DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d2547d8bw
title: Data and analyses from: Context matters: A meta-analysis of the variable impacts of transgenerational and developmental plasticity on responses to stress

description: Understanding organisms’ abilities to adapt and acclimate to stressors in
 their environments is essential for predicting the distributions and
 persistence of species and populations during environmental change. Beyond
 genetic adaptation, prior experiences with a given stressor across life
 stages can dictate how an individual will fare when exposed to that
 stressor again. There is now a robust literature on the impacts of
 parental experiences on offspring traits (transgenerational plasticity),
 plus an even broader literature on the carry-over effects of early-life
 experience on phenotypic outcomes (within-generational or developmental
 plasticity); however, less is understood about the relative strengths of
 these two forms of plasticity and how they interact in shaping stress
 tolerance. We explored these questions by conducting a meta-analysis of
 peer-reviewed studies that tested both within- and transgenerational
 effects of naturally occurring environmental stressors. All included
 studies featured clear “control” and “stress” treatments and a fully
 factorial design across both parents and offspring. We performed
 meta-regressions with contextual moderators including the traits measured,
 the type of stressor, taxonomic group, and organismal life history traits
 to elucidate patterns and develop a predictive framework for when we
 should expect to see effects of transgenerational plasticity,
 within-generational plasticity, both, or neither, and under what
 conditions we may find legacy effects to be adaptive or maladaptive. We
 found that there was not a strong, overall effect of either parental or
 early-life exposure on subsequent offspring performance. However,
 experimental context (what stressor was used and what traits were
 measured) as well as biological context (taxonomy, life history traits)
 were important predictors for understanding the strength and direction of
 plasticity. We found several contexts where there were meaningful effects
 of parental and early-life stress exposure and evidence that these may
 interact to impact phenotypic and fitness outcomes. Our study highlights
 the need for careful consideration of context when exploring patterns of
 plasticity. We hope to underscore the need for additional, fully factorial
 studies that measure the interaction between these forms of plasticity
 across a variety of systems and stressors to better understand how stress
 may carry forward across life stages and generations.
description: This dataset was collected from published research papers as part
 of a meta-analysis examining the effects of transgenerational and
 developmental plasticity on organism stress tolerance. Raw data was
 collected from published manuscripts that fit a pre-determined set of
 criteria from either 1) raw data provdided by authors in a repository or
 via personal communicatio, 2) data presented in tables, 3) data mined
 using the MetaDigitise package in R from figures. These raw data were then
 analyzed using a meta-analytic model and a series of meta-regression
 models to determine factors/moderators that significantly contributed to
 patterns in offspring trait measures. We used two designs and analyzed
 them separately. The aim for Design A was to determine if there were
 significant effects of parental treatment (transgenerational plasticity)
 and offpspring early-life treatment (developmental plasiticity) and their
 potential interactions on later offspring traits. The aim for Design B was
 to determine if the timing of parental exposure to stress (in early life
 or later in life) impacted transgenerational patterns.
