DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cjsxksnf2
title: Data set from: Inferential reasoning in wild bumblebees

description: The ability to make a decision by excluding alternatives (i.e.,
 inferential reasoning) is a type of logical reasoning that allows
 organisms to solve problems with incomplete information. Several species
 of vertebrates have been shown to find hidden food using inferential
 reasoning abilities. Yet little is known about invertebrates’ logical
 reasoning capabilities. In three Experiments, I examined wild-caught
 bumblebees’ abilities to locate a “rewarded” stimulus using direct
 information or incomplete information—the latter requiring bees to use
 inferential reasoning. To do so, I adapted 3 paradigms previously used
 with primates—the two-cup, three-cup, and double 2-cup tasks. Bumblebees
 saw either 2 paper strips (Experiment 1), 3 paper strips (Experiment 2),
 or 2 pairs of paper strips (Experiment 3) and experienced one of them
 being rewarded or unrewarded. At test, they could choose between 2
 (Experiment 1), 3 (Experiment 2), or 4 paper strips (Experiment 3).
 Bumblebees succeeded in the three tasks and their performance was
 consistent with inferential reasoning. These findings highlight the
 importance of comparative studies with invertebrates to comprehensively
 track the evolution of reasoning abilities, in particular, and cognition,
 in general.
description: # Martin-Ordas\_Inferential reasoning
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cjsxksnf2](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cjsxksnf2) This is the dataset for the series of experiments testing inferential reasoning in wild caught bumblebees. There are 4 files: #### (1) Martin-Ordas\_Inferential Reasoning\_data.xlsx an excel file containing the raw data for each of the 3 experiments. Sheet 1 contains the data for Experiment 1 (labelled as "Two strip" paradigm); sheet 2 contains the data for Experiment 2 (labelled as "Three strip" paradigm); Sheet 3 contains the data for Experiment 3 (labelled as "Double 2-strip" paradigm)  #### (2) Experiment 1 a folder containing the data for the analyses of Experiment 1 as well as the R code. `Experiment1_data.csv` contains the following variables: Subject number, the trial number, the experimental condition (1=Direct cue; 0=Exclusion cue) and individuals responses (1=correct; 0=incorrect) `Experiment1indiv_data.csv` contains the following variables: Subject number, % correct responses in the Direct cue condition, % correct responses in Exclusion cue condition, chance level set at 50% #### (3) Experiment 2 a folder containing the data for the analyses of Experiment 2 as well as the R code. `Experiment2_data.csv` contains the following variables: Subject number, experimental condition (1=Direct cue; 0=Exclusion cue) and individuals responses (1=correct; 0=incorrect). `Experiment2control_data.csv` includes the following variables: Subject number, location\_ (the location of reward as Left, Middle or Right--L, M, R), position of the reward (position) as L=1, M=2, R=3, subjects' choice, Choice_, as Left, Middle or Right (L, M, R) and choice coded as correct=1 and incorrect=0. In this file three individuals did not complete all the control trials, as such the cells were left blank `Experiment2indiv_data.csv` contains the following variables: Subject number,% correct responses in Exclusion cue condition, % correct responses in the Direct cue condition, exclusion_c (chance level for exclusion condition set at 33.33%), direct_c (chance level for direct condition set at 50%) #### (4) Experiment 3 `Experiment3indiv_data.csv` contains the following variables: Subject number,% correct responses in Exclusion cue condition, and exclusion_c (chance level for exclusion condition set at 50%) This directory contains the data and R code required to reproduce analyses reported in the associated paper.