cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5402
title: Chief's village, Nika, Tanzania, ca. 1891-1916

description: "Inneres eines Häuptlingsdorfes in Nika. Wohnhaus. Taubenhaus. Zelt d. Missionars. Häuptling. Vorratshäuser." ("Inside of a chief's village in Nika. Residential house. Pigeon house. The missionary's tent. Chief. Storage houses."). View into the Chief's compound in Nika [Nyika] with the living-house, the pigeon-house, missionary Meyer's tent and two storage huts (from left). A large group of indigenous people, mostly women wearing necklaces and bracelets, are to be seen in the foreground. The Chief stands right beside the missionarie's tent. Imprinted on the image: "Häuptlingssitz in Nika" ("Chief's village in Nika").; One photo included from the box of duplicates. -- Paul Theodor Meyer (1864-1933) was a son of the missionary Philipp Ludwig Heinrich Meyer. Together with Théophile Richard, Georg Martin and Johannes Häfner he started the missionary work of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine in what is now Tanzania in 1891. He founded the mission stations Rungwe in 1891, Rutenganio, Utengule and Ipanya between 1894 and 1897. From 1891 to 1916 he was superintendent of Rungwe missionary province. After being interned for three years he returned to Germany in 1919.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m2026
title: Group portrait of mission school students, Rungwe, Tanzania, ca.1894

description: "Die ersten Schüler der Station Rungwe, meist befreite Sklavenkinder. Etwa 1894 aufgenommen. Der junge Mann im Hintergrund: Kambasika (Nsajigwa)." ("The first pupils of Rungwe station, mostly freed slave children. Taken about 1894. The young man in the background: Kambasika (Nsajigwa)."). Group portrait of 19 children, most of them boys, and young men. The younger children dressed in long white cloths. The older ones mainly with bare upper bodies. Kambasika(?) wearing a tee-shirt.; Photo included from the box of duplicates.; Parts of the photo have been mended with black-and-white paint.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5401
title: Mission station Ipyana, Ipyana, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Die Station Ipyana im Entstehen. Geschw. Ledoux?") ("View of the mission in Ipyana in the process of construction. Br[ethren] Ledoux?"). In the foreground is a bell tower. Thatched buildings behind a row of small trees. Imprinted on the image: "Missionsstation Ipiana. Ostafrika. No. 552." ("Mission Ipiana. East Africa. No. 552.").; Included from the box of duplicates. -- Photo is very yellowed.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m3721
title: Voting for the Church Conference in Ipanya, Tanzania, ca.1929-1930

description: "Ipyana: Wahl zur Kirchenkonferenz. Ansagen der Helfer." ("Ipanya: Voting for the Church Conference. Announcements of the assistants."). In the background the church and some seated male congregation members; in the front six male Africans are standing around a table.; Photo taken during the visitation of Brother Samuel Baudert 1929/1930. -- Cf. photo no. 6703, probably taken on the same occasion.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5260
title: First baking of bricks in Rungwe, Tanzania, 1892

description: "Der erste Ziegelbrand in Rungwe 1892. Br. Häfner oben, Br. Meyer unten". "First brick burn in Rungwe 1892. Missionary Häfner on top, Missionary Meyer below.") A group of young African men and the two missionaries Johannes Häfner (on the brick kiln) and Theordor Meyer (below him) dismantle the brick kiln to collect the bricks. Imprinted on the image:  "Ziegelbrennen in Rungwe" ( "baking of bricks in Rungwe").
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5395
title: Meeting house, Rungwe, Tanzania, 1892

description: "Der erste Versammlungsschuppen in Rungwe." ("First Meeting-shed in Rungwe."). View of a bamboo hut with grass roof which was the first meeting house or church in Rungwe. A boy stands in front of it. Imprinted on the picture: "Versammlungs-Schuppen. Rungwe. Ost-Afrika. 468.a" ("Meeting shed. Rungwe. East Africa. 468.a").; Included from the box of duplicates. -- Photo is yellowed.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m3519
title: Fort Johnston, Nyasa, Tanzania, 1891

