cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.4211/hs.21e2e71b44d542ed92bb5b1e0fe176c4
title: Comprehensive network hydraulic scaling datasets and associated resources (discharge, channel length surveys, watershed metadata, blueline network shapefiles and reference images)

description: Wetted channel networks expand and contract throughout the year. Direct observation of this process can be made by multiple intensive surveys of a catchment throughout the year. Godsey et al. (2014) suggest that the extent of the wetted channel network scales with discharge at the outlet by a power law (L = αQ^β). Using this relationship, we developed a framework to assess variability in the extent of wetted channels as a function of beta, β, and the variability in streamflow, Q (Lapides et al. 2021). This resource includes the empirical basis for the study and data compiled from the literature and maps. 

1 - Channel length survey data (csv files)
2 - Discharge time series data (csv files)
3 - Watershed metadata (csv file)
4 - Blueline network files (pdf, png, and shp files)

This collection includes all watersheds where at least three channel length surveys have been conducted and where a corresponding discharge time series dataset is available. The requirement of a minimum of three channel length surveys stems from the data requirements to find alpha, α, and β for the power law relationship between discharge and stream network length for headwater catchments (Godsey et al. 2014). Data for 14 watersheds worldwide are included, along with watershed metadata, reference maps, shapefiles and a composite of USGS blueline stream network imagery with terrain for watersheds of interest in the United States.  

Methods used to process the datasets or create other assets in this collection are included in the abstracts or additional metadata for each of the four resources listed above. Python code used to process data, compute variables, and create graphics is available at: https://zenodo.org/record/4057320
DOI: 10.4211/hs.5e5bcf43357b4f0b9afe7afa138e383b
title: Comprehensive network hydraulic scaling datasets and associated resources (discharge, channel length surveys, watershed metadata, blueline network shapefiles and reference images)

description: Wetted channel networks expand and contract throughout the year. Direct observation of this process can be made by multiple intensive surveys of a catchment throughout the year. Godsey et al. (2014) suggest that the extent of the wetted channel network scales with discharge at the outlet by a power law (L = αQ^β). Using this relationship, we developed a framework to assess variability in the extent of wetted channels as a function of β and the variability in streamflow Q (Lapides et al., In Review, https://eartharxiv.org/mc6np/). This resource constitutes the empirical basis for that study, a comprehensive dataset compiled from literature including: 

1 - Channel length survey data (csv files)
2 - Discharge time series data (csv files)
3 - Watershed metadata (csv file)
4 - Blueline network files (pdf, png, and shp files)

This collection is comprehensive in that it includes all watersheds where at least three channel length surveys have been conducted and where a corresponding discharge time series dataset is available. The requirement of a minimum of three channel length surveys stems from the data requirements to find α and β for the power law relationship between discharge and stream network length for headwater catchments (Godsey et al., 2014). At present, data for 14 watersheds worldwide are included in the collection along with reference maps, watershed metadata, shapefiles and a composite of USGS blueline stream network imagery with terrain for watersheds of interest in the United States. Notably, this collection brings data from a variety of earth science agencies worldwide into a common, clearly labelled format. 

Methods used to process the datasets or create other assets in this collection are included in the abstracts or additional metadata for each of the four resources listed above. Python code used to process data, compute variables, and create graphics is available at: https://zenodo.org/record/4057320
DOI: 10.4211/hs.137b111c10a84946a184422f74fda8dd
title: Eel River CZO soil properties

description: Water retention curve datasets for soils at the Rivendell hillslope at the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory measured via HYPROP.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.4f5a33d96a004bd496747956c45cae7a
title: (HS 4) Large Extent Spatial Datasets in Maryland

description: This HydroShare resource was created to share large extent spatial (LES) datasets in Maryland on GeoServer (https://geoserver.hydroshare.org/geoserver/web/wicket/bookmarkable/org.geoserver.web.demo.MapPreviewPage) and THREDDS (https://thredds.hydroshare.org/thredds/catalog/hydroshare/resources/catalog.html).

