DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s46t627
title: Data from: An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in a tiger moth

description: 1. Although predation is commonly thought to exert the strongest selective
 pressure on colouration in aposematic species, sexual selection may also
 influence colouration. Specifically, polymorphism in aposematic species
 cannot be explained by natural selection alone. 2. Males of the aposematic
 wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) are polymorphic for hindwing
 colouration throughout most of their range. In Scandinavia, they display
 either white or yellow hindwings. Female hindwing colouration varies
 continuously from bright orange to red. Redder females and yellow males
 suffer least from bird predation. 3. White males often have higher mating
 success than yellow males. Therefore, we ask whether females can
 discriminate the two male morphs by colour. Males approach females by
 following pheromone plumes from a distance, but search visually at short
 range. This raises the questions whether males discriminate female
 colouration and, in turn, whether female colouration is also sexually
 selected. 4. Using electroretinograms, we found significantly larger
 retinal responses in male than female A. plantaginis, but similar spectral
 sensitivities in both sexes, with peaks in the UV (349 nm), blue (457 nm),
 and green (521 nm) wavelength range. 5. According to colour vision models,
 conspecifics can discriminate white and yellow males as separate morphs,
 but not orange and red females. For moths and birds (Cyanistes caeruleus),
 white males are more conspicuous against green and brown backgrounds,
 mostly due to UV reflectivity, and red females are slightly more
 conspicuous than orange females. 6. The costly red colouration among
 females is likely selected by predator pressure, not by conspecifics,
 whereas male colour polymorphism is probably maintained, at least partly,
 by a the opposing forces of predation pressure favouring yellow males, and
 female preference for white males. Whether or not the preference for white
 males is based on visual cues requires further testing. 7. The evolution
 of polymorphic aposematic animals can be better understood when the visual
 system of the species and their predators is taken into consideration.
description: 1_Response-intensity
 relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth
 (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinogramsSixteen Excel files with
 data related to figure 2 in Henze MJ, Lind O, Mappes J, Rojas B, Kelber A
 (2018) An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of
 conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in the
 wood tiger moth. Functional Ecology.'1_DataRelatedToFig2_Female1_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx2_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms2_DataRelatedToFig2_Female2_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx3_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms3_DataRelatedToFig2_Female3_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx4_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms4_DataRelatedToFig2_Female4_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx5_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms5_DataRelatedToFig2_Female5_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx6_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms6_DataRelatedToFig2_Female6_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx7_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms7_DataRelatedToFig2_Male1_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx8_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms8_DataRelatedToFig2_Male2_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx9_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms9_DataRelatedToFig2_Male3_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx10_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms10_DataRelatedToFig2_Male4_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx11_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms11_DataRelatedToFig2_Male5_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx12_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms12_DataRelatedToFig2_Male6_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx13_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms13_DataRelatedToFig2_Male7_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx14_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms14_DataRelatedToFig2_Male8_IntensityResponse_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx15_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms15_DataRelatedToFig2_ResponseAmplitudeAgainstIntensityOfFlash_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx16_Response-intensity relationship of the dark-adapted compound eyes of the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) determined by electroretinograms16_DataRelatedToFig2_ParametersOfNakaRushtonFunctions_ArctiaPlantaginis.xlsx17_DataRelatedToFig3_IndividualSpectralSensitivityCurves_ArctiaPlantaginis17 and 18: Two Excel files with data related to figure 3 and 5 in 'Henze MJ, Lind O, Mappes J, Rojas B, Kelber A (2018) An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in the wood tiger moth. Functional Ecology.'18_DataRelatedToFig5_WavelengthsOfMaximalSensitivity_StandardCurves_ArctiaPlantaginisSpectral sensitivity, illumination spectra, background spectra and reflectance spectra of wood tiger moth wing areas used for visual modellingOne excel file related to Figures 4, 6 and 7 in 'Henze MJ, Lind O, Mappes J, Rojas B, Kelber A (2018) An aposematic colour-polymorphic moth seen through the eyes of conspecifics and predators - sensitivity and colour discrimination in the wood tiger moth. Functional Ecology.'19_Data_used for models_Arctia_plantaginis.xlsx