cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.o6xm2v
title: Investigating the Acceleration of Regional Sea-level Rise During the Satellite Altimeter Era

description: The 25-year record of satellite-altimeter measured sea-level has led to improvements in the understanding of sea-level change on both regional and global scales. However, the extent to which the pattern of regional sea-level rise measured by altimeters is representative of the forced sea-level response remains an open question. Internal variability both contributes to regional sea-level changes on short timescales and masks the pattern of forced trend and acceleration associated with anthropogenic global warming. Recent studies have demonstrated that the forced trend pattern of regional rise has begun to emerge, although there has been no assessment of a possible associated acceleration. Here, the regional acceleration pattern is estimated from the altimeter sea-level record and assessed with regard to the influence of internal variability. While the dominant features in the acceleration pattern can be attributed to internal variability, there is an indication that the forced acceleration pattern may emerge as the record continues to lengthen.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.cfi3pi
title: Reference Model Payload for Ice Giant Entry Probe Missions

description: Descent probes afford the opportunity to make essential atmospheric measurements that are beyond the reach of remote sensing, including the atmospheric abundances of noble gases and key isotopes, and the structure of the atmosphere beneath the cloud tops. Measurements are defined as Tier 1, representing threshold science required to justify the probe mission, and Tier 2 representing valuable science that significantly complement and enhance the threshold measurements, but of themselves are not sufficient to justify the mission. Tier 1 measurements comprise atmospheric noble gas abundances including helium, key noble gas isotope ratios, and the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Instrumentation required to achieve the Tier 1 measurements include a mass spectrometer, a helium abundance detector, and an atmospheric structure instrument comprising both sensors for pressure, temperature, and atmospheric acoustic properties. Tier 1 science can be achieved with a probe making measurements near one to several bars.Tier 2 science includes measurements of key isotopic ratios, the abundances of atmospheric condensables and disequilibrium species, atmospheric dynamics, the net radiative flux transfer profile of the atmosphere, and the location, composition, properties, and structure of the clouds. To achieve all the Tier 2 science objectives requires a probe descending through at least ten bars carrying the full Tier 1 suite of instruments as well as a nephelometer, net flux radiometer, and an ultrastable oscillator to enable Doppler wind tracking of the probe throughout descent.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.fufbqi
title: The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance

description: Humans' ability to efficiently shed heat has enabled us to range over every continent, but a wet-bulb temperature [TW] of 35°C marks our upper physiological limit, and serious health and productivity impacts occur at much lower values. Climate models project the first 35°C TW occurrences by the mid 21st century. However, a comprehensive evaluation of weather-station data shows that some coastal subtropical locations have already reported a TW of 35°C, and that extreme humid heat overall has more than doubled in frequency since 1979. Recent exceedances of 35°C in global-maximum sea-surface temperature provide further support for the validity of these dangerously high TW values. We find the most extreme humid heat is highly localized in both space and time, and is correspondingly significantly underestimated in reanalysis products. Our findings thus underscore the serious challenge posed by humid heat that is more intense than previously reported and increasingly severe.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.grvzz9
title: Invited comment on Europa/Europa Clipper

description: Jupiter’s satellite Europa almost certainly hides a global saltwater ocean beneath the icy surface. Chemistry at the ice surface and ocean-rock interface might provide the building blocks for life, and NASA’s Europa Clipper mission will assess Europa’s habitability.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.mthcsi
title: Combining In-situ and Satellite Observations to Understand the Vertical Structure of Tropical Anvil Cloud Microphysical Properties During the TC4 Experiment

description: Tropical anvil clouds have a profound impact on Earth’s weather and climate. Their role in Earth’s energy balance and hydrologic cycle is heavily modulated by the vertical structure of the microphysical properties for various hydrometeors in these clouds and their dependence on the ambient environmental conditions. Accurate representations of the variability and co-variability of such vertical structures are key to both the satellite remote sensing of cloud and precipitation, and numerical modeling of weather and climate, which remain a challenge. This study presents a new method to combine vertically resolved observations from CloudSat radar reflectivity and CALIPSO cloud masks with probability distributions of cloud microphysical properties and the ambient atmospheric conditions from detailed in-situ measurements on tropical anvils sampled during the NASA TC4 (Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling) mission. We focus on the microphysical properties of the vertical distribution of ice water content, particle size distributions, and effective sizes for different hydrometeors, including ice particles and supercooled liquid droplets. Results from this method are compared with those from in-situ data alone, and various CloudSat/CALIPSO cloud retrievals. The sampling limitation of the field experiment and algorithm limitations in the current retrievals is highlighted, especially for the liquid cloud particles, while a generally good agreement with ice cloud microphysical properties is seen from different methods. While the method presented in this study is applied to tropical anvil clouds observed during TC4, it can be readily employed to study a broad range of ice clouds sampled by various field campaigns.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.jbmlot
title: Quantum Limited SIS Receiver Technology for the Detection of Water Isotopologue Emission from Comets

