cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212fyj
title: CCDC 1879187: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Alessandro Marcuzzi, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212gm7
title: CCDC 1879208: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Alessandro Marcuzzi, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212hd1
title: CCDC 1879232: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Alessandro Marcuzzi, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/njlnrj/50vahl
title: CARD Upload Template - KITE East Africa v2.0.csv
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/njlnrj/g3c8mb
title: CARD Upload Template - KITE East Africa v2.0.xlsx
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/xxouhf/62mxfm
title: all_files_in_csv_format.zip
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1112
title: Experiences with next generation low GWP refrigerant R452A in transport refrigeration products.

description: The new olefin based halogen refrigerants or hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants are being blended with existing hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to obtain lower global warming potential (GWP) replacements for existing HFC blends. One example in this class of HFC/HFO blends, R452A, is being used in transport and stationary refrigeration applications, especially those in which compressor discharge temperature is a primary concern. This paper will provide an overall assessment of the application of the new HFC/HFO blend refrigerant R452A in trailer and marine container refrigeration equipment. R452A provides specific environmental and safety features of interest including: no impact to stratospheric ozone, more than 50 percent lower GWP, low toxicity, non-flammability and equal capacity and efficiency compared to R404A and comparable materials compatibility to R404A. The paper will review system performance characteristics, material compatibility, chemical stability, lubricants and field experiences. The life cycle climate performance (LCCP) emission profiles of R404A will be compared to R452A.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1124
title: A comparison of the energy and exergy performance of R1234yf and R134a in a compression stage using computational intelligence techniques.

description: This paper presents a scheme for the modeling the energy and exergy performance of a reciprocating compressor operating with R1234yf and R134a fluids; the compression process model is developed using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which is based on artificial intelligence techniques that act as a black box model. The model was created only from experimental data and provided evidence that it can be extended to systems working with R1234yf as long as data is available. The selected network has three hidden layers, this becomes a special configuration never used before in this field. The input variables are: suction pressure, suction temperature, discharge pressure, and compressor rotation speed and molecular weight. The output parameters are: energy consumption, exergy destruction and exergy efficiency. The models are experimentally validated, and then, they are used in a computational simulation in order to stablish a comparative approach on the energy and exergy performance between these both refrigerants.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1144
title: HFO-1234yf, a refrigerant of choice in mobile air conditioning.

description: European Directive 2006/40/EC on mobile air conditioning (MAC) bans the use of refrigerant R134a in passenger vehicles because of its impact on Climate Change. To assist with the selection of its replacement, an industry wide evaluation of replacement candidates was undertaken.

The evaluation was very comprehensive and addressed performance, compatibility and safety. The outcome of the evaluation, was that HFO-1234yf was identified as an optimal replacement for R-134a in Mobile Air Conditioning.

The paper will briefly go through the selection process used by the automotive industry to demonstrate that HFO-1234yf is suitable for use in direct-expansion air-conditioning systems.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1163
title: HFO and carbon dioxide cascade system with zero GWP.

description: The reason for the development of families of refrigerants up to the present HydrogenFluorineOlefins (HFOs) is discussed. The desirable features for refrigerants are outlined along with discussion of the need to compromise when choosing to use any particular refrigerant for a certain application. A way of using a specific HFO in combination with Carbon Dioxide (R744) is outlined and the outputs of a model of its use is given. This scheme is compared with a Carbon Dioxide alone system in a booster configuration.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1166
title: Analysis of vapor pressure and VLE of HFOs, HCFOs, and their blends with cubic equations of state.

description: Vapor pressure and Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) of HydroFluoro-Olefins (HFOs), HydroChloroFluoro-Olefins (HCFOs), and their binary systems were calculated using different Cubic Equations of State (CESs). As first step, the experimental vapor pressure data for pure refrigerants and the experimental VLE data for binary systems available in literature were collected. The selected experimental data were compared with the calculated data from the most employed CESs. For the refrigerants binary systems, van der Waals mixing rules were used. For almost all the equations, the deviations between the experimental and calculated values are low. Finally, in order to find the most accurate CES to represent the vapor pressure and the VLE of the studied refrigerants, an in-depth comparison between the results of the different CESs was performed.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1188
title: A systematic approach to risk assessing A2L refrigeration systems.

description: The safety of A2L refrigeration systems is a priority for owners and users. From my own personal experience with risk assessing ammonia refrigeration systems, it has been common place for site installations to have elements that are unsafe or to have poor procedures in place. I believe future A2L refrigeration system installations will suffer the same fate. Whilst legislation and good practice requirements are understood by leaders in the industry, the industry will need to focus more on the flammability and explosive properties of the A2L refrigerants, whilst having systems in place to deal with asphyxiation and toxic issues after combustion.

