cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694670
title: Temperature, salinity, and concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water column of the Cretan Sea at Station MARCH-1995-D2
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.853846
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Sapporo (2015-08)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.670780
title: Physical oceanography of CTD station T7 off Independencia Bay, 2005, Peru
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.724109
title: Other measurements at 10 m from station Southern Great Plains (2002-04)

description: Version 2, 2009-07-07
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.611278
title: Abundance of bacteria in the water column at station M1_CTD291 in the Persian Gulf (Appendix)

description: + = present, - = not present
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.663290
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_0130
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.871646
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Lindenberg (2009-05)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.789739
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Carpentras (2012-08)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.723458
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Billings (1996-02)

description: Version 2, 2009-07-02
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.785528
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Tateno (2011-06)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.784246
title: Laser profiles of sea ice surface roughness during ARANDA cruise IRIS 2005 from flight IRIS2005_200503111214
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.860812
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Carpentras (2016-02)

description: UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-09.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694419
title: Temperature and salinity in the water column of the Aegean Sea at Station FEBR-1999-IR23

description: The 911plus set has been used. It consists of the 9plus underwater CTD unit and the 11plus V2 deck unit. It has high resolution sampling (24 Hz), pump-controlled T-C ducted flow, up to 10500 meter (15,000 psia) depth capability, maximum auxiliary sensor flexibility, and modem channel for water sampling control. The 911plus set has eight 12-bit A/D channels and supports redundant C&T sensors or custom auxiliary digital inputs.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.718172
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Boulder, SURFRAD (2007-11)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694840
title: Concentrations of chlorophyll-alpha in water of the Aegean Sea at Station FEBR-1999-IR80

description: Samples from 2 l of sea water were filtered through polycarbonate Millipore filters. The filters were kept deep frozen and analyzed according to Holm-Hansen et al. (Holm-Hansen, O., Lorenzen, C.J., Holmes, R.W., Strickland, J.D.H. 1965. Fluorometric determination of chlorophyll. Journal du Conseil Permanent International Pour l'Exploration de la Mer 30, 3-15).
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.718153
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Boulder, SURFRAD (2007-06)

description: UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-09.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694793
title: Temperature and salinity in the water column of the Ionian Sea at Station SEPT-2000-IRI42B

description: The 911plus set has been used. It consists of the 9plus underwater CTD unit and the 11plus V2 deck unit. It has high resolution sampling (24 Hz), pump-controlled T-C ducted flow, up to 10500 meter (15,000 psia) depth capability, maximum auxiliary sensor flexibility, and modem channel for water sampling control. The 911plus set has eight 12-bit A/D channels and supports redundant C&T sensors or custom auxiliary digital inputs.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.713196
title: Smear slide analysis of sediment core GeoB6312-2
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.721473
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Fort Peck (1999-04)

description: Version 2, 2009-06-19. UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-03.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.870600
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Minamitorishima (2016-11)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.901223
title: Diffusivity measurements for the LOCK-IN site
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.871641
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Lindenberg (2009-04)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.932736
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Fukuoka (2021-03)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.665294
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_2134
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.477649
title: Hydrochemistry measured on water bottle samples at station SPac_1967_ET_28S/138

description: This data sets is part of a compilation by James Swift for the Java OceanAtlas software. Data are from various pre-WOCE sources, mainly with contributions and quality control from Joseph Reid (SIO) and NODC.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.675475
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Payerne (2005-10)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.663927
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_0768
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.717883
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Sioux Falls (2003-06)

description: UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-03.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.663972
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_0813
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.665557
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_2397
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/9000808
title: LowSNR_DRONERF
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.722347
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Goodwin Creek (2001-03)

description: Version 2, 2009-06-24. UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-03.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.723019
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Rock Springs (2002-10)

description: Version 2, 2009-06-26. UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-03.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.692198
title: Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in water samples collected at Station JANUARY-1995-D4 in the Cretan Sea
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.693931
title: Gametogenic cycle of Mesodesma donacium in Mehuin beach, 1990, Valdivia, Chile

description: Gonad stage: Percentage (from a montly sample of 30 clams) of male and female clams classified into four gonad stages: inmature, mature, late maturity, spawned, regression. Classification was made after histological examination of Bouin-preserved gonad samples. Tissue embedded in paraffin after dehydration, sectioned at 7 µm and stained with standard haematoxylin-eosin stain before examination.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.681213
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Ny-Ålesund (2001-10)

