cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-628
title: MAPD0628

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-632
title: MAPD0632

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-633
title: MAPD0633

description: Planetary Intervals List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-634
title: MAPD0634

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-637
title: MAPD0637

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-638
title: MAPD0638

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-640
title: MAPD0640

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-644
title: MAPD0644

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-649
title: MAPD0649

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-651
title: MAPD0651

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-653
title: MAPD0653

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-654
title: MAPD0654

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-655
title: MAPD0655

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-657
title: MAPD0657

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-659
title: MAPD0659

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-660
title: MAPD0660

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-661
title: MAPD0661

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-667
title: MAPD0667

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-668
title: MAPD0668

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-670
title: MAPD0670

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-671
title: MAPD0671

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-673
title: MAPD0673

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-676
title: MAPD0676

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-683
title: MAPD0683

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-684
title: MAPD0684

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-685
title: MAPD0685

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-686
title: MAPD0686

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-687
title: MAPD0687

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-691
title: MAPD0691

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-695
title: MAPD0695

description: Planetary Order Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-696
title: MAPD0696

description: Planetary Order Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-698
title: MAPD0698

description: Planetary Order Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-699
title: MAPD0699

description: Planetary Order Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-700
title: MAPD0700

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-701
title: MAPD0701

description: Planetary Order Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-702
title: MAPD0702

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-704
title: MAPD0704

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-705
title: MAPD0705

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-706
title: MAPD0706

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-707
title: MAPD0707

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-709
title: MAPD0709

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-710
title: MAPD0710

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-711
title: MAPD0711

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-712
title: MAPD0712

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-713
title: MAPD0713

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-715
title: MAPD0715

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-716
title: MAPD0716

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-717
title: MAPD0717

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-718
title: MAPD0718

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-719
title: MAPD0719

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-720
title: MAPD0720

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-721
title: MAPD0721

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-723
title: MAPD0723

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-724
title: MAPD0724

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-725
title: MAPD0725

description: Planetary Intervals List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-726
title: MAPD0726

description: Planetary Intervals List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-728
title: MAPD0728

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-5008
title: MAPD0732
title: Medieval Diagram

description: Planetary Intervals List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-656
title: MAPD0656

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-658
title: MAPD0658

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-663
title: MAPD0663

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-664
title: MAPD0664

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-665
title: MAPD0665

description: Latitudes Rectangular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-669
title: MAPD0669

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-674
title: MAPD0674

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-678
title: MAPD0678

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-679
title: MAPD0679

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-680
title: MAPD0680

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-682
title: MAPD0682

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-689
title: MAPD0689

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-690
title: MAPD0690

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-692
title: MAPD0692

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-693
title: MAPD0693

description: Apsides
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-697
title: MAPD0697

description: Planetary Order Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-703
title: MAPD0703

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-708
title: MAPD0708

description: Planetary Order List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-714
title: MAPD0714

description: Planetary Intervals Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-722
title: MAPD0722

description: Latitudes Circular
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-727
title: MAPD0727

description: Planetary Intervals List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-729
title: MAPD0729

description: Planetary Intervals List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-730
title: MAPD0730

description: Planetary Intervals List
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-101-1
title: Diagram MAPD0101

