cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283707
title: Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in surface water destined for public supply in the state of Goiás, Brazil

description: ABSTRACT The protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are etiological agents responsible for the transmission of gastroenteritis, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated water. Their (oo)cysts are resistant to adverse environmental conditions, as well as to most conventional water treatment processes. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of (oo)cysts of these protozoans in surface water collected for human consumption in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Fifteen samples of raw water were collected to assess the occurrence of (oo)cysts of the protozoa using the Membrane Filtration method, in addition to turbidity and pH analyses. Recovery rates in tests with ultrapure water reached the USEPA (2012) criteria for Giardia (78.1% ± 0%) and for Cryptosporidium (60.6% ± 32.6%); however, recovery in raw water was lower due to turbidity. All samples (n = 15) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, with a maximum concentration of 250 oocysts/L, demonstrating that these protozoa are disseminated in the aquatic environment of the state of Goiás and pose a risk to public health. Due to the use of water sources for public consumption, it is recommended that public authorities and sanitation companies act to preserve and maintain water courses, carry out periodic monitoring of treatment plants that supply the Cerrado, Santana and São Manoel streams and improve existing treatment technologies. The results did not allow to infer whether animal load and grazing area promote an increase in contamination of the lotic aquatic systems.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283713
title: Immobilization of heavy metals present in quartzite residues through incorporation in mortars with total substitution of the natural aggregate

description: ABSTRACT This work aims to immobilize heavy metals present in the quartzite residues by means of the incorporation in mortars in total substitution to the natural aggregate. Two types of residues were used: quartzite sand (QS) and powder (QP). The residues were characterized by x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and toxicity tests according to the methodology of the NBR 10005, 10006 and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) 1311. Then, compositions of mortar containing cement, lime and residues (QS, QP) were analyzed using technique of designing the mixture, determining the best mixture, the best type of cure (immersed or wet), and subsequently evaluated at resistance of the body of evidences after curing. The characterization of quartzite residue revealed the presence of multiple heavy metals and leached extracts in contact with the water, classifying it a Class I–Hazardous waste. Regarding the production of mortars, the results indicated that the compositions determined were able to immobilize the heavy metals present in the quartzite residues, as well as resulted in mortars with mechanical resistances higher than 2 MPa. Finally, it was shown that this technique of solubilization and stabilization of contaminants present in quartzite residues is a technologically viable and environmentally adequate alternative for the final destination of these residues.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283708
title: Detection and quantification of bacteria resistant to ampicillin and chloranphenicol in domestic sewage treatment plants

description: ABSTRACT Sewage treatment plants (STP) are among the main sources of dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) into the environment. This work quantified the occurrence of cultivable ampicilin-resistant and chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria in raw sewage, treated effluent and sludge samples from two full-scale STP over nine months. The STP investigated used the following treatment systems: STP-A used conventional activated sludge system; and STP-B, anaerobic reactors (UASB) followed by percolating biological filters (PBF). Results showed that was more efficient in reducing the concentrations of ampicilin- and chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria (around 1.1 and 0.7 log10UFC.mL−1, respectively) when compared to STP-B (0.5 log10 UFC.mL−1 removal of cloramphenicol-resistant bacteria and no-removal of ampicilin-resistant bacteria). Sludge samples, from both STP, showed high concentrations of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB; 4.8–7.6 log10UFC.mL−1) and ARB (3.0–6.3 log10UFC.mL−1). Most of the isolated ampicilin- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains were identified as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Some of the identified species are potential pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella spp. These results call attention to the spread of ARB, potentially pathogenic, in the environment from the final effluent (from secondary effluent) on the STP, regardless of the type of system adopted. It is evident that in order to significantly reduce the concentration of ARB in the treated effluent, it should undergo additional treatment and disinfection.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283708.v1
title: Detection and quantification of bacteria resistant to ampicillin and chloranphenicol in domestic sewage treatment plants

