DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n02v6wx9q
title: Data from: A graduated nativeness definition applied to the vascular flora of Denmark

description: The data were used to exemplify how a graduated definition of nativeness
 (native, near-native, distantly native, alien) differs qualitatively and
 quantitatively from a binary definition (native, alien). The motivation to
 revise the definition of nativeness comes from insights into problems
 related to the classic binary nativeness definition. These problems arise
 from the dynamic nature of species’ distribution ranges on longer time
 scales, from the application of the binary definition to smaller regions
 delimited by arbitrary borders, and from limited knowledge of species’
 past distributions, their natural migration potential, and time or mode of
 arrival in the focal area. To remedy these shortcomings, we have proposed
 a new graduated definition of nativeness, based on geographical proximity
 to areas where species are native, their migration potential, and climatic
 niche. We applied the graduated definition to the vascular flora of
 Denmark, reclassifying species as ‘native’, ‘near-native’ (native to
 countries in close vicinity, within their natural migration potential and
 with similar climatic niche to the focal territory), ‘distant-native’
 (native to countries in the rest of Europe) or ‘alien’ (native to other
 continents).
description: # Data from: A graduated nativeness definition applied to the vascular
 flora of Denmark Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.n02v6wx9q](10.5061/dryad.n02v6wx9q) ## Description of the
 data and file structure The dataset contains a new graduated nativeness
 status for the Danish vascular flora. In addition, we list our version of
 species’ status from a binary definition of nativeness from the three
 sources: the Euro+Med Plantbase (Euro+Med 2006), the Danish Redlist
 (Moeslund 2023) and Atlas Flora Danica (Hartvig and Vestergaard 2015). 
 Data from Euro+Med (2006) were used to create the graduated definition of
 nativeness, with Denmark as the focal territory. Species given in that
 source as non-native in Denmark, but strictly native to one or more of the
 following neighbouring countries (or Euro+Med territories) were
 re-classified as  ‘near-native’ : Sweden, Norway, Germany, the
 Netherlands, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium with Luxembourg, the Czech
 Republic, Estonia, “Baltic states with Kaliningrad region”, NW European
 Russia, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland (with Northern Ireland), Faroe
 Islands, and Iceland. Species given as non-native in Denmark, but strictly
 native to one or more of the remaining countries or territories included
 in the Euro+Med plantbase, i.e. countries further afield from Denmark,
 were re-classified as  ‘distantly native’. The category 'alien'
 was given to species native outside of Europe only.  Taxon names were
 standardized based on World Flora Online (The World Flora Online
 Consortium 2023), using the TNRS tool (Boyle et al. 2013). Included taxa
 were aggregated on two taxonomic levels: i) species and ii) species and
 subspecies. Some obvious mistakes in the Euro+Med database were corrected,
 using Plants of the World Online (POWO 2025), changing the status of
 *Cornus sericea* L. to ‘non-native’, and the graduated category of the
 species *Elodea nuttallii* (Planch.) H. St. John to ’alien’. The missing
 data are represented as NA. ### Files and variables #### File:
 NativenessSubspecies_Oikos.csv **Description:** **:** List of vascular
 flora of Denmark aggregated on subspecies level from the three sources:
 The Danish Redlist, Atlas Flora Danica and Euro+Med, along with the status
 of the subspecies in the graduated definition of nativeness. #####
 Variables * "Accepted subspecies": The scientific subspecies
 name, as accepted in World Flora Online. * "Name author": The
 author name of the subspecies, as stated in World Flora Online. *
 "Family": The taxonomic family the subspecies belongs to, as
 accepted in World Flora Online. * "Redlist status": The
 nativeness status of the subspecies in the Danish Redlist, created by the
 authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native'
 and 'uncertain'. * "Atlas Flora Danica status": The
 nativeness status of the subspecies in Atlas Flora Danica, created by the
 authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native'
 and 'uncertain'. * "EuroMed status": The nativeness
 status of the subspecies in Euro+Med, created by the authors, with three
 categories: 'native', 'non-native' and
 'uncertain'. * "Graduated Nativeness": The graduated
 nativeness status, created by the authors, as stated in the description.
 #### File: NativenessSpecies_Oikos.csv **Description:** List of vascular
 flora of Denmark aggregated on species level from the three sources: The
 Danish Redlist, Atlas Flora Danica and Euro+Med, along with the status of
 the species in the graduated definition of nativeness. ##### Variables *
 "Accepted species": The scientific species name, as accepted in
 World Flora Online. * "Name author": The author name of the
 species, as stated in World Flora Online * "Family": The
 taxonomic family the species belongs to, as accepted in World Flora
 Online. * "Redlist status": The binary nativeness status of the
 species according to the Danish Redlist, created by the authors, with
 three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and
 'uncertain'. * "Atlas Flora Danica status": The binary
 nativeness status of the species in Atlas Flora Danica, created by the
 authors, with three categories: 'native', 'non-native'
 and 'uncertain'. * "EuroMed status": The binary
 nativeness status of the species in Euro+Med, created by the authors, with
 three categories: 'native', 'non-native' and
 'uncertain'. * "Graduated Nativeness": The graduated
 nativeness status, created by the authors, as stated in the description.
 ## Code/software The data is a semi-colon separated file. Encoded with
 UTF8 and BOM. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of
 the data: * None Some of the data was derived and adapted by the authors
 from the following sources: Euro+Med (Euro+Med 2006), The Danish Redlist
 (Moeslund 2023) and Atlas Flora Danica (Hartvig and Vestergaard 2015).