description: On 2016-07-06 some corrections on the wind speed were made for this dataset. The old version is available at: ftp://ftp.bsrn.awi.de/nya/OldVersions_2016-07-06_oldSYNOPS/
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.718651
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Boulder, SURFRAD (2003-08)

description: Start location: Denver, CO; Distance from radiation site: 40 km; If launch time is exactly 00Z or 12Z, the actual launch time is likely unknown; Version 2, 2009-06-12
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.723475
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Southern Great Plains (1996-10)

description: Version 2, 2009-07-02; Launches at irregular time intervals. The radiosonde measurements from station Southern Great Plains are used for Billings and E13
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.846389
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Boulder (2013-09)

description: Start location: Denver, Colorado, USA; Distance from radiation site: 30 km
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.665663
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_2503
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.724287
title: Other measurements at 10 m from station Southern Great Plains (2008-09)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.864351
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Bondville (2011-08)

description: UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-09.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.736225
title: Expanded measurements from station Lindenberg (2000-01)

description: 99999: No clouds detected
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.825313
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Nauru Island (2001-09)

description: Version 4, 2014-01-06. Launches at irregular time intervals.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.887171
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Carpentras (2018-01)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.901107
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Rock Springs (2018-10)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.859399
title: Radiosonde measurements from station South Pole (2016-03)

description: Start location: Amundsen-Scott Station; Distance from radiation site: 1 km
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.673941
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Boulder (1994-10)

description: Start location: Denver, Colorado, USA; Distance from radiation site: 30 km
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.744131
title: Physical oceanography during Argos cruise Argos91/3 to the North Sea
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.695680
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Toravere (2007-08)

description: Values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-01-17. UVB is measured with Kipp&Zonen CUVB1 narrowband radiometer (bandwidth 306 ± 0.1 nm)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.919415
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Selegua (2020-05)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.806508
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Nauru Island (2002-12)

description: Version 3, 2013-02-01
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.695691
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Sede Boqer (2006-09)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.695693
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Sede Boqer (2006-10)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.695694
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Sede Boqer (2006-11)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.678131
title: Expanded measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (1997-09)

description: 99999: No clouds detected
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.696363
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Ilorin (2003-02)

description: Some additional quality control will be performed during summer 2013 for the LW data. For further infos contact Rachel T. Pinker
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.771565
title: (Table 9.4.1) Values of pH and concentrations of dissolved organic matter in samples of hydrothermal fluids from the 9°50'N EPR hydrothermal field
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694434
title: Temperature and salinity in the water column of the Aegean Sea at Station FEBR-1999-IR39

description: The 911plus set has been used. It consists of the 9plus underwater CTD unit and the 11plus V2 deck unit. It has high resolution sampling (24 Hz), pump-controlled T-C ducted flow, up to 10500 meter (15,000 psia) depth capability, maximum auxiliary sensor flexibility, and modem channel for water sampling control. The 911plus set has eight 12-bit A/D channels and supports redundant C&T sensors or custom auxiliary digital inputs.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.744400
title: Physical oceanography during Thetis cruise Thetis72/1 to the North Sea
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.548358
title: Physical oceanography at CTD station Bm_1997-09-17_4, Bajo Molle, Chile
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.711547
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Tamanrasset (2008-01)

description: Start location: Tamanrasset; Distance from radiation site: 10 km
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.807509
title: Zooplankton abundance measured on water bottle samples during Sagar Kanya cruise SK99
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.675438
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Payerne (2002-09)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.717964
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Boulder, SURFRAD (2005-09)

description: Start location: Denver, CO; Distance from radiation site: 40 km; If launch time is exactly 00Z or 12Z, the actual launch time is likely unknown
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.610064
title: Concentration of major and minor elements measured in pore water of sediment core SO177/2-125, tube E
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.663176
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_0015
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.677000
title: Ozone measurements from station Barrow (1996-04)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.722887
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Rock Springs (1999-06)

description: Version 2, 2009-06-26. UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-03.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.680823
title: Composition of free gas in sedimentary rocks from Hole VNIIO-1988-Sht-01 drilled in the Barents Sea

description: Types of rocks and their ages are given in the special data set; see: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.618967
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.838811
title: River discharge at station AK-004-001, 2008-2013, Version 2.0

