cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.98sf7m0hx
title: Eastern Canada Flocks: Images and manually annotated bird positions

description: The Eastern Canada (ECA) Flocks data set consists of manually annotated
 Images from the Common Eider (COEI, Somateria mollissima) Winter Survey
 and the Greater Snow Geese (GSGO, Anser caerulescens atlanticus) Spring
 Survey. The images were taken in Eastern Canada using fixed-wing aircraft
 and manually annotated with ImageJ’s Cell counter plugins. We selected and
 annotated the ECA Flocks images in order to test the precision of the
 CountEm flock size estimation method. ECA Flocks includes 179 COEI and 99
 GSGO single flock images. We cut each image manually to a rectangle that
 excluded large parts of the image with no birds. Both versions (original
 and cut) of each image are available in the data set. We manually
 annotated 637,555 (124,309 COEI and 514,235 GSGO) bird positions in the
 cut images from both surveys. Each bird has an associated “Type” which
 refers to species and/or sex. Sex identification was only possible for
 adult common eiders since females and immature males are brown birds
 whereas adult males have mainly white plumage. 64,484 male and 58,029
 females were identified in the COEI images, as well as 1796 birds of other
 species. 504,891 Snow Geese and 9344 birds of other species were labeled
 in the GSGO images. A .csv file including all annotated bird positions and
 types is available for each image. The COEI and GSGO photos of the ECA
 Flocks data set were taken in the years 2006 and 2018 and 2016-2018
 respectively. We selected these photos in order to include images with
 different quality and resolution. COEI and GSGO flock sizes range from 6
 to 4,154 and from 43 to 36, 241 respectively. There is high variability in
 light conditions, backgrounds, number and spatial arrangement of birds
 across the images. The data set is therefore potentially useful to test
 the precision of methods for analyzing imagery to estimate the abundance
 of animals by directly detecting, identifying and counting individuals.
description: See ECA_Flocks_README.txt
DOI: 10.48689/nqtw-q969
title: Tidal Energy Areas of Interest along the coast of British Columbia
DOI: 10.48689/js0a-q390
title: Tidal Flats (North Vancouver)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f13
title: Different pollination approaches to compare the seed set of diploid and tetraploid red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

description: In red clover seed production, low seed yield is limiting the commercial
 exploitation of tetraploid red clover. To explore if pollination is the
 limiting factor for the seed yield in tetraploid red clover, we
 investigated pollinator behaviour and plant reproductive success in
 diploid (2x) cultivar ‘Rajah’ and tetraploid (4x) cultivar ‘Amos’ using
 honey bee and hand pollination approaches. We measured the seed set at the
 flower head level with the increasing visitation rate in honey bees (one
 bee, two bees and open pollination) and pollen diversity (one and two
 pollen donors) in hand pollination. We found no difference in honey bee
 pollination behaviour (visitation rate) between the diploid and tetraploid
 red clover. Surprisingly, the seed set in two bees was significantly lower
 than that of one bee in ‘Rajah’. We suggest that honey bees prefer to
 visit already tripped florets or to visit fewer florets due to scent marks
 left by the previous honey bees. In open pollination, seed number
 per flower head in ‘Amos’ (on average 11) was half of the ‘Rajah’ (on
 average 20). Seed set in ‘Amos’ was lower than 50% of the ‘Rajah’ in honey
 bee (one bee treatment) and hand pollination (one and two pollen donors
 treatments). There were no differences in stigma receptivity whereas
 pollen viability in ‘Amos’ was lower than ‘Rajah’ after the peak pollen
 viability was reached (six days after the onset of flowering). We suggest
 that the fertility problems such as low pollen viability may be the reason
 for the low seed set in tetraploid red clover. This conclusion should be
 verified by investigating other fertility traits during the ovary, embryo
 and seed development with a broader range of diploid and tetraploid
 cultivars.
DOI: 10.48689/76sp-ep94
title: Timber licenses
DOI: 10.48689/348h-xy86
title: Time Series of the ENSO Precipitation Index (ESPI)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.44j0zpcdc
title: Microbiota associated with echinoid eggs and the implications for maternal provisioning

