DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q573n5tvf
title: Data from: Sex-specific morphological shifts across space and time in replicate urban wall lizard introductions

description: As species move into new environments through founder events, their
 phenotypes may diverge from native populations. Identifying the drivers
 underlying such variation and the constraints on the adaptive potential of
 this variation is essential for understanding how organisms respond to new
 or rapidly changing habitats. Such phenotypic divergence may be especially
 evident in populations introduced to new environments via human-assisted
 transport or in dramatically altered environments such as cities. Sexually
 dimorphic species beg the additional questions of how these new
 environments may influence the sexes differently and how dimorphism may
 shape the range of potential responses. The repeated translocation,
 establishment, and spread of wall lizards (Podarcis spp.) from native
 European populations to new locations in North America provide an
 excellent natural experiment to explore how phenotypes may differ after
 establishment in a new environment. Here, we quantify body shape and the
 multivariate morphological phenotype (incorporating limb dimensions and
 head length) of common wall lizards (P. muralis) and Italian wall lizards
 (P. siculus) in replicated North American introductions. In both species,
 males are larger and have larger head length and limb dimensions than
 females across all sampled groups. Sexual dimorphism in the multivariate
 morphological phenotype was of similar magnitude when comparing native and
 introduced populations for both species, though the trajectory angles in
 multivariate trait space differed in P. siculus. When comparing introduced
 lizards from contemporary and historically collected museum specimens, we
 identified differences of similar magnitude but in different trajectories
 between sexes in P. siculus, and differences in both magnitude and
 direction of sexual dimorphism in P. muralis. These idiosyncratic patterns
 in phenotypic trajectories provide insight to the potential array of
 processes generating phenotypic variation within species at the
 intersection of invasion biology and urban evolution.
description: # Sex-specific morphological shifts across space and time in replicate
 urban wall lizard introductions Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.q573n5tvf](10.5061/dryad.q573n5tvf) ## Description of the
 data and file structure Data description for data files associated with
 Gangloff et al. 2025 "Sex-specific morphological shifts across space
 and time in replicate urban wall lizard introductions" Published in
 *Integrative and Comparative Biology* ### Files and variables #### File:
 Gangloffetal\_2025\_PodarcisMorphologyData.csv **Description:** Provides
 collection and morphology data for Podarcis muralis and Podarcis siculus
 ##### Variables * Species: The species of the specimen *
 ID: Identification number of each lizard * Sex: Sex of the lizard (M/F) *
 Continent: Continent on which the lizard was collected (Europe/North
 America) * Time: Period at which lizard was collected (Historical or
 Contemporary) * SVL: Snout-vent length (mm) * HL: Head length (mm) *
 Ant_Stylo: Length of right anterior stylopodium (mm) * Ant_Zeug: Length of
 right anterior zeugopodium (mm) * Ant_Toe: Length of right anterior 4th
 toe (mm) * Post_Stylo: Length of right posterior stylopodium (mm) *
 Post_Zeug: Length of right posterior zeugopodium (mm) * Post_Toe: Length
 of right posterior 4th toe (mm) #### File:
 Gangloffetal\_2025\_ParallelismSexualDimorphism\_AnalysesMarkdown.html
 **Description:** Analysis in the Programming Language R and associated
 outputs, created with R-Markdown. This HTML file is a research analysis
 report exploring sex-specific morphological changes in urban wall lizards
 across different locations and times. It includes data analyses,
 visualizations, and interpretations related to sexual dimorphism and urban
 ecological adaptation.