DOI: 10.5066/p9q3leil
title: Change factors to derive projected future precipitation depth-duration-frequency (DDF) curves at 242 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlas 14 stations in Florida (ver 3.0, August 2025)

description: This data release consists of Microsoft Excel workbooks, shapefiles, and a figure (png format) related to a cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Florida Flood Hub for Applied Research and Innovation at the University of South Florida to derive projected future change factors for precipitation depth-duration-frequency (DDF) curves at 242 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlas 14 stations in Florida. The change factors were computed as the ratio of projected future (2020-59, 2030-69, 2050-89, or 2060-99) to historical (1966-2005) extreme-precipitation depths fitted to extreme-precipitation data using a constrained maximum likelihood (CML) approach as described in https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225093. The change factors are tabulated by duration (1, 3, and 7 days) and return period (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years). The official historical NOAA Atlas 14 DDF curves based on partial-duration series (PDS) can be multiplied by the change factors derived in this project to determine projected future extreme precipitation for events of a given duration and return period.

Various statistical, dynamical and hybrid downscaled precipitation datasets from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) were used to derive the change factors at the grid cells closest to the NOAA Atlas 14 stations including (1) the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), (2) the Localized Constructed Analogues (LOCA) dataset, (3) the Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA) dataset, (4) the Analog Resampling and Statistical Scaling Method by Jupiter Intelligence using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (JupiterWRF). The emission scenarios evaluated include representative concentration pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) for the downscaled climate datasets CORDEX, LOCA, and MACA. The emission scenarios evaluated for the JupiterWRF downscaled dataset include RCP8.5 from CMIP5, and shared socioeconomic pathways SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Only daily durations are evaluated for JupiterWRF.

Statistically downscaled precipitation datasets from CMIP6 were also used to derive change factors and include (1) the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NASA), and (2) the Localized Constructed Analogues version 2 (LOCA2) dataset. The emission scenarios available for LOCA2 include SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5. The NASA dataset includes these in addition to the SSP1-2.6 scenario. DDF and change factors for the projected future ranges 2030-69 and 2060-99 were computed for LOCA2 only.

When applying change factors to the historical NOAA Atlas 14 DDF curves to derive projected future precipitation DDF curves for the entire range of durations and return periods evaluated as part of this project, there is a possibility that the resulting projected future DDF curves may be inconsistent across duration and return period. By inconsistent it is meant that the precipitation depths may decrease for longer durations instead of increasing. Depending on the change factors used, this may happen in up to 6% of cases. In such a case, it is recommended that users use the higher of the projected future precipitation depths derived for the duration of interest and the previous shorter duration.

This data release consists of three shapefiles: (1) polygons of climate regions (Climate_regions.shp); (2) polygons of Areal Reduction Factor (ARF) regions for the state of Florida (ARF_regions.shp); and (3) point locations of NOAA Atlas 14 stations in Florida for which depth-duration-frequency curves and change factors of precipitation depths were developed as part of this project (Atlas14_stations.shp).

This data release also includes 70 tables. Fourteen tables contain computed change factors for the four downscaled climate datasets for the four future projection periods: (1) CORDEX 2020-59 (CF_CORDEX_2040_to_historical.xlsx); (2) CORDEX 2050-89 (CF_CORDEX_2070_to_historical.xlsx);(3) LOCA 2020-59 (CF_LOCA_2040_to_historical.xlsx); (4) LOCA 2050-89 (CF_LOCA_2070_to_historical.xlsx); (5) MACA 2020-59 (CF_MACA_2040_to_historical.xlsx); (6) MACA 2050-89 (CF_MACA_2070_to_historical.xlsx); (7) JupiterWRF 2038-42 (CF_JupiterWRF_2040_to_historical.xlsx); (8) JupiterWRF 2068-72 (CF_JupiterWRF_2070_to_historical.xlsx); (9) NASA 2020-59 (CF_NASA_2040_to_historical.xlsx); (10) NASA 2050-89 (CF_NASA_2070_to_historical.xlsx);(11) LOCA2 2020-59 (CF_LOCA2_2040_to_historical.xlsx); (12) LOCA2 2050-89 (CF_LOCA2_2070_to_historical.xlsx); (13) LOCA2 2030-69 (CF_LOCA2_2050_to_historical.xlsx); and (14) LOCA2 2060-99 (CF_LOCA2_2080_to_historical.xlsx)

