cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15154/1528914
title: Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders. 

description: Genetic liability to substance use disorders can be parsed into loci that confer general or substance-specific addiction risk. We report a multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis that disaggregates general and substance-specific loci from published summary statistics of problematic alcohol use, problematic tobacco use, cannabis use disorder and opioid use disorder in a sample of 1,025,550 individuals of European descent and 92,630 individuals of African descent. Nineteen independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10–8) for the general addiction risk factor (addiction-rf), which showed high polygenicity. Across ancestries, PDE4B was significant (among other genes), suggesting dopamine regulation as a cross-substance vulnerability. An addiction-rf polygenic risk score was associated with substance use disorders, psychopathologies, somatic conditions and environments associated with the onset of addictions. Substance-specific loci (9 for alcohol, 32 for tobacco, 5 for cannabis and 1 for opioids) included metabolic and receptor genes. These findings provide insight into genetic risk loci for substance use disorders that could be leveraged as treatment targets.
DOI: 10.15154/1528916
title: Population level multimodal neuroimaging correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among children

description: Objectives: Leveraging a large population-level morphologic, microstructural, and functional neuroimaging dataset, we aimed to elucidate the underlying neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. In addition, we evaluated the applicability of machine learning classifiers to predict ADHD diagnosis based on imaging and clinical information.

Methods: From the Adolescents Behavior Cognitive Development (ABCD) database, we included 1,798 children with ADHD diagnosis and 6,007 without ADHD. In multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and sex, we examined the association of ADHD with different neuroimaging metrics. The neuroimaging metrics included fractional anisotropy (FA), neurite density (ND), mean-(MD), radial-(RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) of white matter (WM) tracts, cortical region thickness and surface areas from T1-MPRAGE series, and functional network connectivity correlations from resting-state fMRI.

Results: Children with ADHD showed markers of pervasive reduced microstructural integrity in white matter (WM) with diminished neural density and fiber-tracks volumes - most notable in the frontal and parietal lobes. In addition, ADHD diagnosis was associated with reduced cortical volume and surface area, especially in the temporal and frontal regions. In functional MRI studies, ADHD children had reduced connectivity among default-mode network and the central and dorsal attention networks, which are implicated in concentration and attention function. The best performing combination of feature selection and machine learning classifier could achieve a receiver operating characteristics area under curve of 0.613 (95% confidence interval = 0.580-0.645) to predict ADHD diagnosis in independent validation, using a combination of multimodal imaging metrics and clinical variables.

Conclusion: Our study highlights the neurobiological implication of frontal lobe cortex and associate WM tracts in pathogenesis of childhood ADHD. We also demonstrated possible potentials and limitations of machine learning models to assist with ADHD diagnosis in a general population cohort based on multimodal neuroimaging metrics.
DOI: 10.15154/1528920
title: Association of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure With Psychosis Proneness Among Children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

description: Research letter - no abstract
DOI: 10.15154/1528922
title: A pattern of cognitive resource disruptions in childhood psychopathology

description: The Hurst exponent ( H ) isolated in fractal analyses of neuroimaging time-series is
implicated broadly in cognition. Within this literature, H is associated with multiple
mental disorders, suggesting that H is transdimensionally associated with
psychopathology. Here, we unify these results and demonstrate a pattern of decreased
H with increased general psychopathology and attention-deficit/hyperactivity factor
scores during a working memory task in 1,839 children. This pattern predicts current
and future cognitive performance in children and some psychopathology in 703 adults.
This pattern also defines psychological and functional axes associating
psychopathology with an imbalance in resource allocation between fronto-parietal and
sensory-motor regions, driven by reduced resource allocation to fronto-parietal regions.
This suggests the hypothesis that impaired working memory function in
psychopathology follows from a reduced cognitive resource pool and a reduction in
resources allocated to the task at hand.
DOI: 10.15154/1528930
title: Age-dependent white matter microstructural disintegrity in autism spectrum disorder

