DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8w9ghx3xx
title: Data for: Intraguild competition mediates human avoidance in an endangered African large carnivore

description: The anthropogenic refuge (i.e., human shield) effect is a well-documented
 consequence of anthropogenic disturbance, whereby prey or subordinate
 competitors use human-dominated areas to avoid dominant predators. While
 this effect has been widely demonstrated for prey and, to a lesser extent,
 mesopredator species, it remains unknown whether it occurs among sympatric
 species within a top predator guild such as large carnivores. Moreover,
 there is limited understanding of how intraguild competition may mediate
 carnivore responses to human disturbance. Here, we examined the spatial
 behaviour of two sympatric large carnivore species exhibiting intense
 intraguild competition – lions and African wild dogs – to investigate
 whether intraguild competition mediates large carnivore responses to human
 disturbance in support of the anthropogenic refuge hypothesis. We found
 that lions consistently avoided human-dominated areas. Similarly, we found
 that wild dogs generally avoided human-dominated areas, but this pattern
 reversed when in areas of high lion-encounter risk. Such results reveal
 that the ecology of fear, and in particular the anthropogenic refuge
 hypothesis, extends beyond traditional predator-prey relationships to
 competing top predators within a large carnivore guild. Further, our study
 suggests that intraguild variation in responses to human disturbance may
 be an emerging niche axis that facilitates coexistence between competing
 species within the same guild.
description: # Data for: Intraguild competition mediates human avoidance in an
 endangered African large carnivore
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8w9ghx3xx](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8w9ghx3xx) ## Description of the data and file structure This study employs resource selection and step selection analyses on lions (*Panthera leo*) and African wild dogs (*Lycaon pictus*) to investigate whether intraguild competition mediates large carnivore responses to human disturbance. Data represent used and simulated locations and their environmental covariates for each species collected from GPS collar data.   ### Files and variables #### File: random\_sample.csv **Description:** covariates of a random sample of 1,000 locations within the study area for performing a linear regression between lion encounter risk and distance to village ##### Variables * point_id: unique ID for each random point * lion_risk_camtrap: lion encounter risk derived from camera traps * lion_risk_z: z-scored (standardized) value of lion_risk_camtrap * village_dist: distance in meters to nearest village * village_dist_z: z-scored (standardized) value of village_dist #### File: datasets\_archive.RData **Description:** RDATA file type that contains 3 dataset objects when loaded in R **Dataset 1:** den_data_archive ##### Variables * case_: logical presence (TRUE) or pseudoabsence (FALSE) * pack: wild dog social group ID * lion_risk_camtrap: lion encounter risk derived from camera traps * lion_risk_z: z-scored (standardized) value of lion_risk_camtrap * village_dist: distance in meters to nearest village * village_dist_log: natural logarithm of village_dist * village_dist_log_z: z-scored (standardized) value of village_dist_log #### **Dataset 2:** lion\_data\_archive **Description:** covariates of lion step selection and pseudoabsence locations for performing a step selection analysis ##### Variables * id: individual animal ID * case_: logical presence (TRUE) or pseudoabsence (FALSE) * step_id_: unique ID for the used step and associated pseudoabsences * sl_: step length in meters * log_sl: log of sl\_ * ta_: turning angle in radians * cos_ta: cosine of ta\_ * village_dist: distance in meters to nearest village * village_dist_log: natural logarithm of village_dist * village_dist_log_z: z-scored (standardized) value of village_dist_log #### **Dataset 3:** dog\_data\_archive **Description:** covariates of African wild dog step selection and pseudoabsence locations for performing a step selection analysis ##### Variables * id: individual animal ID * case_: logical presence (TRUE) or pseudoabsence (FALSE) * step_id_: unique ID for the used step and associated pseudoabsences * sl_: step length in meters * log_sl: log of sl\_ * ta_: turning angle in radians * cos_ta: cosine of ta\_ * village_dist: distance in meters to nearest village * village_dist_log: natural logarithm of village_dist * village_dist_log_z: z-scored (standardized) value of village_dist_log * lion_risk_camtrap: lion encounter risk derived from camera traps * lion_risk_z: z-scored (standardized) value of lion_risk_camtrap ## Code/software Code files: 1. rsf_code_archive.R: code to run resource selection analysis on African wild dog den sites. Takes as input den_rsf_archive.csv.  2. issa_code_archive.R: code to run step selection analysis on African wild dog and lion GPS data. Takes as input lion_issa_archive.csv and dog_issa_archive.csv. 3. linear_regression_archive.R: code to run linear regression analysis between lion encounter risk and distance to village for 1,000 random locations within the study area. Takes as input random_sample.csv.