cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.22002/fm1ej-4dx72
title: Lp02_2nd

description: 2nd time collection: Jan 2016. Defocus -6.Lp02 is thymidine auxotroph of the parental strain Lp01 originating from Philadelphia-1 strain. Cells were grown in AYE liquid culture with following supplements: ferric nitrate, cysteine hydrochloride and thymidine. Scrape cells off a plate, dissolve in the media, adjust the cell density to 0.6 and make a dilution series. Start O/N culture with all of them and freeze cells next day from the one in early stationary phase that is OD ~ 3.0
description: <strong>Tilt Series Date:</strong> 2016-01-15</p>
<strong>Data Taken By:</strong> Debnath Ghosal</p>
<strong>Species / Specimen:</strong> Legionella pneumophila</p>
<strong>Strain:</strong> Philadelphia-1_Lp02</p>
<strong>Tilt Series Settings:</strong>  Single Axis, tilt range: (-60.0°, 60.0°), step: 1.50°, constant angular increment, dosage: 100.0 eV/Å²,  defocus: -6.0 μm,  magnification: 26000x. </p>
<strong>Microscope:</strong> Janelia Titan</p>
<strong>Acquisition Software:</strong> UCSFTomo</p>
<strong>Upload Method:</strong> pipeline</p>
<strong>Processing Software Used:</strong> Raptor</p>
<strong>Collaborators and Roles:</strong> Strain sent to us by Joseph P. Vogel, Washington University School of Medicine. Data collected and processed by Debnath Ghosal. This data was collected at the Janelia Krios.</p>
<strong>Purification / Growth Conditions / Treatment:</strong> Lp02 is thymidine auxotroph of the parental strain Lp01 originating from Philadelphia-1 strain. Cells were grown in AYE liquid culture with following supplements: ferric nitrate, cysteine hydrochloride and thymidine. Scrape cells off a plate, dissolve in the media, adjust the cell density to 0.6 and make a dilution series. Start O/N culture with all of them and freeze cells next day from the one in early stationary phase that is OD ~ 3.0. Added gold before freezing.</p>
<strong>Sample Preparation:</strong> Grids were stored in Janelia from previous imaging. See previous Lp02 sample prep. Vitrobot (MK iv) settings: 100% humidity, 4µl sample, Blot force 6, blot time 3 sec. Wait time 0 sec. Drain time 1 sec. Ethane/propane mix. Grid: Quantifoil Cu 2/2 200. Add gold to cells prior to freezing: 1ul of gold to 4 ul of cells, freeze.</p>
description: Files available via S3 at https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-59/rawdata/</p>tomo_area1000100010041.mrc,  Tilt Series (Pixel Size 0.42 nm), 2.2 GB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-59/rawdata/tomo_area1000100010041.mrc"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>

        tomo_area1000100010041_part81_5.rec,  Reconstruction (Pixel Size 1.68 nm), 430.6 MB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-59/3dimage_72903/tomo_area1000100010041_part81_5.rec"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>
DOI: 10.22002/j23yr-v8v22
title: Lp02_2nd

