cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.3535/jgw-tzj-acb
title: Asplenium difforme R. Br.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/lk7-rwh-wej
title: Poa bulbosa L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/dpq-16e-63b
title: Lupinus velutinus Benth.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/r0k-p9k-vwc
title: Asplenium radicans L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ye0-0ng-ma7
title: Lupinus decurrens Gardner

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/rlh-v4g-w33
title: Ladenbergia graciliflora K.Schum.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/y8r-eyt-nc5
title: Aethionema saxatile (L.) W. T. Aiton

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/c9a-sxw-6t2
title: Poa sintenisii H.Lindb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/fck-qf2-m8c
title: Mniodendron dendroides (Brid.) Wijk & Margad.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/00z-d9g-6p7
title: Coccocypselum capitatum (Graham) C.B.Costa & Mamede

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/gra-9tt-dy5
title: Peperomia brittonii C. DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/m6v-0y6-tjd
title: Coccocypselum capitatum (Graham) C.B.Costa & Mamede

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/46l-mem-l2a
title: Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/p9x-llb-aqt
title: Eriosema campestre var. macrophyllum (Grear) Fortunato

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ezl-76e-170
title: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/l36-xb4-26x
title: Crucianella gilanica subsp. kotschyi (Ehrend.) Ehrend.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/e7f-baz-cqt
title: Loxostylis alata Spreng. ex Rchb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/y39-mld-nyk
title: Spermacoce argentea (Cham.) Kuntze

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/yf3-lkw-hk7
title: Metzgeria leptoneura Spruce

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/zrv-sf1-52t
title: Eriosema crinitum (Kunth) G.Don

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/0tb-4z2-9nq
title: Byrsonima variabilis A. Juss.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/dxq-2kg-9v3
title: Solanum lanceolatum Cav.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/evp-t7q-ck5
title: Hexasepalum apiculatum (Willd.) Delprete & J.H.Kirkbr.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ark-17l-4kb
title: Eriosema heterophyllum Benth.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/l2e-s0s-qzm
title: Spermacoce multiflora (DC.) Delprete

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/6ht-nwd-s9w
title: Parapolystichum effusum subsp. effusum

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/b84-f5w-9q8
title: Dactylis glomerata subsp. lobata (Drejer) H.Lindb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/jtp-5xd-raw
title: Witheringia solanacea L'Hér.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/zgz-tvf-fh1
title: Forsteronia mollis Rusby

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/hk4-d0s-77j
title: Eriosema longifolium Benth.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/kr3-l7g-gsj
title: Galianthe hispidula (A.Rich. ex DC.) E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/0xr-g86-h3d
title: Sabicea boliviensis Wernham

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ll8-9ed-27b
title: Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzki

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/cmx-qbc-3af
title: Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/pf9-xg5-h06
title: Schizocalyx cuspidatus (A.St.-Hil.) Kainul. & B.Bremer

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/8bq-gdd-9nz
title: Manettia pedunculata (Spreng.) K.Schum.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/88w-x4y-c24
title: Stereophyllum Mitt.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/xz4-4ke-ebt
title: Melanopsidium nigrum Colla

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ce9-1pd-x7k
title: Desmodium incanum (Sw.) DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/kcl-qr0-qp1
title: Bathysa mendoncae K.Schum.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/0ab-vb1-t1x
title: Crucianella gilanica subsp. kotschyi (Ehrend.) Ehrend.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/her-yzq-la9
title: Chomelia obtusa Cham. & Schltdl.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/6fn-m2s-7c8
title: Clinopodium nepeta subsp. spruneri (Boiss.) Bartolucci & F.Conti

