cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25551601
title: Headway regularity as an attribute for classifying bus drivers

description: Different indices have been proposed in the literature to characterize headway regularity. These metrics aggregate the headway variability for a service, but none can be directly associated with a specific driver. This paper seeks to understand drivers' influence on a service's regularity. To do so, we propose four regularity indices related to a driver's performance and use the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis method to generate a classification of drivers according to their contribution to the headway regularity during the operation of a service. We characterize each class based on the driver's attributes such as age, years of experience as a driver, and years in the bus company, and those attributes associated with the operation, such as number of services per day and period of the day. The results show consistency in the classification obtained, with nearly 90% of drivers remaining in the same regularity classes regardless of the index.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25551601.v1
title: Headway regularity as an attribute for classifying bus drivers

description: Different indices have been proposed in the literature to characterize headway regularity. These metrics aggregate the headway variability for a service, but none can be directly associated with a specific driver. This paper seeks to understand drivers' influence on a service's regularity. To do so, we propose four regularity indices related to a driver's performance and use the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis method to generate a classification of drivers according to their contribution to the headway regularity during the operation of a service. We characterize each class based on the driver's attributes such as age, years of experience as a driver, and years in the bus company, and those attributes associated with the operation, such as number of services per day and period of the day. The results show consistency in the classification obtained, with nearly 90% of drivers remaining in the same regularity classes regardless of the index.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.26513367
title: A robust optimisation approach of train timetabling for freight transportation using high-speed railway

description: To ensure reliable services for high-speed freight rail transport, we address the issue of robust freight train timetabling by incorporating buffer times. Unlike passenger trains with prescribed timetables, high-speed freight train timetables need to be scheduled from the beginning and integrated into existing passenger schedules. To achieve reliable high-speed rail freight services, we introduce robust parameters that determine the buffer times for train operations and station stops. Using these, we develop an integer linear robust model aimed at maximizing timetable robustness, considering given control parameters, while minimizing travel and deviation times. We employ an integer Benders decomposition algorithm to solve this model efficiently. Our robust optimization method is validated through experiments using data from the Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway, demonstrating the efficacy and efficiency of our model and algorithm, especially in balancing efficiency and robustness.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.26513367.v1
title: A robust optimisation approach of train timetabling for freight transportation using high-speed railway

description: To ensure reliable services for high-speed freight rail transport, we address the issue of robust freight train timetabling by incorporating buffer times. Unlike passenger trains with prescribed timetables, high-speed freight train timetables need to be scheduled from the beginning and integrated into existing passenger schedules. To achieve reliable high-speed rail freight services, we introduce robust parameters that determine the buffer times for train operations and station stops. Using these, we develop an integer linear robust model aimed at maximizing timetable robustness, considering given control parameters, while minimizing travel and deviation times. We employ an integer Benders decomposition algorithm to solve this model efficiently. Our robust optimization method is validated through experiments using data from the Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway, demonstrating the efficacy and efficiency of our model and algorithm, especially in balancing efficiency and robustness.
DOI: 10.7291/d1gm4p
title: Determining a lower limit of luminosity for the first satellite observation of a reverse beam terrestrial gamma-ray flash associated with a cloud to ground lightning leader

description: We provide an updated analysis of the gamma-ray signature of a terrestrial
 gamma ray flash (TGF) detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor first
 reported by Pu et al. 2020. A TGF produced 3 ms prior to a negative
 cloud-to-ground return stroke was close to simultaneous with an isolated
 low frequency radio pulse during the leader’s propagation, with a polarity
 indicating downward moving negative charge. In prior observations this
 ‘slow’ low frequency signal has been strongly correlated with upward
 (opposite polarity) directed TGF events [Pu et al. 2019; Cummer et al.
 2011]  leading the authors to conclude that the Fermi gamma ray
 observation is actually the result of a reverse positron beam generating
 upward directed gamma rays. We investigate the feasibility of this
 scenario and determine a lower limit on the luminosity of the downward TGF
 from the perspective of gamma-ray timing uncertainties, TGF Monte Carlo
 simulations, and meteorological analysis of a model storm cell and its
 possible charge structure altitudes. We determined the most likely source
 altitude of the reverse beam TGF to be 7.5 km +/- 2.6 km, just below an
 estimated negative charge center at 8 km. At that altitude the Monte Carlo
 simulations indicate a lower luminosity limit of 2 x 10^18 photons above 1
 MeV for the main downward beam of the TGF making the reverse beam
 detectable by the Fermi Gamma Ray Burst Monitor.
description: Geant4  Python
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25664306
title: Accounting for passenger loss in bus bunching reduction: a robust real-time speed control method

