DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5810387
title: A long-term hydrometeorological observations from the Lammin-Suo peatland station

description: <strong>Introduction</strong> The Lammin-Suo peatland station is located near Ilichevo settlement in Vyborgskiy district, Leningrad region, Russia (60.243541 N, 29.815533 E) in a hilly area with numerous sandy hills up to 150 m high, followed by deep pans. The Lammin-Suo peatland are classified as raised bog, the most common type of bog in Eastern Fennoscandia. The research at the Lammin-Suo peatland station focuses on hydrology, meteorology, soil processes and the landscape evolution of the peatland. This dataset presents hydrological, hydrogeological, and meteorological data collected at the Lammin-Suo peatland station over the period from 1 January 1952 to 31 December 2020. Monitored parameters include air temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, cloudiness, precipitation, evaporation, snow depth, peat temperature, swamp water level, groundwater level and temperature. <strong>File naming conventions</strong> <strong>observation-type_periodicity_start-end_[meteostation_number].csv</strong> <em>observation-type</em>: meteo / precipitation / peat-temp / swamp-freezing / evapotranspiration / water-discharge / swamp-water-level / surface-elevation / groundwater-level / groundwater-temp <em>periodicity</em>: hourly / daily / 10d (<em>ten days</em>) / annual / 5y (<em>five years</em>) <em>start-end</em>: time coverage of the dataset <em>[meteostation_number]</em>: optional, encountered only in <em>meteo_….csv</em> Observation types and file contents <strong>1. Meteo</strong> <strong>1.1 Methods</strong> Meteorological observations have been carried out daily since 1952 at two meteorological stations. Observed parameters include air temperature, wind speed, air humidity, cloudiness, snow depth (in winter). Daily data are measured once per day (snow thickness) or calculated from hourly data (air temperature). Hourly data are measured at 01:00, 07:00, 13:00, and 19:00. Measuring equipment: air temperature (hourly, mean) – thermometer TM-4; maximum air temperature – maximum thermometer TM-1; minimum air temperature – minimum thermometer TM-2; wind speed - meteorological mast М-82-I, weathervane FVT / FVL; partial water vapour pressure in the air – meteorological hair hygrometer M-19; atmospheric pressure - aneroid barometer MD-49-2; cloud cover is observed visually. <strong>1.2 Measurement site description</strong> Meteorological Station WS1. Coordinates: 60,243361 N 29,815583 E; Data period: 1952-2020 (active); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (genetic center of the swamp). Meteorological Station WS2. Coordinates: 60,246979 N 29,810368 E; Data period: 1952-1965 (closed); Located near the building of the swamp station, on a forest plot. <strong>1.3 File contents</strong> <strong>meteo_hourly_1952-2020_WS1.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S AIR_TEMP is the air temperature observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (degree Celsius) WIND_SPEED is the wind speed observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (m per s) AIR_HUMIDITY is the partial water vapour pressure in the air observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (mb) CLOUDINESS_TOTAL is the cloud cover (ranged between 0 and 10) CLOUDINESS_LOWER is the cloud cover of low-level clouds (ranged between 0 and 10) ATMO_PRESSURE is the atmospheric pressure observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (mb) <strong>meteo_hourly_1952-1965_WS2.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S AIR_TEMP is the air temperature observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (degree Celsius) AIR_HUMIDITY is the partial water vapour pressure in the air observed at a moment of time DATE_TIME (mb) <strong>meteo_daily_1952-2020_WS1.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d MEAN_AIR_TEMP is the mean daily air temperature (degree Celsius) MAX_AIR_TEMP is the maximum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius) MIN_AIR_TEMP is the minimum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius) SNOW_THICKNESS (cm) <strong>meteo_daily_1952-1965_WS2.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d MEAN_AIR_TEMP is the mean daily air temperature (degree Celsius) MAX_AIR_TEMP is the maximum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius) MIN_AIR_TEMP is the minimum observed daily air temperature (degree Celsius) <strong>2. Precipitation</strong> <strong>2.1 Methods</strong> Precipitation is measured once per day in winter (15:00) and twice per day in summer (9:00, 15:00). The precipitation data are given as a total daily amount. Precipitation type (solid or liquid) has been observed since 1964. Precipitation is measured with a Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge. Corrections of wetting have been introduced into the measured daily precipitation values . No wind corrections were made. Studies have shown that pine growing in a swamp around the meteorological site acts as a wind protection [Novikov S., Batyev V. Hydrometeorological regime and water balance of raised bogs of North-West Russia, 2019]. The measurements were carried out on 7 rain gauges, 6 of them were installed in different parts of the swamp, P7 rain gauge - on a forest site near the swamp. For gauges P2-P6 precipitation measurements were carried out during the growing season only (from April/May to October). <strong>2.2 Measurement site description</strong> Gauge P1. Coordinates: 60,243373 N 29,815466 E; Data period: 1952-2020 (active); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (genetic center of the swamp). Gauge P2. Coordinates: 60.240412 N 29.808487 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (southwest edge of the swamp). Gauge P3. Coordinates: 60.245829 N 29.82098 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (northwest edge of the swamp). Gauge P4. Coordinates: 60.235467 N 29.821103 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, sedge, inclusions of birch and pine (south edge of the swamp). Gauge P5. Coordinates: 60.24037 N 29.832438 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (southeastern edge of the swamp). Gauge P6. Coordinates: 60.234514 N 29.831253 E; Data period: 1963-1975 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southern edge of the swamp). Gauge P7. Coordinates: 60,246979 N 29,810368 E; Data period: 1952-2020 (active); Location: the kame hill, near the building of the swamp station. <strong>2.3 File contents</strong> <strong>precipitation_daily_1952-2020.