cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65957
title: Steamship traveling up the Han River, Guangdong, China, ca.1918-1930

description: "Up the Han River to Meihsien from Chaoan, So. China."  A steamship is travelling up the Han River from Chaoan [now Chao'an] to Mehsien [now Mei Xian], Guangdong, China.  Behind the steamship is a small river boat and in the background there are mountains.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m20951
title: Kayin.
title: Kayin.

description: Annotation translation: "People on the picture: 1. Adults. (a) Standing (from left to right) Dr Sikemeier, Mr Bizer, Mrs Mühleisen, Mr Mühleisen with his child, Dr Bay, Mrs Fritz, Mr Schultheiss, Mr Tillmann, Mr Zimmer, Mr Hersperger.  (b) seated, Sister Thurneysen with Gudrun Fritz, Mrs Sikemeier, Sister Lüscher, Mrs Bay with a child, Mrs Zimmer, Sister Gmünder, Mrs Schultheiss with a child, Mr & Mrs Maurer. 2. The children: Hedwig, Gertrud and Helen Bay, Walter Zimmer."; Annotation: "Dargestellte Personen: 1. Erwachsene: a) stehend (von links nach rechts): Hr. Dr. Sikemeier, Hr. H. Bizer, Frau Mühleisen, Hr. Mühleisen mit s. Kind, Hr. Dr. Bay, Frau Fr. Fritz, Hr. Schultheiss, Hr. Tillmann, Hr. Zimmer, Hr. Hersperger. b) sitzend: Schw. Thurneysen mit Gudrun Fritz, Frau Dr. Sikemeier, Schw. Lüscher, Frau Dr. Bay mit Kind, Frau Zimmer, Schw. Gmünder, Frau Schultheiss mit Kind, Frau Maurer & Hr. Maurer. 2. Kinder: Hedwig, Gertrud u. Helene Bay; Hildegard Zimmer; Käthe Bay; Walter Zimmer."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m20841
title: Soothsayer in Moyen.
title: Wahrsager in Moyen.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65531
title: Two men using a hand saw, Shantou, Guangdong, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "A Chinese Saw Mill."  Two Chinese workers are using a hand saw to cut a piece of wood.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65534
title: Fashionable Hair of Chinese Women, Shantou, Guangdong, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "Fashionable Hair of Chinese Women.  Swatow."  A group of women standing outside are exhibiting the hair fashions of the time in Swatow [now Shantou], China.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65567
title: Women working with paper fiber, Shaowu, Fujian, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "Women Working on Paper Fibre Beneath the Family Altar and Ancestral Tablets, Shaowu, China."  Two women are sitting beneath a family altar working with paper fiber.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65711
title: Bust portrait of a smiling young man, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 239. Madagascar - Type betsimisaraka." A smiling young man is shown from the chest upwards. He wears a number of amulets around his neck.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65776
title: Abbie G. Sanderson standing with Thai Jong villagers, Shantou, Guangdong, China, 1919