description: 2nd time collection: Jan 2016. Defocus -6.Lp02 is thymidine auxotroph of the parental strain Lp01 originating from Philadelphia-1 strain. Cells were grown in AYE liquid culture with following supplements: ferric nitrate, cysteine hydrochloride and thymidine. Scrape cells off a plate, dissolve in the media, adjust the cell density to 0.6 and make a dilution series. Start O/N culture with all of them and freeze cells next day from the one in early stationary phase that is OD ~ 3.0
description: <strong>Tilt Series Date:</strong> 2016-01-15</p>
<strong>Data Taken By:</strong> Debnath Ghosal</p>
<strong>Species / Specimen:</strong> Legionella pneumophila</p>
<strong>Strain:</strong> Philadelphia-1_Lp02</p>
<strong>Tilt Series Settings:</strong>  Single Axis, tilt range: (-60.0°, 60.0°), step: 1.50°, constant angular increment, dosage: 100.0 eV/Å²,  defocus: -6.0 μm,  magnification: 26000x. </p>
<strong>Microscope:</strong> Janelia Titan</p>
<strong>Acquisition Software:</strong> UCSFTomo</p>
<strong>Upload Method:</strong> pipeline</p>
<strong>Processing Software Used:</strong> Raptor</p>
<strong>Collaborators and Roles:</strong> Strain sent to us by Joseph P. Vogel, Washington University School of Medicine. Data collected and processed by Debnath Ghosal. This data was collected at the Janelia Krios.</p>
<strong>Purification / Growth Conditions / Treatment:</strong> Lp02 is thymidine auxotroph of the parental strain Lp01 originating from Philadelphia-1 strain. Cells were grown in AYE liquid culture with following supplements: ferric nitrate, cysteine hydrochloride and thymidine. Scrape cells off a plate, dissolve in the media, adjust the cell density to 0.6 and make a dilution series. Start O/N culture with all of them and freeze cells next day from the one in early stationary phase that is OD ~ 3.0. Added gold before freezing.</p>
<strong>Sample Preparation:</strong> Grids were stored in Janelia from previous imaging. See previous Lp02 sample prep. Vitrobot (MK iv) settings: 100% humidity, 4µl sample, Blot force 6, blot time 3 sec. Wait time 0 sec. Drain time 1 sec. Ethane/propane mix. Grid: Quantifoil Cu 2/2 200. Add gold to cells prior to freezing: 1ul of gold to 4 ul of cells, freeze.</p>
  dga2016-01-15-8_slicer16680.jpg: Membrane folding and protein array!
description: Files available via S3 at https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-8/3dimage_72792/</p>tomo_area1000100010005_part81_4.rec,  Reconstruction (Pixel Size 1.68 nm), 430.6 MB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-8/3dimage_72792/tomo_area1000100010005_part81_4.rec"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>

        tomo_area1000100010005.mrc,  Tilt Series (Pixel Size 0.42 nm), 2.2 GB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-8/rawdata/tomo_area1000100010005.mrc"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>
DOI: 10.22002/r969x-qkz64
title: Lp02_2nd

description: 2nd time collection: Jan 2016. Defocus -6.Lp02 is thymidine auxotroph of the parental strain Lp01 originating from Philadelphia-1 strain. Cells were grown in AYE liquid culture with following supplements: ferric nitrate, cysteine hydrochloride and thymidine. Scrape cells off a plate, dissolve in the media, adjust the cell density to 0.6 and make a dilution series. Start O/N culture with all of them and freeze cells next day from the one in early stationary phase that is OD ~ 3.0
description: <strong>Tilt Series Date:</strong> 2016-01-15</p>
<strong>Data Taken By:</strong> Debnath Ghosal</p>
<strong>Species / Specimen:</strong> Legionella pneumophila</p>
<strong>Strain:</strong> Philadelphia-1_Lp02</p>
<strong>Tilt Series Settings:</strong>  Single Axis, tilt range: (-60.0°, 60.0°), step: 1.50°, constant angular increment, dosage: 100.0 eV/Å²,  defocus: -6.0 μm,  magnification: 26000x. </p>
<strong>Microscope:</strong> Janelia Titan</p>
<strong>Acquisition Software:</strong> UCSFTomo</p>
<strong>Upload Method:</strong> pipeline</p>
<strong>Processing Software Used:</strong> Raptor</p>
<strong>Collaborators and Roles:</strong> Strain sent to us by Joseph P. Vogel, Washington University School of Medicine. Data collected and processed by Debnath Ghosal. This data was collected at the Janelia Krios.</p>
<strong>Purification / Growth Conditions / Treatment:</strong> Lp02 is thymidine auxotroph of the parental strain Lp01 originating from Philadelphia-1 strain. Cells were grown in AYE liquid culture with following supplements: ferric nitrate, cysteine hydrochloride and thymidine. Scrape cells off a plate, dissolve in the media, adjust the cell density to 0.6 and make a dilution series. Start O/N culture with all of them and freeze cells next day from the one in early stationary phase that is OD ~ 3.0. Added gold before freezing.</p>
<strong>Sample Preparation:</strong> Grids were stored in Janelia from previous imaging. See previous Lp02 sample prep. Vitrobot (MK iv) settings: 100% humidity, 4µl sample, Blot force 6, blot time 3 sec. Wait time 0 sec. Drain time 1 sec. Ethane/propane mix. Grid: Quantifoil Cu 2/2 200. Add gold to cells prior to freezing: 1ul of gold to 4 ul of cells, freeze.</p>
description: Files available via S3 at https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-55/rawdata/</p>tomo_area1000100010061.mrc,  Tilt Series (Pixel Size 0.42 nm), 2.2 GB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-55/rawdata/tomo_area1000100010061.mrc"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>