description: Mothers impact the survival and performance of their offspring through the
 resources they provision, and the degree of maternal investment in an
 individual offspring can be broadly estimated by egg size for organisms
 that lack parental care. Animals may also actively maintain symbiotic
 partnerships with microorganisms through the germ line, but whether
 microbes are a fundamental component of maternal provisioning is an
 untested hypothesis in evolutionary symbiosis. We present a preliminary
 test of this by comparing the egg-associated microbiota of 10 sea urchin
 species with ecological factors known to influence egg size. We found that
 the microbiota associated with sea urchin eggs had a phylogenetic signal
 in both composition and richness, which varied between years but not
 between individuals or within a clutch. Moreover, we found a negative
 correlation between microbiome richness and taxonomic dominance, and that
 community diversity covaried with egg size and energetic content but not
 with pelagic larval duration or latitude. These data suggest that there
 are multiple parallels between the ecological factors that govern changes
 in egg size and microbiome composition and diversity, implying that
 microbial symbionts may be another constituent potentially provided by the
 mother.
DOI: 10.48689/m0er-8e59
title: Top of Bank (Squamish)
DOI: 10.48689/dya9-sb68
title: Total Commercial fishery Sardine Catch (2001-2008)
DOI: 10.48689/j9ss-5d26
title: Total Marine Vegetation Cover (CRD)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p8cz8w9q2
title: Supplemental movies for the analysis of biofilm detachment using a novel rotating-disc rheometry method

description: Supplemental Movie 1: Adapted rotating-disc rheometry measurement. Left
 panel is a recording of the rheometry measurement for an untreated 5 d S.
 gordonii biofilm. Right panel indicates the corresponding torque – angular
 velocity data collection. Individual frames from the time-lapse depicting
 separate biofilm detachment events are displayed in Fig 2. Timestamp is
 indicated in the top left-hand corner (min : s). Playback rate is at 15
 fps. Supplemental Movie 2: Transformed data collection. Left panel is the
 same recording depicted in movie S1. Right panel depicts the corresponding
 torque – angular velocity data that has been linearized and transformed to
 emphasis the changes in torque. Individual frames from the time lapse
 depicting separate biofilm detachment events are displayed in Fig 2.
 Timestamp is indicated in the top left-hand corner (min : s). Playback
 rate is at 15 fps.
DOI: 10.48689/28b7-ew35
title: Tourism and Recreation - Anchorages
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b59
title: Data underlying RSOS-210474: Mitochondrial DNA sequencing of a wet-collection syntype demonstrates the importance of type material as genetic resource for Lantern Shark taxonomy (Chondrichthyes: Etmopteridae)

description: After initial detection of target archival DNA of a 116 year old syntype
 specimen of the Smooth Lanternshark, Etmopterus pusillus in a single
 stranded DNA library, we shotgun-sequenced additional 9 million reads from
 this same DNA library. Sequencing reads were used for extracting
 mitochondrial sequence information for analyses of mitochondrial DNA
 characteristics and reconstruction of the mitochondrial genome. The
 archival DNA is highly fragmented. A total of 4,599 mitochondrial reads
 were available for the genome reconstruction using an iterative mapping
 approach. The resulting genome sequence has a 12 times coverage and a
 length of 16,741 basepairs. All 37 vertebrate mitochondrial loci plus the
 control region were identified and annotated. The mitochondrial NADH2 gene
 was subsequently used to place the syntype haplotype in a network
 comprising multiple E. pusillus samples from various distant localities as
 well as sequences from a morphological similar species, the Shortfin
 Smooth Lantern Shark Etmopterus joungi. Results confirm the almost global
 distribution of E. pusillus and suggest E. joungi to be a junior synonym
 of E. pusillus. As mitochondrial DNA often represents the only available
 reference information in non-model organisms, this study illustrates the
 importance of mitochondrial DNA from an aged, wet-collection type specimen
 for taxonomy.
DOI: 10.48689/ktav-w594
title: Tow Boat Reserves
DOI: 10.48689/67qt-tv87
title: Tow Boat Reserves in British Columbia as of 2007
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xwdbrv1d1
title: Novel integrative modeling of molecules and morphology across evolutionary timescales

