DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13320942
title: Arthropod Trophic Ecology Data

description: Data on arthropod trophic guilds & feeding structures compiled from the following sources: 

Aanen, D.K. and Eggleton, P., 2005. Fungus-growing termites originated in African rain forest. Current biology, 15(9), pp.851-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.043

Aanen, D.K., Eggleton, P., Rouland-Lefevre, C., Guldberg-Frøslev, T., Rosendahl, S. and Boomsma, J.J., 2002. The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(23), pp.14887-14892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.222313099

Adams, E.C.G., Salmon, J.T., 1972. The mouth-parts and feeding methods of Brachystomella parvula (Schaeffer) (Collembola: Brachystomellidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 124, 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1972.tb00366.x

Bartlett, C.R., Deitz, L.L., Dmitriev, D.A., Sanborn, A.F., Soulier‐Perkins, A. and Wallace, M.S., (2018). The Diversity of the True Hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.501-590. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch19

Bicha, W.J., (2018). Biodiversity of Mecoptera. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.705-720. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch23

Blanke, A. (2019). The Early Evolution of Biting–Chewing Performance in Hexapoda. In: Krenn, H. (eds) Insect Mouthparts. Zoological Monographs, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_6

Borkent, A. 2008. The frog-biting midges of the world (Corethrellidae: Diptera). Zootaxa 1804: 1–456. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1804.1.1

Borkent, A. 2009. Chaoboridae (Phantom Midges). Pages 365-367 in Brown, B. V.; A. Borkent; J. M. Cumming; D. M. Wood; N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado, eds., Manual of Central America Diptera. Volume 1. NRC Research Press, Ottawa. 

Bouchard, P., Smith, A.B., Douglas, H., Gimmel, M.L., Brunke, A.J. and Kanda, K., (2017). Biodiversity of Coleoptera. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.337-417. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch11

Bradler, S., T. R. Buckley. (2018). Biodiversity of Phasmatodea. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.281-313. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch11

Brandão, C.R.F., Feitosa, R.M. and Diniz, J.L., 2015. Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Myrmicinae ant genus Blepharidatta Wheeler. Zootaxa, 4012(1), pp.33-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.2

Branstetter, M.G., Ješovnik, A., Sosa-Calvo, J., Lloyd, M.W., Faircloth, B.C., Brady, S.G. and Schultz, T.R., 2017. Dry habitats were crucibles of domestication in the evolution of agriculture in ants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1852), p.20170095. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0095

Carmean, D. (1991) Biology of the Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera), with notes on the vespine parasitoid Bareogonalos canadensis. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 18, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1991.10757968

Cavalleri, A. and Kaminski, L.A., 2014. Two new ectoparasitic species of Aulacothrips Hood, 1952 (Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae) associated with ant-tended treehoppers (Hemiptera). Systematic Parasitology, 89, pp.271-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-014-9526-z

Cavalleri, A., Kaminski, L.A. and Mendonça Jr, M.D.S., 2010. Ectoparasitism in Aulacothrips (Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae) revisited: host diversity on honeydew-producing Hemiptera and description of a new species. Zoologischer Anzeiger-A Journal of Comparative Zoology, 249(3-4), pp.209-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2010.09.002

Cavalleri, A., Kaminski, L.A. and Mendonca Jr, M.S., 2012. A new ectoparasitic Aulacothrips (Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae) from Amazon rainforest and the significance of variation in antennal sensoria. Zootaxa, 3438(1), pp.62-68. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3438.1.4

Chapin, K.J. and Hebets, E.A., 2016. The behavioral ecology of amblypygids. Journal of Arachnology, pp.1-14. https://doi.org/10.1636/V15-62.1

Chen, H., Lahey, Z., Talamas, E.J., Valerio, A.A., Popovici, O.A., Musetti, L., Klompen, H., Polaszek, A., Masner, L., Austin, A.D. and Johnson, N.F., 2021. An integrated phylogenetic reassessment of the parasitoid superfamily Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupomorpha) results in a revised familial classification. Systematic Entomology, 46(4), pp.1088-1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12511

Chouvenc, T., Šobotník, J., Engel, M.S., Bourguignon, T., 2021. Termite evolution: mutualistic associations, key innovations, and the rise of Termitidae. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 78, 2749–2769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03728-z

Coddington, J. A., Colwell, R.K. 2001. Arachnids Pages 199-218 in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Volume 1. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00016-X

Colombo, W.D., Tribull, C.M., Waichert, C. and Azevedo, C.O., 2022. Integrative taxonomy solves taxonomic impasses: a case study from Epyrinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Systematic Entomology, 47(3), pp.504-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12544

Courtney, G.W., Pape, T., Skevington, J.H. and Sinclair, B.J. (2017). Biodiversity of Diptera. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 229-278. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch9

