cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jh9w0vt7d
title: Intraspecific genetic variation underlying postmating reproductive barriers between species in the wild tomato clade (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon)

description: A goal of speciation genetics is to understand how the genetic components
 underlying interspecific reproductive barriers originate within species.
 Unilateral incompatibility (UI) is a postmating prezygotic barrier in
 which pollen rejection in the female reproductive tract (style) occurs in
 only one direction of an interspecific cross. Natural variation in the
 strength of UI has been observed among populations within species in the
 wild tomato clade. In some cases, molecular loci underlying
 self-incompatibility (SI) are associated with this variation in UI, but
 the mechanistic connection between these intra- and inter-specific pollen
 rejection behaviors is poorly understood in most instances. We generated
 an F2 population between SI and SC genotypes of a single species, Solanum
 pennellii, to examine the genetic basis of intraspecific variation in UI
 against other species, and to determine whether loci underlying SI are
 genetically associated with this variation. We found that F2 individuals
 vary in the rate at which UI rejection occurs. One large effect QTL
 detected for this trait co-localized with the SI-determining S-locus.
 Moreover, individuals that expressed S-RNase—the S-locus protein involved
 in SI pollen rejection—in their styles had much more rapid UI responses
 compared to those without S-RNase protein. Our analysis shows that
 intraspecific variation at mate choice loci—in this case at loci that
 prevent self-fertilization—can contribute to variation in the expression
 of interspecific isolation, including postmating prezygotic barriers.
 Understanding the nature of such intraspecific variation can provide
 insight into the accumulation of these barriers between diverging
 lineages.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7sqv9s4pm
title: Data from: Zebrafish retinal ganglion cells asymmetrically encode spectral and temporal information across visual space

description: In vertebrate vision, the tetrachromatic larval zebrafish permits
 non-invasive monitoring and manipulating of neural activity across the
 nervous system in vivo during ongoing behaviour. However, despite a
 perhaps unparalleled understanding of links between zebrafish brain
 circuits and visual behaviours, comparatively little is known about what
 their eyes send to the brain via retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Major gaps
 in knowledge include any information on spectral coding, and information
 on potentially critical variations in RGC properties across the retinal
 surface corresponding with asymmetries in the statistics of natural visual
 space and behavioural demands. Here, we use in vivo two photon (2P)
 imaging during hyperspectral visual stimulation as well as photolabeling
 of RGCs to provide a functional and anatomical census of RGCs in larval
 zebrafish. We find that RGCs’ functional and structural properties differ
 across the eye and include a notable population of UV-responsive
 On-sustained RGCs that are only found in the acute zone, likely to support
 visual prey capture of UV-bright zooplankton. Next, approximately half of
 RGCs display diverse forms of colour opponency including many that are
 driven by a pervasive and slow blue-Off system - far in excess of what
 would be required to satisfy traditional models of colour vision. In
 addition, most information on spectral contrast was intermixed with
 temporal information. Taken together, our results suggest that zebrafish
 RGCs send a diverse and highly regionalised time-colour code to the brain.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28256178
title: Exploration of troublesome and threshold concepts in cloud microphysics

description: We investigate the difficulties faced by undergraduate students during a four-hour cloud microphysics introductory lecture and aim to identify troublesome concepts. An open-ended survey was conducted after the lecture. Twenty-nine students answered five questions related to the concepts they were taught. Thematic analysis of the data resulted in a list of concepts related to the course content and their total counts from the survey. The analysis reveals that four properties could be extracted from the data: identifiability, novelty, difficulty, and importance. These properties are subsequently used to discuss potential threshold concepts in cloud microphysics. We also discuss the criticism that threshold concept theory is exposed to and motivate the necessity to develop a working definition of threshold concepts with a reduced set of properties that could uphold the discussion around their identification. Based on the results of the survey and a review of their geophysical structure, we find that “Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous nucleation”, “Subsaturation vs. supersaturation” and “Critical radius of a droplet” are prime threshold concept candidates. This study highlights the importance of considering the students’ perspectives and difficulties when investigating the nature of concepts in a specific discipline. It provides insights into the field of cloud physics education and informs the development of instructional material and teaching practices.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28256178.v2
title: Exploration of troublesome and threshold concepts in cloud microphysics

