cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17715
title: Exterior view of an old mill at Chonita Cochiti(?), New Mexico, ca.1880

description: Photograph of an exterior view of an old mill at Chonita Cochiti(?), New Mexico, ca.1880. The crude adobe mill is built above a small creek at center. It is constructed of logs, rocks and mud (or adobe). A donkey stands near it to the right. Other structures are visible in the background at right, while trees can be seen at left.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17717
title: Exterior view of Mission Santa Guadalupe, Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca.1883

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission Santa Guadalupe (or Santuario De Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe), Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca.1883. The dilapidated mission stands at about three-stories tall. Parts of the bell tower still remain to the left of center. Much of the roof is flat (or deteriorated). A wall is visible at left in front of a one-story building towards the background.; "Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe: built between 1776 and 1796 at the end of El Camino Real by Franciscan missionaries, this is believed to be the oldest shrine in the United States honoring the Virgin of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico. Better known as Santuario de Guadalupe, the shrine's adobe walls are almost 3 feet thick, and the deep-red plaster wall behind the altar was dyed with oxblood in traditional fashion when the church was restored earlier in this century." -- Frommer's Santa Fe, Taos & Albuquerque, 9th Edition.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m4414
title: Exterior view of San Miguel Mission in Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca.1875

description: Photograph of the exterior view of San Miguel Mission in Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca.1875. It is regarded as the oldest church in the United States because it was built by Tlaxcalan Indians who came to New Mexico with the early Spanish conquistadors. The three-story mission is in dilapidated condition. The adobe walls are deteriorating, and the roof is almost non-existent. A fence, wall, and other building can be seen at left. Piles of dirt are visible in the foreground.; Picture file card reads: "Oldest church in U.S., built 1541, as it was up to 1872. The San Miguel bell was in the tower up to that year, as old photographs prove. The upper portion of the triple tower fell in 1872, but was rebuilt in 1888. The old church is built of large sun-dried bricks; the walls, which are covered with a layer of mud, both inside and outside, are from three to five feet thick."; "The Mission of San Miguel of Santa Fe is one of the country's oldest churches. It began in 1610, and although records of its early history were burned during the Rebellion of 1680, the thick, sturdy adobe walls remained unharmed. Stone buttresses later were added to strengthen the walls, remodeled tower and modern facade. A bell cast in Spain in 1356 is displayed in an anteroom. It was used in churches in Spain and Mexico before being brought to Santa Fe by oxcart in the early 19th century. Priceless ornaments and paintings adorn the interior of the mission." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17718
title: Exterior view of Mission Santa Clara de Asis, 1861

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission Santa Clara de Asis, 1861. The mission is about three-stories tall and in dilapidated condition. Stucco from the church is pealing off. The tower, located to the left of the church, is approximately a story taller and in the same condition as the church. A fence separates the mission's courtyard from the street. A nearby building is visible in the background.; Picture file card reads: "Reproduced from Daguerreotype by Grant Jackson. This photograph should be dated as 1861, as in that year the Italian façade seen in photo CHS-7866 was built. In 1861, the roof of the church was extended to protect the side walls as seen in photo CHS-6188. Posts were set in to support the roof. In this same year, the Italian façade--brick veneer--was built."; "It was the intention of the padres to found another mission in pretty meadowland a few miles south of San Francisco Bay as soon as the San Francisco mission was well established. The mission of Santa Clara indeed was established only three months later on January 12, 1777. To the dismay of the missionaries, in six more months there arrived a large group of colonists from Mexico. The padres did their best to keep the mission and the pueblo separated, well knowing the detrimental influence of civilians on the neophytes. Ultimately, mission and pueblo grew into the twin cities of Santa Clara and San Jose. In 1784 the mission had to be abandoned because of damage from a great flood. A new site on higher ground was soon occupied, with the help of skilled artisans from the pueblo whose work gave the buildings a much more professional appearance. Yet this skill came to naught in 1818 when an earthquake effectively destroyed the mission again. With seemingly boundless energy the padres built a third time, with everything completed by 1825." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17719
title: View of the twin towers and the cupola of Mission Purisima de Concepcion, San Antonio, Texas, ca.1900