description: Evolutionary models account for either population or
 species-level processes, but usually not both. We introduce a new model,
 the FBD-MSC, which makes it possible for the first time to integrate both
 the genealogical and fossilization phenomena, by means of the multispecies
 coalescent (MSC) and the fossilized birth-death (FBD) processes. Using
 this model, we reconstruct the phylogeny representing all extant and many
 fossil Caninae, recovering both the relative and absolute time of
 speciation events. We quantify known inaccuracy issues with divergence
 time estimates using the popular strategy of concatenating molecular
 alignments, and show that the FBD-MSC solves them. Our new integrative
 method and empirical results advance the paradigm and practice of
 probabilistic total evidence analyses in evolutionary biology.
description: The input files contain the dataset and model specifications
 required for FBD-MSC, FBD-concatenation and BD-MSC methods implemented in
 BEAST2 (the msc-fbd-correctness repository contains code and analyses
 verifying the correctness of those methods). The output files of those
 methods are themselves a dataset of samples from the posterior
 distribution of trees and other evolutionary parameters. For our article
 we used the code in the caninae-scripts repository to analyze and
 visualize the output.
DOI: 10.48689/s2gt-7n09
title: Toxic Spills
DOI: 10.48689/zkqv-wc03
title: Trails (Abbotsford)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.69p8cz91q
title: Clinical features in X-linked myotubular myopathy carriers

description: Objective: To characterize the spectrum of clinical features in a cohort
 of X-linked myotubular myopathy (XL-MTM) carriers, including prevalence,
 genetic features, clinical symptoms and signs, as well as associated
 disease burden. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional online
 questionnaire study among XL-MTM carriers. Participants were recruited
 from patient associations, medical centers and registries in the United
 Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands. We used a custom-made questionnaire,
 the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS), the Frenchay Activities Index
 (FAI), the SF-12 Health survey and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).
 Carriers were classified as manifesting or non-manifesting, based on
 self-reported ambulation and muscle weakness. Results: The prevalence of
 manifesting carriers in this study population (n=76) was 51%, subdivided
 into mild (independent ambulation, 39%), moderate (assisted ambulation,
 9%) and severe (wheelchair-dependent, 3%) phenotypes. In addition to
 muscle weakness, manifesting carriers frequently reported fatigue (70%)
 and exercise intolerance (49%). Manifesting carriers scored higher on the
 overall CIS (p = 0.001), the fatigue sub-scale (p &lt; 0.001) and
 least severe pain sub-scale (p = 0.005) than non-manifesting carriers.
 They scored lower on the FAI (p = 0.005) and the physical component of the
 SF-12 Health survey (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of
 manifesting XL-MTM carriers may be higher than currently assumed, most
 having a mild phenotype and a wide variety of
 symptoms. Manifesting carriers are particularly affected by
 fatigue, limitations of daily activities, pain and reduced quality of
 life. Our findings should increase awareness and provide useful
 information for health care providers and future clinical trials.
DOI: 10.48689/wpmv-fm23
title: Trails (Bowen Island)
DOI: 10.48689/746p-te13
title: Trails (CRD)
DOI: 10.48689/zkv0-6p79
title: Trails (Chilliwack)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j9kd51cc0
title: A geographic mosaic of coevolution between Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch) and its host plant tall goldenrod Solidago altissima (L.)