description: Refer to reference publication for detailed description of methods. Compared to version 1.0 of the dataset, this dataset used a total of 36 in situ discharge observations collected between 2008 and 2012 to construct the rating curve. The discharge estimates have an average uncertainty of 22.7%. This dataset was presented in Tedesco et al. (2014). Funding for this data set was provided by NASA Cryospheric Sciences Program grant NNG05GN89G.--***Error note*** The time is listed as UTC+0hr but is actually UTC+1hr.In other words, times listed as 10:00 is actually 9:00. Subtract one hour from the time variable to get time in UTC+0hr.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.663827
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_0667
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.718695
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Boulder, SURFRAD (2004-06)

description: UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-09.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.695763
title: (Appendix A Table IV) Summary of paleomagnetic data for core rotation for Hole 178-1101A
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.775448
title: Continuous meteorological observations at station Ny-Ålesund (1996-02)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.610272
title: Distribution of gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea) in the Iberian deep sea basin (Table 2)

description: Four species of gammaridean Amphipoda are recorded from the Iberian deep sea basin at about 5000 m depth: Bathyceradocus iberiensis sp. n., Paracallisoma platepistomum sp. n., Parandaniexis cf. mirabilis Schellenberg, 1929, and Paragissa galatheae Barnard, 1961. The biology of the four species is discussed.
description: Supplement to: Andres, Hans Georg (1977): Gammaridea (Crustacea, Amphipoda) aus dem Iberischen Tiefseebecken. Auswertung des Materials der Fahrten 3 und 15 von F.S. "Meteor". Meteor Forschungsergebnisse, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Reihe D Biologie, Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart, D25, 54-67
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.762880
title: (Table 4) Phytoplankton biomass, relative contributions of diatoms, dinoflagellates and coccoliths, and average cell biovolumes in the Black Sea in 1998-2000
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.511232
title: Radiosonde at Georg-Forster station on 1991-09-16 00:00h

description: Height of tropopause 17259 m, total ozone 191.4 DU
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.775465
title: Continuous meteorological observations at station Ny-Ålesund (1997-07)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.722980
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Rock Springs (2001-09)

description: Version 2, 2009-06-26. UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-03.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.827683
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Nauru Island (2008-07)

description: Version 2, 2014-01-24
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.805079
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Cener (2012-10)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.680758
title: Chemical composition of sedimentary rocks from Hole VNIIO-1983-Bel-01 drilled in the Kara Sea

description: Types of rocks and their ages are given in the special data set; see: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.680748
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.674933
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (1995-11)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.674949
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (1997-03)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.678177
title: Expanded measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (2001-12)

description: 99999: No clouds detected
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.846088
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Carpentras (2015-04)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.665161
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_2001
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.677366
title: Ozone measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (1992-11)

description: Ozone values are integrated from measured ozone profiles
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.664676
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_1516
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.666021
title: Oceanography at CTD/bottle station IFREMER_2847
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.900608
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Toravere (2019-03)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694397
title: Temperature and salinity in the water column of the Aegean Sea at Station FEBR-1999-IR01

description: The 911plus set has been used. It consists of the 9plus underwater CTD unit and the 11plus V2 deck unit. It has high resolution sampling (24 Hz), pump-controlled T-C ducted flow, up to 10500 meter (15,000 psia) depth capability, maximum auxiliary sensor flexibility, and modem channel for water sampling control. The 911plus set has eight 12-bit A/D channels and supports redundant C&T sensors or custom auxiliary digital inputs.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.678186
title: Expanded measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (2002-09)

description: 99999: No clouds detected
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694725
title: Temperature and salinity in the water column of the Ionian Sea at Station MARCH-2000-IAR01

description: The 911plus set has been used. It consists of the 9plus underwater CTD unit and the 11plus V2 deck unit. It has high resolution sampling (24 Hz), pump-controlled T-C ducted flow, up to 10500 meter (15,000 psia) depth capability, maximum auxiliary sensor flexibility, and modem channel for water sampling control. The 911plus set has eight 12-bit A/D channels and supports redundant C&T sensors or custom auxiliary digital inputs.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.677428
title: Ozone measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (1998-01)

description: Ozone values are integrated from measured ozone profiles
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.719535
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Bondville (2002-03)

description: Version 2, 2009-06-15; Start location: Lincoln, IL; Distance from radiation site: 82 km; If launch time is exactly 00Z or 12Z, the actual launch time is likely unknown
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.678095
title: Expanded measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (1994-07)

description: 99999: No clouds detected
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.669508
title: Basic and other measurements of radiation at Neumayer Station (1992-04)

