cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rm098
title: Data from: Testosterone positively associated with both male mating effort and paternal behavior in savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

description: Testosterone (T) is often positively associated with male sexual behavior
 and negatively associated with paternal care. These associations have
 primarily been demonstrated in species where investment in paternal care
 begins well after mating activity is complete, when offspring are hatched
 or born. Different patterns may emerge in studies of species where
 investment in mating and paternal care overlap temporally, for instance in
 non-seasonal breeders in which males mate with multiple females
 sequentially and may simultaneously have multiple offspring of different
 ages. In a 9-year data set on levels of T in male baboons, fecal
 concentrations of T (fT) were positively associated with both mate
 guarding (“consortship”) — a measure of current reproductive activity —
 and with the number of immature offspring a male had in his social group —
 a measure of past reproductive activity and an indicator of likely
 paternal behavior. To further examine the relationship between T and
 potential paternal behavior, we next drew on an intensive 8-month study of
 male behavior, and found that fathers were more likely to be in close
 proximity to their offspring than expected by chance. Because male baboons
 are known to provide paternal care, and because time in proximity to
 offspring would facilitate such care, this suggests that T concentrations
 in wild male baboons may be associated with both current reproductive
 activity and with current paternal behavior. These results are consistent
 with the predicted positive association between T and mating effort but
 not with a negative association between T and paternal care; in male
 baboons, high levels of T occur in males that are differentially
 associating with their offspring.
description: Onyango_T_MaleBaboons_Hormones&Behavior2013Data Excel file containing two data sets: 1). Residuals of log-transformed testosterone values after controlling, in a mixed effects model, for fixed effects (i.e., male age, male rank, number of immatue offspring, whether a male had an immature offspring or not, season) and random effect (i.e., male identity). 2). Spatial proximity data between baboon fathers and their offspring. These data were used to determine whether baboon fathers were in spatial proximity to their offspring (rather than to unrelated immatures) more often than expected by chance.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.463qs
title: Data from: Crowd control: sex ratio affects sexually selected cuticular hydrocarbons in male Drosophila serrata

description: Although it is advantageous for males to express costly sexually selected
 signals when females are present, they may also benefit from suppressing
 these signals to avoid costly interactions with rival males. Cuticular
 chemical profiles frequently function as insect sexual signals; however,
 few studies have asked whether males alter these signals in response to
 their social environment. In Drosophila serrata, an Australian fly, there
 is sexual selection for a multivariate combination of male cuticular
 hydrocarbons (CHCs). Here, we show that the ratio of females to males that
 an adult male experiences has a strong effect on his CHC expression, with
 female-biased adult sex ratios eliciting greater expression of CHC
 profiles associated with higher male mating success. Classical models
 predict that male reproductive investment should be highest when there is
 a small but nonzero number of rivals, but we found that males expressed
 the most attractive combination of CHCs when there were no rivals. We
 found that male CHCs were highly sensitive to adult sex ratio, with males
 expressing higher values of CHC profiles associated with greater mating
 success as the ratio of females to males increased. Moreover, sex ratio
 has a stronger effect on male CHC expression than adult density. Finally,
 we explore whether sex ratio affects the variance among a group of males
 in their CHC expression, as might be expected if individuals respond
 differently to a given social environment, but find little effect. Our
 results reveal that subtle differences in social environment can induce
 plasticity in male chemical signal expression.
description: Raw data file
 infoPart1Part2aPart2bPart3
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.74p78
title: Data from: Small-scale and regional spatial dynamics of an annual plant with contrasting sexual systems

