cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b3w
title: High site fidelity does not equate to population structure for common goldeneye and Barrow’s goldeneye in North America.

description: Delineation of population structure provides valuable information for
 conservation and management of species, as levels of demographic and
 genetic connectivity not only affect population dynamics but also have
 important implications for adaptability and resiliency of populations and
 species. Here, we measure population genetic structure and connectivity
 across the respective ranges of two sister species of Goldeneye, Barrow’s
 Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica) and Common Goldeneye (B. clangula). We use
 two different marker types: 7 nuclear microsatellite loci assayed across
 229 samples and 3,678 double digest Restriction-site Associated DNA
 Sequencing (ddRAD-seq) loci assayed across 61 samples. First, both
 datasets failed to uncover genetic structure within Common or Barrow’s
 Goldeneye, including between North American and European samples of Common
 Goldeneye. These results are in contrast with previous mitochondrial DNA,
 band recovery, and telemetry data which suggests that goldeneyes are
 structured across their range. We posit that the discordance between
 autosomal genetic markers and other data types suggests that males,
 possibly subadult males, may be maintaining genetic connectivity across
 each species’ respective ranges. Next, although inter-specific brood
 parasitism was expected to cause some level of gene flow, we only
 identified a single F1 hybrid with no further evidence of contemporary or
 historical gene flow. Despite ddRAD-seq demographic analyses which
 recovered an optimum evolutionary model of split with migration (i.e.,
 secondary contact), estimates of gene flow were &lt;&lt;1 migrant
 per generation in both directions. Together, we conclude that either
 strong ecological barriers or assortative mating are likely playing a role
 in preventing further backcrossing. Finally, demographic analyses
 estimated a relatively deep divergence time between Barrow’s Goldeneye and
 Common Goldeneye of ~1.6 million years before present and that the genomes
 of both species have been under similar evolutionary constraints.
description: FASTA,
 ADMIXTURE/SIMULATIONS, PCA, fineRADstructure, and ∂a∂i INPUT
 FILES (1) Individual and
 concatenated fasta files for 3,502 Autosomal and 176 Z linked markers
 identified using ddRAD-seq protocols for 61 Barrow's Goldeneye,
 Common Goldeneye, and hybrids. (2) Run-ready ped/map input files of 163
 Z-linked and 3,037 autosomal ddRAD-seq markers ADMIXTURE analyses for 61
 Barrow's Goldeneye, Common Goldeneye, and hybrids. Additionally,
 ADMIXTURE simulation outputs and CLUMPP input/output files are provided.
 (3) Run-ready structure haplotype files for fineRADstructure and PCA are
 provided. Input files for Barrow's Goldeneye and Common Goldeneye
 combined analysis as well as individual species analaysis are provided.
 (4) Input Nexus format files and and site frequency spectrum files ready
 to run in ∂a∂i.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0gb5mkkzj
title: Data from: Addition of nitrogen to canopy versus understory has different effects on leaf traits of understory plants in a subtropical evergreen broad–leaved forest

description: Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has substantial effects on forest
 ecosystems. The effects of N deposition on understory plants have been
 simulated by spraying N on the forest floor. Such understory addition of N
 (UAN) might simulate atmospheric N deposition in a biased manner, because
 it bypasses the canopy. We compared the effects of UAN and canopy addition
 of N (CAN) at 0, 25, and 50 kg N ha–1 year–1 on specific leaf area (SLA),
 leaf construction costs (CC), concentrations of leaf carbon ([C]),
 nitrogen ([N]), phosphorus ([P]), minerals ([Mineral]), nitrate ([NO3-]),
 lignin ([Lignin]), lipids ([Lipid]), organic acids ([OA]), soluble
 phenolics ([SP]), total non-structural carbohydrates ([TNC]), and total
 structural carbohydrates ([TSC]) in six dominant understory species in a
 subtropical evergreen forest after five years of N treatments. We found
 that leaf CC, [C], [Lignin], [OA], [TNC] and [TSC] were significantly
 affected by N-addition approach and rate, but leaf [P] and [Lipid] were
 affected by N-addition approach and N-addition rate, respectively; leaf
 CC, [C], [P], [OA], and [TNC] were significantly lower under UAN than
 under CAN, but leaf [TSC] and [Lignin] were significantly higher and
 lower, respectively, under UAN than under CAN at 50 kg N ha–1 year–1; the
 decline of leaf [C] and [Lignin] contributed to the significantly lower
 leaf CC under UAN than under CAN. Synthesis. We show that canopy and
 understory N addition exerted significantly different effects on leaf
 traits of understory plants. The results indicate that understory plants
 in subtropical forest respond differently to understory addition of N from
 those to atmospheric deposition of N. Further studies are warranted to
 evaluate the unbiased ecological processes and functions of forest
 ecosystem responding to atmospheric N deposition via both canopy and
 understory N addition experiments over a longer term.
DOI: 10.6086/d10d53
title: Data for: Scaling relationships in Formica ants with continuous worker size variation

