DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15222968
title: The Greenland-Ice-Sheet evolution over the last 24,000 years: insights from model simulations evaluated against ice-extent markers - input datasets, codes, and model outputs

description: The data provided in this Zenodo repository accompagnies the peer-reviewed, open-access study by Leger et al. (2025) entitled:

"The Greenland-Ice-Sheet evolution over the last 24 000 years: insights from model simulations evaluated against ice-extent markers "Authors: Tancrède P. M. Leger, Jeremy C. Ely, Christopher D. Clark, Sarah L. Bradley, Rosie E. Archer, Jiang Zhu

and published in The Cryosphere in 11/2025: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5719-2025 

The data shared here are composed of 4 main datasets:

1) PISM ensemble datasets. 

This folder features all the NetCDF files (compressed) required as input data to run the 100 PISM ensemble simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet evolution from 24 kyr BP to 1850 AD.

 

2) Ensemble simulations scripts. 

This folder features, for each of the 100 ensemble simulation (whose number is given in the filename), the shell script used to parameterize PISM and run the model simulation. Note some of the lines in these scripts are specific to submitting batch jobs using SLURM on the University of Sheffield HPC, called "stanage". 

 

3) Output overall best-fit sims.

This folder features a few output model variables in tiff and shapefile format (for quick visualisation) for the 5 overall best-fit ensemble simulations (those which pass all sieves). i.e. Simulations 22, 26, 45, 56, and 73. The temporal resolution of these data is 100 yr between 24 and 0.1 kyr BP, with 'present' as 1950 AD. See main paper for more details on these five simulations. If you instead need to access the raw PISM output data (in NetCDF format) for any of the 100 ensemble simulations, please get in touch with the corresponding author of the study as this is not included here (for the reason that these data are too large). 

Each of the 5 simulations features these model output variables and data:- 'Usurf' rasters: ice surface elevation (m a.s.l.)- 'contour_usurf' shapefiles: 200 m contours for the ice surface elevation variable- 'thk' rasters: ice thickness (m)- 'velsurf_mag' rasters: ice surface velocity (m y-1)- grounding line shapefiles- 'mask' rasters: modelled ice spatial cover per type: Grounded ice (value = 2), floating ice (value = 3).

 

4) Videos model simulations.

This folder features videos (.mp4) of 4 model variables for each of the 5 overall best-fit simulations (which pass all sieves). The 4 variables include: 

- Ice surface elevation (m a.s.l.)- Ice surface velocity (m yr-1)- Basal yield stress (Pa): higher values mean higher resistance to basal sliding (i.e. higher bed material strength)- Mask : modelled ice spatial cover per type: Grounded ice (value = 2), floating ice (value = 3)

 

Please cite original paper when making use, or referring to, these data:

Leger, T. P. M., Ely, J. C., Clark, C. D., Bradley, S. L., Archer, R. E., and Zhu, J.: The Greenland-Ice-Sheet evolution over the last 24 000 years: insights from model simulations evaluated against ice-extent markers, The Cryosphere, 19, 5719–5761, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5719-2025, 2025.