DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0zpc8671s
title: Data for: Global diversity patterns are explained by diversification rates and dispersal at ancient, not shallow, timescales

description: Online supplementary materials and datasets for "Global diversity
 patterns are explained by diversification rates at ancient, not shallow,
 timescales. The online supplemental materials include Appendices S1–S5,
 Figures S1–S6, andTables S1–S12. Dataset S1 contains R code for all
 analyses conducted in the study. The other files contain the raw data used
 for spatial analyses. Datasets S2–S5, S9, and S10 contain squamate
 phylogenies used for analyses. Datasets S6–S8, S13, and S14 contain
 diversification rates for various clades estimated using various methods.
 Dataset S15 contains files needed for a phylogenetic reconstruction of
 past patterns of squamate dispersal among nine biogeographic realms,
 including additional R code both for conducting the analysis and parsing
 the output. Datasets S16 and S17 contain estimates of the colonization
 times of realms by various species. Dataset S18 contains 100 replicates of
 an analysis confirming that there is no relationship between
 diversification rates and species richness. Finally, Dataset S19 contains
 a global squamate presence-absence matrix for 10,213 species of squamates
 and 14800 terrestrial grid cells.
description: # Data for: Global diversity patterns are explained by diversification
 rates and dispersal at ancient, not shallow, timescales Dryad DOI:
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0zpc8671s](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0zpc8671s) README for Dryad data files associated with: Patrick R. Stephens*, Maxwell J. Farrell, T. Jonathan Davies, John L. Gittleman, Shai Meiri, Mathew O. Moreira, Uri Roll, John J. Wiens. Global diversity patterns are explained by diversification rates and dispersal at ancient, not shallow, timescales. Systematic Biology 74: [https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaf018.\\](https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaf018.\\) *corresponding author: [patrick.stephens@okstate.edu](mailto:patrick.stephens@okstate.edu) --- ## Version change log **22 May 2025:** Added missing file and updated the file name to reflect the version of it that I uploaded: “Supp_Mat_21Feb2025_clean.pdf” --- This archive contains: Supplementary Datasets Feb 21.zip Inside this zip archive are the following files: **Supp_Mat_21Feb2025_clean.pdf** : Contains online supplemental materials including Appendices S1-S6, Figures S1-S5, and Tables S1-S12. **Dataset_S1_R_Code_Dec_22_2024.R**: R script file containing code for analyses we present. The code includes the version numbers of all libraries used for analyses.  **Dataset_S2_zw2016.nexus**: Time-calibrated tree from Zheng and Wiens (2016). **Dataset_S3_Ton_2016_consensus.zip**: Zip file containing Newick-formatted consensus tree from Tonini et al. (2016). Unaltered from the original publication. Original downloaded from: [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.db005](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.db005) **Dataset_S4_100_trees.tre**: Contains 100 trees chosen at random from the Bayesian posterior distribution of 10,000 potential fully resolved trees published by Tonini et al. (2016). **Dataset_S5_TNN_et_al_mol_contree.tre**: Nexus formatted consensus tree of 10,000 molecular trees published by Tonini et al. (2016). See the methods of the main paper for additional details. **Dataset_S6_BAMM_tip_speciation_rates.xlsx**: Speciation rate for tips (species) calculated using BAMM. See the Methods of the main paper for additional details.  Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :--------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Binomial | Species bionimial from tree of Tonini et al. (2016) | | tip\_rates | BAMM speciation rate for tip species. See the Methods of the main paper for additional details. | **Dataset_S7_ClaDS_tip_speciation_rates.xlsx**: Speciation rate for tips (species) calculated using ClaDS. See the Methods of the main paper for additional details. Contains the following variables | Variable | Explanation | | :--------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Binomial | Species bionimial from tree of Tonini et al. (2016) | | tip\_rates | ClaDS speciation rate for tip species. See the Methods of the main paper for additional details. | **Dataset_S8_Squamate_diversification_rates.xlsx**: All genus and family-level diversification rates used for global squamate analyses, for each species. Also contains stem ages of genera and families used to assign species to bins, and lists the taxa these represent. Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | RN | reference number assigned during merge | | RDB 2017 binomial | SIC binomial from reptile database (2017\_10) | | Tree\_Binom | same but with spaces replaced with underscore for easier alignment with trees | | Genus | genus | | Family | family | | Ton\_fam | family names used to match to "Ton\_family\_16Jan2020\_v2.csv" and to "family\_rates\_ClaDS.csv" | | Ton\_F\_stem\_age | stem age from "Ton\_family\_16Jan2020\_v2.csv" | | Ton\_FDR\_log\_e5 | log10 diversification rate using an extinction exponent of 5 from "Ton\_family\_16Jan2020\_v2.csv" | | ZW\_family | family names used to match "ZW\_family\_16Jan2020\_v2.xls" | | ZW\_F\_stem\_age | stem age from "ZW\_family\_16Jan2020\_v2.xls" | | ZW\_FDR\_log\_e5 | log10 diversification rate estimated using an extinction exponent of 5 from "ZW\_family\_16Jan2020\_v2.xls" | | Ton\_genus | genus name used to match "Tonini\_genus\_rates\_16Jan2020.xls" | | Ton\_genus\_note | notes on why name differs from RDB name | | Ton\_G\_stem\_age | stem age from "Tonini\_genus\_rates\_16Jan2020.xls" | | Ton\_GDR\_log\_e5 | log10 diversification rate using an extinction exponent of 5 from "Tonini\_genus\_rates\_16Jan2020.xls" | | Family\_and\_higher\_taxa | notes on higher taxa in RDB | | ZW\_genus | genus names used to match to "ZW\_family\_16Jan2020\_v2.xls" | | ZW\_genus\_notes | notes on why name differs from RDB name | | ZW\_G\_stem\_age | stem age from "ZW\_genus\_rates\_16Jan2020.xls" | | ZW\_GDR\_log\_e5 | log10 diversification rate estimated using an extinction exponent of 5 from "ZW\_genus\_rates\_16Jan2020.xls" | | CLADn | number of species assumed to be in the family for ClaDS rate estimates | | CLADmean | mean diversification rate of family estimated using the ClaDS method | | CLADmedian | median diversification rate of the family using the ClaDS method | | CLADsd | standard deviation of diversification rate of family using the ClaDS method | | CLADmin | minimum diversification rate of clade included in family using ClaDS method | | CLADmax | maximum diversification rate of clade included in family using ClaDS method | **Dataset_S9_Tonini_et_al_tree_MoM_Genera.xlsx**: Contains additional information on genera from the tree of Tonini et al. (2016) used for analyses (number of species, stem ages, and MoM rate estimates using three values for extinction fraction) Contains the following variables | Variable | **Explanation** | | :-------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | number of species | total number of described species in genus (from Reptile Database) | | stem age | stem age of genus in millions of years | | stem diversification rate (e=0) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0 | | stem diversification rate (e=0.5) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.5 | | stem diversification rate (e=0.9) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.9 | **Dataset_S10_Zheng_Wiens_tree_MoM_Genera.xlsx**: Contains additional information on genera from the tree of Zheng and Wiens (2016) used for analyses (number of species, stem ages, and MoM rate estimates using three values for extinction fraction) Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :--------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Genus | Squamate genus | | ZW stem age | clade's stem age in millions of years | | RDB 2017 species | number of described species (from Reptile Database) | | notes | notes | | Family | Squamate family | | log10-e0 | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0 | | log10-e5 | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.5 | | log10-e9 | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.9 | **Dataset_S11_Tonini_et_al_tree_MoM_Families.xlsx**: Contains additional information on families from the tree of Tonini et al. (2016) used for analyses (number of species, stem ages, and MoM rate estimates using three values for extinction fraction) Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :--------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Family | Squamate family | | number of described species | number of described species (from Reptile Database) | | stem age | clade's stem age in millions of years | | crown age | clade's crown age in millions of years | | ln\_species described | natural logarithm of number of described species (from Reptile Database) | | stem diversification rate (e=0) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0 | | stem diversification rate (e=0.5) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.5 | | stem diversification rate (e=0.9) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.9 | | crown diversification rate (e=0) | crown diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0 | | crown diversification rate (e=0.5) | crown diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.5 | | crown diversification rate (e=0.9) | crown diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.9 | **Dataset_S12_Zheng_Wiens_tree_MoM_Families.xlsx**: Contains additional information on families from the tree of Zheng and Wiens (2016) used for analyses (number of species, stem ages, and MoM rate estimates using three values for extinction fraction) Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :--------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Family | Squamate family | | number of described species | number of described species (from Reptile Database) | | stem age | clade's stem age in millions of years | | crown age | clade's crown age in millions of years | | ln\_species described | natural logarithm of number of described species (from Reptile Database) | | stem diversification rate (e=0) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0 | | stem diversification rate (e=0.5) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.5 | | stem diversification rate (e=0.9) | stem diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.9 | | crown diversification rate (e=0) | crown diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0 | | crown diversification rate (e=0.5) | crown diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.5 | | crown diversification rate (e=0.9) | crown diversification rate with an assumed relative extinction fraction of 0.9 | **Dataset_S13_Snake_diversification_rates.xlsx**: Contains diversification rates for snake families estimated using MoM, BAMM, RPANDA, and ClaDS. Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :--------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Family | Family designation used to match to family level diversification rates from Dataset\_S1 | | BAMM whole tree | BAMM rates calculated from the whole tree in: A. L. Meyer, J. J. Wiens, Estimating diversification rates for higher taxa: BAMM can give problematic estimates of rates and rate shifts. Evolution 72, 39-53 (2018). | | BAMM individual clades | BAMM rates calculated for clades in isolation in: A. L. Meyer, J. J. Wiens, Estimating diversification rates for higher taxa: BAMM can give problematic estimates of rates and rate shifts. Evolution 72, 39-53 (2018). | | TNN MoM | Methods of Moments estimates of diversification rates based on the tree of: J. F. R. Tonini, K. H. Beard, R. B. Ferreira, W. Jetz, R. A. Pyron, Fully-sampled phylogenies of squamates reveal evolutionary patterns in threat status. Biological Conservation 204, 23-31 (2016). | | ZW MoM | Methods of Moments estimates of diversification rates based on the tree of: Y. Zheng, J. J. Wiens, Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94, 537-547 (2016). | | RPANDA Stem | Rates estimated from RPANDA using absolute values of speciation and extinction rates. Rates were obtained from: M. Bars‐Closel, T. Kohlsdorf, D. S. Moen, J. J. Wiens. Diversification rates are more strongly related to microhabitat than climate in squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). Evolution 71, 2243-2261 (2017). | | ClaDS | Rates estimated using ClaDS method | **Dataset_S14_Species_environmental_data.xlsx**: Contains mean, minimum, and maximum values of 11 BIO Variables across species geographic ranges. Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :------------ | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | binomial | Species binomial, matches Uetz and Hošek (2017) | | TaxonID | Taxon ID, used to match with range shapefiles in GARD 1.5 | | Group | Squamate group: lizard, snake, or amphisbaenian | | Family | Taxonomic family, matches Uetz and Hošek (2017) | | bio1\_mean | Mean value of Bio1 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio1\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio1 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio1\_min | Minimum value of Bio1 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio1\_max | Maximum value of Bio1 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio2\_mean | Mean value of Bio2 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio2\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio2 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio2\_min | Minimum value of Bio2 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio2\_max | Maximum value of Bio2 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio3\_mean | Mean value of Bio3 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio3\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio3 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio3\_min | Minimum value of Bio3 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio3\_max | Maximum value of Bio3 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio4\_mean | Mean value of Bio4 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio4\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio4 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio4\_min | Minimum value of Bio4 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio4\_max | Maximum value of Bio4 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio5\_mean | Mean value of Bio5 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio5\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio5 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio5\_min | Minimum value of Bio5 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio5\_max | Maximum value of Bio5 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio6\_mean | Mean value of Bio6 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio6\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio6 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio6\_min | Minimum value of Bio6 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio6\_max | Maximum value of Bio6 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio7\_mean | Mean value of Bio7 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio7\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio7 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio7\_min | Minimum value of Bio7 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio7\_max | Maximum value of Bio7 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio12\_mean | Mean value of Bio12 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio12\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio12 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio12\_min | Minimum value of Bio12 