Twenty tables contain the corresponding DDF values for the historical and future projection periods in each of the four downscaled climate datasets: (1) CORDEX historical (DDF_CORDEX_historical.xlsx); (2) CORDEX 2020-59 (DDF_CORDEX_2040.xlsx); (3) CORDEX 2050-89 (DDF_CORDEX_2070.xlsx); (4) LOCA historical (DDF_LOCA_historical.xlsx); (5) LOCA 2020-59 (DDF_LOCA_2040.xlsx); (6) LOCA 2050-89 (DDF_LOCA_2070.xlsx); (7) MACA historical (DDF_MACA_historical.xlsx); (8) MACA 2020-59 (DDF_MACA_2040.xlsx); (9) MACA 2050-89 (DDF_MACA_2070.xlsx); (10) JupiterWRF historical (DDF_JupiterWRF_historical.xlsx); (11) JupiterWRF 2038-42 (DDF_JupiterWRF_2040.xlsx); (12) JupiterWRF 2068-72 (DDF_JupiterWRF_2070.xlsx); (13) NASA historical (DDF_NASA_historical.xlsx); (14) NASA 2020-59 (DDF_NASA_2040.xlsx); (15) NASA 2050-89 (DDF_NASA_2070.xlsx); (16) LOCA2 historical (DDF_LOCA2_historical.xlsx); (17) LOCA2 2020-59 (DDF_LOCA2_2040.xlsx); (18) LOCA2 2050-89 (DDF_LOCA2_2070.xlsx); (19) LOCA2 2030-69 (DDF_LOCA2_2050.xlsx); and (20) LOCA2 2060-99 (DDF_LOCA2_2080.xlsx).

Twelve tables contain quantiles of change factors at 242 NOAA Atlas 14 stations in Florida derived primarily from CMIP5 downscaled climate datasets (CORDEX, LOCA, MACA, and JupiterWRF) considering: (1) all models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_allRCPs.xlsx); (2) all models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_allRCPs.xlsx); (3) all models and only the RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5 emission scenarios for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_RCP4.5.xlsx); (4) all models and only the RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5 emission scenarios for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_RCP4.5.xlsx); (5) all models and only the RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_RCP8.5.xlsx); (6) all models and only the RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_RCP8.5.xlsx); (7) best models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_allRCPs.xlsx); (8) best models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_allRCPs.xlsx); (9) best models and only the RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5 emission scenarios for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_RCP4.5.xlsx); (10) best models and only the RCP4.5 and SSP2-4.5 emission scenarios for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_RCP4.5.xlsx); (11) best models and only the RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_RCP8.5.xlsx); and (12) best models and only the RCP8.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_RCP8.5.xlsx).

Twenty tables contain quantiles of change factors at 242 NOAA Atlas 14 stations in Florida derived from CMIP6 downscaled climate datasets (NASA and LOCA2) considering: (1) all models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_allSSPs_CMIP6.xlsx); (2) all models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_allSSPs_CMIP6.xlsx); (3) all models and only the SSP1-2.6 emission scenario for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_SSP1-2.6_CMIP6.xlsx); (4) all models and only the SSP1-2.6 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_SSP1-2.6_CMIP6.xlsx); (5) all models and only the SSP2-4.5 emission scenario for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_SSP2-4.5_CMIP6.xlsx); (6) all models and only the SSP2-4.5 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_SSP2-4.5_CMIP6.xlsx); (7) all models and only the SSP3-7.0 emission scenario for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_SSP3-7.0_CMIP6.xlsx); (8) all models and only the SSP3-7.0 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_SSP3-7.0_CMIP6.xlsx); (9) all models and only the SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_all_models_SSP5-8.5_CMIP6.xlsx); (10) all models and only the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_all_models_SSP5-8.5_CMIP6.xlsx); (11) best models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_allSSPs_CMIP6.xlsx); (12) best models and all emission scenarios evaluated for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_allSSPs_CMIP6.xlsx); (13) best models and only the SSP1-2.6 emission scenario for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_SSP1-2.6_CMIP6.xlsx); (14) best models and only the SSP1-2.6 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_SSP1-2.6_CMIP6.xlsx); (15) best models and only the SSP2-4.5 emission scenario for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_SSP2-4.5_CMIP6.xlsx); (16) best models and only the SSP2-4.5 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_SSP2-4.5_CMIP6.xlsx); (17) best models and only the SSP3-7.0 emission scenario for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_SSP3-7.0_CMIP6.xlsx); (18) best models and only the SSP3-7.0 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_SSP3-7.0_CMIP6.xlsx); (19) best models and only the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario for 2020-59 (CFquantiles_2040_to_historical_best_models_SSP5-8.5_CMIP6.xlsx); and (20) best models and only the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario for 2050-89 (CFquantiles_2070_to_historical_best_models_SSP5-8.5_CMIP6.xlsx).

