DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ttdz08m5p
title: Data from: the quantitative genetic basis of variation in sexual versus non-sexual butterfly wing colouration: autosomal, Z-linked and maternal effects

description: Viability indicator traits are expected to be integrated extensively
 across the genome yet sex-limited to ensure that any benefits are sexually
 concordant. Understanding how such expectations are accommodated requires
 elucidating the quantitative genetic architecture of candidate traits in
 and across the sexes. Here we applied an animal modelling approach to
 partition the autosomal, allosomal, and direct maternal bases of variation
 in sexual versus non-sexual dorsal wing colouration in the butterfly
 Eurema hecabe. The sexual colour trait – coherently scattered ultraviolet
 that is under strong directional selection due to female choice – is
 brighter and more expansive in males, and overlays non-sexual pigmentary
 yellow markings that otherwise dominate both wing surfaces in each sex.
 Our modelling estimated high and sexually-equivalent autosomal variances
 for ultraviolet reflectance (furnishing h2 ~ 0.58 overall and ~0.75 in
 males), accompanied by smaller but generally significant Z-linked and
 maternal components. By contrast, variation in non-sexual yellow was
 largely attributed to Z-linked sources. Intersexual genetic correlations
 based upon the major source of variation in each trait were high and not
 different from 1.0, implying regulation by a pool of genes common to each
 sex. An expansive autosomal basis for ultraviolet is consistent with its
 hypothesized role as a genome-wide viability indicator, and ensures that
 both sons and daughters will inherit their father’s attractiveness.
description: This dataset comprises the description of a 15 generation
 laboratory-reared pedigree of butterflies, and the wing colouration
 measurements from N = 2158 members of this pedigree. Wing colouration was
 measured with a reflectance spectrometer and summarized via the parameters
 (a) ultraviolet reflectance intensity, and (b) yellow chroma. 
description: # Data from: the quantitative genetic basis of variation in sexual versus
 non-sexual butterfly wing colouration: autosomal, Z-linked and maternal
 effects
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ttdz08m5p](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ttdz08m5p) There are four data files and 17 image files: **PEDIGREE.csv** provides the identity and relatedness information for all individuals across the entire 15 generation pedigree (total N = 11,439). **REFLECTANCE_DATA.csv** provides the wing colouration measurements for the subset of individuals used in the published analysis (N = 2158). **SCALE_WIDTH_1.csv** provides the scale width measurements for 60 specimens used in the analysis of scale dimensions as outlined in the supplementary materials (refer to Figure S2 and Figure S3b). **SCALE_DENSITY.csv** provides the data on overall wing scale density and melanic scale density used in the analyses outlined in the supplementary materials (refer to Figure S1a, Figure S3a and Figure S4). The image files consist of 16 magnified wing images used to generate the data in SCALE_DENSITY.csv, plus one image which indicates the scale for all wing images (graduated in mm). The wing files are labelled **ANIM_NNNN.jpg**, where NNNN is a unique numerical code for the pedigree identity of each individual butterfly. ## Description of the data and file structure The file "**PEDIGREE.csv**" includes the variables: ANIMAL - a unique numerical code for the pedigree identity of each individual butterfly measured for wing colouration. DAM - the pedigree identity of each individual's mother. SIRE - the pedigree identity of each individual's father. SEX - the sex of each individual. The file "**REFLECTANCE_DATA.csv**" includes the variables: CASE - the case number ANIMAL - a unique numerical code for the pedigree identity of each individual butterfly measured for wing colouration. DAM - the pedigree identity of each individual's mother. SIRE - the pedigree identity of each individual's father. SEX - the sex of each individual. GENERATION - the generation of the rearing pedigree. FAMILY - the identity of each different family in the pedigree coded as Fx-nn, where x = generation number and nn = unique family identifier. UVR - the individual's measure for ultraviolet reflectance intensity, standardized to a z-score (i.e., mean = zero and standard deviation = 1) YCR - the individual's measure for yellow chroma, standardized to a z-score In both the above files, "DAM" and "SIRE" are coded with zero(0) if the identity of either parent is unknown. There are no missing values. The file "**SCALE_WIDTH_1.csv**" includes the variables: Specimen ID - a unique numerical code for each individual (note that these specimens were not derived from the 15 generation pedigree). Wing scale - a unique alphanumeric code each wing scale sampled per-individual. Width (um) - the measure of scale width in micrometer units. The file "**SCALE_DENSITY.csv**" includes the variables: ANIMAL - a unique numerical code for the pedigree identity of each individual butterfly measured for wing colouration (this corresponds to the same variables in the first two data files). SEX - the sex of each individual. UVR - the individual's measure for ultraviolet reflectance intensity in raw %reflectance units. YCR - the individual's measure for yellow chroma in raw arbitrary units. Scale density (per mm2) - the density of wing scales measured in units of mm^2. Melanin area (%) - the percentage areal coverage of melanic scales (assessed for females only). ## Code/Software The genetic pedigree data were analyzed with ASReml v4.1. The code is to be published elsewhere.