DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bcc2fqzpc
title: Data from: Sexual size dimorphism as a determinant of fighting performance dimorphism in Anolis lizards

description: Rensch’s Rule describes a pattern of interspecific allometry in which
 sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with size among closely related
 species (i.e., among a group of related species, the largest ones tend to
 show more male-biased SSD). Sexual selection is often invoked to explain
 Rensch’s Rule, as larger male sizes are assumed to be favoured by sexual
 selection due to increased competitive ability they confer. Often the
 correlation between size and the trait under sexual selection is not well
 described. For example, a link between size and male fighting performance
 is often assumed, but rarely measured in studies of Rensch’s Rule. We
 studied a sexually selected performance trait, bite force in Anolis
 lizards, to determine whether patterns of SSD are linked to the allometry
 of performance dimorphism at the macroevolutionary level. Additionally, we
 tested whether allometric patterns of performance dimorphism differ
 between mainland and island species, as the latter have likely evolved
 under a stronger sexual selection regime. We found that SSD overwhelmingly
 explains the relationship between performance dimorphism and size in
 anoles, as expected under a sexual selection model for Rensch's Rule.
 However, the average value of performance dimorphism was higher in island
 than in mainland species, suggesting that these groups differ in
 performance dimorphism for reasons unrelated to size. Head size dimorphism
 was associated with residual performance dimorphism across all anoles, but
 did not fully explain the difference in performance dimorphism between
 island and mainland species. Together, these findings highlight the need
 to interpret Rensch’s Rule patterns of body size evolution cautiously, as
 allometric patterns of performance dimorphism and size dimorphism might
 not be equivalent.
description: # Data from: Sexual size dimorphism as a determinant of fighting
 performance dimorphism in Anolis lizards
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bcc2fqzpc](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bcc2fqzpc) ## Description of the data and file structure These data were used to test allometric patterns of dimorphism in morphological traits and bite force performance in* Anolis* lizards. ### Files and variables #### File: analyses\_biteforce.R **Description:** R script that reproduces all the results in the main text and supplementary materials of this work. #### File: mainland\_spp\_sup.txt **Description:** dataset with data from mainland species used to reproduce results shown in the supplementary materials. ##### Variables * list_spp: species name. * IMS: whether a species corresponds the 'island' ("I") or mainland ("M") category. * svl_males: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of males of a given species in millimeters.  * svl_females: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of females of a given species in millimeters. * biteforce_males: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * biteforce_females: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * head_size_males: average head size of males of a given species in millimeters. * head_size_females: average head size of females of a given species in millimeters. * relative_bf_males: average size-corrected bite force of males of a given species.  * relative_bf_females: average size-corrected bite force of females of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_males: average size-corrected head size of males of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_females: average size-corrected head size of females of a given species.  * avg_size: log-transformed average body size of a species in millimeters. * SSD.log.raw.ratio: log-ratio of male and female body size of a species. * relative_bf_dim: relative bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_bf_males - relative_bf_females. * relative_hs_dim: relative head size dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_hs_3traits_males - relative_hs_3traits_females. * avg_bf: log-transformed average bite force of a species in newtons. * avg_hs: average head size of a species in millimeters. * raw_bf_dim: raw bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as biteforce_males - biteforce_females #### File: island\_spp\_sup.txt **Description:** dataset with data from island species used to reproduce results shown in the supplementary materials. ##### Variables * list_spp: species name. * IMS: whether a species corresponds the 'island' ("I") or mainland ("M") category. * svl_males: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of males of a given species in millimeters.  * svl_females: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of females of a given species in millimeters. * biteforce_males: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * biteforce_females: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * head_size_males: average head size of males of a given species in millimeters. * head_size_females: average head size of females of a given species in millimeters. * relative_bf_males: average size-corrected bite force of males of a given species.  * relative_bf_females: average size-corrected bite force of females of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_males: average size-corrected head size of males of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_females: average size-corrected head size of females of a given species.  * avg_size: log-transformed average body size of a species in millimeters. * SSD.log.raw.ratio: log-ratio of male and female body size of a species. * relative_bf_dim: relative bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_bf_males - relative_bf_females. * relative_hs_dim: relative head size dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_hs_3traits_males - relative_hs_3traits_females. * avg_bf: log-transformed average bite force of a species in newtons. * avg_hs: average head size of a species in millimeters. * raw_bf_dim: raw bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as biteforce_males - biteforce_females #### File: mainland\_spp.txt **Description:** dataset with data from mainland species used to reproduce results shown in the main text. ##### Variables * list_spp: species name. * IMS: whether a species corresponds the 'island' ("I") or mainland ("M") category. * svl_males: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of males of a given species in millimeters.  * svl_females: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of females of a given species in millimeters. * biteforce_males: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * biteforce_females: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * head_size_males: average head size of males of a given species in millimeters. * head_size_females: average head size of females of a given species in millimeters. * relative_bf_males: average size-corrected bite force of males of a given species.  * relative_bf_females: average size-corrected bite force of females of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_males: average size-corrected head size of males of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_females: average size-corrected head size of females of a given species.  * avg_size: log-transformed average body size of a species in millimeters. * SSD.log.raw.ratio: log-ratio of male and female body size of a species. * relative_bf_dim: relative bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_bf_males - relative_bf_females. * relative_hs_dim: relative head size dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_hs_3traits_males - relative_hs_3traits_females. * avg_bf: log-transformed average bite force of a species in newtons. * avg_hs: average head size of a species in millimeters. * raw_bf_dim: raw bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as biteforce_males - biteforce_females #### File: island\_spp.txt **Description:** dataset with data from island species used to reproduce results shown in the main text. ##### Variables * list_spp: species name. * IMS: whether a species corresponds the 'island' ("I") or mainland ("M") category. * svl_males: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of males of a given species in millimeters.  * svl_females: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of females of a given species in millimeters. * biteforce_males: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * biteforce_females: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * head_size_males: average head size of males of a given species in millimeters. * head_size_females: average head size of females of a given species in millimeters. * relative_bf_males: average size-corrected bite force of males of a given species.  * relative_bf_females: average size-corrected bite force of females of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_males: average size-corrected head size of males of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_females: average size-corrected head size of females of a given species.  * avg_size: log-transformed average body size of a species in millimeters. * SSD.log.raw.ratio: log-ratio of male and female body size of a species. * relative_bf_dim: relative bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_bf_males - relative_bf_females. * relative_hs_dim: relative head size dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_hs_3traits_males - relative_hs_3traits_females. * avg_bf: log-transformed average bite force of a species in newtons. * avg_hs: average head size of a species in millimeters. * raw_bf_dim: raw bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as biteforce_males - biteforce_females #### File: all\_spp\_sup.txt **Description:** dataset with data from all species in the study used to reproduce results shown in the supplementary materials. ##### Variables * list_spp: species name. * IMS: whether a species corresponds the 'island' ("I") or mainland ("M") category. * svl_males: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of males of a given species in millimeters.  * svl_females: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of females of a given species in millimeters. * biteforce_males: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * biteforce_females: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * head_size_males: average head size of males of a given species in millimeters. * head_size_females: average head size of females of a given species in millimeters. * relative_bf_males: average size-corrected bite force of males of a given species.  * relative_bf_females: average size-corrected bite force of females of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_males: average size-corrected head size of males of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_females: average size-corrected head size of females of a given species.  * avg_size: log-transformed average body size of a species in millimeters. * SSD.log.raw.ratio: log-ratio of male and female body size of a species. * relative_bf_dim: relative bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_bf_males - relative_bf_females. * relative_hs_dim: relative head size dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_hs_3traits_males - relative_hs_3traits_females. * avg_bf: log-transformed average bite force of a species in newtons. * avg_hs: average head size of a species in millimeters. * raw_bf_dim: raw bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as biteforce_males - biteforce_females. #### File: phy\_mainland **Description:** phylogenetic tree including all the mainland species of the study. #### File: head\_traits.txt **Description:** dataset with head trait information from males of all species in the study. ##### Variables * list_spp: species name. * IMS: whether a species corresponds the 'island' ("I") or mainland ("M") category. * svl: log-transformed average male snout-vent length (SVL) of the species in millimeters. * hw: log-transformed average male head width of the species in millimeters. * hh: log-transformed average male head height of the species in millimeters. * close: log-transformed average male jaw closing in-lever of the species in millimeters. * relative_hw: average relative male head width of the species. * relative_hh: average relative male head height of the species. * relative_close: average relative male jaw closing in-lever of the species. #### File: phy\_islands **Description:** phylogenetic tree including all the island species of the study. #### File: all\_spp.txt **Description:** dataset with data from all species in the study used to reproduce results shown in the main text. ##### Variables * list_spp: species name. * IMS: whether a species corresponds the 'island' ("I") or mainland ("M") category. * svl_males: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of males of a given species in millimeters.  * svl_females: log-transformed average snout-vent length (SVL) of females of a given species in millimeters. * biteforce_males: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * biteforce_females: log-transformed average bite force of males of a given species in newtons. * head_size_males: average head size of males of a given species in millimeters. * head_size_females: average head size of females of a given species in millimeters. * relative_bf_males: average size-corrected bite force of males of a given species.  * relative_bf_females: average size-corrected bite force of females of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_males: average size-corrected head size of males of a given species.  * relative_hs_3traits_females: average size-corrected head size of females of a given species.  * avg_size: log-transformed average body size of a species in millimeters. * SSD.log.raw.ratio: log-ratio of male and female body size of a species. * relative_bf_dim: relative bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_bf_males - relative_bf_females. * relative_hs_dim: relative head size dimorphism of a species, calculated as relative_hs_3traits_males - relative_hs_3traits_females. * avg_bf: log-transformed average bite force of a species in newtons. * avg_hs: average head size of a species in millimeters. * raw_bf_dim: raw bite force dimorphism of a species, calculated as biteforce_males - biteforce_females. #### File: phy\_all\_sup **Description:** phylogenetic tree including all the species of the study (including those removed from the analyses in the main text). #### File: phy\_all **Description:** phylogenetic tree including all the species of the study (without those removed from the analyses in the main text). ## Code/software All the analyses were performed in the R programming environment (v. 4.4.1). The R script "analyses_biteforce.R" includes all the analyses performed in the study (main text and supplementary materials). The packages needed to run the script are: "phytools", "geiger", and "picante".