DOI: 10.5061/dryad.95x69p8rf
title: Data from: Temperament, state-dependent behaviors, and their interplay in large herbivores: Lessons from a long-term study on mule deer, elk, and bighorn sheep

description: Behavioral consistency and plasticity can both benefit fitness.
 Consistency in behavior within a specific context or situation, which we
 refer to as temperament, promotes adaptive responses to stimuli.
 Behavioral plasticity, however, allows for state-dependent responses,
 ensuring that behavior is a function of energetics and other internal and
 external conditions. Physiological state, in this context representing the
 nutritional dynamics of animals, exerts profound and wide-ranging
 influences on behaviors. Nevertheless, temperament and nutritional state
 may act in concert to shape behavioral responses to stimuli. Using a
 long-term dataset on capture of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), elk
 (Cervus canadensis), and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), we evaluated the
 degree to which temperament or energetic state was related to behavioral
 response exhibited during handling. We used the repeatability in the rate
 of kicks during multiple capture events across time to determine whether
 behavior was associated with temperament or state, and evaluated the
 relative contribution of nutritional condition, age, and number of times
 captured. Repeatability in this context means that a behavior is
 considered repeatable when the same individual consistently responds in a
 similar manner when exposed to the same circumstances (here capture) on
 multiple occasions. Kicks per minute were highly repeatable for bighorn
 sheep and mule deer, but not repeatable in elk. State-dependent factors
 (e.g., body fat) explained little variance in the rate of kicks during
 capture. Behavioral consistency in bighorn sheep and mule deer indicated
 that temperament was an underlying mechanism of response to handling.
 Behavior in elk, however, was not associated with temperament or state.
 Temperament differences among species were consistent with variation in
 behavioral plasticity evident in each species, with bighorn sheep and mule
 deer being more behaviorally rigid than elk. Our results underscore the
 importance of caution when extending behavioral findings to closely
 related species, given the observed inconsistencies. Last, our findings
 contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive
 behavioral responses to stimuli.
description: # Data from: Temperament, state-dependent behaviors, and their interplay
 in large herbivores: Lessons from a long-term study on mule deer, elk, and
 bighorn sheep ## Data The input data for all scripts is the included .rsd
 file DataPull_BehavioralSyndromes_for_Dryad The fields in this data file
 are as follows (with data type indicated in parentheses unit alos included
 where relevant): CaptureDate (Date: YYYY-MM-DD) = Date object indicating
 the year, month, and day when an animal was captured ProcessingStartTime
 (POSIXct: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) = Date time object indicating when an
 animal arrived at a processing location (Note: date portion is not
 reflective of when an animal was captured and is not used as such. This is
 simply an artifact of conversion to POSIXct type) ProcessingEndTime
 (POSIXct: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) = Date time object indicating when an
 animal was released after processing (Note: date portion is not reflective
 of when an animal was captured and is not used as such. This is simply an
 artifact of conversion to POSIXct type) HandlingTime_min (numeric,
 minutes) = Difference in ProcessingStartTime and ProcessingEndTime in
 minutes Kicks (integer) = Number of kicks recorded during the processing
 of an animal, NA = not applicable (e.g., not part of data collection
 protocol at the time) or not available (e.g., not recorded) Vocalizations
 (integer) = Number of vocalizations recorded during the processing of an
 animal, NA = not applicable (e.g., not part of data collection protocol at
 the time) or not available (e.g., not recorded) IFBFat (numeric,
 percentage points) = Estimated ingesta-free body fat based on standardized
 approaches for mule deer, elk, and bighorn sheep (mule deer and elk: Cook
 et al. 2007, Cook et al. 2010, bighorn sheep: Stephenson et al. 2020), NA
 = not available (e.g., equipment failure or otherwise not recorded)
 AmbientTemp (numeric, Fahrenheit) = Temperature recorded at the location
 where an animal was processed during the time of processing, NA = not
 applicable (e.g., not part of data collection protocol at the time) or not
