cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15154/1519266
title: The association between latent trauma and brain structure in children

description: The developing brain is marked by high plasticity, which can lead to vulnerability to early life stressors. Previous studies indicate that childhood maltreatment is associated with structural aberrations across a number of brain regions. However, prior work is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous age groups, the examination of one structure in isolation, the confounding of different types of early life stressors, and not accounting for socioeconomic status. These limitations may contribute to high variability across studies. The present study aimed to investigate how trauma is specifically associated with cortical thickness and gray matter volume (GMV) differences by leveraging a large sample of children (N = 9270) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study). A latent measure of trauma exposure was derived from DSM-5 traumatic events, and we related this measure of trauma to the brain using structural equation modeling. Trauma exposure was associated with thinner cortices in the bilateral superior frontal gyri and right caudal middle frontal gyrus (p fdr-values < .001) as well as thicker cortices in the left isthmus cingulate and posterior cingulate (p fdr-values ≤ .027), after controlling age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Furthermore, trauma exposure was associated with smaller GMV in the right amygdala and right putamen (p fdr-values ≤ .048). Sensitivity analyses that controlled for income and parental education were largely consistent with the main findings for cortical thickness. These results suggest that trauma may be an important risk factor for structural aberrations, specifically for cortical thickness differences in frontal and cingulate regions in children.
DOI: 10.15154/1519293
title: BSMN Comprehensive Data Collection

description: Somatic mosaicism is defined as an occurrence of two or more populations of cells having genomic sequences differing at given loci in an individual who is derived from a single zygote. It is a characteristic of multicellular organisms that plays a crucial role in normal development and disease. To study the nature and extent of somatic mosaicism in autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, focal cortical dysplasia, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome, a multi-institutional consortium called the Brain Somatic Mosaicism Network (BSMN) was formed through the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). In addition to genomic data of affected and neurotypical brains, the BSMN also developed and validated a best practices somatic single nucleotide variant calling workflow through the analysis of  reference brain tissue. These resources, including >400 terabytes of data from over 1150 individuals, are now available to the research community NIMH Data Archive (NDA) and are described here.
DOI: 10.15154/1520063
title: General and Specific Factors of Environmental Stress and Their Associations With Brain Structure and Dimensions of Psychopathology

description: Background
Early-life stressors can adversely affect the developing brain. While hierarchical modeling has established the existence of a general factor of psychopathology, no studies have modeled a general factor of environmental stress and related this factor to brain development. Using a large sample of children from the ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) Study, the current study aimed to identify general and specific factors of environmental stress and test their associations with brain structure and psychopathology.

Methods
In a sample of 11,878 children, bifactor modeling and higher-order (second-order) modeling identified general and specific factors of environmental stress: family dynamics, interpersonal support, neighborhood socioeconomic status deprivation, and urbanicity. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine associations between these factors and regional gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness as well as general and specific factors of psychopathology.

Results
The general environmental stress factor was associated with globally smaller cortical and subcortical GMV as well as thinner cortices across widespread regions. Family dynamics and neighborhood socioeconomic status deprivation were associated with smaller GMV in focal regions. Urbanicity was associated with larger cortical and subcortical GMV and thicker cortices in frontotemporal regions. The environmental factors were associated with psychopathology in the expected directions. The general factors of environmental stress and psychopathology were both predictors of smaller GMV in children, while remaining distinct from each other.

Conclusions
This study reveals a unifying model of environmental influences that illustrates the inherent organization of environmental stressors and their relationship to brain structure and psychopathology.
DOI: 10.15154/1520146
title: Atypical Functional Network Properties and Associated Dimensions of Youth Psychopathology During Rest and Task Performance

description: Background
When brain networks deviate from typical development, this is thought to contribute to varying forms of psychopathology. However, research has been limited by the reliance on discrete diagnostic categories that overlook the potential for psychological comorbidity and the dimensional nature of symptoms.

Methods
The present study examined the topology of functional networks in association with four bifactor-defined psychopathology dimensions—general psychopathology, internalizing symptoms, conduct problems, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms—via the Child Behavioral Checklist in a sample of 3,568 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study). Local and global graph theory metrics were calculated at rest and during tasks of reward processing, inhibition, and working memory.

