DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14641977
title: Data from: Satellite-based Lagrangian model reveals how upwelling and oceanic circulation shape krill hotspots in the California Current System [updated]

description: Abstract

In the California Current System, wind-driven nutrient supply and primary production, computed from satellite data, provide a synoptic view of how phytoplankton production is coupled to upwelling. In contrast, linking upwelling to zooplankton populations is difficult due to relatively scarce observations and the inherent patchiness of zooplankton. While phytoplankton respond quickly to environmental forcing, zooplankton grow slower and tend to aggregate into mesoscale “hotspot” regions spatially decoupled from upwelling centers. To better understand mechanisms controlling the formation of zooplankton hotspots, we use a satellite-based Lagrangian method where variables from a plankton model, forced by wind-driven nutrient supply, are advected by near-surface currents following upwelling events. Modeled zooplankton distribution reproduces published accounts of euphausiid (krill) hotspots, including the location of major hotspots and their interannual variability. This satellite-based modeling tool is used to analyze the variability and drivers of krill hotspots in the California Current System, and to investigate how water masses of different origin and history converge to form predictable biological hotspots. The Lagrangian framework suggests that two conditions are necessary for a hotspot to form: a convergence of coastal water masses, and above average nutrient supply where these water masses originated from. The results highlight the role of upwelling, oceanic circulation, and plankton temporal dynamics in shaping krill mesoscale distribution, seasonal northward propagation, and interannual variability.

Data set description

This data set includes 2 files:



a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of krill concentrations (Zbig) modeled using the growth-advection method in the California Current upwelling system. Inputs include the nitrate supply product described below and GlobCurrent 15 m oceanic currents. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/krill-hotspots-in-the-california-current/.

a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of wind-driven nitrate supply estimated in a 150 km coastal band at 0.125° latitudinal resolution. Nitrate supply was calculated based primarily on CCMP v3.1 winds, AVISO geostrophic currents, and a climatology of in situ nitrate at 60m. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/nitrate-supply-estimates-in-upwelling-systems/.


See details regarding data sources and calculations in Messié et al. (2022).

[IMPORTANT NOTE:] There is an error in the Ekman pumping fields (trans_pump, Nsupply_pump, Nsupply_total) that will be corrected soon (those fields are not used in publications where only coastal transport was considered). Please contact me if you need Ekman pumping fields before this is fixed.
description: This work was primarily funded by a grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(80NSSC17K0574), with additional support by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and by the
US Marine Biodiversity Observation Network jointly funded by NOAA, NASA, and the National
Oceanographic Partnership Program (80NSSC20M0001).
description: Changes from v1.0.0 originally published with the paper:

[v2.0.0] Inputs were updated by using CCMP v3.1 winds instead of v2.0, updating AVISO geostrophic currents and GlobCurrent 15 m oceanic currents, and extending the time series until the end of 2022 (previously 2018).

[v2.1.0 - this version] Inputs were updated by using AVISO 1/8° geostrophic currents (instead of 1/4°), and extending the time series until the end of 2023.