DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h70rxwddw
title: Data from: Evolution of multiple sex-chromosomes associated with dynamic genome reshuffling in Leptidea wood-white butterflies

description: Sex chromosome systems tend to be highly conserved and knowledge about
 their evolution typically comes from macroevolutionary inferences. Rapidly
 evolving complex sex chromosome systems represent a rare opportunity to
 study the mechanisms of sex chromosome evolution at unprecedented
 resolution. Three cryptic species of wood white butterflies – Leptidea
 juvernica, L. sinapis, and L. reali – have each a unique set of multiple
 sex chromosomes with 3–4 W and 3–4 Z chromosomes. Using a
 transcriptome-based microarray for comparative genomic hybridization
 (array-CGH) and a library of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones,
 both developed in L. juvernica, we identified Z-linked Leptidea orthologs
 of Bombyx mori genes and mapped them by fluorescence in situ hybridization
 (FISH) with BAC probes on multiple Z chromosomes. In all three species, we
 determined synteny blocks of autosomal origin and reconstructed the
 evolution of multiple sex chromosomes. In addition, we identified
 W-homologs of Z-linked orthologs and characterized their molecular
 differentiation. Our results suggest that the multiple sex chromosome
 system evolved in a common ancestor of these three Leptidea species as a
 result of dynamic genome reshuffling through repeated rearrangements
 between the sex chromosomes and autosomes, including translocations and
 fissions. Thus, the sex chromosome turnover could not play a role in
 reproductive isolation between the Leptidea species studied. However, we
 suggest that subsequent species-specific rearrangements of multiple sex
 chromosomes, along with different rates of neo-W chromosome degeneration
 and significantly increased number of Z-linked genes could accelerate the
 accumulation of genetic incompatibilities between populations and promote
 their divergence resulting in speciation.
description: <strong>README.txt</strong><br> This text file
 contains description of all files associated with this Dryad
 repository.
 <strong>L_juvernica_non_redundant_transcripts.fas</strong><br> This fasta file contains a dataset of 30057 non-redundant transcripts of <em>L. juvernica</em> produced by the EvidentialGene pipeline.  <strong>L_juvernica_HaMStR_orthologs.fas</strong><br> This fasta file contains sequences of 4398 L. juvernica orthologs identified by HaMStR search using the Lepidoptera core ortholog set by Kawahara and Breinholt (2014. Proc. R. Soc. B 281: 20140970). This dataset was used to design the Agilent custom microarray. <strong>L_juvernica_array_design.zip</strong><br> This archive contains design of the Agilent microarray with 37909 probes which was used for array-CGH.  <strong>L_juvernica_CGH_log_ratio_values.csv</strong><br> This tab-delimited file contains results of array-CGH performed in <em>L. juvernica</em>, i.e. log2(M/F) values for four replicas and their mean.  <strong>L_juvernica_linkage_and_chromosome_assignment_in_Bmori_and_Mcinxia.csv</strong><br> This tab-delimited file contains information on linkage of <em>L. juvernica</em> orthologs as determined by array-CGH along with their <em>Bombyx mori</em> and <em>Melitaea cinxia</em> ortholog IDs and chromosome assingments.