Results
Greater ADHD symptoms were associated with reduced modularity across rest and tasks, as well as reduced local efficiency in motor networks at rest. Results survive sensitivity analyses for medication and socioeconomic status. Greater conduct problem symptoms were associated with reduced modularity on working memory and reward processing tasks; however, these results did not persist after sensitivity analyses. General psychopathology and internalizing symptoms showed no significant network associations.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest reduced efficiency in topology in those with greater ADHD symptoms across four critical cognitive states, with conduct problems also showing network deficits, although less consistently. This may suggest modularity deficits are a neurobiological marker of externalizing behavior in youth. Such specificity has not been demonstrated before using graph theory metrics and has the potential to redefine our understanding of network deficits in children with psychopathology symptoms.
DOI: 10.15154/1520458
title: Sleep Disturbance Predicts Depression Symptoms in Early Adolescence: Initial Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

description: Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate associations between sleep disturbances and
mental health in adolescents.
Methods: Data are from a national sample of 11,670 U.S. participants (5,594 females, aged 9
e10 years, 63.5% white) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Initial longitudinal
analyses were conducted for a subset of the sample (n = 4,951). Measures of youth sleep disturbance
(disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep-wake transition disorders, and disorders
of excessive somnolence) and “typical” total sleep time (number of hours slept on most nights
in the past 6 months) were obtained from the parent-report Sleep Disturbance Scale (Data Release
2.0). Parent-report measures of youth mental health (depression, internalizing, and externalizing
behaviors) from the Child Behavior Checklist and typical screen time were included.
Results: At baseline, greater sleep disturbance and shorter total sleep time were associated with
greater internalizing, externalizing, and depression scores. After controlling for baseline mental
health symptoms, baseline sleep disturbance significantly predicted depression and internalizing
and externalizing scores at 1-year follow-up. A significant interaction with sex indicated that the
association between disorders of excessive somnolence and depression 1 year later was steeper for
girls, compared with boys (p < .001; 95% confidence interval 1.04-3.45).
Conclusions: Sleep disturbances predicted future mental health, particularly depression in this
young sample, highlighting the potential to harness sleep as a tool to mitigate the persistence of
depression across early adolescence and potentially prevent an adolescent onset of major
depressive disorder.
DOI: 10.15154/1520618
title: The Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop task in the ABCD study: Psychometric validation and associations with measures of cognition and psychopathology

description: Characterizing the interactions among attention, cognitive control, and emotion during adolescence may provide important insights into why this critical developmental period coincides with a dramatic increase in risk for psychopathology. However, it has proven challenging to develop a single neurobehavioral task that simultaneously engages and differentially measures these diverse domains. In the current study, we describe properties of performance on the Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop (EWEFS) task in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a task that allows researchers to concurrently measure processing speed/attentional vigilance (i.e., performance on congruent trials), inhibitory control (i.e., Stroop interference effect), and emotional information processing (i.e., difference in performance on trials with happy as compared to angry distracting faces). We first demonstrate that the task manipulations worked as designed and that Stroop performance is associated with multiple cognitive constructs derived from different measures at a prior time point. We then show that Stroop metrics tapping these three domains are preferentially associated with aspects of externalizing psychopathology and inattention. These results highlight the potential of the EWEFS task to help elucidate the longitudinal dynamics of attention, inhibitory control, and emotion across adolescent development, dynamics which may be altered by level of psychopathology.
DOI: 10.15154/1520762
title: History of depression, elevated BMI, and waist-to-height ratio in pre-adolescent children

description: Objective: To evaluate history of depression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as predictors of elevated BMI and elevated waist-to-height ratio in pre-adolescents. 
Methods: Baseline data were evaluated from a large, nationally representative cohort study of 9- and 10-year-old children (unweighted n = 11,875), the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. 
Results:  In the weighted sample, 10.6 % of children had a history of depression, 7.0% had engaged in non-suicidal self-injury, 13.1% had experienced suicidal ideation in their lifetime, and 1.1% had a history of attempted suicide. 34.1% of children had an elevated BMI in the overweight or obese range and 31.9% of children had a waist-to-height ratio > 0.5. In multivariate analyses, history of depression was associated with elevated BMI and waist-to-height ratio. Furthermore, sex interactions were found; girls with a history of depression were more likely to have an elevated BMI (OR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.24-1.74, p < 0.001) and elevated waist-to-height ratio (OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.18-1.86, p = 0.002) than girls without a history of depression, but no differences were observed between boys with and without a history of depression. Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors were not associated with elevated BMI or elevated waist-to-height.
Conclusions: In our study, nine- and ten-year-old girls with a history of depression were more likely to have an elevated BMI and elevated waist-to-height ratio than girls with no history of depression. These results provide important clinical context in caring for pre-adolescents with a history of depression.
DOI: 10.15154/1520779
title: Childhood trauma and health-promoting behaviors in pre-adolescents