description: 1.Plant demography is known to depend on both spatial dynamics and life
 history, but how these two factors interact is poorly understood. We
 conducted a longitudinal study of the wind-pollinated annual plant
 Mercurialis annua that varies geographically in its sexual system to
 investigate this interaction. 2.Metapopulation demographic models predict
 that regular population turnover should be a more common feature of
 monomorphic than dimorphic populations because males and females cannot
 found new populations by selfing but hermaphrodites can. We tested the
 prediction that rates of population turnover would be higher in
 monomorphic compared to dimorphic regions. 3.We surveyed 356 populations
 of M. annua along five regional transects in Morocco and the Iberian
 Peninsula over a three-year period to examine their demography and
 persistence. Each transect crossed a transition in the sexual system, from
 a monomorphic region where almost all populations were hermaphroditic to a
 dimorphic one in which most populations had separate sexes (males with
 females or hermaphrodites). 4.As predicted, rates of local apparent
 extinctions (i.e. the disappearance of adult plants) were nearly 50%
 higher in monomorphic compared to dimorphic regions. Local extinctions
 appeared to be driven by changes in vegetation cover, with extinctions
 tending to occur in sites in which perennial cover also declined. This
 suggests that disturbance is a primary agent of local extinctions. 5.We
 further examined the influence of regional dynamics on local demographic
 properties by investigating patterns of spatial autocorrelation in
 population density across years. We found positive spatial
 autocorrelations in plant densities within regions for both sexual
 systems. However, these positive autocorrelations extended over shorter
 distances in monomorphic regions, perhaps as a result of greater
 population flux in these regions. 6.Synthesis: Our study shows that
 population dynamics may be influenced by processes acting at a range of
 spatial scales: within patches, across patches within sites, and across
 sites within regions, as well as by life-history variation. In M. annua,
 regional variation in apparent extinction rates is affected by life
 history and implicated in regulating the geographical distribution of
 populations with different sexual systems.
description: Census and vegetation
 cover dataField-collected data.
 Consult the ReadMe_SurveyData file for more
 information.SurveyData.csvSeed Bank evaluationGreenhouse-collected data to test for the presence of a soil seed bank for Mercurialis annua at censused study sites in the Iberian Peninsula and northwest Africa.SeedBankExpt.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1868
title: Data from: Population structure and comparative phylogeography of jack species (Caranx ignobilis and C. melampygus) in the high Hawaiian Islands

description: Members of the family Carangidae are top-level predators and highly prized
 food and sport fishes. Although ecologically and economically important,
 little is known about the biology of numerous species in the family. This
 is particularly true of the jacks Caranx ignobilis and C. melampygus,
 which have experienced recent population reductions around the high
 Hawaiian Islands due to overfishing. Previous studies have documented
 territorial tendencies as well as cases of long-distance excursions in
 both species, suggesting populations may exhibit a range of structure at
 the genetic level. To explore this possibility, mitochondrial (mtDNA)
 ATPase6 and ATPase8 gene sequence variation was assessed from 91
 individuals (33 C. ignobilis and 58 C. melampygus) spanning the islands of
 Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawai‘i. While a total of 20 distinct
 haplotypes (eight for C. ignobilis; 12 for C. melampygus) were recovered,
 no evidence of population structure was found for either species across
 the examined geographic range. However, distinct demographic patterns were
 identified, implying differing evolutionary histories and/or population
 dynamics. Additionally, ~6% of the examined C. ignobilis were C. ignobilis
 x C. melampygus hybrids since they harbored mitochondrial haplotypes
 typical of C. melampygus. These hybrids contribute to measurable gene flow
 between the species and may play a significant role in the evolution of
 the genus.
description: CignobilisCmelampygusTOTALATPase6ATPase8COMBINED.nexMitochondrial ATPase 6 and ATPase 8 DNA sequences utilized in the study in NEXUS format. Also see README file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sf85s
title: Data from: Two new species of Ichthyosaurus from the lowermost Jurassic (Hettangian) of Somerset, England

description: All specimens of Ichthyosaurus from the Lower Jurassic of Somerset were
 previously identified as I. communis, an abundant and extremely variable
 species. Here, two new species of Ichthyosaurus are recognized from
 multiple specimens. The species are assigned to Ichthyosaurus on the basis
 of the humerus, pectoral girdle and forefin morphologies. I. larkini sp.
 nov. is distinguished by a broad jugal with a blunt anterior end that
 extends as far forward as the middle of the external naris, separating the
 maxilla and lacrimal; and a unique combination of other features. I.
 somersetensis sp. nov. is distinguished by a jugal with a nearly straight
 dorsal ramus that lacks a right-angle dorsal bend; a high, narrow,
 crescentic postorbital that forms almost all of the posterior margin of
 the orbit and separates the jugal dorsal ramus from the orbit; and an
 ilium that is wide relative to its length, more oblong than rib-like. The
 identifications are supported by a phylogenetic analysis which finds the
 new species more closely related to each other than to other species of
 the genus. We also identify a squamosal in both species, which confirms
 that it is present in the genus. This study suggests that hindfin
 morphology has some taxonomic utility, at least within the genus. The new
 species increases the diversity of Ichthyosaurus to six species, three of
 which are found in the Hettangian of Somerset.
description: Lomax & Massare
 APPENDIXAPPENDIX. Description of
 characters used in the phylogenetic analysis. Characters are polarized
 using Temnodontosaurus and Suevoleviathan as outgroups. All characters are
 unordered. Lengths or widths of skeletal elements are evaluated as
 ‘approximately equal’ if the measurements are within 10% of each other.
 Characters that are not referenced were developed as part of this
 study.Lomax & Massare
 supplementary material 1SUPPLEMENTARY
 INFORMATION 1Lomax & Massare supp
 material 1.docxLomax & Massare
 supplementary material 2 (matrix)SUPPLEMENTARY
 INFORMATION 2 - Nexus fileLomax & Massare supp
 material 2 (matrix).nexLomax & Massare
 supplementary material 3SUPPLEMENTARY
 INFORMATION 3Lomax & Massare Supp
 material 3.docx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4r695ph
title: Data from: Hydrologic controls on river network connectivity

