DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6t1g1jx50
title: Data from: Ultra-uniform, strong and ductile 3D printed titanium alloy through bifunctional alloy design

description: Coarse columnar grains and heterogeneously distributed phases commonly
 form in metallic alloys produced by three-dimensional (3D) printing and
 are often considered undesirable because they can impart non-uniform and
 inferior mechanical properties. We demonstrate a design strategy to unlock
 consistent and enhanced properties directly from 3D printing. Using
 Ti−5Al−5Mo−5V−3Cr as a model alloy, we show that adding molybdenum (Mo)
 nanoparticles promotes grain refinement during solidification and
 suppresses the formation of phase heterogeneities during solid-state
 thermal cycling. The microstructural change due to the bifunctional
 additive results in uniform mechanical properties and simultaneous
 enhancement of both strength and ductility. We demonstrate how this alloy
 can be modified by a single component to address unfavourable
 microstructures, providing a pathway to achieve desirable mechanical
 characteristics directly from 3D printing.
description: These datasets were collected at The University of Queensland
 (Australia) and Chongqing University (China) from 2021 to 2023.
 Details for each dataset are provided in the README
 file. <strong>Datasets
 included:</strong> 1) Tensile engineering
 stress-strain data for Ti-5553 horizontal specimens 
 Number of Ti-5553 horizontal specimens The
 engineering strain The engineering stress
 2) Tensile engineering stress-strain data for Ti-5553
 vertical specimens Number of Ti-5553
 vertical specimens The engineering strain
 The engineering stress 3)
 Tensile engineering stress-strain data for Ti-5553+5Mo horizontal and
 vertical specimens Number of Ti-5553
 horizontal and vertical specimens The engineering
 strain The engineering stress 
 4) TEM-EDX line scanning The
 distance of TEM-EDX line scan The counts of element
 titanium (Ti) from the line scan The counts of
 element molybdenum (Mo) from the line scan 
 5) DICTRA simulation of the composition profile of molybdenum
 (Mo) at the interface of a Mo particle and titanium melt.
 The diffusion distance across the Mo particle and
 titanium melt during heating and cooling processes of laser powder bed
 fusion (L-PBF) The composition profile of Mo at Time
 = 0 second The composition profile of Mo at Time =
 3.84E-04 second The composition profile of Mo at Time
 = 7.68E-04 second The composition profile of Mo at
 Time = 0.001152 second The composition profile of Mo
 at Time = 0.001536 second 6) XRD Spectra
 for Ti-5553, Ti-5553+2.5Mo and Ti-5553+5Mo, respectively.
 The angle between the incoming and outgoing beam
 directions The intensity of an XRD peak (It is
 related to the number of atoms in the crystal that are capable of
 scattering X-rays) 7) SEM-EDS line
 scanning across the molybdenum particles and titanium matrix
 The distance of SEM-EDS line scan
 The counts of element titanium (Ti) from the SEM-EDS line
 scan The counts of element molybdenum (Mo) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element aluminium
 (Al) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element
 iron (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts of
 element vanadium (V) from the SEM-EDS line scan The
 counts of element chromium (Cr) from the SEM-EDS line scan
 8) SEM-EDS line scanning across the molybdenum
 particles and titanium matrix The distance
 of SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element titanium
 (Ti) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element
 molybdenum (Mo) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts
 of element aluminium (Al) from the SEM-EDS line scan
 The counts of element iron (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line
 scan The counts of element vanadium (V) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element chromium (Cr)
 from the SEM-EDS line scan 9) SEM-EDS line
 scanning across the molybdenum particles and titanium matrix
 The distance of SEM-EDS line scan
 The counts of element titanium (Ti) from the SEM-EDS line
 scan The counts of element molybdenum (Mo) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element aluminium
 (Al) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element
 iron (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts of
 element vanadium (V) from the SEM-EDS line scan The
 counts of element chromium (Cr) from the SEM-EDS line scan
 10) DSC data for Ti-5553 (which describes heat flow
 as a function of temperature) The heating
 temperature. The quantity of heat
 transferred. 11) SEM-EDS line scanning
 across cellular structures in Ti-5553+5Mo 
 The distance of SEM-EDS line scan The
 counts of element titanium (Ti) from the SEM-EDS line scan
 The counts of element molybdenum (Mo) from the SEM-EDS line
 scan The counts of element vanadium (V) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element chromium (Cr)
 from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element iron
 (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts of element
 aluminium (Al) from the SEM-EDS line scan The counts
 of element nitrogen (N) from the SEM-EDS line scan
 The counts of element oxygen (O) from the SEM-EDS line
 scan The counts of element carbon (C) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan 12) Grain size histogram
 for Ti-5553 and Ti-5553+5Mo, respectively. 
