cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.nbkcn2
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{"type":"and","predicates":[{"type":"within","geometry":"POLYGON ((111.931 2.918175, 111.860647 2.912606, 111.792028 2.896036, 111.726834 2.868874, 111.666673 2.83179, 111.613026 2.785696, 111.567214 2.73173, 111.530366 2.671221, 111.503387 2.60566, 111.48694 2.536661, 111.481429 2.465924, 111.486987 2.39519, 111.503476 2.326202, 111.530489 2.260657, 111.567359 2.200169, 111.613178 2.146226, 111.666817 2.100156, 111.726957 2.063092, 111.792117 2.035947, 111.860694 2.019388, 111.931 2.013822, 112.001306 2.019388, 112.069883 2.035947, 112.135043 2.063092, 112.195183 2.100156, 112.248822 2.146226, 112.294641 2.200169, 112.331511 2.260657, 112.358524 2.326202, 112.375013 2.39519, 112.380571 2.465924, 112.37506 2.536661, 112.358613 2.60566, 112.331634 2.671221, 112.294786 2.73173, 112.248974 2.785696, 112.195327 2.83179, 112.135166 2.868874, 112.069972 2.896036, 112.001353 2.912606, 111.931 2.918175))"},{"type":"equals","key":"CLASS_KEY","value":"212","matchCase":false},{"type":"greaterThanOrEquals","key":"YEAR","value":"2015","matchCase":false},{"type":"not","predicate":{"type":"in","key":"BASIS_OF_RECORD","values":["MATERIAL_CITATION","MATERIAL_SAMPLE","PRESERVED_SPECIMEN"],"matchCase":false}},{"type":"lessThanOrEquals","key":"COORDINATE_UNCERTAINTY_IN_METERS","value":"10000","matchCase":false},{"type":"equals","key":"LICENSE","value":"CC BY 4.0","matchCase":false}]}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000524-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318351
title: Thymelaeaceae Juss. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:55
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318352
title: Thymelaeaceae Juss. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:55
DOI: 10.15468/dl.rsmgzr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 376 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Philippines",
 "HasCoordinate is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Pterocarpus indicus"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 376 records from 29 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000525-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pfsnq3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 133403 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Saudi Arabia",
 "GadmGid is SAU.7_1",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Absent"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 133403 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000506-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318355
title: Triodanis perfoliata subsp. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Lammers. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:55
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318356
title: Triodanis perfoliata subsp. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Lammers. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:55
DOI: 10.15468/dl.8xjzx9
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 5 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Dicosmoecus jozankeanus",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 5 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000526-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318365
title: Verbascum virgatum Stokes. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:56
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318366
title: Verbascum virgatum Stokes. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:56
DOI: 10.15468/dl.anftdg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 313 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 {
 "or" : [
 "PublishingCountry is Colombia",
 {
 "and" : [
 "Country is Colombia",
 {
 "not" : {
 "Issue" : [
 "is Country coordinate mismatch"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
 }
 ]
 },
 {
 "and" : [
 "StateProvince is one of (Antioquia)",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Boa constrictor [GBIF Backbone Taxonomy])"
 ]
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 313 records from 17 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000527-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318353
title: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF LEXICAL COMPETENCE FORMATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

description: This article examines the psychological and linguistic dimensions of lexical competence development in preschool-aged children during second language acquisition, with particular focus on English language learning. The study explores cognitive mechanisms, developmental stages, and pedagogical implications for effective vocabulary acquisition in early childhood. Drawing on contemporary research in developmental psychology and applied linguistics, this paper analyzes how children's cognitive maturation intersects with linguistic input to facilitate lexical competence formation.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318354
title: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF LEXICAL COMPETENCE FORMATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

