DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p2ngf1vmg
title: Data from: Distinct spread of DNA and RNA viruses among mammals amid prominent role of domestic species

description: Aim: Emerging infectious diseases arising from pathogen spillover from
 mammals to humans comprise a substantial health threat. Tracing virus
 origin and predicting the most likely host species for future spillover
 events are major objectives in One Health disciplines. We assessed
 patterns of virus sharing among a large diversity of mammals, including
 humans and domestic species. Location: Global. Time period: Current. Major
 taxa studied: Mammals and associated viruses. Methods: We used network
 centrality analysis and trait-based Bayesian hierarchical models to
 explore patterns of virus sharing among mammals. We analysed a global
 database that compiled the associations between 1,785 virus species and
 725 mammalian host species as sourced from automatic screening of
 meta-data accompanying published nucleotide sequences between 1950 – 2019.
 Results: We show that based on current evidence, domesticated mammals hold
 the most central positions in networks of known mammal-virus associations.
 Among entire host-virus networks, Carnivora and Chiroptera hold central
 positions for mainly sharing RNA viruses, while Ungulates hold central
 positions for sharing both RNA and DNA viruses with other host species. We
 revealed strong evidence that DNA viruses were phylogenetically more host
 specific than RNA viruses. RNA viruses exhibited low functional host
 specificity despite an overall tendency to infect phylogenetically related
 species, signifying high potential to shift across hosts with different
 ecological niches. The frequencies of sharing viruses among hosts and the
 proportion of zoonotic viruses in hosts were larger for RNA than DNA
 viruses. Main conclusions: Acknowledging the role of domestic species in
 addition to host and virus traits in patterns of virus sharing is
 necessary to improve our understanding of virus spread and spillover in
 times of global change. Understanding multi-host virus sharing pathways
 adds focus to curtail disease spread.
description: Mammal-virus species interaction matrix
 Compiled matrix of mammal-virus species-level interactions from
 the Enhanced Infectious Diseases Database (EID2, online accessible at
 https://eid2.liverpool.ac.uk/) in the version from May 2018. Virus species
 names are those from the NCBI Taxonomy database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/). Mammal species synonyms and taxonomic orders were standardized using the taxonomy of Wilson and Reeder (2005), the online version of IUCN Red List and Integrated Taxonomic Information System, ITIS (accessed May 2018). Mammalian species are arranged in rows (n=725 species) and virus species in columns (n= 1,785 species). Mammalian species are considered to be host to a virus if at least four independent publications or one sequence meta-data reported an association between the host (or any of its subspecies) and the virus (or any of its subspecies or strains). Such association are noted with ‘1’ in the respective cells, the lack of sufficient evidence for an association between a mammalian and virus species are noted with ‘0’ in the respective cell.