DOI: 10.5061/dryad.40d6h
title: Data from: Asynchrony of seasons: genetic differentiation associated with geographic variation in climatic seasonality and reproductive phenology

description: Many organisms exhibit distinct breeding seasons tracking food
 availability. If conspecific populations inhabit areas that experience
 different temporal cycles in food availability spurred by variation in
 precipitation regimes, then they should display asynchronous breeding
 seasons. Thus, such populations might exhibit a temporal barrier to gene
 flow, which may potentially promote genetic differentiation. We test a
 central prediction of this hypothesis, namely, that individuals living in
 areas with more asynchronous precipitation regimes should be more
 genetically differentiated than individuals living in areas with more
 similar precipitation regimes. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, climatic
 data, and geographical/ecological distances between individuals of 57 New
 World bird species mostly from the tropics, we examined the effect of
 asynchronous precipitation (a proxy for asynchronous resource
 availability) on genetic differentiation. We found evidence for a positive
 and significant cross-species effect of precipitation asynchrony on
 genetic distance after accounting for geographical/ecological distances,
 suggesting that current climatic conditions may play a role in population
 differentiation. Spatial asynchrony in climate may thus drive evolutionary
 divergence in the absence of overt geographic barriers to gene flow; this
 mechanism contrasts with those invoked by most models of biotic
 diversification emphasizing physical or ecological changes to the
 landscape as drivers of divergence.
description: FIG S1 (Cloud-Cover
 forest plot)Figure S1. Overall
 effect of precipitation asynchrony (measured from Cloud-Cover data) on
 genetic differentiation, as shown by the meta-analysis forest plot. From
 left to right: Species name; number of individuals per species; an
 horizontal axis where the small vertical line indicates the Mantel
 correlation coefficient, the horizontal line the 95% confidence interval
 (CI) and the size of the square the specific weight of the species'
 result to the overall meta analysis (based on the sample size). Exact
 values for the coefficient, the 95% CI and the weight percentage are given
 in columns to the right. The continuous vertical line displays 0 in the x
 axis and the vertical dotted line denotes the summary cross-species
 correlation coefficient; the width of the bottom diamond represents the
 95% CI. For more specific details see Table S3.FIG S2 (Worldclim forest
 plot)Figure S2. Overall
 effect of precipitation asynchrony (measured from WorldClim data) on
 genetic differentiation, as shown by the meta-analysis forest plot. From
 left to right: Species name; number of individuals per species; an
 horizontal axis where the small vertical line indicates the Mantel
 correlation coefficient, the horizontal line the 95% confidence interval
 (CI) and the size of the square the specific weight of the species'
 result to the overall meta analysis (based on the sample size). Exact
 values for the coefficient, the 95% CI and the weight percentage are given
 in columns to the right. The continuous vertical line displays 0 in the x
 axis and the vertical dotted line denotes the summary cross-species
 correlation coefficient; the width of the bottom diamond represents the
 95% CI. For more specific details see Table S3.Fig S3 (different sample
 cut-offs CLoudCover)Figure S3. Overall
 effect of precipitation asynchrony (measured from Cloud-Cover data) on
 genetic differentiation, as shown by the meta-analysis forest plot when
 excluding species with less than 5, 10 and 15 individuals. From left to
 right: Species name; number of individuals per species; an horizontal axis
 where the small vertical line indicates the Mantel correlation
 coefficient, the horizontal line the 95% confidence interval (CI) and the
 size of the square the specific weight of the species' result to the
 overall meta analysis (based on the sample size). Exact values for the
 coefficient, the 95% CI and the weight percentage are given in columns to
 the right. The continuous vertical line displays 0 in the x axis and the
 vertical dotted line denotes the summary cross-species correlation
 coefficient; the width of the bottom diamond represents the 95%
 CI.Fig S4 (different sample
 cut-offs WorldClim)Figure S4. Overall
 effect of precipitation asynchrony (measured from WorldClim data) on
 genetic differentiation, as shown by the meta-analysis forest plot when
 excluding species with less than 5, 10 and 15 individuals. From left to
 right: Species name; number of individuals per species; an horizontal axis
 where the small vertical line indicates the Mantel correlation
 coefficient, the horizontal line the 95% confidence interval (CI) and the
 size of the square the specific weight of the species' result to the
 overall meta analysis (based on the sample size). Exact values for the
 coefficient, the 95% CI and the weight percentage are given in columns to
 the right. The continuous vertical line displays 0 in the x axis and the
 vertical dotted line denotes the summary cross-species correlation
 coefficient; the width of the bottom diamond represents the 95%
 CI.Table S1 (Genetic
 Information)Table S1. Data sources,
 number of individuals sampled and references for each of the species used
 in this study.Table S2 (Monthly
 Cloud-Cover)Table S2. Geographical
 coordinates for all the individuals included in analyses and their
 respective monthly Cloud-Cover data. Cloud-Cover data for each month are
 given as percentage of days in which each locality was covered with
 clouds, averaged over a dozen years (2000-2012).Table S3 (Mantel
 results)Table S3. Results of
 partial Mantel tests examining the relationship between precipitation
 asynchrony and genetic distance, accounting for dispersal distance, for
 each species. Results based on Cloud-Cover and WorldClim data are
 given.Table S4 (Mantel
 correlogram)Table S4. Results of
 partial Mantel spatial correlograms assessing spatial autocorrelation in
 precipitation asynchrony (based on Cloud-Cover data) and genetic
 distance.Table S5 (Phylogenetic
 Signal)Table S5. Results of
 tests for phylogenetic signal in Mantel coefficients describing the
 relationship between precipitation asynchrony and genetic
 distances.Table S6 (Species
 variables)Table S6. Species
 variables used for the ad hoc regressions trying to explain variation
 among species in Mantel coefficients describing the relationship between
 precipitation asynchrony and genetic distance. References from which the
 variables were obtained are included.Table S7 (Separate ad
 hoc)Table S7. Results of
 weighted least-squares regression assessing relationships between Mantel
 coefficients and species variables; results are shown for WorldClim and
 Could-Cover data.Table S8
 (Stepwise)Table S8. Results of the
 stepwise model selection using weighted least squares examining
 relationships between Mantel coefficients and species variables using the
 AIC and the BIC for both WorldClim and Cloud-Cover
 data.