DOI: 10.3886/icpsr37358
title: Pittsburgh Youth Study Externalizing Constructs, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1987-2001
title: Archival Version

description: The Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS) is part of the larger "Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency" initiated by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention in 1986. PYS aims to document the development of antisocial and delinquent behavior from childhood to early adulthood, the risk factors that impinge on that development, and help seeking and service provision of boys' behavior problems. The study also focuses on boys' development of alcohol and drug use, and internalizing problems.
PYS consists of three samples of boys who were in the first, fourth, and seventh grades in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania public schools during the 1987-1988 academic year (called the youngest, middle, and oldest sample, respectively). Using a screening risk score that measured each boy's antisocial behavior, boys identified at the top 30 percent within each grade sample on the screening risk measure (n=~250), as well as an equal number of boys randomly selected from the remainder (n=~250), were selected for follow-up. Consequently, the final sample for the study consisted of 1,517 total students selected for follow-up. 506 of these students were in the oldest sample, 508 were in the middle sample, and 503 were in the youngest sample.
Assessments were conducted semiannually and then annually using multiple informants (i.e., boys, parents, teachers) between 1987 and 2010. The youngest sample was assessed from ages 6-19 and again at ages 25 and 28. The middle sample was assessed from ages 9-13 and again at age 23. The oldest sample was assessed from ages 13-25, with an additional assessment at age 35. Information has been collected on a broad range of risk and protective factors across multiple domains (e.g., individual, family, peer, school, neighborhood). Measures of conduct problems, substance use/abuse, criminal behavior, mental health problems have been collected.

This collection contains data and syntax files for externalizing constructs. The datasets include constructs on the frequency and level of criminal and delinquent activities, including aggression, untrustworthy and manipulative behaviors, cruelty to animals and people, hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention problems, truancy, suspension from school, running away, and prevalence and frequency for lack of guilt.
The externalizing constructs were created by using the PYS raw data. The raw data are available at ICPSR in the following studies:
Pittsburgh Youth Study Youngest Sample (1987 - 2001) [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania],
Pittsburgh Youth Study Middle Sample (1987 - 1991) [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania] , and
Pittsburgh Youth Study Oldest Sample (1987 - 2000) [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania].
description: The Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS) is a part of the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency (Causes and Correlates), initiated in 1986 by the United States Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Causes and Correlates is designed to improve the understanding of serious delinquency, violence, and drug use by examining how youth develop within the context of family, school, peers, and community. Specifically, PYS aims to document the development of antisocial and delinquent behavior from childhood to early adulthood, the risk factors that impinge on that development, and help seeking and service provision of boys' behavior problems. It also focuses on boys' development of alcohol and drug use, and internalizing problems. Additionally, the study serves as a real-life laboratory for advancing and testing hypothesized developmental pathways.
description: Variables for datasets on physical aggression, nonphysical aggression, proactive aggression, and reactive aggression constructs (with dataset name ending in "AGGRE") include hitting teacher, parents, peers, and siblings, disobedience at home and school, as well as arguing, screaming, bragging, sulking, making threats, etc.
Variables for datasets on unaccountable, untrustworthy, and manipulative behaviors constructs (with dataset name ending in "COVER") include lying, trust, covert behaviors, manipulation, cheating, trespassing, etc.
Variables for datasets on cruelty constructs (with dataset name ending in "CRUEL") include cruelty to animals and people and cruelty best estimates.
Variables for datasets on guilt constructs (with dataset name ending in "GUILT") include prevalence and frequency for lack of guilt.
Variables for datasets on hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems constructs (with dataset name ending in "HIA") include restlessness, talking too much or out of turn, impatience, fidgeting, etc.
Variables for datasets on externalizing behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini project constructs (with dataset name ending in "PRDNI") include hyperactivity, inattention, oppositional defiance, and conduct problems.
Variables for datasets on truancy, running away, suspension (with dataset name ending in "TRASU") include reports from caretakers and students on the latter as well as the persistency of truancy.
description: Response Rates: Participant retention for the Pittsburgh Youth Study has historically been high (mean=91 percent), with 82 percent of living participants completing the most recent interview conducted in 2010.
description: The initial sample for the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS) was selected with the assistance of the Pittsburgh Board of Education in 1987. PYS researchers started out with comprehensive public school lists of the enrollment of 1,631, 1,432, and 1,419 male students in grades 1, 4, and 7 during the 1987-1988 school year respectively. From these lists, researchers randomly selected about 1,100 boys in each of the three grades to be contacted (1,165, 1,146, and 1,125 in grades 1, 4, and 7, respectively). However, a number of the children had moved out of the school district, proved to be girls, or were of incorrect age and were therefore not eligible participants. Eventually, 1,006, 1,004, and 998 families with eligible boys in grades 1, 4, and 7, respectively, were contacted. Boys in grade 1 became the "youngest" sample, boys in grade 4 became the "middle" sample, and boys in grade 7 became the "oldest" sample. From this contact, 84.6 percent, 86.3 percent, and 83.9 percent of the eligible boys in the youngest, middle, and oldest samples respectively chose to participate in PYS. 
