cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6448502.v1
title: Critical temperature of I-shaped steel profile in fire situations

description: Abstract The resistance of steel and other structural materials is reduced by increased temperatures in a fire situation. In the case of steel profiles under uniform temperatures, the critical temperature is defined as that which leads to collapse. The objective of this study was develop a tool to allow speedy determination of the critical temperature of columns and beams. The method used was based on the simplified procedure of the Brazilian standard and using the AcoInc software developed by the authors.The main result was the graphic tool whose similarity werenot found in the literature. The use of the tool developed in this study simplifies the use of the standard design method. One conclusion to be highlighted is one in which the critical temperature value, usually admitted in practice (550 ºC), may be unsafety.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6448502
title: Critical temperature of I-shaped steel profile in fire situations

description: Abstract The resistance of steel and other structural materials is reduced by increased temperatures in a fire situation. In the case of steel profiles under uniform temperatures, the critical temperature is defined as that which leads to collapse. The objective of this study was develop a tool to allow speedy determination of the critical temperature of columns and beams. The method used was based on the simplified procedure of the Brazilian standard and using the AcoInc software developed by the authors.The main result was the graphic tool whose similarity werenot found in the literature. The use of the tool developed in this study simplifies the use of the standard design method. One conclusion to be highlighted is one in which the critical temperature value, usually admitted in practice (550 ºC), may be unsafety.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6448370
title: Reliability analysis applied to structural ceramic blocks

description: Abstract The Brazilian National Standard for structural masonry considers the compressive strength as the most important factor for design of structures. For the use of ceramic blocks, NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010) recommends that the prism/wall efficiency factor should be at least 0.70. For that, it is important to assess the geometrical and mechanical properties of blocks and the mechanical properties of mortar, as the failure mechanism of prisms is associated with internal stresses in the brick-mortar interface. Although this design strategy has been successfully implemented, it does not consider a series of uncertainties in the production of the block and in the masonry construction process. Taking this into consideration, this paper aims to provide a statistical and reliability assessment of blocks produced by a specific manufacturer, between February and April 2014. Experimental measurements and tests provided data to a statistical characterization of dimensional parameters and compressive strength. A reliability-based evaluation was then carried out to describe the probabilistic performance of masonry subjected to compression by using First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Monte Carlo simulation.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6448370.v1
title: Reliability analysis applied to structural ceramic blocks

description: Abstract The Brazilian National Standard for structural masonry considers the compressive strength as the most important factor for design of structures. For the use of ceramic blocks, NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010) recommends that the prism/wall efficiency factor should be at least 0.70. For that, it is important to assess the geometrical and mechanical properties of blocks and the mechanical properties of mortar, as the failure mechanism of prisms is associated with internal stresses in the brick-mortar interface. Although this design strategy has been successfully implemented, it does not consider a series of uncertainties in the production of the block and in the masonry construction process. Taking this into consideration, this paper aims to provide a statistical and reliability assessment of blocks produced by a specific manufacturer, between February and April 2014. Experimental measurements and tests provided data to a statistical characterization of dimensional parameters and compressive strength. A reliability-based evaluation was then carried out to describe the probabilistic performance of masonry subjected to compression by using First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Monte Carlo simulation.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6448298
title: High quality of mortar with marble waste aggregate

description: Abstract The use of industrial waste has raised great interest regarding its potential of contributing both to the reduction of costs and to sustainable development. In this context, there has been an increasingly high number of studies addressing the use of alternative materials in the construction industry, especially when considering the difficulty in obtaining building materials near urban centers, which results in an increase in the final price due to transportation costs. This research has characterized and evaluated the use of crushed marble waste to replace natural sand in the production of mortar. Many admixtures of mortar were subject to research regarding their physical and mechanical properties. It has been concluded that mortars produced with sand made of crushed marble waste have improved mechanical properties when compared to traditional mortar.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6448298.v1
title: High quality of mortar with marble waste aggregate

description: Abstract The use of industrial waste has raised great interest regarding its potential of contributing both to the reduction of costs and to sustainable development. In this context, there has been an increasingly high number of studies addressing the use of alternative materials in the construction industry, especially when considering the difficulty in obtaining building materials near urban centers, which results in an increase in the final price due to transportation costs. This research has characterized and evaluated the use of crushed marble waste to replace natural sand in the production of mortar. Many admixtures of mortar were subject to research regarding their physical and mechanical properties. It has been concluded that mortars produced with sand made of crushed marble waste have improved mechanical properties when compared to traditional mortar.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20027157.v1
title: The contribution of life-cycle assessment to environmentally preferable concrete mix selection for breakwater applications