description: Photograph of a view of the twin towers and the cupola of Mission Purisima de Concepcion, San Antonio, Texas, ca.1900. The identical twin towers are approximately three-stories tall. On the corners of the tower are small spires. At right, the cupola peaks above the dilapidated structure before it.; "The Mission Concepcion was established in 1731. One of the most attractive of the San Antonio missions, it took more than twenty years to complete. The massive church with twin towers and a cupola is the oldest un-restored stone church in the United States." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m14522
title: Market scene including restaurant and street, Tepec, Mexico, ca.1900

description: Photograph of market scene including restaurant and street, Tepec, Mexico, ca.1900. In the foreground at right, a large dirt road is visible. The goods on the street have been unloaded from the burro. To the right of the items on the street, a single large pole can be seen. A dozen or more people, most wearing sombreros and ponchos, are standing on the sidewalk, the dirt road, or sitting in the open air restaurant. The buildings have tile roofs.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17720
title: Exterior view of Pauna Indian Church, ca.1880

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Pauna Indian Church, ca.1880. The church is situated near the base of nearby mountains. The dilapidated single-story church features a large front door and inclined roofs. A cross sits at the center of the inclined roof. Grass covers the land around the church. Another building is visible in the background.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17721
title: Exterior view of Mission Santo Domingo (or Mission San Domingo), Baja California, Mexico, (or Arizona) ca.1880.

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission Santo Domingo (or Mission San Domingo), Baja California, Mexico, (or Arizona) ca.1880. Two house-like structures make up the corner of the mission. Dilapidated walls extend outward from these structures. Trails (or lines) cut into the grass fields surrounding the mission.; "Dominican, 1775. Moved to present site in 1782. Stone foundations, adobe ruins. Founded at the outlet of the Santo Domingo arroyo near the large red rock, the water supply dwindled, and the site was moved to the present ruins about five miles up the arroyo. The arroyo is just North of present day Colonia Guerrero." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m13944
title: View of Mission Santo Domingo (or Mission San Domingo) in Baja California, Mexico, (or in Arizona), ca.1880-1900

description: Photograph of a view of Mission Santo Domingo (or Mission San Domingo) in Baja California, Mexico, (or in Arizona), ca.1880-1900. The remains of two house-like structures and crumbled walls are what is left of the mission. The walls form a quadrangle. People are standing near the house-like structures. Bush-covered hills are visible at right.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m6303
title: Portrait of Father Reguernes (or Regnerneo?) entering the holy (or sacred) garden of Mission Santa Barbara, 1895

description: Photographic portrait of Father Reguernes (or Regnerneo?) entering the holy (or sacred) garden of Mission Santa Barbara, 1895.  Father Reguernes can be seen standing on the last step of the stairs of the building of which he just exited. In front of him is a path that leads to another building in the background. Benches line the pathway. Before him is the garden adorned with bushes, trees and cactus.; "Mission Santa Barbara was the tenth of the California missions to be founded by the Spanish Franciscans. It was established on the Feast of St. Barbara, Dec 4, 1786. Padre Junipero Serra, who founded the first nine missions, had died 2 years earlier. Serra had planned to build this mission, raising the cross at the presidio of Santa Barbara in 1782. It was Padre Fermin Francisco de Lasuen, his successor, who raised the cross here and placed Padre Antonio Paterna, a companion of Serra, in charge. Paterna put up the first buildings and made the first converts. The original buildings were of adobe and unpretentious. As the years passed, there was progress and development. There were three adobe churches here, each larger than the other, before the present church. The third was destroyed by earthquake in 1812. Thereafter the present church was planned. It was finished and dedicated in 1820. The present friary residence was built gradually, first one story, then a second was added. It was not finished until 1870. The beautiful fountain in front of the Mission was built in 1808. The earthquake of June 29, 1925 damaged the Mission Church and friary considerably. Restoration work was completed in 1927 and the towers reinforced in 1953." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17722
title: Exterior view of Mission San Fernando Rey de Espana from the west end of the cloister, ca.1890