description: "Don't be shocked at the nakedness of some of the "poseurs".  It is certainly natural, and we are surrounded by such continually - that we get not to mind it much.  This is a branching street (upper & lower), in the village of Thai Jong.  Can you beat the "register interest & attention" attitude of the little girl in the foreground?  Question:  Could you break up an old auto here as easily as in a backyard in Danbury?  I.K.F.  From Abbie G. Sanderson, Thai Jong (via Swatow) China 1919."  Abbie G. Sanderson is standing along an extremely narrow road as village children and two adults look on, Swatow [now Shantou], China.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65535
title: Buddhist Priest, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "A Buddhist Priest."  A formal portrait of a young buddhist priest dressed in traditional clothing.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65780
title: Young girl winnowing rice, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 21 - Madagascar - Vannage du Riz." A young girl stands outside a wooden building, pouring rice from a small basket into a larger one. Two other children peer out a window in the building.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Procure des Missions Bulletin 'Chine, Ceylan, Madagascar' Lille, 73, rue des Stations.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66022
title: Three young women standing together outdoors, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: Missions des Lazaristes" "Madagascar - Jeunes Filles" Three young women stand outside a white-walled building. The wear wraps of striped cloth.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Les Missions des Lazaristes et des Filles de la Cherite" "Organe mensuel de l'Oevre de Bienheureux Jean-Gabriel Perboyre en faveur des Missions les plus Necessiteuses" "Un an France, 10 Fr. - Etranger 15 Fr. Adresser les offrandes a M le Directeur de l'Oeuvre du Bx Perboyre 95 Rue de Sevres - Paris (5e) - Cheque Post no 285 88
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65772
title: Young woman with plaited hair carrying infant, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 185 Madagascar - Coiffure de femme Betsimisaraka." A young woman carries an infant on her back. Her hair is plaited in small braided coils.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65713
title: Missionary father going to visit the sick, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 167 Madagascar - En route pour la visite d'un malade." A Catholic missionary father walks along a forest path accompanied by several small children.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65528
title: Min River Boat, Fujian, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "A Min River Boat."  A Min River Boat is traveling along a river with mountains in the background.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65775
title: American Mission Compound, Shantou, Guangdong, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "American Mission Compound, Swatow."  A general view of the American Mission Compound that is located in Swatow [now Shantou], China.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65967
title: Young women carrying clay water jars on their heads, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: Madagascar - Porteuses d'Eau" Several young women are shown carrying large clay water jars on their heads.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is ""Ste des Missions Evangeliques, 102, Bld. Arago (Paris)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65773
title: Touring Missionary on the Road by the Way-side Shrine, Fujian, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "The Touring Missionary on the Road by the Way-side Shrine, Fukien, China."  A missionary and two Chinese men are standing in front of a way-side shrine in Fukien [now Fujian], China.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65527
title: Chinese River Sampan, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "A Chinese River Sampan."  A group of people aboard a Chinese river sampan that is resting on a sandy beach.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66073
title: Missionary father standing before cathedral with others, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: S. G. Mgr Crouzet" "Lazariste, Vicaire apostolique devant la Catehdrale de Fort-Dauphin." A Catholic missionary father in his vestments stands outside a carved chuch archway. Other people gather close about him.12; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Les Missions des Lazaristes et des Filles de la Cherite" "Organe mensuel de l'Oevre de Bienheureux Jean-Gabriel Perboyre en faveur des Missions les plus Necessiteuses" "Un an France, 10 Fr. - Etranger 15 Fr. Adresser les offrandes a M le Directeur de l'Oeuvre du Bx Perboyre 95 Rue de Sevres - Paris (5e) - Cheque Post no 285 88
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65722
title: Young woman carrying infant and basket, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 181 Madagascar - Le sommeil du juste." A young woman is shown carrying an infant on her back and a woven basket atop her head.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65721
title: Young man wearing a straw hat, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 182 Madagascar - Type de jeune homme de Betsimisaraka." A young man is shown from the chest up. He wears a broad-brimmed straw hat.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m20780
title: Chinese at their meal.
title: Chinesen bei der Mahlzeit.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m20805
title: Bridge built to increase a place's luck, but useless for traffic. (In the background the chapel in Sinthen) 1928.
title: Brücke zur Hebung des Ortsglücks gebaut, f. d. Verkehr nutzlos. (Im Hintergrund die Kapelle Sinthen) 1928.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65965
title: Missionary father on a hilltop gesturing toward a village, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: A Catholic missionary father stands atop a sloping hillside, gesturing down toward a village set next to a body of water below.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Ed. Jesuites Missionnaires, 6, Rue d'Auvergne. Lyon." "Madagascar - 5. "Vois-tu, la-bas, ces villages et par dela ces montagnes d'autres encore blottis dans l'ombre du paganisme... Lorsque tu seras Pretre, tu les sauveras tous!..."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65573
title: Mountain village, Fujian, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "A Typical Mountain Village, Fukien, China."  A village is set among the trees with a mountain in the background located in Fukien [now Fujian], China.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m20830
title: Chapel of the mission to chinese buddhists, built in the chinese style.
title: Kapelle der Mission f. chin. Buddhisten in chin. Stil.

