DOI: 10.4231/2rpx-2d11
title: Data for: Small metabolites vary in sow milk across the course of lactation, while Moringa supplementation and cooling sows exposed to heat stress conditions have limited effects

description: &lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;The data provided here are small metabolite data from sow colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk samples.  We conducted exploratory multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling to profile metabolites across different stages of milk in a sow&rsquo;s lactation. These data are presented and discussed in a manuscript submitted to Translational Animal Science.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 107%;"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="" times=""&gt;&lt;font face="Aptos, sans-serif"&gt;Heat stress is a large challenge to the swine industry because pigs cannot sweat to abate heat. Sows in late gestation and early lactation are prone to heat stress because of the level of intake required to meet the nutrient demands of the growing fetuses and lactation is at its peak, and the act of digestion increases heat production. Additionally, during heat stress conditions, sow milk yield decreases (Johnson et al., 2022), and milk composition may change due to oxidative stress of the animal (Ogundare et al., 2025), which may affect the nutrients provided to the piglets. Piglets are dependent upon the milk produced from the sow across her entire 21 day lactation to support immunological and metabolic function for growth and survival. Across a sow&rsquo;s 21-day lactation there are three distinct phases of milk: colostrum [day 0 (D0)], transition milk [day 3 [D3], and mature milk (day 14 (D14). The aim of our work was to determine how cooling heat stress sows with electronic cooling pads (ECP), and providing an antioxidant supplement, &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif;"&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt;&lt;font face="Aptos, sans-serif"&gt;, influences sow milk metabolite profile across lactation. All procedures were approved at Purdue University Institute of Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol Number: 2110002202). &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted with Yorkshire x Landrace sows (n=48). The arrangement of treatments included: heat stress + corn-soybean meal (HS+CS), heat stress + Moringa (HS+M), ECP + CS, and ECP + M. The study occurred from gestation day 100 to lactation day 21 with supplementation of Moringa beginning on day 100 of gestation. Farrowing pens were equipped with electronic cooling pads, and sows were moved to the farrowing house on gestation day 110. Starting on gestation day 110, the temperature of the farrowing house gradually increased from 26&deg;C to 32&deg;C from 0800 to 1100, and remained at 32&deg;C until 1700, when it gradually declined to 26&deg;C by 2000. Within two hours after parturition, colostrum (D0) was collected from the sow. Then, on D3 and D14, oxytocin was administered for milk collection. Samples were extracted for metabolites using the Bligh and Dyer method, and analyzed using exploratory MRM profiling. There were minimal impacts due to ECP or Moringa supplementation alone, however lactation day and parity of the animal greatly influenced milk metabolite profile. Between D0 and 3, 55 metabolites were increased and related to amino acid synthesis and sugar metabolism. Between D3 and D14, 148 metabolites were increased and related to amino acid metabolism and galactose metabolism. On D0, 116 metabolites were impacted by parity, and were elevated in primiparous animals compared to multiparous. Pathway analysis revealed most of these metabolites were linked to amino acid metabolism. Milk metabolite content changed significantly between the three phases of milk, which may be a reflection of mammary gland development and neonatal needs during lactation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;List of Tables:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;Table S1: Positive mode ion intensities for metabolites identified in sow milk across lactation using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling. MRM profiles selected for downstream analysis were found to be 1.3-fold greater than the blank in at least one sample.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;Table S2: Negative mode ion intensities for metabolites identified in sow milk across lactation using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling. MRM profiles selected for downstream analysis were found to be 1.3-fold greater than the blank in at least one sample.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;Table S3: Milk metabolite data standardized by the sum of ion intensities across both positive and negative mode.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;Johnson, J. S., T. L. Jansen, M. Galvin, T. C. Field, J. R. Graham, R. M. Stwalley, and A. P. Schinckel. 2022. Electronically controlled cooling pads can improve litter growth performance and indirect measures of milk production in heat-stressed lactating sows. J. Anim. Sci. 100. doi:10.1093/jas/skab371. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab371&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="margin-bottom:11px"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:11pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:12.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height:107%"&gt;&lt;span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""&gt;Ogundare, W. O., L. M. Beckett, L. G. Reis, M. C. Stansberry, S. N. Roberts, U. Y. Anele, A. P. Schinckel, T. M. Casey, and R. C. Minor. 2025. The impact of cooling and Moringa supplementation on oxidative stress in serum and milk, including milk cytokines, in heat stressed lactating sows and their litters. Transl. Anim. Sci. 9:txae156.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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description: Metabolites in sow milk vary across a sow's lactation, and are limitedly affected by cooling during heat stress conditions using electronic cooling pads and Moringa oleifera supplementation.