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission San Fernando Rey de Espana from the west end of the cloister, ca.1890. The mission cloister and building is in dilapidated condition. There are several people standing underneath the cloister peering outward.; "San Fernando Mission Rey de Espana, seventeenth of the twenty-one missions founded by the Franciscans, was established on September 8, 1797. Its location was ideal, for it was in fertile country, and it was to become one of the major supply sources for the pueblo of Los Angeles (22 miles away) as it grew. The mission farms produced olives, dates, wheat, barley, corn, and other foods. It had 7000 sheep and many other livestock. The secularization that took place in 1834 was, of course, disastrous. The buildings fell into disuse and were vandalized for their building materials. During the Mexican-American War most of the mission lands, covering much of the San Fernando Valley, were sold for $14,000; John C. Fremont used the mission as his headquarters. Following the war the missions were returned to the Catholic Church, but the deterioration continued. Today, the convent buildings dating to the mission days remain. The church, damaged severely in the 1971 Sylmar earthquake, was demolished, and an exact replica built." -- unknown author, ca.2002.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17723
title: Exterior view of Mission San Luis de Francia, ca.1885

description: Photograph of the exterior view of Mission San Luis de Francia, ca.1885. Several sheep graze near the cloister (at left). The mission is in dilapidated condition. The walls show signs of stucco deterioration. The church is about three-stories tall and features multi-curved parapets. The bell tower stands next to the church.; "Although the last mission to be founded in the south, San Luis Rey the 'King of the Missions' came to be the largest and richest of all. A great quadrangle was 500 feet on a side. An intricate aqueduct system supplied water for the mission and gardens as well as for pools used for bathing and laundry. In the year 1831 an incredible 16,000 cattle, 25,500 sheep and 2,150 horses graced the far-flung ranchos. 395,000 bushels of grain and 2,500 barrels of wine were produced by that same year. Mexico, once free from Spain, began to divide the spoils of the mission system. Governor Pio Pico and his brother alone appropriated 90,000 acres of Mission San Luis Rey land for themselves. By 1846 the last vestige of mission life had disappeared. Finally, the U. S. Government gathered the last of the Indians into a 'temporary' home on a reservation at Pala. They are still there, the only original site where Mission Indians are still ministered to. The original decree, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 18, 1861, which returned the mission buildings and a few surrounding acres to the Church, is displayed today in the mission museum. Even so, years of vandalism and neglect followed before Franciscans from Mexico returned in 1892, to begin a restoration which has recaptured much of the grandeur of old." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m3836
title: Exterior view of Mission Nuestra Senora de La Reina de Los Angeles (or the Plaza Church), Los Angeles, 1876

description: Photograph of the exterior view of the Plaza Church (or Mission Nuestra Senora de La Reina de Los Angeles), Los Angeles, 1876. The three-story church features corner buttresses with spire-like tips. In front of the church is a fence that encloses the yard (at right). Three trees in the yard hinder the view of the building in the background. Another building is situated higher on the hill (or mountain?) in the background. Two horse-drawn carriages are parked in front of the church and near the fence. Picture file card reads: "Mission -- Nuestra senora de Los Angeles. From Hayes book in Bancroft Library".
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m10159
title: Patio of an adobe house on Camulos Ranch (birthplace of Ramona), ca.1890

