cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fn2z34tsv
title: Data and experiment files from: Payoff-based learning best explains the rate of decline in cooperation across 237 public-goods games

description: What motivates human behaviour in social dilemmas? The results of public
 goods games are commonly interpreted as showing that humans are
 altruistically motivated to benefit others.  However, there is a
 competing ‘confused learners’ hypothesis: that individuals start the game
 either uncertain or mistaken (confused), and then learn from experience
 how to improve their payoff (payoff-based learning).  We: (1)
 show that these competing hypotheses can be differentiated by how they
 predict contributions should decline over time; and (2) use meta-data from
 237 published public-goods games to test between these competing
 hypotheses. We find, as predicted by the confused learners hypothesis,
 that contributions declined faster when individuals have more influence
 over their own payoffs. This prediction arises because more influence
 leads to a greater correlation between contributions and payoffs,
 facilitating learning. Our results suggest that humans, in general, are
 not altruistically motivated to benefit others, but instead learn to help
 themselves.
description: For the Simulation analyses: Conducted entirely in R
 studio. For the Black box experiment: a behavioural
 economics experiment on human participants at the Centere for Experimental
 Social Sciences (CESS), Nuffield College, Oxford. The data are the output
 files from the experimental software (z-Tree). Data are analyzed in R
 studio. Ethics and consent forms are included also. For
 the Comparative Regression data: We searched for relevant studies in three
 ways. First, we searched the “Web Of Knowledge” database. In May 2014, we
 searched with the phrases “public good* game*”, and “voluntary
 contribution mechanism”. In October 2017 we searched for additional
 articles between 2014-2017 inclusive, with the phrase “public good*
 game*”, refined by TOPIC: “experiment” AND “voluntary contribution
 mechanism”, and with the phrase “repeated public good* game*” refined by
 TOPIC: “experiment”. Second, we searched for suitable papers cited in
 three reviews on social dilemmas. Third, we looked for other papers cited
 in the papers that we had found. Our dependent/response
 variable was the mean percentage contribution, to one decimal place, per
 round. When studies presented their data in graphical form we extracted
 the average level of contribution with WebPlotDigitizer<sup> 
 </sup>(Rohatgi, A. (https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/, 2017).
description: The article has three separate investigations: a) a simulation,
 b) an experiment (black box), and c) a comparative regression.
 The associated files are stored in three zip folders, a, b and
 c., with Read_Me files.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0p2ngf20z
title: Data from: Panderodus from the Waukesha lagerstätte of Wisconsin, USA: the anatomy of primitive macrophagous vertebrate predators

description: Conodonts are an extinct group of early vertebrates. Articulated fossils
 of their feeding apparatus (‘natural assemblages’) are rare, and preserved
 soft tissues vanishingly so. Here, a primitive conodont with
 preserved soft tissues is redescribed from the Waukesha Lagerstätte of
 Wisconsin, USA. Although the feeding apparatus of derived prioniodontid
 conodonts is well understood, together with the homologies between taxa,
 the same is not true of more primitive conodonts that have apparatuses
 composed entirely of coniform elements. The new data provide insight to
 the long-term problem of determining homology
 across different types of conodont feeding apparatus.
 The Waukesha Panderodus preserves an almost complete
 apparatus and comprises two parallel rows of elements that occluded across
 the sagittal plane. A pair of M elements lies at the rostral end of the
 apparatus, with four pairs of S elements located immediately
 caudal to them. Three pairs of P elements are identified at the
 caudal end of the apparatus, for the first time in a primitive conodont
 with coniform elements. A symmetrical S0 element is located on
 the midline between the M–S and P suites and provides the key for
 establishing homology with more derived ramiform–pectiniform apparatuses.
 The exceptional preservation reveals cartilaginous supports for the
 elements that inserted into their basal cavities. The trunk of the animal
 is poorly preserved but was dorso-ventrally flattened in life with
 transverse myomeres containing muscle fibrils. Overall, the specimen shows
 that Panderodus was a macrophagous feeder and provides
 an insight to the functional anatomy of early vertebrate predation.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kwh70rz35
title: Host specificity and species colouration mediate the regional decline of nocturnal moths in central European forests

