cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s70544p
title: Data from: Seven decades of mountain hare counts show severe declines where high‐yield recreational game bird hunting is practised

description: Recreational hunting is widespread and can benefit nature conservation
 when well‐practised, monitored, and regulated. Management for recreational
 red grouse Lagopus lagopus scotica shooting on upland heathland in the UK
 causes conservation conflict because the intensive habitat, predator, and
 disease management needed to maintain high‐grouse densities for “driven”
 shooting has detrimental environmental impacts, notably for raptor
 populations. Sustainable management of mountain hares Lepus timidus
 scoticus, a game species in the same landscapes, poses a challenge.
 Control of transmission to grouse of a viral disease, louping‐ill, for
 which mountain hares are a host, has become an additional motivation to
 kill mountain hares since research during 1993–2001 suggested that culls
 might reduce infection rates in grouse. We analysed population trends of
 mountain hares from spring counts on moorland managed for grouse shooting
 and on contiguous alpine land. On moorland sites, a long‐term decline
 (4.6% per annum) from 1954 to 1999 increased to 30.7% per annum from then
 until 2017, with a density index falling to &lt;1% of initial levels
 after 2008. Before 1999, declines were associated with conifer planting
 and were least severe where heather burning characteristic of grouse
 management was present. Grouse moors had the highest rate of decline after
 1999. On alpine sites, the density index increased by 2.0% per annum from
 1954 to 2007, then declined by 12.3% per annum but remained within the
 previous range of variation. Despite lack of evidence that it increases
 grouse numbers, reduction of louping‐ill transmission to grouse became a
 more frequent justification for mountain hare culls at a time consistent
 with it causing these recent, rapid mountain hare declines on grouse
 moors. Synthesis and applications. Long‐term field counts suggest that
 intensification of game bird management has resulted in severe, recent
 declines in mountain hare numbers, exacerbating longer term declines
 associated with land‐use change. Management practices founded on
 misinterpretation of earlier research are the probable cause. Regulation
 of hare culling would provide a framework for formal tests of whether
 culls affect grouse surpluses. It would also provide an opportunity to
 examine mountain hare populations' resilience to culls of varying
 size and seasonal timing.
description: Data used in trend
 modellingData used in trend
 modeling - please see readme file for descriptions of variables and
 additional informationrawdata-hares.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cc6r3
title: Data from: Conservation genetics of the eastern yellow-bellied racer (Coluber constrictor flaviventris) and bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi): river valleys are critical features for snakes at northern range limits

description: On the North American Great Plains, several snake species reach their
 northern range limit where they rely on sparsely distributed hibernacula
 located in major river valleys. Independent colonization histories for the
 river valleys and barriers to gene flow caused by the lack of suitable
 habitat between them may have produced genetically differentiated snake
 populations. To test this hypothesis, we used 10 microsatellite loci to
 examine the population structure of two species of conservation concern in
 Canada: the eastern yellow-bellied racer (Coluber constrictor
 flaviventris) and bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in 3 major river
 valleys in southern Saskatchewan. Fixation indices (FST) showed that
 populations in river valleys were significantly differentiated for both
 species (racers, FST = 0.096, P = 0.001; bullsnakes FST = 0.045–0.157, P =
 0.001). Bayesian assignment (STRUCTURE) and ordination (DAPC) strongly
 supported genetically differentiated groups in the geographically distinct
 river valleys. Finer-scale subdivision of populations within river valleys
 was not apparent based on our data, but is a topic that should be
 investigated further. Our findings highlight the importance of major river
 valleys for snakes at the northern extent of their ranges, and raise the
 possibility that populations in each river valley may warrant separate
 management strategies.
description: Somers_Snake_MicrosSpreadsheet with location and microsatellite genotypes for each eastern yellow-bellied racer and bullsnake
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.80t07
title: Data from: Concurrent co-evolution of intra-organismal cheaters and resisters