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d PRECIPITATION is the daily precipitation amount (mm) SOLID marks whether precipitation is in the solid form (1 - solid, 0 - liquid, empty - not observed) <strong>3. Peat temperature</strong> <strong>3.1 Methods</strong> Peat temperature monitoring has been carried out daily since 1953 at the two sites. Peat temperature measurements include measurements at the swamp surface (average, minimum, maximum) and at depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160, 240, 290, 320 cm (different depth sets were used throughout the observation period). The swamp surface temperature was measured with thermometer TM-3, maximum thermometer TM-1, minimum thermometer TM-2 and low-degree thermometer TM-9-1. The temperature at the horizons of 5-15 cm was measured with Savinov thermometers. The temperature at the horizons of 20-320 cm was measured with soil-depth thermometers TM-10. <strong>3.2 Measurement site description</strong> Site PT1. Coordinates: 60.243334 N 29.815287 E; Data period: 1956-2020 (active); Located next to the meteorological site No. 1; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp). Site PT2. Coordinates: 60.240477 N 29.808621 E; Data period: 1963-1995 (closed); Located next to the swamp water well 210; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp). <strong>3.3 File contents</strong> <strong>peat-temp_hourly_1976-2020.csv - </strong>The file contains temperature data by observation time at 09:00, 15:00, 21:00. DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm) PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis) SITE is the observation site QC is the quality control: 1 - ready-to-use value; 0 - unreliable value <strong>peat-temp_daily_1953-1958.csv - </strong>The file contains average daily values, temperature was measured by electro thermometers. DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm) PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis) OBS_TYPE is the daily average SITE is the observation site QC is the quality control: 1 - ready-to-use value; 0 - unreliable value <strong>peat-temp_daily_1954-2020.csv - </strong>The file contains average daily values, maximum and minimum temperature values per day, measurements were carried out with mercury thermometers. The maximum and minimum temperatures have been measured since June 1954, average daily values have been measured since January 1960. DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm) PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis) OBS_TYPE are the daily average/daily min/daily max SITE is the observation site QC is the quality control: 100 - ready-to-use value; 0 - unreliable value <strong>4. Freezing and thawing of the swamp</strong> <strong>4.1 Methods</strong> Observations of the freezing and thawing of the swamp are carried out on the fixed sites. The freezing depth is measured twice (on a hummock and in a depression / on a ridge and in a hollow) near each of the four corner points of the site in places where the snow cover has not previously been disturbed. Simultaneously with the observation of freezing, observations of the snow cover on the site are carried out. Snow depth is measured using pre-installed snow gauge battens. The height of the installed battens is 120 cm. The snow gauges are placed on 5 cross-sections at a distance of 5 m from each other, the total number of snow-gauge battens is 50 pieces. Measurements are carried out once every 10 days in winter and until the peat deposits are completely thawed. The data table shows the averaged values of the measured values for the date of measurement. Observations begin in the autumn after a stable transition of average daily air temperatures to negative values. <strong>4.2 Measurement site description</strong> Site SF1. Coordinates: 60.2443889 N 29.8138889 E; Data period: 1954-2020 (active); Size of the site: 50x50 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine (near the ridge-hollow complex). Site SF2. Coordinates: 60.2423889 N 29.8179167 E; Data period: 1989-2020 (active); Size of the site: 50x50 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp). Site SF3. Coordinates: 60.240451 N 29.821004 E; Data period: 1954-1991 (closed); Size of the site: 85x30 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine (the ridge-hollow complex). Site SF4. Coordinates: 60.239727 N 29.819625 E; Data period: 1954-1989 (closed); Observations are carried out on a route with a length of 250 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (forest ring). Site SF5. Coordinates: 60.237594 N 29.82639 E; Data period: 1954-1991 (closed); Size of the site: 50x50 m; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood. <strong>4.3 File contents</strong> <strong>swamp_freezing_d10_1954-2020.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d FROZEN depth of the frozen layer (cm) THAW depth of thawed layer which was formed during thawing of a previously frozen layer (cm) WATER_CONTENT water layer above the surface of the swamp (cm) SNOW_COVER snow depth (cm) TERRAIN type of landscape (0 - depression; 1 - hummock; 2 - hollow; 3 - ridge) SITE is the observation site, valid values 1-5 <strong>5. Evapotranspiration</strong> <strong>5.1 Methods</strong> Evapotranspiration is measured directly using the swamp evaporimeter (model GGI-B1000). Measurements are performed decadely during the growing season. Evaporimeters were initially installed at 6 sites located in different types of microlandscape (bog microlandscape – a part of a bog that is homogeneous in terms of the nature of the vegetation cover, surface microrelief and physical properties of the upper (active) horizon of a peat deposit). Currently, one evaporimeter is in operation, located in the central part of the swamp. Evapotranspiration is measured by the weighing method. Evapotranspiration between observation periods (10 days) is determined by measuring the mass of a peat monolith with natural marsh vegetation placed in an swamp evaporimeter, taking into account the precipitation that fell during the same period and swamp water level. <strong>5.2 Measurement site description</strong> Site ET1. Coordinates: 60.243270 N 29.815240 E; Data period: 1956-2020; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, rare inclusions of pine. Site ET2. