DOI: 10.5061/dryad.12jm63xz2
title: Stress amelioration response of glycine betaine and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sorghum under Cr toxicity

description: In search of the solution to Cr toxicity a two-year pot experiment
 (completely randomized design with three replications), in three
 genetically different varieties of sorghum (SSG 59-3, HJ 513 and HJ 541)
 under Cr toxicity (2 and 4 ppm) was conducted to determine the effect of
 glycine betaine (50 and 100mM) and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on
 the antioxidant system (enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, ascorbate
 peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase and metabolites
 viz. glutathione, ascorbate, proline, β-carotene) along with Cr
 accumulation and indices of oxidative stress parameters (polyphenol
 oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde) at two growth stages
 (vegetative and grain filling). According to results; Cr stress (2
 & 4 ppm) increased its accumulation and indices of oxidative
 stresses significantly (p≤0.05) in all varieties of sorghum at both growth
 stages. However, soil application of glycine betaine (GB) and AMF
 decreased Cr accumulation and indices of oxidative stress by increasing
 antioxidant enzymes and metabolites activities at both growth stages in
 all varieties. The combination of 100mM GB with AMF was observed most
 significant (p≤0.05) in decreasing oxidative stress and improved the
 antioxidant system’s activities. The SSG 59-3 cultivar showed the lowest
 Cr accumulation indices of oxidative stress and highest
 antioxidant system’s activity among these three cultivars at both growth
 stages. Thus, SSG 59-3 was found most tolerant cultivars followed by HJ
 513 and then HJ 541. These findings suggest that both GB and AMF, either
 individually or combined can play a positive role to reduce oxidative
 stress and increased antioxidant attributes under Cr toxicity in sorghum.
description: The present research was conducted in the screen house of the
 department of biochemistry, college of basic sciences &
 humanities, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
 Haryana (India). Three varieties of sorghum (<i>Sorghum
 bicolour</i> L.) viz. HJ-541, HJ 513 and SSG 59-3 were procured from
 the forage section of the university. The toxic effects of hexavalent Cr,
 observed on sorghum plant growth along with possible reasons at two growth
 stages viz. vegetative (35 DAS) and grain filling (95 DAS) stages. The
 varieties of sorghum were tested for the amelioration of chromium toxicity
 (2 & 4 ppm) by exogenous application of GB (50 & 100 mM)
 and AMF in soil both individually and their combination, in completely
 randomized block design. The observations were recorded for chromium
 accumulation; antioxidant defence system enzymes <em>viz.</em>
 SOD, APX, CAT, GR, POD and metabolites <em>viz.</em>
 glutathione, proline, AsA, β-carotene; and indices of oxidative stress
 parameters <em>viz.</em>
 H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, MDA, PPO. The effects
 of GB and AMF on these different biochemical and antioxidant parameters
 during Cr stress were studied and analysed fresh leaf sample except for Cr
 accumulation which was performed in all three parts
 <em>viz.</em> roots stems and leaves.
description: The dataset represent the analysis of mean values of data
 collected randomly from three replications from two year experiments;
 respectively.