cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.17632/w4rnk5jgzr.1
title: Panel data OECD and BRICS power sector policy paper dataset - 1990-2017

description: This dataset contains the variables used in this power sector policy paper, expect CO2 emission intensity (IEA database) data due to IEA licensing agreement as the product was purchased from them. The dataset contains data on 34 OECD countries (while the analysis only included 31) and 5 BRICS countries, from 1990 - 2017. The power sector policy paper uses a time period from 2000-2015. The variables are EU ETS price (Cross-referenced from several sources), RPS data (REN21), Feed-in tariffs for solar PV and wind (OECD.Stat database) and patent data on climate change mitigation technologies related to (1) energy generation, transmission or distribution and, (2) renewable energy, economic growth (OECD.Stat database), (World bank indicators), Industry share of GDP (World bank indicators), Electricity consumption (World bank indicators).
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0009
title: The enhancement of the critical temperature in thin aluminium films.

description: It is well known that new effects appear in superconductors with the reduction of their size. Among them one is the most interesting – phenomenon of changing of critical temperature. It can be both decrease and increase in different metals, however, despite the number of existing works, there is still no generally accepted conception of what is exactly the origin of this effect. At the moment it is more or less clear, that this is a rather complicated mechanism, which is influenced by many factors, particularly connected with the sample’s manufacturing. Nevertheless, we suppose even after minimization of all impacts, the temperature of superconducting transition shifts anyway because of quantum size effect. We present here the results of the investigation of high-quality polycrystalline aluminum films and demonstrate the presence of quantumconfinement process that was not considered earlier.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0015
title: Superconducting magnets for NICA project.

description: NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAсility) is a new accelerator complex designed at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Dubna, Russia) to study properties of dense baryonic matter. The accelerator complex will consist of three superconducting (SC) rings: the Nuclotron, a booster synchrotron and a two-aperture collider. For the project, it is necessary to produce and test at a helium temperature level (4.5 K) and an operating current of 10 kA of 450 SC magnets. All the magnets contain a cold iron yoke and saddle-shaped superconducting coils made of the hollow NbTi composite SC cable refrigerated by two-phase helium flow at
4.5 K. For this purpose, was created a new test bench with a maximum capacity of 12 SC magnets per month. The cryogenic system of the new facility is based on helium refrigerators with excess return flow. The cryogenic test of SC magnets consists of six main stages: cooling magnet, training SC coil, “cold" magnetic test, measurements of static heat leak and dynamic heat releases, “cold" helium leak. In the report will show today's progress in the production of magnets for project, as well as unique cryogenic properties of SC magnets and plans for the production of SC magnets for the NICA project.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0022
title: Refrigeration Linde-Hampson machine at 90K operation by use of ozone friendly refrigerants.

description: The object of this study is a laboratory functional model of the low-temperature Joule-Thomson refrigerating machine operating on the Linde-Hampson cycle. A multi-component zeotropic mixture of hydrocarbons and some other ozone friendly substances is used as the working fluid. A hermetic lubricated compressor with corresponding after-cooling unit, an advanced oil-removing system, an internal heat exchanger of highefficiency, a throttling device and evaporator make the main components of the functional model. Specific composition of the working fluid, hydraulic, temperature and thermal operating parameters of the refrigerator are calculated using an original algorithm of the mixed refrigerant Linde-Hampson cycle thermodynamic calculations elaborated at the ILK Dresden. Using the optimal calculated parameters, the functional model has been developed and experimentally tested. The computational procedure, some design features of the functional model and preliminary results of experimental testing are reported in the present paper.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0027
title: New aspects in the design of non-metallic cryostats for liquid helium and nitrogen.

description: The ILK Dresden designs, develops and manufactures customized non-metallic cryostats for very different applications. For the needs of a wide variety of applications both, geometrical constraints and material selection, can be realized. These cryostats are characterized by long holding time of vacuum and hence they exhibit a very long storage time of the cryogenic fluid. Not only the cryostat itself is of crucial importance to the functionality, but also the fixtures needed as a carrier for measurements inside a cryostat. Minimized thermal expansion, low vibration, maximum variability and low magnetic noise are possible features of the
cryostats. Various material-testing and experimental results are presented as well as special solutions for applications and details of construction. The following points are also discussed: Properties of a cryostat for elevated ambient temperatures of the cryostats, Geometrical limitations, Important aspects in the design of low-noise magnetic-field cryostats. Cryostats for LN2 and LHe can also be designed, manufactured, and approved for pressure applications according to the European Pressure Vessel Regulation (Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) 2014/68/EU).
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0044
title: Experimental investigation of low temperature CO2 liquefaction and phase-separation for carbon capture.

