DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2bvq83c15
title: Microsatellites of Primula vulgaris in translocated golf course populations

description: Background and AimsSpecies forced back into intensively used agricultural
 landscapes face severe disturbance and random destruction, making
 alternative restoration measures necessary. In Western Europe, Primula
 vulgaris, a perennial heterostylous herb, is nowadays restricted to
 fragmented habitats in arable landscapes. Translocations were conducted at
 five locations on a golf course area, using outcrossed juveniles
 originating from remnant populations. This study aimed to: (i) evaluate
 the golf course’s contribution to species conservation; (ii) assess source
 population suitability; and (iii) determine the translocation
 network's impact on genetic diversity and gene flow of neighbouring
 populations. MethodsWe conducted a demographic (census size, demographic
 structure, morph ratio) and genetic study (genetic diversity and
 structure, connectivity network, barrier and parentage analyses), using 13
 microsatellite loci across adult and juvenile generations of translocated,
 adjacent, and remote metapopulations, for pre- and post-translocation
 periods. Key ResultsGolf translocated populations nearly doubled the local
 census size, provided 1/3 of the breeders, harboured similar genetic
 diversity to agricultural metapopulations, and were representative of
 source populations. Most populations, even translocated and large ones,
 were senescent. There was overall genetic erosion and local increases in
 inbreeding over time, threatening long-term population sustainability.
 Genetic erosion was associated with flowering size and pin proportion, and
 exacerbated in juveniles, suggesting S Allee and genetic drift effects,
 but also illegitimate pollination. Translocations enhanced pollen flow and
 potential connectivity among adjacent populations, although barriers
 between remnant populations persisted. ConclusionsUsing recreational
 infrastructures as alternative sites for plant translocations, at
 distances that enable effective pollen flow to integrate new populations
 into the local network, can contribute to preserving species'
 regional demographic and genetic pools, while increasing connectivity.
 However, management control of landscape elements where the remnant
 populations occur remains highly desirable, not only for safeguarding
 existing old, still genetically diverse adults, but also to guarantee
 balanced morph ratios and population rejuvenation.
description: Translocations were conducted at five locations on a golf course
 area, using outcrossed juveniles originating from remnant
 populations. Only transplants obtained from legitimate
 outcrosses (between morphs) were used. Translocations were conducted (1)
 in G1 in 2007 with 1-year old transplants (N =180); (2) in G2 and G3 in
 2008, with plantlets taken from G1 –that had rejuvenated and increased in
 size– (N = 100); (3) in 2009 in G4 with plantlets from G1 (N = 140), and
 for enlarging G2 (an additional N = 25); and (4) in 2013 in G5, with
 plantlets taken from various previously translocated Golf populations (N =
 30).
description: # Microsatellites of Primula vulgaris in translocated golf course
 populations
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2bvq83c15](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2bvq83c15) ## Description of the data and file structure **DNA extraction and microsatellite analysis** Genomic DNA was extracted from approximately 20 mg of dried leaf tissue using the E.Z.N.A. SP plant DNA Mini kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA). Thirteen microsatellite markers (PRIV4, PRIV7, PRIVB13, PRIVB15, PRIVB17, PRIVB19, PRIV21, PRIV27, PRIVB29, PRIVB34, PRIVB35, PRIVB36, and PRIVB39) previously developed (Van Geert *et al.*, 2006; Triest *et al.,* 2015) were amplified by multiplexed polymerase chain reactions (PCR) following Triest *et al.* (2024). Primers were fluorescence-labelled with four different dye-labels (6FAM, VIC, NED, and PET). DNA concentration was 20–50µg/ml. A primer mix was made by mixing 0.2 µM of each primer together. Multiplex PCRs consisted of 6.25 µl master mix (Qiagen Multiplex PCR kit), 1.25 µl primer mix, 2.5µl H2O and 2.5µl of genomic DNA. PCR was performed in a thermal cycler (Bio-Rad MyCycler, Hercules, California, USA) with the following conditions: an initial denaturation of 95°C for 15 minutes (as indicated in protocol of Qiagen multiplex PCR kit manual) followed by 35 cycles of: 30 seconds denaturation at 95°C, 90 seconds annealing at 57°C and 80 seconds elongation at 72°C, followed by a final extension of 30 minutes at 60°C. PCR products were separated on an ABI3730XL sequencer (Applied Biosystems (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA), runs were carried out by Macrogen (Seoul, Korea), and allele sizes were determined with GeneMarker v.2.60 (SoftGenetics LLC, State College, USA). ### Files and variables #### File: Microsatellites\_G1toG5.xlsx **Description:** GenAlex format input file ##### Variables * 13 nuclear microsatellite loci * 5 translocations (G1 to G5) as population input * samples were taken in 2021 from these populations that were created  in the period 2007 to 2013