In order to increase the number of high-risk males in the sample, researchers used a screening assessment on a subset of the boys during the first phase of the study, Phase S. Risk scores from this screening assessment measured each boy's antisocial behavior using parent, teacher, and self-report instruments. Within each grade-based sample, boys identified at the top 30 percent on the screening risk measure (n=~250), as well as an equal number of boys randomly selected from the remaining 70 percent (n=~250), were selected for follow-up in subsequent phases (Phase A- Phase DD). This resulted in the final samples of 503, 508, and 506 boys in grades 1, 4, and 7, respectively, who together with their parent were to be followed up. 
The youngest sample (N=503) and the oldest sample (N=506) have been assessed continuously since 1987, while the middle sample (N=508) was only assessed seven times from ages 10-13. Assessments of each of the cohorts were carried out initially half-yearly, and later yearly. When the assessment periods switched from six months to one year, the youngest sample was interviewed every spring and the oldest sample every fall. Each phase letter still represents a six-month period. Thus, all the phases from H through AA have data for only one sample.
description: Datasets: 
DS0: Study-Level Files
DS1: Phase A All Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - A3XAGGRE
DS2: Phase A All Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - A3XCOVER
DS3: Phase A All Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - A3XCRUEL
DS4: Phase A All Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - A3XGUILT
DS5: Phase A All Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - A3XHIA
DS6: Phase A All Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - A3XPRDNI
DS7: Phase A All Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - A3XTRASU
DS8: Phase AA Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - AAYAGGRE
DS9: Phase AA Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - AAYCRUEL
DS10: Phase B All Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - B3XAGGRE
DS11: Phase B All Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - B3XCOVER
DS12: Phase B All Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - B3XCRUEL
DS13: Phase B All Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - B3XGUILT
DS14: Phase B All Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - B3XHIA
DS15: Phase B All Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - B3XPRDNI
DS16: Phase B All Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - B3XTRASU
DS17: Phase C All Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - C3XAGGRE
DS18: Phase C All Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - C3XCOVER
DS19: Phase C All Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - C3XCRUEL
DS20: Phase C All Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - C3XGUILT
DS21: Phase C All Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - C3XHIA
DS22: Phase C All Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - C3XPRDNI
DS23: Phase C All Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - C3XTRASU
DS24: Phase D All Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - D3XAGGRE
DS25: Phase D All Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - D3XCOVER
DS26: Phase D All Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - D3XCRUEL
DS27: Phase D All Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - D3XGUILT
DS28: Phase D All Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - D3XHIA
DS29: Phase D All Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - D3XPRDNI
DS30: Phase D All Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - D3XTRASU
DS31: Phase E All Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - E3XAGGRE
DS32: Phase E All Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - E3XCOVER
DS33: Phase E All Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - E3XCRUEL
DS34: Phase E All Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - E3XGUILT
DS35: Phase E All Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - E3XHIA
DS36: Phase E All Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - E3XPRDNI
DS37: Phase E All Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - E3XTRASU
DS38: Phase F Youngest and Middle Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - F3NAGGRE
DS39: Phase F Youngest and Middle Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - F3NCOVER
DS40: Phase F Youngest and Middle Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - F3NCRUEL
DS41: Phase F Youngest and Middle Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - F3NGUILT
DS42: Phase F Youngest and Middle Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - F3NHIA
DS43: Phase F Youngest and Middle Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - F3NPRDNI
DS44: Phase F Youngest and Middle Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - F3NTRASU
DS45: Phase G Youngest and Oldest Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - G3WAGGRE
DS46: Phase G Youngest and Oldest Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - G3WCOVER
DS47: Phase G Youngest and Oldest Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - G3WCRUEL
DS48: Phase G Youngest and Oldest Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - G3WGUILT
DS49: Phase G Youngest and Oldest Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - G3WHIA
DS50: Phase G Youngest and Oldest Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - G3WPRDNI
DS51: Phase G Youngest and Oldest Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - G3WTRASU
DS52: Phase H Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - H3YAGGRE
DS53: Phase H Youngest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - H3YCOVER
DS54: Phase H Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - H3YCRUEL
DS55: Phase H Youngest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - H3YGUILT
DS56: Phase H Youngest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - H3YHIA
DS57: Phase H Youngest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - H3YPRDNI
DS58: Phase H Youngest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - H3YTRASU
DS59: Phase I Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - I3OAGGRE
DS60: Phase I Oldest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - I3OCOVER
DS61: Phase I Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - I3OCRUEL
DS62: Phase I Oldest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - I3OGUILT
DS63: Phase I Oldest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - I3OHIA
DS64: Phase I Oldest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - I3OPRDNI
DS65: Phase I Oldest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - I3OTRASU
DS66: Phase J Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - J3YAGGRE
DS67: Phase J Youngest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - J3YCOVER
DS68: Phase J Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - J3YCRUEL