description: We investigate the difficulties faced by undergraduate students during a four-hour cloud microphysics introductory lecture and aim to identify troublesome concepts. An open-ended survey was conducted after the lecture. Twenty-nine students answered five questions related to the concepts they were taught. Thematic analysis of the data resulted in a list of concepts related to the course content and their total counts from the survey. The analysis reveals that four properties could be extracted from the data: identifiability, novelty, difficulty, and importance. These properties are subsequently used to discuss potential threshold concepts in cloud microphysics. We also discuss the criticism that threshold concept theory is exposed to and motivate the necessity to develop a working definition of threshold concepts with a reduced set of properties that could uphold the discussion around their identification. Based on the results of the survey and a review of their geophysical structure, we find that “Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous nucleation”, “Subsaturation vs. supersaturation” and “Critical radius of a droplet” are prime threshold concept candidates. This study highlights the importance of considering the students’ perspectives and difficulties when investigating the nature of concepts in a specific discipline. It provides insights into the field of cloud physics education and informs the development of instructional material and teaching practices.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27091647
title: Factors that promote cooperation, learning, and engagement with geoscience concepts when playing educational board games in an entry-level college paleontology lab

description: Interactive games can invigorate undergraduate curricula, promote collaboration, and engage students, but few studies evaluate which conditions facilitate learning and collaboration during game-based geoscience activities. This study examines educational gains, cooperative learning elements, and enjoyment during two educational board games, “Taphonomy: Dead and Fossilized” and “Reef Survivor,” deployed in two-hour geoscience labs (<i>n</i> = 136 students). Varying conditions (in-person versus online labs, team versus solo play, and an introduction to counter stereotype threat versus a neutral introduction) were assessed to understand effects of playing in teams, use of priming conditions, and class modality. We used pre- and post-lab low-stakes assessments to test knowledge, student perception surveys following gameplay (both described in Martindale et al., 2024; Martindale & Weiss, 2020), and the Kern et al. (2007) cooperative learning observation protocol during lab to document and quantify student behaviors. Although gameplay conditions did not result in significantly different learning gains (no significant differences between student demographic groups), team play was typically related to cooperative learning advantages, including strategizing, group processing, and positive interdependence. Overall, individual accountability was high, and conflict was low no matter the conditions, but cooperative learning was less common during online labs than in-person. Working together may support connections to the material and other students, as well as encourage engaged learning; moreover, students preferred playing in teams. Therefore, when using games or game-based learning, we recommend playing in-person with teams; together, these conditions can support student engagement and cooperative learning during gameplay.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27091647.v1
title: Factors that promote cooperation, learning, and engagement with geoscience concepts when playing educational board games in an entry-level college paleontology lab

description: Interactive games can invigorate undergraduate curricula, promote collaboration, and engage students, but few studies evaluate which conditions facilitate learning and collaboration during game-based geoscience activities. This study examines educational gains, cooperative learning elements, and enjoyment during two educational board games, “Taphonomy: Dead and Fossilized” and “Reef Survivor,” deployed in two-hour geoscience labs (<i>n</i> = 136 students). Varying conditions (in-person versus online labs, team versus solo play, and an introduction to counter stereotype threat versus a neutral introduction) were assessed to understand effects of playing in teams, use of priming conditions, and class modality. We used pre- and post-lab low-stakes assessments to test knowledge, student perception surveys following gameplay (both described in Martindale et al., 2024; Martindale & Weiss, 2020), and the Kern et al. (2007) cooperative learning observation protocol during lab to document and quantify student behaviors. Although gameplay conditions did not result in significantly different learning gains (no significant differences between student demographic groups), team play was typically related to cooperative learning advantages, including strategizing, group processing, and positive interdependence. Overall, individual accountability was high, and conflict was low no matter the conditions, but cooperative learning was less common during online labs than in-person. Working together may support connections to the material and other students, as well as encourage engaged learning; moreover, students preferred playing in teams. Therefore, when using games or game-based learning, we recommend playing in-person with teams; together, these conditions can support student engagement and cooperative learning during gameplay.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28256178.v1
title: Exploration of troublesome and threshold concepts in cloud microphysics