description: Note: Es handelt sich wohl um das Institut für Mission unter den chinesischen Buddhisten "Tao-fung-san" in der Nähe von Hongkong. Vgl. die älteren Photos A-30.82.017/018 und A-30.83.036-039. (DS 12.2000).
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m20883
title: Cemetary of Hinnen.
title: Gräberfelder von Hinnen.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65719
title: Young girl carrying a clay water vessel on her head, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 183. Madagascar - Porteuse d'eau Hova" A young girl is shown carrying a large clay water vessel on her head.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65779
title: People carrying two missionary fathers on sedan chairs, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 190 Madagascar. - Le Pere Lhande en route pour un district eloigne." Two Catholic missionary fathers are being carried along a dusty road in sedan chairs. Rolling hills are visible in the background.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65532
title: Two men using a hand saw, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "A Chinese Saw Mill."  Two Chinese workers are using a hand saw to cut a piece of wood.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65650
title: Elderly gentleman sitting holding a walking stick, Fujian, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "A Gentleman of the Old School, Fukien, China."  An elderly bearded gentleman of the Old School in Fukien [now Fujian], China is sitting down holding a carved walking stick in one hand.  A man and children are looking on in the background.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65781
title: Elderly man wearing a knit cap and striped wrap, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 24 - Vieillard malgache dans son lamba." An elder man is shown from the chest up. He wears a close-fitting knitted cap and a wrap of striped cloth.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Procure des Missions Bulletin 'Chine, Ceylan, Madagascar' Lille, 73, rue des Stations.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65964
title: Indigenous clergyman feeding zebu cattle, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: An indigenous Catholic father is shown feeding zebu cattle in a corral.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Ed. Jesuites Missionnaires, 6, Rue d'Auvergne. Lyon." "Madagascar - 4. Nos Freres Coadjuteurs - Un Frere Malgache donnant ses soins aux bons zebus. Ce sont les plus humbles travaux qui permettent les grandes realisations. Photo du P. Van Spreeken, s. j."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65569
title: Women weaving fabric, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "Chinese Home Industry Weaving."  Two women are sitting at wooden machines, one is using a spinning wheel while the other woman is weaving fabric.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65963
title: Young boy standing with hands clasped in prayer, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: A young boy is dressed in a white robe and wearing a crucifix. He stands with hands clasped in prayer.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Ed. Jesuites Missionnaires, 6, Rue d'Auvergne. Lyon." "Madagascar - 2. "Mon Dieu, donnez a tous, a ceux de Madagascar et a ceux qui habitent le reste du monde, cet amour de vous, sans lequel la vie reste vide et desolee." Photo du P. Van Spreeken, s. j."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65568
title: Women weaving fabric, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "Chinese Home Industry Weaving."  Two women are sitting at wooden machines, one is using a spinning wheel while the other woman is weaving fabric.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65572
title: Cormorant boats on the Min River, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "Cormorant boats on the Min River, Foochow, China."  Three narrow boats float on the Min River in Foochow [now Fuzhou], China.  On each boat a man stands in the center with a long pole and Cormorants sit in a line along the boats.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65778
title: Dragon Falls of Ing-Hok, Fujian, China, ca. 1920-1937

description: "The Dragon Falls of Ing-Hok, China."  View of a bridge that is located next to the Dragon Falls of Ing-Hok, China.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65782
title: Women poling bundled branches through a marsh, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 23 - Femmes malgaches sur des radeaux." Two women are shown atop bundles of long, straight poles amid a marshy wetland. One holds a pole in her hands.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Procure des Missions Bulletin 'Chine, Ceylan, Madagascar' Lille, 73, rue des Stations.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65716
title: Missionary father distributing medicines outside a gathering of thatch-roofed buildings, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 114. Madagascar - Le Pere distribue des Medicaments" A Catholic missionary father distributes medicine outside of a small gathering of thatch-roofed buildings. In the background, grassy hills can be seen.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "L'Oevre des Pretres Malgaches" "79, Avenue de Breteuil, Paris XVc" "Ch. post. 567 39 Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66161
title: Nun tending a young woman's foot, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "Catechistes Missionnaires de Marie-Immaculee - Mission de Madagascar" "Un pansement au Dispensaire." A white-clad nun sits and tends to the heel of a young woman standing beside her. A brick building is visible in the background.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65968
title: Eleven young women sitting outdoors, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: Madagascar - Groupe de Jeunes Filles" Eleven young women are shown assembled outdoors next to a large stone building, seated and posed for a group portrait.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is ""Ste des Missions Evangeliques, 102, Boulev. Arago, Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65959
title: Girls pounding rice in a mortar, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: Madagascar - 11 - Pileuses de Riz." Three young girls are shown pounding rice in a wooden mortar. A young bow crouches nearby, while behind them can be seen several buildings.e; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Procure des Missions Bulletin 'Chine, Ceylan, Madagascar' Lille, 73, rue des Stations.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65958
title: Missionary father surrounded by children, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: 12 - Le Pere montre des images." A seated Catholic missionary father is surrounded by small children. He is showing them images in a small book.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Procure des Missions Bulletin 'Chine, Ceylan, Madagascar' Lille, 73, rue des Stations.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m20987
title: Entrance to the mission hospital in Honyen, 1932, with patients.
title: Eingang zum Miss. Spital (1932) i. Honyen m. Patienten.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65962
title: Missionary father standing with man beneath a palm tree, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: A Catholic missionary father is shown standing outdoors beneath a palm tree, next to another man who stands with a cane. Buildings are visible behind a low wall.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Ed. Jesuites Missionnaires, 6, Rue d'Auvergne. Lyon." "Madagascar - 1. Le missionaire et son "deka" partent en visite ches lez chretiens dont les petites maisons se blottissent sous les palmiers. Photo du P. Van Spreeken, s. j."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65533
title: Men cooking sweet potatoes, Fujian, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "Sweet potatoes, smoking hot, Fukien, China."  Three men are standing around a cooking apparatus that holds smoking hot sweet potatoes in Fukien [now Fujian], China.  A dog is standing next to one of the men.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66257
title: People assembling before a thatch-roofed building, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "Madagascar - De Pater komt!" "8. - madagascar. - En attendant le Missionnaire." A number of people are shown gathered before a thatch-roofed building. They dress in white wraps or striped clothing.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66165
title: Nun overseeing young students at wooden benches, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "Catechistes Missionnaires de Marie-Immaculee" "Nos petits Malgaches". - 3. - Les petits Ecoliers: Mere Genevieve et Soeur Josephine."; The back of the postcard has no handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65571
title: Setting out rice plants, China, ca.1920-1937

