cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927323.v1
title: Influence of Tillage Systems and Selective Herbicides on Weed Management and Productivity of Direct-Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa)

description: ABSTRACT: Weeds cause considerable damage to rice crop. To ascertain the influence of different weed management practices under different tillage systems, a field experiment was conducted during 2014-15. Experimental design was RCB with split-plot arrangement and with a net plot size of 6 x 2 m. Three tillage systems viz; zero tillage with glyphosate application and conventional tillage with and without stale seed bed, and seven weed management treatments viz; weedy check, manual weeding, oxadiargyl as pre-emergence, pyrazosulfuron as pre-emergence, pyrazosulfuron as post-emergence, fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride as post-emergence and fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride as post-emergence. Results revealed that all treatments including tillage systems and herbicides significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected weed density and weed dry biomass. Minimum weed density (229.22, 159.22 and 127.77 m-2) and weed dry biomass (68.01, 49.29 and 41.08 g m-2) at 30, 45 and 60 DAS (days after sowing) were recorded for pyrazosulfuron (as pre-emergence), respectively, followed by fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride (as post-emergence). Maximum 1000-kernel weight and kernel yield (19.15 g and 3.45 ton ha-1) were recorded for weed free treatments and it was 12 and 57% higher than weedy check. Maximum net benefit and benefit to cost ratio (USD$ 817 ha-1 and 1.76, respectively) were recorded for pyrazosulfuron applied at either pre- or post-emergence stage under zero tillage system. Conclusively, pyrazosulfuron (as pre-emergence) and fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride (as post-emergence) gave the best weed control under conventional tillage with stale seed bed system, while pyrazosulfuron exhibited maximum benefit-cost ratio under zero tillage system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927323
title: Influence of Tillage Systems and Selective Herbicides on Weed Management and Productivity of Direct-Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa)

description: ABSTRACT: Weeds cause considerable damage to rice crop. To ascertain the influence of different weed management practices under different tillage systems, a field experiment was conducted during 2014-15. Experimental design was RCB with split-plot arrangement and with a net plot size of 6 x 2 m. Three tillage systems viz; zero tillage with glyphosate application and conventional tillage with and without stale seed bed, and seven weed management treatments viz; weedy check, manual weeding, oxadiargyl as pre-emergence, pyrazosulfuron as pre-emergence, pyrazosulfuron as post-emergence, fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride as post-emergence and fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride as post-emergence. Results revealed that all treatments including tillage systems and herbicides significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected weed density and weed dry biomass. Minimum weed density (229.22, 159.22 and 127.77 m-2) and weed dry biomass (68.01, 49.29 and 41.08 g m-2) at 30, 45 and 60 DAS (days after sowing) were recorded for pyrazosulfuron (as pre-emergence), respectively, followed by fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride (as post-emergence). Maximum 1000-kernel weight and kernel yield (19.15 g and 3.45 ton ha-1) were recorded for weed free treatments and it was 12 and 57% higher than weedy check. Maximum net benefit and benefit to cost ratio (USD$ 817 ha-1 and 1.76, respectively) were recorded for pyrazosulfuron applied at either pre- or post-emergence stage under zero tillage system. Conclusively, pyrazosulfuron (as pre-emergence) and fenoxaprop-ethyle + sodium fluoride (as post-emergence) gave the best weed control under conventional tillage with stale seed bed system, while pyrazosulfuron exhibited maximum benefit-cost ratio under zero tillage system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927965
title: Interference of Brassicaceae and Poaceae on Canola Hybrids