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1971-1976; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge and hollow). Site ET2.1. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1962-1965; 1968-1970; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge). Site ET2.2. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1962-1965; 1968-1970; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (hollow). Site ET3. Coordinates: 60.240459 N 29.808622 E; Data period: 1966; 1968; 1970-1976; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp). Site ET4. Coordinates: 60.237556 N 29.825795 E; Data period: 1968; 1970-1971, 1973-1974; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (hummocks). <strong>5.3 File contents</strong> <strong>evapotranspiration_10d_1956-2020.csv</strong> - Measured values of evapotranspiration with a ten-day resolution. START_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d END_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d DAYS is amount of days between START_DATE and END_DATE (days) SITE is evapotranspiration measurement site ET is evapotranspiration amount between START_DATE and END_DATE (mm) <strong>evapotranspiration_annual_1956-2020.csv</strong> - Evapotranspiration values aggregated by growing seasons. START_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d END_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d SITE is evapotranspiration measurement site ET is evapotranspiration amount between START_DATE and END_DATE (mm) <strong>6. Water discharge</strong> <strong>6.1 Methods</strong> There are no open streams directly in the swamp. Runoff from the swamp to the edge is carried out by filtration and then by streams formed at the swamp border. Water flow from the swamp is carried out through 5 streams. One of these streams (Vostochny stream) is temporary; water flows through it mainly only during the spring flood. Each of the streams is equipped with a hydrometric facility: thin-walled triangular weirs (V-notch) with wooden inlet and outlet channels. Year-round observations of the water level are carried out in the gauging chutes. The water level is recorded by the recorder continuously during the warm period of the year, observations are duplicated by manual measurement of the level every 5 days year-round. Water discharge rates are calculated according to the theoretical curve for a triangular weir with a cut angle of 90 degrees. In addition to observing the water runoff from the swamp by streams, the observation of the inflow of water into the swamp is carried out. Water inflow into the swamp with slope runoff is measured at the Runoff Plot. The Runoff Plot is located near the northwestern edge of the bog on the slope of the esker ridge. The catchment area of the plot is 400 sq m (20x20 m), the average longitudinal slope is 0.15. The runoff from the plot goes into a drainage gutter from which water enters the tank. The tank is located in a special pavilion. A level recorder is installed in the tank, recording level changes continuously during the warm period of the year. In parallel with this, manual measurements of the level are carried out once a day. In the column « DISCHARGE» column, an empty cell means no runoff, a value of "0" means that there was a minimum runoff through the tray that could not be measured and was observed visually. <strong>6.2 Measurement site description</strong> Stream gauge Western-1 (Stream Zapadny-1); Coordinates: 60.2435278 N 29.8013333 E; Data period: 1955-2020 (active); Stream Western-2 flows from the western edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.32 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.37 km. Stream gauge Western-2 (Stream Zapadny-2); Coordinates: 60.2420000 N 29.8029444 E; Data period: 1955-2020 (active); Stream Western-1 flows from the western edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.32 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.32 km. Stream gauge Northern (Stream Severny); Coordinates: 60.2458333 N 29.8263056 E; Data period: 1953-2020 (active); Stream Northern flows from the northern edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.37 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.19 km. Stream gauge Southern (Stream Yuzhny); Coordinates: 60.2316667 N 29.8339167 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active); Stream Southern flows from the southern edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 1.45 sq. km. Distance from the swamp edge to the hydrometric section 0.17 km Stream gauge Eastern (Stream Vostochny); Coordinates: 60.241975 N 29.828673 E; Data period: 1971-1988 (closed); Stream Eastern flows from the eastern edge of the swamp. The catchment area in the hydrometric section is 0.16 sq. km. Runoff Plot (Stokovaya ploshadka) Coordinates: 60.2475278 N 29.8140278 E; Data period: 1963-2020 (active); The Runoff Plot is located 200 m east of the station, on the slope of the esker ridge in a pine forest. The catchment area of the site is 400 m2 (20 × 20 m), the average longitudinal slope is 0.15, the slope of the drainage gutter is 0.03. <strong>6.3 File contents</strong> <strong>water-discharge_daily_1950-2020.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d DISCHARGE is the water discharge (cm3 s-1) SITE is the observation site name <strong>7. Swamp water level</strong> <strong>7.1 Methods</strong> The swamp water level is measured manually inside swamp water wells. In addition to the swamp water level, the water level is measured in the Dve Sestry lake. Lake Dve Sestry is