description: A low-temperature CO2 liquefaction and phase-separation experimental rig has been built in SINTEF's Thermal Energy laboratory in Trondheim for investigation of carbon capture and CO2 liquefaction applications. This paper describes the experimental setup and results from the first experimental runs. The rig has been operated with two different binary feed compositions; 63 mol% CO2 - 37 mol% N2, and 76 mol% CO2 - 24 mol% N2. These compositions are representative of a flue gas stream from for example a cement
factory after an initial membrane based bulk separation of the flue gas. The experimental results have been compared to steady-state equilibrium process simulations. These are found to be in close agreement with each other for process conditions, liquid CO2 product purity and Carbon Capture Ratio. Liquid CO2 product purity can be controlled by controlling the separation pressure in the second separator. Reduced separation pressure leads to increased CO2 product purity. The process is found to be stable and easily controllable.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0048
title: Mitigating probability of fire in a high pressure oxygen system by appropriate design of divergent pipe leading to particle filter.

description: Oxygen gas at 99.6% purity is used in steel melting shop of steel plants at a pressure of 40 bara, which is reduced to 20 bara in a pressure reducing station (PRS). Incidents of fire occur with high purity and high pressure oxygen which can be mitigated improving system configurations, control of operating parameters and system practices. An incident of fire in a PRS in an Indian steel plant is analysed to suggest such improvement. The first visible source of fire at the upstream end of a diffuser pipeline leads to the hypothesis of accumulation of solid particles at that location. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis with calculations of static
charge generated on the particles shows that probability of particle accumulation increases with the increase of angle of divergence of the diffuser connecting the filter. Total divergence angle of diffuser should not exceed 14o to mitigate at least one of many possible causes of oxygen fire.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0069
title: One-dimensional numerical analysis for Gifford-McMahon pulse tube cryocooler.

description: Gifford-McMahon pulse tube cryocoolers (G-MPTCs) are considered low frequency machines due to the presence of a switching mechanism between the compressor and other machine components. This paper presents a one-dimensional numerical analysis for a miniaturized pulse tube in a (G-MPTC) machine based on energy and mass conservation equations and solving them by using a stable numerical scheme. The presented numerical algorithm predicts the temperature dynamic profiles inside the tube and relates them to the compressor pressure variation. Moreover, the algorithm enables to estimate the mass and enthalpy flows
through the miniaturized tube, which provides an indication of the cooling power associated with the machine. The results are then validated with similar systems found in the literature. As a conclusion, this paper could work as rough guide to estimate design parameters for any similar future G-M pulse tube cooler.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0073
title: Concept design of cryogenic system for the high energy photon source at IHEP.

description: The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is scheduled to be put into operation in 2025 at Institute of High Energy Physics in China. A cryogenic system will support the demands of the HEPS, which includes a liquid helium plant and a closed-cycle liquid nitrogen plant. The preliminary conceptual design has been carried out. And the liquid helium plant will be consisted of a helium refrigerator on a capacity at 2000W@4.5K, a cryogenic distribution transfer system and helium recovery and purifaction system for 7 superconducting RF cavities in 7 cryostats. The cryostats will be installed in the main ring. The closed-cycle nitrogen plant will be
constructed by distributing of liquid nitrogen and re-condensation nitrogen vapour system for 15 beamlines station and 7 thermal insulating shields and 9 cryogenic permanent magnets. Schematic diagram and recent development of the cryogenic system is described in this paper.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0090
title: Design and construction of a pressure wave cryogenic refrigerator.

description: A pressure wave refrigerator (PWR) works on the principle of energy transfer through a shock wave. As in a shock tube, sudden entry of a gas at high pressure into a receiving tube generates a shock wave which moves forward and simultaneously, an expansion wave moves in the reverse direction producing refrigeration. Compared with turbo-expanders, a PWR can operate at much lower rotational speed and at lower flow rates. Moreover, these are cheaper, simpler in design and operationally more reliable. Several attempts are being made worldwide for constructing PWRs. In this paper, we present the progress made in design and development of a PWR at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, India. A numerical model is developed to predict the performance of a PWR. A motor driven rotary valve is designed and fabricated inhouse. Details of the setup, critical issues and preliminary performance are discussed in the paper.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0040
title: Low-temperature application adsorption method for separation of rare inert gas isotope mixture.