description: Solar Epicycle: An epicycle is a circle whose center is fixed on and revolves around the periphery of another circle at a uniform speed. The epicycle itself will rotate at its own uniform speed. Manuscript diagrams for this topic are recognizably related to each other, but the details of the epicyclic circles vary and suggest some difficulty in the understanding by early medieval scholars of these combinations of circular motions. Calcidius states that the motions of the circles are uniform, although his description omits some potentially useful elements, such as the division of the epicycle into four equal quadrants; he does this explicitly only for the deferent circle. His definition of an epicycle is extremely general. The geometrical framework is simple. The same zodiacal circle ABΓΔ, ordered anti-clockwise, as used in the explanation by an eccentric circle appears again here. The earth is at the center Θ. Concentric with the zodiacal circle is the deferent circle MONΞ (anti-clockwise). The epicyclic circle has its center initially at M. The periphery of the epicycle is labelled anti-clockwise EZHK. The rotation of each of these three circles is specified. ABΓΔ rotates daily in a clockwise direction. MONΞ rotates with the planetary orbital speed --- once a year in the case of the Sun --- anti-clockwise. The epicycle EZHK rotates at a speed specific to the planet, in this case, for the Sun, once a year clockwise.With the motion of the epicycle's center on the deferent from M to O, the epicyclic circle is oriented so that E remains outermost and towards the zodiacal point B. The Sun, located on the epicycle initially at E, rotates 90° to the point K, which is the uppermost point on the epicycle when its center is at O. This combination of motions continues from quadrant to quadrant through the year, at the end of which the solar epicycle will return to M and the Sun on the periphery of the epicycle will return to point E. But as the annual motion of the Sun occurs, the appearance from the earth, at the center of the deferent and zodiacal circles, is that the Sun moves faster from K to H and H to Z than it moves from E to K and Z to E. This appearance of varying speed can be understood by noticing that from E to K and from Z to E the Sun seems to move slower than the center of the solar epicycle from M to O and from Ξ to M; conversely from K to H and from H to Z the Sun seems to move faster than the center of the epicycle from nO to N and from N to Ξ. And the Sun at H is closest to the earth and at E is farthest from the earth during the annual motion. All this is as seen from the earth, and the motions of the circles remain uniform.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-102-1
title: Diagram MAPD0102

description: Bounded Elongation of Venus Epicyclic: The manuscript diagrams for this text are often confusing, and it is less easy to categorize them than the diagrams for the previous text, which gives the observational account of Venus's elongation. As the text says, the epicyclic explanation builds upon the immediately preceding text that describes the visible elongation. However, with the positions of X and K already misplaced in most of the diagrams for the prior text, any attempt to add an epicyclic circle for Venus would usually result in further error. Nonetheless, certain scholars of the eleventh century did reconstruct the diagrams correctly from the text. The epicyclical account of Venus's elongation prescribes a circle cutting the zodiacal radius XKB. This radius passes from the earth through the Sun at K, but the distance from X to K is nowhere stated. While it would seem proper to make this radius bisect the epicyclic circle, the location of K is possible at the center of the epicycle, below this center, or completely outside and below the epicycle. The last option would fit Plato's planetary order, which has Venus farther than the Sun from the earth. In any case, Calcidius does not specify the location of K with respect to the epicycle. The main purpose of the epicycle is not to show the order of planets but to show the limited movement of Venus with respect to the Sun, and the account does this. The epicycle ΔEZH is drawn into the preexisting diagram for the simple phenomenal description so that the epicycle fits between the zodiacal circle ABΓ and its center X and is tangent to the two preset radii XA and XΓ, which pass to points 50° to either side of the zodiacal point B.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-112-1
title: Diagram MAPD0112

description: Length of Seasons: The description in the text and the diagrams in the manuscripts coincide well. The purpose of the diagram is solely to show that the four equal quadrants of the zodiac contain four unequal lengths of the year and what those lengths are. Initially the circle of the twelve signs is laid out, usually within a circular band, sometimes on the outside of a single circle. The four cardinal points ABΓΔ are set anti-clockwise at 90-degree intervals, beginning with A at Aries 0° and at 12 o'clock. Two perpendicular diameters connect the pairs of points AΓ and BΔ. The letter Θ appears at the centerpoint, where the diameters intersect.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-116-1
title: Diagram MAPD0116

