cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79070
title: Hindu Temples, Chamba, India, ca.1910

description: “Hindu Tempes, Chamba.” External view of several stone temple buildings. Chamba is known for its temples, both in the Bharmour area east of the city and the various temples located in the city itself. The temple pictured here is possibly the Lakshmi Narayan temple, which was built in the 10th century. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture, and was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79604
title: Kindergarten School, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: At Play" External view with young indigenous children playing out in the grass under the supervision of their teacher. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. In April of 1900, the first day-school was opened for children. The Church of Scotland then assumed control of the Mission in 190.1 By March 1926, The Alliance High School for older boys was established, principled by Mr G.A. Grieve. Crops were grown (maize, beans and sweet potatoes) in part to provide foods for the school children. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79028
title: Temples, Chamba, India, ca.1910

description: “The Temples, Chamba.” External view of several stone temple buildings. Chamba is known for its temples, both in the Bharmour area east of the city and the various temples located in the city itself. The temple pictured here is possibly the Lakshmi Narayan temple, which was built in the 10th century. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture, and was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79088
title: Sunrise Before a Storm, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Sunrise before a storm, Sialkot, Punjab.” View of sunrise over open field with trees in foreground. Sialkot was a frontier military station, having been annexed by the British in 1849, situated on the fertile plains at the base of the Himalayan range by the Chenab River. When the Church of Scotland chose it as the base for their missionary work in the Punjab in 1857, they sent Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Mutiny that same year. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson, would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Sialkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79664
title: St Cuthbert's Church, Limuru, Kenya, September 1926

description: St Cuthbert's, Limuru. Opened by Rev W.B. Stevenson. Sunday 5th September 1926. Mr Knight presenting Key to Rev Mr Stevenson. [pictured] Dr Arthur. Rev Mr Swann (C.q.E) Rev Joshua Mat[enjura] Rev Mr Orr. Rev Darrel Smith (C.q.E) and Bishop of Mombasa." Exterior view of the church at Limuru with minsters standing outside during the official opening. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79603
title: Kindergarten School, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: [listed from left to right] Teacher, Rev Mr Stevenson, Miss Mowat, Teacher." Group portrait of Rev W.B. Stevenson and teacher Miss Mary Mowat with young school children as they stand in front of school building. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. In April of 1900, the first day-school was opened for children. The Church of Scotland then assumed control of the Mission in 190.1 By March 1926, The Alliance High School for older boys was established, principled by Mr G.A. Grieve. Crops were grown (maize, beans and sweet potatoes) in part to provide foods for the school children. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79081
title: Murray College’s Students, Sialkot, Pakistan, 1912

description: Group portrait of well dressed indigenous men. A sign in front of the men reads “The First Third Year Class 1912 Murray College”. Murray College was opened in 1889 by Dr. Youngson and taught languages, sciences, math, history, and gospel subjects. The college, originally known as the Scottish Mission College, was nationalised by the Pakistan Government in 1972.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79610
title: Brick-making Machine, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Brick- making Machine". Interior view of workshop with young men working with the machinery, as one shovels material in preparation for brick-making. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The Hunter Memorial Hospital was opened in January 1908, making it the first permanent building erected at Kikuyu and by the 6th of January, patients were beginning to be admitted. Smallpox and cases of famine were the most common illnesses. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78925
title: Mission College Class, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Class Sialkot Miss: College Rev G. Waugh and 4 Professors.” Group portrait of several men well dressed men. College students are pictured in the last two rows. Four of the indigenous professors are seated on either side of Rev. Waugh. Rev. George Waugh (1857-1929), ordained and assigned to the Punjab mission in 1890, was principal of the Mission College in Sialkot. The photograph possibly shows one of the classes for the Scottish Mission College, now the Murray College which was nationalised by the Pakistan Government in 1972.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78922
title: Missionaries to the Punjab, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Panjab [Punjab] Mission Group, Dr. Mitford Mitchell’s visit.” Group portrait of several European men and women outside a building. Dr. James R. Mitford Mitchell, ordained in 1862, was the Convener of the General Assembly’s Colonial Committee from 1898-1909. He was later made Moderator of the General Assembly in 1907. Also pictured (with long beard in back row) is Rev. John Youngson, ordained 1875 and a leading figure in the Punjab mission. Sialkot was a frontier military station, having been annexed by the British in 1849, situated on the fertile plains at the base of the Himalayan range by the Chenab River. When the Church of Scotland chose it as the base for their missionary work in the Punjab in 1857, they sent Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Mutiny that same year. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson, would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Sialkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78869
title: Pangwal Hill People, Punjab, India, ca.1900