description: This article examines the psychological and linguistic dimensions of lexical competence development in preschool-aged children during second language acquisition, with particular focus on English language learning. The study explores cognitive mechanisms, developmental stages, and pedagogical implications for effective vocabulary acquisition in early childhood. Drawing on contemporary research in developmental psychology and applied linguistics, this paper analyzes how children's cognitive maturation intersects with linguistic input to facilitate lexical competence formation.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.yt9yvm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{"type":"and","predicates":[{"type":"within","geometry":"POLYGON ((103.082 -0.691816, 103.011732 -0.697383, 102.943193 -0.7139450000000001, 102.878071 -0.7410949999999999, 102.817969 -0.778165, 102.764367 -0.824242, 102.718583 -0.878192, 102.681745 -0.938687, 102.654761 -1.004237, 102.638295 -1.073229, 102.632753 -1.143965, 102.638273 -1.214702, 102.65472 -1.283699, 102.681688 -1.349257, 102.718516 -1.409761, 102.764296 -1.463722, 102.817902 -1.50981, 102.878015 -1.546889, 102.943152 -1.574047, 103.01171 -1.590614, 103.082 -1.596182, 103.15229 -1.590614, 103.220848 -1.574047, 103.285985 -1.546889, 103.346098 -1.50981, 103.399704 -1.463722, 103.445484 -1.409761, 103.482312 -1.349257, 103.50928 -1.283699, 103.525727 -1.214702, 103.531247 -1.143965, 103.525705 -1.073229, 103.509239 -1.004237, 103.482255 -0.938687, 103.445417 -0.878192, 103.399633 -0.824242, 103.346031 -0.778165, 103.285929 -0.7410949999999999, 103.220807 -0.7139450000000001, 103.152268 -0.697383, 103.082 -0.691816))"},{"type":"equals","key":"CLASS_KEY","value":"212","matchCase":false},{"type":"greaterThanOrEquals","key":"YEAR","value":"2015","matchCase":false},{"type":"not","predicate":{"type":"in","key":"BASIS_OF_RECORD","values":["MATERIAL_CITATION","MATERIAL_SAMPLE","PRESERVED_SPECIMEN"],"matchCase":false}},{"type":"lessThanOrEquals","key":"COORDINATE_UNCERTAINTY_IN_METERS","value":"10000","matchCase":false},{"type":"equals","key":"LICENSE","value":"CC BY 4.0","matchCase":false}]}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000528-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.cnxkj6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 193 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Anoura aequatoris"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 193 records from 18 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000529-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.asfgv5
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 44 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{"type":"and","predicates":[{"type":"within","geometry":"POLYGON ((102.577 2.919175, 102.506647 2.913606, 102.438028 2.897036, 102.372834 2.869874, 102.312673 2.83279, 102.259026 2.786696, 102.213214 2.73273, 102.176366 2.672221, 102.149387 2.60666, 102.13294 2.537661, 102.127428 2.466924, 102.132987 2.39619, 102.149476 2.327202, 102.176489 2.261657, 102.213359 2.201169, 102.259178 2.147226, 102.312817 2.101156, 102.372957 2.064092, 102.438117 2.036947, 102.506694 2.020388, 102.577 2.014822, 102.647306 2.020388, 102.715883 2.036947, 102.781043 2.064092, 102.841183 2.101156, 102.894822 2.147226, 102.940641 2.201169, 102.977511 2.261657, 103.004524 2.327202, 103.021013 2.39619, 103.026572 2.466924, 103.02106 2.537661, 103.004613 2.60666, 102.977634 2.672221, 102.940786 2.73273, 102.894974 2.786696, 102.841327 2.83279, 102.781166 2.869874, 102.715972 2.897036, 102.647353 2.913606, 102.577 2.919175))"},{"type":"equals","key":"CLASS_KEY","value":"212","matchCase":false},{"type":"greaterThanOrEquals","key":"YEAR","value":"2015","matchCase":false},{"type":"not","predicate":{"type":"in","key":"BASIS_OF_RECORD","values":["MATERIAL_CITATION","MATERIAL_SAMPLE","PRESERVED_SPECIMEN"],"matchCase":false}},{"type":"lessThanOrEquals","key":"COORDINATE_UNCERTAINTY_IN_METERS","value":"10000","matchCase":false},{"type":"equals","key":"LICENSE","value":"CC BY 4.0","matchCase":false}]}