description: We investigate the difficulties faced by undergraduate students during a four-hour cloud microphysics introductory lecture and aim to identify troublesome concepts. An open-ended survey was conducted after the lecture. Twenty-nine students answered five questions related to the concepts they were taught. Thematic analysis of the data resulted in a list of concepts related to the course content and their total counts from the survey. The analysis reveals that four properties could be extracted from the data: identifiability, novelty, difficulty, and importance. These properties are subsequently used to discuss potential threshold concepts in cloud microphysics. We also discuss the criticism that threshold concept theory is exposed to and motivate the necessity to develop a working definition of threshold concepts with a reduced set of properties that could uphold the discussion around their identification. Based on the results of the survey and a review of their geophysical structure, we find that “Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous nucleation”, “Subsaturation vs. supersaturation” and “Critical radius of a droplet” are prime threshold concept candidates. This study highlights the importance of considering the students’ perspectives and difficulties when investigating the nature of concepts in a specific discipline. It provides insights into the field of cloud physics education and informs the development of instructional material and teaching practices.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4mw6m9070
title: Four raised to one equals one: a genetic approach to the Pseudolaelia vellozicola complex does not follow a math rule

description: Pseudolaelia is a genus endemic to the eastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest,
 consisting of 12 accepted species. Some Pseudolaelia species, such as P.
 vellozicola, P. aguadocensis, P. oliveirana and P. regentii, referred to
 here as the PV complex, present extensive intra- and interpopulation
 morphological polymorphism, raising uncertainty regarding their
 circumscriptions. Although previous morphological analyses were used to
 solve the generic boundaries in the PV complex, persuasive genetic
 evidence is lacking. In order to test the hypothesis that the group under
 investigation contains only one taxon, amplification profiles of five
 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic
 diversity, genetic structure, and the relationships among the PV complex
 species. A total of 134 reproductive individuals were sampled in eight
 insular populations. Intrapopulation genetic analysis indicated low levels
 of genetic diversity. Analysis of genetic structure revealed that each of
 the eight sample locations can be considered unique biological populations
 as they are highly differentiated from each other. The Mantel test showed
 a high and positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance (r
 = 0.841, P &lt; 0.002), indicating isolation by distance. The results
 are consistent with that expected for plants with insular geographical
 distribution. When testing for the null hypothesis, the low levels of
 genetic variation among species (FCT = 0.155) suggests that the
 populations constitute only one highly polymorphic species with a wide
 distribution.
description: 134 individual samples of Pseudolaelia vellozicola complex were
 collected in eight natural populations and genotyped by using ISSR
 molecular markers.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j3tx95x94
title: Plant ontogeny determines strength and associated plant fitness consequences of plant-mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors

description: Plants show ontogenetic variation in growth-defence strategies to maximize
 reproductive output within a community context. Most work on plant
 ontogenetic variation in growth-defence trade-offs has focussed on
 interactions with antagonistic insect herbivores. Plants respond to
 herbivore attack with phenotypic changes. Despite the knowledge that plant
 responses to herbivory affect plant mutualistic interactions with
 pollinators required for reproduction, indirect interactions between
 herbivores and pollinators have not been included in the evaluation of how
 ontogenetic growth-defence trajectories affect plant fitness. 
     In a common garden experiment with the
 annual Brassica nigra, we investigated whether exposure to various
 herbivore species on different plant ontogenetic stages (vegetative, bud,
 or flowering stage) affects plant flowering traits, interactions with
 flower visitors, and results in fitness consequences for the plant.
 Effects of herbivory on flowering plants traits and interactions with
 flower visitors depended on plant ontogeny. Plant exposure in the
 vegetative stage to the caterpillar Pieris brassicae and aphid Brevicoryne
 brassicae led to reduced flowering time and flower production, and
 resulted in reduced pollinator attraction, pollen beetle colonization,
 total seed production and seed weight. When plants had buds, infestation
 by most herbivore species tested reduced flower production and pollen
 beetle colonization. Pollinator attraction was either increased or
 reduced. Plants infested in the flowering stage with P. brassicae or
 Lipaphis erysimi flowered longer, while infestation by any of the
 herbivore species tested increased the number of flower visits by
 pollinators. Our results show that the outcome of herbivore -
 flower-visitor interactions in B. nigra is specific for the combination of
 herbivore species and plant ontogenetic stage. Consequences of herbivory
 for flowering traits and reproductive output were strongest when plants
 were attacked early in life. Such differences in selection pressures
 imposed by herbivores to specific plant ontogenetic stages may drive the
 evolution of distinct ontogenetic trajectories in
 growth-defence-reproduction strategies and include indirect interactions
 between herbivores and flower visitors. Synthesis. Plant ontogeny can
 define the direct and indirect consequences of herbivory. Our study shows
 that the ontogenetic stage of plant individuals determined effects of
 herbivory on plant flowering traits, interactions with flower visitors,
 and plant fitness.
description: File containing raw data of plant phenology, flower abundance,
 pollen beetle adult abundance, pollinator visitation, and plant seed
 production.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d51c59zzj
title: Disentangling direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation on wild plants' pollinator visits and seed production