description: The high diversity of insects has limited the volume of long-term
 community data with a high taxonomic resolution and considerable
 geographic replications, especially in forests. Therefore, trends and
 causes of changes are poorly understood. Here we analyse trends in species
 richness, abundance and biomass of nocturnal macro moths in three
 quantitative data sets collected over four decades in forests in southern
 Germany. Two local data sets, one from coppiced oak forests and one from
 high oak forests included 125K and 48K specimens from 559 and 532 species,
 respectively. A third regional data set, representing all forest types in
 the temperate zone of Central Europe comprised 735K specimens from 848
 species. Generalized additive mixed models revealed temporal declines in
 species richness (-38 %), abundance (-53 %) and biomass (-57 %) at the
 regional scale. These were more pronounced in plant host specialists and
 in dark coloured species. In contrast, the local coppiced oak forests
 showed an increase, in species richness (+62 %), while the high oak
 forests showed no clear trends. Left and right censoring as well as cross
 validation confirmed the robustness of the analyses, which led to four
 conclusions. First, the decline in insects appears in hyper diverse insect
 groups in forests and affects species richness, abundance and biomass.
 Second, the pronounced decline in host specialists suggests habitat loss
 as an important driver of the observed decline. Third, the more severe
 decline in dark species might be an indication of global warming as a
 potential driver. Fourth, the trends in coppiced oak forests indicate that
 maintaining complex and diverse forest ecosystems through active
 management may be a promising conservation strategy in order to counteract
 negative trends in biodiversity, alongside rewilding approaches.
description: Light trap catches
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7sqv9s4rr
title: Ecological opportunity and the rise and fall of crocodylomorph evolutionary innovation

description: Understanding the origin, expansion and loss of biodiversity is
 fundamental to evolutionary biology. The approximately 26 living species
 of crocodylomorphs (crocodiles, caimans, alligators and gharials)
 represent just a snapshot of the group’s rich 230-million-year history,
 whereas the fossil record reveals a hidden past of great diversity and
 innovation, including ocean and land-dwelling forms, herbivores, omnivores
 and apex predators. In this macroevolutionary study of skull and
 jaw shape disparity, we show that crocodylomorph
 ecomorphological variation peaked in the Cretaceous,
 before declining in the Cenozoic, and the rise and fall
 of disparity was associated with great heterogeneity in
 evolutionary rates. Taxonomically diverse and ecologically
 divergent Mesozoic crocodylomorphs, like marine
 thalattosuchians and terrestrial notosuchians, rapidly evolved novel skull
 and jaw morphologies to fill specialized adaptive zones. Disparity
 in semi-aquatic predatory crocodylians, the only
 living crocodylomorph representatives, accumulated
 steadily, and they evolved more slowly for most of the last 80 million
 years, but despite their conservatism there is no evidence for long-term
 evolutionary stagnation. These complex evolutionary dynamics reflect
 ecological opportunities, that were readily exploited by some
 Mesozoic crocodylomorphs but more limited in
 Cenozoic crocodylians.
description: <b>Sampling. </b>We sample 240 crocodylomorph skulls and 204 lower jaws  <b>Shape analyses</b>. Disparity was quantified using 2-D geometric morphometrics, with a mixed landmark/semi-landmarks approach. <b>Phylogeny. </b>A composite crocodylomorph supertree was assembled . <b>Disparity</b>. Disparity was quantified using custom code and the R package <i>dispRity.</i> <b>Evolutionary rates. </b>Rates of evolution were analysed in a Bayesian framework based on the multivariate variable-rates model in BayesTraits.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fttdz08s3
title: Direct observation of hyperpolarization breaking through the spin diffusion barrier