description: Social insects exhibit highly variable body plans at multiple scales:
 within colonies, between conspecific colonies, and across different
 species. The interspecific variation in the existence and prevalence of
 morphologically discrete worker subcastes in social insects raises
 questions about the ontogeny and functional importance of alternative
 worker body plans. Here, we examine the allometry of
 four Formicaspecies. Formica are among the most
 common ants in the northern hemisphere temperate zone, and species vary
 greatly in the degree of worker size variation. However,
 no Formica species exhibit obvious worker subcastes. By
 carefully measuring head width, head height, scape length, thorax length,
 hind femur length, and hind tibia length in 180 individuals, we confirm
 that Formica workers exhibit continuous linear scaling,
 meaning that they lack discrete morphological subcastes. Most measurements
 scale allometrically. Different colonies of the same species are generally
 consistent in the slope of these relationships, and we detect unexpected
 similarities in scaling relationships among the
 four Formica species as well. Some scaling
 relationships, including a proportionally shorter scape and larger head in
 large-bodied workers, were also previously found in fire ants. Identifying
 worker size and shape distributions among different species is a vital
 step in understanding the selection pressures shaping division of labor in
 insect societies.
description: Ant workers were measured using a Leica S8AP0 microscope at a
 magnification of 25x, photographed with an attached Leica DMC2900, and
 measured using Leica Application Suite version 4.6.2.
description: There is a single missing value, which is marked by
 'NA'.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gf1vhhmmj
title: Resource competition shapes biological rhythms and promotes temporal niche differentiation in a community simulation

description: This is the code and dataset for the article entitled "Resource
 competition shapes biological rhythms and promotes temporal niche
 differentiation in a community simulation," in the journal Ecology
 and Evolution. Competition for resources often contributes strongly to
 defining an organism’s ecological niche. Endogenous biological rhythms are
 important adaptations to the temporal dimension of niches, but how other
 organisms influence such temporal niches have not been much studied, and
 the role of competition in particular has been even less examined. We
 investigated how interspecific and intraspecific competition for resources
 shape an organism’s activity rhythms. To do this, we simulated communities
 of one or two species in an agent-based model. Individuals in the
 simulation move according to a circadian activity rhythm and compete for
 limited resources. Probability of reproduction is proportional to an
 individual’s success in obtaining resources. Offspring may have variance
 in rhythm parameters, which allow for the population to evolve over time.
 We demonstrate that when organisms are arrhythmic, one species will always
 be competitively excluded from the environment, but the existence of
 activity rhythms allows niche differentiation and indefinite coexistence
 of the two species. Two species which are initially active at the same
 phase will differentiate their phase angle of entrainment over time to
 avoid each other. When only one species is present in an environment,
 competition within the species strongly selects for niche expansion
 through arrhythmicity, but the addition of an interspecific competitor
 facilitates evolution of increased rhythmic amplitude when combined with
 additional adaptations for temporal specialization. Finally, if
 individuals preferentially mate with others who are active at similar
 times of day, then disruptive selection by intraspecific competition can
 split one population into two reproductively isolated groups separated in
 activity time. These simulations suggest that biological rhythms are an
 effective method to temporally differentiate ecological niches, and that
 competition is an important ecological pressure promoting the evolution of
 rhythms and sleep. This is the first study to use ecological modeling to
 examine biological rhythms.
description: We created agent-based computer simulations of a collection of
 individuals, from one or two species, moving and gathering resources in an
 environment, where each individual's movement level follows to a
 circadian activity rhythm. The simulation was written in Python. The
 variables which were experimentally modified include the variance of
 circadian parameters, the number of species, whether individuals mate
 assortatively, and the degree of temporal specialization. The variables
 measured include individuals' circadian parameters (amplitude and
 phase angle) and energy levels.
description: Descriptions of the datasets are included in a ReadMe file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z08kprr9q
title: Resource allocation is determined by both parents and offspring in a burying beetle

