DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tqjq2bvw6
title: Fungal and Oomycete cardinal temperatures (the Togashi dataset)

description: We collated and analysed temperature responses, specifically the minimum
 (Tmin), optimum (Topt) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures that comprise the
 ‘cardinal temperatures’, of various biological processes for 695
 plant-associated microbes (631 fungi and 64 oomycetes) reported in
 "Togashi, K. (1949). Biological characters of plant pathogens:
 temperature relations. Meikundo". Cardinal temperatures can
 be used to derive temperature response functions, or thermal performance
 curves, using mathematical forms such as the beta function. The biological
 processes for which cardinal temperatures have been measured vary in their
 degree of host interaction. Experimental measurements for rates of growth
 in culture and often spore germination occur under
 axenic conditions, while infection and disease
 development occur as interactions with the host plant. Fruiting
 body formation, or fructification, and sporulation may
 or may not be measured in planta depending on experimental conditions.
description: <b>The Togashi
 Dataset</b> Minimum
 (<i>T</i><sub>min</sub>), optimum
 (<i>T</i><sub>opt</sub>) and maximum
 (<i>T</i><sub>max</sub>) temperatures
 (collectively ‘cardinal temperatures’) of five life-cycle processes
 (disease development (DD), fructification (FR), infection (IN), spore
 germination (SG) and sporulation (SP)), as well as growth in culture (GC)
 (collectively ‘biological processes’), were extracted and thence digitised
 from ref. <sup>1</sup> for fungi and oomycete species -
 henceforth the Togashi dataset. Biological processes such as wood decay,
 spore discharge, enzyme production, and saltation were excluded due to
 paucity of data. In brief, ref.<sup>1</sup> is a compilation
 of published literature regarding plant pathogen temperature relations,
 published (in print) in 1949. Ref.<sup>1</sup> contains over
 300 pages of data from over 1000 publications (published in the
 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup>
 century). The
 Index Fungorum (IF) and associated Species Fungorum (SF) databases
 (www.indexfungorum.org; www.speciesfungorum.org) were used to identify
 current synonymous names for each species recorded in the Togashi dataset
 [accessed between 8/5/2020 – 15/5/2020]. Where no current name was
 available, or species authorship name(s) were greatly inconsistent (i.e.
 no similarity to that cited in ref.<sup>15</sup>), the
 Mycobank database (www.mycobank.org) was used as an alternative [accessed
 between 8/5/2020 – 15/5/2020]. Species were recorded by their current
 name, according to the IF/SF or Mycobank databases (as above). Where no
 current name was explicitly provided, but the species could be identified,
 the species name searched and located was assumed to be current and
 correct. However, such records were treated as ambiguous. Similarly, if a
 species could be identified but species authorship name(s) cited in
 ref.<sup>1</sup> showed no similarity to that on the IF/SF
 and/or Mycobank databases, or where species authorship name(s) were not
 provided by ref. <sup>1</sup>, the species was included but
 treated as ambiguous. Where spelling of species names differed between
 ref. <sup>1</sup> and the IF/SF and/or Mycobank databases, but
 it was possible that the spelling in ref.<sup>1</sup> was an
 error, species names were updated to reflect this, but treated as
 ambiguous. If a species cited in ref. <sup>1</sup> could not
 be identified at all on the IF/SF or Mycobank databases (i.e. where no
 synonymous names assigned by ref. <sup>1</sup> could be
 identified), it was excluded from the dataset, except in a few cases,
 where alternative resources were used to cross reference species names
 (see Togashi dataset for further details). In some cases, species were
 recorded in ref.<sup>1</sup> under multiple, synonymous names.
 However, said species were at times found to be not synonymous, once
 identified in the IF/SF and/or Mycobank databases. Various methods were
 used to correct for this, detailed below. If cardinal temperature data in
 ref.<sup>1</sup> specifically referred to one of the
 nonsynonymous species, these were recorded under the currently designated
 name for that species on the IF/SF or Mycobank databases (as explained
 above). For example, GC cardinal temperature data were recorded for
 <i>Fusarium sambucinum</i> (Fuck.) [syn. <i>Fusarium
 discolour</i> var. <i>sulphureum</i> (App. et Wr.),
 <i>Fusarium polymorphum</i> (Mart.), <i>Fusarium
 roseum</i> (Lk.), <i>Fusarium sulphureum
 </i>(Schlecht)]. The IF/SF database classified <i>F.
 sambucinum</i> as <i>F. roseum</i> Link (1890) but
 <i>F. sulphureum as F. sulphureum</i> Schltdl. (1824).