description: Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a widely used tool for overcoming
 the low intrinsic sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
 and imaging. Its practical applicability is typically bounded, however, by
 the so-called ‘spin diffusion barrier’, which relates to the poor
 efficiency of polarization transfer from highly polarized nuclei close to
 paramagnetic centers to bulk nuclei. A quantitative assessment of this
 barrier has been hindered so far by the lack of general methods for
 studying nuclear-polarization flow in the vicinity of paramagnetic
 centers. Here we fill this gap and introduce a general set of experiments
 based on microwave gating that are readily implemented. We demonstrate the
 versatility of our approach in experiments conducted between 1.2 – 4.2 K
 in static mode and at 100 K under magic angle spinning (MAS) — conditions
 typical for dissolution-DNP and MAS-DNP — and for the first time directly
 observe the dramatic dependence of polarization flow on temperature.
description: All data consist of NMR spectra. Data were collected using high
 field NMR instruments by Bruker using the software Topspin 3.5.7 and
 Topspin 3.6.2. They were exported to CSV files.
description: The data are organized in subfolders. A PDF document in the root
 folder summarizes the list of all experiments in the dataset with
 precisions on experimental parameters and remarks
 (<em>README.pdf</em>). For each subfolder, the figures of the
 paper which were produced using the data is the subfolder is
 listed.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5x69p8d2c
title: Data from: Population connectivity patterns of genetic diversity, immune responses and exposure to infectious pneumonia in a metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep

description: Habitat fragmentation is an important driver of biodiversity loss and can
 be remediated through management actions aimed at maintenance of natural
 connectivity in metapopulations. Connectivity may protect populations from
 infectious diseases by preserving immunogenetic diversity and disease
 resistance. However, connectivity could exacerbate the risk of infectious
 disease spread across vulnerable populations. We tracked the spread of a
 novel strain of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in a metapopulation of desert
 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) in the Mojave desert to
 investigate how variation in connectivity among populations influenced
 disease outcomes. M. ovipneumoniae was detected throughout the
 metapopulation, indicating that the relative isolation of many of these
 populations did not protect them from pathogen invasion. However, we show
 that connectivity among bighorn sheep populations was correlated with
 higher immunogenetic diversity, a protective immune response and lower
 disease prevalence. Variation in protective immunity predicted infection
 risk in individual bighorn sheep and was associated with heterozygosity at
 genetic loci linked to adaptive and innate immune signalling. Together,
 these findings may indicate that population connectivity maintains
 immunogenetic diversity in bighorn sheep populations in this system and
 has direct effects on immune responses in individual bighorn sheep and
 their susceptibility to infection by a deadly pathogen. Our study suggests
 that the genetic benefits of population connectivity could outweigh the
 risk of infectious disease spread and supports conservation management
 that maintains natural connectivity in metapopulations.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.72dr6t
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 43602 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Mimosa pigra"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 43602 records from 540 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002800-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gf1vhhmp8
title: Evolutionary mismatch along salinity gradients in a Neotropical water strider

