DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10119478
title: Distribution maps of Biosphere and Cryosphere tipping elements

description: This dataset contains a collection of sources that mark the geographical areas of regions/elements/biomes of the Biosphere and the Cryosphere identified as tipping elements on various temporal and spatial scales by the Global Tipping Points Report 2023 (https://global-tipping-points.org) based on:- Armstrong McKay, Sakschewski, Roman-Cuesta et al., In prep.- Winkelmann, Steinert, Armstrong McKay et al., In prep.
Below you find the data sources for the collection of this dataset. Note that the biosphere data sources provide more biomes than listed here, as only those identified as tipping element are selected here. For the full datasets, including non-tipping biomes, please refer to the original sources listed below. 
BIOSPHERE:
1. Ecoregions 2017 biomes: https://ecoregions.appspot.com
Note that only the following biomes were selected: "Tundra", "Tropical & Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests","Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests", "Tropical & Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests", "Boreal Forests/Taiga", "Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests","Temperate Conifer Forests", "Temperate Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands","Tropical & Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands","Flooded Grasslands & Savannas","Montane Grasslands & Shrublands", "Deserts & Xeric Shrublands","Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands & Scrub", "Mangroves".
2. Keith, David A., Ferrer-Paris, Jose R., Nicholson, Emily, ..., Kingsford, Richard T. (2020). Indicative distribution maps for Ecological Functional Groups - Level 3 of IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513; and Keith et al. 2022: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05318-4
Note that only the following biomes were selected: "F2_1_Large_perm_lakes", "F2_2_Small_perm_lakes", "F2_4_Freeze-thaw_lakes", "F2_6_Perm_salt_lakes", "M1_1_Seagrass_meadows", "M1_2_Kelp_forests", "M1_3_Photic_coral_reefs", "M4_2_Marine_aquafarms", "M1_5_Marine_animal_forests". 
CRYOSPHERE:
1. Land permafrost: Obu, Jaroslav; Westermann, Sebastian; Kääb, Andreas; Bartsch, Annett (2018): Ground Temperature Map, 2000-2016, Northern Hemisphere Permafrost. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.888600
2. Subsea permafrost: Overduin, Pier Paul; Schneider von Deimling, Thomas; Miesner, Frederieke; Grigoriev, Mikhail N; Ruppel, Carolyn D; Vasiliev, Alexander; Lantuit, Hugues; Juhls, Bennet; Westermann, Sebastian; Laboor, Sebastian (2020): Submarine Permafrost Map (SuPerMAP), modeled with CryoGrid 2, Circum-Arctic. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.910540
3. Sea Ice: Keith, David A., Ferrer-Paris, Jose R., Nicholson, Emily, ..., Kingsford, Richard T. (2020). Indicative distribution maps for Ecological Functional Groups - Level 3 of IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546513; and Keith et al. 2022: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05318-4
4. Antarctica: Medium resolution vector polygons of the Antarctic coastline (2014) [Data set]. UK Polar Data Centre, Natural Environment Research Council, UK Research & Innovation. https://doi.org/10.5285/ed0a7b70-5adc-4c1e-8d8a-0bb5ee659d18
5. Greenland: Morlighem M. et al., (2017), BedMachine v3: Complete bed topography and ocean bathymetry mapping of Greenland from multi-beam echo sounding combined with mass conservation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, doi:10.1002/2017GL074954
6. Glaciers: RGI Consortium, . (2012). Randolph Glacier Inventory - A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines, Version 2 [Data Set]. Boulder, Colorado USA. National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7265/cc6e-zp12. 
For any questions regarding the dataset, please free feel to contact Norman J. Steinert (nste@norceresearch.no, normanst@ucm.es)