description: Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive framework for positioning low energy and global warming potential alternatives regarding Portland cement and concrete. Published LCA work on alkali-activated cements is, however, relatively limited. In this paper, we illustrate how LCA critically supports concrete technological studies in the search for low impact concrete mixes. Previous research on breakwater applications explored replacing a low-clinker Portland cement and natural aggregates with seven different alkali-activated blast furnace slag (bfs) binder systems and with coarse and granulated bfs aggregates. Its outcome suggested a sodium silicate-activated bfs formulation as the best match between concrete properties and environmental regulation compliance. To validate this outcome through LCA, our cradle to gate assessments followed ISO 14044 (INTERNATIONAL…, 2006b) and used Ecoinvent v.2.2 and CML baseline 2001 v.2.05. We adopted the ‘net avoided burden approach’ to handle multifunctionality intrinsic to by-product-based AAC. Whilst sodium silicate-activated mixes rivaled the reference regarding GWP, impacts in several categories were increased. LCA highlighted the implications of driving mix selection by focusing on a single environmental impact category.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20027157
title: The contribution of life-cycle assessment to environmentally preferable concrete mix selection for breakwater applications

description: Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive framework for positioning low energy and global warming potential alternatives regarding Portland cement and concrete. Published LCA work on alkali-activated cements is, however, relatively limited. In this paper, we illustrate how LCA critically supports concrete technological studies in the search for low impact concrete mixes. Previous research on breakwater applications explored replacing a low-clinker Portland cement and natural aggregates with seven different alkali-activated blast furnace slag (bfs) binder systems and with coarse and granulated bfs aggregates. Its outcome suggested a sodium silicate-activated bfs formulation as the best match between concrete properties and environmental regulation compliance. To validate this outcome through LCA, our cradle to gate assessments followed ISO 14044 (INTERNATIONAL…, 2006b) and used Ecoinvent v.2.2 and CML baseline 2001 v.2.05. We adopted the ‘net avoided burden approach’ to handle multifunctionality intrinsic to by-product-based AAC. Whilst sodium silicate-activated mixes rivaled the reference regarding GWP, impacts in several categories were increased. LCA highlighted the implications of driving mix selection by focusing on a single environmental impact category.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215869
title: Forming, cooking, taking lime: testimonies on making lime mortar in Portugal

description: Abstract The objective of this paper is to present and discuss the contexts of "speeches" of those who make traditional lime, highlighting the importance of those "speeches" as intangible heritage. For this purpose, studies were carried out with lime craftsmen in the scope of research projects developed in Beja (Alentejo / Portugal). Those studies explore some of the literature produced on this theme, privileging, however, the literature based on empirical studies carried out in Portugal, especially where the "voice" of the artisan of lime was significant for the understanding of traditional technical processes. This article considers that the oral testimony of the lime craftsmen can make an important contribution to expand the technical-scientific knowledge about the processes of production of this material.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215869.v1
title: Forming, cooking, taking lime: testimonies on making lime mortar in Portugal

description: Abstract The objective of this paper is to present and discuss the contexts of "speeches" of those who make traditional lime, highlighting the importance of those "speeches" as intangible heritage. For this purpose, studies were carried out with lime craftsmen in the scope of research projects developed in Beja (Alentejo / Portugal). Those studies explore some of the literature produced on this theme, privileging, however, the literature based on empirical studies carried out in Portugal, especially where the "voice" of the artisan of lime was significant for the understanding of traditional technical processes. This article considers that the oral testimony of the lime craftsmen can make an important contribution to expand the technical-scientific knowledge about the processes of production of this material.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215545
title: Lime-earth mortars: characteristics and applications

