DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqrp
title: Manufacturing of high strength and high conductivity copper with laser powder bed fusion

description: Additive manufacturing (AM), known as 3D printing, enables rapid
 fabrication of geometrically complex copper (Cu) components for electrical
 conduction and heat management applications. However, pure Cu or Cu alloys
 produced by 3D printing often suffer from either low strength or low
 conductivity at room and elevated temperatures. Here, we demonstrate a
 design strategy for 3D printing of high strength, high conductivity Cu by
 uniformly dispersing a minor portion of lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6)
 nanoparticles in pure Cu through laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). We show
 that trace additions of LaB6 to pure Cu result in an improved L-PBF
 processability, an enhanced strength, and improved thermal stability, all
 whilst maintaining a high conductivity.  The presented strategy
 could expand the applicability of 3D-printed Cu components to more
 demanding conditions where high strength, high conductivity, and thermal
 stability are required.
description: These datasets were collected at University of Queensland
 (Australia) from 2021 to 2023. Details for each dataset
 are provided in the README file.
description: This README file was generated on 2024-01-13 by Yingang Liu. **GENERAL
 INFORMATION** 1. Title of Dataset: Manufacturing of High Strength and High
 Conductivity Copper with Laser Powder Bed Fusion 2. Author Information ```
 **A. Corresponding Author Contact Information** * Name: Ranming Niu *
 Institution: The University of Sydney * Email: ranming.niu@sydney.edu.au
 **B. Corresponding Author Contact Information** * Name: Christopher
 Hutchinson * Institution: Monash University * Email:
 christopher.hutchinson@monash.edu **C. Corresponding Author Contact
 Information** * Name: Ming-Xing Zhang * Institution: The University of
 Queensland * Email: mingxing.zhang@uq.edu.au **D. First Author Contact
 Information** * Name: Yingang Liu * Institution: The University of
 Queensland * Email: yingangliu@nwpu.edu.cn **E. First Author Contact
 Information** * Name: Jingqi Zhang * Institution: The University of
 Queensland * Email: jingqi.zhang@uq.edu.au ``` 3. Date of data collection
 (single date, range, approximate date): 2021-2023 4. Geographic location
 of data collection: The University of Queensland (Australia) 5.
 Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the
 data: ``` * Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP210103162)
 ``` **SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION** 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the
 data: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain 2. Links to publications
 that cite or use the data: ``` *Yingang Liu, Jingqi Zhang, Ranming Niu,
 Mohamad Bayat, Ying Zhou, Yu Yin, Qiyang Tan, Shiyang Liu, Jesper Henri
 Hattel, Miaoquan Li, Xiaoxu Huang, Julie Cairney, Yi-Sheng Chen, Mark
 Easton, Christopher Hutchinson, Ming-Xing Zhang. Manufacturing of High
 Strength and High Conductivity Copper with Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Nature
 Communications, (2024)* ``` 3. Links to other publicly accessible
 locations of the data: None 4. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets:
 None 5. Was data derived from another source? No A. If yes, list
 source(s): NA 6. Recommended citation for this dataset: ``` *Yingang Liu,
 Jingqi Zhang, Ranming Niu, Mohamad Bayat, Ying Zhou, Yu Yin, Qiyang Tan,
 Shiyang Liu, Jesper Henri Hattel, Miaoquan Li, Xiaoxu Huang, Julie
 Cairney, Yi-Sheng Chen, Mark Easton, Christopher Hutchinson, Ming-Xing
 Zhang (2024). Data from: Manufacturing of High Strength and High
 Conductivity Copper with Laser Powder Bed Fusion [Dataset]. Dryad.
 https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqrp* ``` **DATA & FILE OVERVIEW**
 1. File List: ``` * Supporting_data_for_Fig._1b.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._3c.xlsx * Supporting_data_for_Fig._3e.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Fig._4a.xlsx * Supporting_data_for_Fig._5a.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._4a.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._5c.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._7c.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._9a.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._9b.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._13b.xlsx *
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._13e.xlsx ``` 2. Relationship
 between files, if important: None 3. Additional related data collected
 that was not included in the current data package: None 4. Are there
 multiple versions of the dataset? No A. If yes, name of file(s) that was
 updated: NA i. Why was the file updated? NA ii. When was the file updated?
 NA
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._1b.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 1b. 1. Data name: Laser reflectivity of
 pure Cu, LaB6 and 1.0 wt% LaB6 nanoparticles doped Cu powder feedstock 2.