description: There has been increasing evidence of White Matter (WM) microstructural disintegrity and connectome disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We evaluated the effects of age on WM microstructure by examining Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) metrics and connectome Edge Density (ED) in a large dataset of ASD and control patients from different age cohorts. N = 583 subjects from four studies from the National Database of Autism Research were included, representing four different age groups: (1) A Longitudinal MRI Study of Infants at Risk of Autism [infants, median age: 7 (interquartile range 1) months, n = 155], (2) Biomarkers of Autism at 12 months [toddlers, 32 (11)m, n = 102], (3) Multimodal Developmental Neurogenetics of Females with ASD [adolescents, 13.1 (5.3) years, n = 230], (4) Atypical Late Neurodevelopment in Autism [young adults, 19.1 (10.7)y, n = 96]. For each subject, we created Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Mean- (MD), Radial- (RD), and Axial Diffusivity (AD) maps as well as ED maps. We performed voxel-wise and tract-based analyses to assess the effects of age, ASD diagnosis and sex on DTI metrics and connectome ED. We also optimized, trained, tested, and validated different combinations of machine learning classifiers and dimensionality reduction algorithms for prediction of ASD diagnoses based on tract-based DTI and ED metrics. There is an age-dependent increase in FA and a decline in MD and RD across WM tracts in all four age cohorts, as well as an ED increase in toddlers and adolescents. After correction for age and sex, we found an ASD-related decrease in FA and ED only in adolescents and young adults, but not in infants or toddlers. While DTI abnormalities were mostly limited to the corpus callosum, connectomes showed a more widespread ASD-related decrease in ED. Finally, the best performing machine-leaning classification model achieved an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.70 in an independent validation cohort. Our results suggest that ASD-related WM microstructural disintegrity becomes evident in adolescents and young adults—but not in infants and toddlers. The ASD-related decrease in ED demonstrates a more widespread involvement of the connectome than DTI metrics, with the most striking differences being localized in the corpus callosum.
DOI: 10.15154/1528937
title: Characterizing alcohol expectancies in the ABCD Study: Associations with sociodemographic factors, the immediate social environment, and genetic propensities

description: Alcohol expectancies (AEs) are associated with likelihood of alcohol initiation and subsequent alcohol use disorders. It is unclear whether genetic predisposition to alcohol use and/or related traits contributes to shaping how one expects to feel when drinking alcohol. We used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to examine associations between genetic propensities (i.e., polygenic risk for problematic alcohol use, depression, risk-taking), sociodemographic factors (i.e., parent income), and the immediate social environment (i.e., peer use and disapproval toward alcohol) and positive and negative AEs in alcohol-naïve children (max analytic N = 5,352). Mixed-effect regression models showed that age, parental education, importance of the child’s religious beliefs, adverse childhood experiences, and peer disapproval of alcohol use were associated with positive and/or negative AEs, to varying degrees. Overall, our results suggest several familial and psychosocial predictors of AEs but little evidence of contributions from polygenic liability to problematic alcohol use or related phenotypes.
DOI: 10.15154/1528938
title: A Large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder

description: Background
Variation in liability to cannabis use disorder has a strong genetic component (estimated twin and family heritability about 50–70%) and is associated with negative outcomes, including increased risk of psychopathology. The aim of the study was to conduct a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genetic variants associated with cannabis use disorder.
Methods
To conduct this GWAS meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder and identify associations with genetic loci, we used samples from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Substance Use Disorders working group, iPSYCH, and deCODE (20 916 case samples, 363 116 control samples in total), contrasting cannabis use disorder cases with controls. To examine the genetic overlap between cannabis use disorder and 22 traits of interest (chosen because of previously published phenotypic correlations [eg, psychiatric disorders] or hypothesised associations [eg, chronotype] with cannabis use disorder), we used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate genetic correlations.
Findings
We identified two genome-wide significant loci: a novel chromosome 7 locus (FOXP2, lead single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs7783012; odds ratio [OR] 1·11, 95% CI 1·07–1·15, p=1·84 × 10−9) and the previously identified chromosome 8 locus (near CHRNA2 and EPHX2, lead SNP rs4732724; OR 0·89, 95% CI 0·86–0·93, p=6·46 × 10−9). Cannabis use disorder and cannabis use were genetically correlated (rg 0·50, p=1·50 × 10−21), but they showed significantly different genetic correlations with 12 of the 22 traits we tested, suggesting at least partially different genetic underpinnings of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Cannabis use disorder was positively genetically correlated with other psychopathology, including ADHD, major depression, and schizophrenia.
Interpretation
These findings support the theory that cannabis use disorder has shared genetic liability with other psychopathology, and there is a distinction between genetic liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.
DOI: 10.15154/1528940
title: Exploring the Relationships Between Autozygosity, Educational Attainment, and Cognitive Ability in a Contemporary, Trans-Ancestral American Sample

