DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8017226
title: Suppression of cation intermixing highly boosts the performance of core-shell lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles

description: <strong>This folder contains all raw data underlying the results presented in a manuscript, submitted to </strong><strong><em>Journal of the American Chemical Society</em></strong><strong>, and entitled:</strong> <strong>Suppression of cation intermixing highly boosts the performance of core-shell lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles</strong> <strong>Authored by:</strong> Fuhua Huang<sup>2,</sup><sup>3</sup>, Niusha Bagheri<sup>1</sup>, Li Wang<sup> *</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,3</sup>, Hans Ågren<sup>*</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,3</sup>, Jinglai Zhang<sup>*</sup><sup>2</sup><sup>,3</sup>, Rui Pu<sup>4</sup>, Qiuqiang Zhan<sup>4,5</sup>, Yuhan Jing<sup>6</sup>, Wen Xu<sup>6</sup>, Jerker Widengren<sup>1</sup>, Haichun Liu*<sup>1</sup> <em><sup>1</sup></em><em> Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden</em> <em><sup>2 </sup></em><em>College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China</em> <em><sup>3</sup></em><em> Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. </em> <em>China</em> <em><sup>4</sup></em><em>Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China</em> <em><sup>5</sup></em><em>MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangdong Engineering Research Centre of Optoelectronic Intelligent Information Perception, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P.R. China</em> <em><sup>6</sup></em><em> Key Laboratory of New Energy and Rare Earth Resource Utilization of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Photosensitive Materials & Devices of Liaoning Province, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian 11660, P.R. China </em> *Corresponding author: E-mail: haichun@kth.se <strong>Data files containing the raw data and the results of the analysis are grouped according to the order of the figures in the manuscript.</strong> <strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been extensively explored as biomarkers, energy transducers and information carriers in wide-ranging applications in areas from healthcare and energy to information technology. In boosting the brightness and enriching the functionalities of UCNPs, core-shell structural engineering has been well established as an important approach. Despite its importance, a strong limiting issue has been identified, namely cation intermixing in the interfacial region of the synthesized core-shell nanoparticles. Currently there still exists confusion regarding this destructive phenomenon and there is still a lack of facile means to reach a delicate control of it. By means of a new set of experiments, we provide in this work a clear picture for the physical mechanism of cation intermixing occurring in synthesis of core-shell UCNPs, i.e. partial or substantial core nanoparticle dissolution followed by epitaxial growth of the outer layer and ripening of the entire particle. Based on this picture, we provide an easy but effective approach to tackle this issue that enables us to produce UCNPs with highly boosted optical properties. *Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: haichun@kth.se (H. Liu), hans.agren@physics.uu.se (H. Ågren), chemwangl@henu.edu.cn (L. Wang), zhangjinglai@henu.edu.cn (J. Zhang)