        tomo_area1000100010061_part81_7.rec,  Reconstruction (Pixel Size 1.68 nm), 430.6 MB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2016-01-15-55/3dimage_72894/tomo_area1000100010061_part81_7.rec"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>
DOI: 10.22002/5mckp-5zc35
title: JV3579_Polara_Mag27.5

description: JV3579 Legionella thyA ΔdotF(May10th, 2017)
description: <strong>Tilt Series Date:</strong> 2017-05-10</p>
<strong>Data Taken By:</strong> Debnath Ghosal</p>
<strong>Species / Specimen:</strong> Legionella pneumophila</p>
<strong>Strain:</strong> Philadelphia-1_Lp02</p>
<strong>Tilt Series Settings:</strong>  Single Axis, tilt range: (-60.0°, 60.0°), step: 2°, constant angular increment, dosage: 110.0 eV/Å²,  defocus: -8.0 μm,  magnification: 27500x. </p>
<strong>Microscope:</strong> Caltech Polara</p>
<strong>Acquisition Software:</strong> UCSFTomo</p>
<strong>Upload Method:</strong> pipeline</p>
<strong>Processing Software Used:</strong> Raptor</p>
<strong>Collaborators and Roles:</strong> Strain sent to us by Joseph P. Vogel, Washington University School of Medicine. Data collected and processed by Debnath Ghosal at F30, Caltech.</p>
<strong>Purification / Growth Conditions / Treatment:</strong> Cells were grown in AYE liquid culture with following supplements: ferric nitrate, cysteine hydrochloride and thymidine. Scrape cells off a plate, dissolve in the media, adjust the cell density to 0.6 and make a dilution series. Start O/N culture with all of them and freeze cells next day from the one in early stationary phase that is OD ~ 3.0. This time cell density was ~2.9</p>
<strong>Sample Preparation:</strong> 6 grids were frozen for the JV3579 strain at OD~ 2.9, cell density was increased to 2x. Vitrobot (MK iv) settings: 100% humidity, 4µl sample, Blot force 6, blot time 3 sec. Wait time 0 sec. Drain time 1 sec. Ethane/propane mix. Grid: Quantifoil Cu 2/2 200. Add gold to cells prior to freezing: 1ul of gold to 4 ul of cells, freeze.</p>
description: Files available via S3 at https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2017-05-10-3/3dimage_84275/</p>JV3579_20170510a0002_part61_2.rec,  Reconstruction (Pixel Size 1.56 nm), 445.4 MB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2017-05-10-3/3dimage_84275/JV3579_20170510a0002_part61_2.rec"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>

        JV3579_20170510a0002.mrc,  Tilt Series (Pixel Size 0.39 nm), 1.7 GB  
        
<a role="button" class="ui compact mini button" href="https://sdsc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/tomography_archive/dga2017-05-10-3/rawdata/JV3579_20170510a0002.mrc"
        > <i class="download icon"></i> Download </a></p>
DOI: 10.15468/dl.fgnjbm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 75 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Bauhinia andrieuxii Hemsl."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 75 records from 30 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0019298-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29231956
title: Additional file 2 of Low lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and accelerated temperature rise in epidural-related maternal fever: a prospective cohort study

description: Supplementary Material 2
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232019.v1
title: Additional file 1 of Long-term and interannual variations of atmospheric methane observed by the NIES and collaborative observation networks

description: Additional file 1.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29231922.v1
title: Additional file 3 of The bibliometric analysis of research on traditional Chinese medicine regulating gut microbiota for cancer treatment from 2014 to 2024

description: Supplementary Material 3
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232051
title: Additional file 1 of A resource for whole-body gene expression map of human tissues based on integration of single cell and bulk transcriptomics

description: Additional File 1: Table S1. Summary of dataset sample information. Related to method sectionand Table 1. Table S2. Summary of parameters using in single cell processing. Related to method sectionand Figure S2. Table S3. Cell type markers. Related to Figure 2. Table S4. Comparison of HPA single cell type and other existing singel cell transcriptomic databases
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232051.v1
title: Additional file 1 of A resource for whole-body gene expression map of human tissues based on integration of single cell and bulk transcriptomics

