DOI: 10.17916/p6f59m
title: METHODOLOGY OF HISTORICAL AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH: A RETROSPECTIVE VIEW

description:   This data set represents an analysis of historical and economic
 methods of production management in modern Russia. The need to generalize
 the accumulated theoretical and empirical material, to find new approaches
 to the evaluation of modern production, to study both general and specific
 laws of the process of transforming the structure of social production is
 shown. The features of this process in countries with different levels of
 economic development are studied. Particular attention is paid to the
 dynamics of social production in the postindustrial era, where the
 development of information and communication technologies comes to the
 fore.  
description: The
 methodological basis of the study was the methods of logical and
 statistical analysis, mapping of graphic data, a method of comparing
 scales and comparing the analyzed phenomena and processes in the economic
 reality. Using a set of these methods of scientific knowledge made it
 possible to ensure the reliability of analysis and synthesis results
 obtained in the process of data analysis and to formulate a number of
 author's conclusions applicable in theory and practice. The study was
 conducted using tools and methods of institutional and systemic
 approaches.
description: <strong>Theme 1. THE
 SUBJECT OF THE COURSE. PREFEUDAL ECONOMY</strong> <br> Course subject and
 its meaning. Elements of the history of the economy as a science.
 Periodization of the history of the economy. Functions of the history of
 the economy. Methods of the history of the economy. Early branches of
 human economic activity and division of labour. The main features of the
 primitive communal system. Origin of craft. The appearance of metal tools.
 Decomposition of the primitive communal system. Prerequisites for the
 emergence of socio-economic inequalities in primitive society. General
 characteristics of the slave-owning mode of production. The economy of the
 countries of the Ancient East. Development of agriculture, crafts and
 trade. Characteristic features of ancient slavery. The economy of ancient
 Greek city-states. Features of the economic development of ancient
 Rome.<br>   <strong>Theme 2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE
 PERIOD OF FEUDALISM</strong> <br> General characteristics of the feudal mode of
 production. Basic principles of feudalism. Stages of development of
 feudalism. Natural economy under feudalism. Economy of the Frankish state.
 Agriculture of Western Europe and its features in France, Germany and
 England. Feudal cities as centers of craft and trading activities. Shop
 organization of production. The role of trade in the birth of early
 capitalist relations. Changes in the agricultural economy of Kievan Rus.
 Development of crafts. The origin of commodity-money relations. Foreign
 trade relations of Kievan Rus. The economy of independent large
 principalities. Influence of the Mongol-Tatar invasion on the economic
 development of the Russian lands. The development of the north-eastern
 lands and the growth of cities. Restoration and development of Russian
 craft. The basic forms of feudal landownership. The economy of the feudal
 fiefdom. Socio-economic reasons for the unification of Russian lands.
 Formation of a local land tenure system. The main features of the feudal
 landlord economy. Turning cities into crafts and trade centres. The
 transformation of craft into small-scale production. The appearance of
 manufactories, their types. The role of the state in the creation of
 manufactories. Structure of foreign trade relations of the state. The
 policy of mercantilism. Essence of economic reforms of   <strong>Theme 3. GENESIS
 OF CAPITALISTIC ECONOMY</strong> <br> Industrial
 development of England. Features of capitalist accumulation. Freedom of
 entrepreneurship. Leadership of England in world industry and trade. The
 transition from manufactory to factory production. Creation of the first
 machines. Railway construction. Structure of the English industry.
 Socio-economic consequences of the industrial revolution. Growth in the
 proportion of urban population. The formation of farm capitalist farms in
 the countryside. The policy of free trade in international trade. London
 as a world financial center. Features of the industrial revolution in
 France and its lag behind England. The industrial and agrarian nature of
 the economy. Small-scale peasant production. Slow development of
 capitalism in agriculture. Types of colonial farming in North America. The
 agrarian nature of the economy. Organization of centralized manufactories.
 Contradictions between the North American colonies and England. The
 creation of the United States and the establishment of capitalist economic
 relations. American way of development of capitalism in agriculture. The
 rapid completion of the industrial revolution. Economic causes and
 consequences of the Civil War in the United States. A significant rise in
 the American economy. <br> <strong>Theme 4. FEATURES OF CAPITALISM
 IN RUSSIA, GERMANY AND JAPAN</strong> <br> The beginning of the
 transition to large-scale machine production. Industrial revolution in
 Russia and its features. Trade, finance and credit. The crisis of serfdom.
 Increasing the agricultural marketability. The origin of capitalist
 relations in agriculture. Basic provisions and significance of the reform
 of 1861. Dissemination of share capital. The main industrial regions of
 the country. Railway construction. Inflow of foreign capital. The
 predominant role of agriculture. Stratification of the peasantry and the
 formation of a market for hired labor. The development of stationary trade
 and commodity exchanges. Growth in foreign trade turnover. Broad
 development of commercial banks. Reforms. Features of imperialism in. The
 emergence of monopolistic associations in industry. The influence of the
 city revolution on the Russian economy. Agrarian reform and its
 importance. The growth of banking monopolies and their association with
 industrial monopolies. Financial capital. Development of trade. The impact
 of World War I on the Russian economy. Change management industry.