When carrying out a risk assessment, the outcome of the assessment is only as good as the knowledge of the assessor and their ability to identify the risks in a short space of time during their site visit. A standard approach has been developed and will be used when risk assessing A2L refrigeration systems to ensure that all aspects of legislation and good practice are reviewed and recorded. Where non-compliance is identified, an action list will be provided to guide the owner and users in implementing changes to their refrigeration system, safety systems and working practices.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc1mnbrc
title: CCDC 1509103: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Qiaozhen Sun, Xiaowei Zhu, Ning Zhang, Bingguang Zhang, Jiangfeng Lu, Hao Liu|2019|Inorg.Chem.Commun.|99|172|doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2018.11.019
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc20ryh7
title: CCDC 1870059: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Matthew R. Lacroix, Eric V. Bukovsky, Matic Lozinšek, Travis C. Folsom, Brian S. Newell, Yong Liu, Dmitry V. Peryshkov, Steven H. Strauss|2018|Inorg.Chem.|57|14983|doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02786
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212hk6
title: CCDC 1879237: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Eric Meier, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212j1q
title: CCDC 1879252: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Daniel Jentsch, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212j2r
title: CCDC 1879253: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Brian W. Skelton, Massimiliano Massi|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212j6w
title: CCDC 1879257: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Toby Turney, Qingfeng Pan, Wenhui Zhang, Allen G. Oliver, Anthony S. Serianni|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212jc1
title: CCDC 1879262: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, R. Stefanova, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212l4w
title: CCDC 1879317: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Brian W. Skelton, Massimiliano Massi|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/iah6z6/rdmbjm
title: colombia.tab
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/iah6z6/rm78ab
title: usa-1.tab
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/iah6z6/vqskjd
title: bppcat-1.tab
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/t0wlhb/47azei
title: v04_Facility_dataset_20160414.tab
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/t0wlhb/huzlpz
title: v04_Facility_codebook_20160414.xls
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1104
title: HFO leak detection technologies and strategies to reduce refrigerant leakage.

description: HFO refrigerant use is increasing within the refrigeration industry, driven by the required GWP reductions stemming from regulations including the European F-Gas standard and the US EPA’s CAA Section 608 and SNAP programme.

As many HFOs have A2L mildly flammable classification, the perceived risks of leaking refrigerant are higher. This paper looks at the leak detection technologies available and in practical use in the industry, the pros and cons of each, associated typical Minimum Detectable Levels achieved with different technologies mapped against gas leak diffusion modelling, and effective application to HFO detection to catch leaks early and ensure safety in line with standards such as EN378:2016 and ASHRAE-15.

The paper then reviews the opportunities for integrating leak detection with data reporting of leaks, leak repairs and refrigerant use to deliver effective refrigerant management strategy for leak prevention and minimisation, enhancing the safe, clean, efficient and effective use of HFO refrigerants.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1119
title: Binary interaction parameters for the study of hydrofluoroolefins blends using cubic equations of state.

description: Refrigerant blends containing hydrofluoroolefins are becoming of great interest as replacement fluids for airconditioning and refrigeration systems, and organic Rankine cycle power systems. Today, different blends of hydrofluoroolefins with hydrofluorocarbons or natural refrigerants (e.g. hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide) are studied in order to improve the safety or performance features of the replacement fluids. The lack of experimental data for these fluids impedes the development of accurate mixing models for Helmholtz-based equations of state. In this work a new mixing model for the study of hydrofluoroolefin blends by using a modified Peng-Robinson equation of state is presented. The mixture parameters were fitted based on experimental vapor-liquid-equilibria data of several hydrofluoroolefin blends. The predictive performance of the new model was compared with that of the standard Peng-Robinson equation of state and the fluid-specific Helmholtz-based models. The optimized binary interaction parameters improved significantly the predictions of saturated pressures for mixtures of hydrofluoroolefins and hydrocarbons.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1122
title: An overview of how flammable refrigerants are changing the RAC landscape.

description: International and regional regulations, aimed at combating climate change, are resulting in a transition of the Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (RAC) industry towards lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerant solutions. One of the consequences of these actions is that many of these alternatives (e.g. some hydrofluoroolefins [HFOs], hydrocarbons [HCs], etc.) are flammable. To this end, the RAC industry has spent the last several years preparing for this transition. This report will give an overview of some of the key factors that must be considered when working with flammable refrigerants. Regulatory drivers are discussed. Safety classes and flammability parameters are reviewed, as well as their effect on refrigerant selection. Finally, codes and standards impacts are also highlighted.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1128
title: Performance of an oil-free linear compressor using R1234yf.

description: As an alternative to the hydrocarbons (HCs), R1234yf synthetic refrigerant from the family of the hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), has emerged recently as a replacement fluid for R134a. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an oil-free linear compressor using R1234yf operated at different pressure ratios for household refrigerators. A mathematical model for the oil-free linear compressor using R1234yf has been developed. The compressor stroke was set as 14 mm for minimum dead volume with the evaporator temperature of – 23 °C. The result shows that the bleed flow rate can be 5% of main flow rate, and the resonant frequency varies between 32.7 Hz and 35.3 Hz for pressure ratios of 5-12. Cylinder mean pressure, shaft power, bleed flow, and clearance seal power loss increase with the pressure ratio. At pressure ratio of 10, and clearance seal power loss represents 8% of shaft power.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1147
title: HFO refrigerants for chiller applications.