 Number of variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: 405. 4. Variable List: ```
 * Pure Cu, LaB6 and 1.0 wt% LaB6 nanoparticles doped Cu: The sample for
 laser reflectivity test. * Laser wavelength [nm]: It is defined as the
 distance between successive peaks of a laser wave. * Laser reflectivity:
 It is defined as the ratio of reflected laser intensity to the incident
 laser intensity. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu = Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum hexaboride
 * wt% = Weight percent ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._3c.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 3c. 1. Data name: The one-dimensional
 concentration profile for APT 2. Number of variables: 7 3. Number of
 cases/rows: 43. 4. Variable List: ``` * Distance [nm]: It is defined as
 the distance from the initial analysis point. * B [at.%]: It is defined as
 the concentration of the element B. * Cu [at.%]: It is defined as the
 concentration of the element Cu. * La [at.%]: It is defined as the
 concentration of the element La. * B [at.%] σ: It is defined as the
 standard deviation of concentration of the element B. * Cu [at.%] σ: It is
 defined as the standard deviation of concentration of the element Cu. * La
 [at.%] σ: It is defined as the standard deviation of concentration of the
 element La. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * B = Boron * Cu = Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum
 * at.% = Atom percent * σ = Standard deviation ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._3e.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 3e. 1. Data name: The one-dimensional
 concentration profile for APT 2. Number of variables: 7 3. Number of
 cases/rows: 43. 4. Variable List: ``` * Distance [nm]: It is defined as
 the distance from the initial analysis point. * B [at.%]: It is defined as
 the concentration of the element B. * Cu [at.%]: It is defined as the
 concentration of the element Cu. * La [at.%]: It is defined as the
 concentration of the element La. * B [at.%] σ: It is defined as the
 standard deviation of concentration of the element B. * Cu [at.%] σ: It is
 defined as the standard deviation of concentration of the element Cu. * La
 [at.%] σ: It is defined as the standard deviation of concentration of the
 element La. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * B = Boron * Cu = Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum
 * at.% = Atom percent * σ = Standard deviation ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._4a.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 4a. 1. Data name: Tensile stress-strain
 data of pure Cu and 1.0LaB6-Cu 2. Number of variables: 3 3. Number of
 cases/rows: It depends on the specimen. The maximum number of rows is
 11470 (1.0LaB6-Cu). 4. Variable List: ``` * Pure Cu, 1.0LaB6-Cu and
 1.0LaB6-Cu microparticle: The tensile sample. * Engineering strain [%]: It
 is defined as the change in length divided by the original length. *
 Engineering stress [MPa]: It is defined as the applied load divided by the
 original cross-sectional area of material. Here, MPa meams one million
 pascals (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu = Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum hexaboride
 * 1.0LaB6-Cu = 1.0 weight percent lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles doped
 copper * 1.0LaB6-Cu microparticle = 1.0 weight percent lanthanum
 hexaboride microparticles doped copper ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supporting_data_for_Fig._5a.xlsx This
 dataset was used to create Figure 5a. 1. Data name: Compressive
 stress-strain data of sheet-based gyroid lattices made of pure Cu and
 1.0LaB6-Cu 2. Number of variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: 30001. 4.
 Variable List: ``` * Pure Cu and 1.0LaB6-Cu: The sample used for
 compression test. * Engineering strain [%]: It is defined as the change in
 height divided by the original height. * Engineering stress [MPa]: It is
 defined as the applied load divided by the original cross-sectional area
 of material. MPa meams one million pascals (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data
 codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu =
 Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum hexaboride * 1.0LaB6-Cu = 1.0 weight percent
 lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles doped copper ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR:
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._4a.xlsx This dataset was used to
 create Supplementary Figure 4a. 1. Data name: XRD Spectra 2. Number of
 variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: 4105 4. Variable List: ``` * Pure Cu
 and 1.0LaB6-Cu: The sample for XRD test. * 2θ [degree]: The angle between
 the incoming and outgoing beam directions. * Intensity: The intensity of
 an XRD peak. It is related to the number of atoms in the crystal that are
 capable of scattering X-rays. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6.
 Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu = Copper * LaB6
 = Lanthanum hexaboride * 1.0LaB6-Cu = 1.0 weight percent lanthanum
 hexaboride nanoparticles doped copper ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR:
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._5c.xlsx This dataset was used to
 create Supplementary Figure 5c. 1. Data name: The one-dimensional
 concentration profile for APT 2. Number of variables: 7 3. Number of
 cases/rows: 112. 4. Variable List: ``` * Distance [nm]: It is defined as
 the distance from the initial analysis point. * B [at.%]: It is defined as
 the concentration of the element B. * Cu [at.%]: It is defined as the
 concentration of the element Cu. * La [at.%]: It is defined as the
 concentration of the element La. * B [at.%] σ: It is defined as the
 standard deviation of concentration of the element B. * Cu [at.%] σ: It is
 defined as the standard deviation of concentration of the element Cu. * La
 [at.%] σ: It is defined as the standard deviation of concentration of the
 element La. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * B = Boron * Cu = Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum
 * at.% = Atom percent * σ = Standard deviation ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR:
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._7c.xlsx This dataset was used to
 create Supplementary Figure 7c. 1. Data name: Tensile stress-strain data
 of 0.5LaB6-Cu, 1.0LaB6-Cu and 2.0LaB6-Cu 2. Number of variables: 3 3.