description: A geographic mosaic of coevolution has produced local reciprocal
 adaptation in tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima (L.), and the goldenrod
 ball gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch 1855). The fly is selected to
 induce gall diameters that minimize mortality from natural enemies, and
 the plant is selected to limit gall growth that reduces plant fitness. We
 conducted a double reciprocal transplant experiment where S. altissima and
 E. solidaginis from three sites were grown in gardens at each site to
 partition the gall morphology variation into fly genotype, plant genotype,
 and the environment components. The host plant gall diameter induced by
 each E. solidaginis population was adapted to inhibit local natural
 enemies from ovipositing on or consuming enclosed larvae. Reciprocally,
 increasing the gall size induced by the local fly population increased the
 resistance of the local plant host population to gall growth. Differences
 among sites in natural enemies produced a mosaic of hotspots of
 coevolutionary arms races between flies selecting for greater gall
 diameter and plants for smaller diameters, and coldspots where there is no
 selection on plant or fly for a change in gall diameter. In contrast, the
 geographic variations of gall length and gall shape were not due to
 coevolutionary interactions.
description: Data was collected from reciprocal transplant gardens to measure
 variation in gall morphology.  Galls were collected and dissected in the
 lab.  Only galls that had survivors to the late instar when they were
 attacked were included in the analysis because they must have living
 larvae to reach full gall size.
description: 1.  Mortality codes and identification of gall occupants in read
 me Gall Dissection primer for <em>Eursota
 solidaginis</em>. 2. Description of columns in
 data files in read me files
DOI: 10.48689/cj5f-x043
title: Trails (Courtenay)
DOI: 10.48689/sav2-f829
title: Trails (Langley)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qfttdz0gk
title: Energy pathways modulate the resilience of stream invertebrate communities to drought

description: 1. While climate change is altering ecosystems on a global scale, not all
 ecosystems are responding in the same way. The resilience of ecological
 communities may depend on whether food webs are producer- or
 detritus-based (i.e. “green” or “brown” food webs, respectively), or both
 (i.e. “multi-channel” food web). 2. Food web theory suggests that the
 presence of multiple energy pathways can enhance community stability and
 resilience and may modulate the responses of ecological communities to
 disturbances such as climate change. Despite important advances in food
 web theory, few studies have empirically investigated the resilience of
 ecological communities to climate change stressors in ecosystems with
 different primary energy channels. 3. We conducted a factorial experiment
 using outdoor stream mesocosms to investigate the independent and
 interactive effects of warming and drought on invertebrate communities in
 food webs with different energy channel configurations. Warming had little
 effect on invertebrates, but stream drying negatively impacted total
 invertebrate abundance, biomass, richness, and diversity. 4. Although
 resistance to drying did not differ among energy channel treatments,
 recovery and overall resilience were higher in green mesocosms than in
 mixed and brown mesocosms. Resilience to drying also varied widely among
 taxa, with larger predatory taxa exhibiting lower resilience. 5. Our
 results suggest that the effects of drought on stream communities may vary
 regionally and depend on whether food webs are fueled by autochthonous or
 allochthonous basal resources. Communities inhabiting streams with large
 amounts of organic matter and more complex substrates that provide refugia
 may be more resilient to the loss of surface water than communities
 inhabiting streams with simpler, more homogeneous substrates.
DOI: 10.48689/3mbz-1470
title: Trails (Maple Ridge)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ghx3ffbnm
title: Data from: New information on the Jurassic lepidosauromorph Marmoretta oxoniensis

description: The earliest known crown-group lepidosaurs are known from the Middle
 Triassic, however their stem group is poorly sampled, with only a few
 representative fossils found. This is partly due to the small size and
 delicate bones of early stem-lepidosaurs (=lepidosauromorphs) which make
 both preservation in the fossil record and subsequent discovery less
 likely. The mid Jurassic lepidosauromorph Marmoretta oxoniensis Evans 1991
 is re-examined using high-resolution µCT scanning to reveal parts of the
 skull anatomy that were previously unknown. These include a squamosal,
 postorbital, more complete parietal, pterygoids, and an articulated
 posterior section of the mandible. Some differences between this and other
 Marmoretta specimens were identified as a result, such as the arrangement
 of palatal teeth and the shape of the parabasisphenoid. The status of
 Marmoretta as a stem lepidosaur or stem squamate has been debated. To
 evaluate this, we tested the phylogenetic position of Marmoretta by
 including our new data in an adapted phylogenetic character matrix. We
 recover Marmoretta as a stem-lepidosauromorph and sister to Fraxinisaura
 rozynekae. Our findings support the hypothesis that both taxa belonged to
 a clade of non-lepidosaur lepidosauromorphs that co-existed with
 lepidosaurs into the Middle Jurassic.
DOI: 10.48689/b436-3x71
title: Trails (Nanaimo)
DOI: 10.48689/61c8-0y57
title: Trails (Saanich)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3tx95x6fx
title: Emission rates of species-specific volatiles vary across communities of Clarkia species: evidence for multi-modal character displacement