 The dataset includes 44 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000531-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.tacks6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 19086 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Populus grandidentata"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 19086 records from 234 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000532-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/14563018
title: Peer-to-Peer Boliviano (BOB) Exchange Data
DOI: 10.15468/dl.j7fwq4
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 134540 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, Botany Collection"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 134540 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000517-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.zsjqg3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 590 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Gossypium klotzschianum"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 590 records from 40 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000533-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.scpcsk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 902 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Sceloporus gadoviae"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 902 records from 44 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000534-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15784/602020
title: Morphological Traits of Antarctic Plants

description: With rapid glacial retreat occurring in Antarctica, more and more ice-free regions are becoming available for colonization by Antarctica’s assemblage of terrestrial plants, promoting unprecedented recent rates of Antarctic-greening. Although there have been numerous studies aimed at understanding the processes and mechanisms of soil and vegetation development following glacial retreat in high latitude montane systems, we have a limited understanding of soil and vegetative development patterns with glacial retreat in Antarctica. Further, we have virtually no understanding of the mechanisms of successional vegetative processes during glacial retreat in Antarctica nor how this associated greening will impact terrestrial ecosystem function, such as how carbon moves through the system, in this rapidly changing environment. During three field seasons from 2022-2024, we conducted intensive surveys of plant-soil interactions across succession sites, and we implemented a manipulative transplant experiment, in which we moved different plant species into soil that had never had plant growth previously. We conducted this research in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica to determine how different Antarctic plant species affect the soil in which they grow. Using samples we collected during these field seasons, we measured plant functional traits (including nutrients, water holding capacity, morphological traits and thermal traits); soil physical properties and biogeochemistry; and soil microbial and invertebrate communities. Our results suggest that taken together, nutrient- and water-based, plant functional traits demonstrate that Antarctic plants exhibit differentiated ecological strategies that can be linked to key ecosystem processes—carbon accumulation, nutrient cycling, water regulation, and microhabitat stabilization. Additionally, our experiment shows that Antarctic plant species can significantly differentially affect soil carbon in a relatively short time span. These results have important implications with respect to how species-specific effects of plants influence soil properties, including carbon cycling, during glacial retreat. Training of graduate and undergraduate researchers was a key component of our research, and students were able to present their results at international meetings.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.kgbjdj
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Dicosmoecus palatus",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000536-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318370
title: Trifolium riograndense subsp. pseudocaliculatum Del Puerto. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:55
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18318371
title: Trifolium riograndense subsp. pseudocaliculatum Del Puerto. In: Marchesi E., Mailhos A. & Bonifacino J.M. (Eds.). Flora Uruguaya: Flora Vascular del Uruguay. ISSN 3121-2050, V. 1.0.

description: Citable snapshot. Includes PDF and CSV of collections. Date: January 13th, 2026 at 16:55
DOI: 10.15468/dl.62ecff
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13291 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Populus fremontii"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13291 records from 185 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000535-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.23708/0zhpoq
title: Jeux de données à déposer

description: Liste des jeux de données à utiliser lors du TP organisé le 21 mai 2025 lors du regroupement du DU Données
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/11904782
title: Peer-to-Peer Boliviano (BOB) Exchange Data
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29071033
title: Supplementary Material from Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota, Blood Metabolites, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mendelian Randomization Study

description: Supplementary Table1.xls
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29071033.v1
title: Supplementary Material from Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota, Blood Metabolites, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mendelian Randomization Study

description: Supplementary Table1.xls
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29071046
title: Supplementary Material from Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota, Blood Metabolites, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mendelian Randomization Study

description: Supplementary Table2.xls
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29071046.v1
title: Supplementary Material from Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota, Blood Metabolites, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mendelian Randomization Study

description: Supplementary Table2.xls
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ek66uy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7544 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Nicotiana tabacum L."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7544 records from 410 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009056-250515123054153/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5905/ethz-1002-1326
title: Digital photography for tracking the life cycle of plants: Data from Fruebuel (CH-FRU)