description: "Das alte Fort 'Fort Johnston' gegenüber dem Dorf des Häuptlings Mponda am oberen Shire nahe dem Nyassa-See 1891." ("The old fort 'Fort Johnston' opposite Chief Mponda's village at the upper Shire river near lake Nyasa 1891."). Some houses and the watchtower with the flag and the watchman are situated at the river bank. Imprinted on the image: "Fort Johnston. (am oberen Shire.) Ostafrika. No. 296" ("Fort Johnston. (at the upper Shire.) East Africa. No. 296.").
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5262
title: Meeting in a village of Chief Mwampulo, Nyasa, Tanzania, ca. 1891-1909

description: "Ratsversammlung in einem Dorfe d. Häuptlings Mwampulo. Der Häuptling mit Federbusch. Br. Häfner." ("Convention in a village of Chief Mwampulo. He wears a feather head-dress. Br. Häfner."). Many men sit on the ground surrounding Chief  Mwampulo who wears a feather head-dress. Among them is missionary Johannes Häfner (right).; Included from the box of duplicates. -- Photo is very yellowed. -- Johannes Häfner (1869 in Suriname -- 1929 in Switzerland) was a shoemaker and later a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine from 1891 till 1909. He served in Rungwe in 1891 and 1903, set up a new mission station in Isoko in 1900, served in Rutenganio in 1904, in Kyimbila in 1905 and 1908, and in Ipiana in 1907/08. He left for Europe in 1909 together with his second wife due to health problems. In 1895 he married Christiane (1872-1897), née Jepsen, and six years later Marie Wagner (1867-unknown), née Schmidt.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5277
title: Missionaries eating breakfast on a journey, East Africa, 1892

description: "Br Kretschmer, Br Bachmann frühstücken 1892." ("Br[other] Kretschmer, Br[other] Bachmann are having breakfast 1892."). Four white people, among them Missionaries Johannes Kretschmer (left) and Traugott Bachmann, having breakfast in the shade of a tree on their journey along the upper Zambezi River. Imprinted on the image: "Reisefrühstück. Ostafrika. No. 360.d" ("Travel-breakfast. East Africa. No. 360.d").; Photo included from the box of duplicates. -- Photo is yellowed. -- Johannes Kretschmer (1867-unknown) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. He served in Rungwe from November 1892 to 1894, in Rutenganio from 1894 to 1902 and from 1904 to May 1916. In 1894 he married Anna, née Wicke. -- Johann Traugott Bachmann (1865-1948) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. He served in the year 1892 in Makapalile and from November 1892 to 1899 in Rungwe. In June 1899 he founded the station in Mbozi where he served until 1911 and from 1913 until his internment in 1915. He was married to Elisabeth, née Künzel (1872-1949).
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5256
title: View of Kiwira Waterfall, Rungwe, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Wasserfall des Kibila-Flusses, 2 Stunden von Rungwe entfernt." ("Waterfall of the Kibila-River, two hours' distance from Rungwe [near Wasambala].") Imprinted on the image: "Kibira-Wasserfall. Ostafrika No. 299b". ("Kibira-Waterfall. East Africa No. 299b").; One photo included from the box of duplicates. -- The name of the river was spelled "Kibila", "Kibira" and "Kiwira". Today the stream's name is Kiwira. It is situated near to the the southern border of Tanzania near Malawi.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m3704
title: Village near Ipanya, Tanzania, ca.1929-1930

