DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15322202
title: Charging demand for the medium and heavy-duty battery electric trucks in Finland

description: Abstract of the research

Large-scale adoption of medium and heavy-duty (MHD) battery electric trucks (BETs) are known as the promising decarbonization strategy for road freight transport at medium-term (MT) and long-term (LT) planning horizons. To enable this, the plug-in charging infrastructure network, including megawatt charging systems (MCSs) and combined charging systems (CCSs), should be planned to meet the charging demand at national levels. We estimated the electricity demand and operational charging power requirement for six different charging group settings based on charging activities (“off-shift” and “mid-shift”) and charger ownerships (private and public) in Finland. We used a very detailed trip chains analysis approach to analyse a five-year (2018-2022) road freight origin-destination (OD) survey dataset in Finland. This document presents the results for best and worst-case scenarios of electricity demand in MT (2030) and LT (2050) horizons. There are eight GIS datasets to present two groups of scenarios with (no) opportunity charging at loading/unloading. In each group of scenarios, there are four GIS datasets. The first two GIS datasets aggregate the charging demands (public and private) into municipality-zone maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland. The last two GIS datasets aggregate the on-road charging demands (public) into 10 km to 10 km grid maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland.

Keywords: Battery electric trucks (BETs); Plug-in charging infrastructure; Trip chains analysis; Megawatt charger systems (MCSs); Combined charger systems (CCSs)

Methodology:

This study estimates best and worst-case scenarios for electricity demand and operational charging power requirements for road freight electrification scenarios by using MHD BETs in MT (2030) and LT (2050) horizons in Finland. In addition to these scenarios, a Full electrification scenario is estimated for LT (2050) horizon. The methodology includes very detailed trip chains analysis, OD driving route analysis, and worst and best-case scenario analysis.

Six groups of charging activities are identified based on two driving shifts (one (1d) and two drivers (2d)) and three operational trip profiles (urban (U), short-haul (SH), and long-haul (LH)). Table 1 presents the details of charger groups.

The scenarios are specified with (no) opportunity charging at loading/unloading status in the results. More details of the methodology and assumptions are available in the following paper: (The link will be available later).

Table 1. The details of charger groups.






Charger groups



Positioning in the work schedule



Maximum charging power in kW



Operational trip profiles and driving shifts



“off-shift” / 

“mid-shift”



Private / Public





private1



Before the trip



400



SH and LH (2d)



off-shift



Private





private2



Before the trip



700



U (2d)



off-shift



Private





private3



At mandatory long breaks



400



U (2d)



off-shift



Private (it could also be Public)





private4



at loading/unloading



400



All



mid-shift



Private





public1



At mandatory long breaks



200



SH and LH (1d and 2d), U (1d)



off-shift



Public





public2



At mandatory short breaks (45 min)



1200



All



mid-shift



Public





The details of GIS datasets:

There are eight GIS datasets to present two groups of scenarios with (no) opportunity charging at loading/unloading. In each group of scenarios, there are four GIS datasets. The first two GIS datasets aggregate the charging demands (public and private) into municipality-zone maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland. The last two GIS datasets aggregate the on-road charging demands (public) into 10 km to 10 km grid maps for MT and LT horizons in Finland. The coordinate reference systems (CRSs) of GIS files are EPSG:4326 - WGS 84. Table 2 presents the details of datasets including names and descriptions.

Table 2. List of datasets (file) names.








File names starting with:



Scenarios with opportunity charging at loading/unloading (“private4”)



Charger groups



Description





LT(2050)AllChargersMunicipalityMap



No



“private1-3” and “public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand by publich, aggregated into municipality zones, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading.





MT(2030)AllChargersMunicipalityMap



No



“private1-3” and “public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand, aggregated into municipality zones, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading.





LT(2050)PublicChargersGridMap



No



“public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading.





MT(2030)PublicChargersGridMap



No



“public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with no opportunity charging at loading/unloading.





LT(2050)AllChargersMunicipalityMap_Opp



Yes



“private1-4” and “public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand by publich, aggregated into municipality zones, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading.

 





MT(2030)AllChargersMunicipalityMap_Opp



Yes



“private1-4” and “public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand, aggregated into municipality zones, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading.





LT(2050)PublicChargersGridMap_Opp



Yes



“public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for LT (2050) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading.





MT(2030)PublicChargersGridMap_Opp



Yes



“public1-2”



Map of charging electricity demand only by public charging stations, aggregated into 10 km to 10 km grid polygons, for MT (2030) horizon in Finland with opportunity charging at loading/unloading.






 Table 3 describes the variables and their descriptions in all datasets. Be aware of following notes when using the datasets:

·        The Municipality zones in GIS datasets are adopted from the dataset available in national land survey (NLS) of Finland (2024) (https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/en/maps-and-spatial-data/datasets-and-interfaces/product-descriptions/division-administrative-areas-vector). 

