DOI: 10.3886/icpsr37369.v1
title: An Evaluation of 24/7 Sobriety Program Implementation, North Dakota, 2001-2015
title: Version 1

description: The 24/7 Sobriety Program was created in South Dakota in 2005 to reduce repeat driving under the influence (DUI) offenses and jail populations, with the idea being to compel DUI defendants to abstain from alcohol and/or drug use for a period of time (Jackley and Long, 2017). The evidence-based program works as a continuous monitoring program where DUI defendants submit to scheduled and/or random testing for controlled substances. If a participant does not appear for testing or tests positive, they are subject to swift, certain, proportional, and consistent sanctions (e.g., immediate short-term incarceration). Compliant participants receive immediate positive feedback. As of March 2017, 24/7 Sobriety programs were authorized in 9 states: South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, Wisconsin, Utah, and Alaska.
In this study, the research team examined the implementation of the 24/7 Sobriety program in South Dakota, Montana, North Dakota, Jacksonville (Duval County), Florida, and Yavapai County, Arizona. The researchers sought to answer questions about the program's mechanics and effectiveness across several states, and to illuminate what aspects of program delivery are central to achieving outcomes that are relevant to criminal justice researchers and practitioners, such as recidivism, public safety, and alternatives to incarceration. This multi-site, mixed-methods evaluation consisted of secondary analysis of administrative program data and arrest records from North Dakota, case studies of pilot programs in Jacksonville and Yavapai County involving stakeholder interviews and on-site observations, and secondary analysis of breathalyzer test results from South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana.
The North Dakota 24/7 Sobriety implementation and outcomes data are a county-by-month panel of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) arrest events compiled from state Department of Transportation reports and a set of variables based on restricted 24/7 Sobriety program data describing program implementation by county in North Dakota from 2008 to 2015, with pre-program arrest data dating back to 2001.
description: The overall project addressed three specific aims:

To determine similarities and differences in characteristics, physical, social, and political constraints, and resulting implementation decisions across 24/7 Sobriety jurisdictions
To establish metrics of successful program implementation, and to estimate the sensitivity of these metrics to differences in implementation across program sites
To document 24/7 Sobriety implementation challenges and how they were addressed
description: The research team devised several complementary but independent sub-projects in this multi-site evaluation study.
<b>North Dakota. </b>To test the impact of 24/7 Sobriety on substance-impaired driving arrests in North Dakota, the research team used a natural experiment design based on the variation across counties in program implementation timing. The state Attorney General's Office provided 24/7 Sobriety program participant data through December 2015. The state Department of Transportation and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) provided county-level arrest records for driving under the influence (DUI) between 2001 and 2015. Additionally, site visits were conducted by the principal investigator to collect information on program rules, processes, and testing site characteristics. 
<b>Jacksonville (Duval County), Florida, and Yavapai County, Arizona. </b>At the time of study, both sites were planning to pilot or had already started a pilot of the 24/7 Sobriety program. In order to study program implementation in both areas, the research team conducted site visits and interviews with key informants. Participant data was also collected from the Jacksonville pilot. The Yavapai pilot was launched in March 2018 and ended in October 2018. The Jacksonville pilot began in November 2014 and was discontinued in December 2017.
<b>Breathalyzer results for multiple states. </b>The research team analyzed preliminary breath test (breathalyzer) results for 24/7 Sobriety participants in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. In addition to the breathalyzer test data, South Dakota site visit data, Montana program-level data, and interview data from Montana stakeholders were collected and/or shared with the research team.
description: The North Dakota arrest records are structured by month/year for each county. Variables included are county, month/year dates, number of driving under the influence (DUI) arrests per month, and program implementation threshold variables (please see the User's Guide for more information on variable construction). There is no differentiation between alcohol and drug-related DUI offenses, as the same state law governs both offense types.
description: Not applicable.
description: Response Rates: Not applicable.
description: Presence of Common Scales: None
description: Not applicable.
description: Datasets: 
DS1: An Evaluation of 24/7 Sobriety Program Implementation, North Dakota, 2001-2015
description: Arrests for driving under the influence (DUI) occurring in North Dakota.. Smallest Geographic Unit: County
description: record abstractsThis collection contains only the North Dakota implementation and arrest outcomes data. No other data were received by ICPSR.