DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qf5m8
title: Data from: Rapid seasonal evolution in innate immunity of wild Drosophila melanogaster

description: Understanding the rate of evolutionary change and the genetic architecture
 that facilitates rapid adaptation is a current challenge in evolutionary
 biology. Comparative studies show that genes with immune function are
 among the most rapidly evolving genes across a range of taxa. Here, we use
 immune defence in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster to
 understand the rate of evolution in natural populations and the genetics
 underlying rapid change. We probed the immune system using the natural
 pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and Providencia rettgeri to measure
 post-infection survival and bacterial load of wild D. melanogaster
 populations collected across seasonal time along a latitudinal transect
 along eastern North America (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia).
 There are pronounced and repeatable changes in the immune response over
 the approximately 10 generations between spring and autumn collections,
 with a significant but less distinct difference observed among
 geographical locations. Genes with known immune function are not enriched
 among alleles that cycle with seasonal time, but the immune function of a
 subset of seasonally cycling alleles in immune genes was tested using
 reconstructed outbred populations. We find that flies containing seasonal
 alleles in Thioester-containing protein 3 (Tep3) have different functional
 responses to infection and that epistatic interactions among seasonal Tep3
 and Drosomycin-like 6 (Dro6) alleles underlie the immune phenotypes
 observed in natural populations. This rapid, cyclic response to seasonal
 environmental pressure broadens our understanding of the complex
 ecological and genetic interactions determining the evolution of immune
 defence in natural populations.
description: NaturalPopulations_SurvivalDaily survival natural populations of D. melanogaster collected across seasonal time (spring and fall) and three geographic locations (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia) for 5 days post infection by either Providencia rettgeri or Enterococcus faecalisNatural PopulationsBacterial load of natural populations of D. melanogaster collected across seasonal time (spring and fall) and three geographic locations (Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia) 24h post infection by either Providencia rettgeri or Enterococcus faecalisNaturalPopulations_BacterialLoad.csvRecombPopulations_SurvivalDaily survival for recombinant populations fixed for sets of seasonally oscillated alleles in Tep3, Dro6 and Fadd for 5 days post infection by either Providencia rettgeri or Enterococcus faecalisRecombPopulations_BacterialLoadBacterial load of recombinant populations fixed for sets of seasonally oscillated alleles in Tep3, Dro6 and Fadd 24h post infection by either Providencia rettgeri or Enterococcus faecalisTep3_region.header.inbred.ug.filter.vsqr.recode.noREP.noINDELTep3 sequence data for inbred lines collected in Linvilla Orchards, Media, PA from the spring (LN6 and LNPA) and fall (LN10) in 2012.MetadataDescription of the coding for the phenotype filesMOTHURanalysisscriptmicrobiota