description: "Ein Dorf in der Nähe von Ipyana -&gt; Eine Kibaga (Langhütte)" ("A village near Ipanya -&gt; A 'Kibaga' (long hut)"). Village square with trees surrounded by some grass-roofed long houses; under some trees four standing Africans.; Photo taken during the visitation of Brother Samuel Baudert 1929/1930.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5264
title: Ipyana road, Ipyana, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Strasse in Ipyana." ("Street in Ipyana."). Road in Ipyana with mango- and banana trees at the roadside. Some pedestrians are in the background. Imprinted on the image: "Ipyana=Strasse. D.O.A. No. 1045." ("Ipyana road. G[erman] E[ast] A[frica] No. 1045.").; The photo is heavily yellowed.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m3676
title: Three young Nyika women near Mbozi, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "3. [sic] junge Nikafrauen bei Mbozi[.] Ohrschmuck. Kopfperlband u. Armringe[.] Offene Ohrlappen[.] Erhalten von Br. Giersch 1929." ("3. [sic] young Nyika women near Mbozi [below:] Ear jewelry. Beaded headband and bangles[.] Open earlobes[.] Received from Br[other] Giersch 1929."). The young women wear colored clothes and necklaces, the two on the left ear jewelry and the middle one a beaded headband and bangles.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m2029
title: Missionary Traugott Bachmann with mission school students, Rungwe, Tanzania, ca. 1894

description: "Die grösseren Schüler in Rungwe, etwa 1894. Br. Traugott Bachmann; rechts von ihm Fungwa (Mwalutunde), links von ihm Mela. Der Bursche rechts [ist] Kajolo, Viehhirte." ("The older students in Rungwe, about 1894. Brother Traugott Bachmann; on his right Fungwa (Mwalutunde), on his left Mela. The boy on the right [is] Kajolo, herdsman."). Group portrait of missionary Bachmann with eight men and boys. Some of the boys having hunger-swollen stomaches. Imprinted on the image: "Erwachsene Schüler in Rungwe. No. 278." ("Adult students in Rungwe. No. 278").; Photo included from the box of duplicates.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5278
title: Domestic staff, Rungwe, Tanzania, 1892

description: "Der erste Koch (in der Mitte) u. Hausburschen in Rungwe 1892." ("The first cook (center) and house boys in Rungwe 1892."). A man and five boys standing in front of a round hut made from bamboo. Imprinted on the image: "Küchenpersonal und Eingeborenen-Hütte. Rungwe. Ost-Afrika. No. 462." ("Kitchen personnel and local hut. Rungwe. East Africa. No. 462.").; Photo is very yellowed.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m71457
title: Hut near the river, in Cameroon

description: Wooden hut along the Wouri river. Some pirogues are on the foreground.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m73920
title: Floods, in Madagascar

description: Floods in the village of Soanirana (Madagascar).; In march 1959, violent storms cause major floods in Madagascar.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m1904
title: First houses of mission station, Rutenganio, Tanzania, 1894

description: "Die Erstanlage der Station Rutenganyo 1894 Von Süden. Das Rungwe-Gebirge im Hintergrund." ("The first layout of the Rutenganio station 1894 from the South. The Rungwe mountains in the background."). Landscape with a couple of mud and stone houses and a storage house(?) on top of a wooden foundation. Imprinted on the image: "Rutenganio. Ostafrika. No. 275." ("Rutenganio. East Africa. No. 275.").; Parts of the photo are blotchy, possibly damaged by water (?).
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m2099
title: People in front of a two-storied building, Rutenganio, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Baracke von Christoph u. Unmack (Niesky) mit Ziegelunterbau in Rutenganyo." ("Shack of Christoph and Unmack (Niesky) with brick base frame in Rutenganio."). Two-storied building with canopy made from plant fiber. People sitting under the canopy and on the staircase. A European man and a European woman on the platform on top of the stairs in front of the entrance to the upper floor.; Cf. photo no. 7706, box no. Nyassa 2. -- Parts of the photo have been mended with black-and-white paint. -- The town Niesky in Saxony, Germany, was founded by the Moravian Church in 1742.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m73109
title: Family, in Lesotho

description: Portrait of a christian family in front of a house, in Lesotho (Basutoland).
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m74021
title: Lili's falls, in Madagascar