description: NASA’s Planetary Science Decadal Survey has concludedthat isotopic measurements of cometary water vapor are ameans to unraveling the mysteries involving the origin of Earth‘swater and the evolution of our solar system. To support this, arecent Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) internal research programhas developed quantum limited Superconductor InsulatorSuperconductor (SIS) receivers in the important 500􀀀600 GHzsubmillimeter frequency band. These instruments can be used todetect the HDO ground state (110-101), H162 O ortho ground-state(110-101), and the oxygen isotopologues H172 O, and H182 O withexquisite sensitivity.To achieve the presented results we have investigated AluminumOxide (AlOx) and Aluminum Nitride (AlNx) barrierSIS tunnel junction mixers on 6 m Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)substrate. The AlOx and AlNx junction mixer blocks utilizediagonal and smooth-profile conical horns respectively. In bothcases a commercial 4-8 GHz Intermediate Frequeny (IF) lownoise amplifier (LNA) has been integrated into the mixer block.The AlOx (low current density) barrier SIS junctions werefabricated with 2 m gold beamlead technology, whereas inthe case of the AlNx SIS tunnel junction we use capacitiveRF decoupling tabs. The latter approach simplifies fabrication,increases yield, eases the mounting process, and facilitates scalingto higher frequencies.For an actual flight mission, with operation 4.2 K, the allowedheat dissipation of the mixer integrated low noise amplifierneeds to be minimized. In this paper we also investigate thereceiver sensitivity as a function of LNA DC power consumption.We find that the DC power consumption of the low noise amplifiercan be reduced to 1.6 mW with minimal loss in sensitivity. It isanticipated that continued InP HEMT development for quantumcomputer applications are likely to reduce the required LNA power dissipation even further.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.oxfgeg
title: Very long baseline astrometry of PSR J1012+5307 and its implications on alternative theories of gravity

description: PSR J1012+5307 is a millisecond pulsar with a helium white dwarf (WD) companion ∼ 9.6% as massive as the pulsar. PSR J1012+5307 has been timed with high precision for about 25 years. One of the main objectives of this long-term timing is to use the large asymmetry in gravitational binding energy between the neutron star and the WD to test gravitational theories. Such tests, however, will be eventually limited by the accuracy of the distance to the pulsar. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) astrometric observations can complement pulsar timing by providing higher precision measurements of the parallax and hence distance, reducing the uncertainty on distance-dependent parameters in the pulsar timing model. Here, we present VLBI astrometry results spanning approximately 2.5 years for PSR J1012+5307, obtained with the Very Long Baseline Array as part of the MSPSRπ project. These provide the first proper motion and absolute position for PSR J1012+5307 measured in a quasi-inertial reference frame, allowing a comparison between timing astrometry in the solar system barycentric frame and a quasi-inertial reference frame. From the VLBI results, we measure a distance of 828^{+56}_{-18} pc for PSR J1012+5307 (all the estimates presented in the abstract are with 1σ significance), which is the most precise obtained to date. Using the new distance, we improve the uncertainty of measurements of the unmodeled contributions to orbital period decay, which, combined with three other pulsars, places new constraints on the coupling constant for dipole gravitational radiation κ = (−1.7^{+1.7}_{-1.6})E−4 and the fractional time derivative of Newton’s gravitational constant G-dot/G = −1.8^{+5.6}_{-4.8}E−13 yr^{−1} in the local universe. Both are the most precise pulsar-based constraints, consistent with the value of zero required by general theory of relativity.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.rnacwr
title: The Observed Water Vapor Budget in an Atmospheric River over the Northeast Pacific

