cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072272.v3
title: Assessing simultaneous nepotism and reciprocity in cooperation networks

description: Nepotism and reciprocity are not mutually exclusive explanations for cooperation, because helping decisions can depend on both kinship cues and past reciprocal help. The importance of these two factors can therefore be difficult to disentangle using observational data. We developed a resampling procedure for inferring the statistical power to detect observational evidence of nepotism and reciprocity. We first applied this procedure to simulated datasets resulting from perfect reciprocity, where the probability and duration of helping events from individual A to B equaled that from B to A. We then assessed how the probability of detecting correlational evidence of reciprocity was influenced by (1) the number of helping observations and (2) varying degrees of simultaneous nepotism. Last, we applied the same analysis to empirical data on food sharing in vampire bats and allogrooming in mandrills and Japanese macaques. We show that at smaller sample sizes, the effect of kinship was easier to detect and the relative role of kinship was overestimated compared to the effect of reciprocal help in both simulated and empirical data, even with data simulating perfect reciprocity and imperfect nepotism. We explain the causes and consequences of this difference in power for detecting the roles of kinship versus reciprocal help. To compare the relative importance of genetic and social relationships, we therefore suggest that researchers measure the relative reliability of both coefficients in the model by plotting these coefficients and their detection probability as a function of sampling effort. We provide R scripts to allow others to do this power analysis with their own datasets.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072272.v4
title: R code for "Assessing simultaneous nepotism and reciprocity in cooperation networks"

description: Nepotism and reciprocity are not mutually exclusive explanations for cooperation, because helping decisions can depend on both kinship cues and past reciprocal help. The importance of these two factors can therefore be difficult to disentangle using observational data. We developed a resampling procedure for inferring the statistical power to detect observational evidence of nepotism and reciprocity. We first applied this procedure to simulated datasets resulting from perfect reciprocity, where the probability and duration of helping events from individual A to B equaled that from B to A. We then assessed how the probability of detecting correlational evidence of reciprocity was influenced by (1) the number of helping observations and (2) varying degrees of simultaneous nepotism. Last, we applied the same analysis to empirical data on food sharing in vampire bats and allogrooming in mandrills and Japanese macaques. We show that at smaller sample sizes, the effect of kinship was easier to detect and the relative role of kinship was overestimated compared to the effect of reciprocal help in both simulated and empirical data, even with data simulating perfect reciprocity and imperfect nepotism. We explain the causes and consequences of this difference in power for detecting the roles of kinship versus reciprocal help. To compare the relative importance of genetic and social relationships, we therefore suggest that researchers measure the relative reliability of both coefficients in the model by plotting these coefficients and their detection probability as a function of sampling effort. We provide R scripts to allow others to do this power analysis with their own datasets.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072272.v5
title: R code for "Challenges in assessing the roles of nepotism and reciprocity in cooperation networks"

description: Nepotism and reciprocity are not mutually exclusive explanations for cooperation, because helping decisions can depend on both kinship cues and past reciprocal help. The importance of these two factors can therefore be difficult to disentangle using observational data. We developed a resampling procedure for inferring the statistical power to detect observational evidence of nepotism and reciprocity. We first applied this procedure to simulated datasets resulting from perfect reciprocity, where the probability and duration of helping events from individual A to B equaled that from B to A. We then assessed how the probability of detecting correlational evidence of reciprocity was influenced by (1) the number of helping observations and (2) varying degrees of simultaneous nepotism. Last, we applied the same analysis to empirical data on food sharing in vampire bats and allogrooming in mandrills and Japanese macaques. We show that at smaller sample sizes, the effect of kinship was easier to detect and the relative role of kinship was overestimated compared to the effect of reciprocal help in both simulated and empirical data, even with data simulating perfect reciprocity and imperfect nepotism. We explain the causes and consequences of this difference in power for detecting the roles of kinship versus reciprocal help. To compare the relative importance of genetic and social relationships, we therefore suggest that researchers measure the relative reliability of both coefficients in the model by plotting these coefficients and their detection probability as a function of sampling effort. We provide R scripts to allow others to do this power analysis with their own datasets.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072254
title: Data on allogrooming in mandrills and Japanese macaques and food sharing in vampire bats