David J. Lohman & Venancio U. Samarita (2009) The biology of carnivorous butterfly larvae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Miletinae: Miletini) and their ant‐tended hemipteran prey in Thailand and the Philippines, Journal of Natural History, 43:9-10, 569-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802610485

De Clercq, P. (2008). Predatory Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae). Pages 3042-3045 in: Capinera, J.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3115

Devetak, D., Kloko, V., 2016. The feeding biology of adult lacewings (Neuroptera): a review. Trends in Entomology 12, 29–42. Donald, C.L., Siriyasatien, P. and Kohl, A., 2020. Toxorhynchites species: a review of current knowledge. Insects, 11(11), p.747. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110747

Donovan, S.E., Eggleton, P., Bignell, D.E., 2001. Gut content analysis and a new feeding group classification of termites. Ecological Entomology 26, 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.2001.00342.x

Eberhard, M.J., Schoville, S.D. and Klass, K.D. (2018). Biodiversity of Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.335-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch13

Ferrar P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph. 8:1–907.

Fialho, V.S., Chamorro-Rengifo, J., Lopes-Andrade, C. and Yotoko, K.S.C., 2014. Systematics of spiny predatory katydids (Tettigoniidae: Listroscelidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest based on morphology and molecular data. PloS one, 9(8), p.e103758. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103758

Foelix, R., 2011. Biology of Spiders. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, New York.

Foote, B.A., 1995. Biology of Shore Flies. Annual Review of Entomology 40, 417–442. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002221

Fowles, T.M., Coscarón, M.d.C., Panizzi, A.R., Carroll, S.P. (2015). Scentless Plant Bugs (Rhopalidae). In: Panizzi, A., Grazia, J. (eds) True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics. Entomology in Focus, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9861-7_20

Galli, L., Capurro, M., Colasanto, E., Molyneux, T., Murray, A., Torti, C., Zinni, M., 2020. A synopsis of the ecology of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda). Revue suisse de Zoologie 126, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.346344

Garnier-Sillam, E., Toutain, F., Villemin, G. and Renoux, J., 1989. Preliminary studies of the particular combs of the xylophageous termite Sphaerotermes sphaerothorax (Sjöstedt). Insectes Sociaux, 36, pp.293-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02224882

Gimmel, M.L., Ferro, M.L. (2018). General Overview of Saproxylic Coleoptera. In: Ulyshen, M. (eds) Saproxylic Insects. Zoological Monographs, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75937-1_2

Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M.S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q118956339 

GRONENBERG, W., BRANDÃO, C.R.F., DIETZ, B.H. and JUST, S., 1998. Trap‐jaws revisited: the mandible mechanism of the ant Acanthognathus. Physiological Entomology, 23(3), pp.227-240. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3032.1998.233081.x

Hancock, R.G., Boyd, T., MacFadden, S., Sowders, A., Foster, W.A., Lounibos, L.P., 2022. Mosquitoes Eating Mosquitoes: How Toxorhynchites amboinensis, Psorophora ciliata, and Sabethes cyaneus (Diptera: Culicidae) Capture Prey. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 115, 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saac017

Harrington, B.J., 1988. Comments on the blood-feeding tribe Cleradini (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Rhyparochrominae) and description of a new genus and new species with the legs modified for grasping. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 81(4), pp.577-580. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/81.4.577

Harvey, M.S., 2002. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders? The Journal of arachnology, 30(2), pp.357-372. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3706280 

Henry, T.J. (2017). Biodiversity of Heteroptera. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 279–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch10

Hogan, J., Bass, A.I., Zhang, Y.M. and Sharanowski, B.J., 2019. Integrating multiple sources of biodiversity information greatly expands the range of a rare species of Hymenoptera (Vanhorniidae). Biodiversity Data Journal, 7. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e37569

Holzenthal, R.W., Blahnik, R.J., Prather, A.L., Kjer, K.M., 2007. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies*. Zootaxa 1668, 639–698. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.29

Huber, J.T., (2017). Biodiversity of Hymenoptera. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.419-461. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945568.ch12

Izzo, T.J., Pinent, S.M. and Mound, L.A., 2002. Aulacothrips dictyotus (Heterothripidae), the first ectoparasitic thrips (Thysanoptera). Florida Entomologist, 85(1), pp.281-283. https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0281:ADHTFE]2.0.CO;2

Javahery, M., Schaefer, C.W. and Lattin, J.D., 2000. Shield bugs (Scutelleridae). Heteroptera of Economic Importance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.475-503. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041859-15

Jennings, J. and Austin, A., 2004. Biology and host relationships of aulacid and gasteruptiid wasps (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea): a review. Pages 187-215 in: Perspectives on Biosystematics and Biodiversity. K Rajmohana, K Sudheer, P Girish Kumar, S Santhosh, eds. University of Calicut, Kerala, India. 

