DOI: 10.5061/dryad.69p8cz977
title: Different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote the maintenance of genetic diversity via the storage effect in Daphnia pulex

description: Understanding mechanisms that promote the maintenance of biodiversity
 (genetic and species diversity) has been a central topic in evolution and
 ecology. Previous studies have revealed that dormancy can contribute to
 coexistence of competing genotypes or species in fluctuating environments
 via the storage effect. However, they tended to focus on differences in
 reproductive success (e.g., seed yield) and diapause termination (e.g.,
 germination) timing. Here we tested whether different photoperiodic
 responses in diapause induction can promote coexistence of two
 parthenogenetic (asexual) genotypes of Daphnia pulex in Lake Fukami-ike,
 Japan. Through laboratory experiments, we confirmed that short day length
 and low food availability induced the production of diapausing eggs.
 Furthermore, we found that one genotype tended to produce diapausing eggs
 in broader environmental conditions than the other. Terminating
 parthenogenetic reproduction earlier decreases total clonal production,
 but the early-diapausing genotype becomes advantageous by assuring
 reproduction in “short” years where winter arrival is earlier than usual.
 Empirically parameterized theoretical analyses suggested that different
 photoperiodic responses can promote coexistence via the storage effect
 with fluctuations of the growing season length. Therefore, timing of
 diapause induction may be as important as diapause termination timing for
 promoting the maintenance of genetic diversity in fluctuating
 environments.
description: # Different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote the
 maintenance of genetic diversity via the storage effect in Daphnia pulex
 "Sheet 1: representing percentage of each lineage measured in the
 laboratory experiment 1: clonal reproduction, using for Figure 2,
 S2", * JPN1_clone, clone name of JPN1 used in a match of clonal
 reproduction experiment (experiment 1) * JPN2_clone, clone name of JPN2
 used in a match of clonal reproduction experiment (experiment 1) * light,
 photoperiodic condition * day15_JPN1, frequency of JPN1 clone on day 15 *
 day15_JPN2, frequency of JPN2 clone on day 15 * day30_JPN1, frequency of
 JPN1 clone on day 30 * day30_JPN2, frequency of JPN2 clone on day 30
 "Sheet 2: diapausing rate calculated in the laboratory experiment 2:
 life history measurement, using for Figure 3,S3", * clone_name, clone
 name of Daphnia pulex * lineage, lineage of Daphnia pulex (JPN1 or JPN2) *
 light, photoperiodic condition * food, food condition * diapausing_inds,
 the number of female individuals reared ephippia * total_inds, the total
 number of female individuals in each experimental condition *
 prevalence_of_diapause, the prevalence of diapause of the clone calculated
 by dividing the number of diapausing inds. by the total number of inds.
 "Sheet 3: Intrinsic growth rate calculated in the laboratory
 experiment 2: life history measurement, using for Figure S3,S4" *
 lineage, lineage of Daphnia pulex (JPN1 or JPN2) * clone_name, clone name
 of Daphnia pulex * linght, photoperiodic condition * food, food condition
 * growth_rate, the growth rate of the clone calculated with the
 Euler-Lotka equation