DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rjdfn2zr1
title: Data and Code for: Food distribution, but not market forces, predict behavioral social tolerance in rhesus macaques

description: Social inequality in primates is marked by dominance-based resource
 monopolization. Yet, high-ranking individuals sometimes yield to
 lower-ranking individuals to promote group stability, indicative of
 behavioral social tolerance. Social tolerance is dynamic and is shaped by
 resource availability, group structure, hierarchy steepness, and kinship.
 Increasing social tolerance around resource access may promote group
 stability and improve individual well-being. The multifaceted nature of
 behavioral social tolerance means we still lack a full understanding of
 its temporal, individual, and social drivers and whether modifications in
 resource distribution promote or hinder tolerant behavior in unequal
 societies. We tested whether decentralizing food resources improved
 behavioral social tolerance via two measures: reduced aggression and
 increased co-feeding through the study of a large group of outdoor-housed
 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), a macaque species typified by low social
 tolerance. We assessed whether reduced resource competition and time of
 day influenced co-feeding behavior, and whether investment in grooming
 afforded future social tolerance. We found that, relative to a baseline
 and follow-up period with centralized food resources, distributed
 resources promoted social tolerance, but this was modulated by dominance
 rank. High-ranking individuals may exhibit greater behavioral flexibility
 while low-ranking individuals are afforded increased access to resources
 through reduced competition. We found temporal variation in co-feeding
 behavior with more co-feeding occurring in the afternoon. Lastly, we found
 limited evidence to suggest individuals groomed to afford future
 co-feeding tolerance. Combined, these results suggest that increased
 resource distribution in captive populations could provide a social
 benefit and contribute positively to health and well-being.
description: # Data and Code for: Food distribution, but not market forces, predict
 behavioral social tolerance in rhesus macaques Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.rjdfn2zr1](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rjdfn2zr1) ##
 Description of the data and file structure Four data files and an R
 Notebook used in the publication are included. Each of the two model sets
 has two data files: one for the Fall iteration of the study and one for
 the Spring iteration of the study. ### Files and variables #### File:
 fall_mod1.csv **Description:**  Data file used for Model Set 1: *Temporal
 variation and rank effects in co-feeding and aggression dynamics* Study
 Iteration = Fall ##### Variables * ID: Individual ID * Period: Study
 period (Baseline, Experimental, Followup) * Iteration: Replicate (Fall or
 Spring) * AM_PM: Time of day (AM or PM) * conf_deg: Aggression degree
 centrality * coF_deg: Co-feeding degree centrality * Rank: Dominance rank
 * Sex: Sex (M or F) * Age: Age (Years) * Obs_days: Count of
 individual-level observation days #### File: fall_mod2.csv
 **Description:**  Data file used for Model Set 2: *Social mitigation of
 feeding competition* Study Iteration = Fall ##### Variables * Initiator:
 Initiator ID * Recipient: Recipient ID * Period: Study period * beh_cat:
 Behavioral category (asocial, groom & co-feed, groom only, co-feed
 only) * rank_difference.abs: Absolute rank difference *
 rank_difference.abs.s: Absolute rank difference (scaled) * kinship: Kin or
 not kin #### File: spring_mod1.csv **Description:**  Data file used for
 Model Set 1: *Temporal variation and rank effects in co-feeding and
 aggression dynamics* Study Iteration = Spring ##### Variables * ID:
 Individual ID * Period: Study period (Baseline, Treatment_A, Treatment_B)
 * Iteration: Replicate (Fall or Spring) * AM_PM: Time of day (AM or PM) *
 conf_deg: Aggression degree centrality * coF_deg: Co-feeding degree
 centrality * Rank: Ordinal dominance rank * Sex: Sex (M or F) * Age: Age
 (Years) * Obs_days: Count of individual-level observation days #### File:
 spring_mod2.csv ##### **Description:**  Data file used for Model Set 2:
 *Social mitigation of feeding competition* Study Iteration = Spring #####
 Variables * Initiator: Initiator ID * Recipient: Recipient ID * Period:
 Study period * beh_cat: Behavioral category (asocial, groom & co-feed,
 groom only, co-feed only) * rank_difference.abs: Absolute rank difference
 * rank_difference.abs.s: Absolute rank difference (scaled) * kinship: Kin
 or not kin #### File: social_tolerance.Rmd **Description:**  R Notebook
 containing all R code needed to replicate the statistical analyses
 presented in the publication. Analyses were run using R version 4.4.1 (R
 Core Team, 2024). When loading data files, ensure file paths are included
 in the "read.csv" parentheses or that data files are stored
 alongside the R Notebook and the working directory is set to "source
 file location".