cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t5
title: "Figure 8b-2" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: Identified hadron $v_2$ in midcentral (20–60%, right panels) Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Panels (a) and (b) show $v_2$ as a function of transverse momentum $p_T$. The $v_2$ of all species for centrality 0–20% has been scaled up by a factor of 1.6 for better comparison with results of 20–60% centrality. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t6
title: "Figure 8b-3" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: Identified hadron $v_2$ in midcentral (20–60%, right panels) Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Panels (a) and (b) show $v_2$ as a function of transverse momentum $p_T$. The $v_2$ of all species for centrality 0–20% has been scaled up by a factor of 1.6 for better comparison with results of 20–60% centrality. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t7
title: "Figure 9a-1" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 0–10% centrality [panel (a)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t8
title: "Figure 9a-2" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 0–10% centrality [panel (a)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t9
title: "Figure 9a-3" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 0–10% centrality [panel (a)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t10
title: "Figure 9b-1" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–20% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t13
title: "Figure 9c-1" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 20–40% centrality [panel (c)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t11
title: "Figure 9b-2" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–20% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t12
title: "Figure 9b-3" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–20% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t14
title: "Figure 9c-2" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 20–40% centrality [panel (c)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t15
title: "Figure 9c-3" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 20–40% centrality [panel (c)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t16
title: "Figure 9d-1" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 40–60% centrality [panel (d)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t17
title: "Figure 9d-2" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 40–60% centrality [panel (d)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t18
title: "Figure 9d-3" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 40–60% centrality [panel (d)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t19
title: "Figure 10b-1" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–40% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The $v_2$ of $\Lambda$ and K$^0_S$ are measured by STAR collaboration [21]. The error bars (open boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown on the results from this study are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).
DOI: 10.17182/hepdata.141645.v1/t20
title: "Figure 10b-2" of "Deviation from quark-number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v_2 of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV"

description: The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–40% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The $v_2$ of $\Lambda$ and K$^0_S$ are measured by STAR collaboration [21]. The error bars (open boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown on the results from this study are type A and B only.
description: Measurements of the anisotropy parameter $v_2$ of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum $p_T$ , and transverse kinetic energy KE$_T$ at midrapidity (|$\eta$| &lt; 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ =200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to $p_T$ = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to $p_T$ = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX ˇExperiment. The scaling of $v_2$ with the number of valence quarks ($n_q$) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KE$_T$ /$n_q$ in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20–60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0–10%).