description: Objective: 
To understand the relationship between childhood trauma and diet, sleep, and screen time. 
Methods: 
Baseline and one-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were analyzed for children 9-10 (unweighted n = 11,233). For childhood trauma, parents completed the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for DSM-5 (KSADS-COMP) subsection for traumatic events at baseline. We created three levels of childhood adversity: exposure to no childhood adversity, exposure to one category of childhood adversity, and exposure to two or more categories of childhood adversity. Health promoting behaviors were assessed at the 1-year follow-up. Diet quality was measured from parent report as the sum score of 14 yes/no questions about healthy diet. Sleep problems were measured by parent report as the total sleep disturbance scale; higher scores indicate worse sleep. Screen time was assessed by calculating an average daily screen time from a youth survey. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between childhood trauma and each health promoting behavior, adjusting for family income and sex. 
Results: 
Compared to children with no trauma, childhood trauma was associated with a lower diet score - one trauma (-0.24 (95% CI -0.44 to -0.03), p=0.03) and two or more traumas (-0.66 (-0.90 to -0.42), p<0.001). Similarly, childhood trauma was associated with a higher sleep disruption score - one trauma (1.8 (0.27 to 6.4), p<0.001) and two or more traumas (3.8 (0.44 to 8.7), p<0.001). Finally, childhood trauma was associated with more screen time - one trauma (0.41 hours (0.20 to 0.62), p<0.001) and two or more traumas (0.89 hours (0.53 to 1.24), p<0.001). 
Conclusions: 
Childhood trauma in pre-adolescents is associated with unhealthy diet, sleep disruption, and more screen time. These findings suggest potential behaviors to target to mitigate the negative impact of childhood trauma on adult health.
DOI: 10.15154/1520784
title: Peer Victimization (Bullying) on Mental Health, Behavioral Problems, Cognition and Academic Performance in Preadolescent Children in the ABCD Study

description: Objective: Peer victimization is a substantial early life stressor linked to psychiatric symptoms and poor academic performance. However, the sex-specific cognitive or behavioral outcomes of bullying have not been well-described in preadolescent children. 
Methods: Using the baseline dataset of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study 2.0.1 data repository (N=11,875), we evaluated associations between parent-reported bullying victimization, suicidality (suicidal ideation, intent, and/or behavior), and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), as well as internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems, cognition, and academic performance.
Results: Of the 11,015 9-10-year-old children included in the analyses (5,263 girls), 15.3% experienced bullying victimization, as reported by the primary caregiver. Of these, boys were more likely to be bullied than girls (odds ratio [OR], 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1-1.3]; P=0.004). Children who were bullied were more likely to display NSSI or passive suicidality (OR, 2.4 [95% CI, 2.0-2.9]; P<0.001) and active suicidality (OR, 3.4 [95% CI, 2.7-4.2]; P<0.001). Bullied children also had lower cognitive scores, greater behavioral problems, and poorer grades (P<0.001). Across all participants, boys had poorer grades and greater behavioral problems than girls; however, bullied boys had greater behavioral problems than girls in several areas (P<0.001). Compared to their non-bullied peers, bullied children with greater non-suicidal self-injury or suicidality also had greater behavioral problems and poorer grades (P<0.001).
Conclusions: These findings highlight the sex-specific effects of bullying, and the negative associations of bullying victimization with cognitive performance, behavioral problems, and academic performance. Future longitudinal studies will identify the natural history and neural correlates of these deficits during adolescence.
DOI: 10.15154/1520926
title: Application of Network Approaches in the Development of Childhood Psychopathology 

description: Background: Psychopathology in youth is highly prevalent and associated with psychopathology in adulthood. However, the developmental trajectories of psychopathology symptoms, including potential gender differences, are markedly underspecified. 
Methods: The present study employed a directed network approach, specifically panel graphical vector autoregressive models, to investigate longitudinal relationships among eight transdiagnostic symptom domains and gender differences across three timepoints, each separated by one year, in a developmentally homogenous sample of youth participants (n = 6,414; mean baseline age = 10.0 years; Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study). 
Results: Anxious/depressed problems and aggressive behaviors were central symptoms and most predictive of increases in other symptom clusters at later timepoints. Rule-breaking behaviors, aggressive behaviors, and withdrawn/depressed problems emerged as bridge symptoms between externalizing and internalizing problems. Results supported cascade models in which externalizing problems predicted future internalizing problems, but internalizing problems also significantly predicted future externalizing problems, which is contrary to cascade models. Network structure, symptom centrality, and patterns of bridge symptoms differed between female and male participants, suggesting gender differences in the developmental trajectories of youth psychopathology. 
Conclusions: Results provide new insights into symptom trajectories and associated gender differences that may provide promising pathways for understanding disorder (dis)continuity and co-occurrence. The central and bridge symptoms identified here may have important implications for screening and early intervention for youth psychopathology.
DOI: 10.15154/1521082
title: Psychiatric Disorders in Grandchildren with Two Previous Generations Affected: a Replication in Big Data 

