cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m7170
title: Exterior view of the front and west side of Mission San Buenaventura, Ventura, California, ca.1890

description: Photograph of the exterior view of the front and west side of Mission San Buenaventura, Ventura, California, ca.1890. The church and bell tower are about two-stories tall. The church features a large triangular pediment above its arched entrance. A flight of stairs leads from the sidewalk to the entrance. There are crosses at the apex of the roof proper as well as on top of the bell tower.; "It was on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1782, that Father Serra founded the mission, San Buenaventura, which proved to be the last he established personally. The Spanish King had changed his position again, claiming that a few white settlers were of greater value than any number of Indians. Father Serra argued that the money to found the missions came from the privately collected Pious Fund. The King replied that by law he administered the Pious Fund. New missions would be churches only, without usual industries supported by Indian labor. Serra ignored the new rules at Ventura, which temporarily halted further expansion. Even so, under the old rules, Ventura was quickly most prosperous. A reservoir and aqueduct system seven miles long supplied fields stretching to the very shore of the blue Pacific, growing, according to one record, 'astounding' varieties of agricultural products. Of course, with secularization, those rules originally ignored were completely enforced. By 1845 all the lands and even the church itself had been confiscated, although the church and a few bits of other property were eventually returned. The sleepy village beside the mission suddenly blossomed in 1887 with the arrival of the railroad. Now located on the main street of the city of Ventura, and hemmed in by the business community, it might be difficult to imagine that the old church was once surrounded by orchards, vineyards, and grain fields which made it a garden spot of the missions, thanks to the aqueduct. Two huge Norfolk Island pines in the garden between the church and little museum are 100 years old, reputedly planted by a sailing captain who hoped to grow a forest for use as masts. In the museum are two old wooden bells, the only ones of their type known in California." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17517
title: Exterior view of Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, ca.1910

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, ca.1910. The Moorish-style building is about two-story tall. A cornice, about one story from the ground, runs around the church and its tower, curving at the façade of the church to form a curved gable. To the right of the arched doorway entrance is the bulbous bell tower. There are crosses at the apex of the roof proper as well as on top of the bell tower.; "San Carlos Borromeo is believed by many to be the most beautiful of all California missions. It is here that Fr. Serra made his headquarters for his California missionary work, and where he was buried upon his death in 1784. A year after its founding, the mission was moved from Monterey to a beautiful site in Carmel Valley. The Monterey site was not only inadequate for growing crops, it was a long way from where the Native Americans resided. Fr. Serra was buried in the sanctuary beside the alter in the adobe church next to his longtime friend Fr. Crespi. A few years later the current large stone church was built around the small adobe church. In 1803, upon the death of Fr. Lasuen, Fr. Serra's successor, he too was buried in the stone church. When secularization occurred in 1834 all of the mission lands, except the church site, were sold to private parties. The great stone mission church was abandoned and for 30 years stood roofless after its collapse in 1851. Enough money was eventually raised in 1884 to build a new roof, but the steep pitch was out of place with the original design. The latest restoration, begun in the 1930's, has restored a more suitable roof, and is believed to be the most authentic restoration in the entire mission chain." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17518
title: View of the bell tower of Mission Asistencia of San Antonio at Pala at dusk (or dawn?), ca.1883

description: Photograph of a view of the bell tower of Mission Asistencia of San Antonio at Pala at dusk (or dawn?), ca.1883. Sunlight, barely able to pierce the cloudy sky, reaches parts of the bell tower and creating an aura around the parts it touches. The outline of the multi-curved bell tower is visible. Two bells are situated in separate arched holes within the tower. The bells are held up by horizontal beams.; "Mission San Antonio De Pala was founded by Father Antonio Peyri OFM on June 13th, 1816. It is the only one of the original Spanish California Missions to survive in its purpose of service to the Native American Indians. The Mission at Pala was built as an "assistencia" to the larger Mission at San Luis Ray - (west of Pala on Highway 76). After Mexico received independence from Spain in 1834, the California Missions continued to be administered by the founders, the Franciscan Friars. Because the Mission lands were among the most valuable in California, they were secularized and confiscated by the Mexican Government in 1835. Many Mexican landowners acquired the Mission lands for themselves. The Indian population refused to be exploited and the Mission 'ranchos' generally fell into decay." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m6299
title: Exterior view of Mission San Gabriel from the sidewalk near the belfry, San Gabriel, ca.1900