 The diameter of the circle with an area equivalent to the grain
 section area Area-weighted fraction of grain
 size 13) Geometrically necessary
 dislocation density (GND) distribution for Ti-5553 and Ti-5553+5Mo,
 respectively. The density of geometrically
 necessary dislocation The measurement
 counts 14) Loading-depth data for the Mo
 particle and the Ti matrix, respectively. 
 Nanoindentation depth The load placed on
 the indenter tip 15) The true stress-true
 strain data of Ti-5553 and Ti-5553+5Mo, respectively. 
 True strain True stress
 16) The true stress-true strain data and
 (work-hardening rate)-true strain data of Ti-5553 and Ti-5553+5Mo,
 respectively. True strain
 True stress Work-hardening rate
 Missing values are denoted by NA. Additional details
 are available in the README file.
description: This README file was generated on 2023-12-19 by Jingqi Zhang. **GENERAL
 INFORMATION** 1. Title of Dataset: Ultra-uniform, strong and ductile 3D
 printed titanium alloy through bifunctional alloy design 2. Author
 Information ``` **A. Corresponding Author Contact Information** * Name:
 Matthew Dargusch * Institution: The University of Queensland * Address:
 Level 6, Advanced Engineering Building (49), The University of Queensland,
 St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. * Email: m.dargusch@uq.edu.au **B. First
 Author Contact Information** * Name: Jingqi Zhang * Institution: The
 University of Queensland * Address: Room 634, Level 6, Advanced
 Engineering Building (49), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD
 4072, Australia. * Email: jingqi.zhang@uq.edu.au ``` 3. Date of data
 collection (single date, range, approximate date): 2021-2023 4. Geographic
 location of data collection: The University of Queensland (Australia) and
 Chongqing University (China) 5. Information about funding sources that
 supported the collection of the data: ``` * Australian Research Council
 Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing of Medical Devices (IH150100024),
 * Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP220102748) * National
 Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB3702101) * “111”
 Project from the Ministry of Education and the State Administration of
 Foreign Experts Affairs of China (B16007). ``` **SHARING/ACCESS
 INFORMATION** 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0
 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain 2. Links to publications that cite or
 use the data: ``` *J. Zhang, M. J. Bermingham, J. Otte, Y. Liu, Z. Hou, N.
 Yang, Y. Yu, M. Bayat, W. Lin, X. Huang, D. H. StJohn, M. S. Dargusch.
 Ultra-uniform, strong and ductile 3D printed titanium alloy through
 bifunctional alloy design, Science, (2023) DOI: 10.1126/science.adj0141*
 ``` 3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None 4.
 Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None 5. Was data derived from
 another source? No A. If yes, list source(s): NA 6. Recommended citation
 for this dataset: ``` *J. Zhang, M. J. Bermingham, J. Otte, Y. Liu, Z.
 Hou, N. Yang, Y. Yu, M. Bayat, W. Lin, X. Huang, D. H. StJohn, M. S.
 Dargusch (2023). Data from: Ultra-uniform, strong and ductile 3D printed
 titanium alloy through bifunctional alloy design [Dataset]. Dryad.