description: Photograph of the patio of an adobe house on Camulos Ranch (birthplace of Ramona), ca.1890. Neatly arranged bushes and trees decorate the garden. A young tree enclosed in wooden support is planted in the plot of land in the foreground (at right). Just behind this plot of land is a tall tree situated behind bushes that are arranged in a circle.; "Although Rancho Camulos became well known among Californians for the accomplishments of three generations of Del Valles in both the political and agricultural history of the state, it is best recognized as the 'Home of Ramona.' When Helen Hunt Jackson published her best-selling novel Ramona in 1884, it was her intention to supply the general reader with an appreciation of the California Indians' plight as illustrated by the trials and tribulations of the fictional Indian girl, Ramona. Disappointed that A Century of Dishonor, her earlier book reciting the past injustices of the Indians, received so little notice, she wrote Ramona hoping to elicit popular support for the Indians, much as her acquaintance Harriet Beecher Stowe had done with Uncle Tom's Cabin. Ramona inspired four motion pictures and a pageant performed annually in Hemet, California, since 1923. The setting and characters in Jackson's book Ramona appear to be composites drawn from places Jackson visited and people she met in her travels throughout Southern California during the early 1880s." -- Rancho Camulos Museum archives (part 1 of 2).; "Various portions of the novel were drawn from her visits to California Indian reservations, missions and ranchos. It appears likely that Jackson chose Camulos as the setting for a portion of her novel upon the advice of her close friends, Antonio and Mariana Coronel. In the opinion of the Coronels, Camulos was one of the few remaining ranches still reflecting its colonial origins. Antonio Coronel assisted Jackson in the preparation of an itinerary of ranches and missions; Jackson heeded their advice, briefly visiting Camulos on January 23, 1882. In her novel, published two years later, Ramona's fictional home on the 'Moreno Ranch' was located 'midway in the valley [between lands] to the east and west, which had once belonged to the Missions of San Fernando and San Bonaventura [sic].' This geographical location, and the description of the setting recounted in the novel accurately matched Camulos." -- Rancho Camulos Museum archives (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17724
title: View of the cloister at Mission Santa Inez, 1890

description: Photograph of a view of the cloister at Mission Santa Inez, 1890. The stucco on the walls of the cloister is deteriorating. Part of the wall on the adjoined building has deteriorated. A horse stands near the fence enclosing the front half of the cloister and part of the church (at right). Next to the church is a belfry. Chickens (or birds?) loiter on the ground near the cloister.; "Santa Inéz was the last mission built in Southern California. The only mission founded by Padre Estevan Tapes, it was dedicated to St. Agnes, a 13 year-old martyr who died in the fourth century. The mission was built too far from El Camino Real to become popular and too close to earthquake fault lines to last very long. After its destruction in the quake of 1812, a new church was finally dedicated in 1817 and the mission soon became home to California's first seminary. The mission fell into disrepair during secularization, but was never completely abandoned or parceled off." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m6305
title: Exterior view of the San Gabriel Mission and its bell tower, 1880

description: Photograph of the exterior view of the San Gabriel Mission and its bell tower, 1880. The multi-curved bell tower has six visible arched openings. Of the six openings, four of them have bells hanging inside. Trees partially cover the view of the belfry and almost entirely cover the view of the building to the right of it.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m14523
title: Two men wearing sombreros loading a burro in front of a building, Mexico, ca.1900

description: Photograph of two men wearing sombreros loading a burro in front of a building, Mexico, ca.1900. The one-story building has a tile roof, while a door can be seen at right. Trees and another burro are visible in the left background.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m14232
title: Calla Lily field with trees in the background, ca.1896

description: Photograph of a Calla Lily field with trees in the background, ca.1896. The rows of flowers stretch from the lower left to the right upper edge of the image. A thinly-dispersed copse of trees fills the background while a clearing is just barely visible at right.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17725
title: Interior view of Mission San Gabriel, looking down the middle aisle towards the altar, ca.1895

description: Photograph of interior view of Mission San Gabriel, looking down the middle aisle towards the altar, ca.1895. Small palms in rectangular vases are situated at every other pew along the center aisle. Paintings (or pictures) are hung on the walls on both sides of the church. Six statues adorn the wall behind the altar.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17726
title: Painting by J.P. Robertson, showing Mission Santa Barbara and people in the community, [s.d.]