description: A current frontier of character displacement research is to determine if
 displacement occurs via multiple phenotypic pathways and varies across
 communities with different species compositions. Here, we conducted the
 first test for context-dependent character displacement in multi-modal
 floral signals by analyzing variation in floral scent in a system that
 exhibits character displacement in flower size, and that has multiple
 types of sympatric communities. In a greenhouse common garden experiment,
 we measured quantitative variation in volatile emission rates of the
 progeny of two species of Clarkia from replicated
 parental communities that contain one, two, or
 four Clarkia species. The first two axes of a
 constrained correspondence analysis, which explained 24 percent of the
 total variation in floral scent, separated the species and community
 types, respectively. Of the 23 compounds that were significantly
 correlated with these axes, nine showed patterns consistent with character
 displacement. Two compounds produced primarily by C.
 unguiculata and two compounds produced primarily by C.
 cylindrica were emitted in higher amounts in sympatry. Character
 displacement in some volatiles varied across sympatric parental
 communities and occurred in parallel with displacement in flower size,
 demonstrating that this evolutionary process can be context-dependent and
 may occur through multiple pathways. 
description: All procedures for data collection and processing are listed in
 the manuscript. All scripts used to analyze the data are available on
 GitHub (https://github.com/kate-eisen/clarkia-scent/) and Zenodo
 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4623613).
description: File_structure.txt describes which files relate to which
 analyses. Column_descriptions.csv contains the units and any notes
 relevant to each column in each data file.
DOI: 10.48689/g43t-d838
title: Trails (Squamish)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d2547d82g
title: Demographics for all four breeds of broiler chickens

description: In 2018, over nine billion chickens were slaughtered in the United States.
 As the demand for chickens increases, so too have concerns regarding the
 welfare of the chickens in these systems and the damage such practices
 cause to the surrounding ecosystems. To address welfare concerns, there is
 large-scale interest in raising chickens on pasture and switching to
 slower-growing, higher-welfare breeds as soon as 2024. We created a box
 model of US chicken demographics to characterize aggregate broiler chicken
 welfare and land use consequences at the country scale for US shifts to
 slower-growing chickens, housing with outdoor access, and pasture
 management. The US produces roughly 20 million metric tons of chicken meat
 annually. Maintaining this level of consumption entirely with a
 slower-growing breed would require a 44.6%–86.8% larger population of
 chickens and a 19.2% – 27.2% higher annual slaughter rate, relative to the
 current demographics of primarily “Ross 308” chickens that are slaughtered
 at a rate of 9.25 billion per year. Generating this quantity of
 slower-growing breeds in conventional concentrated animal feeding
 operations (CAFO) would require 90,582-98,687 km2, an increase of
 19.9-30.6% over the 75,577 km2 of land used for current production of Ross
 308. Housing slower-growing breeds on pasture, the more individually
 welfare-friendly option, would require 108,642-121,019 km2, a 43.8-60.1%
 increase over current land use. Allowing slower-growing breeds occasional
 outdoor access is an intermediate approach that would require
 90,691-98,811 km2, an increase of 20-30.7% of the current land use, a very
 minor increase of land relative to managing slower-growing breeds in
 CAFOs.  In sum, without a drastic reduction in consumption,
 switching to alternative breeds will lead to a substantial increase in the
 number of individuals killed each year, an untenable increase in land use,
 and a possible decrease in aggregate chicken welfare at the country-level
 scale. Pasture-based management requires substantial additional land use.
 These results demonstrate constraints and trade-offs in animal welfare,
 environmental conservation, and food animal consumption, while
 highlighting opportunities for policies to mitigate impacts in an
 integrated manner using a One Health approach.
DOI: 10.48689/mdc6-h453
title: Trails (Sunshine Coast Regional District)
DOI: 10.48689/syhy-m345
title: Traplines of British Columbia (2011 ongoing)
DOI: 10.48689/xsf7-7m27
title: Tree Cutting Permit Areas (Sunshine Coast Regional District)
DOI: 10.48689/qz31-d564
title: Trumpeter Swan Sightings
DOI: 10.48689/vzr1-ft94
title: Trumpeter Swan Winter Surveys