DOI: 10.5061/dryad.23jr5h2
title: Data from: Phylogenetic relationships of the Early Miocene diving and flightless duck Cayaoa bruneti (Aves, Anatidae) from Patagonia: homology or convergence?

description: Cayaoa bruneti, coming from the early Miocene of Gaiman Formation (Chubut,
 Argentina) is interpreted as one of the earliest examples of diving
 behaviour and the earliest example of flight loss within Anseriformes,
 being also the only known diving duck from South America. Herein is
 presented the first phylogeny of Anatidae with Cayaoa bruneti. It was made
 by the methodology of parsimony and by using characters previously defined
 by other authors, redefined in the present work as well as new characters.
 The phylogenetic analysis using all the characters and without considering
 the information contributed by analyses using molecular characters puts
 Cayaoa bruneti as part of a single radiation of diving ducks within
 Anatinae, as sister group to the Erismaturinae. Analyzing the different
 bones as different partitions show that the humerus and femur have the
 most effect, while the skull characters result in groupings closer to
 those seen in analyses with molecular characters. When making the analysis
 with a molecular backbone for the topology, Cayaoa bruneti arises as a
 basal branch within the Erismaturinae. These results make Cayaoa bruneti
 an independent and early example of the recurring evolution of
 flightlessness in large marine Anatidae.
description: De Mendoza Appendix I
 character listCharacter list for the
 phylogenetic analysis of Anatidae, including Cayaoa
 bruneti.De Mendoza Appendix II
 data matrix tableCharacter matrix in word
 formatDe Mendoza data
 matrixCharacter matrix in
 nexus formatDe Mendoza Appendix III
 specimens usedSpecimens used in the
 analysesDe Mendoza Appendix IV
 results of the phylogenetic analyses with the partitions except for the
 skullResults of the
 phylogenetic analyses with the characters of the axial skeleton,
 appendicular skeleton, and individual bonesDe Mendoza Fig
 S4-1FIGURE S4-1. Strict
 consensus tree product from the analysis with the characters of the
 pectoral girdle. Bremer supports over the branches and bootstrap values
 over 50 below.De Mendoza Fig
 S4-2FIGURE S4-2. Strict
 consensus tree obtained from the analysis with exclusively the characters
 from the humerus. Bremer supports over the branches and bootstrap values
 over 50 below. Relevant clades: a, Anatinae; b, Erismaturinae including
 Cayaoa bruneti.De Mendoza Fig
 S4-3FIGURE S4-3. Strict
 consensus tree product of the phylogenetic analysis only using characters
 from the carpometacarpus. Values of Bootstrap over 50 below the
 branches.De Mendoza Fig
 S4-4FIGURE S4-4. Strict
 consensus tree with all the topologies coming from the analysis of the
 characters of the femur. Values of Bootstrap over 50 are below the
 branches and Bremer supports are over. Relevant clade: a, Anatinae minus
 Chloephaga.De Mendoza Fig
 S4-5FIGURE S4-5. Strict
 consensus tree product from the phylogenetic analysis exclusively with the
 characters of the tarsometatarsus. Values of Bootstrap over 50 below the
 branches.De Mendoza Fig
 S4-6FIGURE S4-6. Strict
 consensus tree with all the topologies coming from the analysis of the
 characters of the axial skeleton. Values of Bootstrap over 50 are below
 the branches and Bremer supports are over. Relevant clades: a, Anatinae;
 b, Erismaturinae.De Mendoza Fig
 S4-7FIGURE S4-7. Strict
 consensus tree product from the phylogenetic analysis exclusively with the
 characters of the appendicular skeleton. Values of Bootstrap over 50 below
 the branches. Relevant clade: a, diving taxa.