DOI: 10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsxd
title: Data from: Geography and site-specific factors, rather than recent climate, dominated Spanish wintering bird communities

description: Here, we analyse a dataset on the abundance of 97197 ringed birds
 collected from December to February at 78 sites across eastern Spain
 during the last 25 years (1997-2022). To fully understand the drivers of
 species composition, we analysed the components of β-diversity (turnover
 and nestedness) in relation to geographic and environmental gradients,
 including long-term changes in precipitation and temperature.
 Additionally, we examined the association patterns among species, species
 richness, and the interactions with geographical and environmental
 variables, and the temporal trends of these species and environmental
 variables. Mixed Graphical Models (Graphical lasso) revealed that
 dissimilarity in elevation, habitat, and sampling effort primarily drove
 turnover and nestedness, and that the assemblages remained largely
 stable. GLMMs showed that only six species exhibited significant
 trends driven solely by temporal effects, whereas most species were driven
 by longitude alone or combined spatiotemporal factors, suggesting strong
 site-specific responses and no consistent general pattern in the region.
 Although not statistically significant, the maximum temperature variables
 exhibited a positive temporal trend, suggesting gradual warming on the
 condition preceding each survey during the study period.
description: # Data from: Geography and site-specific factors, rather than recent
 climate, dominated Spanish wintering bird communities Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsxd](10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsxd) ## Description of the
 data and file structure The dataset consists of a comprehensive
 compilation of bird-ringing records collected at 78 sites across the
 eastern Iberian Peninsula (Spain). It covers the period from December 1997
 to February 2022 and includes a total of 97,197 ringed birds. ### Files
 and variables #### File: Spatiotemporalanalysis.zip This folder contains
 the raw and formatted data to reproduce the analyses. Additionally, it
 contains the script to perform GLMMs to estimate the trends of the
 abundance, and presence/absence data of richness and 83 bird species, and
 the climatic variables. It also contains the workspaces with the model
 results. **DB.species.enviromental.txt:** Contains Richness, the number of
 taxa on a given survey (column 1), and species abundance of the 83 species
 (from column 2 to column 84). The species names are abbreviated; for the
 full name, please see Table S4 from the Supplementary Material. From
 column 85 onwards are the geographical, climatic, and site-specific
 variables. **Time:** Julian day of the survey **Longitude:** Longitude of
 the ringing site **Latitude:** Latitude of the ringing site **Elevation:**
 Elevation in meters above sea level of the ringing site **Rainfall:**
 Rainfall on the day of the sampling day **Rainfall.max.90:** Maximum
 rainfall/day during 90 days before the sampling **Rainfall.sum.7:**
 Accumulated rainfall the week before the sampling **Rainfall.sum.30**:
 Accumulated rainfall in the 30 days before the sampling
 **Rainfall.sum.360:**  Accumulated rainfall over the 360 days before the
 sampling (equivalent to the preceding year) **Tmax:** Maximum temperature
 on the sampling day **Tmax.max.90:** Maximum temperature of the maximum on
 the 90 days before sampling. **Tmax.max.360:**  Maximum temperature of the
 maximum on the 360 days before sampling (equivalent to the preceding
 year). **NDWI:** Normalized Difference Water Index **Net.length:**
 Mist-net length (meters) **Hours:** Mist-net operation time (hours)
 **Site:** Bird ringing station name **Habitat**: Dominant habitat from six
 possible habitats: Riparian, Scrubland, Wetland, Woodland, Urban, and
 Farmland --- **model_results.RData:** It contains two files, results_list
 with the results of the best model for abundance data of the 83 species,
 and Richness. The secondfiles significant_species provides information
 about the significance of the variables included in the mode,. which are
 Time, Longitu,de and the interaction of Time*Longitude.
 **models_results_presence.RData:** It contains two files, results_presence
 with the results of the best model for presence-absence data of the 83
 species. The second file, significant_species_presence, provides
 information about the significance of the variables included in the mod,l.
 which are Time, Longitude, and the interaction of Time*Longitude. ---
 **Dredge_climatic_variables_workspaces:** It contains the model results
 performed by the dredge function from the MuMIn package for the climatic
 data. **Dredge_presence_absence_workspaces:**  It contains the model
 results performed by the dredge function from the MuMIn package for the
 presence/absence bird data. **Dredge_climatic_workspaces:** It contains
 the model results performed by the dredge function from the MuMIn package
 for the abundance bird data. 
 