description: ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial competitive ability of canola hybrids against Brassicaceae and Poaceae species in terms of root and shoot resources. Two experiments were conducted in greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments consisted of interference conditions by root + shoot interference (root+shoot) and shoot interference (Light); and Brassicaceae and Poaceae weeds competing with hybrid of canola (Hyola 61 and Diamond) with different traits for competitiveness. The plant height, root length, dry matter of shoot and root, number of leaves and leaf area were evaluated. Data were compared using orthogonal contrasts. The turnip and volunteer canola reduced root development of the Hyola 61 in root + shoot interference, and among the Brassicaceas weeds, turnip caused greater losses. Brassicaceas weeds caused largest reductions in Diamond’s hybrid growth compared to Poaceae, mainly under light interference. Brassicaceas and Poaceae weeds cause similar damage to Hyola 61 hybrid, and the injury is higher for root +shoot interference. The black oat induce shoot growth in the Diamond hybrid under shoot interference, while among the Brassicaceae weed species, there were no differences.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927965.v1
title: Interference of Brassicaceae and Poaceae on Canola Hybrids

description: ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial competitive ability of canola hybrids against Brassicaceae and Poaceae species in terms of root and shoot resources. Two experiments were conducted in greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments consisted of interference conditions by root + shoot interference (root+shoot) and shoot interference (Light); and Brassicaceae and Poaceae weeds competing with hybrid of canola (Hyola 61 and Diamond) with different traits for competitiveness. The plant height, root length, dry matter of shoot and root, number of leaves and leaf area were evaluated. Data were compared using orthogonal contrasts. The turnip and volunteer canola reduced root development of the Hyola 61 in root + shoot interference, and among the Brassicaceas weeds, turnip caused greater losses. Brassicaceas weeds caused largest reductions in Diamond’s hybrid growth compared to Poaceae, mainly under light interference. Brassicaceas and Poaceae weeds cause similar damage to Hyola 61 hybrid, and the injury is higher for root +shoot interference. The black oat induce shoot growth in the Diamond hybrid under shoot interference, while among the Brassicaceae weed species, there were no differences.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927338
title: Does Spraying of Atrazine on Triazine-Resistant Canola Hybrid Impair Photosynthetic Processes?

description: ABSTRACT: Canola is an important rotation crop for the winter season and the use of atrazine-resistant hybrids can lead to an increase in yield. This work was aimed at evaluating the effect of atrazine on photochemical and biochemical processes of photosynthesis in triazine-resistant canola. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with triazine-resistant hybrid Hyola® 555TT, in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of application or no application of atrazine on canola plants. The plants were assessed at one, three, five, and eight days after application (DAA) for chlorophyll indexes, modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange. Chlorophyll indexes were higher in canola plants treated with atrazine. Application of atrazine caused an increase in fluorescence at steady state and a reduction in quantum efficiency of photosystem II and electron transport rate, at 1 DAA, and a reduction in photochemical quenching, at 1 and 3 DAA. Lower stomatal conductance, at 1 DAA, and higher net carbon assimilation rate, at 8 DAA, were found in plants treated with atrazine. The application of atrazine temporarily reduces electron transport between photosystems and increases chlorophyll indexes in resistant canola plants, raising the net carbon assimilation rate at eight days after application.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927338.v1
title: Does Spraying of Atrazine on Triazine-Resistant Canola Hybrid Impair Photosynthetic Processes?

description: ABSTRACT: Canola is an important rotation crop for the winter season and the use of atrazine-resistant hybrids can lead to an increase in yield. This work was aimed at evaluating the effect of atrazine on photochemical and biochemical processes of photosynthesis in triazine-resistant canola. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with triazine-resistant hybrid Hyola® 555TT, in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of application or no application of atrazine on canola plants. The plants were assessed at one, three, five, and eight days after application (DAA) for chlorophyll indexes, modulated chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange. Chlorophyll indexes were higher in canola plants treated with atrazine. Application of atrazine caused an increase in fluorescence at steady state and a reduction in quantum efficiency of photosystem II and electron transport rate, at 1 DAA, and a reduction in photochemical quenching, at 1 and 3 DAA. Lower stomatal conductance, at 1 DAA, and higher net carbon assimilation rate, at 8 DAA, were found in plants treated with atrazine. The application of atrazine temporarily reduces electron transport between photosystems and increases chlorophyll indexes in resistant canola plants, raising the net carbon assimilation rate at eight days after application.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927335
title: Leaching and Persistence of Sulfentrazone when Mixed with Adjuvants