description: Bus bunching is a common phenomenon resulting from the inherent instability influenced by factors such as traffic and passenger behaviour. However, the issue of passenger loss caused by extended waiting time, is often overlooked despite being a significant concern for passengers. This paper addresses this problem by modelling passenger arrival and loss as a Markov birth–death process. We present a transit route model that incorporates passenger loss while considering additional factors, such as stochasticity, overtaking, passenger alighting, and bus capacity constraints. The primary objective of our model is to minimise passenger loss. To achieve this, we conduct an analysis about the characteristics of passenger loss. Under mild assumptions, we prove that passenger loss increases as the headways between buses exhibit greater variance. We also develop a robust optimisation (RO) method and corresponding algorithms to minimise passenger loss. To validate the effectiveness of our control method, we conduct numerical experiments using both computer-generated and real-world data. The results demonstrate that our method effectively reduces bus bunching, passenger loss, and waiting time compared to the existing literature.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25664306.v1
title: Accounting for passenger loss in bus bunching reduction: a robust real-time speed control method

description: Bus bunching is a common phenomenon resulting from the inherent instability influenced by factors such as traffic and passenger behaviour. However, the issue of passenger loss caused by extended waiting time, is often overlooked despite being a significant concern for passengers. This paper addresses this problem by modelling passenger arrival and loss as a Markov birth–death process. We present a transit route model that incorporates passenger loss while considering additional factors, such as stochasticity, overtaking, passenger alighting, and bus capacity constraints. The primary objective of our model is to minimise passenger loss. To achieve this, we conduct an analysis about the characteristics of passenger loss. Under mild assumptions, we prove that passenger loss increases as the headways between buses exhibit greater variance. We also develop a robust optimisation (RO) method and corresponding algorithms to minimise passenger loss. To validate the effectiveness of our control method, we conduct numerical experiments using both computer-generated and real-world data. The results demonstrate that our method effectively reduces bus bunching, passenger loss, and waiting time compared to the existing literature.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.79cnp5j0n
title: Dazzled by shine: gloss as an antipredator strategy in fast moving prey

description: Previous studies on stationary prey have found mixed results for the role
 of gloss in predator avoidance – some have found that gloss can act as
 warning colouration or improve camouflage, whereas others detected no
 survival benefit. An alternative untested hypothesis is that gloss could
 provide protection in the form of dynamic dazzle. Fast-moving animals that
 are glossy produce flashes of light that increase in frequency at higher
 speeds, which could make it harder for predators to track and accurately
 locate prey. We tested this hypothesis by presenting praying mantids with
 glossy or matte targets moving at slow and fast speeds. Mantids were less
 likely to strike glossy targets, independently of speed. Additionally, we
 found that compared to matte targets, mantids were less likely to track
 glossy targets and more likely to hit the target with one rather than both
 raptorial arms, but only when targets were moving fast. These results
 support the hypothesis that gloss may have a function as an antipredator
 strategy by reducing the ability of predators to track and accurately
 target fast-moving prey.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.34tmpg4q6
title: Recapping behavior in Apis cerana: does it contribute to resistance against Varroa destructor?

