DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7d7wm37zr
title: Occurrences of velapertina indigena, orbulina suturalis, and praeorbulina glomerosa circularis within the central paratethys

description: The spherical encompassing final chamber of the planktonic foraminifera
 Orbulina universa is a prime example of a complex character whose
 evolution has been documented by a sequence of intermediate forms.
 However, the mechanism that induced evolution of the spherical chamber
 remain unclear. Here we show that shortly after the emergence of Orbulina,
 documented throughout the oceans, a convergent evolutionary transition
 occurred in the semi-isolated Paratethys, leading to the emergence of the
 endemic Velapertina, which occupied a similar niche to Orbulina in the
 surface waters. Using X-ray computed tomography scanning, we show that the
 evolution of the encompassing final chamber involved the same sequence of
 steps in both lineages, combining a progressively spherical shell shape
 with changes in the position, number, and size of apertures. The
 similarity in the sequence of character acquisitions suggests structural
 determinism in the way foraminifera shells are constructed and the
 presence of natural selection favouring a spherical morphology.
 Collectively, the emergence of spherical chambers in the two lineages at a
 similar time suggests that the evolution of this spectacular complex
 character occurred in response to a singular environmental driver.
description: In order to constrain the
 spatio-temporal distribution of <em>Velapertina
 </em>throughout the Paratethys, and to resolve the degree of its
 co-occurrence with the <em>Orbulina </em>lineage, we carried
 out an extensive literature review, compiling all localities where either
 lineage has been reported. Only localities that provide sufficient
 stratigraphic constraints to resolve the occurrences to the level of
 planktonic foraminifera Subzone M5b (<em>Praeorbulina
 glomerosa</em> Lowest-occurrence Subzone), Zone M5
 (<em>Praeorbulina sicana</em> Lowest-occurrence Zone), Zone M6
 (<em>Orbulina suturalis</em> Lowest-occurrence Zone) and Zone
 M7 (<em>Fohsella peripheroacuta</em> Lowest-occurrence Zone)
 were considered (Wade et
 al. 2011). The search was
 carried out by querying the literature through Google Scholar, using
 combinations of taxonomic (<em>Velapertina</em>,
 <em>Orbulina</em>, <em>Praeorbulina</em>,
 <em>indigena</em>, <em>suturalis</em>,
 <em>glomerosa</em>, <em>circularis</em>) and
 geographic (Paratethys) keywords. The taxonomy has been harmonised across
 the papers to the genus level and in each case the occurrence and biozone
 has been recorded. In all cases where <em>Velapertina </em>was
 recorded as co-occurring with one of the other taxa, we made sure that the
 co-occurrence was reported from within the same sample in the sediment
 sequences described in each paper.
 Data used for the compilation
 of species distribution were collected from the literature listed
 here: Adámek, J., P. Petrová, and L. Švábenická. 2002.
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