DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1g2tf45
title: Data from: Phylogenetic comparative analysis supports aposematic colouration–body size association in millipede assassins (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

description: The diversity of colour patterns and its importance in interactions with
 the environment make colouration in animals an intriguing research focus.
 Aposematic colouration is positively correlated with body size in certain
 groups of animals, suggesting that warning colours are more effective or
 that crypsis is harder to achieve in larger animals. Surprisingly, this
 relationship has not been recovered in studies investigating insects,
 which may have been confounded by a focus on aposematic taxa that are also
 gregarious. Millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae:
 Ectrichodiinae) comprise species with cryptic and aposematic colour
 patterns across a range of body sizes, are typically solitary as adults,
 and are thus an excellent model for investigating a possible association
 between colouration and body size. Here, we use a comprehensive phylogeny
 for Ectrichodiinae, ancestral state reconstruction of colouration, and
 phylogenetic comparative methods to test for a colouration-body size
 association. The ancestor of Ectrichodiinae is reconstructed as
 cryptically coloured, with multiple subsequent transitions between
 aposematic and cryptic colouration. Aposematic colouration is positively
 associated with male body length and supports the hypothesis that
 selection on Ectrichodiinae body size may influence evolutionary
 transitions between aposematic and cryptic colouration or alternatively
 that selection for aposematic colouration influences body size evolution.
description: Supporting information
 1.Species of
 Ectrichodiinae that were assigned to colouration categories (i.e.,
 cryptic, aposematic, uniform metallic, or aposematic and metallic) by five
 independent observers. Those without an (*) were based on at least one
 voucher specimen. (*) indicates live images additionally available.
 Species in bold are those in which a majority opinion was not achieved by
 the independent observers, with ties broken by the senior author’s
 assignment that was made prior to surveying the
 observers.S1.docxSupporting information 2.Character matrix for colour characters and male body length in nexus format for ASRsS2.nexSupporting information 3.Parsimony ancestral state reconstruction of colour character 1 on the ML phylogram (tree converted to cladogram for visual). Terminal taxa coded as cryptic (black) or either aposematic, metallic, or aposematic and metallic (blue).S3.pdfSupporting information 4.BayesTraits MultiState ML and MCMC ancestral state reconstruction output for colour character 1 on ML phylogram and ultrametric trees. The grey panel lists internal node IDs and subtending terminal taxa. The blue panel are results from ML ancestral state reconstruction. The yellow panel are results from MCMC ancestral state reconstruction. Abbreviations: Ultra 0, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 0; Ultra 10, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 10; Ultra 10000, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 10000.S4.xlsxSupporting information 5.Parsimony ancestral state reconstruction of colour character 2 on the ML phylogram (tree converted to cladogram for visual). Terminal taxa coded as cryptic or metallic (black) or aposematic or aposematic and metallic (blue).S5.pdfSupporting information 6.BayesTraits MultiState ML ancestral state reconstruction of colour character 2 on the ML phylogram (tree converted to cladogram for visual). Terminal taxa coded as cryptic or uniform metallic (black) or aposematic or aposematic and metallic (blue). Pie charts at select nodes show probability values from the ML reconstruc- tions; branches are coloured to reflect the highest probability of a colour state at that branch.S6.pdfSupporting information 7.BayesTraits MultiState ML and MCMC ancestral state reconstruction output for colour character 2 on ML phylogram and ultrametric trees. The grey panel lists internal node IDs and subtending terminal taxa. The blue panel are results from ML ancestral state reconstruction. The yellow panel are results from MCMC ancestral state reconstruction. Abbreviations: Ultra 0, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 0; Ultra 10, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 10; Ultra 10000, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 10000.S7.xlsxSupporting information 8.Phylogenetic logistic regression parameter estimates for the effects of log-transformed male body length on colouration (colour character 2) in 132 Ectrichodiinae species. Parameters are phylogenetic signal (a), intercept (b0), and the regression coefficient (b1), and P &lt; 0.05 are indicated in bold. Abbreviations: Ultra0, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 0; Ultra10, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 10; Ultra10000, ultrametric tree generated with penalty = 10000; Par, parameter; SE, standard error; BS, bootstrap; C, converged; NC, non-converged.S8.docx