description: The main inert gas isotopes application areas, the required purity and preparation methods were reviewed. Cryogenic rectification, gas centrifugation and gas thermal diffusion are traditional methods for isotope separation. Their work principles were analyzed, the main shortcomings were indicated, the separation factor and application area were determined. The low-temperature physical adsorption, which eliminates the disadvantages of the above methods, was proposed. The main requirements for a research facility for lowtemperature inert gas isotopes adsorption were formulated. The experimental unit design was proposed. The tests will enable to determine the inert gas isotope mixtures separation efficiency and the each isotope desorption time, to build adsorption isotherms for isotopes on different adsorbents, to calculate adsorption energy and the separation factor. The data obtained will be used to estimate the efficiency of the lowtemperature adsorption separation with considering thermal diffusion, centrifugation and rectification. The results will allow to estimate the mass and dimensional characteristics of the adsorption unit and its total energy
consumption.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0042
title: The effect of HTS heat rejection conditions on performance of reverse Brayton cryocooler.

description: The thermodynamic analysis of basic RBC has been carried out using the exergy tool based on the second law of thermodynamic. Helium is considered as the working fluid as it is thermodynamically more efficient than neon. An energy and exergy based numerical model has been developed for the RBC considering LN2 subcooling system (load heat exchanger) using a commercial simulator Aspen HYSYS V8.6®. As the heat rejection process is isobaric, the ideal COP (COPideal) depends on the turboexpander outlet and load heat exchanger cold outlet temperature. Thus, FOM of the cycle is strongly affected by the performance of the load
heat exchanger. Therefore, the exergy destructions in turboexpander and load heat exchanger have been studied to identify the scope of improvements in the performance of load heat exchanger for its proper sizing. The effects of temperature difference between inlet and outlet, and mass flow rate of LN2 on the performance of RBC and sizing of load heat exchanger have been investigated in the present work.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0043
title: Efficiency of operation of cryogenic system of superconducting wigglers with cryocoolers.

description: Superconducting multipole wigglers are widely used as generators of synchrotron radiation (SR) at many world synchrotron radiation centres. High reliability and ease of maintenance are the main requirements for such devices installed on an electron accelerator, access to which is restricted during continuous operation of the device. Reliability of such devices is determined by that of the cryogenic system, which should have large service life and small, close to zero, consumption of liquid helium. This report presents the basic properties of the two-stage cryocooler cryogenics of superconducting wigglers operating at many SR centres. The main structural elements, dynamics of cooling, and temperature distribution in the cryostat and magnet elements in working conditions are presented.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0013
title: Comparing the performance of plate-fin and spiral wound heat exchangers in the cryogenic part of the hydrogen liquefaction
process.

description: Mathematical models that represent two heat exchanger technologies are developed and solved to compare their performances in the cryogenic part of the hydrogen liquefaction process. Key performance parameters such as volume, thermal match and hydrogen-conversion rate are discussed for heat exchangers that cool the hydrogen from 47.8 K to 29.3 K. The state-of-the-art technology used today is plate-fin heat exchangers where catalyst is filled in the reactive layers to speed up the conversion between the two spin-isomers of hydrogen. Another technology that is frequently used in large-scale plants for liquefaction of natural gas is spiral wound heat exchangers. If some of the wounded pipes are filled with catalyst, we show that the spiral wound heat exchanger technology can provide a viable alternative to plate-fin heat exchangers in the hydrogen liquefaction process.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0023
title: Design of the PANDA solenoid magnet.

description: BINP presents the design of a 2T cryogenic solenoid for the PANDA detector at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). The paper describes the design of the cold mass, calculations of mechanical and thermal loads of the solenoid.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0031
title: Design of cryogenic sample holder with electrical contacts for UHV SEM/SPM.

description: We present design of a cryogenic sample holder for an ultra-high vacuum scanning electron microscope combined with scanning probe microscope (UHV SEM/SPM). The microscope is suitable for fabrication and characterization of nanostructures in the low temperature range of 20 K – 300 K. This newly designed sample holder is equipped with ten spring-loaded electrical contacts for electrical connection of a removable transport pallet to the sample holder. The transport pallet with a sample is equipped with a low temperature sensor, a heating element and ten solid pins. Two quadruples of contacts are reserved for the sample and the temperature sensor allowing thus a precise four-wire measurement of electrical properties of the sample and its temperature.
The remaining pair is reserved for two-wire connection of the heating element. In the low-temperature tests, the limit temperature of 22 K was reached in a test vacuum chamber with a cryogenic helium flow cooling system. The ambient temperature was 300 K. The contact function was successfully verified by measuring the transient electrical resistance within the whole range of the working temperatures. Additionally, a thorough research study of commercially available sample holders indicates that the holders for the intended use are not available on the market.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0091
title: Study of the cryogenic cycle based on the choke effect of the Joule-Thomson with a mixture of coolants as a refrigerant.

