cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10503634
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10591856
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11053996
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11227607
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10877316
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13128113
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13408380
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13976692
title: Linked collectors and determiners for: NHT_flora.

description: Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NHT_flora". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/96879172-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.nqrjhf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 701955 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "GadmGid" : [
 "is MEX.25_1"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 701955 records from 665 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0030946-241007104925546/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15284149
title: Western U.S. Gridded Snow Cover and Timing Data for WY1985-2021

description: These snow timing data accompany the manuscript "Examining the potential for remotely sensed snow information to predict seasonal water supply across dimensions of aspect, elevation, and slope", where we explore the ability of lumped and semi-distributed estimates of the day of snow onset and disappearance to forecast April through July total streamflow volume (i.e., seasonal water supply).            Gridded data is calculated from the UCLA Western U.S. Snow Reanalysis (WUS-SR), which is available at a 16 arc-second (500m) resolution for WY1985-2021 (Fang et al., 2022). Here, we utilize their daily median estimates of posterior snow water equivalent (SWE) and fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) to identify dates of snow onset (DSO) and disappearance (DSD) for each grid cell and water year. Processed snow timing files are available on the same 1° by 1° grid as the reanalysis, for 31°-48°N and 103°-124°W, and are georeferenced to the World Geodetic System 1984 spatial grid (EPSG:4326). These files follow the naming convention "ST_N<latitude>_0W<longitude>.nc", where each file includes snow timing data for all water years at that location. Data processing follows a similar rationale to that of Heldmyer and Livneh (2021) with modifications (as needed) due to differences between utilized fSCA products, a longer period of record, etc.

We calculate snow cover timing indices for each file in the WUS-SR as follows. First, we create daily binary snow cover maps which identify snow existence based on a 10% fSCA threshold (i.e., if a grid cell has a fSCA lower than this threshold, it is considered 'snow-free'). This is a departure from the methods described by Heldymer and Livneh (2021), where they apply a 25-day moving median window before classifying grid cells as snow-covered or snow-free. For a given water year, the DSO is calculated as the first day when a grid cell transitions from snow-free to snow-covered. Conversely, the DSD is calculated as the first day when a grid cell transitions from snow-covered to snow-free after the date of maximum SWE. This constraint aims to minimize the effect of small-scale deposition and melt events on the data. These snow timing dates are reported as day of water year (DOWY) values rather than day of calendar or Julian year. Additionally, the creators of the WUS-SR data state that their products are not intended to represent non-seasonal snowpack (e.g., grid cells which do not transition from snow-free to snow-covered, or vice versa). Here, we also provide a SWE 'existence' mask for each water year, where we identify grid cells that never experience snow accumulation—meaning their estimated SWE never exceeds zero meters—for any date of each water year.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15284150
title: Western U.S. Gridded Snow Cover and Timing Data for WY1985-2021

description: These snow timing data accompany the manuscript "Examining the potential for remotely sensed snow information to predict seasonal water supply across dimensions of aspect, elevation, and slope", where we explore the ability of lumped and semi-distributed estimates of the day of snow onset and disappearance to forecast April through July total streamflow volume (i.e., seasonal water supply).            Gridded data is calculated from the UCLA Western U.S. Snow Reanalysis (WUS-SR), which is available at a 16 arc-second (500m) resolution for WY1985-2021 (Fang et al., 2022). Here, we utilize their daily median estimates of posterior snow water equivalent (SWE) and fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) to identify dates of snow onset (DSO) and disappearance (DSD) for each grid cell and water year. Processed snow timing files are available on the same 1° by 1° grid as the reanalysis, for 31°-48°N and 103°-124°W, and are georeferenced to the World Geodetic System 1984 spatial grid (EPSG:4326). These files follow the naming convention "ST_N<latitude>_0W<longitude>.nc", where each file includes snow timing data for all water years at that location. Data processing follows a similar rationale to that of Heldmyer and Livneh (2021) with modifications (as needed) due to differences between utilized fSCA products, a longer period of record, etc.