Users can access the uploaded LES datasets on HydroShare-GeoServer and THREDDS using this HS resource id. This resource was created using HS 2.

Then, through the RHESSys workflows, users can subset LES datasets using OWSLib and xarray.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.a2f0d5fd10f14cd189a3465f72cba6f3
title: Dataset for "Evidence for widespread woody plant use of water stored in bedrock"

description: In the past several decades, field studies have shown that woody plants can access substantial volumes of water from the pores and fractures of bedrock. If, like soil moisture, rock moisture serves as an important source of plant-available water, then conceptual paradigms regarding water and carbon cycling may need to be revised to incorporate bedrock properties and processes. Here we present a lower-bound estimate of the contribution of bedrock water storage to transpiration across the continental United States using distributed, publicly available datasets. Temporal and spatial patterns of bedrock water use across the continental United States indicate that woody plants extensively and routinely access rock moisture for transpiration across diverse climates and biomes. Bedrock water access is not confined to extreme drought conditions. On an annual basis in California, the volumes of bedrock water transpiration exceed the volumes of water stored in human-made reservoirs, and woody vegetation that accesses bedrock water accounts for over 50 per cent of the aboveground carbon stocks in the state. Our findings indicate that, like soil moisture, rock moisture is a critical component of terrestrial water and carbon cycling.

CODE AVAILABLE ON GITHUB: https://github.com/erica-mccormick/widespread-bedrock-water-use
FOR MORE INFORMATION, SEE WEBPAGE: https://erica-mccormick.github.io/widespread-bedrock-water-use/
DOI: 10.4211/hs.6227021dde6d4c5bae7ec9630a9bb23d
title: HYSTAR_HP6

description: Distributed, continuous hydrologic models promote better understanding of hydrology and enable integrated hydrologic analyses by providing a more detailed picture of water transport processes across the varying landscape. However, such models are not widely used in routine modeling practices, due in part to the extensive data input requirements, computational demands, and complexity of routing algorithms. HYSATR is a new two-dimensional continuous hydrologic model developed using a time-area method within a grid-based spatial data model with the goal of providing an alternative way to simulate spatiotemporally varied watershed-scale hydrologic processes. The model calculates the direct runoff hydrograph by coupling a time-area routing scheme with a dynamic rainfall excess sub-model, explicitly considering downstream ‘reinfiltration’ of routed surface runoff. Soil moisture content is determined at each time interval based on a water balance equation, and overland and channel runoff is routed on time-area maps, representing spatial variation in hydraulic characteristics for each time interval in a storm event. Simulating runoff hydrographs does not depend on unit hydrograph theory or on solution of the Saint Venant equation, yet retains the simplicity of a unit hydrograph approach and the capability of explicitly simulating two-dimensional flow routing. The model offers a way to simulate watershed processes and runoff hydrographs using the time-area method, providing a simple, efficient, and sound framework that explicitly represents mechanisms of spatially and temporally varied hydrologic processes.
Grid-based spatially distributed hydrological modeling has become feasible with advances in watershed routing schemes, remote sensing technology, and computing resources. However, the need for long-running times on a substantial set of computational resources prevent a spatially detailed modeling program from being widely used, particularly in fine-resolution large-scale studies. Parallelizing computational tasks successfully mitigates this difficulty. A novel way to improve the simulation efficiency of direct runoff transport processes is proposed; watershed areas are grouped based on a time-area routing scheme; this was applied to simulating the runoff routing processes of two watersheds in different sizes and landscapes. The method substantially improved the computational efficiency of the time-area routing method with common computing resources. In addition, the efficiency of the parallelization scheme was not limited by the hierarchical relationship between upstream and downstream catchments along the flow paths, which could be possible with the Lagrangian tracking of the time-area routing method.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.9fa39b142f6c4505bc64888b724d29a1
title: HYSTAR_OSBS

