DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z8w9ghxgq
title: Climate model output from a study of tropical cyclones over the Shanghai region under climate change based on a convection-permitting modelling

description: Changes in tropical cyclones due to greenhouse-gas forcing in the Shanghai
 area have been studied in a double-nesting regional model experiment using
 the Met Office convection-permitting model HadREM3-RA1T at 4km resolution
 and the regional model HadREM3-GA7.05 at 12km for the intermediate nest.
 Boundary conditions for the experiment have been constructed from
 HadGEM2-ES, a General Circulation Model (GCM) from the 5th Coupled Model
 Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), directly using high-frequency data for
 the atmosphere (6-hourly) and the ocean (daily), for the historical period
 (1981-2000) and under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5
 (2080-2099). These choices identify one of the warmest climate scenarios
 available from CMIP5. Given the direct use of GCM data for the baseline,
 large scale conditions relevant for tropical cyclones have been analyzed,
 demonstrating a realistic representation of environmental conditions off
 the coast of eastern China. GCM large scale changes show a reduction in
 wind shear in addition to the expected strong increase in sea surface
 temperature. Tropical cyclones from the 4km historical simulation have a
 negative bias in intensity, not exceeding Category 4, and a wet bias in
 the rainfall associated with these cyclones. However, there is a clear
 improvement in cyclone intensity and rainfall at 4km in comparison with
 the 12km simulation. Climate change responses in the 4km simulation
 include an extension of the tropical cyclone season, and strong increases
 in frequency of the most intense cyclones (approximately by a factor of
 10) and associated rainfall. These are consistent with the results from
 the 12km simulation. Basic Data Description: This dataset included the
 HadREM3-GA7.05 and HadREM3-RA1T model output used in the analysis of this
 paper and the HadGEM2-ES meteorological variables for the historical
 run  not included in the CMIP5 archive at the Earth System Grid
 Federation (ESGF) archive.
description: Data has been generated by climate models and converted to
 NetCDF4 format (interfaces for commonly used languages available at https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/), following the CF metadata convention (https://cfconventions.org/) . The conversion has been done using the IRIS package under Python (https://scitools-iris.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html) and the NCO utilities (https://nco.sourceforge.net/). The buffer zone has been removed from the output of limited area models.
description: Standard UNiX tar to uncompress and expand, NetCDF support for
 most commonly used software environemt (e.g., Fortran, Python, R)
 available at https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/
description: This readme file was generated on 2024-02-16 by Erasmo Buonomo GENERAL
 INFORMATION Title of Dataset: Climate model output from a study of
 tropical cyclones over the Shanghai region under climate change based on a
 convection-permitting modelling Author Information Name: Erasmo Buonomo
 ORCID: Institution: Hadley
 Centre - Met Office Address: Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK Email:
 Alternate Contact Information
 Name: Nicholas Savage ORCID: 
 Institution: Hadley Centre - Met Office Address: Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1
 3PB, UK Email: Date of data
 collection: Simulations run in different period, collected in the current
 format by 2022-12-20 Geographic location of data collection: HadGEM2-ES
 global1.875x1.125 degrees horizontal resolution, HadREM3-GA705 domain over
 China at 12km horizontal resolution, HadREM3-RA1T domain over eastern
 China at 4km horizontal resolution. Information about funding sources that
 supported the collection of the data: Newton Fund, Climate Science for
 Service Partnership (CSSP) China SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION
 Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: none Links to publications that
 cite or use the data: HadGEM2-ES simulations discussed in Jones, C. D.,
 Hughes, J. K., Bellouin, N., Hardiman, S. C., Jones, G. S., Knight, J. et
 al. (2011). The HadGEM2-ES implementation of CMIP5 centennial simulations,
 Geoscientific Model Development, 4(3), 543¿570.
 . HadREM3-GA705 and
 HadREM3-RA1T simulations have been described in the reference paper of
 this dataset Buonomo, E. Savage, N., Dong, G., Becker, B., Jones, R.G.,
 Tian, Z., and Laixiang Sun, L. (2024) Tropical cyclone changes in
 convection-permitting regional climate projections: a study over the
 Shanghai region, Journal Geophysical Research - Atmospheres,
 Links to other publicly
 accessible locations of the data: HadGEM2-ES simulations availlable at the
 CMIP5 archive Recommended
 citation for this dataset: Buonomo, E., Savage, N., Redmond, G., Tucker,
 S. (2024). Climate model output from a study of tropical cyclones over the
 Shanghai region under climate change based on a convection-permitting
 modelling. [Dataset]. Dryad.