description: Lili's falls, in Madagascar.; Lili's falls are closed to the village named Antafofo at Ampefy. Their name comes from a malagasy legend: a french planter lost his daughter in Antafoto; after a long time of search, the villagers thought that she had fallen in the falls which were named in her memory.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m73150
title: Samory, prisoner in Gabon

description: Portrait of Samory, prisoner in N'Djolé, with his marabout and his son around him, his wives behind him and M. Dardenne and M. Lemercier, chief of the post of Ndjole, in Gabon.; Samory Ture was the founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state that resisted French rule in West Africa from 1882. Captured in 1998, he was exiled to Gabon where he died in 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m74008
title: Tsimihety village, in Madagascar

description: Tsimihety village, in Madagascar.; Tsimihety form an ethnical group of Madagascar and live in the north of the island
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m1143
title: Travel party to a mission conference in Machame, Tanzania, ca.1927-1938

description: "Konferenz-Auto nach Machame" ("Conference car to Machame"). A car in the steppe. In front of it a group of 18 persons. Among them deacon Nüßler and O. Raum. Other European men, women and a young child and African men.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m1173
title: Teacher Filipo Ndjau and his family, Marangu, Tanzania, ca.1925-1935

description: "Filipo Ndjau mit Familie (Marangu)" ("Filipo Ndjau with family (Marangu)"). Ndjau, his wife and six children with a dog in front of the porch of a house built in European style thatched with plant fiber.; Cf. photo no. 969, album no. 3. -- Filipo Ndjau (or Ndschau/Ndzau/Njau) was born in Moshi approx. in 1890 as Kisari. After the death of his father, who had been a counselor to the Mangi Rindi, Ndjau was brought up by his mother and their kin from 1893. He attended the mission school in Moshi and helped to educate his fellow students as an assistant teacher as early as 1899. In spite of the Chistian education received by the missionaries, he decided to get circumcised in 1904 before his baptism in 1905. Ndjau worked for the missionaries Kurt Fickert, Johannes Schanz and Bruno Gutmann in Moshi, Marangu and Machame and accompanied the former one on his travels to Tanga and Mombasa. Ndjau's positions included ones such as "boy", cook, launderer and assistant teacher. In 1912, he joined the teachers' seminar in Marangu, where he was once again praised for his diligence both in intellectual and physical work. After the closure of the Marangu seminar in 1916,  Ndjau worked as catechist in Moshi. He returned to the Marangu seminar on its re-opening in 1926 and served there as a teacher until 1954. The date of his death is unknown. -- Wilhelm Guth (1888-1980), from Zeiskam in the Rhineland Palatinate, studied commerce before joining the Leipzig Mission as a pastor. He served in Gonja (southern Pare) from 1913 to 1917 and from 1927 to 1938. He left a large number of photographs, mostly taken by himself but including some by members of his family or fellow missionaries.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m1169
title: Ringing of the church bells, Gonja, Tanzania, ca.1927-1938

description: "Erstes Läuten der Glocken in Gonja nach der Weihe" ("First ringing of the bells in Gonja after consecration"). Gonja church with bell-cage. Two men, one of them wearing a hat and the other one a fes, ringing the bells. A crowd in front of the church.; Wilhelm Guth (1888-1980), from Zeiskam in the Rhineland Palatinate, studied commerce before joining the Leipzig Mission as a pastor. He served in Gonja (southern Pare) from 1913 to 1917 and from 1927 to 1938. He left a large number of photographs, mostly taken by himself but including some by members of his family or fellow missionaries.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m3663
title: Group portrait of missionaries in Mbozi, Tanzania, ca.1927-1929