description: Cooperation events from three studies. The first two studies were conducted on mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed at the Rome Zoo (Bioparco) in Italy. An observer recorded the duration of all female-female grooming episodes involving a focal subject, either as actor or recipient. All female subjects were available as potential grooming partners throughout the study. Kinship was based on maternal pedigrees. The first dataset contained 1703 observations of mandrill allogrooming collected between July 2014 and June 2015 from 10 sexually mature female mandrills in a group that also included two mature males. A past study of six female mandrills from the same captive population found that allogrooming A to B predicted allogrooming B to A, when controlling for kinship (Schino and Aureli 2010c), or when controlling for kinship and rank and excluding recent reciprocal grooming (Schino and Pellegrini 2009).The second dataset contained 737 observations of macaque allogrooming collected between April and November 1996 from 22 sexually mature female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in a group of 71 that also included mature males and juveniles. Similarly, analyses of grooming in the same captive population of Japanese macaques also found symmetry in females allogrooming, and also found that allogrooming predicted support in social conflicts when controlling for kinship, rank, or time spent in proximity (Schino et al. 2007); however, grooming was better predicted by kinship than by grooming received (Schino and Aureli 2010c). The third dataset included 408 regurgitated food-sharing donations among 15 female common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from previous studies, where food sharing was induced by fasting a subject (for details, see Carter and Wilkinson 2013; Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Each donation size was estimated by the total seconds that the unfed subject licked the mouth of a fed groupmate. The potential donors varied across some trials, and we accounted for this in our permutation procedure by providing a list of potential fed donors that were present for each observation. Kinship was estimated using a maternal pedigree and maximum likelihood estimates applied to genotypes of 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers (for details see Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Past analyses of the same data found that food sharing was better predicted by reciprocal sharing than by kinship, when controlling for grooming and donor sex (Carter and Wilkinson 2013a; Carter and Wilkinson 2013b). This conclusion was supported by later experiments showing that the bats were attracted to the calls of unrelated past helpers more than related non-helpers (Carter and Wilkinson 2016) and that bats that previously fed more nonkin had food-sharing networks that were more robust to removal of donors (Carter et al. 2017).<br>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072254.v1
title: Data for "Nepotism masks reciprocity in cooperation networks"

description: The first dataset contains 1703 observations of mandrill allogrooming collected between July 2014 and June 2015 from 10 sexually mature female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) in a group that also included two mature males. The second dataset contains 737 observations of macaque allogrooming collected between April and November 1996 from 22 sexually mature female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in a group of 71 that also included mature males and juveniles. Both studies were conducted on animals living at the Rome Zoo (Bioparco) in Italy. An observer recorded the duration of all female-female grooming episodes involving the focal subject, either as actor or recipient. All female subjects were available as potential grooming partners throughout the study. Kinship was based on maternal pedigrees. The third dataset includes 563 regurgitated food-sharing donations in common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from previous studies (Carter and Wilkinson 2013a; Carter and Wilkinson 2013b; Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Food sharing was induced by fasting a subject then watching it for one or two hours from December 2010 through July 2014 (for details, see Carter and Wilkinson 2013b; Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Each donation was estimated by the total seconds that the unfed subject licked the mouth of a fed groupmate per hour of observation. We only included individuals in our analysis if they were fasted at some point during the study and hence could have been receivers. Over the course of the study period, the number of potential donors ranged from 19 to 36, and we accounted for this in our permutation procedure by providing a list of potential donors that were present and had fed, for each observation. Kinship was estimated using a maternal pedigree and maximum likelihood estimates applied to genotypes of 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers (for details see Carter and Wilkinson 2015).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072254.v3
title: Data on allogrooming in mandrills and Japanese macaques and food sharing in vampire bats