description: ABSTRACT Sewage treatment plants (STP) are among the main sources of dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) into the environment. This work quantified the occurrence of cultivable ampicilin-resistant and chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria in raw sewage, treated effluent and sludge samples from two full-scale STP over nine months. The STP investigated used the following treatment systems: STP-A used conventional activated sludge system; and STP-B, anaerobic reactors (UASB) followed by percolating biological filters (PBF). Results showed that was more efficient in reducing the concentrations of ampicilin- and chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria (around 1.1 and 0.7 log10UFC.mL−1, respectively) when compared to STP-B (0.5 log10 UFC.mL−1 removal of cloramphenicol-resistant bacteria and no-removal of ampicilin-resistant bacteria). Sludge samples, from both STP, showed high concentrations of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB; 4.8–7.6 log10UFC.mL−1) and ARB (3.0–6.3 log10UFC.mL−1). Most of the isolated ampicilin- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains were identified as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Some of the identified species are potential pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella spp. These results call attention to the spread of ARB, potentially pathogenic, in the environment from the final effluent (from secondary effluent) on the STP, regardless of the type of system adopted. It is evident that in order to significantly reduce the concentration of ARB in the treated effluent, it should undergo additional treatment and disinfection.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283713.v1
title: Immobilization of heavy metals present in quartzite residues through incorporation in mortars with total substitution of the natural aggregate

description: ABSTRACT This work aims to immobilize heavy metals present in the quartzite residues by means of the incorporation in mortars in total substitution to the natural aggregate. Two types of residues were used: quartzite sand (QS) and powder (QP). The residues were characterized by x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and toxicity tests according to the methodology of the NBR 10005, 10006 and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) 1311. Then, compositions of mortar containing cement, lime and residues (QS, QP) were analyzed using technique of designing the mixture, determining the best mixture, the best type of cure (immersed or wet), and subsequently evaluated at resistance of the body of evidences after curing. The characterization of quartzite residue revealed the presence of multiple heavy metals and leached extracts in contact with the water, classifying it a Class I–Hazardous waste. Regarding the production of mortars, the results indicated that the compositions determined were able to immobilize the heavy metals present in the quartzite residues, as well as resulted in mortars with mechanical resistances higher than 2 MPa. Finally, it was shown that this technique of solubilization and stabilization of contaminants present in quartzite residues is a technologically viable and environmentally adequate alternative for the final destination of these residues.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283707.v1
title: Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in surface water destined for public supply in the state of Goiás, Brazil

description: ABSTRACT The protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are etiological agents responsible for the transmission of gastroenteritis, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated water. Their (oo)cysts are resistant to adverse environmental conditions, as well as to most conventional water treatment processes. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of (oo)cysts of these protozoans in surface water collected for human consumption in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Fifteen samples of raw water were collected to assess the occurrence of (oo)cysts of the protozoa using the Membrane Filtration method, in addition to turbidity and pH analyses. Recovery rates in tests with ultrapure water reached the USEPA (2012) criteria for Giardia (78.1% ± 0%) and for Cryptosporidium (60.6% ± 32.6%); however, recovery in raw water was lower due to turbidity. All samples (n = 15) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, with a maximum concentration of 250 oocysts/L, demonstrating that these protozoa are disseminated in the aquatic environment of the state of Goiás and pose a risk to public health. Due to the use of water sources for public consumption, it is recommended that public authorities and sanitation companies act to preserve and maintain water courses, carry out periodic monitoring of treatment plants that supply the Cerrado, Santana and São Manoel streams and improve existing treatment technologies. The results did not allow to infer whether animal load and grazing area promote an increase in contamination of the lotic aquatic systems.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283710
title: Multiobjective optimization of the operation of water distribution systems with variable speed pumps

description: ABSTRACT Faced with the urban population growth and the importance of water as a limited natural resource, there is a need to implement techniques to reduce the operational costs of water distribution systems and ensure adequate supply. The optimization of pump operation can be used to meet the demands of consumption with a lower energy cost, in addition to maximizing hydraulic reliability. In this work, a hybrid optimization/simulation model was developed based on the multiobjective genetic algorithms and the EPANET hydraulic simulator. The NSGA II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) method was used to optimize the operation of variable rotation pumps, that is, the decision variables of the problem were the rotation of the pumps for each hour throughout the day. A modification of the original EPANET hydraulic simulator, which does not correctly compute the efficiency of variable-speed pumps, was employed so that the power of each pump, and consequently the cost of electric power, was calculated correctly. Non-dominated solution sets (Pareto Front) were obtained considering first the negative pressure penalty at the nodes and, subsequently, the negative pressure penalties at the nodes and the closure/shutdown of tubes and/or pumps. The method has been applied in the hypothetical network called ANYTOWN and lower energy costs were obtained considering Brazilian energy tariffs.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283710.v1
title: Multiobjective optimization of the operation of water distribution systems with variable speed pumps

