cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cr38pj0
title: Data from: A new null model approach to quantify performance and significance for ecological niche models of species distributions

description: Aim: Ecological niche modelling requires robust estimation of model
 performance and significance, but common evaluation approaches often yield
 biased estimates. Null models provide a solution but are rarely used in
 this field. We implemented an important modification to existing
 null-model tests, evaluating null models with the same withheld records
 that were used to evaluate the real model. We built and evaluated models
 across a range of modelling scenarios and for various performance measures
 using the algorithm Maxent and the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus).
 Location: Native range in Southern America and global invasions
 predominantly in North/Central America and Europe Methods: We tested the
 ability of models built under 15 scenarios (five sets of calibration
 records and three settings that varied the level of model complexity) to
 predict spatially independent evaluation data in the invaded range (in
 effect, testing the models under spatial transfer). We quantified
 performance with measures of discriminatory ability and overfitting based
 on AUC and the omission error rate. We estimated null distributions of
 these measures and calculated effect size and significance. We determined
 how these estimates varied across modelling scenarios, comparing with two
 tests existing in the literature. Results: Performance varied starkly
 across modelling scenarios. As expected, the measures of overfitting
 agreed with each other and provided different information than that of
 discriminatory ability. However, high performance per se did not show
 strong association with high effect size and significance. Main
 Conclusions: Ecological niche models should be assessed with measures of
 effect size and significance based on appropriate null distributions, in
 contrast to several approaches existing in the literature. The proposed
 approach using independent evaluation data, implemented with our
 accompanying code, allows such estimates for either the same or a
 different region/time period, and it merits use and continued development.
description: SWD files for the
 calibration, evaluation, and background recordssee
 READMEBOHL_2019_MOPA_SWD_files.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sp4fc64
title: Data from: Implications of shared predation for space use in two sympatric leporids

description: Spatial variation in habitat riskiness has a major influence on the
 predator–prey space race. However, the outcome of this race can be
 modulated if prey shares enemies with fellow prey (i.e., another prey
 species). Sharing of natural enemies may result in apparent competition,
 and its implications for prey space use remain poorly studied. Our
 objective was to test how prey species spend time among habitats that
 differ in riskiness, and how shared predation modulates the space use by
 prey species. We studied a one‐predator, two‐prey system in a coastal dune
 landscape in the Netherlands with the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and
 European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as sympatric prey species and red
 fox (Vulpes vulpes) as their main predator. The fine‐scale space use by
 each species was quantified using camera traps. We quantified residence
 time as an index of space use. Hares and rabbits spent time differently
 among habitats that differ in riskiness. Space use by predators and
 habitat riskiness affected space use by hares more strongly than space use
 by rabbits. Residence time of hare was shorter in habitats in which the
 predator was efficient in searching or capturing prey species. However,
 hares spent more time in edge habitat when foxes were present, even though
 foxes are considered ambush predators. Shared predation affected the
 predator–prey space race for hares positively, and more strongly than the
 predator–prey space race for rabbits, which were not affected. Shared
 predation reversed the predator–prey space race between foxes and hares,
 whereas shared predation possibly also released a negative association and
 promoted a positive association between our two sympatric prey species.
 Habitat riskiness, species presence, and prey species’ escape mode and
 foraging mode (i.e., central‐place vs. noncentral‐place forager) affected
 the prey space race under shared predation.
description: Implications of shared
 predation_databaseMain database in SPSS
 format with labels and codesImplications of shared
 predation_databaseMain database in csv
 formatImplications of shared
 predation_R_scriptR
 scriptCamera_detection_dataCamera detection data (6 files in csv format). Direct distances and angles of first detection of hare, rabbit and fox in open and half-open vegetation structure
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qg41t6k
title: Data from: Effects of impulsive noise on marine mammals: investigating range-dependent risk

