DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5418t
title: Data from: Competitive release leads to range expansion and rampant speciation in Malagasy dung beetles

description: Competition is often thought to promote ecological diversification and
 thereby to facilitate the coexistence of competitors during evolutionary
 radiations. At large spatial scales, species may also coexist by having
 allopatric distributions, which raises the question about the role of
 range expansion in the proliferation of species during radiations. Here,
 we integrate a well-sampled (50 out of 74 species) and timed phylogeny of
 Nanos and Apotolamprus dung beetles (Canthonini) in Madagascar with data
 on species’ geographical ranges, abundances, and body sizes. There is an
 overall decline in lineage accumulation through time since the
 colonization of northern Madagascar in the mid Miocene (24 to 13 Ma). A
 clade of 24 extant Nanos species (clade L) originating 6.0 Ma exhibits a
 secondary increase in speciation rate, which is associated with a
 significant increase in body size and strikingly allopatric distributions
 of the species. Large body size typically confers a competitive advantage
 in dung beetles, which is here reflected by strong numerical dominance of
 clade L species in local communities. We suggest that the ‘key innovation’
 of large body size has allowed range expansion due to competitive release,
 which has created extensive opportunities for allopatric speciation and
 differentiation along environmental gradients. Most theories to explain
 diversification patterns in Madagascar rely on allopatric modes of
 speciation, but they fail to explain how ancestral species became
 widespread in the first place. The mechanism proposed here, involving
 range expansion following competitive release via a “key innovation”, may
 have operated in other Malagasy taxa with large numbers of species with
 small geographic ranges.
description: Supplementary
 dataThis file contains
 supporting tables (online Table 1 to 7) and Figures (online Figures 1 to
 8).Supporting Information
 Appendix.docxTime since MRCA for
 pairs of speciesRaw data used for
 analyses of "geographical ranges of species" described in
 Material and Methods of the main text. This data file includes information
 regarding age since most recent common ancestor for pairs of species.
 Remaining data used for the analyses are given in data file "Dataset
 Fig 5 part1".Dataset_Fig5_part2.xlsxData Fig 5 part 1Raw data used for the analyses of "Geographical ranges of species", described in Material and Methods section of the main text. This file includes information regarding species center of distribution (centroids), altitudinal distribution and body size (mm). infromation regarding the age since most recent common ancestor for pairs of species is given in a separate data file ("Time since MRCA for pairs of species").Dataset_Fig5_part1.xlsxAlignment_4genesSequence alignment of 4 genes (COI, CAD, TPO and 28S) for all species. This alignment was used for the inference of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference trees.Medusa_richness_fileRichness file used for MEDUSA analyses to detect changes in diversification rate in the collapsed MCC tree.MCC1 treeTime calibrated Maximum Clade Credibility tree resulted from BEAST analyses using published rates of COI. This tree was used for diversification rate analyses.MCC2 treeMaximum Clade Credibility tree uncalibrated to absolute time.MEDUSA_MCC1_Collapsed_treeMCC1 tree collapsed to 23 tips. This tree was used in MEDUSA analyses.MEDUSA_Collapsed_tree_23tips_TimeCalibrated.nexMEDUSA_MCC2_Collapsed_TreeMaximum Clade Credibility Tree uncalibrated to absolute time and collapsed to 23 tips. this tree was used for MEDUSA analyses.MEDUSA_Collapsed_Tree_23tips_uncalibrated.nexMrBayes_consensus_treeNanos-Apotolamprus consensus tree obtained in MrBayes.Maximum_Likelihood_best_treeNanos-Apotolamprus tree obtained with GARLI (Maximum Likelihood approach).