·        Correction in datasets: Thee following municipality pair zones and their centroid are in very close neighbourhood (topology) to each other: Ylöjärvi & Ikaalinen (Ylöjärvi), Jyväskylä & Muurame (Muurame), Kuopio & Siilinjärvi (Siilinjärvi), Liminka & Tyrnävä (Tyrnävä). The electricity demands in these municipality pairs should be aggregated for planning charger infrastructures.

Table 3. List of variables and their descriptions in all datasets (files).








Name



Data Type



Description



Unit





id



Real



Unique id for municipality zones or 10 km to 10 km grid polygons



-





left



Real



X coordinate of left boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS.



Coordinates [m]





top



Real



Y coordinate of top boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS.



Coordinates [m]





right



Real



X coordinate of right boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS.



Coordinates [m]





bottom



Real



Y coordinate of bottom boundary for the 10 km to 10 km grid polygon in etrs-tm35fin CRS.



Coordinates [m]





natcode



String



Municipality’s code



-





namefin



String



Municipality’s name in Finnish



-





nameswe



String



Municipality’s name in Swedish



-





Centroid



String



coordinate of the municipality zone (polygon) in etrs-tm35fin CRS.



Coordinates [m] 





PR1EW



Real



The electricity demand at “private1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



kWh





PR1EBmax



Real



The electricity demand at “private1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



kWh





PR1EB



Real



The electricity demand at “private1” charger group.



kWh





PR1TNW



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



number





PR1TNBmax



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario) 



number





PR1TNB



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private1” charger group. (Best-case scenario)



number





PR1ChPmen



Real



The mean value of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group. 



kW





PR1ChPsd



Real



The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group.



kW





PR1ChPmax



Real



The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group.



kW





PR1ChPmin



Real



The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private1” charger group.



kW





PR2EW



Real



The electricity demand at “private2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



kWh





PR2EBmax



Real



The electricity demand at “private2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



kWh





PR2EB



Real



The electricity demand at “private2” charger group.



kWh





PR2TNW



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



number





PR2TNBmax



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



number





PR2TNB



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private2” charger group. (Best-case scenario)



number





PR2ChPmean



Real



The mean value of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group. 



kW





PR2ChPsd



Real



The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group.



kW





PR2ChPmax



Real



The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group.



kW





PR2ChPmin



Real



The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private2” charger group.



kW





PR3EW



Real



The electricity demand at “private3” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



kWh





PR3EBmax



Real



The electricity demand at “private3” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



kWh





PR3EB



Real



The electricity demand at “private3” charger group.



kWh





PR3TNW



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private3” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



number





PR3TNBmax



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private3” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



number





PR3TNB



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private3” charger group. (Best-case scenario)



number





PR3ChPmean



Real



The mean value of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group. 



kW





PR3ChPsd



Real



The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group.



kW





PR3ChPmax



Real



The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group.



kW





PR3ChPmin



Real



The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private3” charger group.



kW





PR4EW



Real



The electricity demand at “private4” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



kWh





PR4EBmax



Real



The electricity demand at “private4” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



kWh





PR4EB



Real



The electricity demand at “private4” charger group.



kWh





PR4TNW



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private4” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



number





PR4TNBmax



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private4” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



number





PR4TNB



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “private4” charger group. (Best-case scenario)



number





PR4ChPmean



Real



The mean value of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group. 



kW





PR4ChPsd



Real



The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group.



kW





PR4ChPmax



Real



The maximum value of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group.



kW





PR4ChPmin



Real



The minimum value of operational charging powers at “private4” charger group.



kW





PU1EW



Real



The electricity demand at “public1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



kWh





PU1EBmax



Real



The electricity demand at “public1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



kWh





PU1EB



Real



The electricity demand at “public1” charger group.



kWh





PU1TNW



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public1” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



number





PU1TNBmax



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public1” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



number





PU1TNB



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public1” charger group. (Best-case scenario)



number





PU1ChPmean



Real



The mean value of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group. 



kW





PU1ChPsd



Real



The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group.



kW





PU1ChPmax



Real



The maximum value of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group.



kW





PU1ChPmin



Real



The minimum value of operational charging powers at “public1” charger group.



kW





PU2EW



Real



The electricity demand at “public2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



kWh





PU2EBmax



Real



The electricity demand at “public2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



kWh





PU2EB



Real



The electricity demand at “public2” charger group.



kWh





PU2TNW



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public2” charger group. (Worst-case scenario)



number





PU2TNBmax



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public2” charger group. (Full electrification scenario)



number





PU2TNB



Real



The annual charging activity frequency demand (trip numbers) at “public2” charger group. (Best-case scenario)



number





PU2ChPmean



Real



The mean value of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group. 



kW





PU2ChPsd



Real



The standard deviation of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group.



kW





PU2ChPmax



Real



The maximum value of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group.



kW





PU2ChPmin



Real



The minimum value of operational charging powers at “public2” charger group.



kW