DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7382548
title: Dataset of lightning flashovers on medium voltage distribution lines

description: This <strong>synthetic dataset</strong> was generated from <strong>Monte Carlo</strong> simulations of <strong>lightning flashovers</strong> on medium voltage (MV) <strong>distribution lines</strong>. It is suitable for training <strong>machine learning</strong> models for classifying lightning flashovers on distribution lines. The dataset is <strong>hierarchical</strong> in nature (see below for more information) and <strong>class imbalanced</strong>. Following five different types of lightning interaction with the MV distribution line have been simulated: (1) direct strike to phase conductor (when there is no shield wire present on the line), (2) direct strike to phase conductor with shield wire(s) present on the line (i.e. shielding failure), (3) direct strike to shield wire with backflashover event, (4) indirect near-by lightning strike to ground where shield wire is not present, and (5) indirect near-by lightning strike to ground where shield wire is present on the line. Last two types of lightning interactions induce overvoltage on the phase conductors by radiating EM fields from the strike channel that are coupled to the line conductors. Three different methods of indirect strike analysis have been implemented, as follows: Rusck's model, Chowdhuri-Gross model and Liew-Mar model. Shield wire(s) provide shielding effects to direct, as well as screening effects to indirect, lightning strikes. <strong>Dataset</strong> consists of two independent distribution lines, with heights of 12 m and 15 m, each with a flat configuration of phase conductors. Twin shield wires, if present, are 1.5 m above the phase conductors and 3 m apart [2]. CFO level of the 12 m distribution line is 150 kV and that of the 15 m distribution line is 160 kV. Dataset consists of <strong>10,000 simulations</strong> for each of the distribution lines. Dataset contains following variables (features): '<em>dist</em>': perpendicular distance of the lightning strike location from the distribution line axis (m), generated from the Uniform distribution [0, 500] m, '<em>ampl</em>': lightning current amplitude of the strike (kA), generated from the Log-Normal distribution (see IEC 60071 for additional information), '<em>front</em>': lightning current wave-front time (us), generated from the Log-Normal distribution; it needs to be emphasized that amplitudes (ampl) and wave-front times (front), as random variables, have been generated from the appropriate bivariate probability distribution which includes statistical correlation between these variates, '<em>veloc</em>': velocity of the lightning return-stroke current defined indirectly through the parameter "w" that is generated from the Uniform distribution [50, 500] m/us, which is then used for computing the velocity from the following relation: v = c/sqrt(1+w/I), where "c" is the speed of light in free space (300 m/us) and "I" is the lightning-current amplitude, '<em>shield</em>': binary indicator that signals presence or absence of the shield wire(s) on the line (0/1), generated from the Bernoulli distribution with a 50% probability, '<em>Ri</em>': average value of the impulse impedance of the tower's grounding (Ohm), generated from the Normal distribution (clipped at zero on the left side) with median value of 50 Ohm and standard deviation of 12.5 Ohm; it should be mentioned that the impulse impedance is often much larger than the associated grounding resistance value, which is why a rather high value of 50 Ohm have been used here, '<em>EGM</em>': electrogeometric model used for analyzing striking distances of the distribution line's tower; following options are available: 'Wagner', 'Young', 'AW', 'BW', 'Love', and 'Anderson', where 'AW' stands for Armstrong & Whitehead, while 'BW' means Brown & Whitehead model; statistical distribution of EGM models follows a user-defined discrete categorical distribution with respective probabilities: p = [0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 0.3, 0.2], '<em>ind</em>': indirect stroke model used for analyzing near-by indirect lightning strikes; following options were implemented: 'rusk' for the Rusck's model, 'chow' for the Chowdhuri-Gross model (with Jakubowski modification) and 'liew' for the Liew-Mar model; statistical distribution of these three models follows a user-defined discrete categorical distribution with respective probabilities: p = [0.6, 0.2, 0.2], '<em>CFO</em>': critical flashover voltage level of the distribution line's insulation (kV), '<em>height</em>': height of the phase conductors of the distribution line (m), '<em>flash</em>': binary indicator that signals if the flashover has been recorded (1) or not (0). This variable is the outcome/label (i.e. binary class). Mathematical background used for the analysis of lightning interaction with the MV distribution line can be found in the references cited below. <strong>References</strong>: A. R. Hileman, "Insulation Coordination for Power Systems", CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. J. A. Martinez and F. Gonzalez-Molina, "Statistical evaluation of lightning overvoltages on overhead distribution lines using neural networks," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2219-2226, July 2005. A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci and M. Paolone, An Improved Procedure for the Assessment of Overhead Line Indirect Lightning Performance and Its Comparison with the IEEE Std. 1410 Method, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2007, pp. 684-692.
description: {"references": ["Sarajcev, P., Algorithm for Generating Synthetic Datasets of Lightning Flashovers on Distribution Lines, Zenodo, 2023, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7575142"]}