 [] DATA & FILE OVERVIEW
 File List: Meteorological variables from the same simulations collected in
 the same file:
 CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_19791201-20001230.tgz CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_20790101_20991219.tgz CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_19800101-20001230.tgz CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_20790201-20991219.tgz In addition, horizontal winds for HadGEM3-ES not included in the CMIP5 archive HadGEM2-ES_historical_r1i1p1_19791201-20051130.tgz Relationship between files, if important: HadREM3-RA1T is driven by HadGEM2-ES using the intermediation nest by HadREM3-GA705 Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: not relevant for the paper Are there multiple versions of the dataset? no METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION Data has been generated by climate models and converted to NetCDF4 format (interfaces for commonly used languages available at ), following the CF metadata convention (). The conversion has been done using the IRIS package under Python () and the NCO utilities (). The buffer zone has been removed from the output of limited area models. Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: NetCDF support for most commonly used software environment (e.g., Fortran, Python, R) available at Standards and calibration information, if appropriate: NA Environmental/experimental conditions: NA DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: HadGEM2-ES_historical_r1i1p1_19791201-20051130.tgz y_wind: northward wind; pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadGEM2-ES/historical/day/v250/v250_day_HadGEM2-ES_historical_r1i1p1_19791201-20051130.nc HadGEM2-ES/historical/day/v850/v850_day_HadGEM2-ES_historical_r1i1p1_19791201-20051130.nc x_wind: eastward wind, pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadGEM2-ES/historical/day/u250/u250_day_HadGEM2-ES_historical_r1i1p1_19791201-20051130.nc HadGEM2-ES/historical/day/u850/u850_day_HadGEM2-ES_historical_r1i1p1_19791201-20051130.nc DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_19791201-20001230.tgz HadREM3-GA705/historical/1h/pr/tracks_pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_1h_1980-2000.nc precipitation_flux: precipitation; hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-GA705/historical/3h/sfcWind/tracks_sfcWind_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_3h_1980-2000.nc wind_speed: 10m wind speed; 3-hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-GA705/historical/day/prhmax/prhmax_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_19791201-20001230.nc precipitation_flux: max hourly precipitation average; daily maximum indmax; hour of the day for the maximum hourly precipitation, UTC+0.5 [numerical values between 1 and 24 UTC] HadREM3-GA705/historical/day/v250/v250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_19791201-20001230.nc HadREM3-GA705/historical/day/v850/v850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_19791201-20001230.nc y_wind: northward wind; pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadREM3-GA705/historical/day/u250/u250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_19791201-20001230.nc HadREM3-GA705/historical/day/u850/u850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_19791201-20001230.nc x_wind: eastward wind, pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadREM3-GA705/historical/mon/pr/pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_mon_197912-200012.nc precipitation_flux, precipitation; monthly average HadREM3-GA705/historical/mon/tas/tas_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_mon_197912-200012.nc air_temperature: 2m tempeperature; monthly average DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_20790101_20991219.tgz HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/1h/pr/tracks_pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_1h_2080-2099.nc precipitation_flux: precipitation; hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/3h/sfcWind/tracks_sfcWind_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_3h_2080-2099.nc wind_speed: 10m wind speed; 3-hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/day/prhmax/prhmax_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_20790101-20991219.nc precipitation_flux: max hourly precipitation average; daily maximum indmax; hour of the day for the maximum hourly precipitation, UTC+0.5 [numerical values between 1 and 24 UTC] HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/day/v250/v250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_20790101_20991219.nc HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/day/v850/v850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_20790101_20991219.nc y_wind: northward wind; pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/day/u250/u250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_20790101_20991219.nc HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/day/u850/u850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_day_20790101_20991219.nc x_wind: eastward wind, pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/mon/pr/pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_mon_207912_209911.nc precipitation_flux, precipitation; monthly average HadREM3-GA705/rcp85/mon/tas/tas_CSSP-SHANGHAI-12_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-GA705_v2_mon_207912_209911.nc air_temperature: 2m tempeperature; monthly average DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_19800101-20001230.tgz HadREM3-RA1T/historical/1h/pr/tracks_pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_1h_1980-2000.nc precipitation_flux: precipitation; hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-RA1T/historical/3h/sfcWind/tracks_sfcWind_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_3h_1980-2000.nc wind_speed: 10m wind speed; 3-hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-RA1T/historical/day/prhmax/prhmax_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_19800101-20001230.nc precipitation_flux: max hourly precipitation average; daily maximum indmax; hour of the day for the maximum hourly precipitation, UTC+0.5 [numerical values between 1 and 24 UTC] HadREM3-RA1T/historical/day/v250/v250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_19800101-20001230.nc HadREM3-RA1T/historical/day/v850/v850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_19800101-20001230.nc y_wind: northward wind; pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadREM3-RA1T/historical/day/u250/u250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_19800101-20001230.nc HadREM3-RA1T/historical/day/u850/u850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_19800101-20001230.nc x_wind: eastward wind, pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadREM3-RA1T/historical/mon/pr/pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_mon_198001-200012.nc precipitation_flux, precipitation; monthly average HadREM3-RA1T/historical/mon/tas/tas_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_historical_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_mon_198101-200012.nc air_temperature: 2m tempeperature; monthly average DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_20790201-20991219.tgz HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/1h/pr/tracks_pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_1h_2080-2099.nc precipitation_flux: precipitation; hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/3h/sfcWind/tracks_sfcWind_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_3h_2080-2099.nc wind_speed: 10m wind speed; 3-hourly average for tropical storms reaching the Shanghai coastal area; init_storm, end_storm: storm start and end time indices HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/day/prhmax/prhmax_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_20790201-20991219.nc precipitation_flux: max hourly precipitation average; daily maximum indmax; hour of the day for the maximum hourly precipitation, UTC+0.5 [numerical values between 1 and 24 UTC] HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/day/v250/v250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_20790201-20991219.nc HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/day/v850/v850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_20790201-20991219.nc y_wind: northward wind; pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/day/u250/u250_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_20790201-20991219.nc HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/day/u850/u850_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_day_20790201-20991219.nc x_wind: eastward wind, pressure: corresponding pressure level, daily average\ HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/mon/pr/pr_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_mon_207902-209912.nc precipitation_flux, precipitation; monthly average HadREM3-RA1T/rcp85/mon/tas/tas_CSSP-SHANGHAI-4_HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_MOHC-HadREM3-RA1T_v2_mon_207902-209912.nc air_temperature: 2m temperature; monthly average