DOI: 10.23641/asha.11958771
title: Grammar intervention in young children with DLD (Calder et al., 2020)

description: <b>Purpose: </b>This study evaluated the efficacy of an explicit, combined metalinguistic training and grammar facilitation intervention aimed at improving regular past tense marking for nine children aged 5;10–6;8 (years;months) with developmental language disorder.<b>Method: </b>This study used an ABA across-participant multiple-baseline single-case experimental design. Participants were seen one-on-one twice a week for 20- to 30-min sessions for 10 weeks and received explicit grammar intervention combining metalinguistic training using the SHAPE CODING system with grammar facilitation techniques (a systematic cueing hierarchy). In each session, 50 trials to produce the target form were completed, resulting in a total of 1,000 trials over 20 individual therapy sessions. Repeated measures of morphosyntax were collected using probes, including trained past tense verbs, untrained past tense verbs, third-person singular verbs as an extension probe, and possessive <i>’s</i> as a control probe. Probing contexts included expressive morphosyntax and grammaticality judgment. Outcome measures also included pre–poststandard measures of expressive and receptive grammar.<b>Results: </b>Analyses of repeated measures demonstrated significant improvement in past tense production on trained verbs (eight of nine children) and untrained verbs (seven of nine children), indicating efficacy of the treatment. These gains were maintained for 5 weeks. The majority of children made significant improvement on standardized measures of expressive grammar (eight of nine children). Only five of nine children improved on grammaticality judgment or receptive measures.<b>Conclusion:</b> Results continue to support the efficacy of explicit grammar interventions to improve past tense marking in early school-aged children. Future research should aim to evaluate the efficacy of similar interventions with group comparison studies and determine whether explicit grammar interventions can improve other aspects of grammatical difficulty for early school-aged children with developmental language disorder.<br><b>Supplemental Materials:</b><b><br></b><b>S1. </b>Expressive raw scores of participants on trained past tense verbs within-session.<b>S2. </b>Expressive raw scores of participants on trained past tense verbs between-session.<b>S3. </b>Expressive raw scores of participants on untrained past tense verbs.<b>S4. </b>Expressive scores of participants on third-person singular (extension).<b>S5.</b> Summary of Tau-U analyses for expressive repeated measures baseline versus treatment phase contrasts on untrained third-person singular targets (extension).<b>S6.</b> Graph of % correct on expressive third-person singular repeated measures (extension).<b>S7.</b> Expressive raw scores of participants on possessive ’s (control).<b>S8.</b> Summary of expressive repeated measures baseline versus treatment phase contrasts on untrained possessive ’s targets (control).<b>S9.</b> Graph of % correct on expressive possessive ’s repeated measures (control).<b>S10.</b> Grammaticality judgment raw scores of participants on trained past tense verbs within session.<b>S11.</b> Grammaticality judgment raw scores of participants on trained past tense verbs between-session.<b>S12.</b> Grammaticality judgment raw scores of participants on untrained past tense verbs.<b>S13.</b> Summary of grammaticality judgment repeated measures baseline versus treatment phase contrasts on trained and untrained targets.<b>S14.</b> Graph of % correct on grammaticality judgment within-session repeated measures.<b>S15.</b> Graph of % correct on grammaticality judgment between-session repeated measures.<b>S16. </b>Graph of % correct on expressive untrained repeated measures.<b>S17. </b>Grammaticality judgment raw scores of participants on third-person singular (extension).<b>S18. </b>Summary grammaticality judgment repeated measures baseline versus treatment phase contrasts on untrained third-person singular targets (extension).<b>S19. </b>Graph of % correct on grammaticality judgment third-person singular repeated measures (extension).<b>S20. </b>Grammaticality judgment raw scores of participants on possessive ’s (control).<b>S21.</b> Summary of grammaticality judgment repeated measures baseline versus treatment phase contrasts on untrained possessive ’s targets (control).<b>S22. </b>Graph of % correct on grammaticality judgment possessive ’s repeated measures (control).<br>Calder, S. D., Claessen, M., Ebbels, S., & Leitão, S. (2020). Explicit grammar intervention in young school-aged children with developmental language disorder: An efficacy study using single-case experimental design. <i>Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 51</i>(2), 298-316. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_LSHSS-19-00060 <br><b>Publisher Note: </b>This article is part of the Forum: Morphosyntax Assessment and Intervention for Children.