DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5776294
title: The Mesozoic terminated in boreal spring

description: <strong>The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction ~66 million years ago (Ma) was triggered by the Chicxulub impact on the present-day Yucatán Peninsula. This event caused the highly selective extinction that eliminated ~76% of species, including all non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ammonites, rudists and most marine reptiles. The timing of the impact and its aftermath have mainly been studied on millennial timescales, leaving the season of the impact unconstrained. By studying fishes that died on the day the Mesozoic ended, we here demonstrate that the impact that caused the K-Pg mass extinction took place during boreal spring. Osteohistology together with stable isotope records of exceptionally preserved perichondral and dermal bones in acipenseriform fishes from the Tanis impact-induced seiche deposits reveal annual cyclicity across the final years of the Cretaceous. Annual life cycles, involving seasonal timing and duration of reproduction, feeding, hibernation, and aestivation, vary strongly across latest Cretaceous biotic clades. We postulate that the timing of the Chicxulub impact in boreal spring and austral autumn significantly influenced selective biotic survival across the K-Pg boundary.</strong> All tomographic data (5 stacks of 6 specimens in total) are available here. The methods through which they were acquired: <strong>Propagation Phase Contrast Synchrotron Radiation Micro Computed Tomography</strong> Paddlefish specimen FAU.DGS.ND.161.4559.T lacks the paddle-shaped rostrum and all aspects caudal to the pectoral girdle. FAU.DGS.ND.161.4559.T was provided by the Palm Beach Museum of Natural History. Data acquisition took place in May 2018 on Beamline BM05 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France. The complete specimen was scanned at an average energy of 132 keV using the white beam of BM05 filtered with 0.4 mm of Mo and 9 mm of Cu. The detector was composed of a 2-mm-thick LuAG:Ce scintillator optically coupled to a PCO edge 4.2 CLHS sCMOS camera. The resulting voxel size was 43.5 µm. In order to obtain sufficient propagation phase contrast, the distance between the sample and the detector was set at 5 m. A total of 205 scans, each consisting of 5000 projections taken at 7 ms intervals, were performed with a vertical displacement of 1.4 mm at a vertical field of view of 2.8 mm to ensure a double scan of the complete samples. Scans were performed in half-acquisition mode to enlarge the lateral field of view. The volume was reconstructed using single-distance phase retrieval algorithm coupled with filtered back projection as implemented in the ESRF software PyHST2. Vertical concatenation, 16-bit conversion, and ring artefact corrections were performed using MATLAB scripts developed in-house. The gill region and impact spherules were subsequently scanned at a voxel size of 13.67 μm (filters: 0.4 mm of Mo and 6 mm of Cu, scintillator: LuAG:Ce, 500 μm thick, detected energy: 166 keV, propagation distance: 2.5 m). The samples were scanned in half-acquisition mode in two columns of 77 scans, each consisting of 4998 projections with exposure times of 0.05 s, that were laterally concatenated after reconstruction. Finally, samples (VUA.GG.2017.X-2724) from the paddlefish dentaries and (VUA.GG.2017.MDX-3, VUA.GG.2017.X-2743M and VUA.GG.2017.X-2744M) sturgeon pectoral fin spines were scanned at 4.35 µm voxel size for osteohistological analysis (filters: 3.5 mm of Al plus 11 bars Al with a diameter of 5 mm, scintillator: LuAG:Ce scintillator, 500 µm thick, detected energy: 92 keV, propagation distance: 1.5 m). The samples were scanned in half-acquisition mode in one single column of 22 scans, each consisting of 4998 projections with exposure times of 60 ms. For more information please see paleo.esrf.eu Please cite the original article:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04446-1