DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7kb11
title: Data from: Bird migratory flyways influence the phylogeography of the invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in its native American range

description: Since Darwin’s time, waterbirds have been considered an important vector
 for the dispersal of continental aquatic invertebrates. Bird movements
 have facilitated the worldwide invasion of the American brine shrimp
 Artemia franciscana, transporting cysts (diapausing eggs), and favouring
 rapid range expansions from introduction sites. Here we address the impact
 of bird migratory flyways on the population genetic structure and
 phylogeography of A. franciscana in its native range in the Americas. We
 examined the sequence variation for two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI
 and 16S for a subset of the data) in a large set of population samples
 representing the entire native range of A. franciscana. Furthermore, we
 performed Mantel tests and redundancy analyses (RDA) to test the role of
 flyways, geography and human introductions on the phylogeography and
 population genetic structure at a continental scale. A. franciscana
 mitochondrial DNA was very diverse, with two main clades, largely
 corresponding to Pacific and Atlantic populations, mirroring American bird
 flyways. There was a high degree of regional endemism, with populations
 subdivided into at least 12 divergent, geographically restricted and
 largely allopatric mitochondrial lineages, and high levels of population
 structure ( Φ ST of 0.92), indicating low ongoing gene flow. We found
 evidence of human-mediated introductions in nine out of 39 populations
 analysed. Once these populations were removed, Mantel tests revealed a
 strong association between genetic variation and geographic distance
 (i.e., isolation-by-distance pattern). RDA showed that shared bird flyways
 explained around 20% of the variance in genetic distance between
 populations and this was highly significant, once geographic distance was
 controlled for. The variance explained increased to 30% when the factor
 human introduction was included in the model. Our findings suggest that
 bird-mediated transport of brine shrimp propagules does not result in
 substantial ongoing gene flow; instead, it had a significant historical
 role on the current species phylogeography, facilitating the colonisation
 of new aquatic environments as they become available along their main
 migratory flyways.
description: 16Sall_haplotypeFINALFasta file containing alignment of 16S haplotypes of Artemia franciscana used to carry out our phylogenetic analyses.Munoz et al Phylogeography of Artemia franciscanaFasta alignment for COI haplotypes used in the phylogenetic analyses.Artemia franciscana population status (native vs introduced)codingintro is a text file in Canoco format coding the native (0) introduced (1) status of each population studied. Localities are coded according to Table 1 of the paper.introGeographic coordinates for each studied locality.geofdist is a text file in Canoco format with the latitude and longitude information for each studied locality. Localities are coded according to Table 1 of the paper.geofdistPopulation flyway assignation according to Boere and Stroud (2006)flyway is a text file in Canoco format coding for the inclusion of each locality in the Pacific flyway (first column), Central flyway (second column) and Atlantic flyway (third column). The localities were assigned to flyways according to Boere and Stroud (2006). Localities are coded according to Table 1 of the paper.flywayPopulation flyway assignation according to Birdlife InternationalflyBirdlife is a text file in Canoco format coding for the inclusion of each locality in the Pacific flyway (first column), Central flyway (second column) and Atlantic flyway (third column). The localities were assigned to flyways according to Birdlife International (extracted from http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/sowb/flyways/. Localities are coded according to Table 1 of the paper.flyBirdlifeFile with environmental variables (introductions and flyways). aenvdist is a text file in Canoco format coding for the inclusion of each locality in the Pacific flyway (first column), Central flyway (second column), Atlantic flyway (third column) and the native or introduced status of each population (fourth column). The localities were assigned to flyways according to Boere and Stroud (2006). Localities are coded according to Table 1 of the paper.envdistFile with environmental variables (introductions and flyways). benvBirdlife is a text file in Canoco format coding for the inclusion of each locality in the Pacific flyway (first column), Central flyway (second column), Atlantic flyway (third column) and the native or introduced status of each population (fourth column). The localities were assigned to flyways according to Birdlife International (extracted from http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/sowb/flyways/. Localities are coded according to Table 1 of the paper.envBirdlifeGenetic distances between Artemia franciscana populationsgenetic distances between populations estimated from the sample loadings of a Principal Components Analysis calculated on FST values using Kimura 2-Parameter as the evolutionary model for COI data and formatted for its use in Canoco. Localities are coded according to Table 1 of the paper.Geneticpcoa2