DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cjsxksn70
title: Phylogenetic signal of sub-arctic beetle communities

description: Post-glacial dispersal and colonization processes have shaped community
 patterns in sub-Arctic regions such as Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. This
 study investigates evolutionary community structure within the beetle
 (Coleoptera) families of Churchill and tests whether biological traits
 have played a role in governing colonization patterns from refugial and
 southerly geographic regions. This study quantifies sub-Arctic beetle
 phylogenetic community structure for each family using the net relatedness
 index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI), calculated using publicly
 available data from the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD); compares
 patterns across families with different traits (habitat, diet) using
 standard statistical analysis (ANOVA) as well as phylogenetic generalized
 least squares (PGLS) using a family-level beetle phylogeny obtained from
 the literature; and compares community structure in Churchill with a
 region in southern Canada (Guelph, Ontario). These analyses were also
 repeated at a genus level. The dominant pattern detected in our study was
 that aquatic families were much better represented in Churchill compared
 to terrestrial families, when compared against richness sampled from
 across Canada and Alaska. Individually, most families showed significant
 phylogenetic clustering in Churchill, likely due to the strong
 environmental filtering present in Arctic environments. There was no
 significant difference in phylogenetic structure between Churchill and
 Guelph but with a trend towards stronger clustering in the North.
 Fungivores were significantly more overdispersed than other feeding modes,
 predators were significantly more clustered, and aquatic families showed
 significantly stronger clustering compared to terrestrial. This study
 contributes to our understanding of the traits and processes structuring
 insect biodiversity and macroecological trends in the sub-Arctic.
description: The data here includes character matrices and phylogenetic trees
 used in the analysis outlined at
 github.com/S-Majoros/Phylogenetic_Community_Structure_Code.r.
 A family-level phylogenetic tree, i.e. treating each family as one tip,
 was created using the phylogenetic hypothesis provided in Zhang
 <i>et al</i>. (2018) based upon 95 protein-coding genes. A
 genus-level tree was created using Zhang <i>et al</i>. (2018)
 and some additional trees (Michat et al. (2017) was used for Dytiscidae,
 Nie et al. (2017) for Chrysomelidae, and Gusarov (2018) for
 Staphylinidae). All trees
 were constructed manually using Mesquite (Maddison & Maddison
 2019). Character matrices were built for
 each analysis. Characters/traits were found for each family
 based on the literature
 (references are available in Appendix 3 of the paper). The
 traits that describe the majority of members of a given family were used;
 this included habitat (terrestrial or aquatic) and feeding mode
 (predaceous, phytophagous, or fungivorous).We defined terrestrial as taxa
 that live primarily in land habitats and aquatic as taxa that live
 primarily in water bodies and habitats. Predaceous taxa were defined as
 those who prey on other insects or animals, phytophagous taxa as those who
 feed primarily on plant material, and fungivores as those who feed
 primarily on fungi. Each character matrix contains the family or genus
 name, NRI/NTI value, habitat, adult diet and larval diet. 
   Gusarov, V.I.
 (2018). Phylogeny of the family Staphylinidae based molecular data: a
 review. In Betz, O., Irmler, U. & Klimaszewski, J. (Eds.),
 <i>Biology of rove beetles (Staphylinidae): Life history, evolution,
 ecology and distribution</i> (pp. 7-25). Springer International
 Publishing, Switzerland Maddison, W.P.
 & Maddison, D.R. (2019). Mesquite: a modular system for
 evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61. http://www.mesquiteproject.org Michat, M.C., Alarie, Y & Miller, K.B. (2017). Higher-level phylogeny of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) based on larval characters. <i>Systematic Entomology, 42</i>(4), 734-767. doi: 10.1111/syen.12243 Nie, R-E, Breeschoten, T., Timmermans, M.J.T.N., Nadein, K., Xue, H-J., Bai, M., Huang, Y., Yang, X-K & Vogler, A.P. (2018). The phylogeny of Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the performance of mitochondrial genomes in phylogenetic inference compared to nuclear rRNA genes. <i>Cladistics, 34</i>(2), 113-130. doi: 10.1111/cla.12196 Zhang, S.-Q., Che, L.-H., Li, Y., Liang, D., Pang, H., Ślipiński, S.A. & Zhang, P. (2018). Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species. <i>Nature Communications, 9</i>(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4
description: All information needed for reuse of this dataset, as well as
 additonal files, is avaliable
 at github.com/S-Majoros/Phylogenetic_Community_Structure_Code.r. For
 character matrices: the Churchill family
 matrices are Coleoptera_Matrix_NRI.csv and Coleoptera_Matrix_NTI.csv, the
 Churchill genus matrices are Genus_NRI_Matrix_Churchill.csv and
 Genus_NTI_Matrix_Churchill.csv, the Guelph family matrices are
 Guelph_Matrix_NRI.csv and Guelph_Matrix_NTI.csv, and the Guelph genus
 matrices are Guelph_Genus_Matrix_NRI.csv and Guelph_Genus_Matrix_NTI.csv.
 For the phylogenetic trees, the Churchill family tree is
 Coleoptera_Tree_2020, the Churchill genus tree is Churchill_Genus_Tree,
 the Guelph family tree is Guelph_Tree_2, and the Guelph genus tree is
 GGTree.