 Number of cases/rows: It depends on the specimen. The maximum number of
 rows is 11470 (1.0LaB6-Cu). 4. Variable List: ``` * 0.5LaB6-Cu, 1.0LaB6-Cu
 and 2.0LaB6-Cu: The tensile sample. * Engineering strain [%]: It is
 defined as the change in length divided by the original length. *
 Engineering stress [MPa]: It is defined as the applied load divided by the
 original cross-sectional area of material. Here, MPa meams one million
 pascals (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu = Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum hexaboride
 * 0.5LaB6-Cu = 0.5 weight percent lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles doped
 copper * 1.0LaB6-Cu = 1.0 weight percent lanthanum hexaboride
 nanoparticles doped copper * 2.0LaB6-Cu = 2.0 weight percent lanthanum
 hexaboride nanoparticles doped copper ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR:
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._9a.xlsx This dataset was used to
 create Supplementary Figure 9a. 1. Data name: Hardness of 1.0LaB6-Cu at
 elevated temperatures 2. Number of variables: 2 3. Number of cases/rows:
 11 4. Variable List: ``` * Temperature [℃]: The temperature for heat
 treatment. * Hardness [HV]: It is defined as the resistance of a material
 to deformation. ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu = Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum hexaboride
 * 1.0LaB6-Cu = 1.0 weight percent lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles doped
 copper ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR:
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._9b.xlsx This dataset was used to
 create Supplementary Figure 9b. 1. Data name: Tensile stress-strain data
 of 1.0LaB6-Cu and 1.0LaB6-Cu subjected to thermal exposure at 550℃ and
 1,050℃ 2. Number of variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: It depends on
 the specimen. The maximum number of rows is 14070 (1.0LaB6-Cu 1050℃). 4.
 Variable List: ``` * 1.0LaB6-Cu, 1.0LaB6-Cu 550℃ and 1.0LaB6-Cu 1050℃: The
 tensile sample. * Engineering strain [%]: It is defined as the change in
 length divided by the original length. * Engineering stress [MPa]: It is
 defined as the applied load divided by the original cross-sectional area
 of material. Here, MPa meams one million pascals (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data
 codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu =
 Copper * LaB6 = Lanthanum hexaboride * 1.0LaB6-Cu = 1.0 weight percent
 lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles doped copper * 1.0LaB6-Cu 550℃ = 1.0
 weight percent lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles doped copper subjected
 to thermal exposure at 550℃ * 1.0LaB6-Cu 1050℃ = 1.0 weight percent
 lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles doped copper subjected to thermal
 exposure at 1050℃ ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR:
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._13b.xlsx This dataset was used to
 create Supplementary Figure 13b. 1. Data name: Laser reflectivity of pure
 Cu and 1.0 wt% TiB2 nanoparticles doped Cu powder feedstock 2. Number of
 variables: 3 3. Number of cases/rows: 405. 4. Variable List: ``` * Pure Cu
 and 1.0 wt% TiB2 nanoparticles doped Cu: The sample for laser reflectivity
 test. * Laser wavelength [nm]: It is defined as the distance between
 successive peaks of a laser wave. * Laser reflectivity: It is defined as
 the ratio of reflected laser intensity to the incident laser intensity.
 ``` 5. Missing data codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: ``` * Cu = Copper * TiB2 = Titanium diboride * wt% =
 Weight percent ```
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR:
 Supporting_data_for_Supplementary_Fig._13e.xlsx This dataset was used to
 create Supplementary Figure 13e. 1. Data name: Tensile stress-strain data
 of pure Cu and 1.0TiB2-Cu 2. Number of variables: 3 3. Number of
 cases/rows: It depends on the specimen. The maximum number of rows is
 19150 (1.0TiB2-Cu). 4. Variable List: ``` * Pure Cu and 1.0TiB2-Cu: The
 tensile sample. * Engineering strain [%]: It is defined as the change in
 length divided by the original length. * Engineering stress [MPa]: It is
 defined as the applied load divided by the original cross-sectional area
 of material. Here, MPa meams one million pascals (Pa). ``` 5. Missing data
 codes: None 6. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: ``` * Cu =
 Copper * TiB2 = Titanium diboride * 1.0TiB2-Cu = 1.0 weight percent
 titanium diboride nanoparticles doped copper ```
 \#########################################################################