description: Site: Früebüel ( CH-FRU, canton Zug, Switzerland) is situated on the Walchwil mountain, north-east of Lake Zug. Adjacent to the experimental area lies a conservation area with a raised bog. Früebüel is part of the ETH research station.; Longitude (WGS 84): 8°32'16.0" E; Latitude (WGS 84): 47°06'57.0" N; Altitude (m.a.s.l.): 982; Land cover (IGBP land classification): Grassland; Soil type: Gleysol (Roth K (2006) Bodenkartierung und GIS-basierte Kohlenstoffinventur von Graslandböden: Untersuchungen an den ETH-Forschungsstationen Chamau und Früebüel (ZG, Schweiz). Diploma Thesis, University of Zurich, Switzerland); Geology: The area is formed by the quartiary deposits of the Reuss glacier. It is dominated by moraines from the Würm ice age (from: Roth K (2006), Diploma Thesis, University of Zurich, Switzerland).
DOI: 10.5905/ethz-1002-22958
title: Forest vulnerability to extreme dryness stress - Chapter 4: Impact of compound soil and atmospheric dryness on net productivity of a spruce versus a mixed forest in Switzerland
DOI: 10.5905/ethz-1002-22959
title: Forest vulnerability to extreme dryness stress - Chapter 5: The impact of compound drought-heatwave event on a mixed deciduous forest in Switzerland: comparisons from compound drought-heatwave events in 2015, 2018 and 2022

description: Site: Lägeren (CH-LAE, canton Aargau, Switzerland) Managed mixed deciduous mountain forest located on the steep Lägeren mountain (NW of Zurich, Swiss Plateau). The forest is highly diverse, dominated by beech and fir. The site is part of the international CarboEurope IP network and the NABEL (Swiss air quality network) and a long-term forest ecosystem research site (LWF) of the WSL (Institut f. Wald Schnee & Landschaft).;
Longitude (WGS 84): 8°21'51.8" E;
Latitude (WGS 84): 47°28'42.0" N
Altitude (m.a.s.l): 682;
Land cover (IGBP land classification): Mixed Forest;
Soil type: The main soil types are rendzic leptosols (or rendzinas) and haplic cambisols according to the World Reference Base of Soil Resources (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2007). The litter layer is thin, since leaf litter decomposes almost completely within one year.;
Geology: The main bedrocks of the study site are limestone, marl and sandstone, with transition zones between marl and limestone (loamy debris) and marl mixed with sandstone (loam).
DOI: 10.5905/ethz-1002-22960
title: Forest vulnerability to extreme dryness stress - Chapter 2: Increase in occurences of compound extreme dryness via air and soil dryness across Europe in the future
DOI: 10.5905/ethz-1002-22963
title: The impact of summer drought on the short-term carbon cycle of temperate grasslands: Data from Chamau (CH-CHA)

description: Site: Chamau (CH-CHA, canton Zug, Switzerland) is located in a lowland broad river valley of the Reuss River. It is part of the ETH research station.;
Longitude (WGS 84): 8°24'37.6" E;
Latitude (WGS 84): 47°12'36.8" N;
Altitude (m.a.s.l.): 393
Land cover (IGBP land classification): Grassland;
Soil type: Cambisol (Roth K (2006), Diploma Thesis, University of Zurich, Switzerland).;
Geology: The area is located on tertiary molasse. The Reuss-valley is filled with postglacial retreating rubble of the Reuss glacier (from: Roth K (2006) Diploma Thesis, University of Zurich, Switzerland).
DOI: 10.5905/ethz-1002-22964
title: The impact of summer drought on the short-term carbon cycle of temperate grasslands: Data from Alp Weissenstein (CH-AWS)

description: Site: Alp Weissenstein (CH-AWS, Crap Alv, canton Grisons, Switzerland) is located on the western side of the Albula pass in the Swiss Alps. It is is part of the ETH research stations.;
Longitude (WGS 84): 9°47'25.5" E;
Latitude (WGS 84): 46°34'59.5" N;
Altitude (m.a.s.l): 1978;
Land cover (IGBP land classification): Grassland;
Soil type: Slightly humous to humous sandy loam (Schärer 2003);
Geology: Morainic material from the Val Bever glacier (Caflisch 1954) and limestone debris (Bearth et al. 1987) from the steep valley slopes that superpose the glacial formation.