DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18406046
title: Neutron Monitor Data and EXPACS-simulated Cosmic Ray Dose Fields for Neural Operator Training

description: Dataset Description

This dataset provides neutron sensor data and physics-based dose-rate simulations for training and validating neural operator models. The data span January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2023, combining sparse ground-based neutron monitor observations with dense atmospheric dose rate fields.

 

Data Files

Neutron Monitor Observations



neutron_data_22yrs.npy: Ground-based neutron count rates from the NMDB network (2001-2023), gridded at 1° spatial resolution. Shape: [time_steps, n_stations]. Data preprocessed from raw NMDB measurements with quality control and normalization applied.

neutron_data_MXCO.npy: High-temporal-resolution neutron measurements from Mexico City station for validation studies.


Cosmic Ray Dose Rate Fields



dose_2001_2023_0m.npy: Effective dose rate fields at ground level (0 m altitude), simulated using EXPACS at 0.25° spatial resolution. Shape: [time_steps, n_lat, n_lon]. Units: μSv/h.

dose_array.npy: Effective dose rate fields at 1° spatial resolution, temporally aligned with neutron observations. Shape: [time_steps, n_lat, n_lon]. Units: μSv/h.


Spatial Coordinates



grid_points.npy: Geographic coordinate arrays (latitude, longitude) for 1° resolution grids. Shape: [n_points, 2].

grid_points_025.npy: Geographic coordinate arrays for 0.25° resolution grids. Shape: [n_points, 2].


Dose_City.zip



YYY_dose_2023.npy: Effective dose rate field datasets in the 2023 period at cities (YYY).


Data Generation

Neutron Monitor Data: Obtained from the Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB, https://www.nmdb.eu) and processed to daily temporal resolution. Individual station operators are acknowledged in the associated publication.

Dose Rate Simulations: Generated using the EXPACS software (Copyright 2006 Japan Atomic Energy Agency) with solar modulation parameters derived from contemporary cosmic-ray measurements. Simulations account for geographic variations in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity and atmospheric depth. 

Physical parameters:



Altitude: Sea level (0 m)

Atmospheric depth: 1033 g/cm² (representing sea-level atmospheric pressure)

Ground environment: Groundwater fraction = 0.15 (accounting for average soil moisture effects)

Geomagnetic field: Vertical cutoff rigidity automatically calculated using MAGNETOCOSMICS database at each location

Solar modulation: W-index derived from neutron monitor data for each simulation date


Data Format

All files are NumPy binary format (.npy) readable with numpy.load().  Temporal coverage: 8,400 days (2001-01-01 to 2023-12-31).

Citations

When using this dataset, please cite:



The associated publication: Kobayashi, K., Ahmed, F., & Alam, S. B. (2024). Virtual sensing to enable real-time monitoring of inaccessible locations & unmeasurable parameters. arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.00107.

NMDB: Neutron Monitor Database, www.nmdb.eu, founded under EU FP7 programme, contract no. 213007

EXPACS: Sato, T. (2016). Analytical Model for Estimating the Zenith Angle Dependence of Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Fluxes. PLOS ONE, 11(8): e0160390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160390

Sato, T. (2015). Analytical model for estimating terrestrial cosmic ray fluxes nearly anytime and anywhere in the world: Extension of PARMA/EXPACS. PLOS ONE, 10(12): e0144679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144679