cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.140
title: Formulation of silymarin nanoemulsions for dermal delivery

description: Silymarin, a standardized extract from the seeds of Silybum marianum, has been used for liver diseases and recently it was reported to have many skin benefits including antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory and antitumor. Delivery of silymarin through the skin has been an attractive as well as a challenging area for research. The present study aims to develop an optimal nanoemulsion containing silymarin using different surfactant mixture (smix) ratios and concentrations. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were prepared by high-pressure homogenization method. Caprylic/capric triglycerides was used as an oil phase. Surfactant mixtures between Tween® 20 and Transcutol® were varied with different ratios and concentrations. Nanoemulsions were characterized for physical appearances, particle size and size distribution. Their physical stabilities were tested using centrifugation, heating-cooling cycle, and Ostwald ripening rate after storage at room temperature. The mean particle sizes of blank nanoemulsions were in the range of 88.3 to 227.2 nm with polydispersity index of 0.086 to 0.197. An increase in smix concentration resulted in smaller particle size. However, high Tween® 20, Transcutol®, or total smix concentration showed high Ostwald ripening rate and resulted in unstable nanoemulsions when stored in accelerated conditions. Nanoemulsion containing only Tween® 20 (F1 formulation) presented the lowest Ostwald ripening rate of 368.24 nm3/h and was selected. Carbopol® 940 (0.2 %w/w) was used as a gelling agent to improve the stability of nanoemulsion in heating-cooling cycles. 0.5 %w/w of silymarin was the maximum concentration that could be incorporated into nanoemulsion gel (SMNE gel). The particle size of SMNE gel was 112.7 nm with polydispersity index of 0.208. It showed good physical stability and passed six cycles of heating-cooling study. Consequently, silymarin content was 0.527 %w/w and gradually degraded during storage at 40 °C for three months. The entrapment efficiency of SMNE gel was 83.91 %. SMNE gel showed higher in vitro release of silymarin than silymarin microemulsion. The results supported our hypothesis that lower drug-system affinity in nanoemulsion which due to less surfactant should result in higher amount of silymarin released. For further studies, skin permeation of SMNE gel should be performed to compare with silymarin microemulsion, as well as skin irritation and its efficacy.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.142
title: Extraction and characterization of zein from corn gluten meal for use as a film former in capsule shells

description: Zein, a corn protein, have been used as a film former. It is a potential material for preparation of non-animal derived hard capsule shell. The objectives of this study were to prepare hard capsule shell from a commercial zein and zein extracted from corn gluten meal, a byproduct from corn processing industry in Thailand. The zein extract was characterized, comparing with the commercial zein. Zein films and hard capsule shells were prepared by using 70% v/v ethanol solution. Properties of the film and hard capsule shell were investigated. The results showed that hard capsule shells could be prepared from zein in ethanol solution by dipping method. The film and hard capsule shell made from zein extracted from corn gluten meal showed difference in mechanical properties and dissolution profile, comparing with those made from the commercial zein because it contained more hydrophilic amino acids which were miscible with the hydrophilic plasticizer, glycerol, used in the formulation. The formulation of zein film and hard capsule shell needed a plasticizer to provide elasticity and the preparation process required an optimum relative humidity such as 52% relative humidity in this study. The findings suggested possibility of utilizing zein in preparing hard capsule shell.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.143
title: STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL FOR FACTORS AFFECTING CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER DEVOTION TO COMMUNITY PHARMACY

description: This study aimed to develop a model for explaining the relationship among professional pharmacy services, perception about pharmacist, perceived quality of pharmacy structure, marketing mix and pharmacy customer devotion via pharmacy customer engagement. Self-administered questionnaires were sent to a purposive sampling of 420 pharmacy customers from 28 community pharmacies in 7 districts of Bangkok and vicinity area during February and April 2016. Results from structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that perceived quality of pharmacy structure, perception about pharmacist and marketing mix had no direct effect to pharmacy customer devotion. However, perception about pharmacist and marketing mix showed indirect effect to pharmacy customer devotion via pharmacy engagement (β = 0.27 and 0.55 respectively). Pharmacy engagement had a strong association with pharmacy customer devotion (β = 0.95). In subgroup analysis of pharmacy customers receiving high professional pharmacy services, it was found that perception about pharmacist was the only factor showing direct effect to pharmacy customer devotion (β = 0.19) and demonstrating indirect effect to pharmacy customer devotion via pharmacy engagement (β = 0.34). Marketing mix had no direct effect to pharmacy customer devotion but showed indirect effect to pharmacy customer devotion via pharmacy engagement (β = 0.31). Perceived quality of pharmacy structure had no direct and indirect effect to pharmacy customer devotion. With regards to the subgroup analysis of pharmacy customers receiving low professional pharmacy services, only marketing mix show indirect effect through pharmacy engagement (β = 0.70). The findings manifested perceived quality of pharmacy structure had no influence on pharmacy customer devotion. Pharmacy engagement was a very important mediator for pharmacy customer devotion. It can be concluded that the use of high professional pharmacy services and positive perception about pharmacist can increase both pharmacy engagement and pharmacy customer devotion more effectively than the use of marketing mix strategy. It helped retain loyal customers and create a long term impact for community pharmacy business.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.144
title: Effect of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil on pellet formation using silicon dioxide as an extrusion-spheronization aid