Kaltenbach, A., 2021. Saginae. Saltatoria-Tettigoniidae. Pages 1-95 in Das Tierreich. Teilband 103. De Gruyter, Berlin. Kathirithamby, J., (2018). Biodiversity of the Strepsiptera. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.673-703. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch22

Keiper, J.B., Walton, W.E. and Foote, B.A., 2002. Biology and ecology of higher Diptera from freshwater wetlands. Annual Review of Entomology, 47(1), pp.207-232. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145159

Klass, K.D., Nalepa, C. and Lo, N., 2008. Wood-feeding cockroaches as models for termite evolution (Insecta: Dictyoptera): Cryptocercus vs. Parasphaeria boleiriana. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 46(3), pp. 809-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.028

Knight, K. L. 1947. The Aedes (Mucidus) mosquitoes of the Pacific (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 37: 315–325. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24531923 

Koenig, D. P. & Young, C. W. (2007): First observation of parasitic relations between big-headed flies, Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae) and crane flies, Tipula Linnaeus (Diptera: Tipulidae: Tipulinae), with larval and puparial descriptions for the genus Nephrocerus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109: 52–65. https://biostor.org/reference/55328 

Krenn H.W. (2019) Fluid-Feeding Mouthparts. In: Krenn H. (eds) Insect Mouthparts. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_3

Krenn H.W. (2019) Form and Function of Insect Mouthparts. In: Krenn H. (eds) Insect Mouthparts. Zoological Monographs, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_2

Krenn, H.W., 2010. Feeding Mechanisms of Adult Lepidoptera: Structure, Function, and Evolution of the Mouthparts. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 55, 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085338

Lehane, M.J. (1991). The blood-sucking insect groups. In: Biology of Blood-Sucking Insects. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7953-9_9

Lent, H. and Wygodzinsky, P., 1979. Revision of the Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), and their significance as vectors of Chagas__ disease. Bulletin of the American museum of Natural History, 163(3), pp.123-520. http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1282

Lo, N., Eggleton, P., 2010. Termite Phylogenetics and Co-cladogenesis with Symbionts, in: Bignell, D.E., Roisin, Y., Lo, N. (Eds.), Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3977-4_2

McCafferty, W.P., Provonsha, A.V., 1986. Comparative mouthpart morphology and evolution of the carnivorous heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera). Aquatic Insects 8, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650428609361236

Meehan, C.J., Olson, E.J., Reudink, M.W., Kyser, T.K. and Curry, R.L., 2009. Herbivory in a spider through exploitation of an ant–plant mutualism. Current biology, 19(19), pp.R892-R893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.049

Mendes, D.M., Chamorro-Rengifo, J. and Rafael, J.A., 2016. A new genus of predatory katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Listroscelidinae) from the Amazonian Rainforest. Zootaxa, 4162(3), pp.594-600. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.12

Moore, W., Brusca, R. C., Shuster, S. M. (2016). Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Mound LA Palmer JM . 1983. The generic and tribal classification of spore-feeding Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripidae: Idolothripinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)46: 1-174. https://biostor.org/reference/165

Naskrecki, P., 2001. Grasshoppers and their relatives. Pages 247-264 in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Volume 3. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00140-1

Oswald, J. D., R. J. P. Machado, (2018). Biodiversity of the Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera). In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.627-672. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch21

Panizzi AR, Schaefer CW, Natuhara Y (2000) Broad-headed bugs (Alydidae). In: Schaefer CW, Panizzi AR (eds) Heteroptera of economic importance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 321–336 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041859-11

Peck, S. B. 2006. Distribution and biology of the ectoparasitic beaver beetle Platypsyllus castoris Ritsema in North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae). Insecta Mundi 20: 85– 94. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/108

Pierce, N.E. and Dankowicz, E., 2022. The natural history of caterpillar-ant associations. In Caterpillars in the Middle: Tritrophic Interactions in a Changing World (pp. 319-391). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86688-4_11

Pierce, N.E., 1995. Predatory and parasitic Lepidoptera: carnivores living on plants. Journal of the Lepidopterists__ Society, 49(4), pp.412-453. Polaszek, A. (1991). Egg parasitism in Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with special reference to Centrodora and Encarsia species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81(1), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300053293

Polaszek, A. and Vilhemsen, L., 2023. Biodiversity of hymenopteran parasitoids. Current Opinion in Insect Science, p.101026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2023.101026

Pollet, M.A.A., Brooks, S.E. (2008). Long-Legged Flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Pages 223-22241 in: Capinera, J.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2087

Reinhardt, K. and Siva-Jothy, M.T., 2007. Biology of the bed bugs (Cimicidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol., 52, pp.351-374. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913