 available (e.g., not recorded) Pregnant (logical) = Pregnancy status based
 on ultrasonography 0 = no fetus detected, 1 = fetus detected, NA = not
 applicable (e.g., fall capture) or not available (e.g., equipment failure)
 Lactation (numeric, 0-1, 0 = empty udder, 1 = full udder) = Lactation
 status based on udder palpation, NA = not applicable (e.g., spring
 capture) or not available (e.g., not recorded) NumCaps (numeric) = Number
 of times an animal was captured including the current capture event Age
 (numeric, years) = Animal age at the time of the given capture event based
 on horn annuli in bighorn sheep (Geist 1966), cementum annuli from an
 incisiform canine in deer (Swift et al., 2002), and cementum annuli from a
 vestigial canine in elk during the first capture for each individual. NA =
 not available (e.g., samples pending at time of analysis, not record)
 Species (character) = Species classification Release_Hes (logical) =
 Description of animal behavior upon release after processing was completed
 0 = Animal did not hesitate before fleeing or 1 = Animal did hesitate
 before fleeing Release_Kick (logical) = Description of animal behavior
 upon release after processing was completed 0 = Animal did not kick before
 fleeing or 1 = Animal did kick before fleeing Walk (logical) = Description
 of animal behavior upon release after processing was completed 0 = Animal
 did not walk while fleeing or 1 = Animal did walk while fleeing Trot
 (logical) = Description of animal behavior upon release after processing
 was completed 0 = Animal did not trot while fleeing or 1 = Animal did tro
 while fleeing Run (logical) = Description of animal behavior upon release
 after processing was completed 0 = Animal did not run while fleeing or 1 =
 Animal did run while fleeing Stot (logical) = Description of animal
 behavior upon release after processing was completed 0 = Animal did not
 stot while fleeing or 1 = Animal did stot while fleeing CoolingAdmin
 (logical) = Description of animal processing 0 = no cooling administered
 during handling 1 = Some form of cooling administered during handling, NA
 = not available (e.g., not recorded) DataRecorder (character) = Primary
 individual responsible for recording data during the given capture event
 DataRecorder2 (character) = Secondary individual responsible for recording
 data during the given capture event. NA = not applicable (e.g., no
 secondary recorded need) or not available (e.g., not recorded)
 DataRecorder3 (character) = Tertiary individual responsible for recording
 data during the given capture event. NA = not applicable (e.g., no ertiary
 recorded need) or not available (e.g., not recorded) Mass_kg (numeric,
 kilograms) = Animal mass at the time of capture recorded on a platform
 scale. NA = not available (e.g., not recorded, equipment failure)
 InitialRectalTemp_F (numeric, Fahrenheit) = Rectal temperature of an
 animal within 5 minutes of the start of processing. NA = not available
 (e.g., not recorded, equipment failure) Herd (character) = Subspecies
 grouping based on capture location and primary location where animals
 reside Panting (logical) = Description of animal behavior during
 processing 0 = Animal did not pant during processing, 1 = Animal did pant
 during processing, NA = not applicable (e.g., not part of data collection
 protocol at the time) or not available (e.g., not recorded) ToothPull
 (logical) = Description of animal processing 0 = A tooth was not pulled
 from the animal or 1 = A tooth was pulled from the animal KicksPerMin
 (numeric) = Description of animal behavior during processing corrected for
 time spent processing, NA = not applicable (e.g., not part of data
 collection protocol at the time) or not available (e.g., not recorded) AID
 (integer) = Unique identifier for each individual. This ID does not change
 during the lifetime of an individual. ## Scripts
 01.1_basic_data_exploration This script will take formatted data and
 calculate basic summary statistics and initial testing of repeatability
 models 01.2_exploring_kicks_by_fat This script will take formatted data
 and run basic linear models explore potential relationships in the data
 02.1_initial_lms This script will take formatted data and run initial
 species specific linear models 02.2_initial_rptR This script will take
 formatted data and run initial species specific rptR models 03.1_final_lms
 This script will take formatted data and run final species specific linear
 models 03.2_final_rptR This script will take formatted data and run final
 species specific rptR models ## R Details This codes was written using R
 version 4.3.1 and any version-specific package updates.