description: During the study of the devices which are based upon the choke effect of the Joule-Thomson with a mixture of coolants as a refrigerant, the main attention had been paid to the study of the influence of a compressor oil solubility within the mixture of coolants on the performance of the cooling circuit. Under cryogenic temperatures, the freezing (flocking) of the oil within the pipelines of the cooling system results to clogging of the capillary tubes (throttle device) and, as a result, makes it impossible to maintain the
selected cooling temperature. It is one of the main reasons for a whole system subsequent failure.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0002
title: Liquid nitrogen cooling system for superconducting electricity cables – experiences and advantages.

description: High temperature superconducting cables or bus bars are installed inside of vacuum-insulated cable cryostats through which subcooled liquid nitrogen is circulated to take out heat impact through the insulation or caused by AC-losses. The minimum cooling temperature is 64 K (-209°C). Lower temperatures are not practical, because at 63 K (-210°C) nitrogen becomes solid. A small temperature increase of the circulated nitrogen inside of the cable cryostat is acceptable, but the temperature must always stay several degrees below the boiling point for a reliable operation of the cable. An active cooled subcooler has to be integrated in the circulation system to compensate the heat impact of cable losses and circulation pumps. Furthermore the circulation needs a very stable pressure regulation system and an expansion vessel to compensate volume fluctuations. Messer has developed such a cooling- and pumping unit for operating a 10 kV concentric HTS cable (40 MVA) from Nexans which is integrated into the commercial electricity grid of Innogy, Germany. This worldwide longest HTS-cable with a length of 1,000 m is continuously in operation since March 2014 (AmpaCity-project) and delivers electricity into the city center of Essen. The subcooler is operated with liquid nitrogen from a storage vessel. Compared to cooling with mechanical cooling machines this has a lot of advantages. Reliability is very high because the unit can be supplied from several external nitrogen sources. The liquid nitrogen operated subcooler has very much cooling capacity reserve which is necessary for initial cooldown of the system to avoid cavitation of the circulation pumps during start up. Overall energy efficiency is high because the big industrial nitrogen liquefiers can be operated much more efficient than smaller on site cooling machines.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0028
title: An overview of the thermal radiative properties of metallic materials.

description: The thermal radiative properties of given surface at selected temperature present essential information for heat flows calculation in various low temperature systems. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive database of temperature dependences of total hemispherical emissivities and absorptivities. It summarizes our long-term research devoted towards studying emission and absorption of thermal radiation of commonly used metallic materials with different surface features. The cryogenic measurements were carried out in wide temperature ranges (from 20 K up to 320 K) using dedicated apparatus in our laboratory. The dataset includes 58 records of metallic samples with surfaces finished by mechanical or chemical polishing, turning, sand blasting,
abrading, etching and gold deposition. Collected dataset allows comparison of the effects of the sample temperature, surface material, its purity, surface finish, contamination of the surface and aging. The dataset is freely available online in Mendeley Data repository.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0038
title: Analysis of multi-stream heat exchanger in cryogenic air separation plants producing high pressure oxygen.

description: For streams having a wide variation in specific heat and change of phase, pinch poses a problem to maintain reasonable size of heat exchanger in an air separation process producing pressurized gases through vaporization of pumped liquids. In case the air streams are divided into different pressures, both pressure and flow rates of each stream become important parameters to keep the size of heat exchanger reasonable. We have attempted to predict the required pressure of air through simple calculations and evaluated the accuracy of results through detailed simulation. Pressures of air required for vaporization of pumped liquid oxygen (LOX) were very accurately predicted when LOX pressure is equal to or below 15 bara. However, for pressures of LOX between 20-35 bara, our calculations predicted 1-2 bara higher. Similarly, for pressures of LOX between 35-45 bara, we predicted 1-2 bara lower pressures of air compared to the pressures obtained from Aspen Hysys®™ 8.6.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0041
title: Correlation between grain connectivity, packing density, and critical current density in MgB2 synthesized by in situ/ex situ combination technique.

description: Undoped magnesium diboride (MgB2) bulks were systematically synthesized by using in situ/ex situ combination method. Herein, using ex situ powder could act as a seed material to further improve adhesion on interface with MgB2 formed by in situ process and accelerate MgB2 phase formation. Crystallite size was decreased and microstrain increased from microstructure and X-ray analyses, while lattice parameters do not vary noticeably in the in situ/ex situ combined samples. Even if packing density is gradually enhanced with the increasing ex situ powder, connectivity became poorer. Under our experimental condition, all the critical current density (Jc), upper critical field (Bc2), and irreversibility field (Birr) were obviously enhanced in in situ MgB2 by adding 25 wt.% of ex situ MgB2.