description: ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to study the influence of adjuvants on leaching and persistence of sulfentrazone in a Red-Yellow Ultisol. The soil was stored in PVC columns of 10 cm diameter and 50 cm length. The treatments were composed of sulfentrazone mixed with six adjuvants (Adesil®, Break-Thru®, Assist®, Hoefix®, Fera® and Nortox® Vegetable Oil), a treatment with sulfentrazone without any adjuvant and a treatment without the herbicide. In the treatments with sulfentrazone, the herbicide was applied at a rate of 1.0 kg ha-1 at the top of the columns, and 12 hours after application, the columns were subjected to simulated rainfall (60 mm). To confirm leaching of sulfentrazone, soil samples were collected every 5 cm up to 50 cm in each column and transferred to 300 cm3 pots to conduct a bioassay using the species Sorghum bicolor. At 21 days after emergence (DAE) of sorghum, visual assessment of intoxication was performed and shoot dry matter percentage was determined. To determine the influence of adjuvants on persistence of sulfentrazone in the soil, new sorghum seeds were planted as soon as the sorghum plants from the first planting were cut; also, phytotoxicity scores were assigned and shoot dry matter was determined at 21 DAE. This procedure was repeated up to 173 days after herbicide application, when the plants showed no more visual symptoms of intoxication. The adjuvant Break-Thru® was effective at reducing leaching of sulfentrazone. The presence of adjuvants applied together with sulfentrazone did not influence the persistence of the herbicide in the study soil. Persistence of sulfentrazone lasted for 143 days.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927335.v1
title: Leaching and Persistence of Sulfentrazone when Mixed with Adjuvants

description: ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to study the influence of adjuvants on leaching and persistence of sulfentrazone in a Red-Yellow Ultisol. The soil was stored in PVC columns of 10 cm diameter and 50 cm length. The treatments were composed of sulfentrazone mixed with six adjuvants (Adesil®, Break-Thru®, Assist®, Hoefix®, Fera® and Nortox® Vegetable Oil), a treatment with sulfentrazone without any adjuvant and a treatment without the herbicide. In the treatments with sulfentrazone, the herbicide was applied at a rate of 1.0 kg ha-1 at the top of the columns, and 12 hours after application, the columns were subjected to simulated rainfall (60 mm). To confirm leaching of sulfentrazone, soil samples were collected every 5 cm up to 50 cm in each column and transferred to 300 cm3 pots to conduct a bioassay using the species Sorghum bicolor. At 21 days after emergence (DAE) of sorghum, visual assessment of intoxication was performed and shoot dry matter percentage was determined. To determine the influence of adjuvants on persistence of sulfentrazone in the soil, new sorghum seeds were planted as soon as the sorghum plants from the first planting were cut; also, phytotoxicity scores were assigned and shoot dry matter was determined at 21 DAE. This procedure was repeated up to 173 days after herbicide application, when the plants showed no more visual symptoms of intoxication. The adjuvant Break-Thru® was effective at reducing leaching of sulfentrazone. The presence of adjuvants applied together with sulfentrazone did not influence the persistence of the herbicide in the study soil. Persistence of sulfentrazone lasted for 143 days.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927317
title: Phenolic Compounds with Allelopathic Potential of Secale cereale L. and Raphanus sativus L. Grown Under an Agroecological No-Tillage System