description: "Mbozi: Geschw. Tietzen, Fräulein Zieglasch u. Br. Giersch[.] Erhalten von Br. Giersch 1929." ("Mbozi: Br[other] Tietzen and S[ister] Tietzen, Miss Zieglasch and Br[other] Giersch[.] Received from Br[other] Giersch 1929."). The group is standing and the missionaries are named from the left to the right.; Ernst Otto Giersch (1878-1946 [1947]) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. He served from 1906 to 1908 in Mbozi (together with his wife Anna Magdalena, née Seiler) and returned home because of illness. From 1927 to 1929 he again served in Mbozi. -- Theodor Tietzen (1893-1973) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. Having married Hildegard Marie Lenz in 1921 and served in South Africa (West) from 1922 to 1927, he moved to East Africa, where he served in Mbozi till 1929 and in Utengule till 1939. In the 1950s he returned to South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m1100
title: Missionary Guth preaching to the Maasai, Gonja, Tanzania, ca. 1927-1938

description: "Heidenpredigt bei den Masai in der Gonja-Steppe" ("Preaching to the heathen Maasai in the Gonja steppe"). Guth sitting on a box  next to a tent. A group of male Maasai, mainly warriors and older men, under a tree. Two of Guth's companions .
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11118
title: African family, Etembeni, South Africa, [s.d.]

description: "Heidnische Kaffernfamilie in Etembeni." ("Heathen Kaffir family in Etembeni."). The picture shows a group of eight people of African origin, one man sitting on a chair in the middle of the group, one man standing on the left, two women sitting close to the man sitting, another woman standing next to him. There are also two girls standing on the right and probably a woman, the face partly covered with white paint. Behind them a wooden fence and a hut, the roof made of sticks and grass. To the left another small building made of wooden sticks, probably a small barn for the animals. Except the man standing and the two girls all are covered with blankets and were cloths wrapped around their head. Imprinted on the image: "Heidnische Kaffernfamilie. S.-Afrika West. No. 642." ("Heathen Kaffir family. S[outh] Africa. West. No. 642.").
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11126
title: Group of men, South Africa, [s.d.]

description: "Zum Tanz versammelte Kaffern." ("Kaffirs gathered [in order] to dance."). The picture shows a group of 17 men and six women of African origin,standing in two rows. All are covered with blankets. The men standing on the right and the center hold wooden sticks and most of them wear hats or cloths tied around their heads. The women on the left side wear cloths tied around their heads, too. One man on the right is smoking a pipe. In the background the roof of a hut made of sticks and grass. Imprinted on the image: "Tanzende heidnische Kaffern. S. Afrika West. No. 650." ("Dancing heathen Kaffirs. S[outh] Africa West. No. 650.").; Photography faded. -- The photo was taken in the Western part of South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m3711
title: Village of a chief near Utengule, Tanzania, ca.1929-1930

description: "Ein Häuptlingsdorf unweit Mbeja bei Utengule" ("A village of a chief nearby Mbeya near Utengule"). Open site surrounded by ca. 17 grass-roofed round houses.; Photo taken during the visitation of Brother Samuel Baudert 1929/1930.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11125
title: Group of boys, Elindele, South Africa, 1898

description: "Elindele. Kampfspiel heidnische Kaffernjungen." ("Elindele. Heathen Kaffir boys' fighting game."). The picture shows four younger and three older boys of African origin,standing in a circle. They hold each two wooden sticks up in the air. Almost all face the camera. The three older boys are covered with blankets, the younger boys seem to be naked. One young boy is standing in the background watching the others. Around them and in the background grass and bushes. Imprinted on the image (but difficult to read since the imprint is of white color as the bottom of the picture where it stands): "Kampfspiel heidnischer Kafferjungen. No. 649." ("Heathen Kaffir boys' fighting game. No. 649.").; The picture was taken by the missionary Franz Joseph Chleboun (born 1866, died 1945). Chleboun came to Genadendal in 1894. He served as a missionary in Enon from 1895 to 1900 and then moved to Elim where he stayed from 1901 until 1910. Thereafter he returned to Enon. In 1913 he left South Africa and returned to Europe.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m2302
title: "Large House", Rungwe, Tanzania, ca. 1895

