DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15839790
title: Variation in quality of women's health topic information from systematic internet searches

description: METHODS

Topic determination

The project was developed as a team science exercise during a course on Nutrient Biology (New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, New Mexico, USA; BIOL 4089/5089). Students were all women pursuing degrees in Biology and Earth Science, with extensive internet search acumen developed from coursework and personal experience. We (students and professor) devoted ~5 hours to discussing women’s health topics prior to searching, defining search criteria, and developing a scoring system. These discussions led to a list of 12, non-cancer health topics particular to women’s health associated with human cis-gender female biology. Considerations of transgender health were discussed, with the consensus decision that those issues are scientifically relevant but deserving of a separate analysis not included here. 

Search protocol

After agreeing on search terms, we experimented with settings in the Advanced Search feature in Google (www.google.com), and collectively agreed to the following settings: Language (English); search terms appearing in the “text” of the page; ANY of the terms “woman”, “women” ,“female”; ALL terms when using a single topic from list above with the addition of the word “nutrient”. Figure 1 shows a screenshot for how a search was conducted for endometriosis as an example. To standardize data collection among investigators, all results from the first 5 pages of results were collected. Search result URLs were followed, where a suite of data were gathered (variables in Table 2) and entered into a shared database (Appendix 1). Definitions for each variable (Table 2) were articulated following a 1-week trial period and further group discussion. Variables were defined to minimize subjectivity across investigators, clarify the reporting of results, and standardize data collection. 

Scoring metric

The scoring metric was developed to allow for mean and variation (standard deviation, SD; standard error, SE) to be calculated from each topic, and compare among topics, and answer how much variation in quality is likely to be encountered across categories of women’s health issues. We report both variation metrics as SD encompasses the variation of the data set, while SE scales for sample size variation among categorical variables. When searching topics using the same criteria: 





Are some topics more likely to result in results for pages with scientifically verifiable information? 



 





Does the variation of quality vary between topics? 



Peer-reviewed journal articles were included in the database if encountered in the searches but were removed before statistical analysis. The justification for removing those sources was that it is possible the Google algorithm included those sources disproportionately for our group of college students and a professor who regularly searches for academic articles. We also assume those sources are consulted less frequently by lay audiences searching for health information. 

Scores were based on six binary (presence/absence) attributes of each web page evaluated. These were: Author (name present/absent), author credentials given, reviewer, reviewer credentials, sources listed, peer-reviewed sources listed. A score of 1 was given if the attribute was present, and 0 if absent. The total number of references cited on a webpage, as well as the number of those that were peer-reviewed (Table 2) were recorded, but for scoring purposes, a 1 or 0 was assigned if there were or were not references and peer-reviewed references, respectively. Potential scores thus ranged from 0 to 6. 

We performed a simple validation experiment via anonymous surveys sent to students at our institution (New Mexico Tech), a predominantly STEM-focused public university. Using the final scores from the search result webpages, a single website from each score was selected at random using the RAND() function in Microsoft Excel to assign a random variable as an identifier to each URL, then sorting by that variable and selecting the first article in a given score category. Webpages with scores of 0 or 6 were excluded from the validation experiment. Following institutional review, a survey was sent to the “all student” email list, and recipients were directed to a web survey that asked participants to give a score of 1-5 to each of the 5 random (but previously scored) web pages, without repeating a score. Participants were given minimal information about the project and had no indication the pages had already been assigned scores. Survey results were collected anonymously by having responses routed to a spreadsheet, and no personally identifiable data were collected from participants. 

Statistical analysis

Differences in mean scores within each health topic and the mean number of sources per evaluated webpage were evaluated by calculating Bayes Factors; response variables (mean score, number of sources) for each topic were compared to a null model of no difference across topics (y ~ category + error). Equal prior weight was given to each potential model. Variance inequality was tested via Levene’s test, and normality was assessed using quartile-quartile plots. Correlation analysis was used to test the strength of the association between individual scores per website and the number of sources cited per website. Because only the presence or absence of sources was considered in the score calculation, the number of sources is independent of score, and justifies correlation analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted in the open-source software package JASP version 0.19.2 (JASP, 2024).