description: ABSTRACT Faced with the urban population growth and the importance of water as a limited natural resource, there is a need to implement techniques to reduce the operational costs of water distribution systems and ensure adequate supply. The optimization of pump operation can be used to meet the demands of consumption with a lower energy cost, in addition to maximizing hydraulic reliability. In this work, a hybrid optimization/simulation model was developed based on the multiobjective genetic algorithms and the EPANET hydraulic simulator. The NSGA II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) method was used to optimize the operation of variable rotation pumps, that is, the decision variables of the problem were the rotation of the pumps for each hour throughout the day. A modification of the original EPANET hydraulic simulator, which does not correctly compute the efficiency of variable-speed pumps, was employed so that the power of each pump, and consequently the cost of electric power, was calculated correctly. Non-dominated solution sets (Pareto Front) were obtained considering first the negative pressure penalty at the nodes and, subsequently, the negative pressure penalties at the nodes and the closure/shutdown of tubes and/or pumps. The method has been applied in the hypothetical network called ANYTOWN and lower energy costs were obtained considering Brazilian energy tariffs.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283716
title: Determination of the liquid and solid discharge ratio and analysis of factors influencing the dynamics of sediment transport in the Jordão River Watershed (UPGRH-PN 1)

description: ABSTRACT Understanding the sediment flow is fundamental for the proper management and use of the water resources. The lack of planning in the use and occupation of land, marked by irrational anthropogenic actions, directly influences the sediment dynamics in river basins throughout the national territory. In this sense, the objectives of this article were to determine sediment discharges, to analyze factors that can influence sediment dynamics in the basin and to construct the key curves that represent the relationship between the solid and liquid flow of the Jordão River. The study was carried out in the Jordão River Basin. Four sampling stations were established, and nine campaigns were carried out to measure flows and water samples for the analysis of suspended sediments during dry and rainy seasons from August 2017 to July 2018. The concentrations and discharges of sediment presented variations between the seasons and sampling periods. In the rainy season, the values of discharges and concentrations were higher than in the dry season. The highest mean concentration was 101.16 mg.L-1at station 3, and the highest total solid discharge occurred at station 4 with a mean value of 113.83 t.d-1. In addition to precipitation, factors such as vegetation cover, land use and slope are influencing the sediment dynamics in the Jordão River. The key curves of suspended and total sediments obtained for each season and the bound data from all stations showed good correlations.
DOI: 10.22008/fk2/oiajvo/uxcm7d
title: albedo_bb_planar_sw.tif

description: SICE version: Cloud removed, PPGC, SNAP7, pySICEv1.4
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283716.v1
title: Determination of the liquid and solid discharge ratio and analysis of factors influencing the dynamics of sediment transport in the Jordão River Watershed (UPGRH-PN 1)

description: ABSTRACT Understanding the sediment flow is fundamental for the proper management and use of the water resources. The lack of planning in the use and occupation of land, marked by irrational anthropogenic actions, directly influences the sediment dynamics in river basins throughout the national territory. In this sense, the objectives of this article were to determine sediment discharges, to analyze factors that can influence sediment dynamics in the basin and to construct the key curves that represent the relationship between the solid and liquid flow of the Jordão River. The study was carried out in the Jordão River Basin. Four sampling stations were established, and nine campaigns were carried out to measure flows and water samples for the analysis of suspended sediments during dry and rainy seasons from August 2017 to July 2018. The concentrations and discharges of sediment presented variations between the seasons and sampling periods. In the rainy season, the values of discharges and concentrations were higher than in the dry season. The highest mean concentration was 101.16 mg.L-1at station 3, and the highest total solid discharge occurred at station 4 with a mean value of 113.83 t.d-1. In addition to precipitation, factors such as vegetation cover, land use and slope are influencing the sediment dynamics in the Jordão River. The key curves of suspended and total sediments obtained for each season and the bound data from all stations showed good correlations.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283719
title: The water-sensitive city from the urban metabolism and space production analysis perspective

