DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9p8cz8wqr
title: Relationship between mineral extraction, oil extraction, and agribusiness with employability, municipal gross domestic product, and voting data in Brazil

description: This dataset looks at the number of Brazilian municipalities where mining
 is a key economic activity and those where mining is a key job provider.
 We also listed municipalities that have mining as both a main economic
 activity and the main employer in a given town. We have also generated
 maps to visualize the impact of mining in Brazil as a key economic
 activity and/or job provider. Similarly, we have listed the same
 information for all the municipalities that received oil royalties in
 2019, and the top 100 municipalities whose wealth was mainly generated by
 agribusiness in 2022. By detailing the economic and employment situation
 in Brazilian extractive municipalities (mining, oil, and crops), we
 demonstrate that company towns in Brazil (locations that are highly
 dependent on one key economic activity for employment generation) are few.
 Extractive industries may no longer be labour intensive, although economic
 dependency may follow indirectly, such as because of tax generation. We
 also offer data on national elections to demonstrate that there is not a
 clear correlation between economic activity and voting patterns, which may
 be explained by low employability. The main objective of this dataset is
 to generate a discussion on the need to redefine company towns in Brazil.
description: The first resource used to collect the data presented here is the
 Annual List of Social Information – RAIS database – which provides
 information on employment and companies. RAIS contains social information
 about each employee of a given firm, such as salary, race, gender, and
 length of employment. This data must be provided annually by every company
 based in Brazil. According to the Ministry of Labour and Social Security,
 every establishment must provide, through the Annual Social Information
 List (RAIS), information regarding each of its employees, in accordance
 with Decree No. 10,854, of November 10, 2021. Each line in the RAIS
 represents a single firm. It contains information such as the number of
 employees per firm, the address of the firm, and the National
 Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE 2.0). For the year 2020, the
 database contains 8,196,730 lines, from all Brazilian companies that
 delivered information to the annual RAIS. The CNAE is a categorization
 system that identifies the economic activities carried out by companies in
 Brazil. Each economic activity is represented by a unique code, which
 helps with the identification and legal and fiscal framework of companies.
 Based on the RAIS database, in Table 1 economic activities related to the
 mineral extraction sector were selected, namely: Section B, codes 05 –
 Extraction of mineral coal; 07 – Extraction of metallic minerals; 08 –
 Extraction of non-metallic minerals; and 09 – Activities to support the
 extraction of minerals. Subsequently, in Table 2 municipalities were
 selected where one of the aforementioned sectors was the largest employer,
 measured by the percentage of employees hired in relation to the total
 number of employees in the municipality. Another
 database used to compose our dataset was the voting data of the Superior
 Electoral Court – <em>Tribunal Superior Eleitoral</em> (TSE).
 It contains information on the total votes per Brazilian municipality in
 the Brazilian general elections by all candidates who participated in the
 election: Federal Deputies, Senators of the Republic, State Governors, and
 President of the Republic. Data from the 2022 general elections, from the
 second round for President of the Republic, were used.
 Table 1 presents the municipalities where in 2020 the mining
 sector had the highest percentage of employment generation in relation to
 other economic sectors in the municipality. In total, there were 37 such
 municipalities, distributed across 8 Brazilian states. Then, as mentioned
 previously, the results were examined alongside TSE voting data.
 Regarding Table 2, another source of data used was Gross Domestic
 Product – municipal GDP 2020, published annually by the Brazilian
 Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). In it, the Institute
 presents which economic activity contributes most to the municipality’s
 added value. Therefore, we selected the municipalities where the mining
 industry produces the highest added value to GDP. Table 2 presents the
 results: 55 Brazilian municipalities have this characteristic.
 Municipalities from Tables 1 and 2 have columns presenting TSE voting
 data. Table 3, in turn, combines Tables 1 and 2. It
 presents the municipalities in which mineral extraction activity is both
 the main employer and generates the highest added value to GDP.