description: ABSTRACT: The identification of compounds with allelopathic potential produced by cover crops can assist in selecting species for weed management purposes in no-tillage systems. This study aimed to identify the main phenolic compounds with allelopathic potential in the shoot of rye (Secale cereale L.) and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops, as well as evaluate whether the cultivation system and phenological stage may influence secondary metabolite production and weed emergence. Samples of the shoot of these cover crops were collected at 60, 80, and 100 days after sowing (DAS) and 15 and 30 days after lodging (DAL) under field conditions. Weed emergence was evaluated at 45, 75, and 100 DAL of cover crops. The main compounds in rye were 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) under monocropping and intercropping, while flavonoid quercetin was found in oilseed radish at all evaluated times. During the growing cycle, the highest contents of phenolic compounds were found at the elongation stage (60 DAS) of rye under monocropping and intercropping systems (9.33 and 8.22 mg g-1 DM, respectively) and at grain filling stage (100 DAS) for oilseed radish intercropped with rye and black oat (3.24 and 3.83 mg g-1 DM, respectively). No differences were found in the contents of the main compounds when the species was grown under monocropping or intercropping systems. A reduction in the contents of MBOA, BOA, and quercetin was observed after lodging. Weed dry matter production was lower at 45 DAL in all treatments with rye and oilseed radish residues when compared to the control. The intercropping of rye with oilseed radish is an alternative management for weed control in agroecological systems due to the physical barrier created by these species and the presence of phenolic compounds with allelopathic potential.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927317.v1
title: Phenolic Compounds with Allelopathic Potential of Secale cereale L. and Raphanus sativus L. Grown Under an Agroecological No-Tillage System

description: ABSTRACT: The identification of compounds with allelopathic potential produced by cover crops can assist in selecting species for weed management purposes in no-tillage systems. This study aimed to identify the main phenolic compounds with allelopathic potential in the shoot of rye (Secale cereale L.) and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops, as well as evaluate whether the cultivation system and phenological stage may influence secondary metabolite production and weed emergence. Samples of the shoot of these cover crops were collected at 60, 80, and 100 days after sowing (DAS) and 15 and 30 days after lodging (DAL) under field conditions. Weed emergence was evaluated at 45, 75, and 100 DAL of cover crops. The main compounds in rye were 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) under monocropping and intercropping, while flavonoid quercetin was found in oilseed radish at all evaluated times. During the growing cycle, the highest contents of phenolic compounds were found at the elongation stage (60 DAS) of rye under monocropping and intercropping systems (9.33 and 8.22 mg g-1 DM, respectively) and at grain filling stage (100 DAS) for oilseed radish intercropped with rye and black oat (3.24 and 3.83 mg g-1 DM, respectively). No differences were found in the contents of the main compounds when the species was grown under monocropping or intercropping systems. A reduction in the contents of MBOA, BOA, and quercetin was observed after lodging. Weed dry matter production was lower at 45 DAL in all treatments with rye and oilseed radish residues when compared to the control. The intercropping of rye with oilseed radish is an alternative management for weed control in agroecological systems due to the physical barrier created by these species and the presence of phenolic compounds with allelopathic potential.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927320
title: Characterization of the Weed Flora in Rice Areas under Distinct Cropping Systems and Herbicide Managements

description: ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of weeds in flooded rice areas, as a function of planting system and herbicide programmes in the previous cropping year. The experiment was installed in field conditions, in randomized complete blocks design, arranged in factorial scheme 3 x 2, with eight replications. In factor A, treatments consisted on conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no till cropping systems, coupled to the application (traditional control) or not (semi-ecological system) of herbicides (Factor B). One year after rice cultivation, preceding the planting of the next cropping season, phytosociological evaluations of the weed communities present in the treatments were carried out. We assessed the overall infestation level and weed species composition, which were classified by their respective density, frequency and dominance abilities. We also estimated the diversity coefficients of Simpson and Shannon Weiner, and the sustainability coefficient of Shannon; treatments were also grouped by similarity in weed species composition. Rice growing systems (traditional or semi-ecological) promote remarkable differences in weed occurrence. Herbicide-based crops select specific companion weed species, but crop rotation or winter cover crops are not a sine qua non condition for success since a good herbicide programme is planned. For the Semi ecological system, crop rotation, thick winter soil mulching and association with animal presence and grazing are essential for the short, medium and long-term inhibition of weeds.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927320.v1
title: Characterization of the Weed Flora in Rice Areas under Distinct Cropping Systems and Herbicide Managements