description: The evolution of multicellularity is a major transition that is not yet
 fully understood. Specifically, we do not know if there are any mechanisms
 by which multicellularity can be maintained without a single cell
 bottleneck or other relatedness enhancing mechanisms. Under low
 relatedness, cheaters can evolve that benefit from the altruistic
 behaviour of others without themselves sacrificing. If these are obligate
 cheaters, incapable of co-operating, their spread can lead to the demise
 of multicellularity. One possibility, however, is that co-operators can
 evolve resistance to cheaters. We tested this idea in a facultatively
 multicellular social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. This amoeba usually
 exists as a single cell but, when stressed, thousands of cells aggregate
 to form a multicellular organism in which some of the cells sacrifice for
 the good of others. We used lineages that had undergone experimental
 evolution at very low relatedness, during which time obligate cheaters
 evolved. Unlike earlier experiments, which found resistance to cheaters
 that were prevented from evolving, we competed cheaters and non-cheaters
 that evolved together, and cheaters with their ancestors. We found that
 non-cheaters can evolve resistance to cheating before cheating sweeps
 through the population and multicellularity is lost. Our results provide
 insight into cheater-resister co-evolutionary dynamics, in turn providing
 experimental evidence for the maintenance of at least a simple form of
 multicellularity by means other than high relatedness.
description: Concurrent co-evolution
 of intra-organismal cheaters and resisters DataThis data was collected
 in the lab, using Ax4 Dictyostelium discoideum lines which had undergone
 experimental evolution for 31 generations in the Kuzdzal-Fick et al. 2011
 experiment.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d12j8
title: Data from: The role of chromosomal rearrangements and geographical barriers in the divergence of lineages in a South American subterranean rodent (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae: Ctenomys minutus)

description: Identifying factors and the extent of their roles in the differentiation
 of populations is of great importance for understanding the evolutionary
 process in which a species is involved. Ctenomys minutus is a highly
 karyotype- polymorphic subterranean rodent, with diploid numbers ranging
 from 42 to 50 and autosomal arm numbers ranging from 68 to 80, comprising
 a total of 45 karyotypes described so far. This species inhabits the
 southern Brazilian coastal plain, which has a complex geological history,
 with several potential geographical barriers acting on different time
 scales. We assessed the geographical genetic structure of C. minutus,
 examining 340 individuals over the entire distributional range and using
 information from chromosomal rearrangements, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
 sequences, and 14 microsatellite loci. The mtDNA results revealed 7 main
 haplogroups, with the most recent common ancestors dating from the
 Pleistocene, whereas clustering methods defined 12 populations. Some
 boundaries of mtDNA haplogroups and population clusters can be associated
 with potential geographical barriers to gene flow. The isolation by
 distance pattern also plays an important role in fine-scale genetic
 differentiation, which is strengthened by the narrowness of the coastal
 plain and by common features of subterranean rodents (i.e., small
 fragmented populations and low dispersal rates), which limit gene flow
 among populations. A step-by-step mechanism of chromosomal evolution can
 be suggested for this species, mainly associated with the metapopulation
 structure, genetic drift, and the geographical features of the southern
 Brazilian coastal plain. However, chromosomal variation plays no or very
 little role in the diversification of C. minutus populations.
description: Microsatellites data of
 Ctenomys minutus (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)The data file comprise
 genotype scores of 14 microsatellite loci for 340 specimens of Ctenomys
 minutus, from 30 sampling sites in the southern Brazilian coastal plain.
 The locus names are listed in the first line of the file. The sampling
 sites are identified by pop = the abbreviation of the locality name,
 described in the Table 1 of the related manuscript. The identification of
 the specimens is in column 1. The genotypes for each specimen are from
 columns 2 to 15. The allele sizes are represented by three digits format,
 and they are separated by a / in the same locus. Missing genotypes are
 coded as 000/000.Microsatellites_C._minutus.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dn5tk
title: Data from: Modulation of social space by dopamine in Drosophila melanogaster, but no effect on the avoidance of the Drosophila stress odorant