description: This study proposes a probabilistic approach for the quantitative
 assessment of reach- and network-scale hydrological connectivity as
 dictated by river flow space-time variability. Spatial dynamics of daily
 streamflows are estimated based on climatic and morphological features of
 the contributing catchment, integrating a physically based approach that
 accounts for the stochasticity of rainfall with a water balance framework
 and a geomorphic recession flow analysis. Ecologically meaningful minimum
 stage thresholds are used to evaluate the connectivity of individual
 stream reaches, and other relevant network-scale connectivity metrics. The
 framework allows a quantitative description of the main hydrological
 causes and the ecological consequences of water depth dynamics experienced
 by river networks. The analysis shows that the spatial variability of
 local-scale hydrological connectivity is strongly affected by the spatial
 and temporal distribution of climatic variables. Depending on the
 underlying climatic settings and the critical stage threshold, loss of
 connectivity can be observed in the headwaters or along the main channel,
 thereby originating a fragmented river network. The proposed approach
 provides important clues for understanding the effect of climate on the
 ecological function of river corridors.
description: codesCodes used for rainfall
 scenarios generation and hydrological connectivity
 estimation
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.30tg8
title: Data from: Shrubs facilitate recruitment of Caragana stenophylla Pojark: microhabitat amelioration and protection against herbivory

description: Key message: Mature Caragana stenophylla shrubs facilitated intraspecific
 sapling establishment by two mechanisms: microhabitat amelioration and
 protection against herbivory. Facilitation was mediated by climate,
 grazing and sapling age. Context: Pre-existing shrubs could facilitate
 sapling establishment of woody plants, however, how these facilitation
 vary across abiotic and biotic stress gradients and the underlying
 mechanisms remain unclear. Aims: The aim of this study is understanding
 the facilitation of shrub on sapling establishment, and how the two
 underlying mechanisms, microhabitat amelioration and protection against
 herbivory, vary across climatic aridity gradients, grazing gradients and
 sapling age. Methods: We conducted field sowing experiments to examine the
 facilitation of mature Caragana stenophylla Pojark on intraspecific
 sapling establishment. Results: Facilitation of C. stenophylla on sapling
 survival increased as drought stress, grazing intensity and sapling age
 increased. Microhabitat amelioration increased as drought stress and
 sapling age increased. Similarly, protection against herbivory increased
 as drought stress, grazing intensity and sapling age increased. Relative
 importance of microhabitat amelioration increased as drought stress
 increased, and relative importance of protection against herbivory
 increased as grazing intensity and sapling age increased. Conclusions:
 Facilitation of shrub on sapling establishment involves both microhabitat
 amelioration and protection against herbivory. Facilitation, the two
 mechanisms and relative importance between the two mechanisms would all be
 affected by climatic aridity, grazing intensity and sapling age. Shrub
 establishment has a positive feedback effect.
description: Survival
 seedlingsSurvival
 seedlingsSurvival
 saplingsSurvival
 saplingsPFEdata of Fig.1 and Table
 3MA and
 PAHdata of Fig.2, Fig.3 and
 Table 3Proportion of MA versus
 PAHdata of Table 3 and
 Table 4
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t6md2
title: Data from: A hyperspectral image can predict tropical tree growth rates in single-species stands

