitude in the Plinian excerpt are often not well represented by the diagrams. While a few diagrams provide a separate line for the latitude of Saturn, the large majority do not. The overall impression of most rectangular latitude diagrams is that of six wavelike lines progressing from left to right across the grid framework.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-666-1
title: Diagram MAPD0666

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-667-1
title: Diagram MAPD0667

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-668-1
title: Diagram MAPD0668

description: Latitudes Circular: The circular presentation of planetary latitudes occurs against a framework of thirteen concentric circles spaced at equal radial intervals. Each space between two succeeding circles represents one degree of the zodiacal band of twelve degrees in width. The middle, or seventh, circle represents the plane of the ecliptic. Against this framework the path of every planet but one, the Sun, appears as a circle that intersects one or more of the circles of the zodiac. The sun's path, because of the text of Pliny, follows a serpentine line that focuses upon the middle circle and passes above and below it to touch the next circle on either side of the middle circle. With the zodiacal circles numbered from 1 to 13, from the center outwards, the moon touches circle 13 on one side of the diagram and circle 1 on the opposite side; this represents Pliny's assignment of twelve degrees for the lunar latitude. The diagram shows Venus extending beyond circle 13 and cutting inside circle 1 to represent Pliny's two degrees beyond the zodiacal width for this planet's latitude. Mercury has a latitude of eight, from circle 11 to circle 3. Mars has a latitude of four in the middle, from circle 9 to circle 5. Jupiter, with three degrees of latitude in Pliny's text, moves from circle 9 to circle 6. Saturn receives two degrees of latitude ``like the sun'' according to Pliny's text. Nowhere does Pliny specify that Saturn has a serpentine path like that ascribed to the sun, and his phrase ``like the sun'' appears to mean the same two degrees as the sun supposedly crosses in the zodiac; most of the diagrams place Saturn's name outside the solar serpentine path and provide no separate circle for the latitude of Saturn.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-670-1
title: Diagram MAPD0670

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-671-1
title: Diagram MAPD0671

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-672-1
title: Diagram MAPD0672

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-673-1
title: Diagram MAPD0673

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams