DOI: 10.5061/dryad.68277435
title: Data from: Rapid adaptive evolution of photoperiodic response during invasion and range expansion across a climatic gradient

description: Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation to spatiotemporal environmental
 variation is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. This issue also
 has important implications for anticipating biological responses to
 contemporary climate warming and determining the processes by which
 invasive species are able to spread rapidly across broad geographic
 ranges. Here, we compare data from a historical study of latitudinal
 variation in photoperiodic response among Japanese and U.S. populations of
 the invasive Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus with contemporary data
 obtained using comparable methods. Our results demonstrated rapid adaptive
 evolution of the photoperiodic response during invasion and range
 expansion across ∼15° of latitude in the United States. In contrast to the
 photoperiodic response, size-based morphological traits implicated in
 climatic adaptation in a wide range of other insects did not show evidence
 of adaptive variation in Ae. albopictus across either the U.S. (invasive)
 or Japanese (native) range. These results show that photoperiodism has
 been an important adaptation to climatic variation across the U.S. range
 of Ae. albopictus and, in conjunction with previous studies, strongly
 implicate the photoperiodic control of seasonal development as a critical
 evolutionary response to ongoing contemporary climate change. These
 results also emphasize that photoperiodism warrants increased attention in
 studies of the evolution of invasive species.
description: Critical Photoperiods in
 US and Japanese Populations 1988 and 2008Critical Photoperiods
 (cpp) for US and Japanese populations from 1988 are from Pumpuni (1989)
 and Focks et al. (1994). Critical photoperiods from US and Japanese
 populations are estimated from photoperiodic response curves as described
 in text. Country, j = japan, u=us.totalcppsummary.xlsxdiapause incidenceDiapause incidence of US populations in 2008 estimated as described in text. Three letter opulation labels as in Table A1 of publication. Population labels for US populations from 2000 given as city and state. 2000 data are from Lounibos et al. 2003 as described in text of article.female pupas massFemale pupal mass (in milligrams) of populations from the US and Japan in the 2008 collection. Three letter population codes as in Table A1 of publication. jp= japan, us = United States.female wing lengthFemale wing length (in millimeters) of populations from the US and Japan in the 2008 collection. Measurements performed as described in text of publication. Three letter population codes as in Table A1 of publication. jp= japan, us = United States.Egg VolumeEgg volume (in millimeters cubed x 10^-3) of populations from the US and Japan in the 2008 collection. Measurements performed as described in text of publication. Three letter population codes as in Table A1 of publication. jp= japan, us = United States.egg volume.xlsPhotoperiodic Response CurvesPhotoperiodic response curves of US and Japanese populations from the 2008 collection. Percent diapause measured as described in text of publication. Each sheet provides the photoperiodic response of a single population, with seperate populations on seperate sheets. Three letter population codes as in Table A1.photoperiodic response curve data.xlsxAverage date of first frost and average daily minima for weather stations located near collecting sites of populations from the US and JapanThe date of first frost and annual absolute minimum temperature from 1988-2008 were collected from the National Climatic Data Center (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html) and the NOAA National Data Center (http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO) for the US and Japan, respectively. For a location in which there were years that did not have a frost, the latest date of first frost across the 20 year data set for that particular population was substituted. For OKI, there was no frost date recorded for the 20 year data set; thus the latest date of first frost for all populations across all years was substitutedclimate data.xlsxBlocking Design of CPP ExperimentBlocking design to measure photoperiodic response of populations from the US and Japan in the 2008 collection.