DOI: 10.5061/dryad.44j0zpcnp
title: Data from: Extreme elevational migration spurred cryptic speciation in giant hummingbirds

description: The eco-evolutionary drivers of species niche expansion or contraction are
 critical for biodiversity but challenging to infer. Niche expansion may be
 promoted by local adaptation or constrained by physiological performance
 trade-offs. For birds, evolutionary shifts in migratory behavior permit
 broadening of the climatic niche by expansion into varied, seasonal
 environments. Broader niches can be short-lived if diversifying selection
 and geography promote speciation and niche subdivision across climatic
 gradients. To illuminate niche breadth dynamics, we can ask how ‘outlier’
 species defy constraints. Of the 363 hummingbird species, the giant
 hummingbird (Patagona gigas) has the broadest climatic niche by a large
 margin. To test the roles of migratory behavior, performance trade-offs,
 and genetic structure in maintaining its exceptional niche breadth, we
 studied its movements, respiratory traits, and population genomics.
 Satellite and light-level geolocator tracks revealed an &gt;8,300-km
 loop migration over the Central Andean Plateau. This migration included a
 three-week, ~4,100 m ascent punctuated by upward bursts and pauses,
 resembling the acclimatization routines of human mountain climbers, and
 accompanied by surging blood-hemoglobin concentrations. Extreme migration
 was accompanied by deep genomic divergence from high-elevation resident
 populations, with decisive postzygotic barriers to gene flow. The two
 forms occur side-by-side but differ almost imperceptibly in size, plumage,
 and respiratory traits. The high-elevation resident taxon is the world’s
 largest hummingbird, a new species that we describe and name here. The
 giant hummingbirds demonstrate evolutionary limits on niche breadth: When
 the ancestral niche expanded due to evolution (or loss) of an extreme
 migratory behavior, speciation followed.
description: Data were collected from wild-caught individuals in the field and
 from museum specimens spanning 154 years. We used satellite transmitters
 and geolocators to track giant hummingbirds from sea-level breeding areas
 in Chile to non-breeding areas. We collected respiratory trait data from
 &gt;175 individuals across the elevational range and from Chile to
 Peru from 2006–2021. We analyzed genomic sequences from 101 individuals
 (whole genomes and ultra-conserved elements) across the geographic range;
 genomic data were taken from flash-frozen tissues and toe pads of historic
 museum specimens. All analysis code and scripts may be found on GitHub
 (https://github.com/jlwilliamson/jlwilliamson-patagona-blood-migration-genomics; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10975589); genomic data on Sequence Read Archive; and migration data on MoveBank (Project ID 3594892529). Specimen data are available in the Arctos database (www.arctosdb.org). 
description: # Extreme elevational migration spurred cryptic speciation in giant
 hummingbirds Williamson et al. 2024, Extreme elevational migration spurred
 cryptic speciation in giant hummingbirds, PNAS This data deposit contains
 raw data used in a study of latitudinal and elevational migration, blood
 physiology, morphology, and genomics of giant hummingbirds (*Patagona
 spp.*) in South America. In our paper, we report the world's longest
 hummingbird migration with the most extreme elevational shift, and
 describe the world's largest hummingbird species, a distinct species
 that was previously undescribed. Field sampling spanned Chile to Peru and
 involved collaborative teams from the Museum of Southwestern Biology at
 the University of New Mexico, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad
 (CORBIDI), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. DATASETS **File
 name:** WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_blood_dryad.csv **Description**:
 Raw blood data used in Williamson et al. 2024. In addition to locality and
 individual identifiers provided for sampled individuals, we report data on
 blood parameters analyzed in our paper: six blood traits known to affect
 O2 carrying functions (hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), hematocrit (Hct),
 total red blood cell count (TRBC), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell
 hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)). **File
 name:** WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_morpho_dryad.csv **Description**:
 Raw morphological data used in Williamson et al. 2024. In addition to
 locality and individual identifiers provided for sampled individuals, we
 report measurements for important morphological traits (bill length, wing
 chord, tail length, tarsus length) taken from wild-caught individuals and
 museum specimens. METADATA **File name:**
 WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_blood_dryad_METADATA.csv **Description:**
 The metadata .csv file describes each column and type of data included in
 the full data file,
 "WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_blood_dryad.csv". **File
 name:** WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_morpho_dryad_METADATA.csv
 **Description:** The metadata .csv file describes each column and type of
 data included in the full data file,
 "WilliamsonEtAl2024_PNAS_patagona_morpho_dryad.csv". DATA
 ARCHIVING Analysis code is available on GitHub:
 [https://github.com/jlwilliamson/jlwilliamson-patagona-blood-migration-genomics](https://github.com/jlwilliamson/jlwilliamson-patagona-blood-migration-genomics); DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10975589. See GitHub repository README.md file for full description of all scripts and code. This project would not have been possible without the tremendous efforts of museum collections. We are deeply grateful to the following collections for contributions to this project: Museum of Southwestern Biology, American Museum of Natural History, Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, and the University of Washington Burke Museum. Data are linked to vouchered specimens. Specimen records are accessible in the Artcos database ([https://www.arctosdb.org](https://www.arctosdb.org)) or in specific collections databases, as appropriate. Data are archived on Dryad: [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.44j0zpcnp](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.44j0zpcnp) Questions? Contact me at jlw432 [at] cornell.edu.