description: Colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) has been shown to be a potential extrusion-spheronization aid. A surfactant solution is, however, necessary to be incorporated in formulation as a binding liquid. The effects of surfactant on pellet formation have not been reported. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of surfactant, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-40), concentrations in the formulation of fumed hydrophilic silicon dioxide pellets. The formulations were composed of CSD to HCO-40 solution at a ratio of 1 to 2 by weight. Properties of materials, such as surface tension and viscosity of binding liquids, liquid uptake and binding ability of CSD as well as rheology of wet masses were characterized and information obtained was used to explain behavior of pellet formation. The results showed that rounded pellets and reproducibility of yield in target size (0.71 – 1.4 mm) were obtained from the formulation containing 2.5% w/w surfactant. The lower surfactant concentrations gave bigger pellets or agglomeration, while the higher surfactant concentrations produced rod shaped pellets. This could be explained that interaction between water-silanol groups was significant in the wet mass with the low concentrations of surfactant, evidenced by an increase in desorption temperature. At the high concentrations of surfactant, this interaction was reduced leading to more solid structure caused by interaction of silanol-silanol groups as observed in viscoelastic properties and extrusion forces. The balance between these interactions would induce an appropriate deformability of wet masses.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.145
title: Antineoplastic drug access in Thailand

description: The access to antineoplastic drugs has been a major concern affecting cancer patients on treatment plan as well as treatment costs. This descriptive study aimed to assess and compare the situation of access to anticancer drugs between Thailand and benchmarked countries, and to explore determinants influencing the accessibility of antineoplastic drugs in Thailand. The data on drug registration information of antineoplastic medications approved during 1982 and April 2016 were acquired from websites of the drug regulatory agency of studied countries including Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, US, UK, and EMA. The result showed that Thailand had registered 88 out of 180 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of antineoplastic listed by WHO, comparing with 130 APIs registered in USA, 119 in UK, 75 in EMA, 92 in Singapore, and 68 in Malaysia. Of 88 APIs registered in Thailand, 38 were listed under National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM) for patient access. The time lag, which was time difference between market authorization approval (MAA) date in Thailand and in the compared country, was reported that on average Thailand has anticancer drugs available in the market 37.26 months later than US, 4.52 months than UK, 12.22 months than EMA, 10.73 months than Singapore, and 6.51 months than Malaysia. Trend analysis illustrated that the market access of antineoplastic drugs has been improved overtime from 87.59 months during 1983-1990 to 23.62 months during 2007-2016. However, the longer waiting time for patient access was reported. It took 88.05 months on average for a product to be listed under the National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM) after registered in Thailand. The analysis on determinants of market access pointed that the only significant determinant explained market access of antineoplastic drugs was the novelty level. The API listed as the 2nd or 3rd me-too was found to enter Thai market faster than others of the same classification. The study concluded that market access of antineoplastic drugs in Thailand had been improved overtime and comparative with Singapore and Malaysia. It was recommended that the process for anticancer drugs to be listed under NLEM for broader patient access needed to be revised.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.146
title: DNA barcodes of bacopa plants found in Thailand

description: Bacopa monnieri (Family Plantaginaceae) commonly known as ‘Brahmi’ or ‘Prom-mi’ is a medicinal plant used for a remedy of cognitive impairment and intelligence in Ayurvedic Materia Medica and Thai traditional medicine. Bacoside A, the major active constituents, is classified as triterpenoid saponin. In Thailand, there are three Bacopa species including Prom mi [B. monnieri (L.) Wettst.], Lan pailin [B. caroliniana (Walter) B. L. Rob.] and Phak sam lan [B. floribunda (R. Br.) Wettst.]. Since the dried or powdered raw materials are difficult to identify plant species, this study attempted to develop a method for accurate identification of Bacopa spp. found in Thailand by using DNA barcode. Six DNA regions, ITS, matK, rbcL, ycf1, psbA-trnH and trnL-F, were proposed for the study. DNA barcodes of ycf1 and trnL-F coupled with high resolution melting (HRM) analysis were successfully used for species identification. The characteristic of specific melting temperature (Tm) was able to distinguish among the Bacopa species. This is the first study using DNA barcode techniques to differentiate Bacopa spp. and identify the medicinal plant B. monnieri from the related species. Moreover, DNA barcodes are useful asset for standardization and quality control purposes.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.147
title: Solubility of calcium gluconate and sodium glycerophosphate in infant parenteral nutrition solutions