description: # Data and analyses from: Transgenerational and Developmental Plasticity
 Both Shape Patterns of Environmental Stress Tolerance: A Meta-Analysis
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.d2547d8bw](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.d2547d8bw) ## Description of the data and file structure This dataset was collected from published research papers as part of a meta-analysis examining the effects of transgenerational and developmental plasticity on organism stress tolerance. Raw data was collected from published manuscripts that fit a pre-determined set of criteria from either 1) raw data provided by authors in a repository or via personal communication, 2) data presented in tables, 3) data mined using the MetaDigitise package in R from figures. These raw data were then analyzed using a meta-analytic model and a series of meta-regression models to determine factors/moderators that significantly contributed to patterns in offspring trait measures. We used two designs and analyzed them separately. The aim for Design A was to determine if there were significant effects of parental treatment (transgenerational plasticity) and offpspring early-life treatment (developmental plasiticity) and their potential interactions on later offspring traits. The aim for Design B was to determine if the timing of parental exposure to stress (in early life or later in life) impacted transgenerational patterns. ### Files and variables # Description of the data and files and structure ## Design A Data Data from all Design A studies included in the meta-analysis and prepared for R analyses. Files: cleaned_Design_A_11.21.24.csv, Design_A_lnRR_Spp.csv Code: Meta-analysis_Analysis_Design A_11.21.24.Rmd & MetaAnalysis_DesignA_FIGURES_11.29.24 ##### cleaned\_Design\_A\_11.21.24.csv The raw data used in Design A analyses. 1\. Number of variables: 50 2\. Number of cases/rows: 789 Variable list (*denotes used or described in analyses presented in manuscript): Source -  Database where the study was found - Scopus, WoS (Web of Science), or Both (study found on both Scopus and Web of Science) Record Number - A unique number given to each study prior to the first screening *Study_ID - A unique number given only to studies used in the final analyses (studies that made it past the first and second screening), formatted as "S#" *Effect_size_ID - A unique number given to each effect size calculated from studies included in the final analysis, formatted as "E#" Authors - The authors of the study (full last name, first letter of first name only) Authors_FullName - The authors of the study (full last name, full first name) Title - Study title Abstract - Study abstract Journal - Journal where study was published Year - Year study was published Author_Keyword - Keywords provided by authors (empty cells indicate that keywords were not provided upon download from database) DOI - The digital object identifier of the study DOI_Link - The address with the digital object identifier that links to the article *Species - The genus and species used in the study (Genus_species) Population - Indicates if multiple populations/strains/sexes/groups were used in the study. "1" indicates that only one group was used, all other entries are taken from the study directly. Males and females were included separately only if the study specifically reported different results for each. Lab_Wild - Whether the study species were reared in the lab/lab strains or taken from the wild ("lab" or "wild"). Species were considered wild if &lt;2 generations were reared in the lab prior to the start of the study (e.g., if the study lab-acclimated the grandparental generation prior to creating the experimental parent generation, those were considered "wild"). Taxonomy - The broad taxonomic group the study species belongs to (1_invertebrates, 2_vertebrates, 3_annual_plants, 4_perennial_plants) *Taxonomy_simple - There were very few studies using plants so we collapsed category 3 and 4 (perennial and annual plants) into just "plant" (1_invertebrates, 2_vertebrates, 3_plants) Stressor*_*from*_*paper - The stressor used in the experiments using the exact wording from the study *Stressor_Category - Grouping stressors by more general categories (1_Temperature, 2_Chemistry, 3_Resource quality, 4_Species interaction, 5_Infection) Stressor_type - Broadest category of stressor, either biotic or abiotic (1_Biotic, 2_Abiotic) *Transmission_type - Which parent(s) were experimentally manipulated (1_Biparental, 2_maternal, 3_paternal) Timing_P - The life stage parents were experimentally manipulated in the study (1_Early-life, 2_Adult, 3_Both) Timing_O1 - The life stage when the offspring early-life treatment/manipulation was administered (1_Embryo/Egg/Seed, 2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Timing_O2 - The life stage when the offspring later life trait measure was taken (2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Devo_traits - The developmental mode of the study species, either direct development or biphasic development (1_Biphasic, 2_Direct) Life_history_traits - The reproductive life history traits of the study species (1_Internal gestation, 2_External embryos, 3_External gametes, 4_clonal) Mobility_Juvenile - The mobility of the juvenile phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Mobility_Adult - The mobility of the adult phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Trait*_*from_paper - The trait being measured in the offspring with the wording taken directly from the study Trait_Category - Traits grouped by more general categories (e.g., Mass/Weight, Length/Size, Survival, Metabolism/respiration, etc.) *Trait_Type - Traits grouped into six broad categories (1_Physiology, 2_Morphology, 3_Life_history, 4_Survival, 5_Reproductive, 6_Behavior) Trait_Unit - The unit of measurement of the trait (e.g., mm, g, seconds, etc.) Negative*_*fitness_Correlation - Whether or not the trait has a negative correlation with fitness (i.e., a lower value is actually better, for example development time or latency to feed). For these traits, we reversed their sign to better understand our results as adaptive/maladative. A "0" indicates no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that the sign was reversed.  *Error_Imputed - Whether or not the trait measures lacked an error term and therefore had to be imputed (see Methods). A "0" indicates that the traits had error terms reported, a "1" indicates that the error term was imputed. *Continuous_correction_applied - Whether or not a continuous correction was applied. For some studies, the mean or error term was equal to zero which cannot be used correctly in our effect size calculations so a continuous correction of 0.5 was applied to all values in that pairwise comparison (see Methods). A "0" indicates that no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that a continuous correction was applied. *P_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the parent *O1_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the offspring during their early life stage  *O2_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the later life offspring stage during their trait measurement (e.g., "control" if lengths were measured in control conditions, "stress" if offspring were exposed to temperature stress and their tolerance measured as the trait of interest) Treatment_combo - All three treatment moderators (P_treatment \_ O1_treatment \_ O2_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) Offspring_combo - The two offspring treatment moderators (O1_treatment \_ O2_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) P_O1_combo - The parental and early-life offspring treatment moderators (P_treatment \_ O1_treatment ) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) *A_n_control - Sample size of the control treatment *B_n_stress - Sample size of the stress treatment *A_avg_control - The mean trait value of the control treatment *B_avg_stress - The mean trait value of the control treatment *A_sd_control - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  *B_sd_stress - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  NOTES - Additional notes or comments 3\. Missing data codes: Only the "Author_Keywords" and "NOTES" columns should have blank cells, blank cells indicate information not retrieved or no additional information necessary 4\. Specialized formats or abbreviations used: P = parent O = offspring ##### Design\_A\_lnRR\_Spp.csv The output after calculating effect sizes, imputing error terms, and assigning species and taxonomy in R (see Meta-analysis_Analysis_Design A_12.19.24.Rmd, csv file written from the matrix constructed in R). 1\. Number of variables: 67 2\. Number of cases/rows: 789 Variable list (*denotes used or described in analyses presented in manuscript): ID - Unique number assigned to each row *Species - The genus and species used in the study (Genus_species) Source -  Database where the study was found - Scopus, WoS (Web of Science), or Both (study found on both Scopus and Web of Science) Record Number - A unique number given to each study prior to the first screening *Study_ID - A unique number given only to studies used in the final analyses (studies that made it past the first and second screening), formatted as "S#" *Effect_size_ID - A unique number given to each effect size calculated from studies included in the final analysis, formatted as "E#" Authors - The authors of the study (full last name, first letter of first name only) Authors_FullName - The authors of the study (full last name, full first name) Title - Study title Abstract - Study abstract Journal - Journal where study was published Year - Year study was published Author_Keyword - Keywords provided by authors (empty cells indicate that keywords were not provided upon download from database) DOI - The digital object identifier of the study DOI_Link - The address with the digital object identifier that links to the article Population - Indicates if multiple populations/strains/sexes/groups were used in the study. "1" indicates that only one group was used, all other entries are taken from the study directly. Males and females were included separately only if the study specifically reported different results for each. Lab_Wild - Whether the study species were reared in the lab/lab strains or taken from the wild ("lab" or "wild"). Species were considered wild if &lt;2 generations were reared in the lab prior to the start of the study (e.g., if the study lab-acclimated the grandparental generation prior to creating the experimental parent generation, those were considered "wild"). Taxonomy - The broad taxonomic group the study species belongs to (1_invertebrates, 2_vertebrates, 3_annual_plants, 4_perennial_plants) *Taxonomy_simple - There were very few studies using plants so we collapsed category 3 and 4 (perennial and annual