cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.48689/60ff9fd8-e86f-4f0c-ad7c-15da045f549d
title: Salish Sea Climate Station Normals 1991 to 2020

description: 1991-2020 Climate Normals calculated for GHCN climate stations in the Salish Sea Bioregion. Created for the Salish Sea Atlas (wp.wwu.edu/SalishSeaAtlas). 1991-2020 average monthly climate records for stations in the Salish Sea Bioregion. Monthly variables are labeled as follows: P = precipitation, T = mean temperature, MaxT = maximum temperature, MinT = minimum temperature. Precipitation is recorded in millimeters, temperature is recorded in degrees Celsius. Data tables were download from NOAA's GHCN records for all climate stations in the Salish Sea Bioregion and reformatted to follow the structure needed for spatial datasets. Stations were filtered based on record length to exclude any stations with less than 20 years of data reported during the 1991-2020 time period. 99 climate stations' records are included in this dataset, but for maps in the Salish Sea Atlas, only the 29 stations with a value "Yes" in the "Display Station" field are shown. The stations displayed in the Atlas were selected based on their record length and to insure widespread coverage across the region and representation of a variety of topographic settings.
DOI: 10.48689/dfbf38ee-63ba-4de3-b4a2-6041a9d58c9c
title: Salish Sea Bioregion Total Annual Precipitation

description: 1991-2020 average total annual precipitation for the Salish Sea Bioregion. Created for the Salish Sea Atlas (wp.wwu.edu/SalishSeaAtlas). Average annual total precipitation for the Salish Sea Bioregion. 1991-2020 average climate variables were statistically downscaled to 90 meter resolution using the standalone ClimateNA software based on elevations from the Salish Sea Atlas's Digital Elevation Model. The data were converted to raster format for analysis and clipped to the Salish Sea Atlas's bioregional boundary dataset. All processing and analysis was completed using the NAD 83 UTM Zone 10 N coordinate system. For visualization purposes, raster climate datasets were reclassified into discrete ranges of values, then converted to vector polygons. Simplified attributes were calculated for each polygon. Gridded raster versions of the data can be downloaded from the Salish Sea Atlas data portal.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9p8cz8wfx
title: The genealogical divergence index across a speciation continuum in Hercules beetles

description: The genealogical divergence index (gdi) was developed to aid in molecular
 species delimitation under the multispecies coalescent model, which has
 been shown to delimit genetic structures but not necessarily species.
 Although previous studies used meta-analyses to show that gdi can be
 informative for distinguishing taxonomically good species, the biological
 and evolutionary implications of divergences showing different gdi values
 have yet to be studied. I showed that an increase in the calculated gdi
 value was correlated with later stages of divergence further along a
 speciation continuum in an Amazonian Hercules beetle system. Specifically,
 a gdi value of 0.7 or higher was associated with divergences between
 biological species that can coexist in geographic proximity while
 maintaining their evolutionary independence. Divergences between
 allopatric species that could conventionally be treated as subspecific
 differences, such as geographic taxa that may or may not be
 morphologically divergent and whose reproductive isolation is likely
 incomplete, had gdi values that fell within the species delimitation
 ambiguous zone (0.2 &lt; gdi &lt; 0.7). Although exceptions did
 exist, different gdi values may prove to be biologically and
 evolutionarily informative should additional speciation continuums from
 different empirical systems be investigated, and the results obtained
 herein can help with objectively delimiting species in the era of
 integrative taxonomy.
DOI: 10.48689/bba93e1e-9419-4656-9f53-57e1afc75213
title: Salish Sea Bioregion Census WA Tracts 2010 and BC SubDivisions 2011

description: Census records related to population, age, sex, and ethnicity and race for the Salish Sea Bioregion. Created for the Salish Sea Atlas (https://wp.wwu.edu/salishseaatlas/). Data harmonized using 2010 Census Tracts for Washington and 2011 SubDivisions for British Columbia. Data for land only, marine waters excluded from Census boundaries. Manually corrected for gaps and overlaps at the international border. All processing and analysis was completed using the NAD 83 UTM Zone 10N projection and coordinate system. Attribute fields were edited or new fields were calculated where needed to create directly comparable attribute data for the US and Canada.
DOI: 10.48689/690880cf-4ffc-4126-b820-649d0f81d19e
title: Salish Sea Bioregion Summer Maximum Temperature Contours