description: Combined airborne, shipboard, and satellite measurements provide the first observational 25 assessment of all major terms of the vertically integrated water vapor (IWV) budget for a 26 150×160 km region within the core of a strong atmospheric river over the northeast Pacific 27 centered on 1930 UTC on 5 February 2015. Column integrated moisture flux convergence is 28 estimated from eight dropsonde profiles, and surface rain rate is estimated from tail doppler radar 29 reflectivity measurements. Dynamical convergence of water vapor (2.20±0.12 mm-hr−1) nearly 30 balances estimated precipitation (2.47±0.41 mm-hr−1), but surface evaporation (0.0±0.05 mm-31 hr−1) is negligible. Advection of drier air into the budget region (−1.50±0.21 mm-hr−1) causes 32 IWV tendency from the sum of all terms to be negative (−1.66±0.45 mm-hr−1). An independent 33 estimate of IWV tendency obtained from the difference between IWV measured by dropsonde 34 and retrieved by satellite three hours earlier is less negative (−0.52±0.24 mm-hr−1), suggesting 35 the presence of substantial temporal variability that is smoothed out when averaging over several 36 hours. The calculation of budget terms for various combinations of dropsonde subsets indicates 37 the presence of substantial spatial variability at ~50 km scales for precipitation (0.5 to 9.8 mm-38 hr−1), moisture flux convergence (−7.4 to 10.0 mm-hr−1), and IWV tendency (−8.3 to 3.7 mm-39 hr−1) that is smoothed out when averaging over the full budget region. Across subregions, surface 40 rain rate is linearly proportional to dynamical convergence of water vapor. These observational 41 results improve our understanding of the thermodynamic and kinematic processes that control 42 IWV in atmospheric rivers and the scales at which they occur.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8347263
title: In-situ stress data set of Xianshuihe fault zone, Southwest China.

description: 306 sets of in situ stress data were collected from 48 sites on the Xianshuihe fault zone, used in literature and reports from 1982 to 2022. The detailed data of the in-situ stress include Stress value、Direction、Depth、Longitude、Latitude, Testing method, and the data source. Of these, the in-situ stress measurement methods include hydraulic fracturing, stress relief, acoustic emission, and stress recovery.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.bc9ctg
title: Radiation Effects on Lithium CFX Batteries for Future Spacecraft and Landers

description: Future landers to the moons of the outer planets will be enabled by higher specific energy primary batteries to support exploration of the surface. Batteries based on the lithium carbon monofluoride (Li/CFx) cell chemistry provide ~50% higher specific energy than heritage cells (Li/SO2 or Li/SOCl2) in relevant conditions. Radiation tolerance is a major concern due to the high radiation environment surrounding Jupiter and its moons. Gamma radiation exposure may also become the sterilization technique (a critical step for any lander to planetary bodies where life may survive) of choice because the alternative thermal technique (prolonged exposure to high temperature) results in significant capacity loss for Li/CFx cells. Several D-sized Li/CFx and Li/CFx-MnO2 cells have been exposed to up to 10 MRad of gamma radiation from a 60Co source. The energy and capacity of the cells decreases by less than 2% following radiation and trends regarding the open circuit voltage and impedance spectroscopy are reported. To better understand the effects of radiation, samples of individual materials have been exposed to radiation as well as three-electrode cylindrical Li/CFx cells. These component level tests along with the experimental cells reveal that the interaction between the electrolyte and the electrodes in a fully assembled cell is the likely cause of increased impedance and decreased energy/capacity, following exposure to ionizing radiation.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.piu4ty
title: 3D Printed Minerals as Astrobiology Analogs of Hydrothermal Vent Chimneys

description: Hydrothermal vents are considered one of the most likely environments for the origin of life, and evidence suggests they may exist on icy moons such as Europa or Enceladus in addition to Earth. Some hydrothermal vent chimney structures are extremely porous and friable, making their reconstruction in the lab challenging (e.g., brucite or saponite in alkaline hydrothermal settings). Here we present our results from our efforts to reconstruct a simplified chimney structure directly out of mineral powder using binder jet additive manufacturing. Olivine sand was chosen for this initial method development effort since it represents a naturally occurring seafloor material and is inexpensively available in large quantities in powder form (olivine sand). The olivine used for the print was not modified chemically during the process, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. In order to characterize our 3D printed precipitates, we used computed tomography (CT) X-ray scan techniques. We also evaluated a chimney precipitate from a sample collected from the Prony Hydrothermal Field (PHF), southern New Caledonia, an alkaline system driven by serpentinization with mineralogy composed of brucite and carbonates. While not directly comparable from a mineralogical point of view, the microstructure and porosity of both precipitates was similar, suggesting that our 3D printing technique may be a valuable tool for future astrobiology research on hydrothermal vent precipitates.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.uvejyu
title: Patterns and Dynamics of SST Fronts in the California Current System

description: The California Current System (CCS) is one of the four major Eastern Boundary CurrentSystems, where major coastal upwelling is observed in the ocean. Oceanic fronts are abundant in the CCS,and are known to be associated with coastal upwelling. Analyses of satellite observations (altimetry andsea surface temperature, SST) of the CCS highlight the presence of SST fronts in the southern part of theCCS outside of the coastal upwelling season, which will be investigated. The submesoscale-permitting andtidal-resolving LLC4320-simulation was used to analyze the nature of these features, through the study ofthe surface density gradients, the vertical velocities and the horizontal strain. An algorithm was alsodeveloped to track SST fronts in the model. The classical scenario of coastal upwelling is confirmed in thecentral CCS (off California), with a strain field correlated to vertical velocities associated with the SSTfronts, and collocated density fronts. In contrast, in the southern CCS (off Baja California), verticalvelocities were much weaker and density gradients were not always observed where SST fronts weredetected, leading to the assumption that the fronts there may be affected by thermohaline compensationoccurring in the region. These findings confirm the existence of SST fronts in the CCS outside of thetraditional coastal upwelling framework, with part of the fronts in the southern CCS being passive andadvected by the background flow.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8347262
title: In-situ stress data set of Xianshuihe fault zone, Southwest China.