plants) into just "plant" (1_invertebrates, 2_vertebrates, 3_plants) Stressor*_*from*_*paper - The stressor used in the experiments using the exact wording from the study *Stressor_Category - Grouping stressors by more general categories (1_Temperature, 2_Chemistry, 3_Resource quality, 4_Species interaction, 5_Infection) Stressor_type - Broadest category of stressor, either biotic or abiotic (1_Biotic, 2_Abiotic) *Transmission_type - Which parent(s) were experimentally manipulated (1_Biparental, 2_maternal, 3_paternal) Timing_P - The life stage parents were experimentally manipulated in the study (1_Early-life, 2_Adult, 3_Both) Timing_O1 - The life stage when the offspring early-life treatment/manipulation was administered (1_Embryo/Egg/Seed, 2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Timing_O2 - The life stage when the offspring later life trait measure was taken (2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Devo_traits - The developmental mode of the study species, either direct development or biphasic development (1_Biphasic, 2_Direct) Life_history_traits - The reproductive life history traits of the study species (1_Internal gestation, 2_External embryos, 3_External gametes, 4_clonal) Mobility_Juvenile - The mobility of the juvenile phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Mobility_Adult - The mobility of the adult phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Trait*_*from_paper - The trait being measured in the offspring with the wording taken directly from the study Trait_Category - Traits grouped by more general categories (e.g., Mass/Weight, Length/Size, Survival, Metabolism/respiration, etc.) *Trait_Type - Traits grouped into six broad categories (1_Physiology, 2_Morphology, 3_Life_history, 4_Survival, 5_Reproductive, 6_Behavior) Trait_Unit - The unit of measurement of the trait (e.g., mm, g, seconds, etc.) Negative*_*fitness_Correlation - Whether or not the trait has a negative correlation with fitness (i.e., a lower value is actually better, for example development time or latency to feed). For these traits, we reversed their sign to better understand our results as adaptive/maladative. A "0" indicates no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that the sign was reversed.  *Error_Imputed - Whether or not the trait measures lacked an error term and therefore had to be imputed (see Methods). A "0" indicates that the traits had error terms reported, a "1" indicates that the error term was imputed. *Continuous_correction_applied - Whether or not a continuous correction was applied. For some studies, the mean or error term was equal to zero which cannot be used correctly in our effect size calculations so a continuous correction of 0.5 was applied to all values in that pairwise comparison (see Methods). A "0" indicates that no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that a continuous correction was applied. *P_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the parent *O1_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the offspring during their early life stage  *O2_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the later life offspring stage during their trait measurement (e.g., "control" if lengths were measured in control conditions, "stress" if offspring were exposed to temperature stress and their tolerance measured as the trait of interest) Treatment_combo - All three treatment moderators (P_treatment \_ O1_treatment \_ O2_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) Offspring_combo - The two offspring treatment moderators (O1_treatment \_ O2_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) P_O1_combo - The parental and early-life offspring treatment moderators (P_treatment \_ O1_treatment ) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) *A_n_control - Sample size of the control treatment *B_n_stress - Sample size of the stress treatment *A_avg_control - The mean trait value of the control treatment *B_avg_stress - The mean trait value of the control treatment *A_sd_control - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  *B_sd_stress - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  NOTES - Additional notes or comments *lnRR - Effect size calculated using a log response ratio with correction (see Equation 1 in Methods) *lnRRV - Variance around the effect size, sampling variance (see Equation 2 in Methods) *Precision - The inverse of the standard error (or 1/SQRT(lnRRV)) cv_control - [part of error imputation calculations] The coefficient of variation for the control treatments using all effect sizes that are NOT missing error terms. cv_stress - [part of error imputation calculations] The coefficient of variation for the stress treatments using all effect sizes that are NOT missing error terms. b_CV2_1 - [part of error imputation calculations] The average between-study coefficient of variation (CV) in control treatments. b_CV2_2 - [part of error imputation calculations] The average between-study coefficient of variation (CV) in stress treatments. cv2_control_new - [part of error imputation calculations] A column where values for effect sizes that have error terms keep their values (cv_control) or if they are missing error terms we insert the weighted between-study CV to replace missing CV (which is due to missing SD) for control treatments. cv2_stress_new - [part of error imputation calculations] A column where values for effect sizes that have error terms keep