cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212lf5
title: CCDC 1879326: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Eric J.M. Meier, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212lj8
title: CCDC 1879329: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Markus Koller, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212lk9
title: CCDC 1879330: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Alessandro Marcuzzi, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212m4x
title: CCDC 1879348: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Brian W. Skelton, Massimiliano Massi|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212p83
title: CCDC 1879414: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Alessandro Marcuzzi, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/anwx9h/7sq6ii
title: ACS_0812_BostonResearchMap.tab
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1105
title: Risk assessment of catastrophic leak of R452B from packaged unit into a residential space.

description: With the effort to find alternative refrigerants with lower global warming potential (GWP), challenges have arisen due to the flammability risk for many of the alternatives. One of the new alternatives is R452B, which is recommended as a replacement for R410A. R452B is classified as a mildly flammable refrigerant (A2L) by ASHRAE 34. This paper summarizes a CFD simulation study of a leak incident of R452B from a 3-ton packaged unit which serves a 167 m2 residence. The R452B leak is assumed to be downstream of the evaporator coil. The simulated residence has four rooms and a hall way. The packaged unit distributes the conditioned air through a supply duct system delivering the air through registers. The dispersion of R452B is characterized for two scenarios: one with underfloor supply air ducts and another with ceiling supply air ducts. The mass flow rate of R452B exiting the duct outlets is quantified and the refrigerant volume fraction is monitored inside the residential space.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1106
title: AHRI research activities on flammable refrigerants.

description: During the past few years, the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) led an industry research program aimed at accelerating the safe use of flammable refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Refrigerant leaks and ignitions testing for R-32, R-452B, R-455A and R-457A were conducted under whole room scale conditions to develop data and insight into the risks associated with the use of A2L refrigerants versus A1 refrigerants. Furthermore, R-32, R-1234ze and R-452B hot surface ignition temperature testing was performed with the hot plate temperatures at 850ºC for pure refrigerants and 800ºC for refrigerant/oil mixtures. Extensive ignition testing for R-32, R-452B, R-1234yf, and R-1234ze with ignition sources commonly seen inside residential dwellings was also conducted in an experimental apparatus. The paper will provide a high-level summary of the results.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1115
title: Assessment of leakage rate and durability of field-made mechanical joints for systems using low-GWP flammable refrigerants (ASHRAE RP-1808).

description: The conversion of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems to low-GWP refrigerants, such as HFOs, has raised many concerns about the flammability of potential replacement refrigerants, particularly regarding the potential leakage of flammable refrigerant from mechanical joints. This paper presents the results of a study investigating the durability and leakage rate of different types of field-made joints used in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, focusing on flame-free joining methods and systems with flammable refrigerants. Three different types of fittings were investigated: Press/crimp fittings, compression fittings, and flare fittings. For each type of fitting, two different sizes were used as well as two different tubing materials (copper and aluminum). Brazed joints were also investigated as a baseline. Durability testing in the form of pressure-temperature thermal cycling, freeze-thaw cycling, and vibration testing was performed on all combinations of fittings. Refrigerant leakage rates were also determined for all combinations of fittings.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1132
title: Disproportionation risk study for trifluoroethylene composition as low-GWP refrigerants.

description: Trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) and its mixtures are considered promising as next-generation Low-GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants. HFO-1123, however, has a potential for explosive disproportionation as with tetrafluoroethylene. The disproportionation risk of the HFO-1123 composition was investigated using a closed vessel explosion apparatus with an electric spark ignition system and evaluated in a risk assessment (RA) for applications in room air conditioners (RACs). Also investigated was the experimental minimum ignition energy (MIE) of the reaction. In this paper, the relationship between the electric spark energy and the molar density of HFO-1123 in the reaction is also discussed.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1139
title: Measurements of transport properties of low GWP refrigerant HCFO-1224yd(Z) (CIS-1-CHLORO-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; CF3CF=CHCI).

description: HCFO-1224yd(Z) has been getting attention as a refrigerant of high temperature heat pump and as a working fluid of organic Rankin cycle. For the design of a system and heat exchangers, transport properties, which are thermal conductivity and viscosity, are required. In this study, experimentally measured viscosity of HCFO-1224yd(Z) are reported. The viscosity was measured by tandem capillary tubes method. Test fluid flows through in long and short capillary tubes in series. Pressures at inlet and outlet are measured and viscosity can be calculated by using the relation between viscosity and pressure loss. The experimental data on viscosity of HCFO-1224yd(Z) are reported over the temperature range from 303 to 405 K at 3.0 MPa for liquid and in vapor phase from 414 to 475 K at 2.0 MPa.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1141
title: Saturated vapor condensation of R1234ze(Z) inside a 4 mm ID horizontal smooth tube.