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/zkv-j7q-249
title: Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.u8w4w9
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 38183 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Gastropoda)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1980",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Geometry POLYGON((-90 -30,-60 -30,-60 0,-90 0,-90 -30))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 38183 records from 82 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0012702-251009101135966/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.726jsy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2130 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((72.74146 36.839,72.81472 36.62359,72.9514 36.60938,73.04544 36.73184,73.12526 36.74934,73.26084 36.76027,73.34941 36.81604,73.4839 36.81713,73.63698 36.83025,73.73102 36.8554,73.81412 36.92101,73.91253 37.01614,73.86989 37.06315,73.82615 37.10798,73.7179 37.12439,73.6184 37.15391,73.41611 37.12767,73.22585 37.13641,73.12088 37.14953,73.02029 37.155,72.78739 37.1386,72.73271 37.12111,72.6682 37.10252,72.63868 37.04457,72.64852 36.91445,72.74146 36.839))",
 "TaxonKey is Plantae"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2130 records from 26 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0012703-251009101135966/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.57903/uj/erivak
title: Investigation into the Utility of Visible‐Light‐Initiated Decarboxylative Radical Addition of Amino Acids to Alkenes, With Applications in the Synthesis of Alkaloid Scaffolds - replication data
title: Badanie użyteczności inicjowanej światłem widzialnym rodnikowej dekarboksylacji aminokwasów i addycji do alkenów w syntezie struktur alkaloidów - dane badawcze

description: The deposited files contain the raw data from the 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, 2D NMR, HRMS and IR spectroscopic analyses of the synthesised compounds, catalysts and reactants.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15070929
title: AI-Ready Large-Scale Student Performance Dataset: Quiz Assessments, Bloom's Taxonomy & ML Applications

description: 📊 Dataset Overview

This large-scale dataset captures student performance (426,003 data points) from 91 B.Ed (Bachelor of Education) students enrolled in a foundational Computer Literacy course during the Fall 2023 semester in Pakistan. The students typically had English as a secondary language and were encountering formal computer literacy concepts for the first time.

The dataset includes detailed, anonymized student responses to 23 quizzes, each comprising 40 multiple-choice questions (MCQs). It features:



 ✅ Correct/incorrect answers for each question attempt.

 🧠 Bloom’s Taxonomy cognitive levels (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, etc.) tagged for each question.

⏱️ Timestamps for analyzing time-based performance patterns.

 🔄 Data on both timed assessments and practice quizzes with multiple reattempts allowed.

🔢 Topic identifiers for each question.




📊 Dataset Details






Participants: 91 B.Ed Students (Semester 2)

Course: Computer Literacy

Collection Period: September 2023 - December 2023

Number of Quizzes: 23

Questions per Quiz: 40 MCQs

Total Questions (Unique): 971

Total Data Points: 426,003 individual question attempts/records

Assessment Types: Includes both timed quizzes and untimed practice quizzes allowing reattempts.



📄 Documentation

Please refer to the included README file (README.md) for a complete data dictionary, detailed methodology, potential research applications, and citation guidelines. 

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15070930
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15070930
title: AI-Ready Large-Scale Student Performance Dataset: Quiz Assessments, Bloom's Taxonomy & ML Applications

description: 📊 Dataset Overview

This large-scale dataset captures student performance (426,003 data points) from 91 B.Ed (Bachelor of Education) students enrolled in a foundational Computer Literacy course during the Fall 2023 semester in Pakistan. The students typically had English as a secondary language and were encountering formal computer literacy concepts for the first time.

The dataset includes detailed, anonymized student responses to 23 quizzes, each comprising 40 multiple-choice questions (MCQs). It features:



 ✅ Correct/incorrect answers for each question attempt.

 🧠 Bloom’s Taxonomy cognitive levels (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, etc.) tagged for each question.

⏱️ Timestamps for analyzing time-based performance patterns.

 🔄 Data on both timed assessments and practice quizzes with multiple reattempts allowed.

🔢 Topic identifiers for each question.




📊 Dataset Details






Participants: 91 B.Ed Students (Semester 2)

Course: Computer Literacy

Collection Period: September 2023 - December 2023

Number of Quizzes: 23

Questions per Quiz: 40 MCQs

Total Questions (Unique): 971

Total Data Points: 426,003 individual question attempts/records

Assessment Types: Includes both timed quizzes and untimed practice quizzes allowing reattempts.



📄 Documentation

Please refer to the included README file (README.md) for a complete data dictionary, detailed methodology, potential research applications, and citation guidelines. 