description: Cooperation events from three studies. The first two studies were conducted on mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed at the Rome Zoo (Bioparco) in Italy. An observer recorded the duration of all female-female grooming episodes involving a focal subject, either as actor or recipient. All female subjects were available as potential grooming partners throughout the study. Kinship was based on maternal pedigrees. The first dataset contained 1703 observations of mandrill allogrooming collected between July 2014 and June 2015 from 10 sexually mature female mandrills in a group that also included two mature males. A past study of six female mandrills from the same captive population found that allogrooming A to B predicted allogrooming B to A, when controlling for kinship (Schino and Aureli 2010c), or when controlling for kinship and rank and excluding recent reciprocal grooming (Schino and Pellegrini 2009).The second dataset contained 737 observations of macaque allogrooming collected between April and November 1996 from 22 sexually mature female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in a group of 71 that also included mature males and juveniles. Similarly, analyses of grooming in the same captive population of Japanese macaques also found symmetry in females allogrooming, and also found that allogrooming predicted support in social conflicts when controlling for kinship, rank, or time spent in proximity (Schino et al. 2007); however, grooming was better predicted by kinship than by grooming received (Schino and Aureli 2010c). The third dataset included 408 regurgitated food-sharing donations among 15 female common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from previous studies, where food sharing was induced by fasting a subject (for details, see Carter and Wilkinson 2013; Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Each donation size was estimated by the total seconds that the unfed subject licked the mouth of a fed groupmate. The potential donors varied across some trials, and we accounted for this in our permutation procedure by providing a list of potential fed donors that were present for each observation. Kinship was estimated using a maternal pedigree and maximum likelihood estimates applied to genotypes of 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers (for details see Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Past analyses of the same data found that food sharing was better predicted by reciprocal sharing than by kinship, when controlling for grooming and donor sex (Carter and Wilkinson 2013a; Carter and Wilkinson 2013b). This conclusion was supported by later experiments showing that the bats were attracted to the calls of unrelated past helpers more than related non-helpers (Carter and Wilkinson 2016) and that bats that previously fed more nonkin had food-sharing networks that were more robust to removal of donors (Carter et al. 2017).<br>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072254.v2
title: Data for "Nepotism masks evidence of reciprocity in cooperation networks"

description: Cooperation events from three studies. The first two studies were conducted on mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed at the Rome Zoo (Bioparco) in Italy. An observer recorded the duration of all female-female grooming episodes involving a focal subject, either as actor or recipient. All female subjects were available as potential grooming partners throughout the study. Kinship was based on maternal pedigrees. The first dataset contained 1703 observations of mandrill allogrooming collected between July 2014 and June 2015 from 10 sexually mature female mandrills in a group that also included two mature males. A past study of six female mandrills from the same captive population found that allogrooming A to B predicted allogrooming B to A, when controlling for kinship (Schino and Aureli 2010c), or when controlling for kinship and rank and excluding recent reciprocal grooming (Schino and Pellegrini 2009).The second dataset contained 737 observations of macaque allogrooming collected between April and November 1996 from 22 sexually mature female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in a group of 71 that also included mature males and juveniles. Similarly, analyses of grooming in the same captive population of Japanese macaques also found symmetry in females allogrooming, and also found that allogrooming predicted support in social conflicts when controlling for kinship, rank, or time spent in proximity (Schino et al. 2007); however, grooming was better predicted by kinship than by grooming received (Schino and Aureli 2010c). The third dataset included 408 regurgitated food-sharing donations among 15 female common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from previous studies, where food sharing was induced by fasting a subject (for details, see Carter and Wilkinson 2013; Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Each donation size was estimated by the total seconds that the unfed subject licked the mouth of a fed groupmate. The potential donors varied across some trials, and we accounted for this in our permutation procedure by providing a list of potential fed donors that were present for each observation. Kinship was estimated using a maternal pedigree and maximum likelihood estimates applied to genotypes of 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers (for details see Carter and Wilkinson 2015). Past analyses of the same data found that food sharing was better predicted by reciprocal sharing than by kinship, when controlling for grooming and donor sex (Carter and Wilkinson 2013a; Carter and Wilkinson 2013b). This conclusion was supported by later experiments showing that the bats were attracted to the calls of unrelated past helpers more than related non-helpers (Carter and Wilkinson 2016) and that bats that previously fed more nonkin had food-sharing networks that were more robust to removal of donors (Carter et al. 2017).<br>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072131.v1
title: Extend Data for cuscuta australis genome analysis

description: Dodders (<i>Cuscuta</i> spp., Convolvulaceae) are root- and leafless parasitic plants that parasitize a wide range of hosts. <i>C. australis</i> genome harbors only 19671 protein-coding genes, and 11.7% of the conserved orthologs in autotrophic plants are lost in <i>C. australis</i>. Many of these gene loss events likely result from its parasitic lifestyle and large body plan changes. This dataset is the phylogenetic analysis data for gene losses detection and gene alignments used for selection analysis.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072044
title: RaindataPerhour.csv

description: Raindata Per hour
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072044.v1
title: RaindataPerhour.csv

description: Raindata Per hour
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072041
title: RaindataPerepoch.csv

description: Raindata Per epoch
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6072041.v1
title: RaindataPerepoch.csv

description: Raindata Per epoch
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6071747
title: fig-1.JNB

description: Mulberry seedlings (<i>Morus alba</i> L.) were used in this study to test for hydrogen peroxide as a potential systemic messenger in photosynthetic induction.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6071741
title: Concept mapping study: Potential predictive factors for successful referral from specialist mental-health services to less intensive treatment