description: R1234ze(Z), cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, has been proposed as a refrigerant for high temperature heat pumps. The application of this molecule is still not widespread and its heat transfer performance is still poorly investigated, in comparison to other HFO refrigerants. This paper presents the experimental heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop measured during R1234ze(Z) saturated vapour condensation inside a 4 mm ID horizontal copper smooth tube. New experimental tests were carried out at 40 °C of saturation temperature, with refrigerant mass flux in the range 75–300 kg m −2 s −1 at decreasing vapour quality. The new data are then compared against some wellknown literature correlations and, finally, against other experimental data collected by using isobutane as two-phase fluid under the same saturation temperature and mass fluxes.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1161
title: Setting occupational exposure limits for HFO refrigerants: understanding the process.

description: An important part of the evaluation of new refrigerants is the determination of an appropriate occupational exposure limit (OEL). For example, an independently derived OEL is required for ASHRAE refrigerant safety classification, which in turn influences allowable use conditions (i.e., through building codes). The OEL development process begins with a review of an informative set of toxicity testing data, moves to the identification of the most sensitive, relevant health effect and is completed by the application of appropriate assessment factors. This paper also discusses the use of exposure limits for short term vs. repeated exposures, the minimum toxicity data set required, and the current understanding of the toxicity of hydrofluoroolefins.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1169
title: Influence of HFO refrigerants on the viscoelastic behavior of elastomers.

description: The hydrofluoroolefines (HFO) have been introduced within the last years as new generation of refrigerants having a significantly lower Global Warming Potential. Compared to the state-of-the-art fluids within the class of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), the HFO molecules are unsaturated, consisting of double bonded carbon atoms. The difference in the chemical structure may cause different interaction with polymers, especially elastomers, which tend to swell when exposed to certain refrigerants. In this study, the influence of modern refrigerants on the viscoelastic behavior of elastomers is analyzed. The investigated refrigerants are two state-of-the-art fluids, namely R245fa and R134A, as well as three next-generation refrigerants R1233zd-E, R1234yf and R1234ze-E. The investigated polymers comprise ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, fluororubber, chlorobutadiene rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber. From this analysis it can be concluded, that the investigation of the viscoelastic behavior gives meaningful insights to better understand the fluid-polymer interaction and thus helps to evaluate the material compatibility.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1172
title: Selecting refrigerants during the global phase-down of HFCs.

description: The refrigerants market is in a state of flux as we move from “traditional” HFCs towards lower GWP alternatives. Many end users are unsure of the best options and are confused by the number of alternatives. HFOs and HFO/HFC blends are important options that can be considered against other alternatives such as natural refrigerants and R32. This paper provides guidance about selecting
refrigerants in different market sectors. The RACHP market is complex – the best option may be different in each part of the market. Lower GWP is an important selection criterion, along with issues such as safety, energy efficiency, total cost of ownership and commercial availability. 26 refrigerants described in the paper are being considered as replacements for just 5 refrigerants - and the number is growing. A review of market sectors shows which refrigerants are becoming popular alternatives.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1177
title: The opportunity for rapid transition to energy efficient low-GWP alternatives for building air [conditioning] chillers.

description: This paper identifies immediately available non-flammable, low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants for building air conditioning chillers that are energy efficient and cost-effective. It contrasts the life-cycle climate performance (LCCP) and life-cycle ownership cost of available alternatives.

Next generation refrigerant solutions for scroll chillers can improve energy efficiency by about 5% and reduce the GWP by about two-thirds. For centrifugal chillers, an industry transformation to low pressure refrigerants will result in unprecedented energy performance. The higher cost of refrigerant is rapidly paid back in energy savings and carbon value. The financial and climate benefits of rapid adoption outweigh the benefits of waiting for regulatory approval and commercialization of identified alternatives. Building owners worldwide should avoid obsolete chillers dependent on high-GWP HFC refrigerants scheduled for phasedown under the Montreal Protocol and should instead choose chillers utilizing next-generation refrigerants or easily retrofit to nextgeneration refrigerants (retrofit ready).
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212q0w
title: CCDC 1879437: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Alessandro Marcuzzi, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212qb6
title: CCDC 1879447: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Markus Koller, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212r1y
title: CCDC 1879469: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Brian W. Skelton, Massimiliano Massi|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212rc8
title: CCDC 1879479: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Markus Koller, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212rd9
title: CCDC 1879480: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: abdul rahman sakhta|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212sgd
title: CCDC 1879513: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Alessandro Marcuzzi, Wolfgang von Philipsborn|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212smk
title: CCDC 1879518: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven P. Kelley, Kaidi Yang, Nicohl Corretjer, Sarah Gadban, Rainer Glaser, Melanie M. Kozak, Bruce A. Hathaway|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212snl
title: CCDC 1879519: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven P. Kelley, Kaidi Yang, Nicohl Corretjer, Sarah Gadban, Rainer Glaser, Melanie M. Kozak, Bruce A. Hathaway|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc212srp
title: CCDC 1879522: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Anthony Linden, Anita Latvala, Manfred Hesse|2018|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/e9qkiz/u4h4al
title: PSxN Spring 2016.tab
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1118
title: Review of methodology to set safety factors for A2L flammable refrigerant being adopted by product safety standards.

