DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1dj
title: Supplementary material for Roca-Neyra Equids: Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene Hipparion - Equus database for multivariate and statistical analysis for European fossil Equids

description: We undertake a redescription of the equid sample from the early
 Pleistocene of Roca – Neyra, France. This locality has been recently
 calibrated at the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary (2.6 ± 0.2 Ma) and
 therefore it is of interest for the first appearance of the genus Equus
 and last appearance of hipparionine horses. The Roca – Neyra equid sample,
 re – analyzed herein using morphological, morphometrical and statistical
 analyses, has revealed the co – occurrence of Plesiohipparion cf. ?P.
 rocinantis and Equus cf. E. livenzovensis. The analysis undertaken on
 several European, African and Asian “Hipparion” sensu lato species from
 late Miocene to early Pleistocene has revealed different remnant Hipparion
 lineages in the Plio – Pleistocene of Europe: Plesiohipparion,
 Proboscidippaion and likely Cremohipparion. The discovery of the first
 European monodactyl horse, Equus cf. E. livenzovensis in itself correlates
 Roca – Neyra with other 2.6 Ma European localities in Italy, Spain and in
 the Khapry area (Azov Sea region). The morphological description of the
 Equus cf. E. livenzovensis lower cheek teeth has highlighted intermediate
 features between the North American Pliocene species Equus simplicidens
 and early Pleistocene European Equus stenonis. Our study supports the
 hypothesis that E. livenzovensis is a plausible evolutionary predecessor
 for the Equus stenonis group. These observations underscore the importance
 of Roca – Neyra, as an important locality for the last European hipparions
 and the first Equus in the early Pleistocene of Europe.
description: This database provide a suite of the most representative or
 African, Asian and European <em>"Hipparion"</em>
 sensu lato species, and of the European Early Pleistocene <em>Equus
 </em>and extant zebras (<em>E. grevyi</em>). 
 These databases have been used by us to identify the remnant
 <em>"Hipparion"</em> lineages in the
 Plio-Pleistocene of Europe, and to analyze the Early Pleistocene
 <em>Equus </em>species by morphometrical and statistical
 analysis (see Cirilli et al., 2020 - New insights on the early Pleistocene
 equids from Roca – Neyra (France, Central Europe); implications for the
 <i>Hipparion</i> LAD and the <i>Equus</i> FAD in
 Europe. - Journal of Paleontology).  The databases
 provide a large dataset for bivariate or multivariate analyses as PCA, LDA
 and CVA for fossil equids, in cranial and postcranial elements. 
 Most of the linear measurements (to the nearest 0.1 mm) here
 provided have been directly collected, and integrated with other published
 measurements of fossil equids. The source of these data is indicated in
 each table.  The measurements standards and anatomical
 nomenclature follow the international guidelines of Eisenmann et al.,
 (1988) and Bernor et al., (1997) for studying fossil equids. 
description: The International measurements standars for studing fossil equids
 are: Eisenmann, V., Alberdi, M.T., De
 Giuli, C., and Staesche, U., 1988, Methodology, <i>in</i>
 Woodburne, M., and Sondaar, P.Y., eds., Studying fossil horses: Leiden, EJ
 Brill Press, p. 1–71. Bernor, R.L.,
 Tobien, H., Hayek, L.A.C., Mittmann, H.W., 1997, <i>Hippotherium
 primigenium</i> (Equidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of
 Höwenegg (Hegau, Germany): Andrias 10, p. 230. The
 description of the measurements indicated in each table (M1, M2, M3,
 M4...) is referred to these standards.