 Maps 1, 2, and 3 plot the locations of the municipalities found
 in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Table 4 presents
 the Brazilian municipalities that received oil royalties in Brazil in
 2019. Municipalities entitled to royalties are those that are in some way
 affected by the oil industry, the information regarding current revenues
 is consolidated by Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional (National Treasury of
 Brazil) and oil royalties’ information is provided by the Agencia Nacional
 do Petroleo (ANP) National Oil Agency. In addition, the voting pattern for
 the President of the Republic in each municipality that received royalties
 was also presented. Table 5 presents the 100 top
 Brazilian municipalities with the highest Agricultural Production Value,
 according to the IBGE Monthly Agricultural Production survey for the year
 2020 as described by the Ministry of Agriculture. TSE voting data was
 added for each of those municipalities.
 <strong>Usage notes</strong>
 Company towns are usually referred to in the literature as
 locations highly economically dependent on the production of one company
 that generates most employment opportunities in a region; this economic
 activity therefore has major political influence in the area. Our dataset
 presents municipalities with strong oil, mining, and agribusiness economic
 presence but that is not always followed by employment generation. From
 this data, users can see that economic markers such as GDP and employment
 creation indicate a company town pattern in Brazil where income generation
 and direct employment are not strongly correlated. Thus, the dominant
 economic activity in those towns does not determine electoral
 results.
description: # Redefining Company Towns in Brazil **Access this dataset on Dryad:**
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9p8cz8wqr](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9p8cz8wqr) This dataset compiles information about economic activities, voting behaviour, and resource extraction in Brazilian municipalities. **Description of the file structure and contents:** Variables description: Code: The IBGE code for municipalities is a numerical identification assigned by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) to each municipality in Brazil. This code is used for various purposes, such as geographic identification, organisation of statistical data, and administrative registries, among others. Each Brazilian municipality has a unique digit code assigned by IBGE. It’s worth noting that all municipalities within the same state share the same first two digits in their IBGE codes. Municipality: is the city’s name.  Federal Unit: Brazil is a federation made up of 27 states. This is the acronym for each state. GDP: Gross Domestic Product GDP per capita: Gross Domestic Product per capita Population: number of people who live in the city. Economic activity with highest added value: refers to the sector of the economy that generates most value in the municipality compared to other sectors. Economic Compensation for Mineral Exploration (CFEM): is a tax paid by companies that explore mineral resources in Brazil. This compensation is owed to states, municipalities, and the federal government and aims to compensate society for the environmental damage caused by mineral exploration, as well as guaranteeing a part of the profits from this activity for the affected communities. National Classification of Economic Activities – CNAE 2.0. CNAE is a categorization system that identifies the economic activities carried out by companies in Brazil. Each economic activity is represented by a unique code, which helps with the identification and legal and fiscal framework of companies. Maps 1–3: Brazil comprises 5570 municipalities across 27 states.  Map 1 represented municipalities where the economic activity that generates most jobs in 2020 was a mining activity, as detailed in Table 1. Map 2 represented municipalities in which the economic activity with the highest added value in 2020 was a mining industry, as detailed in Table 2. Map 3 represented municipalities in which the mining industry is the economic activity with the highest added value and also generated the majority of jobs in 2020, as detailed in Table 3.  **Other sources that the data was derived from** Our dataset comprises information from 2019, 2020, and 2022, the most recent information available when authors prepared this dataset.  [http://rais.gov.br/sitio/consulta_trabalhador_identificacao.jsf](http://rais.gov.br/sitio/consulta_trabalhador_identificacao.jsf) [https://concla.ibge.gov.br/busca-online-cnae.html](https://concla.ibge.gov.br/busca-online-cnae.html) [https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados](https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados) [https://www.gov.br/tesouronacional/pt-br](https://www.gov.br/tesouronacional/pt-br) [https://www.gov.br/anp/pt-br](https://www.gov.br/anp/pt-brCode/Software)