description: Additional File 1: Table S1. Summary of dataset sample information. Related to method sectionand Table 1. Table S2. Summary of parameters using in single cell processing. Related to method sectionand Figure S2. Table S3. Cell type markers. Related to Figure 2. Table S4. Comparison of HPA single cell type and other existing singel cell transcriptomic databases
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232019
title: Additional file 1 of Long-term and interannual variations of atmospheric methane observed by the NIES and collaborative observation networks

description: Additional file 1.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232070.v1
title: Additional file 2 of Unraveling the molecular landscape of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia: insights from a comprehensive analysis of 159 probands

description: Supplementary material 2: Supplementary Table 2. The identified 63 rare LoF or missense variant in 55 CPT cases in this study.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.22d4nz
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1281 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Mexico",
 "TaxonKey is Sceloporus hunsakeri Hall & Smith, 1979"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1281 records from 24 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0019299-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232105
title: Additional file 4 of Identification of high-affinity nicotinic acid transporter genes from Verticillium dahliae and functional analysis based on HIGS technology

description: Supplementary Material 4: Table S2. Primer sequences used in this study. The underlined letters in NAT1-VR/-NAT1-VF were EcoR I site and Kpn I enzyme cutting sites, respectively.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232108.v1
title: Additional file 5 of Identification of high-affinity nicotinic acid transporter genes from Verticillium dahliae and functional analysis based on HIGS technology

description: Supplementary Material 5: Table S3. The accession numbers of genes used in phylogenetic analysis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232067.v1
title: Additional file 1 of Unraveling the molecular landscape of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia: insights from a comprehensive analysis of 159 probands

description: Supplementary material 1: Supplementary Table 1: Clinical phenotypes and genotypes with SPDVs in 159 CPT cases.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232070
title: Additional file 2 of Unraveling the molecular landscape of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia: insights from a comprehensive analysis of 159 probands

description: Supplementary material 2: Supplementary Table 2. The identified 63 rare LoF or missense variant in 55 CPT cases in this study.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232076
title: Additional file 1 of PDE3B and HBB are key prognostic biomarkers driving cell proliferation and regulating immune microenvironment in breast cancer

description: Supplementary Material 1
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232076.v1
title: Additional file 1 of PDE3B and HBB are key prognostic biomarkers driving cell proliferation and regulating immune microenvironment in breast cancer

description: Supplementary Material 1
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1409701
title: Jeu Super Open Researcher

description: Cette deuxième version du jeu pédagogique "Super Open Researcher" est une version révisée et mise à jour en 2025 par l'Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Ce jeu pédagogique avait été créé en 2016 sous sa première version au sein du SCD de l’Université de Guyane par Marie Latour et Caroline Boiteux afin de permettre l’appropriation des grandes notions de l’open access, et d’ouvrir le débat sur les enjeux de celui-ci. Le jeu s'ouvre ici à d'autres aspects de la science ouverte (données de la recherche et logiciels par exemple) et aborde de nouvelles questions qui n'étaient pas traitées jusqu'à présent.

Cette version reste librement et gratuitement réutilisable et adaptable. Elle est placée sous licence Creative Commons BY NC SA, ce qui permet sa libre réutilisation à condition de citer les auteurs et de n'en faire aucune exploitation commerciale. Il est également possible d’effectuer des modifications sur le jeu. Si de nouvelles versions du jeu sont partagées, elles devront être diffusées sous la même licence d'exploitation.

Pour tout renseignement ou toute demande, contacter Marie Latour, coordinatrice Science ouverte à l'Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, à l'adresse suivante : marie.latour@unc.nc
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1409702
title: Jeu Super Open Researcher

description: Ce jeu pédagogique a été créé au sein du SCD de l’Université de Guyane par Marie Latour et Caroline Boiteux afin de permettre l’appropriation des grandes notions de l’Open Access, et d’ouvrir le débat sur les enjeux de celui-ci.

Une première version a d’abord été présentée au congrès Bobcatsss 2015 qui s’est tenu à l’ENSSIB, à Lyon, sous le nom de « Super Open Librarian ». Son animation a été effectuée par Myriam Gorsse (SCD de l’Université Pierre et Marie Curie de Paris) et Guillemette Trognot (Bibliothèque « Marie Curie » de l’INSA Lyon).

