DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z612jm6kt
title: Beekeeping improves shea pollination and fruit set in West African Agroforestry parklands

description: Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F Gaertn) is a fruit tree of domestic and
 industrial importance in arid and semi-arid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.
 Fruit set is largely dependent on insect pollination but recent studies
 have revealed a pollen deficit. Introduction of managed bees into orchards
 is an effective approach for enhanced pollination services in temperate
 climates. However, there is limited information to guide the adoption of
 this practice in shea agroforestry parklands. This study investigated the
 effect of managed honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) on fruit yield in
 six shea parklands across three regions of Ghana. Tree proximity to the
 apiary had a detectable effect on fruit set within a 500 m range of the
 apiary.  Proximity of shea trees to apiary was significantly
 related to number of immature fruit set but not number of mature fruits.
 Fruit weight and size were not significantly related to distance from
 apiary nor pollination treatment. This implies that the introduction of
 beekeeping has the potential to address shea pollination deficit at least
 within a 500 m range of the apiary.  Further studies are needed
 to determine the optimal hive density per acreage of shea parkland to
 maximise pollination services.
description: <strong>Field layout and tree
 selection</strong>  
 The study was conducted in shea parklands of six selected sites
 in Upper West, Upper East and North East regions of Ghana. In each region,
 two replicate sites were selected ensuring a minimum distance of 4 km and
 a maximum of 25 km to minimize variability in climatic conditions between
 sites (Figure 1).  Experimental sites were located in young fallows (shea
 parklands that were uncultivated for 2-5 years) that had established
 apiaries. The selected parklands had apiaries of ten empty beehives each
 installed in July 2017.   Sites that had six to eight hives colonised by
 <em>Apis mellifera</em> adansonii as of October 2020 were
 selected for the study. <em>Apis mellifera</em> is native to
 the Guinea savanna and known to be a primary pollinator of shea (Kwapong
 2014).   In the shea
 parkland, four distances;100, 500, 1000 and 4000m (control) away from the
 apiary were established. The control was located at 4000m away from the
 apiary considering the design of Delaney et al. (2020). This was to limit
 the influence of external factors (semi- natural sites, feral bee
 colonies, human settlement, and climatic factors etc.) on pollinator
 abundance.   Five focal
 trees of a predetermined size class (DBH; 25-30 cm, Height ≥ 10 m and
 crown area ≥ 20 m2) were randomly selected at each distance range and the
 control parkland. These DBH and height classes were selected because they
 contain the highest mature shea tree abundance in the Guinea savanna zone
 (Tom-Dery et al., 2015). This also standardized the samples to minimise
 tree effect on yield. Similarly in the control shea parkland, a
 predetermined point was identified and five focal trees of the
 pre-determined size class were selected within a 100 m radius.
   <strong>Experimental
 Treatments</strong>  
 Three pollination treatments were applied to inflorescences of
 each focal tree and replicated three times in a tree.  The pollination
 treatments were:   
 <em>Open pollination (“open”)</em>: Tagged inflorescences that
 were left unmanipulated and exposed to all agents of pollination
 throughout the flowering period (Figure 2.a)
   <em>Insect exclusion
 (“bagged”)</em>: inflorescences bagged at bud stage with a muslin
 net (net mesh size diameter of approximately 1mm) to prevent all insect
 pollinators from accessing the flowers throughout the flowering season.  A
 binding wire (diameter ~ 0.61mm) was erected over the inflorescences
 before the net was wrapped to prevent wind from pushing net in close
 contact with flowers (Figure 2.b).  
 <em>Supplemental Hand pollination (hand)</em>: 
 Pollen was manually applied to protruding stigmas directly from the
 anthers of other neighbouring shea trees.  Pollen was supplemented twice
 at an interval of two weeks during peak flowering (Figure
 2.c).   In the UW region,
 all treatments were applied in December/January 2020/21 whilst that of NE
 and UE were applied in February/March 2021. The timing of treatment
 application differed due to variation in timing of peak flowering.  At the
 fructification stage, the number of fruit set per focal inflorescence was
 counted every fortnight till fruit maturity. Mature fruits were harvested
 and weighed prior to fruit fall. Trees were climbed with the help of a
 ladder.  Fruit length and width were measured with a digital calliper,
 after which the fruit pulp was removed before nut weight and size were
 measured (Figure 3).
description: # Beekeeping improves shea pollination and fruit set in West African
 Agroforestry parklands
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z612jm6kt](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z612jm6kt) The experiment was conducted in six shea parklands to assess the influence of beekeeping on shea pollination. Apiaries were established in each shea parkland and fruit set was recorded on focal trees located at different distance ranges (100 m, 500 m, 1000 m, and 4000 m) away from apiaries. At each distance range, five focal trees were randomly selected. Three pollination treatments (open pollination, bagged, and hand pollination) were applied to tagged inflorescences of each focal tree.  Data was collected biweekly on the number of fruit set per tagged inflorescence. Weight, length,  and weight of fruits and nuts after harvest. ## Description of the data and file structure The dataset consists of four worksheets; "Fertilisation", "no. of immature fruits", "no. of mature fruits" and "fruit&seed traits". The first worksheet "fertilisation" presents data on the number on infloresences that had produced at least one fruit. The columns "Region" represent the political region in Ghana where the shea parkland is located. The abbreviation used for Region are; UW = Upper West, NE = North East, UE = Upper East.  The "site" represent the village within the region were the specific parkland is located. The abbreviation of the village names are; B = Bienya, P = Pase, K = Kalaasa, N = Nakong, Y = Yezibisi, DO= Dobozisi. The column "Tree" refers to the number tagg of each tree in a site. The column on pollination treatment represent the three different pollination treatments that were applied to the tagged inflorescences.  Column "distance" represent the tree proximity to apiary in m. column "Fertilisation" gives categorical data on presence or absence of fruit in a tagged infloresecence throughout the fruiting season ( 1 = presence of fruit and 0= absence of fruit). The second worksheet "no. of immature fruits" contain data on the number of fruits bore on each tagged infloresences during peak fructifcation stage. This is before full fruit maturity. All other columns described above are thesame accept the column on "immature fruits" and "mature fruits". the immature fruits refers to the count of fruits on each tagged inflorescences on the 4th week of fructification. Third worksheet "no. of mature fruits" presents data on number of fruits sustained to maturity per tagged inflorescence. All other columns are thesame accept "Mature fruits per inflorescence".  This the count of number of fruit produced per an inflorescence at maturity.  The fourth worksheet "fruit & seed traits" refers contain data weights of of fruit and seeds harvest at maturity from the tagged inflorescences. All columns are thesame accept fruit weight which represented the mean weight(s) of fruit from each tagged inflorescence, fruit length = average length of fruit(s)  from each tagged infloresence,  fruit width = average width of fruit(s)  from each tagged infloresence,  seed weight which represented the mean weight(s) of seed (s) from each tagged inflorescence, seed length = average length of seed (s)  from each tagged infloresence,  seed width = average width of seed(s)  from each tagged infloresence. null = refers to cells that had missing data.