DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s156m7r
title: Data from: Non-linear effects of phylogenetic distance on early-stage establishment of experimentally introduced plants in grassland communities

description: 1. The phylogenetic distance of an introduced plant species to a resident
 native community may play a role in determining its establishment success.
 While Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis predicts a positive relationship,
 the preadaptation hypothesis predicts a negative relationship. Rigorous
 tests of this now so-called Darwin’s naturalization conundrum require not
 only information on establishment successes but also of failures, which is
 frequently not available. Such essential information, however, can be
 provided by experimental introductions. 2. Here, we analysed three
 datasets from two field experiments in Germany and Switzerland. In the
 Swiss experiment, alien and native grassland species were introduced as
 seeds only with and without disturbance (tilling). In the German
 experiment, alien and native grassland species were introduced both as
 seeds and as seedlings with and without disturbance (tilling), and with
 and without fungicide application. For the seedling introduction
 experiment, there was an additional herbivore-exclusion treatment. 3.
 Phylogenetic distance affected establishment in the three datasets
 differently, with success peaking at intermediate distances for the seed
 datasets, but decreasing with increasing distances in the seedling
 dataset. Disturbance favored seedling survival, most likely by weakening
 the resident community. 4. Synthesis: By analyzing experimental
 introductions, we show that the relationship between phylogenetic distance
 and establishment, at least for seedling emergence, may actually be
 non-linear with an optimum at intermediate distances. Therefore, Darwin´s
 naturalization hypothesis and the preadaptation hypothesis need not be in
 conflict. Rather, the mechanisms underlying them can operate
 simultaneously or alternately depending on the life stage and on the
 environmental conditions of the resident community.
description: Kempel_dataset-Malecore_et_al._2018Data on emergence and survival collected in the field (Kempel et al. 2013, Malecore et al. 2018). Columns: Abbreviation (species name abbreviation), Species (Genus_species), Family (family), Plot.NR(plot nr. within site), plotunique (unique plot identifier), total.spring.2008 (nr. of seedlings in spring 2008), presence.spring.2008 (presence of seedling in spring 2008), total.late.2008 (nr. of seedlings in summer 2008), presence.late.2008 (presence of seedling in late 2008), total.spring.2009 (nr. of seedlings in spring 2009), presence.spring.2009 (presence of seedling in spring 2009), total.late.2009 (nr. of seedlings in summer 2009), presence.late.2009 (presence of seedling in late 2009), total.spring.2010 (nr. of seedlings in spring 2010), presence.spring.2010 (presence of seedling in spring 2010), total.late.2010 (nr. of seedlings in summer 2010), presence.late.2010 (presence of seedling in late 2010), Status (alien/native), Site_ID (identifier of site), Disturbance (yes/no), Density (nr. of seeds sown in plot:1, 5, 50 or 500)Kempel_abundance_matrix-Malecore_et_al._2018Data on vegetation survey in Kempel et al. (2013) sites, using the Braun-Blanquet scale. Columns: Sites. Rows: Species (Genus_species)Mueller_pin_quadrat_survey-Malecore_et.al._2018Data on vegetation survey in Mueller et al. (2016) sites. Survey carried out using a 12-point frame, consisted of a rod with twelve 2-mm diameter pins 5 cm apart. The frame was positioned at random within each plot, and all plants touching the 12 pins were identified and counted as "hits" for those species . Six replicates per plot. Columns: Date (date of survey), Site (site identifier), Plot (plot within site identifier), PlotID (unique plot identifier site+plot), Planted (seeds or seedlings), Cage_type (closed or open herbivory exclosure cage), Fungicide (yes/no: F/NF), Disturbance (high/low: H/L), Replicate (replicate number: 1-6), Pin_number (pin number: 1-12), ID (unique pin identifier, site+plot+replicate+pin.number), Species (Genus_species, GRASS for all grass species, SOIL when no plant touching the pin)