DOI: 10.3886/icpsr34870.v1
title: Development and Malleability from Childhood to Adulthood in Baltimore, Maryland, 2001-2005
title: Version 1

description: In the fall of 1993, the entering 1st graders in nine Baltimore City, Maryland public elementary schools were recruited for participation in a randomized trial of two universal, preventive interventions. Both interventions targeted the early antecedent risk behaviors of poor academic achievement and aggressive/coercive behavior and their distal correlates: substance abuse/dependence, antisocial behavior, high risk sexual behavior, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. One intervention, the classroom-centered intervention (CC), sought to reduce the early risk behaviors of poor achievement and aggressive/coercive behaviors through the enhancement of classroom curricula and teacher instructional and behavior management practices. The second intervention, the family-school partnership intervention (FSP), sought to reduce these early risk behaviors by improving parent-teacher/school mental health professional collaboration and by enhancing parents' teaching and behavior management skills. The participating students and 1st grade teachers were randomly assigned to either the CC or FSP classroom-level conditions or to a control or standard setting classroom. The participating students' outcomes were assessed from the fall of 1st grade through 12th grade. Annual outcome assessments continued following high school through age ~ 26. Data from participating students' self-report of substance use and its putative mediators and moderators in 8th through 12th grade are available in this dataset. 
The principal investigator withheld the intervention status variable that
distinguishes the intervention groups from the control group. You may
contact the Principal investigator to discuss obtaining the intervention
variable.
This dataset contains variables on frequency of respondents' substance use during the respondents' lifetime as well as in the year, month, week prior to the survey. In addition, the dataset contains variables on alcohol consumption. The dataset also contains variables on the respondents' perceptions of the availability and harmfulness of substances. Respondents were also asked about perception of how many of his/her friends used drugs as well as their attitudes towards drug use, including personal disapproval of drug use, and perceived attitudes of parents and friends towards the respondents' drug use. Respondents were asked whether and how often they were offered substances to use and their intention to use substances if offered in the future. Substances asked about include tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, ecstasy, and inhalants.
 This dataset contains 1535 variables and 713 respondents. The only demographic variables in this dataset are race and gender.
description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two universal preventive interventions targeting early learning and student behavior at preventing substance use, as well as risky and antisocial behaviors.
description: In the fall of 1993, the entering cohort of first graders in 9 elementary schools in an urban school district in were recruited for a randomized control trial of two universal preventive interventions targeting early learning and student behavior. The sample was predominantly African-American and was largely economically disadvantaged. Students and teachers were randomly assigned to one of three first grade classroom conditions, including a standard setting or control classroom condition. Written parent consent was regularly obtained for student participation in the evaluation component of the trial from grades 1-12. Data on substance use and putative moderators of use were obtained in grades 8-12 via student self-reports using Audio Computer-assisted Self-interviewing technology (ACASI). Participants were interviewed regardless of whether they continued to attend school or not.
Please note that the full Development and Malleability from Childhood to Adulthood study included assessments completed by families, school records, and teacher interviews. The full study also included student responses to questions on the following topics: self-perceptions of competence, perceived contingency, perceived control, perfectionism, anxiety, depression, eating problems, mental health, behavioral inhibitions, respondent's moods, exposure to violence, stressful life events, pregnancy, respondent's social network, employment, income, gambling, parental involvement, praise for school behavior, activity involvement, perceived racial discrimination, and neighborhood environment. The subset of the study data provided by NAHDAP is focused primarily on respondents' self reported substance use, and perception of substance use.
description: There are no weight variables associated with the data file.
description: Response Rates: The interview response rates for the baseline denominator of 678 participants were 80.4 percent, 78.0 percent, 74.0 percent, 76.0 percent, and 84.7 percent in grades 8-12. Whereas the interview response rates for the larger denominator of 799, were 77.0 percent (8th grade), 75.0 percent (9th grade), and 71.0 percent (10th grade). Only the subset of baseline participants were assessed in 11th and 12th grade; therefore, the response rates of 76.0 percent and 84.7 percent respectively apply for those grades.
description: Presence of Common Scales: The investigators used scales from the following sources:
-National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Drug Dependence Subscales
-National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Perceived Availability and Harmfulness of Substance Use Subscales
-Monitoring the Future (MTF): Friends Drug Use Subscales
-Monitoring the Future (MTF): Attitudes and Beliefs and Social Milieu Subscales
description: Datasets: 
DS1: Development and Malleability from Childhood to Adulthood in Baltimore, Maryland, 2001-2005
description: Adolescents in grades 8-12 from Spring 2001 to Spring 2005, who originally entered elementary school in an urban school district.
description: audio computer-assisted self interview (ACASI); face-to-face interviewICPSR standardized variable labels within topic sections to increase comparability between grade levels.ICPSR bottom-coded variables asking about the age a person partook of a substance to be "9 and younger".The Principal Investigator deposited a file with ICPSR that contained 799 cases. Of these there were 121 participants who either transferred out of first grade classrooms included in the prevention trial prior to the baseline assessments in October of 1993 or entered into those classrooms following the baseline assessments. These cases are identified by the variable IN678. These 121 participants were not assessed in the Spring of 2004 (11th grade) or the Spring of 2012 (12th grade) due to budgetary issues.With the agreement of the Principal Investigator ICPSR removed 86 cases from the deposited file that contained 100 percent missing values. These cases were all missing due to the child either being deceased or where the parent refused to grant permission for the child to participate in all five grades. Of these 86 cases there were 37 who were part of the 121 students mentioned above.