description: ABSTRACT The present work is based on the premise that the urban sensitivity in relation to water resources can be increased by the understanding of urban metabolism. Two related urban space analyses are proposed: the former is related to the hydrological performance, in which water diversification potentials are raised by developing quantitative indicators and by the generation of possible scenarios for diversification; the latter refers to the space production, in which a historical survey of the access conditions to water is studied. The space production proceeding is verified, and the impact of its process on the water resources. In more details, the correlations between agents and spatial transformations are observed, aiming to identify the associations that command these transformations. This methodological propose is applied in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba, choosing a specific neighborhood that has undergone significant spatial transformations in the last 20 years. Results showed a potential of 243% for diversification by using rainwater, and 69% by reusing wastewater. Through the combination of possibilities for water diversification, the supply system, which is currently fully centralized, could have this centralization reduced to up to 57%. The urban dynamics analysis reveals the need for public intervention in the adoption of control measures of soil occupation. Currently, real-estate developers and entrepreneurs lead the space production process, which makes it difficult to improve urban hydrological performance.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283719.v1
title: The water-sensitive city from the urban metabolism and space production analysis perspective

description: ABSTRACT The present work is based on the premise that the urban sensitivity in relation to water resources can be increased by the understanding of urban metabolism. Two related urban space analyses are proposed: the former is related to the hydrological performance, in which water diversification potentials are raised by developing quantitative indicators and by the generation of possible scenarios for diversification; the latter refers to the space production, in which a historical survey of the access conditions to water is studied. The space production proceeding is verified, and the impact of its process on the water resources. In more details, the correlations between agents and spatial transformations are observed, aiming to identify the associations that command these transformations. This methodological propose is applied in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba, choosing a specific neighborhood that has undergone significant spatial transformations in the last 20 years. Results showed a potential of 243% for diversification by using rainwater, and 69% by reusing wastewater. Through the combination of possibilities for water diversification, the supply system, which is currently fully centralized, could have this centralization reduced to up to 57%. The urban dynamics analysis reveals the need for public intervention in the adoption of control measures of soil occupation. Currently, real-estate developers and entrepreneurs lead the space production process, which makes it difficult to improve urban hydrological performance.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283720
title: Low cost equipment for monitoring pressures in water supply systems

description: ABSTRACT The importance of monitoring the pressures in the water supply system combined with the high cost of implementation and maintenance of devices capable of this, corroborated the objective of this study. Therefore, we seek to develop low-cost equipment to measure water pressure. For this, 15 MPR dataloggers were produced, costing R$ 208.15 each, calibrated with a commercial equipment. The equipment were installed in residences with different consumptions profiles and altitudes in the municipality of Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso, for 43 days. The results obtained were satisfied, promising, and showed that the equipment is robust and precise with a R² of 0.9986 when compared with the commercial equipment, in addition to being possible to evaluate the city’s supply system and the necessary interventions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14283723
title: Spatial modeling of soil water erosion associated with agroclimatic seasonality in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

description: ABSTRACT Water erosion is a serious soil degradation problem, with impact in several areas. Its measurement is extremely important and costly. Empirical models of soil loss estimation, such as the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), are used to meet this demand. Few studies in Brazil are considered to evaluate the effect on agroclimatic seasonality in the estimates of soil loss due to water erosion in watersheds. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agroclimatic seasonality in the estimation of soil losses through RUSLE and to identify the factors that control erosion in the watershed of the Fragata stream. Rainfall erosivity (R) was calculated by means of precipitation data for four seasons and annual average. The soil erodibility factor (K) was obtained from soil information. The topographic factor (LS) was generated from the Digital Elevation Model (MDE) and the soil cover factor and conservationist practices (CP) through Landsat8/OLI satellite images. Seasonal variation had an effect on soil loss, with higher erosion rates in the summer and spring months. Soil losses between 5 and 50 Mg ha-1ano-1 were recorded in 24% of the BHAF, associated with periods of more erosive rainfall, higher slope and low vegetation cover. RUSLE factors with the greatest contribution to erosion were R, LS, and CP. The approach presented can be useful in quantifying soil losses in river basins.