DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s7h44j1cf
title: Foliar endophyte diversity in eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct tree species – Influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation

description: The well-known eastern Asia (EA) and eastern North America (ENA) floristic
 disjunction provides a unique system for biogeographic and evolutionary
 studies. Despite considerable interest in the disjunction, few studies
 have investigated the patterns and their underlying drivers of allopatric
 divergence in sister species or clades isolated in the two areas.
 Endophyte diversity and assembly in disjunct sister taxa, as an ecological
 trait, may have played an important role in the processes of allopatric
 evolution, but no studies have examined endophytes in these disjunct
 lineages. In this study, we compared foliar endophytes (including both
 fungi and bacteria) in 17 EA-ENA disjunct species pairs from genera
 representing conifers and major clades of angiosperms, as well as 23
 species of Cornus from the US and China. We sequenced the ITS of fungi and
 16S rDNA of bacteria to understand the composition of the endophyte
 community and gain insights into the relative roles of geographic
 isolation, host identity, phylogeny, and environment in shaping endophytic
 diversity patterns. We detected a much richer fungal than bacterial
 community in leaves of all species. Beta diversity varied greatly among
 individuals within species, between species, among genera, and among three
 natural environmental conditions. Based on a principal coordinates
 analysis, we found no close clustering of endophyte communities in samples
 from the same host plant species, from the same genus, or from the same
 geographic origin (i.e. EA or ENA) (when plants were grown in the same
 common garden), but we did detect clustering of samples from plants grown
 in the same environment (i.e., same geographic location). We observed
 separation of microbes in plant samples of the same species grown in
 different locations/environments. However, pooled samples across all
 species from the common garden with the same geographic origin (EA vs.
 ENA) showed a moderate level of dissimilarity in fungal endophytes between
 EA and ENA.  An overall significant correlation between endophyte
 community dissimilarity and phylogenetic distance was detected among the
 disjunct genera but not among species of Cornus. However, significant
 correlation between order, family, and genera of endophytes and
 phylogenetic distance of Cornus species was observed. We also found no
 significant differences in Foliar Endophytic Fungal (FEF) communities
 between counterparts of disjunct species pairs in EA and ENA in most
 genera except in Liriodendron and Cornus, although the beta diversity
 within genera is high. Our results suggest important roles of host
 identity and environment (geographic locations), and a likely minor role
 of phylogenetic divergence and biogeographic isolation in shaping the
 pattern of foliar endophyte diversity and assembly in the EA-ENA disjunct
 genera, as well as in Cornus. The results further suggest that the sister
 taxa in EA and ENA are likely different in their foliar endophyte
 composition when growing in their native habitats due to differences in
 geographic locations and local environments, which is potentially a factor
 driving allopatric divergence of species functional features. This
 hypothesis can be tested by analysis of samples from native habitats.
description: # Foliar Endophyte Diversity in Eastern Asia-Eastern North America
 Disjunct Tree Species Influences of Host Identity, Environment, Phylogeny,
 and Geographic Isolation Contact: Wenbin Zhou Email:
 --- This dataset includes the
 supplementary data and materials for the paper. The raw data of the paper
 is on NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) with the Bioproject accession
 number PRJNA772004. ## Description of the data and file structure Our
 folder includes bacterial tables, fungal tables, Phylogeny, and a sheet of
 Primers for 16S and ITS experiments. 1. bacterial_tables This folder
 includes three matrices of pair-wise beta distance, including data from 38
 disjunct species, all Cornus species, and samples from three geographic
 locations. 2. fungal_tables This folder includes seven matrices of
 pair-wise beta distances. Three of them are individual data from 38
 disjunct species, all Cornus species, and samples from three geographic
 locations (suffix of individuals); the other three are species data from
 38 disjunct species, all Cornus species, and samples from three geographic
 locations by pooling all individuals from each species together (suffix of
 species); the final matrix is the pooled EA-ENA data from 38 disjunct
 species. 3. phylogeny This folder comprises of two folders of phylogenetic
 data: 1. Cornus phylogeny and 2. Disjunct species phylogeny. The
 Cornus_phylogeny folder includes the 353 nuclear gene data set from Thomas
 et al., (2022), phylip file, and the ML tree. The Disjunct_phylogeny
 includes the chloroplast gene dataset from NCBI (total_aln.phy) and the ML
 tree. 4. Primer_Nextera includes all bacodes and primers for 16S and ITS
 amplification experiment.