description: Group portrait of indigenous people from the Himalayan area of Chamba. There are several rows with the women at the front, they are all wearing traditional dress and the women wear highly decorative jewellery and small caps. They are Pangwals from the Pangi Valley which lies in the north of Himachal Pradesh and is normally isolated for several months over the winter. ❧ The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture after the committee of the India Mission turned down his offer of work. When Ferguson retired he handed the mission over to the Church of Scotland. Dr Hutchison took over the running of the Chamba district, in 1873, from William Ferguson and remained there until his death in 1936. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments. ❧ Chamba was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79674
title: Kenya Mission Council, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Kenya Mission Council. Mr Cromack, Dr Brown. Mr Barlow. Mr Dickson. Mr Grieve. Rev Dr Philp. Dr Irvine (chairman). Rev W.B. Stevenson (convener FMC). Rev Dr Arthur (Secretary). Miss McMurtrie." Group portrait of missionaries at the site of Kikuyu. Rev Dr Arthur, who is pictured, sat on various councils and served, from 1924-1926, as a representative of African interests on the Legislative Council of Kenya and from 1928-1929 on the Kenyan Executive Council. Arthur was particularly concerned with problems of education, land ownership and labour reforms, and was involved in debates over the practice of female circumcision.The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The Hunter Memorial Hospital was opened in January 1908, making it the first permanent building erected at Kikuyu and by the 6th of January, patients were beginning to be admitted. Smallpox and cases of famine were the most common illnesses. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. In April of the same year, the first day-school was opened for children. By March 1926, The Alliance High School for older boys was established, principled by Mr G.A. Grieve. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78983
title: Gate Close-up, Wazirabad, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “One of the gates of Wazirabad.” External close-up view of large stone gateway. The mission in Wazirabad was established with the arrival of Mohammed Ismail (-1873) who took over the government school in 1863. The town of Wazirabad was founded in 1636 by Shah Jahan (1592-1658) on the banks of the Chenab River and is 45 Kilometres west of Sialkot.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79541
title: Mission buildings, boats, and coconut palms, Anatom, ca.1890

description: “Cocoa Nut Trees.” Exterior view of a beach, probably Aneityum [Anatom], with coconut palms, two modern-style wooden buildings and one thatched tent from which a rowboat is being pulled by men and women.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79077
title: Teachers and Preachers, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Sialkot District teachers and preachers.” Group portrait of large number of indigenous men. Seated in the middle is one European man. ❧ Sialkot was a frontier military station, having been annexed by the British in 1849, situated on the fertile plains at the base of the Himalayan range by the Chenab River. When the Church of Scotland chose it as the base for their missionary work in the Punjab in 1857, they sent Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Mutiny that same year. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson, would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Sialkot and throughout the Punjab. Native evangelists were often at the forefront of the mission expansion and also part of the original group establishing the field
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78924
title: Jai Parkash and Family, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “[Robert?] Hakim Rai—Mr and Mrs Jai Parkash and family Paul.” Group portrait of two men, one with his wife and two children.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78919
title: Street Scene, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1920

description: “Street – Sialkot City.” Exterior view of a busy pedestrian street. ❧ Sialkot was a frontier military station, having been annexed by the British in 1849, situated on the fertile plains at the base of the Himalayan range by the Chenab River. When the Church of Scotland chose it as the base for their missionary work in the Punjab in 1857, they sent Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Mutiny that same year. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson, would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Sialkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79034
title: Pangi Valley Group, Chamba, India, ca.1900

description: “Group, Chamba.” Group portrait of large group of men and women in traditional dress. The group are natives of the Pangi Valley in the northernmost part of the Chamba district. It was known as the ‘Prison House of Chamba’ because of its remoteness and inaccessibility. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78982
title: View from Lower Bridge, Chamba, India, ca.1910

description: “Chamba from Lower Bridge.” View of river running through mountainous landscape, with roads running alongside. The city of Chamba is visible in the background. The river is the Ravi River, which runs through Chamba. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture, and was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79021
title: Funeral Service, Jalalpur, Pakistan, 1907

description: “Jalalpur. Peagan services. 1907. Funeral service before starting with bodies.” View of long line of men standing before bodies. The deaths were caused by a plague epidemic in the area. Jalalpur Jattan is located approximately 10 miles northeast of Gujrat.There are nine principal stations: Sialkot and District, Gujrat, Wazirabad, Daska, Youngsonabad, Jalalpur, Shadiwal, Jammu and Chamba, the latter two in what were independent princely states.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78955
title: Old Chamba, Chamba, India, ca.1910