description: Solar Epicycle: An epicycle is a circle whose center is fixed on and revolves around the periphery of another circle at a uniform speed. The epicycle itself will rotate at its own uniform speed. Manuscript diagrams for this topic are recognizably related to each other, but the details of the epicyclic circles vary and suggest some difficulty in the understanding by early medieval scholars of these combinations of circular motions. Calcidius states that the motions of the circles are uniform, although his description omits some potentially useful elements, such as the division of the epicycle into four equal quadrants; he does this explicitly only for the deferent circle. His definition of an epicycle is extremely general. The geometrical framework is simple. The same zodiacal circle ABΓΔ, ordered anti-clockwise, as used in the explanation by an eccentric circle appears again here. The earth is at the center Θ. Concentric with the zodiacal circle is the deferent circle MONΞ (anti-clockwise). The epicyclic circle has its center initially at M. The periphery of the epicycle is labelled anti-clockwise EZHK. The rotation of each of these three circles is specified. ABΓΔ rotates daily in a clockwise direction. MONΞ rotates with the planetary orbital speed --- once a year in the case of the Sun --- anti-clockwise. The epicycle EZHK rotates at a speed specific to the planet, in this case, for the Sun, once a year clockwise.With the motion of the epicycle's center on the deferent from M to O, the epicyclic circle is oriented so that E remains outermost and towards the zodiacal point B. The Sun, located on the epicycle initially at E, rotates 90° to the point K, which is the uppermost point on the epicycle when its center is at O. This combination of motions continues from quadrant to quadrant through the year, at the end of which the solar epicycle will return to M and the Sun on the periphery of the epicycle will return to point E. But as the annual motion of the Sun occurs, the appearance from the earth, at the center of the deferent and zodiacal circles, is that the Sun moves faster from K to H and H to Z than it moves from E to K and Z to E. This appearance of varying speed can be understood by noticing that from E to K and from Z to E the Sun seems to move slower than the center of the solar epicycle from M to O and from Ξ to M; conversely from K to H and from H to Z the Sun seems to move faster than the center of the epicycle from nO to N and from N to Ξ. And the Sun at H is closest to the earth and at E is farthest from the earth during the annual motion. All this is as seen from the earth, and the motions of the circles remain uniform.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-117-1
title: Diagram MAPD0117

description: Generic Epicycle: The manuscript diagrams for the generic epicycle follow generally the description of Calcidius's text. The most common divergence from the text's description is a failure of the radii tangent to the epicycle to be, in fact, tangent. Calcidius's account here might not be clear to a reader not already familiar with such a diagram. The purpose of the diagram is to identify the forward and retrograde arcs of the epicycle as well as the stationary points of the planet on the epicycle. The zodiacal circle and the earth at its center are specified first. The epicyclic circle EZH is then presented, but the text requires a preexisting diagram and simply discusses the motion of points on the diagram. The three points labeling the epicycle only become clear as the description proceeds, the points Z and H being the points of tangency with the two radii drawn to the zodiacal circle and the point E being between the zodiacal point A and the center M of the epicycle along a radius from the earth through M to A. Once this figure is recognized, the reader can follow Calcidius's account of epicyclic motion, which he applies here to any planet and gives no specifics of planetary motion. The epicycle here is fixed and does not move around the zodiac. The epicycle only rotates, with its motion in the same sense as the celestial sphere, from east to west, showing the motion of a planet on its periphery. Calcidius point out the two locations, or regions, of planetary station in two very small arcs including the tangent points H and Z. He then labels the passage from Z through E to H as the proper motion of the planet on the periphery of the epicycle and the passage from H to Z as the retrograde motion of the planet. He continually reminds the reader that the planetary motions are seen against the background of the zodiac rather than directly on the epicyclic circle.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-118-1
title: Diagram MAPD0118

description: Bounded Elongation of Venus Desciptive: The manuscript diagrams for this text and for that following it, the epicyclic explanation of Venus's elongation, are among the most corrupted in all of the Calcidian corpus. The positions of X and K vary extensively, and there are usually two concentric circles within the zodiacal circle, neither of which is called for by the text. However, most scribes either chose not to correct these variants in their exemplars or else did not recognize any error in such variant diagrams. From the eleventh century onward, some scholars did recognize and correct them. The text calls for a severely descriptive, not explanatory, image. The zodiacal circle, a central earth at X, a radius passing through the Sun's center K to the point B, and two radii to two zodiacal points A and Γ, located respectively 50° to the east and to the west of B, are sufficient to complete the diagram. With the Sun always seen along XKB, the planet Venus never appears farther away from it than the two limiting radii XA and XΓ at angles of 50° from XKB.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-105-1
title: Diagram MAPD0105