 https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6t1g1jx50* ``` **DATA & FILE OVERVIEW**
 1. File List: ``` * Supporting_data_for_Fig._1D.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._1E.xlsx * Supporting_data_for_Fig._2A.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._4B.xlsx * Supporting_data_for_Fig._4D.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._5B.xlsx * Supporting_data_for_Fig._S9B.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._S9C.xlsx * Supporting_data_for_Fig._S9D.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._S11.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._S12C_and_12D.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._S13B_and_13D.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._S14B_and_14D.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._S15A.xlsx * Supporting_data_for_Fig._S17A.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._S17B_and_S17C.xlsx ``` 2. Relationship between
 files, if important: None 3. Additional related data collected that was
 not included in the current data package: None 4. Are there multiple
 versions of the dataset? No A. If yes, name of file(s) that was updated:
 NA i. Why was the file updated? NA ii. When was the file updated? NA
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._1D.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 1D. 1. Data name: The tensile
 engineering stress-strain data for Ti-5553 horizontal specimens 2. Number
 of variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: It depends on the specimen. The
 maximum number of rows is 1366 (Specimen 1). 4. Variable List: ``` *
 Specimen 1 - 11: The number of tensile specimen. * Engineering strain [%]:
 It is defined as the change in length divided by the original length. *
 Engineering stress [MPa]: It is defined as the applied load divided by the
 original cross-sectional area of material. Here, MPa meams one million
 pascals (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * Ti-5553 = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr titanium alloy
 * Ti = Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo = Molybdenum * V = Vanadium * Cr =
 Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._1E.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 1E. 1. Data name: The tensile
 engineering stress-strain data for Ti-5553 vertical specimens 2. Number of
 variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: It depends on the specimen. The
 maximum number of rows is 941 (Specimen 1). 4. Variable List: ``` *
 Specimen 1 - 11: The number of tensile specimen. * Engineering strain [%]:
 It is defined as the change in length divided by the original length. *
 Engineering stress [MPa]: It is defined as the applied load divided by the
 original cross-sectional area of material. Here, MPa meams one million
 pascals (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * Ti-5553 = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr titanium alloy
 * Ti = Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo = Molybdenum * V = Vanadium * Cr =
 Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._2A.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 2A. 1. Data name: The tensile
 engineering stress-strain data for Ti-5553+5Mo horizontal and vertical
 specimens 2. Number of variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: It depends on
 the specimen. The maximum number of rows is 2693. 4. Variable List: ``` *
 Specimen 1 - 11: The number of tensile specimen. * Engineering strain [%]:
 It is defined as the change in length divided by the original length. *
 Engineering stress [MPa]: It is defined as the applied load divided by the
 original cross-sectional area of material. MPa meams one million pascals
 (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: ``` * Ti-5553+5Mo = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with the addtion
 of 5.0 wt% Mo * Ti = Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo = Molybdenum * V =
 Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._4B.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 4B. 1. Data name: TEM-EDX line scanning
 2. Number of variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: 67 4. Variable List:
 ``` * Distance [µm]: The distance of TEM-EDX line scan. Here, µm means
 micrometer. * Ti [counts]: The counts of element titanium (Ti) from the
 line scan. * Mo [counts]: The counts of element molybdenum (Mo) from the
 line scan. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: ``` * TEM = Transmission Electron Microscopy * EDX =
 Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy * Ti = Titanium * Mo = Molybdenum
 ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._4D.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 4D. 1. Data name: DICTRA simulation of
 the composition profile of molybdenum (Mo) at the interface of a Mo
 particle and titanium melt. 2. Number of variables: 6 3. Number of
 cases/rows: It depends on the variable "Time". 4. Variable List:
 ``` * Distance [µm]: The diffusion distance across the Mo particle and
 titanium melt during heating and cooling processes of laser powder bed
 fusion (L-PBF). * Time = 0 s: The composition profile of Mo at Time = 0
 second. * Time = 3.84E-04 s: The composition profile of Mo at Time =
 3.84E-04 second. * Time = 7.68E-04 s: The composition profile of Mo at
 Time = 7.68E-04 second. * Time = 0.001152 s: The composition profile of Mo
 at Time = 0.001152 second. * Time = 0.001536 s: The composition profile of
 Mo at Time = 0.001536 second. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6.
 Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * DICTRA =
 DIffusion-Controlled TRAnsformations * s = Second ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._5B.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 5B. 1. Data name: XRD Spectra for
 Ti-5553, Ti-5553+2.5Mo and Ti-5553+5Mo, respectively. 2. Number of
 variables: 4 3. Number of cases/rows: 3080 4. Variable List: ``` * 2θ
 [degree]: The angle between the incoming and outgoing beam directions. *
 Intensity: The intensity of an XRD peak. It is related to the number of
 atoms in the crystal that are capable of scattering X-rays. ``` 5. Missing
 data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` *
 XRD = X-Ray Diffraction * Ti-5553 = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr titanium alloy *
 Ti-5553+2.5Mo = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with the addtion of 2.5 wt% Mo *
 Ti-5553+5Mo = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with the addtion of 5.0 wt% Mo * Ti =
 Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo = Molybdenum * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium
 ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S9B.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Supplementary Figure 9B. 1. Data name: SEM-EDS
 line scanning across the molybdenum particles and titanium matrix 2.
