DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11449976
title: StreetSurfaceVis: a dataset of street-level imagery with annotations of road surface type and quality

description: StreetSurfaceVis

StreetSurfaceVis is an image dataset containing 9,122 street-level images from Germany with labels on road surface type and quality. The CSV file streetSurfaceVis_v1_0.csv contains all image metadata and four folders contain the image files. All images are available in four different sizes, based on the image width, in 256px, 1024px, 2048px and the original size.Folders containing the images are named according to the respective image size. Image files are named based on the mapillary_image_id.

You can find the corresponding publication here:  StreetSurfaceVis: a dataset of crowdsourced street-level imagery with semi-automated annotations of road surface type and quality

 

Image metadata

Each CSV record contains information about one street-level image with the following attributes:



mapillary_image_id: ID provided by Mapillary (see information below on Mapillary)

user_id: Mapillary user ID of contributor

user_name: Mapillary user name of contributor

captured_at: timestamp, capture time of image

longitude, latitude: location the image was taken at

train: Suggestion to split train and test data. `True` for train data and `False` for test data. Test data contains data from 5 cities which are excluded in the training data.

surface_type: Surface type of the road in the focal area (the center of the lower image half) of the image. Possible values: asphalt, concrete, paving_stones, sett, unpaved

surface_quality: Surface quality of the road in the focal area of the image. Possible values: (1) excellent, (2) good, (3) intermediate, (4) bad, (5) very bad (see the attached Labeling Guide document for details)


 

Image source

Images are obtained from Mapillary, a crowd-sourcing plattform for street-level imagery. More metadata about each image can be obtained via the Mapillary API . User-generated images are shared by Mapillary under the CC-BY-SA License.

For each image, the dataset contains the mapillary_image_id and user_name. You can access user information on the Mapillary website by https://www.mapillary.com/app/user/<USER_NAME> and image information by https://www.mapillary.com/app/?focus=photo&pKey=<MAPILLARY_IMAGE_ID>

If you use the provided images, please adhere to the terms of use of Mapillary.

 

Instances per class

Total number of images: 9,122




 
excellent
good
intermediate
bad
very bad


asphalt
971
1697
821
246
-


concrete
314
350
250
58
-


paving stones
385
1063
519
70
-


sett
-
129
694
540
-


unpaved
-
-
326
387
303




 

For modeling, we recommend using a train-test split where the test data includes geospatially distinct areas, thereby ensuring the model's ability to generalize to unseen regions is tested. We propose five cities varying in population size and from different regions in Germany for testing - images are tagged accordingly.

Number of test images (train-test split): 776

Inter-rater-reliablility

Three annotators labeled the dataset, such that each image was annotated by one person. Annotators were encouraged to consult each other for a second opinion when uncertain.1,800 images were annotated by all three annotators, resulting in a Krippendorff's alpha of 0.96 for surface type and 0.74 for surface quality.

Recommended image preprocessing

As the focal road located in the bottom center of the street-level image is labeled, it is recommended to crop images to their lower and middle half prior using for classification tasks.

This is an exemplary code for recommended image preprocessing in Python:

from PIL import Imageimg = Image.open(image_path)width, height = img.sizeimg_cropped = img.crop((0.25 * width, 0.5 * height, 0.75 * width, height))

License

CC-BY-SA

 

Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite as: 

 

Kapp, A., Hoffmann, E., Weigmann, E. et al. StreetSurfaceVis: a dataset of crowdsourced street-level imagery annotated by road surface type and quality. Sci Data 12, 92 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04295-9

 

@article{kapp_streetsurfacevis_2025,    title = {{StreetSurfaceVis}: a dataset of crowdsourced street-level imagery annotated by road surface type and quality},    volume = {12},    issn = {2052-4463},    url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04295-9},    doi = {10.1038/s41597-024-04295-9},    pages = {92},    number = {1},    journaltitle = {Scientific Data},    shortjournal = {Scientific Data},    author = {Kapp, Alexandra and Hoffmann, Edith and Weigmann, Esther and Mihaljević, Helena},    date = {2025-01-16},}

 

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is part of the SurfaceAI project at the University of Applied Sciences, HTW Berlin.

- Prof. Dr. Helena Mihajlević- Alexandra Kapp- Edith Hoffmann- Esther Weigmann

Contact: surface-ai@htw-berlin.de

https://surfaceai.github.io/surfaceai/

Funding: SurfaceAI is a mFund project funded by the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transportation Germany.