DOI: 10.5061/dryad.304n7
title: Data from: Mosaicism in a new Eocene pufferfish highlights rapid morphological innovation near the origin of crown tetraodontiforms

description: Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes and kin) is a taxonomically and
 structurally diverse, widely-distributed clade of acanthomorphs, whose
 members often serve as models for genomics and, increasingly,
 macroevolutionary studies. Morphologically disparate Palaeogene fossils
 suggest considerable early experimentation, but these flattened specimens
 often preserve limited information. We present a three-dimensionally
 preserved beaked tetraodontiform from the early Eocene (c. 53 Ma) London
 Clay Formation, UK. Approximately coeval with the oldest crown
 tetraodontiforms, †Ctenoplectus williamsi gen. et sp. nov. presents an
 unprecedented combination of characters, pairing a fused beak-like
 dentition with prominent dorsal-fin spines that insert atop
 transversely-expanded pterygiophores roofing the skull. Bayesian
 total-evidence tip-dating analysis indicates that †Ctenoplectus represents
 the sister lineage of Triodontidae and highlights considerable levels of
 homoplasy in early tetraodontiform evolution. According to our dataset,
 rates of morphological character evolution were elevated at the origin of
 crown Tetraodontiformes, especially within gymnodonts, but declined after
 the principal body plans were established. Such ‘early burst’ patterns are
 regarded as a hallmark of adaptive radiations, but are typically
 associated with diversification at smaller spatiotemporal scales. However,
 denser sampling of Neogene and Recent taxa is needed to confirm this
 pattern.
description: Supplementary Data File
 - Ctenoplectus Movie RenderingMovie rendering of
 digitally-prepared specimen of NHMUK PV P. 63336, Ctenoplectus williamsi
 gen. et sp. nov.Supplementary Data File 1 -
 Ctenoplectus.movSupplementary Data File
 - Ctenoplectus_P63336_laser_surface_scan3D surface model of
 NHMUK PV P. 63336 Ctenoplectus williamsi, gen. et sp. nov.
 specimen.Supplementary Data File 2 -
 Ctenoplectus_P63336_laser_surface_scan.plySupplementary Data File - Genbank Accession NumbersGenbank accession numbers for taxa not drawn from Santini et al.'s (2013) molecular phylogenetic analysis of Tetraodontiformes.Supplementary Data File 4.xlsxSupplementary Data File - PLY models of NHMUK PV P. 633363D model of digitally-prepared skeleton of NHMUK PV P. 63336 Ctenoplectus williamsi, gen. et sp. nov., consisting of individual PLY files for separate skeletal regions.Supplementary Data File 8 - PLY models of NHMUK PV P. 63336.zipSupplementary Data File - Ctenoplectus_morphological_matrixMorphological character matrix of Santini and Tyler (2003) including scoring of †Ctenoplectus williamsi gen. et sp. nov.Supplementary Data File 3 - Ctenoplectus_morphological_matrix.nexSupplementary Data File - Ctenoplectus BEAST XMLXML file for BEAST Total Evidence tip-dating analysis of Tetraodontiformes.Supplementary Data File Ctenoplectus BEAST.xmlSupplementary Data File - Output of Four Replicates of BEAST SA FBD analysis of TetraodontiformesOutput of four replicates of the BEAST Sampled Ancestor Fossilized Birth Death analysis of Tetraodontiformes, including Ctenoplectus williamsi gen. et sp. nov. Included are tree posteriors for molecular and morphological clocks, Tracer log files, and Maximum Sampled Ancestor Clade Credibility trees calculated from the combined four replicates.Output of Four Replicates of BEAST SA FBD analysis of Tetraodontiformes.zipSupplementary Figure 1Figure 1: Photographs of †Ctenoplectus williamsi (NHMUK PV P. 63336) in (a) dorsal, (b) anterior, (c) right-lateral, and (d) left-lateral views.Dryad Figure 1.jpgSupplementary Figure 2Figure 2: Sagittal tomographic section through jaws of NHMUK PV P. 63336. (a) Sagittal tomographic section through jaws of NHMUK PV P. 63336, showing presence of walls posterointernal to tooth-bearing layers in upper and lower jaws. (b) Axial tomographic section. pmx, premaxilla; den, dentary; piw, posterointernal wall; tbl, tooth-bearing osteodentinic layer.Dryad Figure 2.jpgSupplementary Figure 3Figure 3: Kernel probability-density estimates of divergence times for crown Tetraodontiformes and extant tetraodontiform families.Dryad Figure 3.pdfSupplementary Figure 4Figure 4: Median among-branch morphological rate estimates for internal (red circles) and terminal (yellow triangles) branches on the Maximum Sampled-Ancestor Clade Credibility tree, using midpoint ages. Moving averages are represented by solid LOESS lines.Dryad Figure 4.pdfTable 1 - GenBank accession numbersGenBank accession numbers for Zeus faber and Kentrocapros rosapinto sequences.Table 2 - PartitionFinder SchemeOptimal partitioning scheme as determined by PartitionFinder.Table 3 - Tip Ages for FossilsTable 3 - Tip-ages and justifications for fossil taxa.Table 4 - Monophyletic taxon setsTable 4. Taxon sets for which monophyly was enforced in BEAST analysis.Table 5 Acanthomorph root-ageTable 5. Calculation of root-age prior for Acanthomorpha based on published divergence-dating studies.Table 6 Tetraodontiform crown prior ageTable 6. Calculation of node-age prior for crown Tetraodontiformes based on previous published divergence-dating studies.Fused PLY model of Ctenoplectus williamsi NHMUK PV P63336Fused PLY model of Ctenoplectus williamsi NHMUK PV P63336.