description: Previous studies have found significant associations between estimated autozygosity - the proportion of an individual's genome contained in homozygous segments due to distant inbreeding - and multiple traits, including educational attainment (EA) and cognitive ability. In one study, estimated autozygosity showed a stronger association with parental EA than the subject's own EA. This was likely driven by parental EA's association with mobility: more educated parents tended to migrate further from their hometown, and because of the strong correlation between ancestry and geography in the Netherlands, these individuals chose partners farther from their ancestry and therefore more different from them genetically. We examined the associations between estimated autozygosity, cognitive ability, and parental EA in a contemporary sub-sample of adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study℠ (ABCD Study®) (analytic N = 6,504). We found a negative association between autozygosity and child cognitive ability consistent with previous studies, while the associations between autozygosity and parental EA were in the expected direction of effect (with greater levels of autozygosity being associated with lower EA) but the effect sizes were significantly weaker than those estimated in previous work. We also found a lower mean level of autozygosity in the ABCD sample compared to previous autozygosity studies, which may reflect overall decreasing levels of autozygosity over generations. Variation in spousal similarities in ancestral background in the ABCD study compared to other studies may explain the pattern of associations between estimated autozygosity, EA, and cognitive ability in the current study.
DOI: 10.15154/1528969
title: Development Over the Digital Divide: A Longitudinal Expansion of Empathy Development in Adolescents

description: This study aims to expand on Vossen and Valkenberk (2016). More information to come
DOI: 10.15154/1528972
title: Individual Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Across Early Adolescence in African Americans, European Americans, and Latinx: Associations with Polygenic Risk for Depression and Substance Use Intent and Harm

description: There are distinct individual trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence which are most often differentiated into low, moderate/stable, and high/increasing groups. Some research has examined polygenic influences for depression, finding associations with those trajectories characterized by greater depressive symptoms. A separate literature indicates substance use can result from trajectories with elevated symptoms. However, the majority of this research has been in White youth. It is critical to identify depressive symptom trajectories, polygenic influences, and substance use outcomes in diverse samples to understand unique processes and convey equitable benefits from research. Using data from the Adolescent Cognitive Brain Development Study (ABCD), we examined depressive symptom trajectories within African American (AA, n = 1783), European American (EA, n = 6179), and Latinx (LX, n = 2410) youth across early adolescence (age 9-10 to 12-13) as well as trajectory associations with racially/ethnically aligned polygenic scores (Dep-PGS) and substance use intent and perceived harm. Differential trajectories were found in AA, EA, and LX youth but low and high trajectories were represented within each group. A Dep-PGS by income interaction was associated with membership in a greater depressive symptom trajectory in AA youth. In EA youth, greater Dep-PGS was broadly associated with membership in greater depressive symptom trajectories. In AA youth, membership in the low trajectory was associated with greater substance use intent. In EA youth, membership in higher depressive symptom trajectories was associated with greater substance use intent and less perceived harm. There were no genetic or substance use associations with trajectories of depressive symptoms in LX youth. These findings indicate that there are distinct depressive symptom trajectories in AA, EA, and LX youth accompanied by unique associations with genetic predisposition for depressive symptoms and substance use outcomes.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.22839476
title: Supplementary Material for: Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients Utilizing Complementary Medicine at a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Eastern Switzerland

description: Background In 2012, the Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, a tertiary referral hospital in Eastern Switzerland, opened its Center for Integrative Medicine (ZIM). This study aims to characterize disease and treatment characteristics of adult patients treated at the ZIM. Patients and Methods For all new patients physicians at the ZIM completed questionnaires on patients’ diagnoses and treatments. Descriptive statistics for categorical variables were reported as percentages. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the data. The analysis was performed with the statistical software package SPSS (IBM). Results From 2015 until 2020, 4’592 new patients were seen at the ZIM. The most common diagnosis in the supergroups was cancer (48%), followed by pain diagnoses (33%). Chronic pain as a subgroup was represented the most in patients (29%). Anthroposophical medication was the most commonly prescribed therapy, in 74% of patients with cancer and 73% with pain diagnosis. The latter was associated with the prescription of eurythmy therapy (OR 3.80, p&lt;0.001), traditional Chinese medicine (OR 3.34, p&lt;0.001) or art therapy (OR 5.15, p&lt;0.001), whereas mistletoe therapy was the preferred treatment option (OR 59.0, p&lt;0.001) for a cancer diagnosis. Conclusion and Outlook The results will help to adapt CM services to patients’ needs and provide a good basis for the planning of future services in CM in major hospitals. Further research should be conducted focusing on specific health outcomes.
DOI: 10.15154/1503204
title: Heritability of nested hierarchical structural brain network.

