DOI: 10.5061/dryad.00000003t
title: Limited ant co-occurrence and defensive mutualism in Acacia plants in a West African savanna

description: Our understanding of the role of fire and effect of ant species
 composition, beyond their diversity and abundance, on the effectiveness of
 mutualism defense is limited. Most of our knowledge of ant-plant defense
 in tropical Africa is biased toward East African savannas which have
 richer soil, higher primary productivity and a more diverse arthropods and
 mammal community than West African savannas. We assessed the
 diversity of ant species associated with Acacia species in the Pendjari
 Biosphere Reserve in the Dahomey Gap, and their impacts on elephant
 damage. Elephant damage, ant diversity and abundance were
 measured in stands of five Acacia species. Eleven ant species were
 identified in the Acacia stands. The composition of these ant
 communities varied across Acacia species. Pair of ant species
 co-occurred in only 2 % of sampled trees, suggesting a strong competitive
 exclusion. Within this annually burnt environment, ants were rare
 on small trees. The intensity of elephant-caused branch breaking
 did not vary between trees with ants and trees without ants, suggesting
 limited Acacia-ant mutualism. Such limited biotic defense may mask strong
 physical and chemical defense mechanisms of Acacia trees against
 elephant damage. Ant assemblages in West Africa, unlike those in the more
 productive East Africa, are particularly species-poor. However, there is a
 convergence between these two regions in low rate of ant co-occurrence
 which might indicate strong competitive exclusion. Our study suggests that
 such low ant species richness while limiting the efficacy of mutualism in
 controlling megaherbivore damage may mask a strong defense syndrome.
description: This data was collected in The Pendjari Biosphere Reserve which
 is the uppermost north-west Benin in the Sudanian region of the Dahomey
 gap (Adomou et al. 2006; Assédé et al. 2012) between the latitudes 10°30’
 and 11°30’ N and the longitudes 00°50’ and 2°00’ E. We measured the diversity and abundance of ants once during the dry season after the annual vegetation fire in stands of <i>Acacia sieberiana</i>, <i>Acacia seyal</i>, <i>Acacia gourmaensis</i>, <i>Acacia hockii</i> and <i>Acacia dudgeonii </i>in the<i> </i>Pendjari Biosphere Reserve. Data on ants’ abundance were collected on Acacia trees sampled in 28 plots of 100 m x 100 m each. We sampled ants in eight plots for <i>A. sieberiana</i> sites and in five plots for each of the other Acacia species because <i>A. sieberiana </i>was more represented in the Pendjari Biosphere reserve. To evaluate the abundance and diversity of the ants, we used attractive traps consisting of 30 x 30 cm white ceramic tiles, each with a 4 cm spot of bait composed of honey mixed with canned tuna at its center. These attractive traps designed to evaluate the abundance and diversity of ants were each placed under the acacia trees and deployed for 30 minutes before the ants were counted and collected with a mouth aspirator. Ant counting was perfected in digital photographs of the samples (Dassou et al. 2015, 2016). Bait traps were placed under 10 randomly chosen acacia trees in each plot. To reinforce the collection of the diversity and abundance of ants, after collecting all the ant taxa in the bait trap we captured with an aspirator all ants that move on the acacia tree stem above the trap to a height of 2 m. These ant taxa collected on the tree stem were counted at the lab. In plots with less than 10 acacia trees, all individuals were sampled. All samples were obtained in the morning between 8:00 a.m and 12:00 p.m. Ants caught were preserved in 70% ethanol solution. Ant species collected in the acacia ecosystems were identified at the Entomological Museum of the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Benin Station. 
description: <b>README: </b>Detailed description of the data and script used for this manuscript. File “ants.txt”  Ant species matrix representing the number for each ant species sampled at each of the 215 trees surveyed. The names of the ant species are abbreviated using the first four letters of the genus and species as follows:   Monobico: <i>Monomorium bicolor</i> Pheiruga: <i>Pheidole rugaticeps</i> Tricosca: <i>Trichomyrmex oscaris </i> Pheimega: <i>Pheidole megacephala </i> Campseri: <i>Camponotus sericeus </i>  Campcarb: <i>Camponotus carbo</i> Cremcoel: <i>Crematogaster coelestis </i> Plagallu: <i>Plagiolepis alluaudi </i>  Campmacu: <i>Camponotus maculatus </i> Bracsenn: <i>Brachyponera sennaarensis </i> Myrmopac: <i>Myrmicaria opaciventris</i>   File “sites.txt” Detailed data about the location and environmental variables related to the 215 trees surveyed indicating the following variables for each sites:   Location: where ant species were sampled (on the ground or on acacia trees) Zone: the area of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve where the site was selected (in the national park or hunting zone) Acacia: acacia species on which ants were sampled. Acacia species names were abbreviated using the first four letters of the genus and species as follows: Acacsieb: <i>A. sieberiana</i>, Acachock: <i>A. hockii</i>, Acacgour: <i>A. gourmaensis</i>, Acacseya: <i>A. seyal</i>, Acacdudg: <i>A. dudgeoni</i>. Diameter: the diameter at breast height of the tree measured (cm) Height: Total height of the trees measured (m). Bole: trunk height measured from the floor to the first big branch (m) Crown: the crown diameter for the tree (cm) Intensity: Elephant damage intensity   And the following groups for used to compute indicator values Glocation: observations grouping according to variable “Location” (1 = on the ground; 2 = on acacia trees) Gzone: observation grouped according to the area of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve where the site was selected (1 = national park; 2 = hunting zone) Gacacia: observations grouped according to the acacia species on which ants were sampled (1 = <i>A. sieberiana</i>; 2 = <i>A. hockii</i>; 3 = <i>A. gourmaensis</i>; 4 = <i>A. seyal</i>; 5 = <i>A. dudgeoni</i>) Ghabitatspecies: observations grouped according to the variables “Location” and “Acacia” (1 = beneath <i>A. sieberiana</i>; 2 = beneath <i>A. hockii</i>; 3 = beneath <i>A. gourmaensis</i>; 4 = beneath <i>A. seyal</i>; 5 = beneath <i>A. dudgeon</i>; 6 = on <i>A. sieberiana</i>; 8 = on <i>A. gourmaensis</i>; 9 = on <i>A. seyal</i>)     File 'branch.tree.txt' Detailed data about elephant induced branch breaking on Acacia trees. Fiche : Internal numbering Zone : Part of the Pendjari Biospere Reserve that was sampled: Park, or Hunting Zones (HZ) Species : Acacia species that was sampled; Acacsieb: <i>A. sieberiana</i>, Acachock: <i>A. hockii</i>, Acacgour: <i>A. gourmaensis</i>, Acacseya: <i>A. seyal</i>, Acacdudg: <i>A. dudgeoni</i>. DBH : the diameter at breast height of the tree measured (cm) Htotal : Total Height of the trees measured (m). Hbole : trunk height measured from the floor to the first big branch (m) Crown : the crown diameter for the tree (cm) Damages : Type of organs that was damaged by elephants Intensity: Intensity of Elephant damage expressed as percentage of broken branches RS: Ant species richness N: Number of ants      Data on ants sampled on Acacia trees by species. Columns are named as on file ‘branch.tree.txt’. This includes the following files:   'ants.t.sieb.txt': Sampled on <i>A. sieberiana</i> 'ants.t.gour.txt': Sampled on <i>A. gourmaensis</i> 'ants.t.seya.txt': Sampled on <i>A. seyal</i>   Data on ants sampled under trees (on the ground). Columns are named as on file ‘branch.tree.txt’. This includes the following files:   'a2psieb.txt': Sampled under <i>A. sieberiana</i> 'a2phock.txt': Sampled under <i>A. hockii</i> 'a2pgour.txt': Sampled under <i>A. gourmaensis</i> 'a2pseya.txt': Sampled under <i>A. seyal</i> 'a2pdudg.txt': Sampled under <i>A. dudgeoni</i>   File 'ants.ground.txt' Ant species matrix representing the number for each ant species sampled under each of the 215 trees surveyed. The names of the ant species are abbreviated using the first four letters of the genus and species as follows:   Monobico: <i>Monomorium bicolor</i> Pheiruga: <i>Pheidole rugaticeps</i> Tricosca: <i>Trichomyrmex oscaris </i> Pheimega: <i>Pheidole megacephala </i> Campseri: <i>Camponotus sericeus </i>  Campcarb: <i>Camponotus carbo</i> Cremcoel: <i>Crematogaster coelestis </i> Plagallu: <i>Plagiolepis alluaudi </i>  Campmacu: <i>Camponotus maculatus </i> Bracsenn: <i>Brachyponera sennaarensis </i> Myrmopac: <i>Myrmicaria opaciventris</i>   File 'ants.trees.txt' Ant species matrix representing the number for each ant species sampled on each of the 215 trees surveyed. The names of the ant species are abbreviated using the first four letters of the genus and species as follows:   Monobico: <i>Monomorium bicolor</i> Pheimega: <i>Pheidole megacephala </i> Campseri: <i>Camponotus sericeus </i>  Campcarb: <i>Camponotus carbo</i> Cremcoel: <i>Crematogaster coelestis </i> Campmacu: <i>Camponotus maculatus </i> Myrmopac: <i>Myrmicaria opaciventris</i>   File ‘Table_3.xlsx’ Detailed data about elephant induced branch breaking and barking on Acacia trees. Zone: the area of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve where the site was selected (in the national park or hunting zone) Acacia: acacia species on which ants were sampled. Acacia species names were abbreviated using the first four letters of the genus and species as follows: Acacsieb: <i>A. sieberiana</i>, Acachock: <i>A. hockii</i>, Acacgour: <i>A. gourmaensis</i>, Acacseya: <i>A. seyal</i>, Acacdudg: <i>A. dudgeoni</i>. Damages : Type of organs that was damaged by elephants Intensity: Intensity of Elephant damage expressed as percentage of broken branches or bark removed   File ‘Table_4.xlsx’ Detailed data about the number of ants recorded on Acacia trees. Acacia: acacia species on which ants were sampled. Acacia species names were abbreviated using the first four letters of the genus and species as follows: Acacsieb: <i>A. sieberiana</i>, Acachock: <i>A. hockii</i>, Acacgour: <i>A. gourmaensis</i>, Acacseya: <i>A. seyal</i>, Acacdudg: <i>A. dudgeoni</i>. Ant: Ant species recorded on Acacia trees. The names of the ant species are abbreviated using the first four letters of the genus and species as follows: Monobico: <i>Monomorium bicolor</i>; Pheimega: <i>Pheidole megacephala</i>; Campseri: <i>Camponotus sericeus</i>; Campcarb: <i>Camponotus carbo</i>; Cremcoel: <i>Crematogaster coelestis</i>; Campmacu: <i>Camponotus maculatus</i>; Myrmopac: <i>Myrmicaria opaciventris</i>. N: Number of ants