their values (cv_control) or if they are missing error terms we insert the weighted between-study CV to replace missing CV (which is due to missing SD) for control treatments. lnRR_new -  [output of error imputation calculations for those missing data] The new point estimate of lnRR using either the between-individual CV^2 when missing or normal CV^2 when not missing. For both lnRR and lnRRV, we merged the columns so that these new values became the lnRR and lnRRV values for those missing error terms (imputed) while the original values were kept for those that had an error term. lnRRV_new - [output of error imputation calculations for those missing data] The new point estimate of lnRRV (sampling variance) using either the between-individual CV^2 when missing or normal CV^2 when not missing. For both lnRR and lnRRV, we merged the columns so that these new values became the lnRR and lnRRV values for those missing error terms (imputed) while the original values were kept for those that had an error term. db - The database the* taxize* package used to assign taxonomic information to each species (all were ncbi). phylum - Phylum of the study species. class - Class of the study species. order - Order of the study species. family -  Family of the study species. 3\. Missing data codes: Only the "Author_Keywords" and "NOTES" columns should have blank cells, blank cells indicate information not retrieved or no additional information necessary 4\. Specialized formats or abbreviations used: P = parent O = offspring lnRR = effect size (using log response ratio) lnRR = sampling variance CV = coefficient of variation ## Design B Data Data from all Design B studies included in the meta-analysis and prepared for R analyses. Files: cleaned_Design_B_11.21.24.csv; Design_B_lnRR_Spp.csv Code: Meta-analysis_Analysis_Design B_11.17.24.Rmd & MetaAnalysis_DesignB_FIGURES_11.29.24 ##### cleaned\_Design\_B\_11.21.24.csv 1\. Number of variables: 47 2\. Number of cases/rows: 392 Variable list (*denotes used or described in analyses presented in manuscript): Source -  Database where the study was found - Scopus, WoS (Web of Science), or Both (study found on both Scopus and Web of Science) Record Number - A unique number given to each study prior to the first screening *Study_ID - A unique number given only to studies used in the final analyses (studies that made it past the first and second screening), formatted as "S#" *Effect_size_ID - A unique number given to each effect size calculated from studies included in the final analysis, formatted as "E#" Authors - The authors of the study (full last name, first letter of first name only) Authors_FullName - The authors of the study (full last name, full first name) Title - Study title Abstract - Study abstract Journal - Journal where study was published Year - Year study was published Author_Keyword - Keywords provided by authors (empty cells indicate that keywords were not provided upon download from database) DOI - The digital object identifier of the study DOI_Link - The address with the digital object identifier that links to the article *Species - The genus and species used in the study (Genus_species) Population - Indicates if multiple populations/strains/sexes/groups were used in the study. "1" indicates that only one group was used, all other entries are taken from the study directly. Males and females were included separately only if the study specifically reported different results for each. Lab_Wild - Whether the study species were reared in the lab/lab strains or taken from the wild. Species were considered wild if &lt;2 generations were reared in the lab prior to the start of the study (e.g., if the study lab-acclimated the grandparental generation prior to creating the experimental parent generation, those were considered "wild") *Taxonomy - The broad taxonomic group the study species belongs to. There were very few studies using plants so we collapsed perennial and annual plants into just "plants" (1_invertebrates, 2_vertebrates, 3_plants) Stressor*_*from*_*paper - The stressor used in the experiments using the exact wording from the study *Stressor_Category - Grouping stressors by more general categories (1_Temperature, 2_Chemistry, 3_Resource quality, 4_Species interaction, 5_Infection) Stressor_type - Broadest category of stressor, either biotic or abiotic (1_Biotic, 2_Abiotic) *Transmission_type - Which parent(s) were experimentally manipulated (1_Biparental, 2_maternal, 3_paternal) Timing_P1 - The life stage when the parent early-life treatment/manipulation was administered (1_Embryo/Egg/Seed, 2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) Timing_P2 - The life stage when the parent later life treatment/manipulation was administered (2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Timing_O1 - The life stage when the offspring trait measure was taken (1_Embryo/Egg/Seed, 2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Devo_traits - The developmental mode of the study species, either direct development or biphasic development (1_Biphasic, 2_Direct) Life_history_traits - The reproductive life history traits of the study species (1_Internal gestation, 2_External embryos, 3_External gametes, 4_clonal) Mobility_Juvenile - The mobility of the juvenile phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Mobility_Adult - The mobility of the adult phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Trait*_*from_paper - The trait being measured in the offspring with the wording taken directly from the study Trait_Category - Traits grouped by more general categories (e.g., Mass/Weight, Length/Size, Survival, Metabolism/respiration, etc.) *Trait_Type - Traits grouped into six broad categories (1_Physiology, 2_Morphology, 3_Life_history, 4_Survival, 5_Reproductive, 6_Behavior) Trait_Unit - The unit of measurement of the trait (e.g., mm, g, seconds, etc.) Negative*_*fitness_Correlation - Whether or not the trait has a negative correlation with fitness (i.e., a lower value is actually better, for example development time or latency to feed). For these traits, we reversed their sign to better understand our results as adaptive/maladative. A "0" indicates no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that the sign was reversed.  *Continuous_correction_applied - Whether or not a continuous correction was applied. For some studies, the mean or error term was equal to zero which cannot be used correctly in our effect size calculations so a continuous correction of 0.5 was applied to all values in that pairwise comparison (see Methods). A "0" indicates that no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that a continuous correction was applied. *P1_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the parent during their early life stage  *P2_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the parent during their later life stage  *O_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the offspring during their trait measurement (e.g., "control" if lengths were measured in control conditions, "stress" if offspring were exposed to temperature stress and their tolerance measured as the trait of interest) Treatment_combo - All three treatment moderators (P1_treatment \_ P2_treatment \_ O_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) Parent_combo - The parent treatment moderators (P_treatment \_ P2_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) *A_n_control - Sample size of the control treatment *B_n_stress - Sample size of the stress treatment *A_avg_control - The mean trait value of the control treatment *B_avg_stress - The mean trait value of the control treatment *A_sd_control - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  *B_sd_stress - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  NOTES - Additional notes or comments 3\. Missing data codes: Only the "Author_Keywords" and "NOTES" columns should have blank cells, blank cells indicate information not retrieved or no additional information necessary 4\. Specialized formats or abbreviations used: P = parent O = offspring ##### Design\_B\_lnRR\_Spp.csv 1\. Number of variables: 55 2\. Number of cases/rows: 392 Variable list (*denotes used or described in analyses presented in manuscript): ID - A unique number given to each row. *Species - The genus and species used in the study (Genus_species) Source -  Database where the study was found - Scopus, WoS (Web of Science), or Both (study found on both Scopus and Web of Science) Record Number - A unique number given to each study prior to the first screening *Study_ID - A unique number given only to studies used in the final analyses (studies that made it past the first and second screening), formatted as "S#" *Effect_size_ID - A unique number given to each effect size calculated from studies included in the final analysis, formatted as "E#" Authors - The authors of the study (full last name, first letter of first name only) Authors_FullName - The authors of the study (full last name, full first name) Title - Study title Abstract - Study abstract Journal - Journal where study was published Year - Year study was published Author_Keyword - Keywords provided by authors (empty cells indicate that keywords were not provided upon download from database) DOI - The digital object identifier of the study DOI_Link - The address with the digital object identifier that links to the article Population - Indicates if multiple populations/strains/sexes/groups were used in the study. "1" indicates that only one group was used, all other entries are taken from the study directly. Males and females were included separately only if the study specifically reported different results for each. Lab_Wild - Whether the study species were reared in the lab/lab strains or taken from the wild. Species were considered wild if &lt;2 generations were reared in the lab prior to the start of the study (e.g., if the study lab-acclimated the grandparental generation prior to creating the experimental parent generation, those were considered "wild") *Taxonomy - The broad taxonomic group the study species belongs to. There were very few studies using plants so we collapsed perennial and annual plants into just "plants" (1_invertebrates, 2_vertebrates, 3_plants) Stressor*_*from*_*paper - The stressor used in the experiments using the exact wording from the study *Stressor_Category - Grouping stressors by more general categories (1_Temperature, 2_Chemistry, 3_Resource quality, 4_Species interaction, 5_Infection) Stressor_type - Broadest category of stressor, either biotic or abiotic (1_Biotic, 2_Abiotic) *Transmission_type - Which parent(s) were experimentally manipulated (1_Biparental, 2_maternal, 3_paternal) Timing_P1 - The life stage when the parent early-life treatment/manipulation was administered (1_Embryo/Egg/Seed, 2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) Timing_P2 - The life stage when the parent