description: Abstract Earth-lime mortars probably result from professional practices from the time when economical conditions enabled the addition of air lime to vernacular earth mortars, which are not durable when in contact with water. Previous studies have shown that the addition of low contents of air lime on earth mortars with dark colour, while turning the mortars water resistant, makes their colour lighter and weakens their mechanical characteristics. This study examines the partial weight replacement of lime by a local earth in air lime mortars with a 1:2 lime: sand volumetric proportion, corresponding to mortars with a 1:8 weight proportion, with replacements from 10 to 50%. The embodied energy of mortars is reduced by their formulation, and they are adequate for use as render in old buildings and also on new constructions with compatible characteristics. The results of the mechanical and physical characteristics, as well as on the reaction to sulphates attack, were particularly positive for a 10% lime replacement by earth, with variations between the assessed properties. Nevertheless, further research is still needed for a deeper knowledge of the characteristics of lime-earth mortars, widely used in the past, in order to optimise formulations to be applied in the present day.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215545.v1
title: Lime-earth mortars: characteristics and applications

description: Abstract Earth-lime mortars probably result from professional practices from the time when economical conditions enabled the addition of air lime to vernacular earth mortars, which are not durable when in contact with water. Previous studies have shown that the addition of low contents of air lime on earth mortars with dark colour, while turning the mortars water resistant, makes their colour lighter and weakens their mechanical characteristics. This study examines the partial weight replacement of lime by a local earth in air lime mortars with a 1:2 lime: sand volumetric proportion, corresponding to mortars with a 1:8 weight proportion, with replacements from 10 to 50%. The embodied energy of mortars is reduced by their formulation, and they are adequate for use as render in old buildings and also on new constructions with compatible characteristics. The results of the mechanical and physical characteristics, as well as on the reaction to sulphates attack, were particularly positive for a 10% lime replacement by earth, with variations between the assessed properties. Nevertheless, further research is still needed for a deeper knowledge of the characteristics of lime-earth mortars, widely used in the past, in order to optimise formulations to be applied in the present day.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215938
title: Methodology and previous results in the study of faunal fragments in Roman mortars

description: Abstract The archaeological site of La Magdalena, located in Alcalá de Henares (Spain), is a complex formed by several industrial, storage and housing structures from the Roman Era. During archaeological intervention, different industrial structures were documented. Those structures were built using different types of lime mortar, from the foundations - opus caementicium - to the final cover - opus signinum. In general, they all follow the same Roman construction guidelines, using lime, sand, and ceramic aggregates of crushed bricks known as cocciopesto. However, in the macroscopic observation of the samples, several small and medium fragments of animal bones were detected in the matrix of the lime, mixed with the lime, although in smaller quantities. The average size of the fragments ranges from half a millimetre to one centimetre in length. These fragments were present in the outer and middle layers of the mortar coatings. In this project, the results are shown as quantitative marks. This study also presents a methodological proposal for the study of this type of material waste, based on archaeometry and focused on the proportion of bone fragments in relation to the total weight of the samples, the representativeness of the fragments analysed in relation to the constructive layers, and the probable relation between the presence of bones in the mixture with the functionality of the industrial structures of La Magdalena.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215938.v1
title: Methodology and previous results in the study of faunal fragments in Roman mortars

description: Abstract The archaeological site of La Magdalena, located in Alcalá de Henares (Spain), is a complex formed by several industrial, storage and housing structures from the Roman Era. During archaeological intervention, different industrial structures were documented. Those structures were built using different types of lime mortar, from the foundations - opus caementicium - to the final cover - opus signinum. In general, they all follow the same Roman construction guidelines, using lime, sand, and ceramic aggregates of crushed bricks known as cocciopesto. However, in the macroscopic observation of the samples, several small and medium fragments of animal bones were detected in the matrix of the lime, mixed with the lime, although in smaller quantities. The average size of the fragments ranges from half a millimetre to one centimetre in length. These fragments were present in the outer and middle layers of the mortar coatings. In this project, the results are shown as quantitative marks. This study also presents a methodological proposal for the study of this type of material waste, based on archaeometry and focused on the proportion of bone fragments in relation to the total weight of the samples, the representativeness of the fragments analysed in relation to the constructive layers, and the probable relation between the presence of bones in the mixture with the functionality of the industrial structures of La Magdalena.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215833
title: Dolomitic lime: the past and present

