DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t4b8gtjg8
title: Data and statistical codes for: Reliability of urological telesurgery compared to local surgery: A multicenter, randomised controlled trial

description: This multicenter, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial investigated
 whether telesurgery is as reliable as standard local surgery for patients
 undergoing urological robotic operations, using a prespecified
 non-inferiority margin of a 0.1 absolute reduction in surgical success
 probability. Conducted at five hospitals in China from December to June,
 the study enrolled patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy or partial
 nephrectomy and randomly assigned them 1:1 to telesurgery or local
 surgery. The primary outcome was surgical success probability, assessed by
 the medical team based on predefined criteria, alongside 13 clinical
 secondary outcomes related to the operation and early recovery, one
 secondary outcome assessing medical team workload, and four technical
 secondary outcomes evaluating network latency, display latency, frame
 loss, and system malfunction; participants were followed at 4 and 6 weeks
 postoperatively. A total of 72 participants were included in the
 intention-to-treat analysis, with mean (SD) ages of 61.0 years (57.5–68.0)
 in the telesurgery group and 65.0 years (56.5–70.0) in the local surgery
 group. Telesurgery was found to be non-inferior to local surgery with
 respect to surgical success probability after accounting for surgeon
 clustering (success probability difference: 0.02 [−0.03 to 0.15]; Bayesian
 posterior probability = 0.99 for non-inferiority). The telesurgery system
 demonstrated stable performance across distances of 1000–2800 km, with
 mean round-trip latencies of 20.1–47.5 ms and frame loss of 0–1.5 per
 procedure, and secondary outcomes—including operative metrics,
 complications, early recovery, oncologic results, and medical team
 workload—showed no substantial differences between groups. Overall,
 telesurgery demonstrated reliability that was non-inferior to local
 robotic surgery, meeting the prespecified non-inferiority margin, and the
 trial was registered under ChiCTR.org Identifier ChiCTR2300077721.
description: # Data and statistical codes for: Reliability of urological telesurgery
 compared to local surgery: A multicenter, randomised controlled trial
 Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.t4b8gtjg8](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.t4b8gtjg8) ##
 Description of the data and file structure In this randomized controlled
 trial, 72 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio
 to either the telesurgery group or the local surgery group, constituting
 the intention-to-treat set. The dataset comprises the following elements:
 (1) Clinical and demographic data of all patients, including age, sex,
 height, weight, and tumor characteristics; (2) Scores from all
 administered scales at the 4-week and 6-week follow-up assessments,
 including the QoR-15, 30-Second Chair-to-Stand Test, EPIC-26, and
 NASA-TLX; (3) Telesurgery system monitoring data, encompassing round-trip
 latency, frame loss, and display latency for all procedures; (4) All
 statistical analysis codes. ### Files and variables *
 Clinical_and_Demographic_data_of_per-protocol_population_-_prostate_cancer.csv * Clinical_and_Demographic_data_of_per-protocol_population_-_renal_cancer.csv or Clinical_and_Demographic_data_of_per-protocol_population_-_renal_cancer.xlsx Description: These Excel files contain data from an electronic medical record system, including demographic and perioperative follow-up information for the per-protocol population. * Clinical_and_Demographic_data_of_withdraw_population_-_prostate·_cancer.csv -  Clinical_and_Demographic_data_of_withdraw_population_-_renal_cancer.csv or Clinical_and_Demographic_data_of_withdraw_population_-_renal_cancer.xlsx Description: These Excel files contain data from an electronic medical record system, including demographic and perioperative follow-up information for the withdraw patients. File: Data_of_Scales_-_30_Second_Chair_to_Stand_test.csv * Data_of_Scales_-_Clavien-Dindo_classification.csv * Data_of_Scales_-_EPIC-26.csv * Data_of_Scales_-_NASA_TLX.csv * Data_of_Scales_-_QoR-15.csv Description: These excel files were the Data of all the scales of this RCT. File: telesurgery_system_monitoring_data.zip Description: This excel file contains monitoring data of round-trip latency, display latency, and frame loss of all the telesurgery cases. File: Statistic_Codes-upload.md Description: The R code and SAS code for the analysis of this RCT. ## Code/software The research analysis was conducted using R  4.4.1 and SAS software 9.4. ## Human subjects data This trial has received explicit consent from your participants to publish the de-identified data in the public domain. We are committed to preserving the anonymity and confidentiality of the study participants and their behaviors. We are also committed to the reproducibility of scientific results, and to offering other scholars the ability to advance science using the data we collected as part of this study.