description: ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of weeds in flooded rice areas, as a function of planting system and herbicide programmes in the previous cropping year. The experiment was installed in field conditions, in randomized complete blocks design, arranged in factorial scheme 3 x 2, with eight replications. In factor A, treatments consisted on conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no till cropping systems, coupled to the application (traditional control) or not (semi-ecological system) of herbicides (Factor B). One year after rice cultivation, preceding the planting of the next cropping season, phytosociological evaluations of the weed communities present in the treatments were carried out. We assessed the overall infestation level and weed species composition, which were classified by their respective density, frequency and dominance abilities. We also estimated the diversity coefficients of Simpson and Shannon Weiner, and the sustainability coefficient of Shannon; treatments were also grouped by similarity in weed species composition. Rice growing systems (traditional or semi-ecological) promote remarkable differences in weed occurrence. Herbicide-based crops select specific companion weed species, but crop rotation or winter cover crops are not a sine qua non condition for success since a good herbicide programme is planned. For the Semi ecological system, crop rotation, thick winter soil mulching and association with animal presence and grazing are essential for the short, medium and long-term inhibition of weeds.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927293.v1
title: Acute Toxicity of Herbicides and Sensibility of Aquatic Plant Wolffia brasiliensis as a Bioindicator Organism

description: ABSTRACT: This study aimed to establish the mass cultivation of Wolffia brasiliensis under laboratory conditions, determine the sensitivity of reference substances (potassium dichromate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride), and estimate the acute toxicity (LC50;7d) for the herbicide glyphosate, diquat, paraquat, imazapyr, 2,4-D, saflufenacil, imazamox, penoxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl, and atrazine. Three media were tested for culture establishment: Hoagland’s medium, 5.0 g L-1 NPK fertilizer (20-5-20), a mixture of Oxisol + organic substrate of decaying aquatic plant (2:1; v v-1). Sensitivity tests with reference substances and acute toxicity for herbicides were carried out after establishing the cultivation. The species W. brasiliensis presented an excellent sensitivity response to reference substances, with means of LC50;7d of 15.61±2.13 g L-1, 17.02±0.50 g L-1, and 52.54±4.27 mg L-1 for sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and potassium dichromate, respectively. The acute toxicity response indicated that W. brasiliensis was extremely sensitive to diquat (LC50;7d = 0.07 mg L-1) and paraquat (LC50;7d &lt; 0.05 mg L-1), sensitive to imazapyr (LC50;7d = 21.10 mg L-1), and little sensitive to the other herbicides. The response capacity for the different groups of herbicides, the standardized response to reference substances, and ease of cultivation in the laboratory indicate the potential for using this aquatic plant in the assessment of herbicide risk in aquatic environments.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9927293
title: Acute Toxicity of Herbicides and Sensibility of Aquatic Plant Wolffia brasiliensis as a Bioindicator Organism

description: ABSTRACT: This study aimed to establish the mass cultivation of Wolffia brasiliensis under laboratory conditions, determine the sensitivity of reference substances (potassium dichromate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride), and estimate the acute toxicity (LC50;7d) for the herbicide glyphosate, diquat, paraquat, imazapyr, 2,4-D, saflufenacil, imazamox, penoxsulam, metsulfuron-methyl, and atrazine. Three media were tested for culture establishment: Hoagland’s medium, 5.0 g L-1 NPK fertilizer (20-5-20), a mixture of Oxisol + organic substrate of decaying aquatic plant (2:1; v v-1). Sensitivity tests with reference substances and acute toxicity for herbicides were carried out after establishing the cultivation. The species W. brasiliensis presented an excellent sensitivity response to reference substances, with means of LC50;7d of 15.61±2.13 g L-1, 17.02±0.50 g L-1, and 52.54±4.27 mg L-1 for sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and potassium dichromate, respectively. The acute toxicity response indicated that W. brasiliensis was extremely sensitive to diquat (LC50;7d = 0.07 mg L-1) and paraquat (LC50;7d &lt; 0.05 mg L-1), sensitive to imazapyr (LC50;7d = 21.10 mg L-1), and little sensitive to the other herbicides. The response capacity for the different groups of herbicides, the standardized response to reference substances, and ease of cultivation in the laboratory indicate the potential for using this aquatic plant in the assessment of herbicide risk in aquatic environments.