description: Many new lower GWP refrigerants are flammable under certain conditions. Flammability risk can be lowered by reducing the potential for forming a refrigerant/air mixture that can reach the lower flammability limit (LFL) in the event of a leak into a confined space. Product standards are setting safety factors from 4x (25% of LFL) to 1x (100% of LFL) for A2L flammable refrigerants. This large discrepancy in safety factor practices is being driven by different methodologies in understanding of refrigerant leaks from equipment. Unfortunately when a leak occurs, uniform mixing of the refrigerant with the air does not occur immediately. This can result in localized refrigerant peak concentration that exceed the LFL which requires a safety factors to be applied to account for noise factors. An additional complication is that noise factors can vary by product application. This paper will review the practices for setting the safety factors, understanding noise factors and resulting safety margins for safety factors ranging from 4x (25% of LFL) to 1x (100% of LFL).
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1120
title: Numerical study on the performance of vapor compression liquid chillers using R32 and R410A.

description: A numerical model is developed to predict the performance of vapor compression liquid chillers using R410A and R32. A new convergence method is employed to find the optimum compressor RPM at a given heat load. The superheat and subcooling are maintained constant for both R32 and R410A systems. The performance of the vapor compression cycle are analytically investigated according to the condenser inlet air temperature and the heat load. The condenser inlet temperature and heat load range from 25 to 45 5 and from 11 to 23 kW, respectively, while the evaporator inlet secondary fluid temperature is maintained at 20 5. As the condenser inlet air temperature increases, R32 system shows 0.1% to 6.7% higher COP. In the case of the heat load, R32 system shows 0.0% to 10.6% higher COP. The difference in the COP between the R32 and of R410A systems increases as the heat load and the condenser inlet air temperature increase.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1129
title: Evaporation heat transfer of HFO-1123/HFC-32 (40/60 mass%) flow in a horizontal microfin tube.

description: A binary mixture R1123/R32 is anticipated as the new candidate to replace R410A and R32 for residential air conditioners. In this study, the experimentally quantified heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during evaporation process in a horizontal microfin tube with an outer diameter of 6 mm is presented. The number of fins, fin height, spiral angle, and surface enlargement of the tested tube are 60, 0.269 mm, 18 deg, and 2.62, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient at a composition of 40/60 mass%, a temperature of 10 °C, and a mass flux of 200 kg m-2s-1 is almost comparable to that of R32; on the other hand, the pressure drop is somewhat lower. That is explained with the smaller surface tension and lower vapor velocity. The temperature glide is approximately 1 K at the corresponding pressure. It seems that the concerned mass transfer resistance by the volatility difference is relatively small.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1134
title: Low GWP refrigerant R454A for commercial refrigeration.

description: In the field of Refrigeration there are many lower GWP refrigerants which are proposed as alternatives for high GWP refrigerants used today. When evaluating safety, environmental impact, energy efficiency and costeffectiveness one solution when analyzing R-404A alternatives is R-454A. We will discuss application of this nonazeotropic refrigerant as well as stability of HFO blends in general.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.hfo.2018.1140
title: Testing of R245fa and R1233zd(E) in a high temperature waste heat recovery application utilizing a scroll expander.

description: An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) test setup for high-temperature waste-heat-recovery applications was constructed. The test setup was used to conduct an experimental study of a subcritical ORC architecture working with a high temperature gaseous heat source of approximately 10 kW and to evaluate the feasibility of employing an ORC to recover waste heat from small-scale internal combustion engines. The market affordability of all components including a prototype scroll expander, which contributes heavily to the cycle design, is considered. The cycle consists of a diaphragm pump, a plate heat exchanger as a regenerator, a novel micro-tube evaporator, an air-cooled condenser, and a scroll-type expander. Three expander prototypes of Oldham ring orbiting, idler shaft orbiting, and spinning scroll were evaluated for their performance within this ORC. Focus was given to constraining the high-side temperatures of R1233zd(E) due to its limited thermal stability while decreasing exergy destruction. In this work, a performance comparison between R245fa and R1233zd(E) for varying thermal inputs, expander types, and refrigerant superheating values is reported.