 However, a subset of cardinal temperature data in
 ref.<sup>1</sup> were recorded “as
 <i>sulphureum</i>”, and so were assigned to <i>F.
 sulphureum</i>, and not <i>F. roseum</i> in the Togashi
 dataset. In contrast, if cardinal temperature data associated with
 multiple, nonsynonymous species did not explicitly specify which species
 the data referred to, two alternative methods were used for clarification.
 First, the titles of publications cited in ref.<sup>1</sup>
 for that species record were cross-referenced, to determine if a species
 name (or disease name that likely suggested a species) was provided in the
 title. If so, species names were corrected to match that of the
 publication title, for that data point. For example, GC cardinal
 temperature data were recorded by ref.<sup>1</sup> for
 <i>Corticium vagum</i> (Berk. et Curt.) [syn.
 <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> (Kühn)]. The IF/SF databases
 classified the former as <i>Botryobasidium vagum</i> ((Berk.
 & M.A. Curtis) D.P. Rogers (1935)), but the latter as<i> R.
 solani</i> (J.G. Kühn, (1858)). A subset of titles from publications
 used by ref.<sup>1</sup> to extract cardinal temperature data
 contained the term “<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>”, and so such
 data were here assigned to <i>R.</i><i>
 phaseoli</i>, and not <i>B. vagum</i>. However, if no
 usable information was provided in publication titles, data were here
 recorded under the first species given by ref.<sup>1</sup>.
 This name was chosen as it was the bold, title name given to that species
 record in ref.<sup>1</sup>. For example, in
 ref.<sup>1</sup> GC cardinal temperature data were recorded
 for <i>Fusarium redolens</i> (Wr.) [syn. <i>Fusarium
 reticulatum</i> (Mont.); <i>Fusarium spinaciae</i>
 (Sherb.)]. The IF/SF databases classified neither <i>F.</i>
 <i>reticulatum</i> nor <i>F. spinaciae</i> as
 synonymous with <i>F. redolens</i>. However, it was not clear
 in ref.<sup>1</sup> which cardinal temperatures referred to
 which species, and titles of publications used to extract cardinal
 temperature data by ref.<sup>1</sup> only stated “Fusarium”.
 Hence, all data were here recorded under the bold, title species name -
 <i>F. redolens</i>. Any records that underwent additional
 processing outlined here were also deemed ambiguous. Any synonymous
 species names assigned by ref.<sup>1</sup> that could not be
 identified were deemed nonsynonymous. Where species in
 ref.<sup>1</sup> were recorded under multiple species names,
 that were here found to be synonymous, we assumed all publications used by
 ref.<sup>1</sup> to extract cardinal temperature data refer
 only to these species. All cardinal temperature data
 concerning <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> <i>formae
 speciales</i> were recorded under <i>F. oxysporum</i>,
 as well as their respective <i>formae speciales</i>.
 The methods of determining
 fungi and oomycete species names resulted in cardinal temperature data for
 695 species (631 fungi and 64 oomycetes, <i>N</i> = 8656)
 being recorded in the Togashi dataset. Previous analyses of thermal
 responses have considered only a handful of fungi and no
 oomycetes<sup>2–4</sup>. When data of ambiguous species
 records (explained above) were excluded, 568 species (514 fungi and 54
 oomycetes, <i>N</i> = 6045) remained in the Togashi dataset.
 Excluding ambiguous species records had little influence on our results.
 All information regarding how species were named in the Togashi dataset,
 including species authorship name(s) cited in ref.<sup>1</sup>
 and the various databases detailed above, changes to spelling of species
 names cited in ref.<sup>15</sup>, apparent synonymous and
 nonsynonymous species names cited in ref.<sup>15</sup>, cases
 where data were extracted from one species record and recorded as a
 different species, and species records treated as ambiguous, can be found
 in the Supplementary Data Togashi. For each data point recorded in
 the Togashi dataset, where ref.<sup>1</sup> recorded that the
 true value lies above or below the value provided, the value provided was
 recorded. For example, if <i>T</i><sub>min</sub>
 was recorded as ‘below 8 °C’, 8 °C was recorded as
 <i>T</i><sub>min</sub>; if
 <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> was recorded as ‘above 25
 °C’, 25 °C was recorded as <i>T</i><sub>max</sub>.