description: Precipitation of calcium and phosphate in parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions remains a significant problem in patients who need high amounts of calcium and phosphorus especially infant patients. The aim of this study were to investigate the effects of concentrations of amino acids, calcium gluconate, sodium glycerophosphate (NaGP), and storage conditions on solubility of calcium gluconate and NaGP in infant PN solutions. The tested PN solution consisted of 10% dextrose, 2.025 mM/L of magnesium, 51.3 mM/L of sodium chloride, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% amino acid, 0-100 mM/L of calcium and 0-150 mM/L of phosphate. Visual inspection, pH measurement, turbidity test and microscopic particle count test were examined. Each admixture was tested according to 4 following storage conditions; room temperature for 30 minutes, room temperature for 1 day, 4 ºC for 1 day and 4 ºC for 7 days. Samples containing 2.5% of amino acid showed no precipitation at all concentrations of calcium gluconate and NaGP used in this study. On the other hand, samples containing 1.5% and 2% of amino acid showed precipitation in the PN solutions at concentrations of calcium gluconate and NaGP higher than those concentrations used in clinical practice. All results from solubility tests were applied to construct solubility data of calcium gluconate and NaGP. Solubility data were applied by infant PN solution orders during July to December in 2016. Solubility data from this study can be used for prescription and preparation of infant PN solutions.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.148
title: Effect of angelica dahurica extract on platelet aggregation in rat

description: Kot Sor is one of Thai traditional medicine. It is used for improvement of circulatory system. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of Angelica dahurica extract (ADE) on platelet aggregation, coagulation and gastric lesion in rat. From in vitro model, ADE at 1 mg/ml significantly inhibited ADP (5 µM)-induced platelet aggregation by 25.5±3.8 % (p&lt;0.05) when compare with vehicle control. ADE inhibited COX-2 enzyme more potent than COX-1 enzyme with IC50 of 0.03 and 0.76 mg/ml, respectively. In vivo model, rats were treated with ADE 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg orally for 7 days. ADE at 100, 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited ADP (5 µM)-induced platelet aggregation by 41.1±8.7% (p&lt;0.001) and 45.1±8.9% (p&lt;0.001) when compare with control group. The combination of ADE 200 mg/kg and ASA 80 mg/kg significantly inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation more than those treated with ASA alone by 84.7±8.6% vs. 47.0±11.3% (p&lt;0.001). Moreover, the effects of ADE on coagulation parameters were evaluated by PT, aPTT and TT assays, all group of ADE did not affect to coagulation parameter. Finally, ADE did not change macroscopic morphology and pathohistology including submucosal edema, mucosal hemorrhage, epithelial cell loss and infiltration of inflammatory cell. In conclusion, Angelica dahurica extracts can inhibit ADP-induced rat platelet aggregation both in vitro and in vivo model. The mechanism of action may involve in the inhibition of COX-1 enzyme and ADP-induced pathway in platelets. ADE did not affect to coagulation parameter and gastric adverse effect. Moreover, the combination of ADE and ASA increase antiplatelet aggregation effect without increasing gastric lesion.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.149
title: Effects of vanillin on cancer stem-like phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer through the inhibition of Akt pathway

description: Metastasis of cancer and failure of current treatment is mostly caused by cancer stem cells (CSCs) which is a minor population within whole tumor. CSCs lead to cancer relapse and chemotherapeutic resistance especially in lung cancer. Previous study reported that protein kinase B (Akt) and its signaling pathways govern both protein signalings and the CSCs phenotypes. Hence, Akt and its molecular pathway become promising target for the development of anticancer drug. However, the study regarding on the negative effect of natural compound on CSCs in cancer have been less discovered. Vanillin, the natural compound from Vanilla planifolia, posed attractive pharmacological activities which have been recently found to suppress cancer metastasis. Hence, the effects of vanillin on CSCs have not been previously studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vanillin on cancer stem-like phenotypes and related signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer H460 cells. The results indicated that non-toxic concentration of vanillin suppresses CSC markers, CSC behaviors and related transcription factors significantly. Focusing on the underlying mechanism, vanillin inhibits Akt activation through a down-regulation of Akt. Interestingly, the decrease of Akt level is caused by vanillin- enhancing Akt degradation via ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. This finding provides a promising biological activity of vanillin against CSCs which might be benefit for anticancer drug development.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.150
title: Development of ice cream fortified with calcium and vitamin D3 emulsion

