DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18310063
title: the experimental verification data for the paper "Apparent Asymmetry in Electromagnetic Interactions: A 'Virtual Wire' Model-Based Concept for Reactionless Propulsion and Preliminary Experimental Observations"

description: Description of Experimental Data

This data serves as the experimental validation data for the paper titled "Apparent Asymmetry in Electromagnetic Interactions: A Thrust Concept Based on the 'Virtual Wires' Model and Preliminary Experimental Observations"  (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18253126). The details are as follows:  

1. Experimental Setup Configuration     The experiment consists of two setups: the C-shaped coil and the improved U-shaped coil.     1.1 C-shaped Coil Setup     - Drive Coil: A half-wave antenna resonant at 100 MHz, center-fed and wound into a toroidal coil. Specific parameters: wire diameter 2.7 mm, 5 turns, each turn with a circumference of 30 cm, open-ended. The system employs high-frequency inductive driving, with a high-frequency current of frequency f = 100 MHz and effective value I_drive,eff ≈ 0.3 A.     - Work Coil: An open C-shaped coil, with the same diameter as the drive coil, coaxial, and strongly coupled. Specific parameters: wound with 0.1 mm enameled wire, 12,000 turns; key feature: each turn has a constant 70° mechanical opening, and all work coil openings are aligned.     - The drive coil and work coil together form the working assembly, with a mass of 270 g.  

   1.2 Improved U-shaped Coil Setup     - Drive Coil: A half-wave antenna resonant at 100 MHz, center-fed and wound into a toroidal coil. Specific parameters: wire diameter 2.7 mm, 2.5 turns, each turn with a radius of 22 cm, open-ended. The system employs high-frequency inductive driving, with a high-frequency current of frequency f = 100 MHz and effective value I_drive,eff ≈ 0.3 A.     - Work Coil: An open U-shaped coil, coaxial and strongly coupled to the drive coil. Specific parameters: wound with 0.1 mm enameled wire, 3,000 turns or 6,000 turns.     - The drive coil and work coil together form the working assembly, with a mass of 380 g.  

2. Mechanical Analysis    - Estimation of Net Force: The work coil generates a standing wave current through mutual inductance with the drive coil. Theoretical estimates indicate a net force of approximately 2.8 × 10^(-8) N per turn for the C-shaped coil. With 12,000 turns in the work coil, the total net force is on the order of 10^(-4) N. The direction of the net force is perpendicular to the driven part of the coil (e.g., the bottom edge of the C-shaped coil), pointing outward from the coil.  3. Measurement System    3.1 The working assembly is suspended at the lower end of a pendulum with a length of 1.3 m. The pendulum's motion before and after power application is recorded via video equipment, and the thrust is estimated by measuring the slight angular displacement of the pendulum through visual observation. Due to the limitations of human observation, only the presence or absence of displacement changes can be observed, and specific numerical values of displacement changes cannot be determined. This constitutes qualitative rather than quantitative observation.     3.2 Ideally, power should be applied when the pendulum is completely stationary. However, due to experimental constraints, achieving complete stillness of the pendulum is difficult. Therefore, experiments were mostly conducted with the pendulum swinging regularly in small amplitudes, and changes in motion (displacement) were observed upon power application.     3.3 During the experiments, Chinese commands "kai ji" (power on) and "guan ji" (power off) were used as indicators for applying and cutting off power to the working assembly.     3.4 It is important to note that due to a delay of approximately 3 seconds for the high-frequency generator to apply power after pressing the switch, the Chinese commands were issued about 3 seconds after pressing the switch. Therefore, the actual power application time for the working assembly may precede or lag behind the time of the Chinese commands.  

4. Figures and Video MaterialsFigures 1-8 in the materials are schematic diagrams of the measurement system.Video materials test1 to test 14 correspond to 14 sets of validation test videos for the C-shaped coil. Video materials U1 to U16 correspond to 16 sets of validation test videos for the improved U-shaped coil setup. Among these, videos U1 to U9 feature work coils with 3,000 turns, while videos U10 to U16 feature work coils with 6,000 turns.  

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January 22, 2026