description: "Das erste aus Ziegeln erbaute "Grosse Haus" in Rungwe, etwa 1895." ("The first "Large House" built from bricks in Rungwe, about 1895."). Large building with rectangular main part in the middle and two smaller rectangular parts attached in right angles at either short side of the middle part. Building thatched with plant fiber and having two chimneys. Surrounded by a patio. Greenery in front of the house. A tarred road leading past its left side.; Photo included from the box of duplicates.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11301
title: Paintings on a hut's wall, Nyasa, Tanzania, 1936

description: "Bilder von der bemalten Hüttenwand." ("Pictures painted on the wall of the hut."). Geometric figures and animals, a giraffe and a snake, are recognizable. Written on the wall in Swahili: "Twiga yaliyomo" ("A giraffe is inside").; Cf. photo no. 10335 and no. 10336. -- Ernst Hermann Schnabel (1904-1953) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine and served in East Africa until the end of the 1930s. In 1934, he married Käthe Prellwitz in Kyimbila.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11306
title: Paintings on a hut's wall, Nyasa, Tanzania, 1936

description: "Bilder von der bemalten Hüttenwand." ("Pictures painted on the wall of the hut."). Geometric figures and an animal that looks like a cow. Written on the wall in Swahili: "Nyati" ("Cape buffalo").; Cf. photo nos. 10335, 10336, 10337 and 10338. -- Ernst Hermann Schnabel (1904-1953) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine and served in East Africa until the end of the 1930s. In 1934, he married Käthe Prellwitz in Kyimbila.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11484
title: Workers lining up, Nyasa, Tanzania, 1936

description: "Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst tritt an." ("Voluntary workers lining up."). Men are walking to the construction site carrying shovels. In the foreground piles of bricks. In the background low walls of the new mission station.; Cf. photo no. 10511. -- Ernst Waldner (1898-?) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine and served in East Africa. He married Julie Friederike Ebinger.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11476
title: Men building a bridge, Mbozi, Tanzania, 1936

description: "Mbozi. Brückenbau. Die Stämme werden behauen. (Br. Staub, Hauffe.)" ("Mbozi. Bridge building. The logs are being trimmed. (Brothers Staub, Hauffe.)") In the foreground three men hoeing and fixing logs. One of the two missionaries is standing on an already fixed log, supervising. In the background another log is being dragged to the construction site.; Cf. photo nos. 10505-10507. -- Brother Werner Hauffe (1909-1982) was a carpenter and later a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. From 1933 to 1939, he served in Rungwe, Utengule and Isoko. In Utengule, he was an assistant to Brother Gemuseus. In 1937, he married Irmgard Wolff. -- Hans Staub (1897-1965) was a carpenter and worked on a coffee plantation in Rungwe from 1927 to 1935. In 1935 he bought a piece of land from the Moravian Mission in Mbozi and established a coffee plantation called "Matula Farm". His brother Ruedi Staub also worked as a carpenter on the coffee plantation in Rungwe. He returned to Switzerland in the 1930s. -- Theodor Tietzen (1893-1973) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. Having married Hildegard Marie Lenz in 1921 and served in South Africa (West) from 1922 to 1927, he moved to East Africa, where he served in Mbozi till 1929 and in Utengule till 1939. In the 1950s he returned to South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m11544
title: People sitting in front of their huts, Nyasa, Tanzania, 1937

description: "Ein Eingeborenendorf im Goldgebiet. Rechts der Kuhkraal, links Biertöpfe." ("An African village in the Gold Region. Right hand: a craal, left hand: beer crocks.") Men, women and children are sitting on the ground in front of thatched huts. Two men are sitting on a kind of chair in front of the group. On the left: large crocks lying on the ground. The group is divided into two parts. On the left next to a hut: women and children almost naked. On the right: men and women wearing European clothes. Between these two parts a gap.; Theodor Tietzen (1893-1973) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. Having married Hildegard Marie Lenz in 1921 and served in South Africa (West) from 1922 to 1927, he moved to East Africa, where he served in Mbozi till 1929 and in Utengule till 1939. In the 1950s he returned to South Africa.