description: This study aimed to develop ice cream fortified with calcium and emulsified vitamin D3 using milk proteins as an emulsifier. Physicochemical stability of vitamin D3 emulsion using different milk protein emulsifiers including nonfat dry milk (NFDM), sodium caseinate (NaCN), and whey protein isolate (WPI) was investigated. Emulsion using NaCN had the smallest oil droplet size and the lowest creaming index throughout the storage time (P &lt; 0.05). Then, vitamin D3 emulsified by NaCN was selected to fortify in regular fat (RF, &gt; 10% fat), light fat (LF, &lt; 5% fat) and fat free (FF, &lt; 0.625% fat) ice creams at 250 IU per serving. Retention of vitamin D3 in each ice cream formulation was determined compared to control (non-emulsified vitamin D3) at day 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56 of storage at -20 °C. The results indicated that emulsified form of vitamin D3 remarkably improved vitamin D3 stability in all ice cream formulations. The ice creams were further fortified with 200 mg elemental calcium. Calcium content and vitamin D retention were investigated through 28-day storage. The results showed that both nutrients were preserved in the ice creams throughout the storage time. Physical characteristics and microbial properties of the ice creams were also determined. Overrun and viscosity of all ice cream formulations were not significantly different. Hardness and melting behavior increased with decreasing fat content. Aerobic bacteria were &lt; 1,000 CFU/mL and no Escherichia coli and coliform were detected through 28 days. Our findings could be useful for the ice cream industries that seek to add vitamin D and calcium to their products.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.151
title: Assessing the faith-based organization in development : a case study of Hakha Baptist Church, Chin State, Myanmar

description: When we study the development of the Chin people and the Chin State, we find Church and development works are remarkably related and intertwined throughout the history of Chin people. Following the military coup in 1962, the government obstructed international cooperation within the country especially to ethnic States like Chin State. Since then, Churches become the main actor in deeper character to community development works especially to educational pattern. Churches involve in a wide range and leading development works within the intersection of gender equality, social service, infrastructure, education, culture, economics, and political development activities. The fundamental concepts of this research are rights-based approach to development, based on the 4As Frameworks: the 4As refers to Accessibility, Adaptability, Availability and Acceptability, then the barriers and the opportunities in different models of church-based programs in Hakha. The purpose of this research is to identify the roles of church institutions in promoting rights-based approach to development accordingly with the 4A frameworks. This research finds that the Churches are the only institutions that provide and promote people participation in their right to development, capacity building, and peace building. However, the research explicitly finds that the church’s approach to development works in particular programs is a bit more based on charity purpose only. Merely charity approach is not enough according to the human right-based approach to development theory. For example, after Holy Communion, church collects money for the poor is only based on charity. Instead, the church and its members want to donate to help the life of the poor who are in need and improve their lives to maximum standard. It happens when the poor are being treated as a receiver instead of empowering them to be in self-realizable. On the other hands, the churches tend and are the main actors to promote local people’s right to development both in special projects and general programs, not only for their members but also general public. Therefore, this research concludes that the development of the Chins is deeply rooted to Churches in Chin State. It reflects that development works without religion orientate might hardly successful in Chin State because the philosophy and context of the people in Chin state is highly influenced by religion.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2016.152
title: Association of RRM1, ERCC1 and CTR1 polymorphisms with response and toxicities of gemcitabine-platinum chemotherapy in patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma

description: Gemcitabine-platinum chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, however, the response rate is still low and varies among individuals. Several studies have been investigated the biomarkers which can predict the response of treatment, but results are controversial. This is a cohort study to assess the association of RRM1, ERCC1, and CTR1 polymorphisms with response and toxicities of gemcitabine-platinum chemotherapy in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma patients. DNA from 33 patients were extracted and genetic polymorphisms were assessed by Taqman allelic discrimination assay. After third cycles of chemotherapy, treatment response and toxicities were evaluated according to RECIST version 1.1 and CTCAE version 4.03, respectively. The response rate and tumor control rate for 31 evaluable patients was 9.7% and 71%, respectively. There were no association between genetic polymorphisms and response rate as well as tumor control rate. The results showed that CTR1 polymorphisms were related with risk of alkaline phosphatase increasing (p=0.035). For further analysis, genetic polymorphisms were combined to observe their effects. RRM1 and CTR1 polymorphisms was related with risk of neutropenia (p=0.039) and severity of leukopenia (p=0.048). ERCC1 polymorphism in combination with CTR1 polymorphism (CC/GG) was associated with response rate (p=0.018). Carriers of CT/GT showed higher risk of neutropenia (p=0.024) and weight loss (p=0.010) than carrier of the other genotypes. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphism combinations were related with toxicities and may be potential biomarkers for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma patients treated with gemcitabine-platinum regimen.