description: 306 sets of in situ stress data were collected from 48 sites on the Xianshuihe fault zone, used in literature and reports from 1982 to 2022. The detailed data of the in-situ stress include Stress value、Direction、Depth、Longitude、Latitude, Testing method, and the data source. Of these, the in-situ stress measurement methods include hydraulic fracturing, stress relief, acoustic emission, and stress recovery.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.lvu2f6
title: Ducting and Biases of GPS Radio Occultation Bending Angle and Refractivity in the Moist Lower Troposphere

description: Radio occultation (RO) can provide high vertical resolution thermodynamic17 soundings of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). However, sharp moisture gradients and18 strong temperature inversion lead to large refractivity (N) gradients, and often cause19 ducting. Ducting results in systematically negative RO N-biases due to a non-unique Abel20 inversion problem. Using 8-year (2006-2013) Constellation Observing System for21 Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) RO soundings and collocated European22 Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-I) data,23 we confirm that the large lower tropospheric negative N-biases are mainly located in the24 subtropical eastern oceans, and quantify the contribution of ducting for the first time. The25 ducting-contributed N-biases in the northeast Pacific (160°W~110°W; 15°N~45°N) are26 isolated from other sources of N-biases using a two-step geometric-optics simulation.27 Negative bending angle biases in this region are also observed in COSMIC RO28 soundings. Both the negative refractivity and bending angle biases from COSMIC29 soundings mainly lie below ~2-km. Such bending angle biases introduce additional N30biases to those caused by ducting. Following the increasing PBL height from the southern31 California coast westward to Hawaii, centers of maxima bending angles and N-biases tilt32 southwestward. In areas where ducting conditions prevail, ducting is the major cause of33 the RO N-biases. Ducting-induced N-biases with reference to ERA-I comprise over 70%34 of the total negative N-biases near the California coast where strongest ducting conditions35 prevail, and decrease southwestward to less than 20% near Hawaii.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.pcsstp
title: What Can We Monitor Over Unreliable Channels?

description: This article addresses the question of what properties can be monitored over an unreliable communication channel. We model unreliable communications as mutations to finite traces and define what it means for a property to be immune to such a mutation. We also introduce the idea of a trustworthy verdict, which is a verdict guaranteed to be correct in the presence of a trace mutation. We show that the trustworthiness of a verdict or immunity of a property for a single mutation is equivalent to the trustworthiness or immunity for any number of mutations. We classify trustworthy verdicts on ω-regular properties by updating a recently proposed monitorability-focused refinement of the safety-liveness taxonomy. The article also includes a fixed-parameter tractable algorithm to test an ω-regular property for immunity to a trace mutation. Our results show that many of the most common properties can be monitored over unreliable channels.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.1usqg6
title: Observation of Bose-Einstein condensates in an Earth-orbiting research lab

description: Quantum mechanics governs the microscopic world, where low mass and momentum reveal anatural wave-particle duality. Magnifying quantum behavior to macroscopic scales is a ma-jor strength of cooling and trapping atomic gases, where low momentum is engineered throughunnaturally low temperatures. Advances in this field have achieved such precise control overatomic systems that gravity, often negligible when considering individual atoms, has emerged asa significant obstacle; not only limiting access to lower temperatures (1, 2), but also suppress-ing the full potential of atom-wave inertial sensors that are greatly enhanced by extended free-fall (3). Planetary orbit, specifically the condition of perpetual free-fall, offers to lift cold atomstudies beyond such terrestrial limitations. To that end, we report the launch and successfuloperation of the Cold Atom Lab (CAL), a versatile, collaborative, multi-user research facilityin low-Earth orbit. Free from the asymmetric pull of gravity, production of rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) in weak trapping potentials is observed at sub-nanoKelvin temper-atures and free-expansion times extending beyond one second. The CAL instrument, remotelyoperated from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has traveled over 400 million kilometers aboardthe International Space Station (ISS) during the last 1.5 years as it continues to conduct scienceoperations for an international group of researchers. With routine BEC production, ongoingoperations will support long-term investigations of trap topologies unique to microgravity (4,5),novel atom-laser sources (6), few-body physics (7,8), and pathfinding techniques for atom-waveinterferometry