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission San Gabriel from the sidewalk near the belfry, San Gabriel, ca.1900. The belfry stands about two stories tall and has six visible arched openings. About a dozen thick buttresses provide structure for the wall beyond the belfry. Immediately to the left is a gate that leads to the yard of one of the mission's buildings. Trees, including a palm, line the sidewalk shoulder (at right).; "This mission, although one of the most prosperous, was also one of the most difficult missions for the padres assigned there. Located along the well-traveled trails used by travelers from Mexico to Alto (upper) California - and later from eastern United States to the west coast - it was a stop off point for numerous travelers. Many of these were simply weary from long and difficult traveling and only in need of food and temporary shelter; but there were also plenty of unwelcome visitors. The mission was often crowded with the military, whose behavior was usually very disruptive to the missionaries as well as the Native American living within the mission. In 1775, the mission was moved to a new site. This new site was so prosperous that is became known as 'The Queen of the Missions'. It produced more wheat than any other mission as well as large crops of corn and beans. Large herds of cattle provided the means for the highly prized industries of tallow-rendering and soap-making, as well as tanning hides for leather goods. The Native Americans here were also highly skilled weavers and wine makers. Unique to this mission is the mosque-like appearance of the church. This is believed to be modeled after the Cathedral of Cordova (formerly a mosque) in Spain. The church was begun in 1779 but was not completed until 1805. When secularization was ordered in 1834 the mission and all its wealth was sadly taken away from the Franciscans. When, in 1843, the Franciscans regained control of the mission, almost nothing was left. Most of the buildings were too damaged for use, and the remaining natives were close to starving. President Buchanan restored the neglected property to the Catholic Church in 1859. A highlight of the museum there is a collection of canvases believed to be the oldest examples of sacred art done by native California painters." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17519
title: Exterior of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, showing the south wing, San Luis Obispo, California, ca.1900

description: Photograph of exterior view of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, showing the south wing, San Luis Obispo, California, ca.1900. The mission is situated on an area elevated from the level of the street and sidewalk in front of it with a stonewall which separates the mission from the street. Bells are hanging in the square bell tower with peaked roof. The latter section of the building (at left) is in a dilapidated condition. Dark debris (or mud?) litter the street (at right). A mountain is visible in the background.; "This mission marks the halfway point in the California mission chain. It is located near the Valley of the Bears where the Spanish had found such a large population of bears they were able to keep other missions from near starvation by hunting the bears and sending the meat to the missions. Since there were so many friendly Native Americans in the area, Fr. Serra chose this location for his next mission. Although not all of the natives were friendly. Just south of the mission were tribes that were determined to drive the white men out of the area. They would shoot burning arrows into the dry tinder buildings that would quickly spread to other buildings causing considerable damage and setbacks for the missionaries. Finally, recalling the fire resistant Spanish tile roofs of their homeland, the missionaries began to manufacture similar clay tiles. The red clay was made in pits, and then spread over wooden models to be dried in the sun. They were then baked in a kiln. These were the first roof tiles made in California. Not only were they a protection against the fire raids, they were waterproof, thereby keeping the interiors dry and protecting the adobe walls from the rain. These were eventually used in all future mission buildings built in California. Similar red tile roofs are seen today throughout California." -- unknown author (part 1 of 2).; "Secularization, in 1834, had devastating effects on the mission and its inhabitants. The livestock was driven off and the buildings were allowed to deteriorate to such a state that when it was finally sold in 1845 it brought only $510 - a fraction of its earlier value. There was little left of the mission when it was returned to the church in 1859. Then, in 1868, the buildings were remodeled with white painted siding and used as a parish church for the flourishing town in the area. At one time there was even a New England steeple added to the church. Eventually, in 1934, the steeple and siding were removed, and the church's earlier appearance was restored." -- unknown author (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17520
title: Exterior view of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, showing the arcade in front of the south wing, ca.1875

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, showing the arcade in front of the south wing, ca.1875. Eleven columns provide support for the roof above the arcade. Balustrades run from one column to the next. A person is sitting (or kneeling?) next to his dog (at left). The mission is situated on an area elevated from the level of the street and sidewalk in front of it with a stonewall which separates the mission from the street. Picture file card reads: "old copy with dog."; "This mission marks the halfway point in the California mission chain. It is located near the Valley of the Bears where the Spanish had found such a large population of bears they were able to keep other missions from near starvation by hunting the bears and sending the meat to the missions. Since there were so many friendly Native Americans in the area, Fr. Serra chose this location for his next mission. Although not all of the natives were friendly. Just south of the mission were tribes that were determined to drive the white men out of the area. They would shoot burning arrows into the dry tinder buildings that would quickly spread to other buildings causing considerable damage and setbacks for the missionaries. Finally, recalling the fire resistant Spanish tile roofs of their homeland, the missionaries began to manufacture similar clay tiles. The red clay was made in pits, and then spread over wooden models to be dried in the sun. They were then baked in a kiln. These were the first roof tiles made in California. Not only were they a protection against the fire raids, they were waterproof, thereby keeping the interiors dry and protecting the adobe walls from the rain. These were eventually used in all future mission buildings built in California. Similar red tile roofs are seen today throughout California." -- unknown author (part 1 of 2).; "Secularization, in 1834, had devastating effects on the mission and its inhabitants. The livestock was driven off and the buildings were allowed to deteriorate to such a state that when it was finally sold in 1845 it brought only $510 - a fraction of its earlier value. There was little left of the mission when it was returned to the church in 1859. Then, in 1868, the buildings were remodeled with white painted siding and used as a parish church for the flourishing town in the area. At one time there was even a New England steeple added to the church. Eventually, in 1934, the steeple and siding were removed, and the church's earlier appearance was restored." -- unknown author (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17521
title: Distant view of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, looking at the south wing of the mission, ca.1895