description: 1991-2020 average summer maximum temperature for the Salish Sea Bioregion. Created for the Salish Sea Atlas (wp.wwu.edu/SalishSeaAtlas). Average summer (June-August) maximum temperature for the Salish Sea Bioregion. 1991-2020 average climate variables were statistically downscaled to 90 meter resolution using the standalone ClimateNA software based on elevations from the Salish Sea Atlas's Digital Elevation Model. The data were converted to raster format for analysis and clipped to the Salish Sea Atlas's bioregional boundary dataset. All processing and analysis was completed using the NAD 83 UTM Zone 10 N coordinate system. For visualization purposes, raster climate datasets were reclassified into discrete ranges of values, then converted to vector polygons. Simplified attributes were calculated for each polygon. Gridded raster versions of the data can be downloaded from the Salish Sea Atlas data portal.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qz612jmf5
title: Prey and predator density-dependent interactions under different water volumes

description: Predation is a critical ecological process that directly and indirectly
 mediates population stabilities, as well as ecosystem structure and
 function. The strength of interactions between predators and prey may be
 mediated by multiple density-dependences concerning numbers of predators
 and prey. In temporary wetland ecosystems in particular, fluctuating water
 volumes may alter predation rates through differing search space and prey
 encounters rates. Using a functional response approach, we examined the
 influence of predator and prey densities on interaction strengths of the
 temporary pond specialist copepod Lovenula raynerae preying on cladoceran
 prey, Daphnia pulex, under contrasting water volumes. Further, using a
 population dynamic modelling approach, we quantified multiple predator
 effects across differences in prey density and water volume. Predators
 exhibited Type II functional responses under both water volumes, with
 significant antagonistic multiple predator effects (i.e. antagonisms)
 exhibited overall. The strengths of antagonistic interactions were,
 however, enhanced under reduced water volumes and at intermediate prey
 densities. These findings indicate important biotic and abiotic contexts
 that mediate predator-prey dynamics, whereby multiple predator effects are
 contingent on both prey density and search area characteristics. In
 particular, reduced search areas (i.e., water volumes) under intermediate
 prey densities could enhance antagonisms by heightening predator-predator
 interference effects.
description: Underlying data with replicate number (rep), predator density
 (pred), prey density (density), water volume (depth), prey eaten (eaten)
 and prey alive (alive).
DOI: 10.48689/ddde1dd4-f763-47c9-b65d-4af69b780f96
title: Salish Sea Bioregion Winter Minimum Temperature Contours

description: 1991-2020 average winter minimum temperature for the Salish Sea Bioregion. Created for the Salish Sea Atlas (wp.wwu.edu/SalishSeaAtlas). Average winter (December-February) minimum temperature for the Salish Sea Bioregion. 1991-2020 average climate variables were statistically downscaled to 90 meter resolution using the standalone ClimateNA software based on elevations from the Salish Sea Atlas's Digital Elevation Model. The data were converted to raster format for analysis and clipped to the Salish Sea Atlas's bioregional boundary dataset. All processing and analysis was completed using the NAD 83 UTM Zone 10 N coordinate system. For visualization purposes, raster climate datasets were reclassified into discrete ranges of values, then converted to vector polygons. Simplified attributes were calculated for each polygon. Gridded raster versions of the data can be downloaded from the Salish Sea Atlas data portal.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pc866t1nq
title: Phylogenomic and ecological analyses reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of global pines

description: How coniferous forests evolved in the Northern Hemisphere remains largely
 unknown. Unlike most groups of organisms that generally follow a
 latitudinal diversity gradient, most conifer species in the Northern
 Hemisphere are distributed in mountainous areas at middle latitudes. It is
 of great interest to know whether the mid-latitude region has been an
 evolutionary cradle or museum for conifers and how evolutionary and
 ecological factors have driven their spatiotemporal evolution. Here, we
 investigated the macroevolution of Pinus, the largest conifer genus and
 characteristic of northern temperate coniferous forests, based on nearly
 complete species sampling. Using 1,662 genes from transcriptome sequences,
 we reconstructed the first robust species phylogeny and re-estimated
 divergence times of global pines. We found that approximately 90% of
 extant pine species originated in the Miocene in sharp contrast to the
 ancient origin of Pinus, indicating a Neogene re-diversification.
 Surprisingly, species at middle latitudes are much older than those at
 other latitudes. This finding, coupled with net diversification rate
 analysis, indicates that the mid-latitude region has provided an
 evolutionary museum for global pines. Analyses of 31 environmental
 variables, together with a comparison of evolutionary rates of niche and
 phenotypic traits with net diversification rate, found that topographical
 heterogeneity played a primary role in pine diversification, and the
 aridity index was decisive for the niche rate shift. Moreover, fire has
 forced diversification and adaptive evolution of Pinus. Our study
 highlights the importance of integrating phylogenomic and ecological
 approaches to address evolution of biological groups at the global scale.
description: See README included with files for Usage Notes.
DOI: 10.48689/a6118217-8940-41aa-b6f4-2542dcf54223
title: Salish Sea Bathymetry Basemap