Une deuxième version a ensuite été présentée lors de l’Open Access Week 2016 qui s’est tenu à Cayenne, avec le concours financier de COUPERIN. Pour cet évènement, un graphiste, Jordy le Bruchec (Société Signarama, Cayenne) a été embauché afin d’en créer le visuel. Deux séances d’animation ont été effectuées à Cayenne auprès des doctorants de l’École doctorale « Diversités, santé et développement en Amazonie » (Université de Guyane). Ce jeu a ensuite été intégré à la formation doctorale proposée chaque année par le SCD de l’Université de Guyane à ses doctorants. D’autres écoles et universités l’ont par la suite repris et adapté à destination de leurs évènements et de leur formations propres : l’INSA de Lyon, Lilliad de Lille, L’université Claude Bernard (Lyon 1), etc.

Le SCD de l’Université de Guyane vous offre la possibilité de télécharger l’intégralité du jeu afin de l’utiliser librement et gratuitement dans vos établissements. Celui-ci est placé sous la licence Creative Commons BY NC SA, qui permet sa libre réutilisation dans les conditions où les auteurs sont cités et où aucune utilisation commerciale n’en est faite. Il est possible d’effectuer des modifications sur le jeu : cependant toutes celles-ci doivent être exclusivement partagées dans la même licence que celle sous laquelle le jeu initial a été placé. Nous attirons votre attention sur le fait que le retrait des logos de l’Université de Guyane sur les cartes et plateaux de jeu est rigoureusement interdit.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15589036
title: Jeu Super Open Researcher

description: Cette deuxième version du jeu pédagogique "Super Open Researcher" est une version révisée et mise à jour en 2025 par l'Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Ce jeu pédagogique avait été créé en 2016 sous sa première version au sein du SCD de l’Université de Guyane par Marie Latour et Caroline Boiteux afin de permettre l’appropriation des grandes notions de l’open access, et d’ouvrir le débat sur les enjeux de celui-ci. Le jeu s'ouvre ici à d'autres aspects de la science ouverte (données de la recherche et logiciels par exemple) et aborde de nouvelles questions qui n'étaient pas traitées jusqu'à présent.

Cette version reste librement et gratuitement réutilisable et adaptable. Elle est placée sous licence Creative Commons BY NC SA, ce qui permet sa libre réutilisation à condition de citer les auteurs et de n'en faire aucune exploitation commerciale. Il est également possible d’effectuer des modifications sur le jeu. Si de nouvelles versions du jeu sont partagées, elles devront être diffusées sous la même licence d'exploitation.

Pour tout renseignement ou toute demande, contacter Marie Latour, coordinatrice Science ouverte à l'Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, à l'adresse suivante : marie.latour@unc.nc
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232130
title: Additional file 1 of Integrative molecular subtyping and diagnostic model construction for Moyamoya disease based on diverse programmed cell death gene patterns

description: Supplementary Material 1
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232130.v1
title: Additional file 1 of Integrative molecular subtyping and diagnostic model construction for Moyamoya disease based on diverse programmed cell death gene patterns

description: Supplementary Material 1
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232133
title: Additional file 2 of Integrative molecular subtyping and diagnostic model construction for Moyamoya disease based on diverse programmed cell death gene patterns

description: Supplementary Material 2
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232102.v1
title: Additional file 3 of Identification of high-affinity nicotinic acid transporter genes from Verticillium dahliae and functional analysis based on HIGS technology

description: Supplementary Material 3: Table S1. The information of 66 proteins used in the phylogenetic analysis.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29079145
title: Additional file 1 of Non-typhoidal Salmonella transmission reservoirs in sub-Saharan Africa: a genomic assessment from a One Health perspective

description: Supplementary Material 1.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232105.v1
title: Additional file 4 of Identification of high-affinity nicotinic acid transporter genes from Verticillium dahliae and functional analysis based on HIGS technology

description: Supplementary Material 4: Table S2. Primer sequences used in this study. The underlined letters in NAT1-VR/-NAT1-VF were EcoR I site and Kpn I enzyme cutting sites, respectively.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232108
title: Additional file 5 of Identification of high-affinity nicotinic acid transporter genes from Verticillium dahliae and functional analysis based on HIGS technology

description: Supplementary Material 5: Table S3. The accession numbers of genes used in phylogenetic analysis
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29232067
title: Additional file 1 of Unraveling the molecular landscape of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia: insights from a comprehensive analysis of 159 probands

description: Supplementary material 1: Supplementary Table 1: Clinical phenotypes and genotypes with SPDVs in 159 CPT cases.