Finally, four tables contain miscellaneous information: (1) information about downscaled climate datasets and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlas 14 stations used in this project (Datasets_station_information.xlsx); (2) best models for each CMIP5 downscaled climate dataset and for all CMIP5 (CORDEX, LOCA, MACA, and JupiterWRF) downscaled climate datasets considered together (Best_model_lists.xlsx); (3) best models for each CMIP6 downscaled climate dataset (NASA and LOCA2) (Best_model_lists_FL_CMIP6.xlsx); and (4) areal reduction factors by region in Florida (Areal_reduction_factors.xlsx).

An R script is provided which generates boxplots of change factors at a NOAA Atlas 14 station, or for all NOAA Atlas 14 stations in an ArcHydro Enhanced Database (AHED) basin or county (create_boxplot.R). A Microsoft Word file documenting code usage and available options is also provided within this data release (Documentation_R_script_create_boxplot.docx).

Disclaimer: As a reminder, projected future (2020-59, 2030-69, 2050-89, and 2060-99) and historical (1966-2005) DDF curves fitted to extreme-precipitation data from models in each downscaled climate dataset are provided as part of this data release as a way to verify the computed change factors. However, these model-based projected future and historical DDF curves are expected to be biased and only their ratio (change factor) is considered a reasonable approximation of how historically-observed DDF depths might be multiplicatively amplified or muted in the future periods 2020-59, 2030-69, 2050-89, or 2060-99. Please note that the change factor (CF) values provided in the CF spreadsheets have been computed from unrounded DDF values. Before inclusion in their respective spreadsheets, the DDF values and the CF values were then rounded to the second decimal place. Therefore, computing CF values manually from the rounded DDF values provided will give slightly different results than the CF values provided directly in the CF spreadsheets.

Disclaimer: Some very high outlier change factor values may occur due to the presence of a single very large extreme event in the future period selected for analysis (which causes a very long tail in the fitted distribution) or they may be due to non-convergence of the fitting process. In general, these very high outliers occur extremely rarely in the more than two million change factors computed as part of this project. For example, only 0.008% of the change factors are greater than 8, while only 0.26% of the change factors are greater than 4. The very high outlier values are also more common in the MACA dataset and for the longest return periods which are more uncertain.

Version 1.1
Changes from previous version:
A bug in R script create_boxplot.R was identified and fixed in this version. The bug resulted in the script failing to generate the outlier csv file if a basin or county was defined as including some stations with JupiterWRF change factors available, and some stations without JupiterWRF change factors.

Version 2.0
Changes from previous version:
Change factors were derived from statistically downscaled precipitation datasets based on CMIP6 including (1) the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NASA), and (2) the Localized Constructed Analogues version 2 (LOCA2) dataset. The following additional sets of tables are included (1) tables containing computed change factors for the two CMIP6 downscaled climate datasets for the two future projection periods, (2) tables containing the corresponding DDF values for the historical and future projection periods, and (3) tables containing quantiles of change factors from the two CMIP6 datasets. Also, two worksheets were added to Datasets_station_information.xlsx to list model and scenario availability for the NASA and LOCA2 datasets, and additional models were included in Table 2 of this spreadsheet. In addition, Best_model_lists_FL_CMIP6.xlsx lists best models for each CMIP6 downscaled climate dataset. The original R scripts have been modified to also work for CMIP6 datasets.

Version 3.0
Changes from previous version:
For the LOCA2 dataset, change factors were derived for two additional projected future time periods: 2030-2069 (centered on 2050) and 2060-2099 (centered on 2080) as compared to the historical (1966-2005). Four new tables were added containing the computed change factors and the corresponding DDF values: (1) CF_LOCA2_2050_to_historical.xlsx (2) CF_LOCA2_2080_to_historical.xlsx (3) DDF_LOCA2_future_2050.xlsx and (4) DDF_LOCA2_future_2080.xlsx.

Revision History:
First release: July 2023
Version 1.1: September 2023
Version 2.0: March 2024
Version 3.0: August 2025