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio12\_max | Maximum value of Bio12 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio13\_mean | Mean value of Bio13 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio13\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio13 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio13\_min | Minimum value of Bio13 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio13\_max | Maximum value of Bio13 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio14\_mean | Mean value of Bio14 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio14\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio14 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio14\_min | Minimum value of Bio14 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio14\_max | Maximum value of Bio14 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio15\_mean | Mean value of Bio15 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio15\_stddev | Standard deviation of Bio15 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio15\_min | Minimum value of Bio15 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | | bio15\_max | Maximum value of Bio15 across species range. Environmental data from CHELSA (Karger et al. 2017). See Table S2 and Karger et al. (2017) for definitions of BIO variables. | **Dataset_S15_BGB_example.zip**: Zip file containing sample code for BioGeoBEARS and all input data files used for reconstructions. Also includes code for calculating colonization times from BioGeoBEARS output. Contains the following files: *Squamate_realms_Nov_27.csv*: list of species and realms they are assigned to by Shai Meiri in November 2024 *Sample_BioGeoBEARS_analysis_Dec17.R*: R code needed to conduct reconstructions and parse output. *tr_pruned_F23.tre*: tree of Zheng and Wiens (2016) pruned down to species found in F23_realms_v2 *F23_realms-v2.txt*:  input file for BioGeoBEARS **Dataset_S16_Richness_and_col_times_of_realms.xlsx**: Species richness and colonization times of nine biogeographic realms sensu Falaschi et al. (2023) Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | RN | row number | | Realm | Realm sensu Falaschi et al. (2023) | | RA | Realm two-letter abbreviation in BioGeobears input files | | maxCT | Oldest potential colonization time observed for species in realms (along the node path from a given tip to the root, age of node below oldest node in which realm with highest likelihood is the same as the one where a given tip species currently occurs) | | minCT | Youngest likely colonization time (oldest node where the character state with the highest likelihood represents endemism to a given realm) | | SR\_all | All species from the global presence-absence matrix endemic to the realm | | SR\_tree | All species from the global presence-absence matrix endemic to the realm that are also found in the tree of Zheng and Wiens (2016) | **Dataset_S17_Squamate_colonization_times.xlsx**: Colonization time estimates for 3914 species of squamates based on DEC and DEC + J. Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explenation** | | :------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Binomial | species binomial | | DEC\_CL | DEC conditional likelihood estimates of colonization times (estimates with the highest likelihoods, overall best estimates given concerns with DEC +J model) | | DEC\_UP | DEC up pass estimates of colonization times | | DEC\_DP | DEC down pass estimates of colonization times (note that these ended up being the estimates with the highest CL, and so are identical to CL estimates) | | DECJ\_CL | DEC + J conditional likelihood estimates of colonization times (note that these are nearly identical to DEC estimates, only differ for 17 species) | | DECJ\_UP | DEC + J up pass estimates of colonization times | | DECJ\_DP | DEC +J down pass estimates of colonization times | **Dataset_S18_DR_vs_SR_replicates.xlsx**: Contains test statistics and P-values for 100 comparisons of species richness vs the DR statistic calculated using the trees from Dataset S4. Contains the following variables: | Variable | **Explanation** | | :------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Tree | Tree used for Replicate (see Dataset S3). | | DRcorr | Correlation based on Dutilleul's modified t-test for assessing bivariate correlations with spatial data | | DRpvalue | P-value of correlation | **Dataset_S19_additional_GIS_files.zip**: Zipped archive containing shapefiles for large terrestrial water bodies and a global presence-absence for 10,213 species of squamates. See Dataset S1 for details on how these are used in our analyses and to create maps. Also contains directions for creating a "wc10" folder. ***Literature Cited:*** Falaschi, M., Marta, S., Lo Parrino, E., Roll, U., Meiri, S., & Ficetola, G. F. (2023). Global bioregions of reptiles confirm the consistency of bioregionalization processes across vertebrate clades. *Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.*, 32(8), 1272-1284. Tonini J.F.R., Beard K.H., Ferreira R.B., Jetz W., Pyron R.A. 2016. Fully-sampled phylogenies of squamates reveal evolutionary patterns in threat status. *Biol. Conserv.* 204:23-31. Zheng Y., Wiens J.J. 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. *Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.* 94:537-547.