description: Bathymetric Base Map for the Salish Sea Bioregion. Created for the Salish Sea Atlas (https://wp.wwu.edu/salishseaatlas/). Bathymetry for the Salish Sea. 3-arc second (approximately 90 meter) spatial resolution. Vertical datum: approximately Mean Sea Level. Separate datasets for British Columbia and Washington data were downloaded from NOAA, converted from NetCDF to raster, and then combined as a Mosaic dataset using "blend" where they overlapped. The combined dataset was re-projected to UTM using Cubic Convolution resampling. The bathymetry dataset was snapped to align with the grid cells of the Salish Sea Atlas's Digital Elevation Model and clipped to the Salish Sea Atlas's Marine Waterbodies dataset. Low-lying coastal areas with missing data due to small mismatches in the coverage of bathymetry and elevation data in Canada were corrected by recalculating the elevation as 0 meters asl.
DOI: 10.48689/mzbs-0r12
title: Soil Types (Abbotsford)
DOI: 10.48689/3yzq-fa31
title: Soil Types (White Rock)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cg5w
title: Volatilome of Aleppo Pine litter over decomposition process

description: Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) are largely accepted to
 contribute to both, atmospheric chemistry and ecosystem functioning. While
 the forest canopy is recognized as a major source of BVOC, emissions from
 plant litter have scarcely been explored with just a couple of studies
 being focused on emission patterns over litter decomposition process. The
 aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize
 BVOC emissions (C1-C15) from Pinus halepensis litter, one of the major
 Mediterranean conifer species, over a 15 month litter decomposition
 experiment. Senescent needles of P. halepensis were collected and placed
 in 42 litterbags where they underwent in situ decomposition. Litterbags
 were collected every 3 months and litter BVOC emissions were studied in
 vitro using both on-line (PTR-ToF-MS) and off-line analyses (GC-MS).
 Results showed a large diversity of BVOC (58 compounds detected), with a
 strong variation over time. Maximum total BVOC emissions were observed
 after 3 months of decomposition with 9.18 µg.gDM-1.h-1 mainly composed by
 terpene emissions (e.g. α-pinene, terpinolene, β-caryophyllene). At this
 stage, methanol, acetone and acetic acid were the most important
 non-terpenic volatiles representing respectively up to 26%, 10% and 26% of
 total emissions. This study gives an overview of the evolution of BVOC
 emissions from litter along with decomposition process and will thus
 contribute to better understand the dynamics and sources of BVOC emission
 in Mediterranean pine forests.
DOI: 10.48689/f9gd-dd19
title: Solid Waste Transfer Stations
DOI: 10.48689/2sh0-1t16
title: Some observations of juvenile herring at the Fraser River estuary, B.C.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5qfttdz4k
title: Micro-computed tomography of the holotype of the early tetrapod Ichthyerpeton bradleyae (Huxley in Wright and Huxley, 1866) from the Pennsylvanian of Ireland