description: Abstract Aerial lime is a binder with great durability, as attested by numerous archaeological remains from the Roman period and beyond. When it is reported that a particular mortar, or mural painting, was executed with aerial lime, it is rarely mentioned that this lime is a dolomitic type. The scarcity of references to this type of binder can be attributed to the lower availability of dolomitic limestone outcrops. However, there are several cases in Portugal, and in other parts of the world, where the use of dolomitic lime mortars do not seem to be associated only with the main limestone qualities. In technological terms, it is a known fact that the production of dolomitic lime requires a lower calcination temperature than that required for the production of calcitic lime. This fact, coupled with good water resistance properties, will have justified the use of dolomitic lime in the past, as some examples of ancient constructions attest, some of which are described briefly in this paper. Despite this past, dolomitic lime remains unknown to most members of the technical and scientific community. In addition, some characterization results are sometimes contradictory, which motivates misgivings about its use. This article aims to demystify some of the biases related to a possible lower durability of dolomitic lime, presenting the reactional mechanisms of this binder and its hydration and alteration compounds, as well as some examples of the use of dolomitic lime in Portuguese monuments. Finally, results of physical and mechanical characterization of this age-old binder are presented, confirming its qualities and justifying more widespread, especially in cases of conservation and restoration of historical mortars.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215833.v1
title: Dolomitic lime: the past and present

description: Abstract Aerial lime is a binder with great durability, as attested by numerous archaeological remains from the Roman period and beyond. When it is reported that a particular mortar, or mural painting, was executed with aerial lime, it is rarely mentioned that this lime is a dolomitic type. The scarcity of references to this type of binder can be attributed to the lower availability of dolomitic limestone outcrops. However, there are several cases in Portugal, and in other parts of the world, where the use of dolomitic lime mortars do not seem to be associated only with the main limestone qualities. In technological terms, it is a known fact that the production of dolomitic lime requires a lower calcination temperature than that required for the production of calcitic lime. This fact, coupled with good water resistance properties, will have justified the use of dolomitic lime in the past, as some examples of ancient constructions attest, some of which are described briefly in this paper. Despite this past, dolomitic lime remains unknown to most members of the technical and scientific community. In addition, some characterization results are sometimes contradictory, which motivates misgivings about its use. This article aims to demystify some of the biases related to a possible lower durability of dolomitic lime, presenting the reactional mechanisms of this binder and its hydration and alteration compounds, as well as some examples of the use of dolomitic lime in Portuguese monuments. Finally, results of physical and mechanical characterization of this age-old binder are presented, confirming its qualities and justifying more widespread, especially in cases of conservation and restoration of historical mortars.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215443
title: Energy consumption of mixed-mode air conditioned cellular offices in São Paulo: considerations about the design

description: Abstract The literature presents only a limited number of studies on mixed-mode air-conditioned buildings (or with hybrid ventilation) with simple design strategies. Thus, this project evaluates the impact of architectural (room shape, window size and orientation) and usage parameters (equipment load density and air conditioning activation temperature) on the thermal performance of mixed-mode cellular offices in the city of São Paulo. The method consisted in characterising the studied models using a data survey of this building type and parametric computer simulations using the EnergyPlus software. The method demonstrated that hybrid ventilation led to a decrease of up to 52% in the energy consumption of the air conditioning used for cooling. When adopting such strategy, it is important to associate the room's shape to the window area. Lower energy consumption levels were observed for the combinations of deep and narrow rooms with larger windows or less deep and wider rooms with smaller windows. However, the decrease in the effective area for ventilation changed these conclusions, always yielding lower energy consumption with smaller windows. Hence, this study indicates that an adequate combination of parameters can result in designs that consume less energy, assisting in the design of this type of building.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7215443.v1
title: Energy consumption of mixed-mode air conditioned cellular offices in São Paulo: considerations about the design

description: Abstract The literature presents only a limited number of studies on mixed-mode air-conditioned buildings (or with hybrid ventilation) with simple design strategies. Thus, this project evaluates the impact of architectural (room shape, window size and orientation) and usage parameters (equipment load density and air conditioning activation temperature) on the thermal performance of mixed-mode cellular offices in the city of São Paulo. The method consisted in characterising the studied models using a data survey of this building type and parametric computer simulations using the EnergyPlus software. The method demonstrated that hybrid ventilation led to a decrease of up to 52% in the energy consumption of the air conditioning used for cooling. When adopting such strategy, it is important to associate the room's shape to the window area. Lower energy consumption levels were observed for the combinations of deep and narrow rooms with larger windows or less deep and wider rooms with smaller windows. However, the decrease in the effective area for ventilation changed these conclusions, always yielding lower energy consumption with smaller windows. Hence, this study indicates that an adequate combination of parameters can result in designs that consume less energy, assisting in the design of this type of building.