description: Chiller development has undergone significant changes to meet the various regulations. The Montreal protocol calls for the phase out of ozone depleting substances. This resulted in a shift in Chiller refrigerants from CFCs to HCFCs to now HFCs, where currently R134a is the most widely used refrigerant in centrifugal chiller applications. The Kyoto protocol has also highlighted the issue of global warming.
Refrigerants like HFCs are once more under scrutiny because of their radiative properties that make them potentially Global Warming agents. The F-gas regulation in Europe is in place, calling for a ban of High GWP refrigerants in certain applications, and a phase down of HFCs consumption based on their CO2 equivalent.

Three new low GWP refrigerant molecules (R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E) and R-1233zd(E)) have been identified. These molecules are Hydro-Fluoro-Olefins (HFO) that have a very short atmospheric life times and have an extremely low global warming potential (GWP). Their merit as chiller refrigerant will be discussed and example of successful applications will be presented.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1178
title: Economic and climate advantages of using secondary loop systems (SL-MACs) for HFO-1234yf in mobile air conditioning.

description: This paper compares the economic and climate performance of single-point and dual-point secondary-loop motor vehicle air conditioners (SL-MACs) using current-generation hydrofluoroolefin (HFO)-1234yf (global warming potential2 – GWP &lt;1) with last-generation (environmentally obsolete) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-134a (GWP=1300). SL-MAC technology uses a refrigerant contained in the engine compartment to chill coolant that is circulated in the passenger compartment. The analysis concludes that when utilizing HFO-1234yf refrigerant, SL-MACs provide lower carbon footprint and lower ownership costs than DX MACs. The policy implication is to put in place regulatory incentives that encourage SL-MACs.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1180
title: Study of R-404A and R-448A refrigerants in low temperature refrigeration of electronics.

description: The more ecological alternatives to R-404A such is the R-448A, R-449A or R-452A are viable nonflammable fluids for low temperature refrigeration. Very low evaporation temperatures can be achieved with two-stage reciprocating compressors, which are commercially available from multiple large manufacturers. The combination of these fluids and two-stage compressions with inter-stage cooling enables low evaporation temperature down to -70°C. The ecological replacements for R-404A have many disadvantages including lower cooling capacities, very high temperature glides and high discharge temperatures. Number of studies has been presented recently but little attention has been paid to the low temperature applications outside commercial refrigeration. We present a comparison of R-448A and R-404A refrigerants to R-218, which can be taken as a benchmark fluid in our field of low temperature cooling of high-tech electronic devices like elementary particle detectors. Our measurements were performed using special oil-less experiment cooling circuit equipped with large number of pressure and temperature sensor, flowmeters, etc. We have used Roman Pot detectors as a real power load that is installed in the Large Hadron Collider tunnel at CERN.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1189
title: Minimum airflow rates to dilute A2L refrigerant leaks from refrigeration systems.

description: As part of the work under International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) SC 61D for safety of air conditioners, rules for extending charge of A2 and A3 refrigerants (with respect to room size) are under development within the working group, WG16. Requirements have evolved to utilise airflow from indoor units (IDUs) to dilute any possible leak of flammable refrigerant. Research has been carried out to determine the minimum airflow rate necessary to achieve sufficient dilution of the flammable mixtures and a numerical model based on entrainment theory was developed and previously validated for A3 refrigerants. New IEC 60335-2-40: 2018 which includes revisions specifically for A2Ls contains rules for determining IDU airflow requirements but were not validated and in several respects are contradictory. Therefore the method developed for A2 and A3 refrigerants under WG16 need to be assessed with respect to extending its application to A2L refrigerants.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1190
title: How to minimize TEWI: case history with oil free centrifugal chillers using R1234ze(E) refrigerant.

description: Object of this project was the huge renovation on an existing shopping mall in Täby (Sweden) with the aim to drastically cut down the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the building reducing as much as possible the TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) of the installation.

We proposed to use 2 water cooled oil free centrifugal chillers with R1234ze(E) refrigerant with the double target to reduce direct impact (thanks to the use of HFO) and indirect impact (thanks to the energy efficiency and flexibility of these units).

Primarily we optimized the circuit efficiency working on the heat exchangers and unit design according with the thermodynamic properties of R1234ze(E) and secondarily we worked with consultants and designers to enhance the control strategy of the HVAC system through continuous web monitoring of working parameters and performances. A comparative analysis with standard technology is provided.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212l91
title: CCDC 1879322: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: G.N.A. Sowmya, Anil Kumar|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.