description: Photograph of a distant view of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, looking at the south wing of the mission, ca.1895. The mission is situated on an area elevated from the level of the street and sidewalk in front of it with a stonewall which separates the mission from the street. Bells are hanging in the square bell tower with peaked roof. Along the street are gated residential homes(?). A man is walking along the sidewalk (at right).; "This mission marks the halfway point in the California mission chain. It is located near the Valley of the Bears where the Spanish had found such a large population of bears they were able to keep other missions from near starvation by hunting the bears and sending the meat to the missions. Since there were so many friendly Native Americans in the area, Fr. Serra chose this location for his next mission. Although not all of the natives were friendly. Just south of the mission were tribes that were determined to drive the white men out of the area. They would shoot burning arrows into the dry tinder buildings that would quickly spread to other buildings causing considerable damage and setbacks for the missionaries. Finally, recalling the fire resistant Spanish tile roofs of their homeland, the missionaries began to manufacture similar clay tiles. The red clay was made in pits, and then spread over wooden models to be dried in the sun. They were then baked in a kiln. These were the first roof tiles made in California. Not only were they a protection against the fire raids, they were waterproof, thereby keeping the interiors dry and protecting the adobe walls from the rain. These were eventually used in all future mission buildings built in California. Similar red tile roofs are seen today throughout California." -- unknown author (part 1 of 2).; "Secularization, in 1834, had devastating effects on the mission and its inhabitants. The livestock was driven off and the buildings were allowed to deteriorate to such a state that when it was finally sold in 1845 it brought only $510 - a fraction of its earlier value. There was little left of the mission when it was returned to the church in 1859. Then, in 1868, the buildings were remodeled with white painted siding and used as a parish church for the flourishing town in the area. At one time there was even a New England steeple added to the church. Eventually, in 1934, the steeple and siding were removed, and the church's earlier appearance was restored." -- unknown author (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17522
title: Distant view of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, looking at the south wing of the mission, 1888

description: Photograph of a distant view of Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, looking at the south wing of the mission, 1888. The mission is situated on an area elevated from the level of the street and sidewalk in front of it with a stonewall which separates the mission from the street. Bells are hanging in the square bell tower with peaked roof. Along the street are gated residential homes(?). A man is walking along the sidewalk (at right). Shadows cast by the trees in the foreground shade the street.; "This mission marks the halfway point in the California mission chain. It is located near the Valley of the Bears where the Spanish had found such a large population of bears they were able to keep other missions from near starvation by hunting the bears and sending the meat to the missions. Since there were so many friendly Native Americans in the area, Fr. Serra chose this location for his next mission. Although not all of the natives were friendly. Just south of the mission were tribes that were determined to drive the white men out of the area. They would shoot burning arrows into the dry tinder buildings that would quickly spread to other buildings causing considerable damage and setbacks for the missionaries. Finally, recalling the fire resistant Spanish tile roofs of their homeland, the missionaries began to manufacture similar clay tiles. The red clay was made in pits, and then spread over wooden models to be dried in the sun. They were then baked in a kiln. These were the first roof tiles made in California. Not only were they a protection against the fire raids, they were waterproof, thereby keeping the interiors dry and protecting the adobe walls from the rain. These were eventually used in all future mission buildings built in California. Similar red tile roofs are seen today throughout California." -- unknown author (part 1 of 2). "Secularization, in 1834, had devastating effects on the mission and its inhabitants. The livestock was driven off and the buildings were allowed to deteriorate to such a state that when it was finally sold in 1845 it brought only $510 - a fraction of its earlier value. There was little left of the mission when it was returned to the church in 1859. Then, in 1868, the buildings were remodeled with white painted siding and used as a parish church for the flourishing town in the area. At one time there was even a New England steeple added to the church. Eventually, in 1934, the steeple and siding were removed, and the church's earlier appearance was restored." -- unknown author (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m13475
title: Portrait of Sam Brannan, [s.d.]

