DOI: 10.5061/dryad.72ct11m
title: Data from: Mitochondrial variation in small brown planthoppers linked to multiple traits and likely reflecting a complex evolutionary trajectory

description: While it has been proposed in several taxa that the mitochondrial genome
 is associated with adaptive evolution to different climatic conditions,
 making links between mitochondrial haplotypes and organismal phenotypes
 within the context of an organism’s evolutionary history remains a
 challenge. Mito-nuclear discordance occurs in the small brown planthopper
 (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, with one mitochondrial haplogroup (HGI)
 more common in the cold climate region of China relative to another form
 (HGII) despite strong nuclear gene flow, providing a promising model to
 investigate climatic adaptation of mitochondrial genomes. We hypothesized
 that cold adaptation through HGI may be involved, and considered
 mitogenome evolution, population genetic analyses, and bioassays using
 reciprocal introgression of SBPH lines to test this hypothesis. In
 contrast to our hypothesis, chill-coma recovery tests and population
 genetic tests of selection both pointed to HGII being involved in cold
 adaptation. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that HGII has evolved from the
 ancestor more recently than HGI with three non-synonymous changes in ND2,
 ND5 and CYTB. These molecular changes likely increased mtDNA copy number,
 cold tolerance and fecundity of SBPH, particularly through a
 function-altering amino acid change involving M114T in ND2. Nuclear
 background also influenced fecundity and chill recovery (i.e.,
 mito-nuclear epistasis) and protein modeling indicates possible nuclear
 interactions for the two non-synonymous changes in ND2 and CYTB. The high
 occurrence frequency of HGI in the cold climate region of China remains
 unexplained, but several possible reasons are discussed. Overall, our
 study points to a link between mtDNA variation and organismal-level
 evolution and suggests a possible role of mito-nuclear interactions in
 maintaining mtDNA diversity.
description: Sequences of the
 complete ND2 gene used for population genetics study of the small brown
 planthopper.This file is in the nex
 format, which includes 1054 sequences of the complete ND2 gene (957 bp)
 for 23 geographical populations of the small brown planthopper (Chinese
 populations: 17, Japanese populations: 6).ND2.nexSequences of the partial ND5 gene for population genetics study of the samll brownplanthopperThis file is in the nex format, which includes 1064 sequences of the partial ND5 gene (400 bp) for 23 geographical populations of the small brown planthopper (Chinese populations: 17, Japanese populations: 6).ND5.nexSequences of the partial CYTB gene used for population genetics study of the small brown planthopper.This file is in the nex format, which includes 1064 sequences of the partial CYTB gene (1060 bp) for 23 geographical populations of the small brown planthopper (Chinese populations: 17, Japanese populations: 6).CYTB.nexphenotypic data of the small brown planthopperThis excel file includes four sheets which are the data of chill coma recovery time, fecundity, mtDNA copy abundance, and the hind tibial length of adult females. Mit represents the mitochondrial haplotype. Nu represents the nuclear genetic background. Pop represents population source.phenotypic data.xlsx