description: The invasion of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor in the European
 honey bee, Apis mellifera, populations has led to the collapse of most
 wild stocks and to economic losses in beekeeping operations. Understanding
 how some A. mellifera populations survive infestations by this parasite is
 of high fundamental and practical interest and has led to numerous studies
 of potential resistance mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the
 uncapping and recapping of comb cells containing infested individuals by
 nurse bees. Recapping was observed in most surviving populations, but its
 link to V. destructor resistance remains unclear. Investigating the
 occurrence of recapping in the Eastern honey bee, Apis cerana, the
 original host of the parasite, could provide a better understanding of the
 evolution and function of this behaviour in the genus Apis. We here
 determined the frequency of recapping in two A. cerana populations in
 China and Thailand and compared them with a sympatric A. mellifera
 population in China. The species, which differ in their susceptibility to
 infestations, did not show significant differences in recapping frequency.
 A specific association between recapping and resistance to V. destructor
 in A. cerana is thus not supported. We discuss possible evolution
 scenarios and functions for this behaviour.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gmdhwv
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 78508 records in GBIF matching the query:
SELECT
 '464' AS fish_cell,
 GBIF_MGRSCode(1000, decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, 0) AS cell, -- NO randomization
 COUNT(DISTINCT speciesKey) AS species_richness
 FROM occurrence
 WHERE hasCoordinate = TRUE
 AND speciesKey IS NOT NULL
 AND NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(issue, 'ZERO_COORDINATE')
 AND NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(issue, 'COORDINATE_OUT_OF_RANGE')
 AND NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(issue, 'COORDINATE_INVALID')
 AND NOT ARRAY_CONTAINS(issue, 'COUNTRY_COORDINATE_MISMATCH')
 AND decimalLatitude &gt;= 46.479780028101516
 AND decimalLatitude &lt;= 51.21395264452012
 AND decimalLongitude &gt;= -100.2215702458641
 AND decimalLongitude &lt;= -88.12157328514692
 AND "year" &gt;= 2015
 AND "year" &lt;= 2026
 AND (coordinateUncertaintyInMeters &lt;= 100 OR coordinateUncertaintyInMeters IS NULL)
 GROUP BY fish_cell, cell

 The dataset's 78508 records were derived from 195 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002932-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t1s
title: Data for: Associations between faecal chemical pollutants and hormones in primates inhabiting Kibale National Park, Uganda

description: While anthropogenic pollutants are known to be a threat to primates, our
 understanding of exposure to pollutants in situand their sub-lethal
 effects is still limited. We used noninvasive biomonitoring to examine
 associations between fecal concentrations of 97 chemical pollutants and
 fecal hormone metabolites of cortisol and estradiol in four primate
 species inhabiting Kibale National Park, Uganda (chimpanzees - Pan
 troglodytes, olive baboons - Papio anubis, red colobus - Piliocolobus
 tephrosceles, and red-tailed monkeys - Cercopithecus ascanius). Across all
 species (n = 71 samples), our results demonstrated positive associations
 of organochlorine pesticides (ß = 0.143, p = 0.020) and organophosphate
 esters (ß = 0.112, p = 0.003) with cortisol in adult females.
 Additionally, we observed positive associations of organochlorine
 pesticides (ß = 0.192, p = 0.013) and brominated flame retardants
 (ß  = 0.176, p = 0.004) with cortisol in juveniles. Our results
 suggest that cumulative pesticides and flame retardants are disruptive to
 endocrine function in these populations, which could have implications for
 development, metabolism, and reproduction. Our results further demonstrate
 that feces can be an important, noninvasive matrix for examining
 pollutant-hormone associations in wild primates and other critical
 wildlife populations.
description: Data include fecal samples collected from four species of
 primates inhabiting Kibale National Park, Uganda in 2017. Samples were
 quantified for steroid hormones and persistent organic pollutants using
 methods reported in the associated manuscript.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3j9kd51ph
title: Snakes on a plain: Complex biotic and abiotic factors determine venom variation in North America's widest-ranging rattlesnake