description: Ichthyerpeton bradleyae is one of the seven tetrapods originally described
 by Huxley from the Jarrow Coal (Pennsylvanian; Langsettian Regional
 Substage equated with the Bashkirian International Stage) in south-eastern
 Ireland. The holotype, one of only two specimens considered to represent
 the taxon, consists of the post-cranial skeleton, which has been highly
 compressed and has undergone extensive replacement of bone by carbonaceous
 material. The holotype is studied using microcomputed tomography, which
 reveals that the vertebral column has at least 25 diplospondylus vertebrae
 with cylindrical centra. Neural arches and a haemal arch are described for
 the first time. Neural arches in the caudal region are paired and neural
 spines only contact one another dorsally. The haemal arch is fused and
 wraps around the ventral margin of the centrum. A stout femur and tibia
 are described. The morphology of the femur is unique for early tetrapods,
 with fibular and tibial condyles of similar length and lacking an adductor
 crest. The morphology of the femur, and its length relative to the tibia
 suggests that the holotype of I. bradleyae preserves an immature
 individual. The tibia is a flat bone characteristic of stem-tetrapods.
 Phalanges from the right and left pes are present. Because the phalanges
 are disarticulated, a phalangeal count cannot be determined. Despite the
 new anatomical information, the systematic position of I. bradleyae is
 still difficult to establish; however, it does not belong within either
 the colosteids, temnospondyls or embolomeres to which it has previously
 been assigned.
description: The holotype of
 <i>Ichthyerpeton</i> <i>bradleyae</i> (TCD.T87)
 was scanned using the Nikon XTH 225 ST computed tomography scanner at the
 University of Bristol, UK. The scan was run at 220kV and 375uA with a 1mm
 plate of Cu in front of the source. 3D models of TCD.T87 were
 rendered using the freeware SPIERS (Sutton et al., 2012). Individual
 elements were isolated using the masking function.
DOI: 10.48689/61t6-wr19
title: Sound Investment-Howe Sound Ecosystem Assets
DOI: 10.48689/7d96-rk66
title: Southern British Columbia Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Conservation Units, Sites & Status
DOI: 10.48689/vjjc-rz59
title: Southwestern BC - Earthquakes
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7n6
title: Data for: Larval habitats impose trait-dependent limits on the direction and rate of adult evolution in dragonflies

description: Natural selection on juveniles is often invoked as an evolutionary
 constraint on adult traits, but it remains unclear when such restrictions
 will have their greatest impact. Selection on juveniles could, for
 example, mainly limit the evolution of adult traits that mostly develop
 prior to maturity. Alternatively, selection on juveniles might primarily
 constrain the evolution of adult traits that experience weak or
 context-dependent selection in the adult stage. Using a comparative study
 of dragonflies, I tested these hypotheses by examining how a species’
 larval habitat was related to the evolution of two adult traits that
 differ in development and exposure to selection: adult size and male
 ornamentation. Whereas adult size is fixed at metamorphosis and
 experiences relatively consistent selection in the adult stage, ornaments
 develop throughout adulthood and provide context-dependent reproductive
 benefits. My results show that species that develop in less stable larval
 habitats have smaller adult sizes and slower rates of adult size
 evolution. However, these risky larval habitats do not limit ornament
 expression or rates of ornament evolution. Selection on juveniles may
 therefore primarily constrain the evolution of adult traits that mostly
 develop prior to maturity.
DOI: 10.48689/csvb-xn41
title: Spatial Extents of Seamounts for Coastal British Columbia
DOI: 10.48689/hbe8-my71
title: Spawning Locations (Lines) for Pacific Salmon in BC
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cg5x
title: Balancing selection and drift in a polymorphic salamander metapopulation

description: Understanding how genetic variation is maintained in a metapopulation is a
 longstanding problem in evolutionary biology. Historical resurveys of
 polymorphisms have offered efficient insights about evolutionary
 mechanisms, but are often conducted on single, large populations,
 neglecting the more comprehensive view afforded by considering all
 populations in a metapopulation. Here, we resurveyed a metapopulation of
 spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) to understand the evolutionary
 drivers of frequency variation in an egg mass colour polymorphism. We
 found that this metapopulation was demographically, phenotypically, and
 environmentally stable over the last three decades. However, further
 analysis revealed evidence for two modes of evolution in this
 metapopulation—genetic drift and balancing selection. Although we cannot
 identify the balancing mechanism from these data, our findings present a
 clear view of contemporary evolution in colour morph frequency and
 demonstrates the importance of metapopulation-scale studies for capturing
 a broad range of evolutionary dynamics.
description: Raw egg mass morph and water chemistry data for 31 ponds included in this study. We relocated 31 previously surveyed spotted salamander populations from annotated maps in Sadinski (1991) and resurveyed them in April 2020. To survey each population one observer slowly waded each pond and counted each color morph. The attached file includes count data; of the number of white morphs (n white morph), and the total number of egg masses seen (n total egg masses). Prior to each survey, the observer measured pH with an Oakton PCTS 35 probe and collected water for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis with a Turner handheld fluorometer. Historical methods are detailed in Ruth (1992). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Ca, Na, K and Mg concentrations are all in mg/L.  Sadinski WJ. 1991 Direct and indirect effects of low pH on the communities of temporary ponds. PhD Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania USA. Ruth BC. 1992 Possible Adaptive Significance of the Visible Polymorphism of Spotted Salamander Egg Masses. Master’s Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania USA.
DOI: 10.48689/353m-xc45
title: Species identified in the Race Rocks Ecological Reserve in British Columbia
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.djh9w0w02
title: Short-term plant-community responses to large mammalian herbivore exclusion in a rewilded Javan savanna

