DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2q4r0
title: Data from: What influences the worldwide genetic structure of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)?

description: The interplay of natural selection and genetic drift, influenced by
 geographic isolation, mating systems and population size, determines
 patterns of genetic diversity within species. The sperm whale provides an
 interesting example of a long-lived species with few geographic barriers
 to dispersal. Worldwide mtDNA diversity is relatively low, but highly
 structured among geographic regions and social groups, attributed to
 female philopatry. However, it is unclear whether this female philopatry
 is due to geographic regions or social groups, or how this might vary on a
 worldwide scale. To answer these questions, we combined mtDNA information
 for 1091 previously published samples with 542 newly obtained DNA profiles
 (394-bp mtDNA, sex, 13 microsatellites) including the previously unsampled
 Indian Ocean, and social group information for 541 individuals. We found
 low mtDNA diversity (π = 0.430%) reflecting an expansion event &lt;80
 000 years bp, but strong differentiation by ocean, among regions within
 some oceans, and among social groups. In comparison, microsatellite
 differentiation was low at all levels, presumably due to male-mediated
 gene flow. A hierarchical amova showed that regions were important for
 explaining mtDNA variance in the Indian Ocean, but not Pacific, with
 social group sampling in the Atlantic too limited to include in analyses.
 Social groups were important in partitioning mtDNA and microsatellite
 variance within both oceans. Therefore, both geographic philopatry and
 social philopatry influence genetic structure in the sperm whale, but
 their relative importance differs by sex and ocean, reflecting breeding
 behaviour, geographic features and perhaps a more recent origin of sperm
 whales in the Pacific. By investigating the interplay of evolutionary
 forces operating at different temporal and geographic scales, we show that
 sperm whales are perhaps a unique example of a worldwide population
 expansion followed by rapid assortment due to female social organization.
description: Sperm whale DNA profiles
 and sample informationTab delimited file
 (column names if different from column description are given in
 parentheses) of: sample name (Sample_ID); individual code (Individual_ID);
 latitude; longitude; date/time of sampling in format yyyy-mm-dd:T24:59
 (Date_Time); region with abbreviations as follows: ALD: Aldabras, ATL:
 Atlantic crossing, AUS_SAUS: Australia, BAH: Bahamas, C_ATL: Central
 Atlantic, CNI: Canary Islands, COC: Cocos Island, E_MED: E. Mediterranean,
 GCA: Gulf of California, GPG: Galapagos, IO: Indian Ocean crossing, KR:
 Kiribati, MAL_CHG: Maldives_Chagos, MAU: Mauritius, MED: Mediterranean,
 N_MED: N. Mediterranean, NZ: New Zealand, OR: Oregon, PNG: Papua New
 Guinea, PX: Pacific crossing, SEY: Seychelles, SRI: Sri Lanka (Region);
 Sex with F: female, M: male (Sex); mtDNA 400 bp haplotype as defined in
 Supp. Mat. 1 (Haplotype); 26 columns of microsatellite data with two
 columns per locus containing the first and second allele (columns prefixed
 "L_" followed by locus name); and social group code
 (Occurence_ID). Data provided for Odyssey and stranding samples that
 passed QC. Missing data left blank, except for microsatellite genotypes
 (missing data encoded as '0').Sperm_whale_DNA_profiles_AA_16Aug2014.txt