description: Bounded Elongation of Venus Epicyclic: The manuscript diagrams for this text are often confusing, and it is less easy to categorize them than the diagrams for the previous text, which gives the observational account of Venus's elongation. As the text says, the epicyclic explanation builds upon the immediately preceding text that describes the visible elongation. However, with the positions of X and K already misplaced in most of the diagrams for the prior text, any attempt to add an epicyclic circle for Venus would usually result in further error. Nonetheless, certain scholars of the eleventh century did reconstruct the diagrams correctly from the text. The epicyclical account of Venus's elongation prescribes a circle cutting the zodiacal radius XKB. This radius passes from the earth through the Sun at K, but the distance from X to K is nowhere stated. While it would seem proper to make this radius bisect the epicyclic circle, the location of K is possible at the center of the epicycle, below this center, or completely outside and below the epicycle. The last option would fit Plato's planetary order, which has Venus farther than the Sun from the earth. In any case, Calcidius does not specify the location of K with respect to the epicycle. The main purpose of the epicycle is not to show the order of planets but to show the limited movement of Venus with respect to the Sun, and the account does this. The epicycle ΔEZH is drawn into the preexisting diagram for the simple phenomenal description so that the epicycle fits between the zodiacal circle ABΓ and its center X and is tangent to the two preset radii XA and XΓ, which pass to points 50° to either side of the zodiacal point B.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-106-1
title: Diagram MAPD0106

description: Bounded Elongation of Venus Desciptive: The manuscript diagrams for this text and for that following it, the epicyclic explanation of Venus's elongation, are among the most corrupted in all of the Calcidian corpus. The positions of X and K vary extensively, and there are usually two concentric circles within the zodiacal circle, neither of which is called for by the text. However, most scribes either chose not to correct these variants in their exemplars or else did not recognize any error in such variant diagrams. From the eleventh century onward, some scholars did recognize and correct them. The text calls for a severely descriptive, not explanatory, image. The zodiacal circle, a central earth at X, a radius passing through the Sun's center K to the point B, and two radii to two zodiacal points A and Γ, located respectively 50° to the east and to the west of B, are sufficient to complete the diagram. With the Sun always seen along XKB, the planet Venus never appears farther away from it than the two limiting radii XA and XΓ at angles of 50° from XKB.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-107-1
title: Diagram MAPD0107

description: Bounded Elongation of Venus Epicyclic: The manuscript diagrams for this text are often confusing, and it is less easy to categorize them than the diagrams for the previous text, which gives the observational account of Venus's elongation. As the text says, the epicyclic explanation builds upon the immediately preceding text that describes the visible elongation. However, with the positions of X and K already misplaced in most of the diagrams for the prior text, any attempt to add an epicyclic circle for Venus would usually result in further error. Nonetheless, certain scholars of the eleventh century did reconstruct the diagrams correctly from the text. The epicyclical account of Venus's elongation prescribes a circle cutting the zodiacal radius XKB. This radius passes from the earth through the Sun at K, but the distance from X to K is nowhere stated. While it would seem proper to make this radius bisect the epicyclic circle, the location of K is possible at the center of the epicycle, below this center, or completely outside and below the epicycle. The last option would fit Plato's planetary order, which has Venus farther than the Sun from the earth. In any case, Calcidius does not specify the location of K with respect to the epicycle. The main purpose of the epicycle is not to show the order of planets but to show the limited movement of Venus with respect to the Sun, and the account does this. The epicycle ΔEZH is drawn into the preexisting diagram for the simple phenomenal description so that the epicycle fits between the zodiacal circle ABΓ and its center X and is tangent to the two preset radii XA and XΓ, which pass to points 50° to either side of the zodiacal point B.
description: Medieval Diagrams