description: Appropriate response to others is necessary for social interactions. Yet
 little is known about how neurotransmitters regulate attractive and
 repulsive social cues. Using genetic and pharmacological manipulations in
 Drosophila melanogaster, we show that dopamine is contributing the
 response to others in a social group, specifically, social spacing, but
 not the avoidance of odours released by stressed flies (dSO).
 Interestingly, this dopamine-mediated behaviour is prominent only in the
 day-time, and its effect varies depending on tissue, sex and type of
 manipulation. Furthermore, alteration of dopamine levels has no effect on
 dSO avoidance regardless of sex, which suggests that a different
 neurotransmitter regulates this response.
description: DA_Social_PaperRaw social space data in cm, dSO performance index and locomotion (numbers of lines crossed in 1 min. All details of how the data were obtained can be found in the material and methods of the paper.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qg67c
title: Data from: Ecological and phylogenetic dimensions of the cranial shape diversification in South American caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Hystricomorpha)

description: Caviomorph rodents represent an excellent model to explore morphological
 diversification on a macroevolutionary scale, as they are ecologically and
 morphologically diverse. We analysed cranial shape variation using
 geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. Most
 variation involved the shape of the rostrum, basicranium, and cranial
 vault, and clearly matched the phylogenetic structure. At the same time, a
 strong allometric pattern was associated with the length of the rostrum
 and cranial vault, size of the auditory bulla, and depth of the zygomatic
 arch. After accounting for size influence, and taking phylogenetic
 structure into account, shape variation was significantly associated with
 habitat. Our results highlight the presence of complex relationships
 between morphological, phylogenetic, and ecological dimensions in the
 diversification of the caviomorph cranium.
description: AC_regScores_BJLS-2861.R1Regression Scores (RegScore1) obtained from an Ordinary Least Square regression between Procrustes Coordinates (original data: 43 landmarks from caviomorph crania) and ln-CS. These were obtained using MorphoJ (Klingenberg, 2011).caviomorh_phy_BJLS-2861.R1Phylogenetic relationships among caviomorphs studied. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated through Bayesian inference methods implemented in BEAST v1.6.1. Sequences from the Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR), Transtyrethin Hormone (TTH) and mitochondrial subunit 12S (12S rRNA) were used. Values correspond to estimated age of each taxa.CoordProc_3Dskull_BJLS-2861.R1Procrustes coordinates obtained through a Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) on raw coordinates of 43 landmarks representing caviomorph cranial shape. To obtain average ProcCoord for each genus, a separate GPA was carried for each one in Morphologika 2.5.RSCs_BJLS-2861.R1PC scores for caviomorph genera within a morphospace constructed through a Principal Component Analysis on the residuals of an Ordinary Least Square regression between Procrustes Coordinates (raw data: 43 landmarks representing cranial shape) and lnCS (natural-log transformed centroid sizes). This analysis was carried out using MorphoJ (Klingenberg, 2011)RWs_BJLS-2861.R1Relative Warps scores (i.e. PC scores) of caviomorph taxa corresponding to the study of cranial shape variation. RWA was performed on the Procrustes Coordinates of 43 landmarks representing cranial shape. This analysis was carried out using MorphoJ (Klingenberg, 2011)variables_BJLS-2861.R1variabes used in regression analyses. Chew, main direction of masticatory movements; BF, bite force; lnCS natural-log of Centroid size.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5s0860n
title: Data from: Patellar tendon stiffness is not reduced during pregnancy