 Number of variables: 7 3. Number of cases/rows: 503 4. Variable List: ```
 * Distance [µm]: The distance of SEM-EDS line scan. Here, µm means
 micrometer. * Ti [counts]: The counts of element titanium (Ti) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan. * Mo [counts]: The counts of element molybdenum (Mo)
 from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Al [counts]: The counts of element aluminium
 (Al) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Fe [counts]: The counts of element iron
 (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * V [counts]: The counts of element
 vanadium (V) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Cr [counts]: The counts of
 element chromium (Cr) from the SEM-EDS line scan. ``` 5. Missing data
 codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * SEM
 = Scanning Electron Microscopy * EDX = Electron Dispersive X-ray
 Spectroscopy * Ti = Titanium * Mo = Molybdenum * Al = Aluminium * Fe =
 Iron * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S9C.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Supplementary Figure 9C. 1. Data name: SEM-EDS
 line scanning across the molybdenum particles and titanium matrix 2.
 Number of variables: 7 3. Number of cases/rows: 503 4. Variable List: ```
 * Distance [µm]: The distance of SEM-EDS line scan. Here, µm means
 micrometer. * Ti [counts]: The counts of element titanium (Ti) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan. * Mo [counts]: The counts of element molybdenum (Mo)
 from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Al [counts]: The counts of element aluminium
 (Al) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Fe [counts]: The counts of element iron
 (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * V [counts]: The counts of element
 vanadium (V) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Cr [counts]: The counts of
 element chromium (Cr) from the SEM-EDS line scan. ``` 5. Missing data
 codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * SEM
 = Scanning Electron Microscopy * EDX = Electron Dispersive X-ray
 Spectroscopy * Ti = Titanium * Mo = Molybdenum * Al = Aluminium * Fe =
 Iron * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S9D.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Supplementary Figure 9D. 1. Data name: SEM-EDS
 line scanning across the molybdenum particles and titanium matrix 2.
 Number of variables: 7 3. Number of cases/rows: 503 4. Variable List: ```
 * Distance [µm]: The distance of SEM-EDS line scan. Here, µm means
 micrometer. * Ti [counts]: The counts of element titanium (Ti) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan. * Mo [counts]: The counts of element molybdenum (Mo)
 from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Al [counts]: The counts of element aluminium
 (Al) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Fe [counts]: The counts of element iron
 (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * V [counts]: The counts of element
 vanadium (V) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Cr [counts]: The counts of
 element chromium (Cr) from the SEM-EDS line scan. ``` 5. Missing data
 codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * SEM
 = Scanning Electron Microscopy * EDX = Electron Dispersive X-ray
 Spectroscopy * Ti = Titanium * Mo = Molybdenum * Al = Aluminium * Fe =
 Iron * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S11.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Supplementary Figure 11. 1. Data name: DSC data
 for Ti-5553 2. Number of variables: 2 3. Number of cases/rows: 9602 4.