description: The evolution of local adaptation is crucial for the in situ persistence
 of populations in changing environments. However, selection along broad
 environmental gradients could render local adaptation difficult, and might
 even result in maladaptation. We address this issue by quantifying fitness
 trade-offs (via common garden experiments) along a salinity gradient in
 two populations of the Neotropical water strider Telmatometra withei – a
 species found in both fresh (FW) and brackish (BW) water environments
 across Panama. We found evidence for local adaptation in the FW population
 in its home FW environment. However, the BW population showed only partial
 adaptation to the BW environment, with a high magnitude of maladaptation,
 along naturally-occurring salinity gradients. Indeed, its overall fitness
 was ~ 60% lower than that of the ancestral FW population in its home
 environment, highlighting the role of phenotypic plasticity, rather than
 local adaptation, in high salinity environments. This suggests that
 populations seemingly persisting in high salinity environments might in
 fact be maladapted, following drastic changes in salinity. Thus, variable
 selection imposed by salinization could result in evolutionary mismatch,
 where the fitness of a population is displaced from its optimal
 environment. Understanding the fitness consequences of persisting in
 fluctuating salinity environments is crucial to predict the persistence of
 populations facing increasing salinization. It will also help develop
 evolutionarily informed management strategies in the context of global
 change.
description: This dataset corresponds to experimental estimates of salinity
 tolerance based on LC50 (the salinity concentration at which 50% of the
 sampled population exhibit mortality) in both fresh and brackish water
 populations of the Neotropical water strider <i>Telmatometra
 withei</i> in Panama. It also contains estimates (based common
 garden experiments) of variation in four fitness correlated traits
 (survival, fecundity, oviposition and number of immatures) along a
 salinity gradient in populations of  <i>T. withei</i>. It also
 contains data on survival by sex in <i>T. withei</i> from both
 fresh and brackish water populations.
description: There are no missing values, and column names are
 self-explanatory.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gf1vhhmp9
title: Final matrices: SNPs and mtDNA of Synallaxis albigularis / Mazaria propinqua

description: Differentiated habitat use can predict the diversity and genetic structure
 of Amazonian birds. Making this link between the intrinsic characteristics
 of organisms and the patterns of genetic diversity can provide us with
 insights into the evolutionary processes that act on species and also on
 the history of environments. About 15% of non-aquatic birds in the Amazon
 are restricted to river-created habitats, and have different levels of
 habitat affinity. In this study we investigated the evolutionary history
 of Synallaxis albigularis and Mazaria propinqua, two morphologically very
 similar species, which occur in the initial successional vegetation along
 the floodplains in western and central Amazonia, co-occurring along the
 Solimões River. Although sympatric, they are not syntopic, M. propinqua
 occurs predominantly in river islands of white water rivers, while S.
 albigularis occurs along alluvial plains on the river banks, using more
 diverse types of habitat. We used occurrence data from the museum
 collections and public databases, and generated genomic data (UCEs, SNPs,
 and mtDNA) for 49 samples of the two species. Our results showed that the
 two species present different ages of diversification and population
 history, and that the different use of the habitat can explain the
 incongruous patterns found. More ephemeral habitats can produce a higher
 rate of extinction, producing the bottleneck effect, consequently the
 populations associated with these environments have low genetic
 variability, with very recent diversification dates, little structure and
 smaller population size. More resilient habits show the opposite. In
 addition, climatic variations in the late Pleistocene and Holocene
 produced changes in the different types of environments in the Amazonian
 floodplains that affected the connectivity and the size of the bird
 populations associated with these environments.
description: mtDNA matrices have only CDS, not complete mitochondrial
 genome. For SNP matrices we used the script
 SNPS_FROM_UCE_ALIGNMENTS.PY to randomly extract a single SNP (Single
 Nucleotide Polymorphism) per locus excluding missing data, resulting in a
 complete SNP matrix.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ksn02v73p
title: Multisensory modalities increase working memory for mating signals in a treefrog

description: Animal choruses, such as those found in insects and frogs, are often
 intermittent. Thus females sampling males in the chorus might have to
 remember the potential mates’ calls during periods of silence. Although a
 number of studies have shown that frogs use multimodal signals, usually
 acoustic plus visual, no studies have tested the hypothesis that
 multimodal sexual signals increased working memory in females in the
 context of mate choice. We tested this hypothesis in serrate-legged small
 treefrogs (Kurixalus odontotarsus) whose males produce advertisement calls
 accompanied by conspicuous vocal sac inflation. Females were presented
 with acoustic or/and acoustic + visual (dynamic sac shown by video) mating
 calls. We found that females prefer multimodal calls over audio-only
 calls. Furthermore, multimodal calls are still preferred after a silent
 period of up to 30 seconds, a time span that covers the average silent
 period of the chorus. This was not true of audio-only calls. Our results
 demonstrate that a multimodal signal engages working memory to a greater
 degree than does a unimodal signal, and thus female memory favours the
 evolution of multimodal signals in males through sexual selection.
 Selection might also favor female preference for multimodal signals if
 greater memory of a more complex male’s call facilitates mate searching
 and assessment.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rr4xgxd7p
title: Rare plant species are at a disadvantage when both herbivory and pollination interactions are considered in an alpine meadow

