DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fj6q5740r
title: Unmasking hidden genetic, vocal, and size variation in the Masked Flowerpiercer along the Andes supports two species separated by Northern Peruvian Low

description: Genetic divergence among isolated populations is not always reflected in
 phenotypic differentiation. We investigated the genetic and phenotypic
 differentiation in Diglossa cyanea (Thraupidae; Masked Flowerpiercer), a
 widely distributed species in the tropical Andes. We found strong evidence
 for two main lineages separated by the Marañón River valley in the
 Northern Peruvian Low (NPL). These two lineages show a deep sequence
 divergence in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; ~6.7% uncorrected p-distance, n =
 122), spectral frequency and song structure (with exclusive final whistles
 in southern populations, n = 88), and wing length (the northern
 populations are smaller, n = 364). The two divergent D. cyanea
 mitochondrial lineages were not sister to each other, suggesting a
 possible paraphyly with respect to D. caerulescens (Bluish Flowerpiercer)
 that remains to be tested with nuclear genomic data. No genetic variation,
 size difference or song structure was observed within the extensive range
 of the southern group (from the NPL to central Bolivia) or within all
 sampled northern populations (from the NPL to Venezuela). These vocal
 differences appear to have consequences for song discrimination, and
 species recognition, according to a previously published playback
 experiment study. We propose that the southern taxon be elevated to
 species rank as D. melanopis, a monotypic species (with the proposed name
 Whistling Masked-Flowerpiercer). In turn, we provide a redefinition of D.
 cyanea (Warbling Masked-Flowerpiercer), which is now restricted to the
 northern half of the tropical Andes as a polytypic species with three
 subspecies (tovarensis, obscura, and cyanea). Based on our results, the
 subspecies dispar should be treated as a junior synonym of cyanea. Our
 study highlights the need to continue amassing complementary datasets from
 field observations, experiments, and collection-based assessments to
 better characterize the evolutionary history, biogeography, bioacoustics,
 and taxonomy of Neotropical montane birds.
description: Please see the README.md file
 (README_ORNITH-23-023_UnmaskingDiglossaNPL.md) and the accompanying
 published article: Silvia C Martínez-Gómez, Carlos Esteban Lara, J V
 Remsen, Robb T Brumfield, Andrés M Cuervo. Unmasking hidden genetic,
 vocal, and size variation in the Masked Flowerpiercer along the Andes
 supports two species separated by Northern Peruvian Low.
 <em>Ornithology</em>, Volume 140, Issue 4, 5 October 2023,
 ukad028, https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad028
description: File name: README_ORNITH-23-023_UnmaskingDiglossaNPL.md # Data from
 "Unmasking hidden genetic, vocal, and size variation in the Masked
 Flowerpiercer along the Andes supports two species" ORNITH-23-023 ---
 * Dataset Title: Data for the article "Unmasking hidden genetic,
 vocal, and size variation in the Masked Flowerpiercer along the Andes
 supports two species" * Authors: Silvia C, Martínez-Gomez, Carlos
 Esteban Lara, J. Van Remsen Jr., Robb Brumfield, Andrés M. Cuervo * Date
 created: 2023-05-23 * Date modified: 2023-05-29 * Persistent identifier:
 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fj6q5740r * Description: This dataset contains the raw
 vocal and morphometrical data, in addition to the R script used for the
 vocal and morphological analyses of the mentioned study. ## Data and File
 Overview \========================= * Files: *
 ORNITH-23-023_MainSongData.csv * ORNITH-23-023_AlternVSMainSongData.csv *
 ORNITH-23-023_MorphoData.csv * ORNITH-23-023_DataAnalysis.R The folowing
 description is complementary to the METHODS section in the paper. We
 recomend to read the paper carefully before using these files to avoid
 potential confusion. The three .csv files contain raw data used in in the
 R Script to reproduce all Bayesian Linear Mixed Models and Linear Models
 used for the vocal and body size analyses of this paper. The complete
 methodological details, such as specimens or vocalization sources and
 workflow to interpret the results of this script can be found within the
 article text and its supplementary material. ### Details for:
 ORNITH-23-023\_MainSongData.csv --- * Description: Raw vocal data for all
 five variables used in the analysis on the main song part of the study.