description: Distributed, continuous hydrologic models promote better understanding of hydrology and enable integrated hydrologic analyses by providing a more detailed picture of water transport processes across the varying landscape. However, such models are not widely used in routine modeling practices, due in part to the extensive data input requirements, computational demands, and complexity of routing algorithms. HYSATR is a new two-dimensional continuous hydrologic model developed using a time-area method within a grid-based spatial data model with the goal of providing an alternative way to simulate spatiotemporally varied watershed-scale hydrologic processes. The model calculates the direct runoff hydrograph by coupling a time-area routing scheme with a dynamic rainfall excess sub-model, explicitly considering downstream ‘reinfiltration’ of routed surface runoff. Soil moisture content is determined at each time interval based on a water balance equation, and overland and channel runoff is routed on time-area maps, representing spatial variation in hydraulic characteristics for each time interval in a storm event. Simulating runoff hydrographs does not depend on unit hydrograph theory or on solution of the Saint Venant equation, yet retains the simplicity of a unit hydrograph approach and the capability of explicitly simulating two-dimensional flow routing. The model offers a way to simulate watershed processes and runoff hydrographs using the time-area method, providing a simple, efficient, and sound framework that explicitly represents mechanisms of spatially and temporally varied hydrologic processes.
Grid-based spatially distributed hydrological modeling has become feasible with advances in watershed routing schemes, remote sensing technology, and computing resources. However, the need for long-running times on a substantial set of computational resources prevent a spatially detailed modeling program from being widely used, particularly in fine-resolution large-scale studies. Parallelizing computational tasks successfully mitigates this difficulty. A novel way to improve the simulation efficiency of direct runoff transport processes is proposed; watershed areas are grouped based on a time-area routing scheme; this was applied to simulating the runoff routing processes of two watersheds in different sizes and landscapes. The method substantially improved the computational efficiency of the time-area routing method with common computing resources. In addition, the efficiency of the parallelization scheme was not limited by the hierarchical relationship between upstream and downstream catchments along the flow paths, which could be possible with the Lagrangian tracking of the time-area routing method.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.148ef9f55909490fa442a4bde5e16251
title: Street canyon

description: Predicting solid particle transport in the lowest parts of the atmosphere is a major issue for man-made obstacles in semi-arid regions.
Here, we investigate the effects on solid particle saltation, of square obstacles on the ground with different spacings.
The aerodynamic field is determined by large eddy simulations coupled with an immersed boundary method for the obstacles.
Solid particles are tracked by a Lagrangian approach. 
Take-off and rebound models are introduced for the interaction of particles with the wall.
Without particles, fluid velocity profiles are first compared with experiments showing good agreement.
Special focus is put on the recirculation zone that plays an important role in solid particle entrapment. 

Particle concentration fields are presented. Accumulation zones are studied regarding the different obstacle spacings as an extension of the aerodynamic scheme by One (1988) to solid particle transport. A deposition peak appears before the first obstacle. When the spacing between the two obstacles is large enough, some particles are trapped within the recirculation and a second deposition peak arises. The streamwise evolution of the horizontal saltation flux shows that the lowest flux downstream of the obstacles is obtained for the highest separation. The deposition rate or the streamwise saltation flux are estimated globally as a function of obstacle spacing. These results illustrate how the numerical tool developed here can be used for assessing air quality in terms of solid particle concentration.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.fa5503b04af343ffbaf33d5a15cb2579
title: Alluvial River Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry

description: Data compilation of bankfull downstream hydraulic geometry for alluvial rivers. File includes bankfull hydraulic geometry variables (slope, median grainsize, width, depth, and discharge) with short citations and site names. Full citations to the papers and reports from which these data were compiled are contained within the second sheet.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.53b58d3a2fd24031bc0d8af3a9c4a531
title: Gull Lake Field Data 2014-15

description: Hydrolab and nutrient data collected from Gull Lake, Michigan, USA during years 2014-15 and reported in the paper below:

Safaie, A., Litchman, E., and Phanikumar, M.S., Decreasing Groundwater Supply Can Exacerbate Lake Warming and Trigger Algal Blooms, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences (2021)
DOI: 10.4211/hs.00ff35190ef14046ab9eef41bdef6123
title: Flagstaff area stream flow and rainfall - 2008-2019. Appendix B

description: Appendix B - Flow Data for the Flagstaff 2008-2019 stream flow technical report.

