DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8mc3s
title: Data from: Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

description: Determining which biological traits affect taxonomic durations is critical
 for explaining macroevolutionary patterns. Two approaches are commonly
 used to investigate the associations between traits and durations and/or
 extinction and origination rates: analyses of taxonomic occurrence
 patterns in the fossil record and comparative phylogenetic analyses,
 predominantly of extant taxa. By capitalizing upon the empirical record of
 past extinctions, paleontological data avoid some of the limitations of
 existing methods for inferring extinction and origination rates from
 molecular phylogenies. However, most paleontological studies of extinction
 selectivity have ignored phylogenetic relationships because there is a
 dearth of phylogenetic hypotheses for diverse non-vertebrate higher taxa
 in the fossil record. This omission inflates the degrees of freedom in
 statistical analyses and leaves open the possibility that observed
 associations are indirect, reflecting shared evolutionary history rather
 than the direct influence of particular traits on durations. Here we
 investigate global patterns of extinction selectivity in Devonian
 terebratulide brachiopods and compare the results of taxonomic vs.
 phylogenetic approaches. Regression models that assume independence among
 taxa provide support for a positive association between geographic range
 size and genus duration but do not indicate an association between body
 size and genus duration. Brownian motion models of trait evolution
 identify significant similarities in body size, range size, and duration
 among closely related terebratulide genera. We use phylogenetic regression
 to account for shared evolutionary history and find support for a
 significant positive association between range size and duration among
 terebratulides that is also phylogenetically structured. The estimated
 range size–duration relationship is moderately weaker in the phylogenetic
 analysis due to the down-weighting of closely related genera that were
 both broadly distributed and long lived; however, this change in slope is
 not statistically significant. These results provide evidence for the
 phylogenetic conservatism of organismal and emergent traits, yet also the
 general phylogenetic independence of the relationship between range size
 and duration.
description: Terebratulide body size
 measurements from museum specimensData on the maximum body
 size of terebratulide genera collected via measurements of museum
 specimens. More than 2000 intact specimens of Paleozoic terebratulides
 were measured in the collections at the Natural History Museum (London),
 the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, D.C.), and the Yale
 Peabody Museum (New Haven, Conn.). Each specimen was aligned and
 photographed from two orthogonal angles, one angle representing the
 commissure margin and the other representing the “profile,” or the side
 view. 101 equally spaced coordinates were sampled around the commissure
 margin, using the software program tpsDig v. 1.4 written by James Rohlf
 and then scaled to millimeters. Centroid size for was then calculated each
 individual, using the coordinates sampled from the commissure view. Each
 genus is represented by the individual specimen with the largest measured
 centroid size. Centroid sizes were gathered for 28 Devonian genera, with
 the median number of specimens measured per genus equal to 5.5
 (interquartile range was 2 to 18.25 specimens).Terebratulide_BodySize_Museum.csvTerebratulide body size measurements from figured specimensData on the maximum body size of terebratulide genera collected from figured specimens in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Kaesler 2000). Linear measurements of shell width and length were gathered, as well as shell height wherever possible. For genera comprising two or more species, genus body size was calculated as the geometric mean of the holotype specimen for each species. If the holotype was not figured for a species, the paratype, neotype, or best-resolution illustration was used, in that order. Length: shell length (in mm) - beak to commissure; Width: shell width (in mm) - parallel to hinge; Height: shell height (in mm) - perpendicular to the other two axes; Area: product of shell length and width, in log10 mm^2; Volume: product of shell length, width, and height, in log10 mm^3; Figure: figure number of the measured illustration in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology; Figure_part: figure part in the Treatise (required to get the exact specimen measured); Founder: this is the authority for the species as reported in the Treatise; Year: this is the year in which the measured species was described.Terebratulide_BodySize_Treatise.csvTerebratulide occurrencesThe geographic occurrences of Devonian terebratulide genera. These occurrence data were compiled previously in an exhaustive search of the published literature for a study of Paleozoic terebratulide latitudinal diversity gradients (Fitzgerald and Carlson 2006). The data set consists of 476 occurrences, resolved to 5 degree paleolatitudinal bins, ranging from 85 degrees S to 45 degrees N.Terebratulide_Occurrences.txtTerebratulide data for extinction selectivity analysesFile contains data used in Devonian terebratulide extinction selectivity analyses. "Duration" is the stratigraphic range of each terebratulide genus in millions of years. "Singleton" identifies genera known from only a single geological stage. "Raw_Cumulative_Latitudinal_Range_Size" is the cumulative latitudinal range size of each genus over its duration. "Standardized_Cumulative_Latitudinal_Range_Size" is the cumulative latitudinal range size of each genus scaled to the maximum range size possible over its duration. "Raw_Max_Latitudinal_Range_in_a_Stage" is the maximum latitudinal range of each genus in a given geological stage. "Standardized_Max_Latitudinal_Range_in_a_Stage" is the maximum latitudinal range of each genus in a geological stage scaled to the maximum possible in that stage. "Body_Size_Area" is the product of shell length and width, in log10 mm^2. "Body_Size_Volume" is the product of shell length, width, and height, in log10 mm^3.Terebratulide_Selectivity_Analyses_Data.csvTerebratulide stratigrapihc rangesGenus durations calculated from the observed first and last occurrence data from the revised brachiopod Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Curry and Brunton 2007), with genera assumed to range from the base of the stage in which they first occurred to the top of the stage in which they last occurred. Ages of stage boundaries are from the revised Devonian timescale of Ogg et al. (2009).Terebratulide_StratigraphicRange.csvTerebratulide temporally-calibrated phylogenyTemporally-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis for Devonian terebratulide genera using the strict consensus of 71 phylogenetic trees reported by Carlson and Fitzgerald (2008). Note that tips in this phylogeny correspond to the first occurrences of terebratulide genera, not last occurrences, so as to reduce any circularity when the tree was used for comparative analyses that included genus duration. Please refer to the article for additional details regarding the phylogeny and temporal calibration.Terebratulide_Timescaled_Phylogeny.tre