 All data were extracted from the analyzed recordings in RavenPro 1.6 as
 detailed in the article. * Format: .csv * Dimensions: 476 rows x 14
 columns * Variables: * Gr: Binomial code for geographic group in relation
 to North Peruvian Low (NPL): 0= North; 1= South * Group: Geographic group
 in relation to North Peruvian Low (NPL): N= North; S= South * Country:
 Recording's locality. BO= Bolivia; CO= Colombia; EC= Ecuador; PE=
 Peru; VE= Venezuela * Lat: Latitude (Recording's locality) * Long:
 Longitude (Recording's locality) * Subsp: Subspecies according to
 Dickinson & Christidis (2014) and The Clements Checklist of Birds of
 the World v.2022 * Rec: Recording ID of songs with its respective ML
 (Macaulay Library) or XC (Xeno-canto) identifier. Each Recording refers to
 an individual. * Song: Each song bout of each individual (multiple
 belonging to same Recording), numbered from 1 to 11 after Recording ID.
 There can be multiple and different amounts of song bouts per
 individual/Recording. * Section: Song section as described in the article:
 F= Full song; S1= Section 1; S2= Section 2 * Dur: Duration (s) * PeakF:
 Peak Frequency (Hz) * HighF: Maximum Frequency (Hz) * LowF: Minimum
 Frequency (Hz) * DeltaF: Bandwidth (Hz) ### Details for:
 ORNITH-23-023\_AlternVSMainSongData.csv --- * Description: Raw data for
 the same five vocal variables for both, main and alternative songs for all
 the studied individuals or individuals. * Format: .csv * Dimensions: 165
 rows x 13 columns * Variables: * Gr: Binomial code for geographic group in
 relation to North Peruvian Low (NPL): 0= North; 1= South * Group:
 Geographic group in relation to North Peruvian Low (NPL): N= North; S=
 South * Country: Recording's locality. BO= Bolivia; CO= Colombia; EC=
 Ecuador; PE= Peru; VE= Venezuela * Lat: Latitude (Recording's
 locality) * Long: Longitude (Recording's locality) * Rec: Recording
 ID of songs with its respective ML (Macaulay Library) or XC (Xeno-canto)
 identifier. Each Recording refers to an individual. * Song: Each song bout
 of each individual (multiple belonging to same Recording), numbered from 1
 to 11 after Recording ID. There can be multiple and different amounts of
 song bouts per individual/Recording. * Section: Song section as described
 in the article. Note that the only song section is F= Full song, because
 other sections of the song (S1, S2) were not comparable. We left this
 column to avoid confusions on the source of the data. * Dur: Duration (s)
 * PeakF: Peak Frequency (Hz) * HighF: Maximum Frequency (Hz) * LowF:
 Minimum Frequency (Hz) * DeltaF: Bandwidth (Hz) ### Details for:
 ORNITH-23-023\_MorphoData.csv --- * Description: Wing length (WL) data for
 all the skin specimens we analyzed in this study, respectively identified
 by their biological collecion code and geographical information. * Format:
 .csv * Dimensions: 365 rows x 8 columns * Variables: * Skin_ID: Museum
 acronyms with unique ID for respective skin (see acronyms and museum names
 in Supplementary Material of the article) * Group: Geographic group in
 relation to North Peruvian Low (NPL): N= North; S= South * Subspecies:
 Subspecies according to Dickinson & Christidis (2014) and The Clements
 Checklist of Birds of the World v.2022 * Country: Specimen's
 locality. BO= Bolivia; CO= Colombia; EC= Ecuador; PE= Peru; VE= Venezuela
 * Lat: Latitude (specimen's locality) * Long: Longitude
 (specimen's locality) * Sex: identified sex; F= Female; M= Male * WL:
 Wing length (mm) - wing chord; see article for details ### Details for:
 ORNITH-23-023\_DataAnalysis.R --- * Description: R file with the codes
 used to fit the vocal and morphometric models. * Format: .R * Length: 458
 lines ## Contact information \====================== If you need further
 information please contact us: Silvia C. Martínez-Gomez,
 Andrés M. Cuervo,
 ## References \============= Clements, J.
 F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D.
 Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The
 eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022. Downloaded from
 
 Dickinson, E. C., and L. Christidis. 2014. The Howard & Moore Complete
 Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th. Edition, Vol. 2: Passerines.
 4th. Edition, Vol. 2 edition. Aves Press, Eastbourne, United Kingdon.