description: The temperatures originally given in this datasets were 0.3°C too low (e.g. -4.7 instead of -4.4). This applied to all temperature values. On 2017-02-27 the temperature values were corrected.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.722047
title: Ultra-violet measurements from station Goodwin Creek (2007-04)

description: UV-b values were originally given in mW/m² and then erroneously imported in W/m² using the same numbers. The numbers have been corrected (divided by 1000) on 2017-02-03.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.722063
title: Other measurements at 10 m from station Goodwin Creek (2007-09)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.775435
title: Continuous meteorological observations at station Ny-Ålesund (1995-01)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.862535
title: Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from USS San Pablo Cruise 3 stations

description: The cores described are taken during the USS San Pablo Cruise 3 from July to August 1949 by the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. A total of 49 cores were recovered and are available at Scripps Institute of Oceanography for sampling and study.
description: From 1983 until 1989 NOAA-NCEI compiled the NOAA-MMS Marine Minerals Geochemical Database from journal articles, technical reports and unpublished sources from other institutions. At the time it was the most extended data compilation on ferromanganese deposits world wide. Initially published in a proprietary format incompatible with present day standards it was jointly decided by AWI and NOAA to transcribe this legacy data into PANGAEA. This transfer is augmented by a careful checking of the original sources when available and the encoding of ancillary information (sample description, method of analysis...) not present in the NOAA-MMS database.
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.875315
title: Sea ice drift and surface temperature from autonomous measurements from buoy 2015C8, deployed during the aircraft campaign MELTEX-II 2015

description: Sea ice drift and surface temperature were measured by the Compact Air-Launched Ice Beacon (CALIB) 2015C8 drifting on Arctic sea ice. The buoy was deployed on second year/multi year ice during MELTEX-II 2015 (Impact of sea ice thickness, sea ice topography and MELT ponds on the energy and momentum EXchange between atmosphere and sea ice). The time series describes the position and additional parameters of the buoy between 02 Jul 2015 and 31 Jul 2015 in sample intervals of 10 minutes. The data set has been processed, including the removal of obvious inconsistencies (missing values).
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.681240
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Ny-Ålesund (2003-12)

description: On 2016-07-06 some corrections on the wind speed were made for this dataset. The old version is available at: ftp://ftp.bsrn.awi.de/nya/OldVersions_2016-07-06_oldSYNOPS/
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.841345
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Momote (2006-11)

description: Version 2, 2015-01-08; Launches at irregular time intervals
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.875316
title: Sea ice drift and surface temperature from autonomous measurements from buoy 2015C9, deployed during the aircraft campaign MELTEX-II 2015

description: Sea ice drift and surface temperature were measured by the Compact Air-Launched Ice Beacon (CALIB) 2015C9 drifting on Arctic sea ice. The buoy was deployed on second year/multi year ice during MELTEX-II 2015 (Impact of sea ice thickness, sea ice topography and MELT ponds on the energy and momentum EXchange between atmosphere and sea ice). The time series describes the position and additional parameters of the buoy between 02 Jul 2015 and 20 Sep 2015 in sample intervals of 10 minutes. The data set has been processed, including the removal of obvious inconsistencies (missing values).
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.848430
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Minamitorishima (2015-05)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.672616
title: Basic and other measurements of radiation at station South Pole (1993-07)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.669811
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Ilorin (1994-01)

description: Some additional quality control will be performed during summer 2013 for the LW data. For further infos contact Rachel T. Pinker
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.701949
title: Meteorological synoptical observations from station Tateno (2008-04)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.718680
title: Radiosonde measurements from station Boulder, SURFRAD (2004-02)

description: Start location: Denver, CO; Distance from radiation site: 40 km; If launch time is exactly 00Z or 12Z, the actual launch time is likely unknown
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.785198
title: Basic measurements of radiation at station Eureka (2011-09)
DOI: 10.1594/pangaea.694930
title: Concentrations of chlorophyll-alpha in water of the Aegean Sea at Station SEPT-1998-IR80

description: Samples from 2 l of sea water were filtered through polycarbonate Millipore filters. The filters were kept deep frozen and analyzed according to Holm-Hansen et al. (Holm-Hansen, O., Lorenzen, C.J., Holmes, R.W., Strickland, J.D.H. 1965. Fluorometric determination of chlorophyll. Journal du Conseil Permanent International Pour l'Exploration de la Mer 30, 3-15).