DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1t3r4
title: Data from: Cope’s rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution

description: The largest known dinosaurs weighed at least 20 million times as much as
 the smallest, indicating exceptional phenotypic divergence. Previous
 studies have focused on extreme giant sizes, tests of Cope's rule,
 and miniaturization on the line leading to birds. We use non-uniform
 macroevolutionary models based on Ornstein–Uhlenbeck and trend processes
 to unify these observations, asking: what patterns of evolutionary rates,
 directionality and constraint explain the diversification of dinosaur body
 mass? We find that dinosaur evolution is constrained by attraction to
 discrete body size optima that undergo rare, but abrupt, evolutionary
 shifts. This model explains both the rarity of multi-lineage directional
 trends, and the occurrence of abrupt directional excursions during the
 origins of groups such as tiny pygostylian birds and giant sauropods. Most
 expansion of trait space results from rare, constraint-breaking
 innovations in just a small number of lineages. These lineages shifted
 rapidly into novel regions of trait space, occasionally to small sizes,
 but most often to large or giant sizes. As with Cenozoic mammals,
 intermediate body sizes were typically attained only transiently by
 lineages on a trajectory from small to large size. This demonstrates that
 bimodality in the macroevolutionary adaptive landscape for land
 vertebrates has existed for more than 200 million years.
description: Appendix
 S1Methods and results for
 dinosaur body mass estimates, including Tables S1–S12.Appendix
 S2.Summary figures from
 SURFACE analyses for Triassic–Jurassic Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha,
 Ornithischia and Triassic–Aptian Theropoda, ordered by AICc or pBIC
 score.Appendix S2 SURFACE regime
 configurations.zipAppendix
 S3Diagrams comparing the
 pBIC scores of SURFACE regime configurations from analysis of timescaled
 phylogenies mapped to the same phylogenies timescaled using other
 methods.Appendix
 S4Diagrams illustrating
 trajectories of stepwise-AICc and stepwise-pBIC searches following the
 SUFACE algorithm and resulting regime configurations.Appendix S5
 phenogramsPhenograms illustrating
 regime configurations mapped to phylogenies evolving in body size space
 through time.Dataset
 S1Measurements, metadata
 and body mass estimates for Dinosauria.Dataset
 S2AICc scores for
 trend-based model fits compared to Brownian motion based on our
 phylogenies. For comparison to SURFACE and OUwie model
 fits.Dataset
 S3AICc scores and model
 fits for OU and other models implemented in OUwie.Phylogenetic
 treesPhylogenetic trees used
 in our analyses, in Newick format. The main trees are found in Dinosaur
 trees Benson 2017.tre. Other trees are timescaled subsets of these trees,
 described with reference to a timescaling method (mbl1, cal3, Hedman) and
 clade name (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia,
 Theropoda).Dataset
 S4Phylogenetic trees used
 in our analyses, in Newick format. The main trees are found in Dinosaur
 trees Benson 2017.tre. Other trees are timescaled subsets of these trees,
 described with reference to a timescaling method (mbl1, cal3, Hedman) and
 clade name (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia,
 Theropoda).Phylogenetic trees Benson
 2017.zipScripts
 S1Functions of R version
 3.3.3 used in Benson et al. (2017) Cope’s rule and the adaptive landscape
 of dinosaur body size evolution.