description: Remote sensing is increasingly needed to meet the critical demand for
 estimates of forest structure and composition at landscape to continental
 scales. Hyperspectral images can detect tree canopy properties, including
 species identity, leaf chemistry and disease. Tree growth rates are
 related to these measurable canopy properties but whether growth can be
 directly predicted from hyperspectral data remains unknown. We used a
 single hyperspectral image and LiDAR-derived elevation to predict growth
 rates for twenty tropical tree species planted in experimental plots. We
 asked whether a consistent relationship between spectral data and growth
 rates exists across all species and which spectral regions, associated
 with different canopy chemical and structural properties, are important
 for predicting growth rates. We found that a linear combination of
 narrowband indices and elevation is correlated with standardized growth
 rates across all twenty tree species (R2=53.70%). Although wavelengths
 from the entire visible-to-shortwave infrared spectrum were involved in
 our analysis, results point to relatively greater importance of visible
 and near-infrared regions for relating canopy reflectance to tree growth
 data. Overall, we demonstrate the potential for hyperspectral data to
 quantify tree demography over a much larger area than possible with
 field-based methods in forest inventory plots.
description: Mapped canopy boundaries
 of single species plotsIn December 2013 and
 July 2014, we mapped the canopy boundaries of 87 single species plots,
 using a handheld GPS unit (Bad Elf GPS Pro, manufactured by Bad Elf, LLC;
 http://bad-elf.com) and tablet displaying the aerial image. The attached
 kml file includes the boundaries of those plots, named according to the
 plot number of the PRORENA field planting trial plots. This plot number
 can be used to merge the tree growth data and this spatial data on plot
 boundaries.plot_boundaries.kmlTree growth data for PRORENA plots 2008-2010This file presents the growth data from the PRORENA field planting trials for the 87 plots used in the growth study. The field codes are as follows: SPEC_ID (the species code), TREE_ID (unique tree identification number), DIAM_2008 (Diameter in mm measured at 1.3 m high for all trees in 2008. For trees with multiple stems, the value represents the square root of the sum of all squared trunk stem diameters). DIAM_2010 (same as DIAM_2008, but for 2010), BLOCK (the treatment groups of plots), PLOT (a numeric identifier for each plot. Note that this is the same PLOT value in the spatial data of mapped canopy boundaries), ABSOLUTE GROWTH (the difference between diameter in mm between 2000 and 2010), STD.GROWTH (growth rate standardized within species by centering around the mean absolute growth rate for that species and dividing by two standard deviations of the absolute growth rate for that species), Species (the scientific name for each species).growth_data.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1821
title: Data from: Correlations of life-history and distributional-range variation with salamander diversification rates: evidence for species selection

description: Evolutionary biologists have long debated the relative influence of
 species selection on evolutionary patterns. As a test, we apply a
 statistical phylogenetic approach to evaluate the influence of traits
 related to species distribution and life-history characteristics on
 patterns of diversification in salamanders. We use independent contrasts
 to test trait-mediated diversification while accommodating phylogenetic
 uncertainty in relationships among all salamander families. Using a
 neontological data set, we find several species-level traits to be
 variable, heritable, and associated with differential success (i.e.,
 higher diversification rates) at higher taxonomic categories.
 Specifically, the macroecological trait of small geographic-range size is
 strongly correlated with a higher rate of net diversification. We further
 consider the role that plasticity in life-history traits appears to
 fulfill in macroevolutionary processes of lineage divergence and
 durability. We find that pedotypy—wherein some, but not all, organisms of
 a species mature in the gilled form without metamorphosing—is also
 associated with higher net diversification rate than is the absence of
 developmental plasticity. Often dismissed as an insignificant process in
 evolution, we provide direct evidence for the role of species selection in
 lineage diversification of salamanders.
description: nexus alignment of
 salamanderscaudata.nextrait data by speciesdata.caudata.txttrait data by familiesdata.families.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n2k66
title: Data from: Range expansion and increasing Borrelia burgdorferi infection of the tick Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Iowa, 1990-2013

description: A passive surveillance program monitored ticks submitted by the public in
 Iowa from 1990–2013. Submitted ticks were identified to species and life
 stage, and Ixodes scapularis Say nymphs and adults were tested for the
 presence of Borrelia burgdorferi. An average of 2.6 of Iowa’s 99 counties
 submitted first reports of I. scapularis per year over the surveillance
 period, indicating expansion of this tick species across the state. The
 proportion of vector ticks infected by B. burgdorferi increased over time
 between 1998 and 2013. In 2013, 23.5% of nymphal and adult I. scapularis
 were infected with B. burgdorferi, the highest proportion of any year.
 Active surveillance was performed at selected sites from 2007–2009. Ixodes
 scapularis nymphs collected at these sites were tested for the presence of
 B. burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and spotted fever group
 Rickettsia spp. (likely representing Rickettsia buchneri). Nymphs tested
 were 17.3% positive for B. burgdorferi, 28.9% for A. phagocytophilum, and
 67.3% for Rickettsia spp. The results of these surveillance programs
 indicate an increasing risk of disease transmission by I. scapularis in
 Iowa.
description: IA_LDS1990-2013_IscapIxodes scapularis, blacklegged tick specimens submitted to the Iowa Lyme Disease Surveillance Program 1990-2013, anonymized. Field Descriptions: "Log"=sample ID key; "Collected"=date of collection; "WOTY"=week of the year collected; "Received"=date on which sample was received; "Species"= tick species, all are Ixodes scapularis; "Stage"=life stage, F=female, M=male, N=nymph, L=larva(e); "Bloodfed?"=denotes if the tick appeared to have fed, Y or N; "Host"=host animal; "Infected?"=denotes if the tick tested positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, Y or N; "County"=IA county from which tick originated, OOS means "out of state"; "Count"=absolute number of in-state ticks submitted; "Event Count"=number of tick submission events, different life stages counted as separate submission events.