description: Concerns exist about the impacts of underwater noise on marine mammals.
 These include auditory damage, which is a significant risk for marine
 mammals exposed to impulsive sounds such as explosions, pile-driving, and
 seismic airguns. Currently, impact assessments use different risk criteria
 for impulsive and non-impulsive sounds (e.g. ships, drilling). However, as
 impulsive sounds dissipate through the environment, they potentially lose
 hazardous features (e.g. sudden onset) and become non-impulsive at some
 distance from the source. Despite management implications, a lack of data
 on range-dependent characteristics currently limits their inclusion in
 impact assessments. We address this using acoustic recordings of seismic
 airguns and pile-driving to quantify range-dependency in impulsive
 characteristics using four criteria: (i) rise time &lt;25 ms; (ii)
 quotient of peak pressure and pulse duration &gt;5,000 Pa.s-1; (iii)
 duration &lt;1 s; (iv) crest factor &gt;15 dB. We demonstrate that
 some characteristics changed markedly within ranges of ~10 km, and that
 the mean probability of exceeding criteria (i) and (ii) was &lt;0.5 at
 ranges &gt;3.5 km. In contrast, the mean probability of exceeding
 criteria (iii) remained &gt;0.5 up to ~37.0 km, and the mean
 probability of exceeding criteria (iii) remained &lt;0.5 throughout
 the range. These results suggest that a proportion of the recorded signals
 should be defined as impulsive based on each of the criteria, and that
 some of the criteria change markedly as a result of propagation. However,
 the impulsive nature of a sound is likely to be a complex interaction of
 all these criteria, and many other unrelated parameters such as duty
 cycle, recovery periods, and sound levels will also strongly affect the
 risk of hearing damage. We recommend future auditory damage studies and
 impact assessments explicitly consider the ranges at which sounds may lose
 some of their potentially hazardous characteristics.
description: measured characteristics
 of acoustic signals from seismic surveys and pile
 drivinghastie_etal_EcoAppData.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c742372
title: Data from: More salt, please: global patterns, responses, and impacts of foliar sodium in grasslands

description: Sodium is unique among abundant elemental nutrients, because most plant
 species do not require it for growth or development, whereas animals
 physiologically require sodium. Foliar sodium influences consumption rates
 by animals and can structure herbivores across landscapes. We quantified
 foliar sodium in 201 locally abundant, herbaceous species representing 32
 families and, at 26 sites on four continents, experimentally manipulated
 vertebrate herbivores and elemental nutrients to determine their effect on
 foliar sodium. Foliar sodium varied taxonomically and geographically,
 spanning five orders of magnitude. Site‐level foliar sodium increased most
 strongly with site aridity and soil sodium; nutrient addition weakened the
 relationship between aridity and mean foliar sodium. Within sites, high
 sodium plants declined in abundance with fertilisation, whereas low sodium
 plants increased. Herbivory provided an explanation: herbivores
 selectively reduced high nutrient, high sodium plants. Thus, interactions
 among climate, nutrients and the resulting nutritional value for
 herbivores determine foliar sodium biogeography in herbaceous‐dominated
 systems.
description: sodium-resp-data-tablesodium-resp-metadata-table
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4fp2t08
title: Data from: The influence of historical dispersal on the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in the tropical Andes

description: We test for evidence of the Tropical Niche Conservatism or the Out of The
 Tropics hypotheses in structuring patterns of tree community composition
 along a 2000+ meter elevational gradient in the northern tropical Andes.
 By collecting and integrating data on the presence-absence of tree species
 within plots with phylogenetic information, we analyzed: 1) patterns of
 phylogenetic dispersion and species diversity along the elevational
 gradient based on indexes of net relatedness, nearest taxon relatedness,
 and species richness (α-diversity); and 2) the replacement of lineages
 along the gradient using the PhyloSorensen metric (β-diversity). More
 specifically, we established 20 0.25-ha permanent tree inventory plots
 between 750 and 2802 m asl where all individuals with Diameter at Breast
 Height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured and identified. We then used a series
 of linear models to test for changes in α and β diversity between plots in
 relation to elevation. Neither the net relatedness index nor the nearest
 taxon index showed a significant relationship with elevation. However,
 there was greater phylogenetic over-dispersion at intermediate elevations;
 this likely reflects the mixing of species with contrasting origins from
 tropical and temperate lineages. β-diversity between plots was negatively
 related to the corresponding difference in elevation, indicating that
 closely related lineages occupy similar ranges of elevation and
 temperature. We conclude that the immigration of lineages from
 extra-tropical regions have significant effects in determining the
 phylogenetic structure of tree communities in tropical Andean forests.
description: DATA_SAMPLEIt is a community matrix of 20 0.25ha plots distributed along an elevational gradient of Colombia from 750 to 2,802m asl. Here, there are 464 species and 2853 individuals.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gr50s42
title: Data from: Timing between successive introduction events determines establishment success in bacteria with an Allee effect.