description: Photograph of a painting by J.P. Robertson, showing Mission Santa Barbara and people in the community, [s.d.]. A man holds steady a plow that is attached to two horses (a light and a dark horse). Nearby, a woman gives direction to a man on a horse. In the background, fences serve as a boundary between the fields in the foreground and the mission in the background. The mission is about three stories tall. Two towers with cupola roofs flank the church.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17727
title: Painting of an exterior view of Mission San Luis Rey from 1840(?), [s.d.]

description: Photograph of a painting of an exterior view of Mission San Luis Rey from 1840(?), [s.d.]. The façade of the two-story church features a multi-curved parapet. Two (bell?) towers with cupola flank the church. To the left of the church is the cloister.; "Although the last mission to be founded in the south, San Luis Rey the 'King of the Missions' came to be the largest and richest of all. A great quadrangle was 500 feet on a side. An intricate aqueduct system supplied water for the mission and gardens as well as for pools used for bathing and laundry. In the year 1831 an incredible 16,000 cattle, 25,500 sheep and 2,150 horses graced the far-flung ranchos. 395,000 bushels of grain and 2,500 barrels of wine were produced by that same year. Mexico, once free from Spain, began to divide the spoils of the mission system. Governor Pio Pico and his brother alone appropriated 90,000 acres of Mission San Luis Rey land for themselves. By 1846 the last vestige of mission life had disappeared. Finally, the U. S. Government gathered the last of the Indians into a 'temporary' home on a reservation at Pala. They are still there, the only original site where Mission Indians are still ministered to. The original decree, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 18, 1861, which returned the mission buildings and a few surrounding acres to the Church, is displayed today in the mission museum. Even so, years of vandalism and neglect followed before Franciscans from Mexico returned in 1892, to begin a restoration which has recaptured much of the grandeur of old." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17728
title: Drawing by Duflot de Mofra showing the plan for Mission San Luis Rey, ca.1840

description: Photograph of a drawing by Duflot de Mofra showing the plan for Mission San Luis Rey, ca.1840. The plan shows labeled plots of the entire mission. A key and scale are provided.; Transcription: "Duflot de Mofras' plan of San Luis Rey Mission. Published for the first time in America, this plan, with the accompanying key, was originally printed in France in 1840. The granaries to which the stairways marked MM lead, naturally do not show, nor the surroundings of the main buildings and cloisters. But as a matter of fact for two hundred yards on all sides of this main group were laid out the warehouses for export stock, extensive vegetable gardens, the mission orchards, the habitations of the Indian families, their great soup kitchens, the houses of a few colonists and all the varied life and industry of a live center for agricultural and industrial activity."; Transcription of the key: "AA--outer colonnade; BB--inner cloister; CC--service headquarters; DD--patio set with trees and plants; E--fountain; F--vegetable garden; G-cemetery; JJ-the Alameda of shade trees before the mission; K--the mission church; LL--gates for the carts; MM--stairways to lofts and terrace; N--large crucifix in cemetery; 1--reception hall of mission; 2--padres' dining room; 3--office of mission; 4--kitchen of administration; 55--padres' bedroom; 66--padres' oratory; 77--headquarters of majordomo or superintendent; 88--headquarters of business manager; 99--headquarters of sergeant; 10--general kitchen of mission; 11--workshop for tailors; 12--warehouse for drygoods[sic] manufactured; 13--general warehouse; 14--wine cellar; 15--leather workers, shoemakers, saddlers and harness-makers; 16--passageways; 17--iron-workers, blacksmiths, locksmiths, etc.; 18--carpenters and joiners; 19--coopers; 20--looms and weavers; 21--tool-house and foreman's office (men's school); 22,23--instructors' quarters; 24--school-room; 25--girls' workshop; 26--store-room for linen, cotton and hemp; 27--looms for women; 28--spinning wheels, etc.; 29--carders' work-room; 30--tool-house (women's school); 31--office of superintendent women workers; 32--pharmacy; 33--men's infirmary; 34--chapel for the sick of the infirmary; 35--women's infirmary; 36--children's infirmary and nurses' quarters; 37--school of music; 38--small chapel; 39--sacristy of church; 40--stairways to belfrys[sic]; 41--baptismal fonts".