description: Habitat fragmentation threatens plant and pollinator communities, as well
 as their interactions. However, the effects of landscape fragmentation on
 the pollination of wild plant species are not well-understood yet, partly
 because in fragmented landscapes there are many correlated features (e.g.
 decreased patch size, increased isolation and patch complexity) whose
 influences are difficult to disentangle. Using a SEM approach, we assessed
 the direct and indirect effects of landscape fragmentation (patch size,
 isolation and complexity, percentage of surrounding forest) on the
 abundance, functional-group richness and evenness of pollinators of 24
 habitat fragments within an agricultural landscape in Southern Norway. In
 addition, we studied how these variables affected visitation rates
 (visits/flower) and seed production (seed set, seed weight) in the four
 most abundant plant species in the area. Flower abundance was higher in
 larger and complex patches and decreased with the percentage of forest in
 the surroundings, while flower richness increased with patch complexity.
 We found a direct negative relationship between patch complexity and the
 overall number of pollinator visits that the habitat fragments received.
 Apart from this direct landscape effect, pollinator visits were mostly
 affected by the floral communities, with overall flower abundance and
 richness increasing both total number of pollinator visits and
 pollinator-group richness, and flower richness having an additional
 negative influence on pollinator-group evenness.  Interestingly,
 we did not find any direct link between visitation rates and reproductive
 success for any of the study plant species. Instead, several landscape
 variables directly affected species seed production, although the effects
 of landscape on seed production were highly species-specific. Patch
 complexity, had a negative effect on seed production in two of the four
 focal species, while other components of the landscape had
 species-specific effects. Increasing fragmentation of agricultural
 landscapes affects pollination interactions at the community level and the
 reproduction of wild plants. However, understanding the effects of
 fragmentation on seed production requires going beyond estimating
 visitation rates, since landscape effects on plant reproduction are not
 always related to overall interaction frequencies.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xpnvx0kbr
title: Tracking invasions of a destructive defoliator, the gypsy moth (Erebidae: Lymantria dispar): population structure, origin of intercepted specimens, and Asian introgression into North America

description: Genetic data can help elucidate the dynamics of biological invasions,
 which are fueled by the constant expansion of international trade. The
 introduction of European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) into North
 America is a classic example of human-aided invasion that has caused
 tremendous damage to North American temperate forests. Recently, the even
 more destructive Asian gypsy moth (mainly L. d. asiatica and L. d.
 japonica) has been intercepted in North America, mostly transported by
 cargo ships. To track invasion pathways, we developed a diagnostic panel
 of 60 DNA loci (55 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial) to characterize worldwide
 genetic differentiation within L. dispar and its sister species L.
 umbrosa. Hierarchical analyses supported strong differentiation and
 recovered five geographic groups that correspond to 1) North America, 2)
 Europe plus North Africa and Middle East, 3) the Urals, Central Asia, and
 Russian Siberia, 4) continental East Asia, and 5) the Japanese islands.
 Interestingly, L. umbrosa was grouped with L. d. japonica, and the
 introduced North American population exhibits remarkable distinctiveness
 from contemporary European counterparts. Each geographic group, with the
 exception of North America, shows additional lower-level structures when
 analyzed individually, which provided the basis for inference of the
 origin of invasive specimens. Two assignment approaches consistently
 identified a coastal area of continental East Asia as the major source for
 Asian invasion during 2014–2015, with Japan being another source. By
 analyzing simulation and laboratory crosses, we further provided evidence
 for the occurrence of natural Asian-North American hybrids in the Pacific
 Northwest, raising concerns for introgression of Asian alleles that may
 accelerate range expansion of gypsy moth in North America. Our study
 demonstrates how genetic data contribute to bio-surveillance of invasive
 species with results that can inform regulatory management and reduce the
 frequency of trade-associated invasions.