description: Parents and offspring have different optima for the level of parental
 resource allocation and the timing of nutritional independence.
 Theoretical models assume that either parents or offspring control the
 allocation of resources within a brood; however, control may also be
 mutual. Here we investigate whether the resolution of parent-offspring
 conflict is biased towards cues from either the parents' or the
 offspring's behaviour, or whether the conflict is under mutual
 control. Importantly, we considered potential shifts in the power
 continuum over the entire period of juvenile dependency. The burying
 beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides parents provision food for the larvae, and
 the larvae solicit food from their parents with conspicuous begging
 displays. Both parental and larval behaviours change as larvae age. We
 repeatedly manipulated the age of the brood females care for, thereby
 creating mismatch between the age of the foster brood and expected age of
 the brood from the female parent's perspective, over the period of
 dependency in juvenile development. We found that females adjusted the
 total amount of provisioning based on the actual age of the brood.
 However, both the parent and the offspring influenced the levels of food
 provisioning, which followed neither the expected age of the brood from
 the parent's perspective nor offspring age. Our results suggest that
 there is mutual control over parental care, thus contradicting the
 dichotomous view of control over parental care. We suggest that the mutual
 influence of both parents and the offspring should be taken into account
 in development of future theory, as well as empirical studies.
description: Please note sheets with keys for the column headers. Two sets of
 data are presented: One of behaviour observations, and another of larvae
 weight and age at dispersal.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v6wwpzgt1
title: Physiological responses of rosewoods Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri under drought and heat stresses

description: Dalbergia cochinchinensis and D. oliveri are classified as vulnerable and
 endangered respectively in the IUCN Red List and under continued threat
 from deforestation and illegal harvesting for rosewood. Despite emerging
 efforts to conserve and restore these species, little is known of their
 responses to drought and heat stress, which are expected to increase in
 the Greater Mekong Subregion where the species co-occur and are endemic.
 In this study of isolated and combined drought and heat effects, we found
 that D. oliveri had an earlier stomatal closure and more constant midday
 water potential in response to increasing drought level, suggesting that
 D. oliveri is relatively isohydric while D. cochinchinensis is relatively
 anisohydric. Heat shock and drought had synergistic effects on stomatal
 closure. Our results indicate contrasting relationships in water
 relations, photosynthetic pigment levels and total soluble sugars. An
 increase in chlorophyll a was observed in D. cochinchinensis during
 drought and a concomitant increase in carotenoid content likely afforded
 protection against photo-oxidation. These physiological changes correlated
 with higher total soluble sugars in D. cochinchinensis. By contrast, D.
 oliveri avoided drought by reducing chlorophyll content and compromising
 productivity. Anisohydry and drought tolerance in D. cochinchinensis are
 adaptations which fit well with its ecological niche as a pioneering
 species with faster growth in young trees. We believe this understanding
 of the stress responses of both species will be crucial to their effective
 regeneration and conservation in degraded habitats and in the face of
 climate change.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0cfxpnw05
title: Unidirectional response to bidirectional selection on body size. I. Phenotypic, life history and endocrine response

description: Anthropogenic perturbations such as harvesting often select against a
 large body size and are predicted to induce rapid evolution towards
 smaller body sizes and earlier maturation. However, body-size evolvability
 and, hence, adaptability to anthropogenic perturbations remain seldom
 evaluated in wild populations. Here, we use a laboratory experiment over 6
 generations to measure the ability of wild-caught medaka fish (Oryzias
 latipes) to evolve in response to bidirectional size-dependent selection
 mimicking opposite harvest regimes. Specifically, we imposed selection
 against a small body size (Large line), against a large body size (Small
 line) or random selection (Control line), and measured correlated
 responses across multiple phenotypic, life-history and endocrine traits.
 As expected, the Large line evolved faster somatic growth and delayed
 maturation, but also evolved smaller body sizes at hatch, with no change
 in average levels of pituitary gene expressions of luteinizing,
 follicle-stimulating or growth (GH) hormones. In contrast, the Small
 medaka line was unable to evolve smaller body sizes or earlier maturation,
 but evolved smaller body sizes at hatch and showed marginally-significant
 signs of increased reproductive investment, including larger egg sizes and
 elevated pituitary GH production. Natural selection on medaka body size
 was too weak to significantly hinder the effect of artificial selection,
 indicating that the asymmetric body-size response to size-dependent
 selection reflected an asymmetry in body-size evolvability. Our results
 show that trait evolvability may be contingent upon the direction of
 selection, and that a detailed knowledge of trait evolutionary potential
 is needed to forecast population response to anthropogenic change.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vdncjsxrz
title: Improving wheat yield prediction using secondary traits and high-density phenotyping under heat stressed environments