description: Grassy biomes such as savannas are maintained by a suite of ecosystem
 processes from herbivory to rainfall and fire. Many studies have examined
 the impacts of large mammalian herbivores on herbaceous plant communities
 but few of these studies have been conducted in humid, fertile savannas.
 We present the findings of a short-term experiment that investigated the
 effects of herbivory in one such savanna. We erected large-herbivore
 exclosures in Alas Purwo National Park, Java where rainfall is high and
 fire is suppressed to test how herbivores impact plant community
 development during and in response to the wet season. When large mammalian
 herbivores were excluded, herbaceous plant communities in Alas Purwo were
 less grassy and less similar; diverging in their composition as the
 growing season progressed. Notably, weedy plant species (Imperata
 cylindrica and Senna cf. tora) appeared to benefit most from herbivore
 release. Our results suggest that heavy grazing pressure by native large
 herbivores controlled the composition of the herbaceous layer and
 prevented strong light competitors from becoming dominant. At the end of
 the growing season, herbivore exclusion plots showed higher beta diversity
 than plots exposed to herbivores. Our findings suggest that, at our
 high-rainfall site, large mammalian herbivores constrain the developmental
 trajectory of plant communities through the growing season.
description: See Methods section of Potter et al. 2021 PLOS ONE.
DOI: 10.48689/0617-yf59
title: Spencer Entomological Collection
DOI: 10.48689/4esk-c579
title: Sponge Reef Areas of the Pacific Region
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m63xsj41t
title: Selective effects of small barriers on river-resident fish

description: 1. Habitat fragmentation is a principal threat to biodiversity and
 artificial river barriers are a leading cause of the global decline in
 freshwater biota. Whilst the impact of barriers on diadromous fish is well
 established, impacts on river-resident fish communities remain unclear,
 especially for low-head barriers. 2. We examined the movement of five
 contrasting freshwater fish (topmouth gudgeon, European minnow, stone
 loach, bullhead, and brown trout) in an experimental cascade mesocosm with
 seven pools separated by small vertical barriers. 3. Passage rates
 differed significantly among species and increased with body size and
 sustained swimming speed (Usus), ranging from an average of 0.2 passes/hr
 in topmouth gudgeon to 4 passes/hr in brown trout. A random-walk
 simulation indicated that barriers can result in net downstream movement
 and shifts in community composition. 4. Passage rates in brown trout were
 leptokurtic: i.e. most individuals were relatively sedentary while a small
 proportion showed frequent movements. Upstream passage rates of brown
 trout increased with body length and boldness, while fish with lower
 aerobic scope tended to move downstream. Passage rates showed significant
 individual repeatability in brown trout, independent of body size,
 indicating the potential for in-stream barriers to exert selective effects
 on fish populations. 5. Our results show that barrier effects can be more
 complex than simply blocking fish passage, and that river-resident fish
 can be impacted even by very small barriers. We show that fish passage
 depends on a wide range of morphological, physiological, and behavioural
 drivers, and that barriers can exert selective effects on these traits and
 cause shifts in community composition. 6. Policy implications. Barrier
 mitigation measures need to embrace inter- and intraspecific variation in
 fish passage to avoid inadvertent artificial selection on fish
 communities. Given the high abundance of low-head structures in river
 systems worldwide, a paradigm shift is needed to recognise the subtle
 impacts of small barriers on freshwater biodiversity. Removal of small
 barriers or nature-like fishways should allow better passage of the wider
 fish community compared to widely used salmonid-centric fish passage
 options.