description: Propagule pressure is a leading determinant of population establishment.
 Yet, an experimental understanding of how propagule size and number (two
 principle parts of propagule pressure) determine establishment success
 remains incomplete. Theoretical studies suggest that the timing between
 introduction events, a component of propagule number, can influence
 establishment success. However, this dynamic has rarely been explored
 experimentally. Using Escherichia coli engineered with an Allee effect, we
 investigated how the timing of two introduction events influences
 establishment. For populations introduced below the Allee threshold,
 establishment occurred if the time between two introduction events was
 sufficiently short, with the length of time between events further reduced
 by reducing growth rate. Interestingly, we observed that as the density of
 bacteria introduced in one introduction event increased, the time between
 introduction events that allowed for establishment increased. Using a
 mathematical model, we provide support that the mechanism behind these
 trends is the ability of the first population to modify the environment,
 which can pave the way for establishment of the second population. Our
 results provide experimental evidence that the temporal distribution of
 introduction events regulates establishment, furthering our understanding
 of propagule pressure and may have implications in invasion biology and
 infectious disease.
description: Dressler et al_Data
 SetsData
 setsDressler et al_Modeling
 CodeModeling
 code
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nk0bj96
title: Data from: Amphibian functional diversity is related to high annual precipitation and low precipitation seasonality in the New World

description: Aim. We examined the geographical distribution of functional diversity for
 American Amphibians and tested the relationship between functional
 diversity and environment. We also explored how the functional evenness of
 life history traits varies across biogeographical regions. Location.
 Continental Americas. Methods. We performed a trait classification based
 on an Eltonian approach and calculated functional diversity using Hill
 numbers, Shannon and Gini-Simpson indices. We tested the relationship
 between functional diversity and different axes of environmental variation
 by performing a series of spatial autoregressive models (SAR). Results.
 Based on 212 different functional attributes for 2776 species, we found
 that functional diversity has a latitudinal gradient consistent with that
 of species richness, regardless of the diversity index used. Evenness of
 functional diversity of amphibian assemblages varies depending on the
 region, but in general they are close to the maximum possible value. Areas
 with more functional richness relative to species richness, are associated
 with high annual precipitation and low precipitation seasonality
 regardless of temperature; in contrast, areas with fewer functions than
 expected are associated with high aridity. Main conclusions. The highest
 functional diversity is located in mountainous regions. Overall functional
 diversity is positively correlated with humid environments with low
 precipitation seasonality and low aridity regardless of temperature. This
 is especially relevant for amphibians facing contemporary climate change
 because it suggests that future variation in rainfall patterns, but not
 annual mean temperature, may interact with functional diversity to pose an
 imminent threat to amphibian functional diversity.
description: Ochoa-Ochoa_etal_Traits_Appendix_S1_March2019_finalAppendix 1. Additional methods and results.Ochoa-Ochoa_etal_Traits_Appendix_S2_March2019_finalAppendix 2. References consulted for the amphibians traits database.Ochoa-Ochoa_etal_Appendix_S3_DataAppendix 3. Data for the analyses.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1hk66gf
title: Data from: Dragonflies use underdamped pursuit to chase conspecifics

description: Pursuit is a common behavior exhibited by animals chasing prey,
 competitors, and potential mates. Because of their speed and
 maneuverability, dragonflies are frequently studied as a model system for
 biological pursuit. Most quantitative studies have focused on prey
 pursuits in captive environments. To determine whether a different pursuit
 strategy is used when chasing conspecifics of nearly equal speed and
 agility, we recorded 3D flight trajectories from nine territorial chases
 between male Erythemis simplicicollis dragonflies in natural field
 conditions. During chases, dragonflies used an interception strategy with
 an unusually high-magnitude gain (k = -10.03 s-1 horizontal; -8.86 s-1
 vertical), and short time delay (&[tau] = 50 ms). The product
 k&[tau] determines how aggressively a pursuer corrects course to
 achieve interception. Previous studies of prey pursuit have found
 k&[tau] values close to -1/e (-0.37), the time-optimal value for
 achieving pursuit without overshooting. However, we found dragonflies
 chasing conspecifics use more negative k&[tau] (-0.50 horizontal;
 -0.44 vertical), resulting in pursuits with a high degree of overshooting
 (i.e., moving past the target and alternating position from side to side).
 We confirmed via simulation that the observed gain and delay produce
 overshooting. We propose that overshooting is an adaptive feature of
 conspecific chases that can be achieved with only slight modification of
 the strategy used for intercepting prey. Overshooting might help avoid
 potentially damaging collisions while exhibiting the pursuing
 animal's flight performance and competitive ability. Repeated close
 approaches might also evoke evasive responses from the other dragonfly,
 effectively herding the competitor out of the territory.
description: Lohmann_2019_dragonfly_pursuitsSmoothed and raw 3D locations of Erythemis simplicicollis dragonflies engaged in territorial pursuits
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gc26qb7
title: Data from: Adaptive variation for growth and resistance to a novel pathogen along climatic gradients in a foundation tree

