DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1hr1n52
title: Data from: Naturalized distributions show that climatic disequilibrium is structured by niche size in pines (Pinus L.)

description: Aim: The assumption that species’ native distributions are in equilibrium
 with climate has been shown to be frequently violated, despite its
 centrality to many niche model applications. We currently lack a framework
 that predicts these violations. Here we examine whether variation in
 climatic disequilibrium is structured by properties of species’ native
 distributions and climatic niches. Location: Global Methods: We built
 climatic niche models for 106 pine (Pinus L.) species, including 25 that
 have naturalized outside their native range. We measured the extent of
 climate space occupied exclusively by naturalized populations and
 considered what fraction of this space was available within the native
 continent and near the native range. We examined the consequences of
 disequilibrium for estimates of potential range filling and sister-species
 niche conservatism. Results: Most species (23 of 25) have naturalized in
 climate conditions outside of the native niche, leading to increases in
 the total known suitable climate space. Increases in niche size were
 negatively related to native niche size. Increases were often large – one
 species expanded its niche by almost 10% of the global climate space.
 These increases were associated primarily with cooler, wetter, and less
 seasonal climates. Increases in known niche size lowered potential range
 filling estimates within species’ native continent and ecoregion.
 Naturalized data did not strengthen support for niche conservatism among
 sister species. Main Conclusions: Among pines, climatic disequilibrium is
 the norm and not the exception. The magnitude of this disequilibrium can
 be vast, such that the native range greatly underrepresents the true
 climatic tolerances of some species. Fortunately, this disequilibrium can
 largely be predicted by the size of a species’ native niche. Accounting
 for this disequilibrium can improve our ability to characterize ecological
 phenomena, including potential range filling. This is an essential step
 toward improving the conservation value of ecological niche models.
description: naturalized pine
 occurrences and associated climatic dataA comma-delimited data
 file that contains naturalized occurrences for 25 pine species, globally.
 Each occurrence is a row, with species indicated, georeferenced
 coordinates, country, and associated climate data. Each occurrence
 corresponds with an herbarium specimen; for herbarium data, contact the
 authors. Climatic data column names correspond with BioClim variables
 downloaded from CliMond and other sources. See main article text for
 further details and variables used in main analyses. Native range
 occurrences are available from the Conifer Database (for use, contact
 Aljos Farjon; a.farjon@kew.org).pinus_occurrences_fordryad_exoticonly.csvglobal climate dataA comma-delimited file that contains climate data used to create the global climate space background. Data is in point format, where x and y locations correspond to the center of a 10 arc-minute grid cell. Column names correspond with climatic variables downloaded from CliMond and other sources. See main article text for further details and the specific variables used in main analyses.world.allvars.10minute.csv