DOI: 10.5061/dryad.88kj7
title: Data from: Ancestral reconstruction of reproductive traits shows no tendency toward terrestriality in Leptodactyline frogs

description: Background:Traditionally, the evolution of terrestrial reproduction in
 anurans from ancestors that bred in water has been accepted in the
 literature. Still, the existence of intermediate stages of water
 dependency, such as species that lay eggs close to water (e.g., in
 burrows) instead of in bodies of water, supports the hypothesis of an
 ordered and gradual evolution in the direction of a more terrestrial form
 of reproduction. However, this conventional view has recently been
 challenged for some anurans groups. Leptodactylinae frogs are a remarkable
 example of anurans with an outstanding diversity in terms of reproductive
 features, with distinct water dependency among lineages. Here, we tested
 the hypothesis of a gradual and ordered tendency towards terrestriality in
 Leptodactylinae, including the existence of obligatory intermediate
 stages, such as semi-terrestrial reproductive strategies. We also
 addressed the association between reproductive modes and the morphological
 and ecological features. Results: An ancestral reconstruction analysis
 indicated that even though shifts from aquatic to terrestrial breeding
 occurred throughout the history of Leptodactylus and Adenomera, shifts
 from terrestrial to aquatic reproduction happened at almost the same
 frequency. Our results also demonstrated that reproductive modes for
 semi-terrestrial tadpoles were not necessarily an intermediate form
 between aquatic and terrestrial breeds. Correlations among reproductive
 modes and other life-history traits suggested that tadpole environment,
 clutch size, nuptial spines, and egg pigmentation were co-evolving and
 driven by water dependency. Conclusions: Our results found no evidence of
 evolutionary tendencies toward terrestriality in Leptodactylinae. We found
 reversals from terrestrial to aquatic tadpole development and no evidence
 of obligatory intermediate stages, such as semi-terrestrial reproductive
 strategies. We also found correlations between reproductive modes and
 other life-history traits driven by water dependence. Aquatic reproductive
 modes are associated with higher clutch sizes, lentic waters, and the
 presence of nuptial spines and egg pigmentation.
description: GenBank acession
 numbersTable containing the
 GenBank accession numbers of the sequences from Adenomera, Leptodactylus
 and Lithodytes used in phylogeneticAdditional file
 2.docxCharacter
 statesTable with the character
 states for the six life-history traits (reproductive mode, clutch size,
 habitat, tadpole environment, buptial pads or spines and egg pigmentation)
 for 35 Leptodactylinae species. Characters coded as in "ReadMe
 file"Additional
 file_3.docxState
 probabilityState probability of the
 six reconstructed life-history traits at each ancestral node of the 50%
 majority-rule consensus cladogram. Life-history traits reconstructed were
 reproductive mode, clutch size, habitat, tadpole environment, buptial pads
 or spines and egg pigmentation. Characters coded as in "ReadMe
 file"Additional file
 5.docxNexus
 fileNexus file used in
 MrBayes software to generate Bayeasian molecular phylogenetic
 hypothesisConcatenadaMuscleSemDidy.nex