description: Natural ecosystems are under pressure from increasing abiotic and biotic
 stressors, including climate change and novel pathogens, which are putting
 species at risk of local extinction, and altering community structure,
 composition, and function. Here, we aim to assess adaptive variation in
 growth and fungal disease resistance within a foundation tree, Corymbia
 calophylla to determine local adaptation, trait heritability, and genetic
 constraints in adapting to future environments. Two experimental planting
 sites were established in regions of contrasting rainfall with seed
 families from 18 populations capturing a wide range of climate origins
 (~4000 individuals at each site). Every individual was measured in 2015
 and 2016 for growth (height, basal diameter) and disease resistance to a
 recently introduced leaf blight pathogen (Quambalaria pitereka).
 Narrow-sense heritability was estimated along with trait covariation.
 Trait variation was regressed against climate-of-origin and multivariate
 models were used to develop predictive maps of growth and disease
 resistance. Growth and blight resistance traits differed significantly
 among populations, and these differences were consistent between
 experimental sites and sampling years. Growth and blight resistance were
 heritable, and comparisons between trait differentiation (QST) and genetic
 differentiation (FST) revealed that population differences in height and
 blight resistance traits are due to divergent natural selection. Traits
 were significantly correlated with climate-of-origin, with cool and wet
 populations showing the highest levels of growth and blight resistance.
 These results provide evidence that plants have adaptive growth strategies
 and pathogen defense strategies. Indeed, the presence of standing genetic
 variation and trait heritability of growth and blight resistance provide
 capacity to respond to novel, external pressures. The integration of
 genetic variation into adaptive management strategies, such as assisted
 gene migration and seed sourcing, may be used to provide greater
 resilience for natural ecosystems to both biotic and abiotic stressors.
description: Ahrens et al. 2019 Evol
 App raw dataRaw data for the
 plantation from years 2015 and 2016. Height (HT), Diameter (D), and Blight
 (BT) with the year of collection after the trait abbreviation. Here blight
 is the blight damage score, so to calculate blight resistance subtract 5
 from the score (i.e. blight resistence = BL16 - 5). Unique identifier,
 row, column, and block (Rep) are provided. For Trial, CAL02 is Margaret
 River and CAL03 is Mount Barker.Ahrens_etal_2019_evolapp_marri_heritability.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rq66m98
title: Data from: Maternal nesting behaviour in city dragons: a species with temperature-dependent sex determination

description: Urban environments present some of the greatest challenges to species
 survival. This is particularly true for species that exhibit thermally
 sensitive traits, such as temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD).
 This is because urban environments not only present species with entirely
 novel ecosystems, but species will also experience increased temperatures.
 These temperature increases may result not only in offspring mortality,
 but also skewed population sex ratios. To persist in cities, urban
 dwellers with TSD will therefore need to adjust the temperature of the
 nesting environment, either through phenotypic plasticity or rapid
 evolution through natural selection. Here, we investigate the nesting
 ecology of a long-lived, urban dwelling reptile, the eastern water dragon
 (Intellagama lesueurii), to understand how a TSD species may respond to
 urban environments. Based on data collected from 72 nests over 2 nesting
 seasons, we show that city dragons not only dug significantly deeper nests
 than previously observed across their natural riparian habitat, but also
 nested in novel substrates. Furthermore, we observed a behaviour not
 previously described in this species, where mothers travel outside of
 their core home range to nest. This excursion behaviour potentially
 represents a greater maternal investment and is linked to the selection of
 specific microhabitats.
description: Clutch
 sizeNesting data from
 2016-2017 from Eastern Water Dragons at Roma Street Parklands. File
 includes Nest (1 presence), name of the nest, latitude, longitude, slope
 measured in degrees, canopy cover, soil compactness (kg/cm), soil type,
 top soil type, clutch size, mother of the clutch (if known), and season
 nest was found.Enviro_data_masterFile includes environmental variables for Eastern Water Dragon nests and randomly sampled points at Roma Street Parklands. Data is displayed as follows: Nest (1 = presence, 0 = absence), ID of nest or random point, latitude, longitude, compass aspect of the point or nest sampled, slope in degrees, canopy cover, soil compactness (kg/cm), soil type of the nest, top soil, mother of the nest (if known), and season the nest was collected.Maternal_excursionsFile includes data for maternal excursions for Eastern Water Dragons at Roma Street Parklands. Data is as follows: ID of nest, maternal ID, total area of mothers 95% KUD (home range), proportion of sand in that home range, proportion of loam in that home range, number of points sampled in home range, number of loam points sampled in home range, number of sand points sampled in home range, nest soil type, excursion behaviour of mother (1 = nesting excursion, 0 = no excursion), length of the excursion, log transformed length of excursion, and log10 transformed length.nest depthIncludes nest depth measurements for Eastern Water Dragons at Roma street Parklands over 2016-2017 nesting seasons.