 Variable List: ``` * Temperature [K]: The heating temperature. Here, K
 means Kelvin. * Heat flow [mW/mg]: The quantity of heat transferred. ```
 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations
 used: ``` * DSC = Differential Scanning Calorimetry * Ti-5553 =
 Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr titanium alloy * Ti = Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo =
 Molybdenum * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S12C_and_S12D.xlsx
 This dataset was used to create Supplementary Figures 12C and 12D,
 respectively. 1. Data name: SEM-EDS line scanning across cellular
 structures in Ti-5553+5Mo 2. Number of variables: 10 3. Number of
 cases/rows: 110 4. Variable List: ``` * Distance [µm]: The distance of
 SEM-EDS line scan. Here, µm means micrometer. * Ti [counts]: The counts of
 element titanium (Ti) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * Mo [counts]: The
 counts of element molybdenum (Mo) from the SEM-EDS line scan. * V
 [counts]: The counts of element vanadium (V) from the SEM-EDS line scan. *
 Cr [counts]: The counts of element chromium (Cr) from the SEM-EDS line
 scan. * Fe [counts]: The counts of element iron (Fe) from the SEM-EDS line
 scan. * Al [counts]: The counts of element aluminium (Al) from the SEM-EDS
 line scan. * N [counts]: The counts of element nitrogen (N) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan. * O [counts]: The counts of element oxygen (O) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan. * C [counts]: The counts of element carbon (C) from the
 SEM-EDS line scan. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats
 or other abbreviations used: ``` * SEM = Scanning Electron Microscopy *
 EDS = Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy * Ti-5553+5Mo =
 Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with the addtion of 5.0 wt% Mo * Ti = Titanium * Mo =
 Molybdenum * Cr = Chromium * V = Vanadium * Fe = Iron * Al = Aluminium * N
 = Nitrogen * O = Oxygen * C = Carbon ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S13B_and_S13D.xlsx
 This dataset was used to create Supplementary Figures 13B and 13D,
 respectively. 1. Data name: Grain size histogram for Ti-5553 and
 Ti-5553+5Mo, respectively. 2. Number of variables: 4 3. Number of
 cases/rows: 55 4. Variable List: ``` * Equivalent circle grain size [μm]:
 The diameter of the circle with an area equivalent to the grain section
 area. Here, µm means micrometer. * Area-weighted fraction: Area-weighted
 fraction of grain size. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized
 formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * Ti-5553 = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr
 titanium alloy * Ti-5553+5Mo = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with the addtion of 5.0
 wt% Mo * Ti = Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo = Molybdenum * V = Vanadium *
 Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S14B_and_S14D.xlsx
 This dataset was used to create Supplementary Figures 14B and 14D,
 respectively. 1. Data name: Geometrically necessary dislocation density
 (GND) distribution for Ti-5553 and Ti-5553+5Mo, respectively. 2. Number of
 variables: 2 3. Number of cases/rows: 104 4. Variable List: ``` * GND
 density [10^14/m^2]: The density of geometrically necessary dislocation. *
 Counts: The measurement counts. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6.
 Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * Ti-5553 =
 Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr titanium alloy * Ti-5553+5Mo = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with
 the addtion of 5.0 wt% Mo * Ti = Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo =
 Molybdenum * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S15A.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Supplementary Figure 15A. 1. Data name:
 Loading-depth data for the Mo particle and the Ti matrix, respectively. 2.
 Number of variables: 2 3. Number of cases/rows: 7600 4. Variable List: ```
 * Depth [nm]: Nanoindentation depth. * Load [μN]: The load placed on the
 indenter tip. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * Ti = Titanium * Mo = Molybdenum ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S17A.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Supplementary Figure 17A. 1. Data name: The
 true stress-true strain data of Ti-5553 and Ti-5553+5Mo, respectively. 2.
 Number of variables: 2 3. Number of cases/rows: It depends on the alloy.
 The maximum number of rows is 2244 (Ti-5553+5Mo). 4. Variable List: ``` *
 True strain: True strain = ln(1 + engineering strain), where ln designates
 the natural log. * True stress [MPa]: True stress = (engineering stress) *
 (1 + engineering strain). Here, MPa meams one million pascals (Pa). ``` 5.
 Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations
 used: ``` * Ti-5553 = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr titanium alloy * Ti-5553+5Mo =
 Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with the addtion of 5.0 wt% Mo * Ti = Titanium * Al =
 Aluminium * Mo = Molybdenum * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._S17B_and_S17C.xlsx
 This dataset was used to create Supplementary Figures 17B and 17C,
 respectively. 1. Data name: The true stress-true strain data and
 (work-hardening rate)-true strain data of Ti-5553 and Ti-5553+5Mo,
 respectively. 2. Number of variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: It
 depends on the alloy. The maximum number of rows is 205 (Ti-5553). 4.
 Variable List: ``` * True strain: True strain = ln(1 + engineering
 strain), where ln designates the natural log. * True stress [MPa]: True
 stress = (engineering stress) * (1 + engineering strain). Here, MPa meams
 one million pascals (Pa). * Work-hardening rate [MPa]: Work-hardening rate
 = d(true stress)/d(true strain). ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6.
 Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * Ti-5553 =
 Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr titanium alloy * Ti-5553+5Mo = Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr with
 the addtion of 5.0 wt% Mo * Ti = Titanium * Al = Aluminium * Mo =
 Molybdenum * V = Vanadium * Cr = Chromium ```
 \#########################################################################