DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s6902b5
title: Data from: Behavioral diversity is maintained by a conditional strategy in a freshwater zooplankton

description: Many populations have intraspecific diversity in phenotype and ecological
 strategy, but the mechanisms maintaining such diversity are not fully
 understood. Multiple behaviors can be maintained either as a conditional
 strategy, where fitness depends on an individual’s phenotype, or as a
 mixed strategy where alternative behaviors have similar fitness
 independent of phenotype. Using high-resolution depth and time sampling,
 we characterize two distinct diel vertical migration behaviors in a
 population of freshwater zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria). Individuals in
 this population differ in their color phenotype and migratory behavior
 with red morphs upregulating hemoglobin and undergoing a deep migration,
 and pale morphs not producing hemoglobin and undergoing a shallow
 migration. We experimentally manipulated the behavior of each phenotype in
 the field, and measured population growth in their natural migration
 behavior as well as population growth in their alternative behaviors.
 Experimental populations of pale and red morphs under their natural
 migrations had roughly equal fitness, despite vast differences in
 environmental conditions. When forced to switch behaviors, pale morphs
 suffered reduced fitness, whereas red morphs had similar fitness compared
 to their natural migration. Our results suggest that while behavioral
 diversity may be promoted by the opportunity for alternative behaviors of
 equal fitness, the distinct physiological conditions required for survival
 in alternative behaviors limit the capacity for individual behavioral
 switching and likely maintain behavioral diversity as a conditional
 strategy.
description: 3AM Size by Depth counts
 with colour morphRep: Replicate number;
 levels: 1,2 Depth: Depth of Daphnia sampling in Round Lake Size:
 Individual Daphnia size class; levels 1-5, where 1: &lt;1.0mm; 2:
 1.0-1.4mm; 3: 1.4-1.85mm; 4: 1.85-2.3mm; 5 &gt;2.3mm Morph: Colour morph;
 levels: “Pale”, “Red” Freq: Number of DaphniaDaphnia colour from 24h
 lake samplingThis file pertains to
 Figure 1a. Rep: Replicate number; levels: 1,2 Date: Sampling date Time:
 Time of day on 24-hour schedule Depth: Depth of Daphnia sampling in Round
 Lake Red: Amount of red colour from 0-255 Green: Amount of green colour
 from 0-255 Blue: Amount of blue colour from 0-255 Redness: Distance from
 pure red (255, 0, 0), calculated with the following:
 sqrt((255-Red)^2+(0-Green)^2+(0-Blue)^2).Daphnia Colour from
 Migration ExperimentsThis file pertains to
 Figure 1b. Rep: Replicate number; levels: 1,2 Tube: Migration tube number;
 levels: 1-40 Migration: Migration schedule; levels: “Shallow”, “Deep”
 Sample Depth: Depth at which individual Daphnia were sampled from prior to
 beginning experiment; levels: “Epilimnion” (3-5 meters), “Hypolimnion” (15
 meters) Treatment: Combination of Hb state at the start of experiment and
 migration schedule; levels: “pales.shallow”, “reds.deep”, “pales.deep”,
 “reds.shallow” Date: Census date (all 2014) Experiment Day: Days since
 start of experiment; levels: 0-14 Red: Amount of red colour from 0-255
 Green: Amount of green colour from 0-255 Blue: Amount of blue colour from
 0-255 Redness: Distance from pure red (255, 0, 0), calculated with the
 following: sqrt((255-Red)^2+(0-Green)^2+(0-Blue)^2).Environmental Conditions
 (temp, oxygen, chla) Summer 2014This file pertains to
 Figure 2. Depth: Depth of measurement in Round Lake, Ontario
 Temperature.C: Temperature in degrees Celsius Oxygen.mg.L: Oxygen
 concentration in milligrams per liter Chl.a: Chlorophyll a concentration
 in micrograms per literMean Redness per
 TubeThis figure pertains to
 Figure 5 and is a summary table derived from Daphnia Colour from Migration
 Experiments. Tube: Migration tube number; levels: 1-40 Day: Days since
 start of experiment; levels: 0-14 Treatment: Combination of Hb state at
 the start of experiment and migration schedule; levels: “pales.shallow”,
 “reds.deep”, “pales.deep”, “reds.shallow” Mean Redness: Mean distance from
 pure red for each tubeMean_DepthThis file pertains to Figure 2 and is a summary table derived from MigrationDynamics. Rep: Replicate number; levels: 1,2 Time: Time of day on 24 hour schedule Phenotype: Colour morph; levels: “Pale”, “Red” Mean Depth: Mean depth of individual Daphnia at sampling time Median Depth: Median depth of individual Daphnia at sampling timeMigration_Experiment_Size_EggsThis file pertains to Figure 4 and Figure 5. Rep: Replicate number; levels: 1,2 Tube: Migration tube number; levels: 1-40 Size Class: Individual Daphnia size class; levels 1-5, where 1: &lt;1.0mm; 2: 1.0-1.4mm; 3: 1.4-1.85mm; 4: 1.85-2.3mm; 5 &gt;2.3mm Number of Eggs: Number of eggs in the brood pouch of each Daphnia Migration: Migration schedule; levels: “Shallow”, “Deep”, “Weird” (Weird was a designation given to one tube which, due to sensor problems, did not follow the intended migration schedule. This tube was ultimately excluded from the analysis). Sample Depth: Depth at which individual Daphnia were sampled from prior to beginning experiment; levels: “Epi” (3-5 meters), “Hypo” (15 meters) Date: Census date (all 2014) Experiment Day: Days since start of experiment; levels: 0-14 Size.mm: Estimated size of each Daphnia in millimeters (taken as the average of each size class) Treatment: Combination of Hb state at the start of experiment and migration schedule; levels: “pales.shallow”, “reds.deep”, “pales.deep”, “reds.shallow”, “weird” (“weird” was a designation given to one tube which, due to sensor problems, did not follow the intended migration schedule. This tube was ultimately excluded from the analysis)MigrationDynamicsThis file pertains to Figure 1c. Rep: Replicate number; levels: 1,2 Depth: Depth of Daphnia sampling in Round Lake Morph: Colour morph; levels: “Pale”, “Red” Time: Time of day on 24-hour schedule Count: Number of Daphnia Proportion: # animals sampled at depth X, time Y/total animals sampled over time Y Percent: (# animals sampled at depth X, time Y/total animals sampled over time Y) * 100