 Where a range was provided, the mid-point was recorded. However, where a
 range was provided, but the true value was recorded to lie above or below
 this, the upper or lower limit was chosen, respectively. For example, if
 <i>T</i><sub>min</sub> was quoted as ‘below 18 -
 20 °C’, 18 °C was recorded as
 <i>T</i><sub>min</sub>. Where a range was quoted
 for the entire biological process, the upper and lower bounds were
 recorded as <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> and
 <i>T</i><sub>min</sub>, respectively. For example,
 if IN was quoted as ‘occurring between 5 - 35 °C’, 5 °C was recorded as
 <i>T</i><sub>min</sub> and 35 °C was recorded as
 <i>T</i><sub>max</sub>. However, in cases where it
 was likely that the temperature range quoted referred to a range of
 optimal conditions, the mid-point was recorded as
 <i>T</i><sub>opt</sub>. Cardinal temperatures were
 also estimated from prose in ref.<sup>1</sup>. Data under
 ‘Infection and disease development’ were independently recorded under IN
 and DD, unless the text specifically indicated one of these processes.
 Data recorded as ‘Specialization and resistance” were recorded under IN
 and/or DD, where appropriate. Data quoted in ref.<sup>1</sup>
 that were the result of complex treatments and/or were not likely related
 to <i>T</i><sub>min</sub>,
 <i>T</i><sub>opt</sub>, or
 <i>T</i><sub>max</sub> were excluded. Further
 information regarding how each cardinal temperature data point in the
 Togashi dataset was determined from information provided in
 ref.<sup>1</sup> is reported in Supplementary Data Togashi.
 Where multiple references were provided for a single data point in
 ref.<sup>1</sup>, this was taken to represent independent
 observations, and so were individually included in the Togashi dataset.
 All data extraction was completed by the same researcher.   <b>References</b> (1)       Togashi, K. <i>Biological Characters of Plant Pathogens: Temperature Relations</i>; Meibundo: Tokyo, 1949. (2)       Alster, C. J.; Weller, Z. D.; Fischer, J. C. von. A Meta-Analysis of Temperature Sensitivity as a Microbial Trait. <i>Global Change Biology</i> <b>2018</b>, <i>24</i> (9), 4211–4224. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14342. (3)       Dell, A. I.; Pawar, S.; Savage, V. M. The Thermal Dependence of Biological Traits. <i>Ecology</i> <b>2013</b>, <i>94</i> (5), 1205–1206. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-2060.1. (4)       Storch, D.; Menzel, L.; Frickenhaus, S.; Pörtner, H.-O. Climate Sensitivity across Marine Domains of Life: Limits to Evolutionary Adaptation Shape Species Interactions. <i>Global Change Biology</i> <b>2014</b>, <i>20</i> (10), 3059–3067. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12645.
description: <strong>The Togashi
 Dataset</strong><br> Cardinal temperature data
 sourced from K. Togashi. Biological Characters of Plant Pathogen
 Temperature Relations (Meibundo, Tokyo, 1949)
 <strong>Metadata</strong>
 ---<br> CLASS - Classification.<br> Fungi or
 oomycete. ---<br> SPECIES_FINAL - Final species
 name.<br> Species name used in analyses presented in Chaloner et
 al., 2020 'Geometry and evolution of the ecological niche in
 plant-associated microbes'. See Methods section of Chaloner et al.,
 (2020) for further details of how species names were determined.
 ---<br> STRAIN - Strain.<br> Strain recorded in
 Togashi (1949). ---<br> SOURCE_FINAL - Species
 name source database.<br> Source used to verify final species name.
 SF = Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org) and Species Fungorum
 (www.speciesfungorum.org). MB = Mycobank (www.mycobank.org). LEG =
 Legitimate, ILL = Illegitimate (Mycobank).
 ---<br> AUTHOR_FINAL - Species name author(s).<br>
 Authorship names for final species extracted from SF or MB (see
 'Species name - source'). ---<br>
 NONSYNOM_REM - Nonsynonymous species data removed (where
 possible).<br> If it were possible to remove any nonsynonymous data
 associated with a particular species record in Togashi (1949), this column
 is recorded as 'Y'. See Methods section of Chaloner et al.,
 (2020) for further details of how species names were determined.
