cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cg4c7
title: Data from: Root herbivory indirectly affects above- and belowground community members and directly reduces plant performance

description: 1.There is widespread recognition that above- and below-ground organisms
 are linked through their interactions with host plants that span
 terrestrial subsystems. In addition to direct effects on plants, soil
 organisms such as root herbivores can indirectly alter interactions
 between plants and other community members, with potentially important
 effects on plant growth and fitness. 2. We manipulated root herbivory by
 Acalymma vittatum in Cucumis sativus to determine indirect effects on
 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, leaf herbivory, the leaf pathogen downy
 mildew, and pollinators. We also manipulated pollen receipt by plants to
 determine if root herbivory reduced plant reproduction through changes in
 pollinator visitation. 3. Overall, root herbivory had strong net negative
 effects on plant growth and fitness, with 34% reductions in both leaf and
 fruit production by high root damage levels relative to control, despite
 reduced infection by downy mildew. High root herbivory also reduced floral
 visitation by 39%, apparently due to lower flower production, as flower
 size and scent were unaffected. Above-ground herbivory was not affected by
 root herbivores. 4. Although root herbivory reduced pollinator visits,
 pollen receipt manipulations had no effect on fruit set, indicating that
 reduced pollinator service did not affect plant reproduction. 5.
 Synthesis. Root herbivory had indirect effects on a range of community
 members, including mutualists and antagonists both above- and
 below-ground. Although reduced pathogen infection associated with root
 herbivory would be expected to benefit plants, root herbivory had an
 overall strong negative effect on plant growth and reproduction,
 indicating that direct negative effects over-rode any potential indirect
 benefits.
description: Treatments and field
 dataData were collected in
 2012. Petal length and width measurements are in mm; downy mildew score
 was a 0–5 scale based on the percentage of leaves infected (0 = 0%, 1 =
 1–25%, 2 = 25–50%, 3 = 50–75%, and 4 = 75–100%); flowers_observed is the
 total number of flowers open on days when pollinator surveys took place;
 pieris_proportion_visited and honeybee_proportion_visited are the
 proportion of flowers probed based on the total number of flowers open on
 days when surveys took place; pieris_probeduration and
 honeybee_probeduration are reported in seconds.cuke2012_fielddata.csvArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dataMeasurements reported are the percentage of root intercepts that contained no fungal structures ("none"), hyphae, arbuscules, or vesicles.cuke2012_AMFdata.csvFloral volatiles dataConcentrations of floral volatiles from Cucumis sativus flowers. Values are ng/g/hr. Scores for first three axes of principal components analyses are also included.cuke2012_volatilesdata.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.27vh0
title: Data from: Evidence for sex-specific selection in brain: a case study of the nine-spined stickleback

description: Theory predicts that the sex making greater investments into reproductive
 behaviours demands higher cognitive ability, and as a consequence, larger
 brains or brain parts. Further, the resulting sexual dimorphism can differ
 between populations adapted to different environments, or among
 individuals developing under different environmental conditions. In the
 nine-spine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), males perform nest building,
 courtship, territory defence and parental care, whereas females perform
 mate choice and produce eggs. Also, predation-adapted marine and
 competition-adapted pond populations have diverged in a series of
 ecologically relevant traits, including the level of phenotypic
 plasticity. Here, we studied sexual dimorphism in brain size and
 architecture in nine-spined stickleback from marine and pond populations
 reared in a factorial experiment with predation and food treatments in a
 common garden experiment. Males had relatively larger brains, larger
 telencephala, cerebella and hypothalami (6–16% divergence) than females,
 irrespective of habitat. Females tended to have larger bulbi olfactorii
 than males (13%) in the high food treatment, whereas no such difference
 was found in the low food treatment. The strong sexual dimorphism in brain
 architecture implies that the different reproductive allocation strategies
 (behaviour vs. egg production) select for different investments into the
 costly brains between males and females. The lack of habitat dependence in
 brain sexual dimorphism suggests that the sex-specific selection forces on
 brains differ only negligibly between habitats. Although significance of
 the observed sex-specific brain plasticity in the size of bulbus
 olfactorius remains unclear, it demonstrates the potential for
 sex-specific neural plasticity.
description: Brain measurements of
 nine-spined sticklebacksBrain measurements
 together with population, habitat, sex and treatment
 information.JEB_DRYAD.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.612dg
title: Data from: Energy conserving thermoregulatory patterns and lower disease severity in a bat resistant to the impacts of white-nose syndrome