description: It is believed that hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to an increased
 compliance in ligaments and tendons, increasing the risk to suffer from
 connective tissue injuries particularly during exercise. While the laxity
 of the pelvic ligaments may increase to facilitate childbirth, to our
 knowledge no study has ever investigated the mechanical properties of
 human tendons in different stages of pregnancy. Thus, the purpose of our
 longitudinal study was to investigate the mechanical properties of the
 patellar tendon in different stages of pregnancy and postpartum. Nineteen
 pregnant women (30±4 years) and eleven non-pregnant controls (28±3 years)
 performed maximum isometric knee extension contractions on a dynamometer.
 Muscle strength and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon were
 determined integrating ultrasound, kinematic and electromyographic
 measurements. In pregnant women, measurements were performed in the 16±4th
 week of pregnancy (EP), the 29±4th week of pregnancy (LP) and 32±9th weeks
 postpartum (PP). On average, muscle strength as well as patellar tendon
 stiffness, force and relative strain did not change during pregnancy and
 did not differ from non-pregnant controls. Tendon length measured at 90°
 knee flexion continuously increased during and after pregnancy (tendon
 length PP&gt;EP; PP&gt;controls). Our results indicate that
 patellar tendon stiffness is not universally affected by pregnancy. We
 found no evidence to support the often stated assumption that tendons
 would become more compliant during pregnancy. However, variability between
 individuals as well as the progressive increase in tendon rest length
 during and after pregnancy and its implications on injury risk need to be
 further examined.
description: Data_Bey_Marzilger_Hinkson_Arampatzis_Legerlotz
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j9f075c
title: Data from: Vision fine-tunes preparation for landing in the cane toad, Rhinella marina

description: In toad hopping, the hindlimbs generate the propulsive force for takeoff
 while the forelimbs resist the impact forces associated with landing.
 Preparing to perform a safe landing, in which impact forces are managed
 appropriately, likely involves the integration of multiple types of
 sensory feedback. In toads, vestibular and/or proprioceptive feedback are
 critical for coordinated landing, however, the role of vision remains
 unclear. To clarify this role, this study compares pre-landing forelimb
 muscle activation patterns in animals before and after removing vision.
 Specifically, we recorded EMG activity from two antagonistic forelimb
 muscles, the anconeus and coracoradialis, which demonstrate
 distance-dependent onset timing and recruitment intensity, respectively.
 Toads were first recorded hopping normally and then again after their
 optic nerves were severed to remove visual feedback. When blind, toads
 exhibited basic hop kinematics and pre-landing muscle activity similar to
 when sighted. However, distance-dependent relationships for muscle
 activity patterns were more variable, if present at all. This study
 demonstrates that blind toads are still able to perform coordinated
 landings, reinforcing the importance of proprioceptive and/or vestibular
 feedback during hopping. But the increased variability in
 distance-dependent activity patterns indicates that vision is more
 responsible for fine-tuning the motor control strategy for landing.
description: Prelanding muscle
 activation times and intensity for sighted and blinded
 toadsData collected from
 video analysis and electromyography of sighted and blinded cane toads
 while performing hops. Includes: hindlimb liftoff, forelimb touchdown,
 aerial period duration, timing of muscle activity prior to landing from
 onset of movement, and the normalized amplitude of the emg recording for
 the 50ms prior to landing.EkstromPanziniGillis_BIOLETTERS_Data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vr4ch
title: Data from: Do trace metals influence visual signals? Effects of trace metals on iridescent and melanic feather colouration in the feral pigeon

description: Trace metals are chemical pollutants of prime concern nowadays given their
 implication in several human diseases and their noxious effects on
 wildlife. Previous studies demonstrated their negative (e.g. lead,
 cadmium) or positive (e.g. zinc) effects on body condition, immunity and
 reproductive success in birds. Because of their effects on bird condition,
 trace metals are likely to influence the production of condition-dependent
 plumage colours, that may be used in mate choice. In the feral pigeon
 Columba livia, we investigated iridescent colouration in response to lead
 and zinc experimental (i.e. metal supplementation in standardized
 conditions) and natural exposure (i.e. metal concentrations in feathers of
 wild urban pigeons), and melanic feather colouration in response to
 experimental lead and zinc exposure. Both studies (i.e. experimental and
 correlative) consistently showed that lead exposure decreased iridescent
 neck feather brightness independently of colour morph. Moreover, lead,
 when provided alone, decreased melanic feather reflectance in the middle
 wavelengths while zinc supplementation increased melanic feather
 reflectance in the violet-wavelength. In conclusion, our study suggests
 that the colouration of iridescent and melanic feathers depends on the
 exposure to pollutants. Whether trace metal exposure affected the ability
 of birds to produce melanin pigments, to grow the microstructural feather
 elements required for maximum colour display, or to cope with bacteria
 that degrade feather microstuctures remains unclear. Future studies should
 investigate whether these metal-induced modifications of plumage
 colouration affect behaviours involved in sexual selection.
description: Trace metals and plumage
 colourationThis file includes 3
 data sheets: 1) data on melanic surface in captivity, 2) data on
 iridescent colouration in the wild and 3) data on iridescent and melanic
 colouration in captivity.data_OIK-04262.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.288j7
title: Data from: A quantitative review of MHC-based mating preference: the role of diversity and dissimilarity