 #### File: Community_analysis.zip **Description:** It contains two
 scripts to perform Mixed Graphical Models, one for Richness and the other
 for Beta diversity (turnover and nestedness), and 3 text files.
 **Coordinates and habitat.UFT8** contains: **Longitude:** Longitude of the
 ringing site **Latitude:** Latitude of the ringing site **Altitud:**
 Elevation in meters above sea level of the ringing site **Hours:**
 Mist-net operation time (hours) **Site:** Bird ringing station name
 **Habitat**: Dominant habitat from six possible habitats: Riparian,
 Scrubland, Wetland, Woodland, Urban, and Farmland **Entitat:** Ringing
 scheme **Counts.species.site.day.month.year.long.no.restrictions.txt:** 
 it contains species abundance (full name) and the other variables
 explained below. **Training.dataset.compleate.no.restrictions.NVDI.txt:**
 It contains all the variables before selecting the variables with a
 correlation &lt; 0.5: **Time:** Julian day **Site:** Bird ringing station
 name **Longitude:** Longitude **Latitude:** Latitude **Elevation:**
 Elevation in m.a.s.l. **Habitat:** Six habitats: Riparian, Scrubland,
 Wetland, Woodland, Urban, and Farmland **Rainfall:** Rainfall on the day
 of the sampling day **Rainfall.max.7:** Maximum rainfall/day during the
 week before the sampling **Rainfall.max.30:** Maximum rainfall/day during
 30 days before the sampling **Rainfall.max.90:** Maximum rainfall/day
 during 90 days before the sampling **Rainfall.max.360:** Maximum
 rainfall/day during 360 days before the sampling **Rainfall.sum.7:**
 Accumulated rainfall the week before the sampling **Rainfall.sum.30:**
 Accumulated rainfall in the 30 days before the sampling
 **Rainfall.sum.90:** Accumulated rainfall in the 90 days before the
 sampling **Rainfall.sum.360:**  Accumulated rainfall over the 360 days
 before the sampling (equivalent to the preceding year) **Tmax:** Maximum
 temperature on the sampling day **Tmax.max.7:** Maximum temperature of the
 maximum on the week before sampling **Tmax.max.30:** Maximum temperature
 of the maximum on the 30 days before sampling **Tmax.max.90:** Maximum
 temperature of the maximum on the 90 days before sampling
 **Tmax.max.360:** Maximum temperature of the maximum on the 360 days
 before sampling (equivalent to the preceding year) **Tmax. Mean.7:** Mean
 of the maximum temperature in the week before sampling **Tmax. Mean.30:**
 Mean of the maximum temperature on the 30 days before sampling **Tmax
 .mean.90:** Mean of the maximum temperature on the 90 days before sampling
 **Tma x.mean.360:** Mean of the maximum temperature on the 360 days before
 sampling (equivalent to the preceding year) **Tmin:** Minimum temperature
 on the sampling day **Tm in.min.7:** Minimum of the minimum temperature in
 the week before sampling **Tmin.min.30:** Minimum of the minimum
 temperature on the 30 days before sampling **Tmin.min.90:** Minimum of the
 minimum temperature on the 90 days before sampling **Tmin.min.360:**
 Minimum of the minimum temperature on the 360 days before sampling
 (equivalent to the preceding year) **Tmin.mean.7:** Mean of the minimum
 temperature in the week before sampling **Tmin.mean.30:** Mean of the
 minimum temperature on the 30 days before sampling **Tmin.mean.90:** Mean
 of the minimum temperature on the 90 days before sampling
 **Tmin.mean.360:** Mean of the minimum temperature on the 360 days before
 sampling (equivalent to the preceding year) **NVDI:** Normalized
 Difference Vegetation Index **NDWI:** Normalized Difference Water Index
 **Net.length:** Mist-net length (meters) **Hours:** Mist-net operation
 time (hours) 
 
 **MGM.Fit.log.p.1.R1.RData**:  working space to load for the Richness
 analysis in the Mix Graphical Models
 **MGM.Fit.beta.diversity.R1.planar.dist. RData:** working space to load 
 for the Beta diversity analysis in the Mix Graphical Models 
 
 --- #### File: Table_S6_Supplementary_Material.txt **Description:** This
 table contains the covariation between all the species and variables
 included in the community analyses. ## Code/software The analysis was
 performed with R version 4.3 and packages betapart, mgm,
 qgraph, igraph, and lme4.    The folder Community analysis contains two
 scripts: 1. **Mixed Graphical Models +  Richness llog+1- final** for a
 Mixed Graphical Lasso model between the species Richness, species an, and
 selected variables. 2. **Mixed Graphical Models beta diversity
 R1.planar.dist**, where the two Beta diversity components (turnover and
 nestedness) are extracted and plotted with the covariated variables. The
 folder Spatiotemporal analysis includes one
 script, **SpatiotemporalanalysisR,1** to perform the GLMMs for abundance,
 presence/absence, and climatic data. ## Access information Other publicly
 accessible locations of the data: * None Data was derived from the
 following sources: * Part of the data was derived from the winter bird
 ringing protocol of the SYLVIA program, which is run by the Catalan
 Ornithological Institute (ICO)