DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v15dv41v1
title: Stigma shape shifting in sages (Salvia: Lamiaceae) – hummingbirds guided the evolution of New World floral features

description: A fundamental question in evolutionary biology is how clades of organisms
 exert influence on one another. The evolution of the flower and subsequent
 plant/pollinator coevolution are major innovations that have operated in
 flowering plants to promote species radiations at a variety of taxonomic
 levels in the Neotropics. Here we test the hypothesis that pollination by
 Neotropical endemic hummingbirds drove the evolution of two unique stigma
 traits in correlation with other floral traits in New World Salvia
 (Lamiaceae). We examined morphometric shapes of stigma lobing across 400
 Salvia spp., scored presence and absence of a stigma brush across Salvia,
 and used a suite of phylogenetic comparative methods to detect shape
 regime shifts, correlation of trait shifts with BayesTraits and
 phylogenetic generalized least square regressions, and the influence of
 scored pollinators on trait evolution using OUwie. We found that a major
 Neotropical clade of Salvia evolved a correlated set of stigma features,
 with  a longer upper stigma lobe and stigmatic brush, following
 an early shift to hummingbird pollination. Evolutionary constraint is
 evident as subsequent shifts to bee pollination largely retained these two
 features. Our results support the hypothesis that hummingbirds guided the
 correlative shifts in corolla, anther connective, style and stigma shape
 in Neotropical Salvia, despite repeated shifts back to bee
 pollination. 
description: This data set contains the outlines, phylogenies and R code used
 in the morphometric and comparative analyses described in the paper
 "Kriebel, R., Drew, B.T., Gonzalez-Gallegos, J.G., Celep, F., Antar,
 G.M., Pastore, J.F.B., Uria, R., Sytsma, K.J. 2021. Stigma shape shifting
 in sages (Salvia: Lamiaceae): hummingbirds guided the evolution of New
 World floral features. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society". The
 study investigates the evolution of stigma shape in the genus Salvia and
 close relatives.  To calculate the shape of the
 stigmas, outlines of stigmas were used in morphometric analyses. These
 outlines are provided in this repository in the "Outlines
 folder". This folder includes the outlines both as .jpg files as well
 as files imported into R and landmarked for further analysis as described
 in the paper and saved. The raw files are provided in case researchers
 would like to expand our study in the future or use in a similar study.
 The saved ones as a .rds file are imported and used downstream as
 explained in the "Usage Notes" below. The
 outlines of the stigmas were obtained both from illustrations available in
 the taxonomic literature as well as additional specimens scanned with a
 flatbed scanner as described in the paper. The outlines were then imported
 into R and analyzed using elliptic Fourier analysis. The stigma scores
 were then matched to the phylogenies from a previous study for downstream
 analyses. The previous study that produced these phylogenies is:
 "Kriebel, R., Drew, B.T., Drummond, C.P., González-Gallegos, J.G.,
 Celep, F., Mahdjoub, M.M., Rose, J.P., Xiang, C.L., Hu, G.X., Walker,
 J.B., Lemmon, E.M., Lemmon, A.R., and Sytsma K.J. 2019. Tracking the
 temporal shifts in area, biomes, and pollinators in the radiation of
 Salvia (sages, Lamiaceae) across continents: leveraging Anchored Hybrid
 Enrichment and targeted sequence data. American Journal of Botany 106:
 573-597."<br>  
description: An Rmd file with code to reproduce the analysis in R is
 included.