 ---<br> NONSYNOM_ALT - Species recorded 'as X'
 under nonsynonymous species record in Togashi (1949).<br> If it were
 possible to extract nonsynonymous data from one species record and record
 under an alternative species name, the species name attributed with this
 specific data is recorded here. For example, a subset of cardinal
 temperature data recorded under Fusarium javanicum in Togashi, (1949) was
 described 'as theobromae'. Fusarium theobromae was a synonym
 recorded under F. javanicum in Togashi, (1949), that was nonsynonymous
 once processed using relevant sources detailed above. Hence, data
 described 'as theobromae' were extracted and recorded as F.
 theobromae (final species name = Neocosmospora theobromae). Hence, the
 relevant cell in this column would be 'as theobromae'. See
 Methods section of Chaloner et al., (2020) for further details of how
 species names were determined. ---<br>
 NONSYNOM_REC - Species record data were extracted from.<br> If it
 were possible to extract nonsynonymous data from one species record and
 record under an alternative species name, this column refers to the
 nonsynonymous species record that data were extracted from. From the above
 example, the relevant cell in this column would be 'Fusarium
 javanicum'. See Methods section of Chaloner et al., (2020) for
 further details of how species names were determined.
 ---<br> SPECIES_TOGASHI     - Species name in Togashi
 (1949).<br> Species name recorded in Togashi (1949). Note, if
 spelling of a species name was corrected because it likely contained a
 spelling error in Togashi (1949), the original spelling of the species
 name is found in column SPECIES_TOGASHI_ALT.
 ---<br> AUTHOR_TOGASHI - Species name - author(s) in
 Togashi (1949).<br> Authorship names for species names recorded in
 Togashi (1949), as per that provided in Togashi, (1949).
 ---<br> SOURCE_VERIFICATION - Species name verification
 source.<br> Source used to verify species names recorded in Togashi
 (1949). SF = Index Fungorum and associated Species Fungorum databases. MB
 = Mycobank database. LEG = Legitimate, ILL = Illegitimate
 (Mycobank). ---<br> AUTHOR_VERIFICATION -
 Author(s) from verification source.<br> Authorship names for species
 names recorded in Togashi (1949), as per source provided in
 SOURCE_VERIFICATION. ---<br> SPECIES_TOGASHI_ALT
 - Species alternative spelling in Togashi (1949).<br> Original
 spelling of species name in Togashi (1949) if corrected in this database
 due to likely containing a spelling error.
 ---<br> SPECIES_TOGASHI_NON - Nonsynonymous species names
 used in Togashi (1949)<br> Nonsynonymous species names recorded in
 Togashi (1949). ---<br> TITLE_INFO - Information
 provided in titles of publications used by Togashi (1949) to extract
 cardinal temperature data.<br> Information provided in the titles of
 publications used to extract cardinal temperature data were used to
 determine if species name could be identified. Information not thought to
 be directly relevant to clarifying nonsynonymous species relationships has
 been omitted, unless otherwise clarified in column
 ‘TITLE_MATCH’. ---<br> TITLE_MATCH - Do species
 in source titles match species in Togashi (1949).<br> Whether the
 information provided in publication titles matched any synonymous or
 nonsynonymous species names provided by Togashi (1949).
 ---<br> SPECIES_CHANGED    - Species name
 changed.<br> Depending on information detailed in
 'SPECIES_TOGASHI', 'SPECIES_TOGASHI_NON',
 'TITLE_INFO', and 'TITLE_MATCH', this column provides
 information on whether the final species name was updated based on species
 name information provided in publication references for cardinal
 temperature data. ---<br> AMBIGUOUS - Recorded
 deleted in subset analysis due to ambiguity.<br> 'Y'
 indicates data removed for ambiguous species subset data analysis detailed
 in Chaloner et al., 2020. ---<br> SPORE - Spore
 type.<br> Spore type or otherwise recorded in Togashi
 (1949). ---<br> PROCESS - Biological
 process.<br> Biological process recorded in Togashi
 (1949). ---<br> CARDINAL - Cardinal
 temperature.<br> The type of cardinal temperature, i.e. minimum
 (min), optimum (opt), or maximum (max). ---<br>
 TEMPERATURE - Temperature in degrees Celsius.
 ---<br> DETAILS - Additional details.<br> Details
 associated with cardinal temperature data extracted from Togashi (1949).
 Where cardinal temperature data were estimated from prose in Togashi
 (1949), relevant information is provided here.
 ---<br> UNCERTAINTY - Uncertainty in temperature
 values.<br> '&gt;' and '&lt;' indicate
 data modified by +/- 2.5 Celsius in analyses exploring the influence of
 uncertainty in reported cardinal temperatures. See Methods section of
 Chaloner et al., (2020) for further details.
 ---<br> TEMPERATURE_REFERENCE - Cardinal temperature
 reference.<br> Publication reference for cardinal temperature data
 extracted by Togashi (1949). ---<br> DISEASE -
 Name of plant disease caused by pathogen. ---<br>
 HOST_PLANT - Name of host on which pathogen observed.
 ---<br> METADATA ENDS