Richards, W.R., 1979. Collembola. The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 111(S108), pp.300-303. Richman, D.B. (2008). Scorpions (Class Arachnida, Order Scorpiones). In: Capinera, J.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4078

Ronquist, F., 1999. Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica scripta, 28(1‐2), pp.139-164. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6409.1999.00022.x

Schaefer, C.W. and Ahmad, I., 2000. Cotton stainers and their relatives (Pyrrhocoroidea: Pyrrhocoridae and Largidae). Heteroptera of Economic Importance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 271-307. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041859-8

Schuh, R.T., Weirauch, C., Henry, T.J. and Halbert, S.E., 2008. Curaliidae, a new family of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) from the eastern United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101(1), pp.20-29. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2008)101[20:CANFOH]2.0.CO;2

Schwertner, C.F., Grazia, J. (2015). Less Diverse Pentatomoid Families (Acanthosomatidae, Canopidae, Dinidoridae, Megarididae, Phloeidae, and Tessaratomidae). In: Panizzi, A., Grazia, J. (eds) True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics. Entomology in Focus, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9861-7_25

Schwertner, C.F., Nardi, C. (2015). Burrower Bugs (Cydnidae). In: Panizzi, A., Grazia, J. (eds) True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics. Entomology in Focus, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9861-7_21

Short, A.E.Z. and FIKÁČEK, M., 2013. Molecular phylogeny, evolution and classification of the Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera). Systematic entomology, 38(4), pp.723-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12024

Song, H., (2018). Biodiversity of Orthoptera. In: R.G. Foottit &. Adler, P.H (eds.) Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. Hoboken: Wiley. pp.245-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch10

Sutherland, A.M. and Parrella, M.P., 2009. Mycophagy in Coccinellidae: review and synthesis. Biological Control, 51(2), pp.284-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.012

Szentiványi, T., Hornok, S., Kovács, Á.B., Takács, N., Gyuranecz, M., Markotter, W., Christe, P. and Glaizot, O., 2022. Polyctenidae (Hemiptera: Cimicoidea) species in the Afrotropical region: Distribution, host specificity, and first insights to their molecular phylogeny. Ecology and Evolution, 12(10), p.e9357. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9357

Vieira, N. K., Poff, N. L., Carlisle, D. M., Moulton, S. R., Koski, M. L., & Kondratieff, B. C. (2006). A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America. US Geological Survey Data Series, 187, 1-15. https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/ds187/

Villanueva, R. T., Rodrigues, J. C., & Childers, C. C. (2005). Larval Cryptothelea gloverii (Lepidoptera: Psycidae), an arthropod predator and herbivore on Florida citrus. Experimental & applied acarology, 36(1-2), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-005-1673-0

Voigtländer, K., 2011. 15 Chilopoda–Ecology. In Treatise on Zoology-Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1 (pp. 309-325). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004188266_016

Wagner, D. L. 2001. Moths. Pages 249-270 in the Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Volume 4. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00201-7

Wang, Z.H., Huang, J. and Polaszek, A., 2016. The species of genus Ablerus Howard (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Azotidae) from China, with description of a new species. Florida Entomologist, 99(3), pp.395-405. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.099.0310

Weihmann, T., Wipfler, B. (2019). The Generalized Feeding Apparatus of Cockroaches: A Model for Biting and Chewing Insects. In: Krenn, H. (eds) Insect Mouthparts. Zoological Monographs, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_7

Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., Cassis, G. and Wheeler, W.C., 2019. Revisiting habitat and lifestyle transitions in Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera): insights from a combined morphological and molecular phylogeny. Cladistics, 35(1), pp.67-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12233

Wetterer, J.K., 1994.10. Nourishment and evolution in fungus-growing ants and their fungi. Pages 309-328 in Nourishment and Evolution in Insects Societies. J.H. Hunt & C.A. Nalepa, eds. Westview Press, Bolder, CO, USA. 

Yavorskaya, M.I., Leschen, R.A., Polilov, A.A. and Beutel, R.G., 2014. Unique rostrate larvae and basidiomycophagy in the beetle family Corylophidae. Arthropod Structure & Development, 43(2), pp.153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2013.11.001

Yee, D.A., Kaufman, M.G. (2019). Suspension and Filter Feeding in Aquatic Insects. In: Krenn, H. (eds) Insect Mouthparts. Zoological Monographs, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_4

Zaspel, J.M. (2008). Skin-Piercing and Blood-Feeding Moths, Calyptra spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae). In: Capinera, J.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4221

Zimmermann D., Randolf S., Aspöck U. (2019) From Chewing to Sucking via Phylogeny—From Sucking to Chewing via Ontogeny: Mouthparts of Neuroptera. In: Krenn H. (eds) Insect Mouthparts. Zoological Monographs, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_11