description: A primary selection target for wheat (Triticum aestivum) improvement is
 grain yield. However, the selection for yield is limited by the extent of
 field trials, fluctuating environments, and the time needed to obtain
 multiyear assessments. Secondary traits such as spectral reflectance and
 canopy temperature (CT), which can be rapidly measured many times
 throughout the growing season, are frequently correlated with grain yield
 and could be used for indirect selection in large populations particularly
 in earlier generations in the breeding cycle prior to replicated yield
 testing. While proximal sensing data collection is increasingly
 implemented with high-throughput platforms that provide powerful and
 affordable information, efficient and effective use of these data is
 challenging. The objective of this study was to monitor wheat growth and
 predict grain yield in wheat breeding trials using high-density proximal
 sensing measurements under extreme terminal heat stress that is common in
 Bangladesh. Over five growing seasons, we analyzed normalized difference
 vegetation index (NDVI) and CT measurements collected in elite breeding
 lines from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center at the
 Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, Bangladesh. We explored
 several variable reduction and regularization techniques followed by using
 the combined secondary traits to predict grain yield. Across years, grain
 yield heritability ranged from 0.30 to 0.72, with variable secondary trait
 heritability (0.0–0.6), while the correlation between grain yield and
 secondary traits ranged from−0.5 to 0.5. The prediction accuracy was
 calculated by a cross-fold validation approach as the correlation between
 observed and predicted grain yield using univariate and multivariate
 models. We found that the multivariate models resulted in higher
 prediction accuracies for grain yield than the univariate models. Stepwise
 regression performed equal to, or better than, other models in predicting
 grain yield. When incorporating all secondary traits into the models, we
 obtained high prediction accuracies (0.58–0.68) across the five growing
 seasons. Our results show that the optimized phenotypic prediction models
 can leverage secondary traits to deliver accurate predictions of wheat
 grain yield, allowing breeding programs to make more robust and rapid
 selections.
description: Sensor based and manual data collection, analysis completed in
 the R programing language. README.txt includes information about data
 variables collected. Data scripts to reproduce the analysis are
 provided.
description: Phenotypic data files for each year and R scripts for processing
 data. Further information provided in README.txt.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn8rm
title: Environmental drivers of Sphagnum growth in peatlands across the Holarctic region

description: The relative importance of global versus local environmental factors for
 growth and thus carbon uptake of the bryophyte genus Sphagnum – the main
 peat-former and ecosystem engineer in northern peatlands – remains
 unclear. 2) We measured length growth and net primary production (NPP) of
 two abundant Sphagnum species across 99 Holarctic peatlands. We tested the
 importance of previously proposed abiotic and biotic drivers for peatland
 carbon uptake (climate, N deposition, water table depth, and vascular
 plant cover) on these two responses. Employing structural equation models,
 we explored both indirect and direct effects of drivers on Sphagnum
 growth. 3) Variation in growth was large, but similar within and between
 peatlands. Length growth showed a stronger response to predictors than
 NPP. Moreover, the smaller and denser Sphagnum fuscum growing on hummocks
 had weaker responses to climatic variation than the larger and looser S.
 magellanicum growing in the wetter conditions. Growth decreased with
 increasing vascular plant cover within a site. Between sites,
 precipitation and temperature increased growth for S. magellanicum. The
 structural equation models indicated that indirect effects are important.
 For example, vascular plant cover increased with a deeper water table,
 increased nitrogen deposition, precipitation and temperature. These
 factors also influenced Sphagnum growth indirectly by affecting moss shoot
 density. 4) Synthesis Our results imply that in a warmer climate, S.
 magellanicum will increase length growth as long as precipitation is not
 reduced, while S. fuscum is more resistant to decreased precipitation, but
 also less able to take advantage of increased precipitation and
 temperature. Such species-specific sensitivity to climate may affect
 competitive outcomes in a changing environment, and potentially the future
 carbon sink function of peatlands.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.31zcrjdhx
title: Hyaenas and lions: how the largest African carnivores interact at carcasses

description: The study of the competitive interactions between predators has
 traditionally been approached within the context of predatory behavior. By
 using a quasi-experimental, non-intrusive approach, we go beyond the
 classical view that predators only compete for living prey and disentangle
 the mechanisms of exploitative and interference competition between two
 charismatic apex predators, lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas
 (Crocuta crocuta), at carcasses other than their own kills. Carcasses of
 different sizes were monitored in two study areas of South Africa: one
 with both lions and hyaenas and the other with hyaenas only. We found
 evidence of both symmetric exploitative competition and asymmetric
 interference competition. Interactions were strongly conditioned by
 carcass size, and co-occurrence was mostly recorded at large ungulate
 carcasses. Interference competition seemed to dominate interspecific
 interactions, with lions having preferential access. However, interference
 while feeding did not exert any cost on the subordinate hyaenas, in terms
 of amount of ingested food and consumption rate, probably thanks to the
 reward provided by large carcasses in the form of abundant carrion, the
 use of lions to detect carcasses, and spatiotemporal segregation at the
 carcass-scale. Securing a diverse carrion supply in terms of carcass size,
 including megaherbivore carcasses, may favor the coexistence of the
 largest African carnivores, especially in small protected areas. Overall,
 our study reveals mechanisms related to both the food resource
 characteristics and the competitor behavior that allow the coexistence of
 strongly interacting species.
description: Data were obtained through camera-trapping.