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15070930
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20825
title: Nude woman sitting with artificially induced convulsions

description: Nude woman sitting with artificially induced convulsions. This is plate 545, captioned "Artificially induced convulsions, sitting" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20855
title: Nude man with locomotor ataxia walking

description: Nude man with locomotor ataxia walking. This is plate 546, captioned "Locomotor ataxia, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20861
title: Nude man with locomotor ataxia walking

description: Nude man with locomotor ataxia walking. This is plate 546, captioned "Locomotor ataxia, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18126170
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: Lepidoptera data based on UPNG Insect Collection.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Lepidoptera data based on UPNG Insect Collection". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/b3240673-2c22-486c-bb81-0985b19a70d2 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/b3240673-2c22-486c-bb81-0985b19a70d2. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18695821
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: Lepidoptera data based on UPNG Insect Collection.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Lepidoptera data based on UPNG Insect Collection". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/b3240673-2c22-486c-bb81-0985b19a70d2 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/b3240673-2c22-486c-bb81-0985b19a70d2. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20865
title: Nude man with locomotor ataxia walking

description: Nude man with locomotor ataxia walking. This is plate 546, captioned "Locomotor ataxia, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.17617/3.gybfo1
title: The Response of Onset and Withdrawal of the Indian Summer Monsoon to Volcanic Aerosols

description: This is a repository of the data and code used in the study 'The Response of Onset and Withdrawal of the Indian Summer Monsoon to Volcanic Aerosols'.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20918
title: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking

description: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking. This is plate 548, captioned "Lateral sclerosis, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18695823
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Nevada Herbarium.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Nevada Herbarium". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/b8811bf9-abcf-4600-9245-eda1017c3978 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/b8811bf9-abcf-4600-9245-eda1017c3978. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10510730
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: University of Nevada Herbarium.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "University of Nevada Herbarium". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/b8811bf9-abcf-4600-9245-eda1017c3978 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/b8811bf9-abcf-4600-9245-eda1017c3978. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20927
title: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking

description: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking. This is plate 548, captioned "Lateral sclerosis, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20928
title: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking

description: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking. This is plate 548, captioned "Lateral sclerosis, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20920
title: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking

description: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking. This is plate 548, captioned "Lateral sclerosis, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18126177
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden diversity in the Catharus fuscater (Passeriformes: Turdidae) complex in Central and South America.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden diversity in the Catharus fuscater (Passeriformes: Turdidae) complex in Central and South America". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/b9190aec-ed9f-4c04-8914-daa1913ef189 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/b9190aec-ed9f-4c04-8914-daa1913ef189. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18695824
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden diversity in the Catharus fuscater (Passeriformes: Turdidae) complex in Central and South America.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden diversity in the Catharus fuscater (Passeriformes: Turdidae) complex in Central and South America". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/b9190aec-ed9f-4c04-8914-daa1913ef189 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/b9190aec-ed9f-4c04-8914-daa1913ef189. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20940
title: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking

description: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking. This is plate 548, captioned "Lateral sclerosis, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20936
title: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking

description: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking. This is plate 548, captioned "Lateral sclerosis, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18126181
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: Cicadidae types (Hemiptera-Cicadomorpha) housed at the Museo de La Plata entomological collection (Argentina).

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Cicadidae types (Hemiptera-Cicadomorpha) housed at the Museo de La Plata entomological collection (Argentina)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/c4870d2b-9623-4d82-bfb4-a46282be4e7d using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/c4870d2b-9623-4d82-bfb4-a46282be4e7d. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18695827
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: Cicadidae types (Hemiptera-Cicadomorpha) housed at the Museo de La Plata entomological collection (Argentina).

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Cicadidae types (Hemiptera-Cicadomorpha) housed at the Museo de La Plata entomological collection (Argentina)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/c4870d2b-9623-4d82-bfb4-a46282be4e7d using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/c4870d2b-9623-4d82-bfb4-a46282be4e7d. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-20938
title: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking

description: Nude man with lateral sclerosis walking. This is plate 548, captioned "Lateral sclerosis, walking" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-17901
title: Nude man rowing

description: Nude man rowing. This is plate 492, captioned "Rowing" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-17903
title: Nude man rowing

description: Nude man rowing. This is plate 492, captioned "Rowing" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.
DOI: 10.25549/rbm-c58-17895
title: Nude man rowing

description: Nude man rowing. This is plate 492, captioned "Rowing" from Eadweard Muybridge. Animal locomotion: an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements. 1872-1885 / published under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania. Plates. The plates printed by the Photo-Gravure Company. Philadelphia, 1887.