DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v15dv41x2
title: Two new species of Miconia s.lat. (Melastomataceae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil

description: We here describe two new species endemic to the state of Espírito Santo,
 Brazil, that belong to different clades within Miconia s.lat. Miconia
 quartzicola is presumably part of the Leandra s.str. clade, as indicated
 by its terminal inflorescences and petals with an acute apex. It has been
 collected only once in the municipality of Vargem Alta in disturbed
 vegetation on loose quartzitic substrate (‘morros de sal’). Miconia
 spiritusanctensis belongs to Miconia sect. Cremanium, as indicated by its
 small white and obovate anthers with four apical pores. The latter
 encompasses populations previously identified as M. hirtella that are
 morphologically, geographically and climatically segregated from typical
 populations of the species from more dry and inland regions of Brazil. In
 addition to the descriptions of the new species, we present comments,
 conservation status and plates for both, as well as climatic modelling
 analyses on the populations of M. spiritusanctensis and M. hirtella. We
 recommend that Miconia quartzicola and M. spiritusanctensis should both be
 considered as threatened, ‘critically endangered’ and ‘endangered’,
 respectively, according to the IUCN extinction risk criteria.
description: In order to compare climatic preferences of M. hirtella and M.
 spiritusanctensis, we gathered data on their distribution from online data
 available in the biodiversity portal SpeciesLink
 (&lt;http://splink.cria.org.br/&gt;). The resulted database was
 then filtered in several ways. Briefly, we considered only identifications
 by specialists and, whenpossible (image available), we checked all the
 other identifications. All specimens lacking images or reliable
 identifications were removed. We also deleted all material without
 detailed location, but for the ones with a detailed description of the
 locality, despite lacking coordinates, we extracted the coordinates using
 Google Earth based on the label information. In order to reduce putative
 occurrence bias on the models, the data set was spatially thinned with the
 R package spThin ver. 0.1.0 (Aiello-Lammens et al. 2014). Only points with
 a minimum distance of 5 km apart from each other were used for further
 analyses. The potential distribution of the taxa under current climatic
 conditions were modeled and evaluated by Maxent ver. 3.4.0 (Phillips and
 Dudík 2008) within the R package dismo (Hijmans et al. 2017). Climatic
 models were based on the 19 bioclimatic layers of the WordClim data set
 (Hijmans et al. 2005) under current conditions (30″ special resolution).
 For each taxon, a mask was created with a buffer of 1000 km of diameter
 around its known distribution. Additionally, to exclude the immediate area
 around the known localities from the background, a buffer of 100 km in
 diameter was generated for each known point and subtracted from the main
 mask. We extracted the values for all bioclim layers of each coordinate
 and calculated the mean of each species (Reginato and Michelangeli 2019).
 The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic
 (ROC) was used as evaluation criterion. Climatic tolerances were compared
 between the species through climatic envelope profiles. The records were
 intersected to the layers using the R package raster (Hijmans 2020). The
 extracted climatic values were summarized with a principal component
 analysis (PCA) using the R package ade4 ver. 1.7.6 (Dray and Dufour 2007),
 and convex hulls were plotted per group under comparison (Reginato and
 Michelangeli 2019). Values of elevation of each specimen were extracted
 through the R package elevatr ver. 0.3.1 (Hollister 2020) and the median
 was calculated for both taxa.