 Military-industrial policy. System of special meetings. The food crisis.
 Violation of the functioning of the monetary system. The overthrow of
 tsarism and the economic policy of the provisional government. Crisis
 state of the economy. The economic backwardness of Germany. The germ of
 German industry in the villages. Prussian way of development of capitalism
 in agriculture. Industrial revolution in Germany. Accelerated creation of
 a military-industrial base. Features of the structure of foreign trade in
 Germany. Features of the origin of capitalism in Japan. Inclusion of Japan
 in the world economic system. The growth of industry and trade. Zaibatsu.
 Paternalism. State support of economic development. <br> <strong>Theme
 5. DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD ECONOMY ON THE ABROAD OF THE XIX AND XX
 CENTURIES</strong> <br> Technological progress of the last third of
 the XIX century. The emergence of new industries and the enlargement of
 industrial production. Establishment of joint-stock companies. Export of
 capital. Change in the industrial structure of industry. The emergence of
 new industries. Monopolization of the economies of the leading capitalist
 countries. Creation of industrial and banking monopolies. Education of
 financial capital. Cartels and syndicates as the main form of
 monopolization of the economy. Formation of the world market. Types of
 colonial farming. Features of immigrant colonies. Change in the system of
 exploitation of colonies. Monocultural nature of the economy. The birth of
 the national commercial bourgeoisie in the colonies and dependent
 countries. <br> <strong>Theme 6. FORMATION OF REGULATED
 CAPITALISM</strong> <br> Impact of the First World War on the economy
 of leading foreign states. Economic growth in the US after the First World
 War. Formation of the "consumer society". Causes of the economic
 crisis. The period of the Great Depression in the United States. Falling
 production volumes. The ruin of banks, industrial companies and farms.
 "New Deal" by F. Roosevelt and his results. Keynesianism.
 Banking and financial reform. Public Works. Measures to combat
 overproduction of agricultural products. Change in the role of the state
 in the economy. Economic chaos in Germany after the First World War.
 Hyperinflation. The Dawes Plan. Stabilization of the German economy.
 Economic development of Germany in the years of the Weimar Republic. The
 impact of the global economic crisis on the German economy. Establishment
 of the fascist dictatorship. Militarization of the economy. Development of
 the military industry. Intervention of the state in the economy. Forced
 syndication. Expansion of the public sector of the economy. Preparing for
 war. <br>
 <strong>Theme 7. STATE SOCIALISM IN THE
 USSR</strong> <br> Socio-economic transformation of the
 Bolsheviks. Work control. Nationalization of industry and banks.
 Establishment of a monopoly of foreign trade. The agrarian policy of the
 Soviet government. The economy of the country during the civil war.
 Politics of War Communism. The GOELRO plan. Economics of the USSR during
 the NEP. Replacement of the surplus-deposit for the tax. Concessions.
 Monetary reform. Concentration of NEP. Forcing the pace of
 industrialization. Collectivization. Soviet economy during the first
 five-year plans. The economy of the country during the Great Patriotic War
 and in the period of post-war reconstruction. Economic development in the
 60's and 80's. Economic reforms of the years. Results of the
 post-October development of the economy. Crisis of the
 administrative-command system. Slowdown in the growth rates of key
 economic indicators. <br> <strong>Theme 8. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
 OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN THE XX-TH CENTURY</strong> <br> Economic results of
 the Second World War. US leadership in the global economy. Marshall Plan.
 Strengthening state regulation of the economy. Scientific and
 technological revolution (STR) and structural changes in the economy of
 foreign countries. The economic policy of Charles de Gaulle in France.
 Social market economy and economic reforms of L. Erhard in Germany.
 Postwar industrial development of Japan. General regularities of the
 modern economy of foreign countries. Structural changes. A new quality of
 education and qualification of the workforce. The concept of "human
 relations". Reasons for changing the model of state regulation.
 Strengthening market principles in the economy. "Reaganomics"
 and its results. Economic reforms of the government of M. Thatcher.
 Features of economic development of Japan. New industrial countries.
 Growth of interdependence of national economies. Formation of a single
 world market. International economic integration. <br> <strong>Theme
 9. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF RUSSIAN ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT</strong>
 <br> The collapse of
 the USSR. Necessity of fundamental social and economic transformations.
 Economic reform in the conditions of the formation of an independent state
 - the Russian Federation. Liberalization of prices. Inflation.
 Privatization. Formation of diverse forms of ownership and organizational
 and legal forms of management. Formation of market infrastructure.
 Reforming of agriculture. Creation of financial and industrial groups.
 State budget deficit. The crisis of August 17, 1998. Default. The modern
 stage of economic reforms. Results of social and economic transformations:
 achievements and difficulties. Prospects for Russia's economic
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