DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.19149068.v1
title: Nocturnal_pollination_literature_review_Jan2022.xlsx

description: Raw data from the literature review that was surveyed as part of a PhD program. An abstract, title, and key word search for papers in English, in Web of Science Core Collection [v.5.32] using ‘nocturnal’, ‘pollinat*’, and ‘crop’ as key words was conducted on 16 September 2019 and repeated on 12 March 2020 for literature on nocturnal pollination in cropping systems, and any paper that mentioned a nocturnal plant-pollinator interaction was included. Synonyms of ‘crop’ (‘berry’, ‘fruit’, ‘vegetable’ ‘agri*’ ‘hort*’, ‘food’, ‘fibre’, and ‘forestry’) were also searched. We did not apply our own criteria for when a plant-pollinator interaction can be deemed ‘diurnal’ or ‘nocturnal’ and instead used the criteria provided in the sources. We defined a ‘crop’ plant as one where all or part of the plant is consumed, regardless of whether it was grown on large commercial scales or was harvested in the wild. Plants that are used for medicinal purposes, whether traditionally or commercially, were also included within our definition of a crop plant and were designated as being ‘medicinal’, regardless of whether there is scientific data to support this status. Many plants are used as both food crops and medicinally and for plants that fit both categories we designate them as crops. For simplicity the terms ‘pollination’ and ‘pollinator’ are used when there is evidence that a floral visitor could act as a pollinator for the given plant, even if this evidence is circumstantial and even when the term ‘floral visitor’ may be more appropriate where pollination wasn’t empirically proven. Despite our thorough search, we acknowledge that there may be additional relevant papers that are not included in the analysis (see discussion concerning limitations of the literature review). Plants and pollinating fauna were recorded at the family, genus and species level, and whether the plant is used for either ‘crop’ or ‘medicinal’ purposes. The location of the study was recorded and whether the study identified other diurnal pollinators. Many literature sources provided evidence for nocturnal pollination for more than one plant or animal taxon, so the total number of mentions and evidence types exceeds the number of sources. The size of plant families was obtained from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (Stevens 2001) and the size of the pollinating taxa families was obtained from ‘bugguide.net’ and other published sources as required. The different types of evidence used to support the claim of pollination in the source literature were recorded, and are ranked by strength in Table 1. For example, evidence types which are suggestive of pollination based on floral syndromes hypotheses (e.g. flower colour; Faegri & van der Pijl 1979), are less robust than experimental evidence (e.g. pollinator exclusion experiments, which can identify pollinators and their effectiveness); a ranking of the strength of the evidence is thus important to accurately assess current knowledge. Evidence types were grouped into seven ranked categories following Buxton et al. (2018) from less conclusive (inferred) to most conclusive (experimental). Here, we define experimental evidence as any trial that manipulates the natural world to generate a response (e.g. pollinator exclusion experiments, hand cross-pollination), and observational evidence as a trial that records a response or observation in the absence of physical manipulation (e.g. pollen on animal bodies, flower visitation). <br>No ethical approval was required as this was a analysis of secondary data, however in the paper resulting from this we discuss barriers in this type of work. <br>MetaData for the terms and what they meanUses What is the use for this plant - e.g. crop, medicinalCFamily What plant family does the crop belong in?CGenus What plant genus does the crop belong in?CSpecies What plant species does the crop belong in?Wild/Commercial? Is the crop grown commercially or naturally occuring?NPollinator (taxon) What is the taxon of the nocturnal pollinator?NPFamily What family does the nocturnal pollinator belong in?NPGenus What genus does the nocturnal pollinator belong in?NPSpecies What species does the nocturnal pollinator belong in?Dpollinator ID Have other diurnal pollinators been identified in this work?StudyLocation Where was the study undertaken?Obs/Expt? What this study observational or experimental?TrialType What type of trial was conducted?NocturnalPollinationConfirmed? Do the authors suggest that the plant is nocturnally pollinated by the evidence they provide?SampleSize What is the sample size? For floral visitors, sample size refers to the number of fowers observed, not the number of visitsSampleCounted Is the sample size in reference to number of flowers, or insects, etcReference Reference to the paper<br><br>