DOI: 10.5061/dryad.64s8h65
title: Data from: Landscape genetics reveal broad and fine‐scale population structure due to landscape features and climate history in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) in North Dakota

description: Prehistoric climate and landscape features play large roles structuring
 wildlife populations. The amphibians of the northern Great Plains of North
 America present an opportunity to investigate how these factors affect
 colonization, migration, and current population genetic structure. This
 study used 11 microsatellite loci to genotype 1230 northern leopard frogs
 (Rana pipiens) from 41 wetlands (30 samples/wetland) across North Dakota.
 Genetic structure of the sampled frogs was evaluated using Bayesian and
 multivariate clustering methods. All analyses produced concordant results,
 identifying a major east-west split between two R. pipiens population
 clusters separated by the Missouri River. Sub-structuring within the two
 major identified population clusters was also found. Spatial principal
 components analysis (sPCA) and variance partitioning analysis identified
 distance, river basins, and the Missouri River as the most important
 landscape factors differentiating R. pipiens populations across the state.
 Bayesian reconstruction of coalescence times suggested the major east-west
 split occurred ~13-18 kya during a period of glacial retreat in the
 northern Great Plains and sub-structuring largely occurred ~5-11 kya
 during a period of extreme drought cycles. A range-wide species
 distribution model (SDM) for R. pipiens was developed and applied to
 prehistoric climate conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 kya)
 and the mid-Holocene (6 kya) from the CCSM4 climate model to identify
 potential refugia. The SDM indicated potential refugia existed in South
 Dakota or further south in Nebraska. The ancestral populations of R.
 pipiens in North Dakota may have inhabited these refugia, but more
 sampling outside the state is needed to reconstruct the route of
 colonization. Using microsatellite genotype data, this study determined
 that colonization from glacial refugia, drought dynamics in the northern
 Great Plains, and major rivers acting as barriers to gene flow were the
 defining forces shaping the regional population structure of R. pipiens in
 North Dakota.
description: Waraniak_Rana_pipiens_microsatellite_genotypes_genepopMicrosatellite genotypes of the northern leopard frogs sampled in Waraniak et al. in GenePop format.Waraniak_Rana_pipiens_microsatellite_genotypes_matrixMicrosatellite genotype data for northern leopard frogs sampled in Waraniak et al. in a data matrix format used in the R code.Waraniak_Rana_pipiens_sample_site_geographic_coordinatesLatitude and longitude coordinates for the sample sites from Waraniak et al.Waraniak_Rana_pipiens_sample_site_landuseLand use data from the area surrounding each of the sampling sites from Waraniak et al.Waraniak_sample_site_pairwise_geographic_distancePairwise geographic distances between each of the sample sites from Waraniak et al.Waraniak_Rana_pipiens_population_sturcture_analysesR code detailing the analyses of population structure and landscape genetics as described in Waraniak et al.R._pipiens_records-2965a1e1a3034dcca2186fd124c90386Records of northern leopard frogs taken from the VertNet database.Waraniak_Rana_pipiens_species_distribution_modelR code detailing how the species distribution model presented in Waraniak et al. was built and how results were mapped onto climate scenarios.