description: The devastating bat fungal disease, white-nose syndrome (WNS), does not
 appear to affect all species equally. To experimentally determine
 susceptibility differences between species, we exposed hibernating naïve
 little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and big brown bats (Eptesicus
 fuscus) to the fungus that causes WNS, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd).
 After hibernating under identical conditions, Pd lesions were
 significantly more prevalent and more severe in little brown myotis. This
 species difference in pathology correlates with susceptibility to WNS in
 the wild and suggests that survival is related to different host
 physiological responses. We observed another fungal infection, associated
 with neutrophilic inflammation, that was equally present in all bats. This
 suggests that both species are capable of generating a response to cold
 tolerant fungi and that Pd may have evolved mechanisms for evading host
 responses that are effective in at least some bat species. These
 host–pathogen interactions are likely mediated not just by host
 physiological responses, but also by host behavior. Pd-exposed big brown
 bats, the less affected species, spent more time in torpor than did
 control animals, while little brown myotis did not exhibit this change.
 This differential thermoregulatory response to Pd infection by big brown
 bat hosts may allow for a more effective (or less pathological) immune
 response to tissue invasion.
description: MOORE_etal_JCPB_2017_datafordryadData collected from free-ranging bats brought into captivity and experimentally infected with with Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.17g36j4
title: Data from: Legacy effects of land use on soil nitrous oxide emissions in annual crop and perennial grassland ecosystems

description: Land use conversions into and out of agriculture may influence
 soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes for many years. We tested the legacy
 effects of land use on cumulative soil nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes for five
 years following conversion of 22 year-old Conservation Reserve Program
 (CRP) grasslands and conventionally tilled agricultural fields (AGR) to
 continuous no-till corn, switchgrass, and restored prairie. An unconverted
 CRP field served as a reference. We assessed the labile soil C pool of the
 upper 10 cm in 2009 (the conversion year) and in 2014 using short-term
 soil incubations. We also measured in situ soil N2O fluxes biweekly from
 2009 through 2014 using static chambers except when soils were frozen. The
 labile C pool was ~2-fold higher in soils previously in CRP than in those
 formerly in tilled cropland. Five-year cumulative soil N2O emissions were
 ~3-fold higher in the corn system on former CRP than on former cropland
 despite similar fertilization rates (~184 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The lower
 cumulative emissions from corn on former cropland were similar to
 emissions from switchgrass that was fertilized less (~57 kg N ha-1 yr-1),
 regardless of former land use, and lowest emissions were observed from the
 unfertilized restored prairie and reference systems. Findings support the
 hypothesis that soil labile carbon levels modulate the response of soil
 N2O emissions to nitrogen inputs, with soils higher in labile carbon but
 otherwise similar – in this case reflecting land use history – responding
 more strongly to added nitrogen.
description: Land use legacy effects
 on N2O emissionsAll data presented is
 collected at the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) Scale-up
 Experiment of the Michigan State University Kellogg Biological Station
 (KBS) Long-Term Ecological Research site. The file describes short-term
 carbon mineralization rates (0-10 cm; 2009 and 2014), and annual and
 cumulative soil nitrous oxide (N2O-N) fluxes (2010 through 2014) for
 no-till continuous corn, switchgrass and restored prairie systems. Fields
 were converted from Conservation Reserve program (CRP) grasslands and/or
 conventionally tilled corn-soybean rotation row croplands (AGR). Emission
 factors for direct N2O-N emissions for fertilized systems (corn and
 switchgrass) are also presented. See associated ‘Read me’ file for more
 information.abraha_2018_ecoapp_legacy_effects.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m84t0
title: Data from: How chimpanzees integrate sensory information to select figs

description: Figs are keystone resources that sustain chimpanzees when preferred fruits
 are scarce. Many figs retain a green(ish) colour throughout development, a
 pattern that causes chimpanzees to evaluate edibility on the basis of
 achromatic accessory cues. Such behaviour is conspicuous because it
 entails a succession of discrete sensory assessments, including the
 deliberate palpation of individual figs, a task that requires advanced
 visuomotor control. These actions are strongly suggestive of
 domain-specific information processing and decision-making, and they call
 attention to a potential selective force on the origin of advanced manual
 prehension and digital dexterity during primate evolution. To explore this
 concept, we report on the foraging behaviours of chimpanzees and the
 spectral, chemical and mechanical properties of figs, with cutting tests
 revealing ease of fracture in the mouth. By integrating the ability of
 different sensory cues to predict fructose content in a Bayesian updating
 framework, we quantified the amount of information gained when a
 chimpanzee successively observes, palpates and bites the green figs of
 Ficus sansibarica. We found that the cue eliciting ingestion was not
 colour or size, but fig mechanics (including toughness estimates from
 wedge tests), which relays higher-quality information on fructose
 concentrations than colour vision. This result explains why chimpanzees
 evaluate green figs by palpation and dental incision, actions that could
 explain the adaptive origins of advanced manual prehension.
description: Mechanical and chemical
 properties of figs in Kibale National Park, UgandaMechanical and chemical
 properties of figs (Ficus) in the diets of primates inhabiting Kibale
 National Park, Uganda. Further details of the methodology can be found
 here: Lucas PW, Beta T, Darvell BW, Dominy NJ, Essackjee HC, Lee PKD,
 Osorio D, Ramsden L, Yamashita N, Yuen TDB. 2001 Field kit to characterize
 physical, chemical and spatial aspects of potential primate foods. Folia
 Primatol. 72, 11-25. (10.1159/000049914)Dominy_et_al.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vc6p9
title: Data from: Effects of breeder turnover and harvest on group composition and recruitment in a social carnivore