description: Sexual selection hypotheses stipulate that the major histocompatibility
 complex genes (MHC) constitute a key molecular underpinning for mate
 choice in vertebrates. The last four decades saw growing empirical
 literature on the role of MHC diversity and dissimilarity in mate choice
 for a wide range of vertebrate animals, but with mixed support for its
 significance in natural populations. Using formal phylogenetic
 meta-analysis and meta-regression techniques, we quantitatively review the
 existing literature on MHC-dependent mating preferences in nonhuman
 vertebrates with a focus on the role of MHC diversity and dissimilarity.
 Overall, we found small, statistically nonsignificant, average effect
 sizes for both diversity- and dissimilarity-based mate choice (r = 0.113
 and 0.064, respectively). Importantly, however, meta-regression models
 revealed statistically significant support regarding female choice for
 diversity, and choice for dissimilarity (regardless of choosy sex) only
 when dissimilarity is characterized across multiple loci. Little
 difference was found among vertebrate taxa; however, the lack of
 statistical power meant statistically significant effects were limited to
 some taxa. We found little sign of publication bias; thus, our results are
 likely to be robust. In light of our quantitative assessment,
 methodological improvements and fruitful future avenues of research are
 highlighted.
description: DatasetsR codeThis R file contains selected examples necessary to reproduce our analyses using the accompanied data set. The file is kept as readable as possible by leaving out repleted codes. This code has been written by Tsukushi Kamiya, who can be contacted via philophthalmus-at-gmail-dot-com. The file consists of the five following sections: # 1. Main analyses. # 2. DIC-based model selection. # 3. Unconditional estimates. # 4. Forest plot. # 5. Tests for publication bias.Tree fileThe file contains a topological tree of species included in our analysestree.tre
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s4t8k
title: Data from: Does multiple paternity influence offspring disease-resistance?

description: It has been suggested that polyandry allows females to increase offspring
 genetic diversity and reduce the prevalence and susceptibility of their
 offspring to infectious diseases. We tested this hypothesis in
 wild-derived house mice (Mus musculus) by experimentally infecting the
 offspring from 15 single- and 15 multiple-sired litters with two different
 strains of a mouse pathogen (Salmonella Typhimurium) and compared their
 ability to control infection. We found a high variation in individual
 infection resistance (measured with pathogen loads) and significant
 differences among families, suggesting genetic effects on Salmonella
 resistance, but we found no difference in prevalence or infection
 resistance between single- vs. multiple-sired litters. We found a
 significant sex difference in infection resistance, but surprisingly,
 males were more resistant to infection than females. Also, infection
 resistance was correlated with weight loss during infection, although only
 for females, indicating that susceptibility to infection had more harmful
 health consequences for females than for males. To our knowledge, our
 findings provide the first evidence for sex-dependent resistance to
 Salmonella infection in house mice. Our results do not support the
 hypothesis that multiple-sired litters are more likely to survive
 infection than single-sired litters; however, as we explain, additional
 studies are required before ruling out this hypothesis.
description: data_templateThis file includes information about the vaccination and infection loads offspring of single and multiple sired litters received and their respective spleen pathogen loads. Also it provides meassurements of individual body mass over the course of the infection.