description: 1. Rare plant species often suffer less damage than common species because
 of positive density-dependent herbivory, and it has been suggested that
 this “rare species advantage” fosters plant species coexistence. However,
 it is unknown whether rare species have an advantage when pollination
 interactions are also considered. 2. We hypothesized that a “positive
 density-dependent pollination success” across plant species would result
 in common plants experiencing higher seed set rates compared to rare
 species, and that positive density-dependent effects would negate or even
 override the positive density dependent damage due to herbivory resulting
 in higher seed loss rates in common plant species. 3. We tested this
 hypothesis by concurrently examining a plant-predispersal seed predator
 system and a plant-pollinator system for 24 Asteraceae species growing in
 an alpine meadow community (Sichuan Province, China). Having previously
 reported a positive density-dependent effect on seed loss rates due to
 seed predators, we here focus on the density-dependent effects on
 pollination success by investigating pollinator species richness,
 visitation frequencies, and seed set rates for each plant species. We also
 estimated the seed output rate of each plant species as the product of
 seed set rate and the rate of surviving seeds (i.e., 1 – the seed loss
 rate). 4. Consistent with our hypothesis, a positive density-dependent
 effect was observed for pollinator species richness, visitation
 frequencies, and seed set rates across plant species. Moreover, the
 positive effect overrode the negative density-dependent effect of
 herbivores on seed production, such that common species tended to have a
 higher seed output rate than rare species (i.e., we observed a “rare
 species disadvantage”). 5. These results indicate that the low seed output
 rate of rare species might result from a pollination limitation, and that
 both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions should be examined
 simultaneously to fully understand plant species coexistence in local
 communities. 23-Feb-2021
description: This dataset include the variables regarding plant seed
 production and damage, diversity of pollinators and pre-dispersal seed
 predators of each plant species, all of these result are from intensive
 field investigation in Eastern tibet plateau. Please see oure paper in
  Journal of Animal Ecology, entitled "Rare plant species are at a
 disadvantage when both herbivory and pollination interactions are
 considered in an alpine meadow" for detailed
 investigation procedure.
description: Please see "README" for specific mean of each variable,
 "NULL" in the data set indicate we did not invesitage the seed
 set rate of the six species.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q83bk3jh7
title: Government management capacities and the containment of COVID-19: A repeated cross-sectional study across Chinese cities

description: Objectives: Better understanding of the dynamics of the COVID-19
 (2019-novel coronavirus disease) pandemic to curb its spread is now a
 global imperative. While travel restrictions and control measures have
 been shown to limit the spread of the disease spread, the effectiveness of
 the enforcement of those measures should depend on the strength of the
 government. Whether, and how, the government plays a role in fighting the
 disease, however, has not been investigated. Here, we show that government
 management capacities are critical for the containment of the disease.
 Setting: We conduct a statistical analysis based on cross-city comparisons
 within China. China has undergone almost the entire cycle of the
 anti-coronavirus campaign, which allows us to trace the full dynamics of
 the outbreak, with homogeneity in standards for statistics recording.
 Participants: Not available. Primary and secondary outcome measures:
 Outcome measures include city-specific COVID-19 case incidence and
 recoveries in China. Results: The containment of COVID-19 depends on the
 effectiveness of the enforcement of control measures, which in turn
 depends on the local government’s management capacities. Specifically,
 government efficiency, capacity for law enforcement, and the transparency
 of laws and policies significantly reduce COVID-19 prevalence and increase
 the likelihood of recoveries. The organization size of the government,
 which is not closely related to its capacity for management, has a limited
 role. Trial registration: Not available.