description: Importance:  Three-generation family studies of depression have established added risk for offspring with two, compared to one or none, previous generations affected. Rigorous in methodology, these studies are few and sample-limited. Consequently, the three-generation family risk paradigm established in family studies can be a critical neuropsychiatric tool if similar transmission patterns are reliably demonstrated with the family history method. 
Objective: To examine the effects of multigenerational family history of depression on lifetime depressive disorders and other psychopathology in children.
Design, Setting, and Participants:  Secondary analyses of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Retrospective, cross-sectional reports on psychiatric functioning among 11,200 children (G3, mean age 9.9 years; 48.8% female), and parent reports on parents’ (G2) and grandparents’ (G1) depression history.  
Main Outcomes and Measures:  Four risk categories were created, reflecting how many prior generations were affected with depression: (1) Neither G1 nor G2, (2) only G1, (3) only G2, and (4) G1 and G2.  Lifetime prevalence and relative risks for psychiatric disorders in G3 based on child and caregiver reporters, according to familial risk category derived from G1 and G2’s depression history.
Results: By parent reports, G3 depressive disorder prevalence (95% CI) across risk categories 1-4 were: 3.8 (3.2-4.3), 5.5 (4.3-7.1), 10.4 (8.6-12.6), 13.3 (11.6-15.2); Cochran Armitage trend=243.77, p<.0001. G3 suicidal behavior prevalence was, respectively, 5.0 (4.5-5.6), 7.2 (5.8-8.9), 12.1(10.1-14.4), 15.0(13.2-17.0); CA=188.66, p<.0001. By child reports, G3 depressive disorder across risk categories were 4.8 (4.3-5.5), 4.3 (3.2-5.7), 6.3 (4.9-8.1), 7.0 (5.8-8.5); CA=9.01, p<.01; for suicidal behaviors, 7.4 (6.7-8.2), 7.0 (5.6-8.6), 9.8 (8.1-12.0), 13.8 (12.1-15.8), CA=46.69, p<.0001. Similar patterns were observed for other disorders for both parent and child reports, and across sex, socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. 
Conclusions and Relevance:  Consistent with previous family study findings, having multiple prior affected generations further increases risk for childhood psychopathology. Furthermore, these findings are detectable even at prepubertal ages, and exist in diverse racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Clinically they underscore the need for screening for family history in pediatric settings, and highlight implications for biological research with homogenous subgroups using MRI or genetic analyses.
DOI: 10.15154/1522572
title: The importance of social factors in the association between physical activity and depression in children.

description: Background:
Physical activity is associated with reduced depression in youth and adults. However, our understanding of how different aspects of youth activities-specifically, the degree to which they are social, team-oriented, and physical-relate to mental health in children is less clear.

Methods:
 = 7355, NDA release 2.0.1).

Results:
We show and replicate that social-physical activities are associated with lower depressive symptoms. Next, we demonstrate that social connections, measured by number of close friends, partially mediate the association between social-physical activities and lower depressive symptoms.

Conclusions:
Our results provide a rubric for using data-driven techniques to investigate different aspects of youth activities and highlight the social dynamics of physical activities as a possible protective factor against depression in childhood.
DOI: 10.15154/1522606
title: Associations of Family Distress, Family Income, and Acculturation on Pediatric Cognitive Performance Using the NIH Toolbox: Implications for Clinical and Research Settings

description: Objective: There is growing recognition that the use of conventional norms (e.g., age, sex, years of education, race) as proxies to capture a broad range of sociocultural variability on cognitive performance is suboptimal, limiting sample representativeness. The present study evaluated the incremental utility of family income, family conflict, and bidimensional acculturation beyond the established associations of age, gender, maternal years of education, and race on cognitive performance. 
Method: Hierarchical linear regressions evaluated the incremental utility of sociocultural factors on National Institute of Health Toolbox (NIH-TB) cognitive performance in a nationally representative sample of pre-adolescent children (n = 11,878; Mage = 10.0 years; Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study). A regression-based norming procedure was implemented for significant models. Paired-sample t-tests were used to compare original and newly created demographically corrected T-scores.
Results: Nearly all regression models predicted performance on the NIH-TB subtests and composite scores (p < .005). Greater family income and lower family conflict predicted better performance, although the effect sizes were small by traditional standards (r < .05). Acculturation scores did not explain additional variance in cognitive performance. Lastly, there were no significant differences between the original and newly created demographically corrected T-scores (Mdiff < 0.50).
Conclusions: The present study highlights that, although family income, family conflict, and bidimensional acculturation have been shown to routinely influence cognitive performance in preadolescent children, the NIH-TB appears to be highly robust to individual differences in sociocultural factors in children between ages 9–10. Contextual and temporal implications of the present results are discussed.