description: 1. Breeder turnover can influence population growth in social carnivores
 through changes to group size, composition, and recruitment. 2. Studies
 that possess detailed group composition data that can provide insights
 about the effects of breeder turnover on groups have generally been
 conducted on species that are not subject to recurrent annual human
 harvest. We wanted to know how breeder turnover affects group composition
 and how harvest, in turn, affects breeder turnover in cooperatively
 breeding gray wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus 1758). 3. We used noninvasive
 genetic sampling at wolf rendezvous sites to construct pedigrees and
 estimate recruitment in groups of wolves before and after harvest in
 Idaho, USA. 4. Turnover of breeding females increased polygamy and
 potential recruits per group by providing breeding opportunities for
 subordinates although resultant group size was unaffected one year after
 the turnover. Breeder turnover had no effect on the number of nonbreeding
 helpers per group. After breeding male turnover, fewer female pups were
 recruited in the new males’ litters. Harvest had no effect on the
 frequency of breeder turnover. 5. We found that breeder turnover led to
 shifts in the reproductive hierarchies within groups and the resulting
 changes to group composition were quite variable and depended on the sex
 of the breeder lost. We hypothesize that nonbreeding females direct help
 away from non-kin female pups to preserve future breeding opportunities
 for themselves. Breeder turnover had marked effects on the breeding
 opportunities of subordinates and the number and sex ratios of subsequent
 litters of pups. Seemingly subtle changes to groups, such as the loss of 1
 individual, can greatly affect group composition, genetic content, and
 short-term population growth when the individual lost is a breeder.
description: Idaho_only_pedigrees_2008_2015Pack composition data for groups analyzed in Ausband et al. JAE 2017S2_wolf_harvest_details_SUPPLEMENTData regarding timing of harvest for some individuals analyzed in Ausband et al JAE 2017
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.584kb
title: Data from: Riverine barriers have little influence on genetic structure of Rattus tanezumi

description: Rivers may hinder population migration and promote genetic differentiation
 of terrestrial animals. Most studies testing the riverine barrier
 hypothesis have yielded positive results, while very few studies do not
 support this hypothesis. In this study, 384 Asian house rats (Rattus
 tanezumi) were collected fromYunnan,China. By combined use of the sequence
 markers of mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (IRBP), we tested the
 influence of five local rivers on the population genetics of R. tanezumi.
 A total of 81 mtDNA haplotypes and 135 IRBP haplotypes were determined,
 and many of which were shared by two or more of the six geographic
 regions. AMOVA analyses showed that most variations happened either within
 populations or among populations, while very few variations (&lt;15%)
 happened among the six geographic regions formed by the five rivers.
 SAMOVA analysis classified the mtDNA sequences into three groups, while no
 genetic differentiation was detected on IRBP. Our results concluded that
 riverine barriers in the study area have little inﬂuence on the genetic
 structure of R. tanezumi.
description: File S1-4 and Table
 S1supplementary.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cq2kh
title: Data from: Mutualism between co-introduced species facilitates invasion and alters plant community structure

description: Generalized mutualisms are often predicted to be resilient to changes in
 partner identity. Variation in mutualism-related traits between native and
 invasive species however, can exacerbate the spread of invasive species
 (‘invasional meltdown’) if invasive partners strongly interact. Here we
 show how invasion by a seed-dispersing ant (Myrmica rubra) promotes
 recruitment of a co-introduced invasive over native ant-dispersed
 (myrmecochorous) plants. We created experimental communities of invasive
 (M. rubra) or native ants (Aphaenogaster rudis) and invasive and native
 plants and measured seed dispersal and plant recruitment. In our
 mesocosms, and in laboratory and field trials, M. rubra acted as a
 superior seed disperser relative to the native ant. By contrast, previous
 studies have found that invasive ants are often poor seed dispersers
 compared with native ants. Despite belonging to the same behavioural
 guild, seed-dispersing ants were not functionally redundant. Instead,
 native and invasive ants had strongly divergent effects on plant
 communities: the invasive plant dominated in the presence of the invasive
 ant and the native plants dominated in the presence of the native ant.
 Community changes were not due to preferences for coevolved partners:
 variation in functional traits of linked partners drove differences. Here,
 we show that strongly interacting introduced mutualists can be major
 drivers of ecological change.
description: <strong>Proc B Dryad_mesocosm dispersal
 data</strong>: The number of dispersed seeds in mesocosms for four
 plant species under different ant treatments: (AR = single colony of
 native ant, MR = single colony of invasive ant, ARAR and MRMR double
 colonies of either species, NOANTS controls.
 <strong>Proc B Dryad_mesocosm recruitment:</strong>
 Plant recruitment of four plant species in mesocosms with different ant
 treatments. <strong>Prior et al. 2015_Field
 dispersal data</strong> <strong>Prior et
 al. 2015_Lab dispersal data</strong>
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gm0cb
title: Data from: Background complexity and the detectability of camouflaged targets by birds and humans

