DOI: 10.5061/dryad.16vc0
title: Data from: Patterns of parental care in Neotropical glassfrogs: fieldwork alters hypotheses of sex-role evolution

description: Many animals provide parental care to offspring. Parental sex-roles vary
 extensively across taxa, and such patterns are considered well documented.
 However, information on amphibians is lacking relative to other vertebrate
 groups. We combine natural history observations with functional and
 historical analyses to examine the evolution of egg care in glassfrogs
 (Centrolenidae). Parental care was considered rare and predominately
 provided by males. Our field observations of 40 species revealed that care
 occurs throughout the family, and the caregiving sex changes across
 lineages. We discovered that a brief period of maternal care is widespread
 and occurs in species previously thought to lack care. Using a combination
 of female-removal experiments, prey-choice tests with egg-eating katydids,
 and parental disturbance-tolerance assays, we confirm the adaptive
 benefits of short-term maternal care in wild Cochranella granulosa and
 Teratohyla pulverata. To examine historical transitions between caregiving
 sexes, we assembled a molecular phylogeny and estimated ancestral care
 states using our data and the literature. We assessed patterns indicative
 of sex-specific constraints by testing whether transitions between the
 sexes are associated with changes in care levels. Our analyses support
 that male-only care evolved 2-3 times from female-only care, and this
 change is associated with substantial increases in care levels-a pattern
 supporting the hypothesis that male-only care evolved via constraints on
 maternal expenditure. Many groups of amphibians remain poorly studied,
 with emerging evidence indicating that care patterns are more diverse than
 currently appreciated. Natural history remains fundamental to uncovering
 this diversity and generating testable hypotheses of sex-role evolution.
description: Functional analyses in
 Cochranella granulosa & Teratohyla pulverataZip contains a folder
 for each of three experiments of maternal care: maternal removal
 experiments, katydid predation experiments, and natural history of
 maternal clutch hydration.Functional
 analyses.zipPhylogenetic
 analysesZip contains files used
 to estimate an ultrametric phylogeny of the Centrolenidae in BEAST V2.
 Files include a concatenated sequence matrix for the 10 genes used
 (Alignment), pooled runs from BEAST analyses for 10,001 trees, and the
 summarized MMC tree.Comparative analyses of
 caring sex & durationZip folder contains
 files used to estimate ancestral caring sex (39spp), and ancestral care
 duration (48spp), and correlational analyses of discrete states (39 spp)
 & continuous care durations during embryonic development (15 spp). We
 also estimated care states in unobserved species: in these files each
 unknown spp was allowed to exhibit all two/three potential states. We ran
 similar analyses in R phytools using stochastic character mapping; for
 those we wrote a simple for loop to assign unknown taxa an equal prior for
 each of three states (contact J. Delia for script).Comparative
 analyses.zip