DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tqjq2bvv9
title: Universal metabolic constraints shape the evolutionary ecology of diving in animals

description: Diving as a lifestyle has evolved on multiple occasions when air-breathing
 terrestrial animals invaded the aquatic realm, and diving performance
 shapes the ecology and behaviour of all air-breathing aquatic taxa, from
 small insects to great whales. Using the largest dataset yet assembled, we
 show that maximum dive duration increases predictably with body mass in
 both ectotherms and endotherms. Compared to endotherms, ectotherms can
 remain submerged for longer, but the mass scaling relationship for dive
 duration is much steeper in endotherms than in ectotherms. These
 differences in diving allometry can be fully explained by inherent
 differences between the two groups in their metabolic rate and how
 metabolism scales with body mass and temperature. Therefore, we suggest
 that similar constraints on oxygen storage and usage have shaped the
 evolutionary ecology of diving in all air-breathing animals, irrespective
 of their evolutionary history and metabolic mode. The steeper scaling
 relationship between body mass and dive duration in endotherms not only
 helps explain why the largest extant vertebrate divers are endothermic
 rather than ectothermic, but also fits well with the emerging consensus
 that large extinct tetrapod divers (e.g. plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and
 mosasaurs) were endothermic.
description: Data on diving performance and body mass of ectotherms and
 endotherms were collated from the published literature. We have drawn on a
 previously published dataset, initially constructed by Schreer and Kovacs
 (1997) and subsequently updated by Halsey <i>et al.
 </i>(2006), Brischoux <i>et al</i>. (2008) and Hayward
 <i>et al</i>. (2016). We used the "penguiness
 book" to locate most of the studies used. We rechecked all records
 and added data from the primary literature to generate the most
 comprehensive dataset on dive duration to date, comprising 1,792 records
 for 286 species of which 62 were ectotherms and 224 endotherms.
 Brischoux F, Bonnet X, Cook TR & Shine R.
 Allometry of diving capacities: ectothermy vs. endothermy. <i>J.
 Evol. Biol</i>. 21, 324-329 (2008). Halsey LG, Butler PJ & Blackburn TM. A phylogenetic analysis of the allometry of diving. <i>Am. Nat</i>. 167, 276-287 (2006). Hayward A, Pajuelo M, Haase CG, Anderson DM & Gillooly JF. Common metabolic constraints on dive duration in endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates. <i>PeerJ</i> 4, e2569 (2016). Ropert-Coudert Y, Kato A, Robbins A, Humphries GRW. The Penguiness book. World Wide Web electronic publication (http://www.penguiness.net), version 3.0, October 2018. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.32289.66406 Schreer JF & Kovacs KM. Allometry of diving capacity in air-breathing vertebrates. <i>Can. J. Zool</i>. 75, 339-358 (1997).
description: there are three
 files: 1. dataset
 on dive duration 2. phylogenetic tree of the taxa
 in the dataset 3.
 R script to analyse the data using PGLS   1. Data set with records (rows)
 on dive duration for different species, compiled from published
 literature. Column names:
 Species: the species name of individual to which the
 datarecord pertains; Endo.vs..Ecto: classifies the
 species as either an endotherm (bird or mammal) or an ectotherm (insect,
 amphibian or reptile); Mass..kg.: body mass of the
 individual to which the datarecord pertains in kilograms;
 Dive.duration..min: reported mean dive duration in
 minutes; Maximum.dive.duration..min: reported maximum
 dive duration in minutes; Temerature: Relevant
 temperature of the individual during the dive. For endotherms this is body
 temperature in most cases, whereas for the smaller ectotherms this is
 water temperature; Remarks: remarks taken from the
 study to help identify the conditions that pertain to the datarecord. If
 the temperature is not obtained from the literature source, the relevant
 source is also stated here; Literature.source:
 Primary source for the data record; Selected: a
 column which indicates whether a record was used in the analysis on 95th
 percentile of maximum dive duration, accounting for
 temperature; Treenames: a column with the names that
 are identical to those used in the phylogenetic tree
   2. phylogenetic tree of the taxa
 in the dataset Tree in nexus format saved as a
 .txt file which includes 281 taxa and has branchlengths derived from
 TimeTree   3. R script to analyse the data
 using PGLS Rscript which reproduce the
 results from the PGLS analysis in Table 1 in the paper which reports on
 this dataset.