description: Background. Snake venoms are trophic adaptations that represent an ideal
 model to examine the evolutionary factors that shape polymorphic traits
 under strong natural selection. Venom compositional variation is
 substantial within and among venomous snake species. However, the forces
 shaping this phenotypic complexity, as well as the potential integrated
 roles of biotic and abiotic factors, have received little attention. Here,
 we investigate geographic variation in venom composition in a wide-ranging
 rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) and contextualize this variation by
 investigating dietary, phylogenetic, and environmental variables that
 covary with venom. Results. Using shotgun proteomics, venom biochemical
 profiling, and lethality assays, we identify 2 distinct divergent
 phenotypes that characterize major axes of venom variation in this
 species: a myotoxin-rich phenotype and a snake venom metalloprotease
 (SVMP)-rich phenotype. We find that dietary availability and
 temperature-related abiotic factors are correlated with geographic trends
 in venom composition. Conclusions. Our findings highlight the potential
 for snake venoms to vary extensively within species, for this variation to
 be driven by biotic and abiotic factors, and for the importance of
 integrating biotic and abiotic variation for understanding complex trait
 evolution. Links between venom variation and variation in biotic and
 abiotic factors indicate that venom variation likely results from
 substantial geographic variation in selection regimes that determine the
 efficacy of venom phenotypes across populations and snake species. Our
 results highlight the implicit influence of abiotic factors on biotic
 factors that ultimately shape venom phenotype, providing evidence for a
 central role of local selection as a key driver of venom variation.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dfn2z356k
title: The role of sexual isolation during rapid ecological divergence: evidence for a new dimension of isolation in Rhagoletis pomonella

description: The pace of divergence and likelihood of complete speciation may depend on
 how and when different types of reproductive barriers evolve. Questions
 remain about the evolution of reproductive barriers after initial
 divergence. We tested for the presence of sexual isolation (reduced mating
 between populations due to divergent mating preferences and traits)
 in Rhagoletis pomonella flies, a model system for incipient
 ecological speciation. We measured the strength of sexual isolation
 between two very recently diverged (~170 generations)
 sympatric populations, adapted to different host fruits (hawthorn
 and apple). We found that flies from both populations were more likely to
 mate within than between populations. Thus, sexual isolation may play an
 important role in reducing gene flow allowed by early-acting ecological
 barriers. We also tested how warmer temperatures predicted under climate
 change could alter sexual isolation and found that sexual isolation was
 markedly asymmetric under warmer temperatures – apple males and hawthorn
 females mated randomly while apple females and hawthorn males mated within
 population than between. Our findings provide a window into the early
 divergence process and the role of sexual isolation after initial
 ecological divergence, in addition to examining how environmental
 conditions could shape the likelihood of further divergence.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffnf
title: Toxic temperatures: Bee behaviours exhibit divergent pesticide toxicity relationships with warming

description: Climate change and agricultural intensification are exposing insect
 pollinators to temperature extremes and increasing pesticide usage. Yet,
 we lack good quantification of how temperature modulates the sublethal
 effects of pesticides on behaviours vital for fitness and pollination
 performance. Consequently, we are uncertain if warming decreases or
 increases the severity of different pesticide impacts, and whether
 separate behaviours vary in the direction of response. Quantifying these
 interactive effects is vital in forecasting pesticide risk across climate
 regions and informing pesticide application strategies and pollinator
 conservation. This multi-stressor study investigated the responses of six
 functional behaviours of bumblebees when exposed to either a neonicotinoid
 (imidacloprid) or a sulfoximine (sulfoxaflor) across a standardised low,
 mid, and high temperature. We found the neonicotinoid had a significant
 effect on five of the six behaviours, with a greater effect at the lower
 temperature(s) when measuring responsiveness, the likelihood of movement,
 walking rate, and food consumption rate. In contrast, the neonicotinoid
 had a greater impact on flight distance at the higher temperature. Our
 findings show that different organismal functions can exhibit divergent
 thermal responses, with some pesticide-affected behaviours showing greater
 impact as temperatures dropped, and others as temperatures rose. We must
 therefore account for environmental context when determining pesticide
 risk. Moreover, we found evidence of synergistic effects, with just a 3°C
 increase causing a sudden drop in flight performance, despite seeing no
 effect of pesticide at the two lower temperatures. Our findings highlight
 the importance of multi-stressor studies to quantify threats to insects,
 which will help to improve dynamic evaluations of population tipping
 points and spatiotemporal risks to biodiversity across climate regions.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gxd2547r4
title: Dataset from: Exaptation and vulnerability to introduced mammal herbivores on Balearic endemic flora