description: "Setting out rice plants."  Farm workers are setting out rice plants in a flooded field.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65969
title: Two men dancing outdoors amid a gathering of others, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: Madagascar - Danseurs Antandroy" Two men dance in a circle formed by a gathering of seated onlookers. Behind them are numerous thatch-roofed buildings.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is ""Ste des Missions Evageliques, 102, Bld. Arago, Paris
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66256
title: People gathering before a brick church, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "386. Madagascar" "Eglise d'Alarobia Vohiposa." Several people are shown gathering on the grass before a steepled brick church.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65960
title: Missionaries standing on the wharf at Kakchich, China, ca.1918-1930

description: "At the wharf, Kakchich."  A group of missionaries are standing and waving on the wharf at Kakchich, China.  There is a wooden boat docked at the wharf.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66268
title: Orphans of a leper colony gathering for a portrait, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "Madagascar - Orphelinat d'Enfants de Lepreux"; The back of the postcard has no handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66453
title: Three young men poling a boat near the shore, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "Betsemesaraka Natives" "The ordinary mode of travelling on the East Coast of Madagascar. S. P. G. Missionary Postcard No. 82" Three young men dressed in loincloths pole a narrow boat by a thickly-forested shore.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66023
title: Graduation Exercises, Kakchieh chapel, Guangdong, China, 1923

description: "Graduation Exercises, Kakchieh chapel, 1923.  Women's School, Girls' School (High), Girls' School (Grammar), Kindergarten."  This is a group portrait of the graduates and faculty of the schools.  The graduates are holding their degrees.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66264
title: Indigenous seminarians gathering outdoors , Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "3 - Madagascar - Seminaristes." Four rows of indigenous seminarians are shown gathered outdoors for a group portrait. A statue is visible behind them.; The back of the postcard is closely covered in handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66270
title: Malagasy bible opened for display, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: "The Bible House, London" "A Malagasy Bible Hidden During the Persecution" A bible is shown opened for display.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m65961
title: Laying the Corner Stone of the Jubilee Building, Shantou, Guangdong, China, 1924

description: "Laying the Corner Stone of the Jubilee Building, Swatow, China, Dec. 26, 1924.  The school faculty and some of the American guests at the Laying of the Corner Stone.  Left to right:  Standing:  Front row:  Professor Kuch, Prof. Ishu, Hong Lan, Phek tsu, Gueh Meng, Helen Pue, Marguerite Everham, Edna Smith, Mr. Waters.  Back row:  Miss Traver, Miss Ang, Miss Sollman, Clara Leach, Mr. Page.  Sitting:  Miss Tang, A.G.S., Margaret Winn (directly behind me, Mrs. Ashmore, Emily Miller (kneeling), Mrs. Waters, Miss Culley (sitting on Corner Stone)"  Misssionaries and school faculty are posing for a group portrait that was taken at the laying of the Corner Stone for the Jubilee Building in Swatow [now Shantou], China.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66261
title: Newlyweds standing for a photograph in European dress, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: Un jeune menage" "Au profit de la Mission des Religieuses de la Providence, a Madagascar". A young man and woman stand together outdoors on a large mat. The woman is wearing a white European bridal dress and carrying a bouquet, while the man is dressed in a suit.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Missions des Religieuses de la Providence a Madgascar, Procures: Couvent de la Providence, Corene (Tsere) ou Mere Berckmans, Providence St-Germain, La Tronche (Is.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m67244
title: Male and female students sitting in a classroom at Adams College, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, ca.1915-1925

description: Young men and women are sitting at tables and desks in a classroom at Adams College located in Natal [now KwaZulu-Natal], South Africa.; From the collection of Caroline Frost who was a missionary in South Africa serving under the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions from 1897 to 1940.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m66439
title: Church with corrugated walls, Madagascar, ca.1920-1940

description: Mananjary Church, Madagascar." A hand-tinted postcard shows a small church with walls of corrugated sheet metal. Palm trees and hardwoods surround it.; The back of the postcard has no handwriting. Printed in the margin of the correspondence section is "Mananjary Church, Madagascar - The S. P. G began to support work in Madagascar in 1864.