DOI: 10.5061/dryad.93464f7
title: Data from: Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in a clonal invader

description: Organisms featuring wide trait variability and occurring in a wide range
 of habitats, such as the ovoviviparous freshwater New Zealand snail
 Potamopyrgus antipodarum, are ideal models to study adaptation. Since the
 mid-19th century, P. antipodarum, characterized by extremely variable
 shell morphology, has successfully invaded aquatic areas on four
 continents. Because these obligately and wholy asexual invasive
 populations harbor low genetic diversity compared to mixed sexual/asexual
 populations in the native range, we hypothesized that 1) this phenotypic
 variation in the invasive range might be adaptive with respect to
 colonization of novel habitats, and 2) that at least some of the variation
 might be caused by phenotypic plasticity. We surveyed 425 snails from 21
 localities across northwest Europe to attempt to disentangle genetic and
 environmental effects on shell morphology. We analysed brood size as proxy
 for fitness and shell geometric morphometrics, while controlling for
 genetic background. Our survey revealed 10 SNP genotypes nested into two
 mtDNA haplotypes and indicated that mainly lineage drove variation in
 shell shape but not size. Physicochemical parameters affected both shell
 shape and size and the interaction of these traits with brood size. In
 particular, stronger stream flow rates were associated with larger shells.
 Our measurements of brood size suggested that relatively larger slender
 snails with relatively large apertures were better adapted to strong flow
 than counterparts with broader shells and relatively small apertures. In
 conclusion, the apparent potential to modify shell morphology plays likely
 a key role in the invasive success of P.antipodarum; the two main
 components of shell morphology, namely shape and size, being
 differentially controlled, the former mainly genetically and the latter
 predominantely by phenotypic plasticity.
description: data_for_shape_CS_and_smoothness_GLMMsThis data was used in the (G)LMMs with shape (PC1), centroid size and shell smoothness as response variable. Units of variables: "relative_aperture_area", "shell_height", "shell_body_whorl", "aperture_height" and "aperture_width" = µm; "latitude" and "longitude" = decimal degrees; "altitude"= meter; "salinity" and "sunlight_coverage"= %; "temperature"= °C; "conductivity"=µs; "nitrite" and "nitrate"=mg/L; "flow_rate"= m/s. Habitat_type: 1 = lake, 2= stream, 3= bay. Water_turbidity 1 =clear, 2=turbid.data_for_embryos_GLMMThis data was used in the GLMMs with brooded embryos as response variable. Units of variables: "relative_aperture_area", "shell_height", "shell_body_whorl", "aperture_height" and "aperture_width" = µm; "latitude" and "longitude" = decimal degrees; "altitude"= meter; "salinity" and "sunlight_coverage"= %; "temperature"= °C; "conductivity"=µs; "nitrite" and "nitrate"=mg/L; "flow_rate"= m/s. Habitat_type: 1 = lake, 2= stream, 3= bay. Water_turbidity 1 =clear, 2=turbid.Landmarks_for_morphoJCoordinates of the landmarks obtained with tpsDIG. File has been formatted so it can be opened with MorphoJ. File format: one line per individual. Column 1= snail_ID, column 2 = LM 1 X coordinate, column 3 = LM 1 Y coordinate, column 4= LM 2 X coordinate, ...., column 41= LM 20 Y coordinate.