description: Remaining undetected is often key to survival, and camouflage is a
 widespread solution. However, extrinsic to the animal itself, the
 complexity of the background may be important. This has been shown in
 laboratory experiments using artificially patterned prey and backgrounds,
 but the mechanism remains obscure (not least because ‘complexity’ is a
 multifaceted concept). In this study, we determined the best predictors of
 detection by wild birds and human participants searching for the same
 cryptic targets on trees in the field. We compared detection success to
 metrics of background complexity and ‘visual clutter’ adapted from the
 human visual salience literature. For both birds and humans, the factor
 that explained most of the variation in detectability was the textural
 complexity of the tree bark as measured by a metric of feature congestion
 (specifically, many nearby edges in the background). For birds, this
 swamped any effects of colour match to the local surroundings, although
 for humans, local luminance disparities between the target and tree became
 important. For both taxa, a more abstract measure of complexity, entropy,
 was a poorer predictor. Our results point to the common features of
 background complexity that affect visual search in birds and humans, and
 how to quantify them.
description: Background complexity
 and the detectability of camouflaged targets by birds and
 humansRaw data of the
 experimentraw_data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.77220
title: Data from: Exaggerated male genitalia intensifies interspecific reproductive interference by damaging heterospecific female genitalia

description: Male–male competition over fertilization can select for harmful male
 genital structures that reduce the fitness of their mates, if the
 structures increase the male's fertilization success. During
 secondary contact between two allopatrically formed, closely related
 species, harmful male genitalia may also reduce the fitness of
 heterospecific females given interspecific copulation. We performed a
 laboratory experiment to determine whether the extent of genital spine
 exaggeration in Callosobruchus chinensis males affects the fitness of C.
 maculatus females by injuring their reproductive organs. We found that
 males with more exaggerated genital spines were more likely to injure the
 females via interspecific copulation and that the genital injury
 translated into fecundity loss. Thus, as predicted, reproductive
 interference by C. chinensis males on C. maculatus females is mediated by
 exaggeration of the genital spine, which is the evolutionary consequence
 of intraspecific male–male competition. Harmful male traits, such as
 genital spines, might generally affect the extent of interaction between
 closely related species.
description: Kyogoku&Sota(2015)JEBThe data was produced by the laboratory experiment, in which C. chinensis males with various genital morphology interfered with the reproduction of C. maculatus females through interspecific copulation, which does not result in hybridization. The table includes the strain of the C. chinensis males, C. maculatus female fecundity and elytral length, the occurrence of externally identifiable genital injury in C. maculatus females, and morphological dimensions of the genitalia of C. chinensis males.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ft80s9n
title: Data from: Underlying mechanisms and ecological context of variation in exploratory behavior of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile

description: Uncovering how and why animals explore their environment is fundamental
 for understanding population dynamics, the spread of invasive species,
 species interactions, etc. In social animals, individuals within a group
 can vary in their exploratory behavior, and the behavioral composition of
 the group can determine its collective success. Workers of the invasive
 Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) exhibit individual variation in
 exploratory behavior, which affects the colony’s collective nest selection
 behavior. Here, we examine the mechanisms underlying this behavioral
 variation in exploratory behavior and determine its implications for the
 ecology of this species. We first establish that individual variation in
 exploratory behavior is repeatable and consistent across situations. We
 then show a relationship between exploratory behavior and the expression
 of genes that have been previously linked with other behaviors in social
 insects. Specifically, we found a negative relationship between
 exploratory behavior and the expression of the foraging (Lhfor) gene.
 Finally, we determine how colonies allocate exploratory individuals in
 natural conditions. We found that ants from inside the nest are the least
 exploratory individuals, whereas workers on newly formed foraging trails
 are the most exploratory individuals. Furthermore, we found temporal
 differences throughout the year: in early-mid spring, when new resources
 emerge, workers are more exploratory than at the end of winter,
 potentially allowing the colony to find and exploit new resources. These
 findings reveal the importance of individual variation in behavior for the
 ecology of social animals.
description: all consolidated data
 for DryadSee sheet labeled
 'Readme'