Flagstaff, Arizona has unique surface water hydrology due to climate, geology, and vegetation. The area experiences extremely low rainfall-runoff in natural undisturbed areas. This “complacent” watershed condition leads to dramatic shifts in flow and flooding when disturbances such as urbanization, wildfire, or even forest thinning are introduced to the landscape. Using 57 stream and rain gauges this report provides preliminary data to inform managers, engineers, and scientists on both the complacent and “violent” watershed characteristics of the Flagstaff area. This is the first regional surface water hydrology report since the 1988 US Geological Survey report on flood frequency in the Flagstaff area. Preliminary results indicate that previous flood frequency analyses provide a much higher predicted flood flow than empirical gauge results have observed. In some sites the over-prediction of regional regressions is over twice observed values. The hope is that this preliminary report will provide a “stepping stone” towards a greater understanding of the hydrologic drivers and stream character of the area. More data, over a longer time period, is required for making defensible predictions of rainfall-runoff, flood frequency, and flood mitigation design in the Flagstaff area.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.4d2fbd3398fd4dc7858f935106088ae5
title: Flagstaff area stream flow and rainfall - 2008-2019. Appendix C

description: This is Appendix C to the Flagstaff area stream flow 2008-2019 technical report. This appendix provides raw data on rainfall.

Flagstaff, Arizona has unique surface water hydrology due to climate, geology, and vegetation. The area experiences extremely low rainfall-runoff in natural undisturbed areas. This “complacent” watershed condition leads to dramatic shifts in flow and flooding when disturbances such as urbanization, wildfire, or even forest thinning are introduced to the landscape. Using 57 stream and rain gauges this report provides preliminary data to inform managers, engineers, and scientists on both the complacent and “violent” watershed characteristics of the Flagstaff area. This is the first regional surface water hydrology report since the 1988 US Geological Survey report on flood frequency in the Flagstaff area. Preliminary results indicate that previous flood frequency analyses provide a much higher predicted flood flow than empirical gauge results have observed. In some sites the over-prediction of regional regressions is over twice observed values. The hope is that this preliminary report will provide a “stepping stone” towards a greater understanding of the hydrologic drivers and stream character of the area. More data, over a longer time period, is required for making defensible predictions of rainfall-runoff, flood frequency, and flood mitigation design in the Flagstaff area.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.ca957576f7e947f298f076c21a817385
title: Flagstaff area stage-discharge rating tables: Appendix D

description: This is Appendix D: stage-discharge tables for the Flagstaff area stream flow 2008-2019 technical report.

Flagstaff, Arizona has unique surface water hydrology due to climate, geology, and vegetation. The area experiences extremely low rainfall-runoff in natural undisturbed areas. This “complacent” watershed condition leads to dramatic shifts in flow and flooding when disturbances such as urbanization, wildfire, or even forest thinning are introduced to the landscape. Using 57 stream and rain gauges this report provides preliminary data to inform managers, engineers, and scientists on both the complacent and “violent” watershed characteristics of the Flagstaff area. This is the first regional surface water hydrology report since the 1988 US Geological Survey report on flood frequency in the Flagstaff area. Preliminary results indicate that previous flood frequency analyses provide a much higher predicted flood flow than empirical gauge results have observed. In some sites the over-prediction of regional regressions is over twice observed values. The hope is that this preliminary report will provide a “stepping stone” towards a greater understanding of the hydrologic drivers and stream character of the area. More data, over a longer time period, is required for making defensible predictions of rainfall-runoff, flood frequency, and flood mitigation design in the Flagstaff area.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.af43ffe74d1545f5a918a8af6031c33d
title: Hyporheic exchange flow studies in 10 small streams in south-east Sweden, 2017-2020