description: Photographic portrait of Sam Brannan, [s.d.]. He can be seen from the lower chest up in an oval frame. His head is turned slightly to the right, and he is visible wearing a sash with medals on it across his right shoulder. He has a full head of hair, and possibly a soul patch and a beard with no moustache. Brennan was president of the Society of California Pioneers. Photoprint reads: "Landed Yerba Buena (SF) July 1846 with 300 armed Mormons" and "From the Century Pub. Co. -- Pierce".
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m8805
title: Exterior view of the ruins of an adobe customs house in Tijuana, Mexico, ca.1900

description: Photograph of the exterior view of the ruins of an adobe customs house in Tijuana, Mexico, ca.1900. The boxy single-story building features a flat roof and large rectangular windows and doorway. The walls, constructed of adobe bricks, have crumbled or deteriorated at several areas throughout the whole building. It appears that the roof is no longer present. Trees and another building are visible in the background.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17523
title: Adobe ruins of the Chapel at San Pascual (Pasqual), San Diego County, near Escondido, California, ca.1895

description: Photograph of the Chapel at San Pascual (Pasqual), San Diego County, near Escondido, California, ca.1895. Remaining framework of the collapsed or deteriorated roof is visible. A man is standing at an empty spot where an adobe wall used to stand. A hitching rail stands next to the front door (at left). Scrub grass, shrubs and trees cover the landscape. Hills are visible in the background. This was the chapel for the San Pasqual Indians. Note: originally, the image was captioned as "Adobe ruins of Mission San Antonio de Pala (Pala Asistencia), Pala, California, ca.1895".
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17524
title: Exterior view of the Old Mission (Mission of the Sacred Heart) on Couer de Alene River, built in 1843 by Indians and Jesuits, Idaho, [s.d.].

description: Photograph of the exterior view of the Old Mission (Mission of the Sacred Heart) on Couer de Alene River, built in 1843 by Indians and Jesuits, Idaho, [s.d.]. The mission building has a six-column portico entrance. Above the entrance is a multicurved gable where within it is a window designed to resemble the sun. A similar sun symbol is situated above the double door entrance. Another building is visible at left. Scrub grass and a few bushes cover the yard. Mountains are visible in the distance.; "The Old Mission (Mission of the Sacred Heart) is the oldest standing building in Idaho. Jesuits (Blackrobes) arrived at the invitation of the Coeur d'Alenes in the early 1840's. The first mission church was established on the St Joe River about 35 miles south of the present site. Due to flooding, it was closed in 1846, and a new mission church was begun on this site, which has always been sacred to the natives of the area. The Old Mission (built 1848-1853) was a combined effort of the missionaries and over 300 native Catholics. Fr. Ravalli, an Italian born Jesuit, designed the building to resemble the elegant cathedrals of his homeland, using local materials. Wood was milled on the site, and wattle and daub construction used to make the walls both durable and light. The decorations of the interior illustrate both the piety of the workers and their ingenuity. Chandeliers were constructed from old tin cans, the altar was faux-painted to resemble marble."  -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17525
title: Portrait of a Yakima Indian mother and papoose, ca.1890-1910

description: Photographic portrait of a Yakima Indian mother and papoose, ca.1890-1910. The mother (on the left) has a dark scarf wrapped around her head but exposing her face. She has a plaid shawl draped around her left shoulder. The papoose, snuggled in a papoose basket, is leaned against a flowery board on top of a fur-covered chair. On dark background.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17526
title: Portrait of a Yakima Indian papoose in a cradle, ca.1900

description: Photographic portrait of a Yakima Indian papoose in a cradle, ca.1900. The baby, wrapped snugly in a papoose basket, dangles in a cradle. The cradle consists of a round ring and thin ropes to support the baby. A backboard(?) is the anchoring point for the ropes. A blanket partially covers the background. On a neutral background.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17527
title: Portrait of a Pima Indian girl caring for a sleeping baby (papoose), ca.1900

description: Photographic portrait of a Pima Indian girl caring for a sleeping baby (papoose), ca.1900. The young girl can be seen at left wearing a long dark dress with a bandana wrapped around her head. Her right hand is settled on her lap while the other hand is extended across the cradle in which the sleeping baby is resting. The baby is wrapped in a papoose basket. Thin ropes keep the baby attached to the cradle. A dog can be seen next to the baby at right. All three are sitting on a pile of leaves outdoor.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m3823
title: Uniatella(?) Indian horsemen parading through their tribal site, ca.1900

description: Photograph of Uniatella(?) Indian horsemen parading through their tribal site, ca.1900. Ten Indians wearing long feather headdresses can be seen galloping through the field on their horses. Several of them appear to be holding a spear or some sort of weapon. A small crowd of spectators (Indians?) stand near the teepees in the background. Trees surround the area.