DOI: 10.3886/icpsr38803
title: Examining the Role of Physiological and Psychological Responses to Critical Incidents in Prisons in the Development of Mental Health Problems among Correctional Officers, Minnesota, 2018-2020
title: Archival Version

description: This study sought to better understand the long-term implications of critical incident exposure on mental health outcomes among correctional officers. To accomplish this objective, the research team compiled a longitudinal dataset comprised of three types of assessments. First, to assess mental health outcomes as well as subjective appraisals of psychological stress, the researchers surveyed correctional officers at three waves of data collection, spaced approximately six months apart. These surveys included questions related to demographics, work assignments, perceptions of workplace danger, work-family conflict, social support, and work-related psychological stress. In addition, the wave 1 and wave 3 surveys included items from psychometrically validated measures of mental health problems--posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Second, to assess changes in physiological stress over the study period, the research team collected salivary biomarkers Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase during each wave of data collection. Third, the researchers compiled objective indicators of critical incident exposure (e.g. disciplinary data and detailed incident reports) rather than relying on subjective assessments. The compiled dataset allowed for not only the direct association between critical incident exposure and mental health problems, but also indirect pathways that included psychological stress and physiological stress. The resulting dataset consists of 488 officers employed at three correctional institutions across Minnesota.
description: Correctional officers are exposed to work-related critical incidents (e.g., assaults) at a higher rate than individuals in other occupations. Correctional officers also suffer more negative health and occupational outcomes (e.g., stress, turnover) relative to employees in other occupations, and there is some evidence to suggest they are more likely to exhibit symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) than the general population. Yet, few studies have examined whether exposure to critical incidents contributes to negative health and/or occupational outcomes among this population or why these relationships might occur. It remains unclear, for instance, whether exposure to work-related critical incidents triggers physiological and psychological responses among officers that, in turn, increase their vulnerability to developing mental health problems. This project aimed to expand existing literature through a longitudinal examination of prison officers' physiological and psychological responses to work-related critical incidents.
The study sought to extended existing research through (1) an examination of effects of objective indicators of exposure to work-related critical incidents on physiological markers of stress and psychological stress among prison officers, (2) an assessment of whether officers' physiological and psychological stress responses to critical incidents change over time, and (3) an examination of whether exposure to work-related critical incidents directly and indirectly (through physiological markers of stress and psychological stress) affects the development of mental health problems among officers.
description: Data collection was completed at three correctional facilities within the Minnesota Department of Corrections (MnDOC). The included institutions were strategically selected to provide a representative cross-section of all facilities in the overall correctional system. Data collection was completed using a two-cohort design and across four collection periods. The two-cohort design was necessitated by a critical incident that occurred at one of the study sites during the first wave of data collection but before the first day of data collection at that study site (Site 2). Data collection had already commenced at the other study sites (Sites 1 and 3) and was scheduled to start later in the same week for Site 2. Before data collection efforts could begin at Site 2, the facility was locked down preventing the research team from entering the facility during the first data collection period and preventing the collection of any data. After consulting with MnDOC administration and in an effort to retain Site 2 in the study, the study shifted to a two-cohort design, which necessitated a fourth data collection period.
During all three waves of data collection, participating officers were asked to complete surveys with items aimed at assessing a wide range of topics. Surveys were distributed via employee email addresses using Qualtrics. To collect biomarker data, each participating officer was asked to provide a saliva sample at the beginning of one shift and another sample at the end of the same shift. To collect critical incident data, MnDOC provided information related to all disciplinary incidents that occurred within the three study facilities across two observation periods.
description: Response Rates: Of the 703 officers who were present during the wave 1 recruitment period across the three facilities included in the study, 488 COs agreed to participate in the study and provided written informed consent, resulting in a response rate of approximately 69%. Wave 2 was completed approximately six months after wave 1 and included approximately 71% (n = 344) of participants recruited at wave 1. The final wave of data collection, wave 3, was completed approximately six months after wave 2 and approximately one year following wave 1. Approximately 79% of officers that participated at wave 1 survey and 89% of officers who participated at wave 2 survey (n = 381) also participated at wave 3.
description: Datasets: 
DS0: Study-Level Files
DS1: Wave 1 Survey Data
DS2: Wave 2 Survey Data
DS3: Wave 3 Survey Data
DS4: Saliva Data
DS5: Critical Incident Data
description: Correctional officers from three correctional facilities in Minnesota.
description: computer-assisted self interview (CASI)