description: A field study was performed in ten small streams in five different catchments located in the South-East of Sweden between 2017 and 2020. The aim of the field survey was to investigate hyporheic exchange processes in the ten streams using different methodologies, as described in the paper where the dataset was used (Morén et al., 2021). The field survey included in-stream Rhodamine WT tracer tests, hydraulic conductivity measurements and longitudinal measurements of the streambed topography and stream water depth.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.1d78d40efa2844cb9db2c19b67be464d
title: Improving a streamflow regression model for Wisconsin streams

description: Streamflows derived from hydrological models are widely used in decision-making processes in a broad array of natural resources applications. With an increase in computational power and data availability, data-driven modeling methods are becoming more powerful and popular. While it is well-recognized that reasonable model uncertainty is important to support good decision-making, there remain substantial challenges in quantifying uncertainty in hydrological models. One challenge is an inequality in data availability. While large amounts of data are available for well-monitored streams, the vast majority of streams globally are ungauged, with very limited or no streamflow monitoring. In this study, I evaluated the accuracy of a mixed-effects model for streamflow (flow-duration curves) across the state of Wisconsin, the Natural Community Model (NCM), trained on continuously monitored streamflow stations. The NCM is used as the basis for scientific studies and management decisions in Wisconsin, but uncertainty in the NCM has not been quantified yet, and performance has not been assessed formally except at continuously monitored streamflow stations. There are about 4,000 streamflow monitoring stations in Wisconsin, but about 3,500 have fewer than 5 sporadic streamflow measurements. I used an index gauge approach to estimate long-term streamflow percentiles (with uncertainty) from short-term or sporadic streamflow monitoring. I then used these estimates to estimate a flow-duration curve for each short-term or sporadic streamflow station (with uncertainty). These flow-duration targets formed the basis for an assessment of NCM accuracy in ungauged streams. I developed a random forest model for NCM error that provides a qualitative understanding of sources of error in the NCM as well as a quantitative way to correct the NCM using information from the sporadic/short-term streamflow stations that could not be included in the original NCM training set. The updated NCM has significantly reduced error, and I defined a reasonable level of uncertainty to be used with the updated NCM in decision-making and research applications.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.4fe324512fa34b2884a1b5c32b70e2c7
title: Monitoring the storage volume of water reservoirs using Google Earth Engine

description: Recently, the satellite images have been used in remote sensing allowing observations with high temporal and spatial distribution. The use of water indices has proved to be an effective methodology in the monitoring of surface water resources. However, precise or automatic methodologies using satellite imagery to determine reservoir volumes are lacking. To fulfil that gap, this methodology proposes 3 stages: use Google Earth Engine (GEE) to select images; automatically calculate flooded surface areas applying water indices; determine the volume stored in reservoirs over those years based on the relation between the flooded area and the stored volume. The method was applied in four reservoirs and contemplate Landsat 4 and 5 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI. For the calculation of the flooded area the NDWI Indexes (McFeeters, 1996; Gao, 1996), and the MNDWI index (Xu, 2006) were applied and tested. The estimation of stored volume of water was made based on the area indices and a cross-check between real stored volume and calculated volume was made. Finally, an analysis on the selection of the best fit water indices was made. The results of every case studies herein displayed showed a quantifiable proficiency and reliability for quite a varied natural conditions. As a conclusion, this methodology could be seen as a tool for water resources management in developing countries, and not only, to measure automatically trends of stored volumes and its relation with the precipitation, and could eventually be extended to other types of surface water bodies, as lakes and coastal lagoons.