later life treatment/manipulation was administered (2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Timing_O1 - The life stage when the offspring trait measure was taken (1_Embryo/Egg/Seed, 2_Hatchling/Neonate/Germination/Larva, 3_Juvenile/Seedling, 4_Adult) *Devo_traits - The developmental mode of the study species, either direct development or biphasic development (1_Biphasic, 2_Direct) Life_history_traits - The reproductive life history traits of the study species (1_Internal gestation, 2_External embryos, 3_External gametes, 4_clonal) Mobility_Juvenile - The mobility of the juvenile phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Mobility_Adult - The mobility of the adult phase of the organism (1_Sessile, 2_Mobile) Trait*_*from_paper - The trait being measured in the offspring with the wording taken directly from the study Trait_Category - Traits grouped by more general categories (e.g., Mass/Weight, Length/Size, Survival, Metabolism/respiration, etc.) *Trait_Type - Traits grouped into six broad categories (1_Physiology, 2_Morphology, 3_Life_history, 4_Survival, 5_Reproductive, 6_Behavior) Trait_Unit - The unit of measurement of the trait (e.g., mm, g, seconds, etc.) Negative*_*fitness_Correlation - Whether or not the trait has a negative correlation with fitness (i.e., a lower value is actually better, for example development time or latency to feed). For these traits, we reversed their sign to better understand our results as adaptive/maladative. A "0" indicates no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that the sign was reversed.  *Continuous_correction_applied - Whether or not a continuous correction was applied. For some studies, the mean or error term was equal to zero which cannot be used correctly in our effect size calculations so a continuous correction of 0.5 was applied to all values in that pairwise comparison (see Methods). A "0" indicates that no correction was applied, a "1" indicates that a continuous correction was applied. *P1_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the parent during their early life stage  *P2_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the parent during their later life stage  *O_treatment - The treatment ("control" or "stress") of the offspring during their trait measurement (e.g., "control" if lengths were measured in control conditions, "stress" if offspring were exposed to temperature stress and their tolerance measured as the trait of interest) Treatment_combo - All three treatment moderators (P1_treatment \_ P2_treatment \_ O_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) Parent_combo - The parent treatment moderators (P_treatment \_ P2_treatment) combined into one term (for graphing purposes) *A_n_control - Sample size of the control treatment *B_n_stress - Sample size of the stress treatment *A_avg_control - The mean trait value of the control treatment *B_avg_stress - The mean trait value of the control treatment *A_sd_control - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  *B_sd_stress - The standard deviation around the mean trait value of the control treatment  NOTES - Additional notes or comments *lnRR - Effect size calculated using a log response ratio with correction (see Equation 1 in Methods) *lnRRV - Variance around the effect size, sampling variance (see Equation 2 in Methods) *Precision - The inverse of the standard error (or 1/SQRT(lnRRV)) db - The database the* taxize* package used to assign taxonomic information to each species (all were ncbi). phylum - Phylum of the study species. class - Class of the study species. order - Order of the study species. family -  Family of the study species. 3\. Missing data codes: Only the "Author_Keywords" and "NOTES" columns should have blank cells, blank cells indicate information not retrieved or no additional information necessary 4\. Specialized formats or abbreviations used: P = parent O = offspring lnRR = effect size (using log response ratio) lnRR = sampling variance ## Code/software ## Code We collected the mean, sample size, and variance (error terms) associated with offspring traits across all treatment combinations to calculate effect sizes and multiple pieces of additional information to serve as contextual moderators. All analyses were conducted in R (version 4.4.2). Due to various sources of non-independence in our data, we ran multilevel meta-analytic models and meta-regressions using the package *metafor* and the *rma.mv* function (Kim et al., 2020). We ran models on our data from Design A and Design B separately. #### Meta-analysis\_Analysis\_Design A\_12.19.24.Rmd Meta-analytic and meta-regression analyses for our Design A data.  #### Meta-analysis\_Analysis\_Design B\_12.19.24.Rmd Meta-analytic and meta-regression analyses for our Design B data.  #### MetaAnalysis\_DesignA\_FIGURES\_12.19.24.Rmd Code to create the main graphs and visualizations in the manuscript (one exception being the phylogenetic tree which was created as part of the code in Meta-analysis_Analysis_Design A_12.19.24.Rmd). #### MetaAnalysis\_DesignA\_FIGURES\_12.19.24.Rmd Code to create the main graphs and visualizations in the manuscript (one exception being the phylogenetic tree which was created as part of the code in Meta-analysis_Analysis_Design B_12.19.24.Rmd). #### custom\_func.R A function written by  Nakagawa et al. (2023) to streamline certain functions within the analysis. 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