We calculate snow cover timing indices for each file in the WUS-SR as follows. First, we create daily binary snow cover maps which identify snow existence based on a 10% fSCA threshold (i.e., if a grid cell has a fSCA lower than this threshold, it is considered 'snow-free'). This is a departure from the methods described by Heldymer and Livneh (2021), where they apply a 25-day moving median window before classifying grid cells as snow-covered or snow-free. For a given water year, the DSO is calculated as the first day when a grid cell transitions from snow-free to snow-covered. Conversely, the DSD is calculated as the first day when a grid cell transitions from snow-covered to snow-free after the date of maximum SWE. This constraint aims to minimize the effect of small-scale deposition and melt events on the data. These snow timing dates are reported as day of water year (DOWY) values rather than day of calendar or Julian year. Additionally, the creators of the WUS-SR data state that their products are not intended to represent non-seasonal snowpack (e.g., grid cells which do not transition from snow-free to snow-covered, or vice versa). Here, we also provide a SWE 'existence' mask for each water year, where we identify grid cells that never experience snow accumulation—meaning their estimated SWE never exceeds zero meters—for any date of each water year.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pexatz
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 9 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Geometry MULTIPOLYGON (((-64.82781 48.29213, -64.85087 48.28663, -64.85088 48.28224, -64.84529 48.27806, -64.84869 48.27656, -64.84695 48.26463, -64.85334 48.25912, -64.84999 48.25224, -64.82288 48.25613, -64.81419 48.25773, -64.79683 48.25557, -64.78968 48.26004, -64.78035 48.26063, -64.76958 48.26243, -64.76293 48.25695, -64.76145 48.25436, -64.75671 48.2546, -64.75229 48.25777, -64.75671 48.26604, -64.77424 48.26858, -64.78571 48.27111, -64.7995 48.27704, -64.81929 48.28389, -64.82781 48.29213)))"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 9 records were derived from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037411-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2wvd84
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Tomopterna cryptotis (Boulenger, 1907)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Living Specimen, Observation, Human Observation, Machine Observation, Material sample, Literature Occurrence, Material citation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((25.5395 -23.2724,25.1306 -24.0715,25.5395 -24.0715,25.5395 -23.2724))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037418-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.n2uqu5
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3547 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "DatasetKey is Florida Manatee Synoptic Aerial Survey 1991-2019",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-84.63452 24.27179,-77.8578 24.27179,-77.8578 30.24868,-84.63452 30.24868,-84.63452 24.27179))",
 "Year 2015-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3547 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037419-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wsun4v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Tomopterna cryptotis (Boulenger, 1907)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Living Specimen, Observation, Human Observation, Machine Observation, Material sample, Literature Occurrence, Material citation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((20.2855 -34.7533,20.509 -34.5676,20.509 -32.9007,17.7723 -32.9007,17.8156 -33.0786,18.3471 -33.7176,18.3748 -33.8287,18.2181 -34.0492,18.3197 -34.3408,18.4452 -34.429,18.5435 -34.4213,18.5872 -34.3667,18.5363 -34.167,18.7345 -34.1508,18.7216 -34.3637,18.7808 -34.4521,19.0289 -34.4206,19.0831 -34.4835,19.2655 -34.5017,19.2032 -34.6157,19.2394 -34.6926,19.375 -34.6963,19.6091 -34.8524,19.8251 -34.8396,19.9798 -34.9064,20.1081 -34.8731,20.1517 -34.7847,20.2855 -34.7533))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037420-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.n233md
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 475 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-59.39251 -22.86396,-27.60749 -22.86396,-27.60749 -10.13604,-59.39251 -10.13604,-59.39251 -22.86396))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Phylloscartes roquettei E.Snethlage, 1928"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 475 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037423-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bzdmuv
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Tomopterna cryptotis (Boulenger, 1907)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Living Specimen, Observation, Human Observation, Machine Observation, Material sample, Literature Occurrence, Material citation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((35.628 -23.023,35.6007 -22.9702,35.6007 -23.165,35.628 -23.023))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037424-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.z26z5k
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Tomopterna cryptotis (Boulenger, 1907)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Living Specimen, Observation, Human Observation, Machine Observation, Material sample, Literature Occurrence, Material citation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((35.6306 -23.844,35.6007 -23.8125,35.6007 -24.0157,35.6306 -23.844))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037425-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/inqrcd
title: VT – all hourly probabilistic datasets & summary report files