description: When a brain network is constructed by an existing parcellation method, the topological structure of the network changes depending on the scale of the parcellation. To avoid the scale dependency, we propose to construct a nested hierarchical structural brain network by subdividing the existing parcellation hierarchically. The method is applied in diffusion tensor imaging study of 111 twins in characterizing the topology of the brain network. The genetic contribution of the whole brain structural connectivity is determined and shown to be robustly present over different network scales.
DOI: 10.15154/1503291
title: Sexual dimorphism and laterality in neurostructural development from late childhood to early adulthood: A cross-sectional voxel based morphometry study

description: Intro: Adolescence is a sensitive period for social, emotional, risk, and reward behavior and is an onset period for serious psychiatric disorders. Changes in behavior in adolescence may be mediated by the rapid changes in brain structure observed during this time period. While adolescent structural development has been extensively analyzed, less is known about the developmental effects of sex or lateralized differences. Understanding how the brain typically develops during these critical periods may give insight into when structural deviations occur that result in psychopathology. Methods: Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from samples of children (age 9-11, n=344), adolescents (age 13-14, n=271), and adults (age 22-25, n=56) using the same scanner and acquisition sequences. Gray and white matter densities and volumes were assessed using voxel-based morphometry, as were ventricular volumes, total tissue volumes, and average tissue densities. Asymmetry indices were created by comparing the left and right hemispheres of each individual’s brain maps. Age, sex, an age and sex interaction, age2, and an age2 and sex interaction were examined in a simultaneous multiple regression for each brain metric. Results: Gray matter density and volume declined with age, while white matter increased. Males had greater total volumes while females had greater white matter densities. After correcting for total tissue volume, local sex differences were largely greater in females. Laterality analyses suggested that medial brain structures developed earlier in the right hemisphere. Conclusions: Our findings suggest structural changes occur throughout adolescence and likely continue past early adulthood in frontal structures, primarily in white matter. Changes in density appear to precede volumetric changes. Males had larger global, not local, brain volumes. Total gray matter volume and average white matter densities changed faster in females. Lateralized differences in developmental timing offer a new line of investigation in adolescent approach and avoidance behavior.
DOI: 10.15154/1503473
title: Attentional bias modification treatment for depression: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

description: Theoretical models and empirical research point to negatively biased attention as a maintaining factor in depression. Although preliminary studies suggest experimentally modifying attentional biases (i.e., attentional bias modification; ABM) reduces depression symptoms and depression risk, relatively few rigorous studies with clinical samples have been completed. This clinical trial examines the impact of ABM on a sample of adults (N = 123) with elevated depression severity who also exhibit at least modest levels of negatively biased attention prior to treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned to either active ABM, placebo ABM, or an assessment-only control condition. Individuals assigned to ABM will complete 5 trainings per week (2 in-clinic, 3 brief trainings at-home) during a four-week period. Throughout this four-week period, participants will complete weekly assessments of symptom severity and putative treatment mediators measured across different levels of analysis (e.g., eye tracking, behavioral measures, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging). This article details the rationale and design of the clinical trial, including methodological issues that required more extensive consideration. Our findings may not only point to an easily-accessible, efficacious treatment for depression but may also provide a meaningful test of whether a theoretically important construct, negatively biased attention, maintains depression.
DOI: 10.25430/researchdata.cab.unipd.it.00000887
title: Frictional Melting in Hydrothermal Fluid-Rich Faults: Field and Experimental Evidence From the Bolfín Fault Zone (Chile)

description: Tectonic pseudotachylytes are thought to be unique to certain water-deficient seismogenic environments and their presence is considered to be rare in the geological record. Here, we present field and experimental evidence that frictional melting can occur in hydrothermal fluid-rich faults hosted in the continental crust. Pseudotachylytes were found in the &gt;40 km-long Bolfín Fault Zone of the Atacama Fault System, within two ca. 1 m-thick (ultra)cataclastic strands hosted in a damage-zone made of chlorite-epidote-rich hydrothermally altered tonalite. This alteration state indicates that hydrothermal fluids were active during the fault development. Pseudotachylytes, characterized by presenting amygdales, cut and are cut by chlorite-, epidote- and calcite-bearing veins. In turn, crosscutting relationship with the hydrothermal veins indicates pseudotachylytes were formed during this period of fluid activity. Rotary shear experiments conducted on bare surfaces of hydrothermally altered rocks at seismic slip velocities (3 m s−1) resulted in the production of vesiculated pseudotachylytes both at dry and water-pressurized conditions, with melt lubrication as the primary mechanism for fault dynamic weakening. The presented evidence challenges the common hypothesis that pseudotachylytes are limited to fluid-deficient environments, and gives insights into the ancient seismic activity of the system. Both field observations and experimental evidence, indicate that pseudotachylytes may easily be produced in hydrothermal environments, and could be a common co-seismic fault product. Consequently, melt lubrication could be considered one of the most efficient seismic dynamic weakening mechanisms in crystalline basement rocks of the continental crust.