description: “A bit of Old Chamba.” View of several people sitting outside building. The area is possible a marketplace of some sort. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture. Chamba was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79655
title: Church Members, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Kahoho's Intermediate School, Monday 16th August. Church Members & Scholars." Group portrait of church members standing and seated outside of church building.. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78949
title: Officers’ Monument, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Officers' Monument.” View of large obelisk surrounded by trees. This monument was constructed to honour the soldiers who died in the Battle of Chillianwallah. The Battle of Chillianwallah, fought as part of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, occurred on 13 January 1849. While the battle did not result in a significant military victory for either side, it was considered a victory to Sikh morale that they could withstand a more numerous British force. The names of the fallen officers are preserved at the base of the monument.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78889
title: Mission community, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1890

description: Group portrait of the mission community from Sialkot posed in front of the Hunter Memorial Church. The group are mainly male with a small number of young females and possibly include several indigenous pastors wearing dark jackets. The Church was built in memory of Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Rebellion in 1857. Mr Hunter was the first Church of Scotland missionary to the Punjab and had only arrived in Sialkot that year. ❧ The local community of Hunterpur was established when the Church opened in 1865 when families were settled on surrounding farmland
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78936
title: Hospital Dispensary, Gujrat, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: Interior view of hospital dispensary, most likely that of the Dow Memorial Hospital. Two women staff the counter, and various bottles and containers line the shelves. The Women’s Association for Foreign Missions operated several medical facilities in the Punjab region, including a hospital in both Sialkot, opened in 1901, and Gujrat, opened in 1899. The Dow Memorial Hospital, in Gujrat, was named after Mary Dow, of Montreal, who funded the construction. This hospital specialised in the care of women and children, and also served as a training location for nurses.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78980
title: Old Suspension Bridge, Chamba, India, ca.1910

description: “Old Suspension Bridge.” View of suspension bridge spanning river with hills in the background. The river is the Ravi River, which runs through Chamba. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture, and was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78945
title: High Caste Converts, Gujrat, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “3 High Caste Converts, Gujrat.” Group portrait of three indigenous Christian converts. While the majority of Christian converts in the area came from the low caste or outcaste groups, a significant number came from higher castes. These converts were often well educated and wealthier, although converting to Christianity occasionally meant being disowned by one’s family.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78932
title: Interior Courtyard, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: Exterior view of a compound with brick built buildings and walls. This is possibly the cantonment at Sialkot that was established in 1849 [opened 1852] when the area was annexed by the British after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The Punjab Mission was inaugurated in 1857 under Thomas Hunter (1827-1857), who was murdered during the Sepoy Rebellion of the same year, and is the largest of the Church of Scotland’s Missions in India. There are nine principal stations; Sialkot and District, Gujrat, Wazirabad, Daska, Youngsonabad, Jalalpur, Shadiwal, Jammu and Chamba, the latter two in what were independent princely states.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78990
title: Summer School, Wazirabad, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Summer School, Rev. T.G. Bailey & district workers.” View of Rev. Grahame Bailey (1872-1942), ordained and assigned to Wazirabad 1895, teaching a group of catechists on a porch. The mission in Wazirabad was established with the arrival of Mohammed Ismail (-1873) who took over the government school in 1863. The town of Wazirabad was founded in 1636 by Shah Jahan (1592-1658) on the banks of the Chenab River and is 45 Kilometres west of Sialkot.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79665
title: St Cuthbert's Church, Limuru, Kenya, September 1926

description: St Cuthbert's, Limuru. Opened by Rev W.B Stevenson, Sunday 5th September 1926. Interior" Interior views of the church at Limuru facing towards the altar. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900 ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78981
title: Group of Gaddis, Chamba, India, ca.1910

description: “Group of Gaddis.” Group portrait of indigenous people from the Himalayan area of Chamba. There are three rows consisting of adult males and children and they are all wearing traditional dress. They are representatives of the Gaddis, a mixture of several ethnic groups who inhabited the Dhauladhar mountains. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture, and was an independent princely state before coming under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78890
title: Group portrait at Hunter Memorial Church, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1890

description: Group portrait of the men and boys, from the mission community in Sialkot, posed in front of the Hunter Memorial Church. The Church was built in memory of Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Rebellion in 1857. Mr Hunter was the first Church of Scotland missionary to the Punjab and had only arrived in Sialkot that year. ❧ The local community of Hunterpur was established when the Church opened in 1865 when families were settled on surrounding farmland
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78934
title: Courtyard Buildings, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: Exterior close-up view of a compound with brick built buildings and walls. This is possibly the cantonment at Sialkot that was established in 1849 [opened 1852] when the area was annexed by the British after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The Punjab Mission was inaugurated in 1857 under Thomas Hunter (1827-1857), who was murdered during the Sepoy Rebellion of the same year, and is the largest of the Church of Scotland’s Missions in India. There are nine principal stations; Sialkot and District, Gujrat, Wazirabad, Daska, Youngsonabad, Jalalpur, Shadiwal, Jammu and Chamba, the latter two in what were independent princely states.