description: All valid hourly probabilistic datasets & summary report for VT
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jjd2f8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 200 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Living Specimen, Observation, Human Observation, Machine Observation, Material sample, Literature Occurrence, Material citation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((30.0251 -31.3959,30.5701 -30.7329,30.5701 -28.5786,25.5395 -28.5786,25.5395 -32.9007,28.2048 -32.9007,28.5753 -32.6569,29.4902 -31.7517,30.0251 -31.3959))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 200 records from 11 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037426-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2fvz2w
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1671 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "DatasetKey is MarineGEO Global Seagrass Habitat Monitoring Data",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-85.78676 24.34187,-77.89672 24.34187,-77.89672 30.60714,-85.78676 30.60714,-85.78676 24.34187))",
 "Year 2016-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1671 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037427-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/dbbkxs
title: VA – all hourly probabilistic datasets & summary report files

description: All valid hourly probabilistic datasets & summary report for VA
DOI: 10.15468/dl.vcz3vj
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1007 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-76.62776 0.28328,-75.93075 -0.03699,-75.40247 -0.13384,-75.29819 -0.25116,-75.09273 -0.21287,-74.42025 -0.87501,-74.4099 -1.2785,-73.71673 -1.43369,-73.11667 -2.44758,-71.98897 -2.83038,-71.09922 -2.43724,-70.26121 -2.75796,-70.80954 -3.87531,-69.86806 -4.35122,-69.75426 -3.50286,-69.22662 -1.91994,-70.913 -1.31988,-72.36142 -1.01985,-73.61327 -0.02665,-74.90651 0.54238,-75.8587 1.37822,-76.1194 1.76927,-76.95364 1.93872,-77.1622 1.73016,-77.4229 1.75623,-77.56628 1.56071,-77.34469 0.60915,-77.08399 0.33542,-76.62776 0.28328))",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Plantae",
 "Year 2024-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1007 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037428-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/iwns9s
title: WA – all hourly probabilistic datasets & summary report files

description: All valid hourly probabilistic datasets & summary report for WA
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jp3dnr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 230 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Living Specimen, Observation, Human Observation, Machine Observation, Material sample, Literature Occurrence, Material citation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((30.5701 -24.0715,25.5395 -24.0715,25.5395 -28.5786,30.5701 -28.5786,30.5701 -24.0715))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 230 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037430-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.a49r8b
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 148 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Geometry MULTIPOLYGON (((-64.36624 48.48437, -64.38555 48.48273, -64.38448 48.47563, -64.3791 48.47405, -64.37105 48.47401, -64.36195 48.46814, -64.35404 48.46488, -64.35212 48.46107, -64.34606 48.45919, -64.34299 48.45548, -64.33451 48.45657, -64.31848 48.46517, -64.31095 48.46736, -64.31653 48.47117, -64.33914 48.48057, -64.36624 48.48437)))"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 148 records were derived from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037422-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25345/c5n01062f
title: MassIVE MSV000098134 - FBMN-GNPS_XCMS-CitrusData06112025
title: Pooled Citrus Data for 26 different sample groups for the untargeted metabolomic analysis
DOI: 10.15468/dl.p85a6d
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 16359 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Long-term fauna and flora records of the experimental forests of the Forest Research Station of Hokkaido University, Japan"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 16359 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037431-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wqm5am
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 239722 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 2000",
 {
 "or" : [
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than 2000",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is null"
 ]
 },
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Machine Observation, Observation, Unknown evidence)"
 ]
 }
 },
 {
 "not" : {
 "InstitutionCode" : [
 "is one of (iNaturalist)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 239722 records from 671 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037421-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.e3ct5d
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 6792 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-76.62776 0.28328,-75.93075 -0.03699,-75.40247 -0.13384,-75.29819 -0.25116,-75.09273 -0.21287,-74.42025 -0.87501,-74.4099 -1.2785,-73.71673 -1.43369,-73.11667 -2.44758,-71.98897 -2.83038,-71.09922 -2.43724,-70.26121 -2.75796,-70.80954 -3.87531,-69.86806 -4.35122,-69.75426 -3.50286,-69.22662 -1.91994,-70.913 -1.31988,-72.36142 -1.01985,-73.61327 -0.02665,-74.90651 0.54238,-75.8587 1.37822,-76.1194 1.76927,-76.95364 1.93872,-77.1622 1.73016,-77.4229 1.75623,-77.56628 1.56071,-77.34469 0.60915,-77.08399 0.33542,-76.62776 0.28328))",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Animalia",
 "Year 2024-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 6792 records from 22 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0037432-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.22002/qh7r8-yc964
title: Equilibrium carbon, magnesium and position-specific oxygen isotope fractionations in the magnesium carbonate – water – carbon dioxide system based on quantum mechanical calculations and laboratory precipitation experiments