description: Aim: How introduced mammal herbivores affect insular flora is still under
 study. Also, disentangling which particular traits, that plants might
 develop from exaptations, are functional to avoid herbivory remains mainly
 unknown. This study aims to assess if the flora of continental islands
 with historic native herbivores has exapted to the introduction of new
 mammal herbivores and to predict the potential vulnerability of endemic
 species from islands where mammal herbivores have not been introduced yet.
 Location: Balearic Islands Taxon: 96 Balearic endemic plant species
 Methods: We investigated whether the endemic flora on continental islands
 maintains functional traits that resist introduced mammal herbivores by
 analysing the chemical and morphological traits related to plant
 resistance of five individuals per species (n=480). Also, we measured
 plant-size variables to assess plant escape strategies. Overall, we
 combined these traits with the accessibility to goats. Predictive models
 were generated for species that inhabit islands where goats have not been
 introduced to assess their potential vulnerability. Results: Endemic
 species may defend against new herbivores (e.g., goats) if they contain
 highly toxic compounds (alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins), spinescent and
 urticating structures, or specific plant architecture (low plant size,
 high specific leaf area). If such traits are absent, the species may
 become extinct—unless they inhabit areas inaccessible to goats. On
 continental islands, some endemic species are expected to resist the
 introduction of herbivores, while others may be significantly affected.
 Main conclusions: Part of the endemic flora may have previously adapted to
 ancient herbivores on the islands. Even though the ancient connection with
 the mainland, these traits may allow the plants to resist the presence of
 introduced herbivores. However, non-exapted species could be threatened by
 the introduction of non-native ungulates.
description: The methodological information can be found in the original
 article: "Exaptation and vulnerability to introduced mammal
 herbivores on Balearic endemic flora"
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mkkwh714r
title: A plastome phylogeny of Rumex (Polygonaceae) illuminates the divergent evolutionary histories of docks and sorrels

description: The genus Rumex L. (Polygonaceae) provides a unique system for
 investigating the evolutionary development of sex determination and
 molecular rate evolution. Historically, Rumex has been divided, both
 taxonomically and colloquially into two groups: ‘docks’ and ‘sorrels’. A
 well-resolved phylogeny can help evaluate a genetic basis for this
 division. Here we present a plastome phylogeny for 34 species of Rumex,
 inferred using maximum likelihood criteria. The historical ‘docks’ (Rumex
 subgenus Rumex) were resolved as monophyletic. The historical ‘sorrels’
 (Rumex subgenera Acetosa and Acetosella) were resolved together, though
 not monophyletic due to the inclusion of R. bucephalophorus (Rumex
 subgenus Platypodium). Emex is supported as its own subgenus within Rumex,
 instead of resolved as sister taxa. We found remarkably low nucleotide
 diversity among the docks, consistent with recent diversification in that
 group, especially as compared to the sorrels. Fossil calibration of the
 phylogeny suggested that the common ancestor for Rumex (including Emex)
 has origins in the lower Miocene (22.13 MYA). The sorrels appear to have
 subsequently diversified at a relatively constant rate. The origin of the
 docks, however, was placed in the upper Miocene, but with most speciation
 occurring in the Plio-Pleistocene.