description: Data from a concept mapping study in potential predictive factors for successful referral from specialist mental-health services to less intensive treatment. <br>The data has been generated and analysed with proprietary software (global max by concept systems), so it might not be easy to analyse without this software.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6071729
title: Natural Language Questions on Math and String Manipulation

description: This dataset contains 120 natural language questions on math operations and string manipulation.<br>The dataset is available in the tsv format: the first column contains natural language commands and questions, while the second column lists the expected answers.<br>We can classify each question in the dataset by the number of methods required to provide the correct answer. We obtain that the dataset contains:* 16 questions requiring the invocation of 1 method;* 63 questions requiring the invocation of 2 methods;* 36 questions requiring the invocation of 3 methods;* 5 questions requiring the invocation of 4 methods.<br>Hence, the majority of the questions involves the invocation of 2 methods and, on average, 2.25 methods per question are required.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6071675
title: MDP data sets (D' and D'') - zipped up

description: Cleaned NASA MDP data sets as described by:<br>Shepperd, M., Song, Q., Sun, Z. and Mair, C., 2013. Data quality: Some comments on the nasa software defect datasets. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>, <i>39</i>(9), pp1208-1215.<br><br>The D'' rules are recommended.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6071663
title: StackOverflow questions requiring the invocation of a single Java method

description: The dataset pairs natural language commads extracted from StackOverflow questions, with the corresponding Java methods.<br>The dataset is made available in the tsv format.<br>The first column contains a natural language command, while the other columns list the corresponding Java methods.<br>The dataset has been generated by retrieving the most popular questions about the Java programming language, which have been manually filtered to select only the top 122 questions that can be answered with the invocation of a single method from OpenJDK. Next, the dataset has been further manually enriched with missing relevant methods.<br><br>The dataset contains a total of 122 records. More precisely, we have:- 100 questions paired with 1 relevant method;- 20 questions paired with 2 relevant methods;- 1 question paired with 3 relevant methods;- 1 question paired with 4 relevant methods.<br>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6071657
title: Dataset from Evidences of strong sources of DFe and DMn in Ryder Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula

description: The spatial distribution, biogeochemical cycling and external sources of dissolved iron and dissolved manganese (DFe and DMn) were investigated in Ryder Bay, a small coastal embayment of the West Antarctic Peninsula, during Austral summer (2013 and 2014). Dissolved concentrations were measured throughout the water column at 11 stations within Ryder Bay. The concentration ranges of DFe and DMn were large, between 0.58 and 32.7 nM, and between 0.18 and 26.2 nM, respectively, exhibiting strong gradients from the surface to the bottom. Surface concentrations of DFe and DMn were higher than concentrations reported for the Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctic waters, and extremely high concentrations were detected in deep water. Glacial meltwater and shallow sediments are likely to be the main sources of DFe and DMn in the euphotic zone, while lateral advection associated with local sediment resuspension and vertical mixing are significant sources for intermediate and deep waters. During summer, vertical mixing of intermediate and deep waters and sediment resuspension occurring from Marguerite Trough to Ryder Bay are thought to be amplified by a series of overflows at the sills, enhancing the input of Fe and Mn from bottom sediment and increasing their concentrations up to the euphotic layer.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6071657.v1
title: Dataset from Evidences of strong sources of DFe and DMn in Ryder Bay, Western Antarctic Peninsula

description: The spatial distribution, biogeochemical cycling and external sources of dissolved iron and dissolved manganese (DFe and DMn) were investigated in Ryder Bay, a small coastal embayment of the West Antarctic Peninsula, during Austral summer (2013 and 2014). Dissolved concentrations were measured throughout the water column at 11 stations within Ryder Bay. The concentration ranges of DFe and DMn were large, between 0.58 and 32.7 nM, and between 0.18 and 26.2 nM, respectively, exhibiting strong gradients from the surface to the bottom. Surface concentrations of DFe and DMn were higher than concentrations reported for the Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctic waters, and extremely high concentrations were detected in deep water. Glacial meltwater and shallow sediments are likely to be the main sources of DFe and DMn in the euphotic zone, while lateral advection associated with local sediment resuspension and vertical mixing are significant sources for intermediate and deep waters. During summer, vertical mixing of intermediate and deep waters and sediment resuspension occurring from Marguerite Trough to Ryder Bay are thought to be amplified by a series of overflows at the sills, enhancing the input of Fe and Mn from bottom sediment and increasing their concentrations up to the euphotic layer.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.