DS69: Phase J Youngest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - J3YGUILT
DS70: Phase J Youngest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - J3YHIA
DS71: Phase J Youngest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - J3YPRDNI
DS72: Phase J Youngest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - J3YTRASU
DS73: Phase K Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - K3OAGGRE
DS74: Phase K Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - K3OCRUEL
DS75: Phase L Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - L3YAGGRE
DS76: Phase L Youngest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - L3YCOVER
DS77: Phase L Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - L3YCRUEL
DS78: Phase L Youngest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - L3YGUILT
DS79: Phase L Youngest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - L3YHIA
DS80: Phase L Youngest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - L3YPRDNI
DS81: Phase L Youngest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - L3YTRASU
DS82: Phase M Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - M3OAGGRE
DS83: Phase M Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - M3OCRUEL
DS84: Phase N Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - N3YAGGRE
DS85: Phase N Youngest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - N3YCOVER
DS86: Phase N Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - N3YCRUEL
DS87: Phase N Youngest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - N3YGUILT
DS88: Phase N Youngest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - N3YHIA
DS89: Phase N Youngest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - N3YPRDNI
DS90: Phase N Youngest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - N3YTRASU
DS91: Phase O Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - O3OAGGRE
DS92: Phase O Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - O3OCRUEL
DS93: Phase P Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - P3YAGGRE
DS94: Phase P Youngest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - P3YCOVER
DS95: Phase P Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - P3YCRUEL
DS96: Phase P Youngest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - P3YGUILT
DS97: Phase P Youngest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - P3YHIA
DS98: Phase P Youngest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - P3YPRDNI
DS99: Phase P Youngest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - P3YTRASU
DS100: Phase Q Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - Q3OAGGRE
DS101: Phase Q Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - Q3OCRUEL
DS102: Phase R Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - R3YAGGRE
DS103: Phase R Youngest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - R3YCOVER
DS104: Phase R Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - R3YCRUEL
DS105: Phase R Youngest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - R3YGUILT
DS106: Phase R Youngest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - R3YHIA
DS107: Phase R Youngest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - R3YPRDNI
DS108: Phase R Youngest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - R3YTRASU
DS109: Phase S All Samples Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - S3XAGGRE
DS110: Phase S All Samples Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - S3XCOVER
DS111: Phase S All Samples Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - S3XCRUEL
DS112: Phase S All Samples Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - S3XGUILT
DS113: Phase S All Samples Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - S3XHIA
DS114: Phase S All Samples Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - S3XPRDNI
DS115: Phase S All Samples Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - S3XTRASU
DS116: Phase S Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - SSOAGGRE
DS117: Phase S Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - SSOCRUEL
DS118: Phase T Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - T3YAGGRE
DS119: Phase T Youngest Sample Unaccountable, Untrustworthy, and Manipulative Behaviors Constructs - T3YCOVER
DS120: Phase T Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - T3YCRUEL
DS121: Phase T Youngest Sample Prevalence and Frequency for Lack of Guilt Constructs - T3YGUILT
DS122: Phase T Youngest Sample Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, and Attention Problems Constructs - T3YHIA
DS123: Phase T Youngest Sample Externalizing Behaviors from CBCL for Dustin Pardini Project Constructs - T3YPRDNI
DS124: Phase T Youngest Sample Truancy, Running Away, and Suspended From School Constructs - T3YTRASU
DS125: Phase U Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - U3OAGGRE
DS126: Phase U Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - U3OCRUEL
DS127: Phase V Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - V3YAGGRE
DS128: Phase V Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - V3YCRUEL
DS129: Phase W Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - W3OAGGRE
DS130: Phase W Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - W3OCRUEL
DS131: Phase Y Youngest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - Y3YAGGRE
DS132: Phase Y Youngest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - Y3YCRUEL
DS133: Phase Z Oldest Sample Nonphysical Aggression, Physical Aggression, Proactive Aggression Score, and Reactive Aggression Score Constructs - ZZOAGGRE
DS134: Phase Z Oldest Sample Cruel to Animals, Cruel to People, and Cruelty Best Estimate Constructs - ZZOCRUEL
description: This study collection contains those students, and their parents, who were in first, fourth, or seventh grade during the 1987-1988 school year.
description: face-to-face interview; mail questionnaire; paper and pencil interview (PAPI); self-enumerated questionnaire; on-site questionnaire; telephone interviewThe externalizing constructs were created by using the PYS raw data. The raw data are available at ICPSR in the following studies:
Pittsburgh Youth Study Youngest Sample (1987 - 2001) [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania],
Pittsburgh Youth Study Middle Sample (1987 - 1991) [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania] , and
Pittsburgh Youth Study Oldest Sample (1987 - 2000) [Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania].ICPSR incorporated the original file name into each dataset name to make it easier for the users to match each dataset with the appropriate syntax file.Approved users of the restricted data will gain access to a crosswalk to the raw data file names that can be used with the included syntax, as well as an Access database that allows users to look up construct items. An ICPSR crosswalk to the dataset names, P.I.'s deposited filenames, ICPSR filenames and corresponding dataset numbers is also provided in the restricted access materials in the VDE.