cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9ct33
title: Data from: Cellular and humoral immunity in a wild mammal: Variation with age & sex and association with overwinter survival

description: Immune defenses are expected to be crucial for survival under the
 considerable parasite pressures experienced by wild animals. However, our
 understanding of the association between immunity and fitness in nature
 remains limited due to both the complexity of the vertebrate immune system
 and the often-limited availability of immune reagents in nonmodel
 organisms. Here, we use methods and reagents developed by veterinary
 researchers for domestic ungulates on blood samples collected from a wild
 Soay sheep population, to evaluate an unusually broad panel of immune
 parameters. Our evaluation included different innate and acquired immune
 cell types as well as nematode parasite-specific antibodies of different
 isotypes. We test how these markers correlate with one another, how they
 vary with age-group and sex, and, crucially, whether they predict
 overwinter survival either within or among demographic groups. We found
 anticipated patterns of variation in markers with age, associated with
 immune development, and once these age trends were accounted for,
 correlations among our 11 immune markers were generally weak. We found
 that females had higher proportions of naïve T cells and gamma–delta T
 cells than males, independent of age, while our other markers did not
 differ between sexes. Only one of our 11 markers predicted overwinter
 survival: sheep with higher plasma levels of anti-nematode IgG antibodies
 were significantly more likely to survive the subsequent high mortality
 winter, independent of age, sex, or weight. This supports a previous
 finding from this study system using a different set of samples and shows
 that circulating antibody levels against ecologically relevant parasites
 in natural systems represent an important parameter of immune function and
 may be under strong natural selection. Our data provide rare insights into
 patterns of variation among age- and sex groups in different T-cell
 subsets and antibody levels in the wild, and suggest that certain types of
 immune response—notably those likely to be repeatable within individuals
 and linked to resistance to ecologically relevant parasites—may be most
 informative for research into the links between immunity and fitness under
 natural conditions.
description: ECE-2016-07-0071 -
 Data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.316s7
title: Data from: Different food sources elicit fast changes to bacterial virulence

description: Environmentally transmitted, opportunistic bacterial pathogens have a life
 cycle that alternates between hosts and environmental reservoirs.
 Resources are often scarce and fluctuating in the outside-host
 environment, whereas overcoming the host immune system could allow
 pathogens to establish a new, resource abundant and stable niche within
 the host. We tested if shortterm exposure to different outside-host
 resource types and concentrations affect Serratia marcescens—(bacterium)’s
 virulence in Galleria mellonella (moth). As expected, virulence was mostly
 dictated by the bacterial dose, but we also found a clear increase in
 virulence when the bacterium had inhabited a low (versus high) resource
 concentration, or animal-based (versus plant-based) resources for 48 h
 prior to injection. The results suggest that temporal changes in
 pathogen’s resource environment can induce very rapid changes in virulence
 and affect infection severity. Such changes could also play an important
 role in shifts from environmental lifestyle to pathogenicity or switches
 in host range and have implications for the management of opportunistic
 pathogens and disease outbreaks.
description: Data for paper:
 Different food sources elicit fast changes to bacterial
 virulenceData includes death
 occurrence data of Galleria mellonella (wax moth) after injection of
 different doses of bacteria that had grown 48 hours in plant or animal
 based mediums, in high or low concentrations. ResourceType (1=plant,
 2=animal), ResoureLevel (1=low concentrations, 2=high concentration), Dead
 =observation of death (1) (0 =alive), at time of death/observation (ToD).
 Treatment equals 1 level factor of treatments (plant low, plant high,
 animal low, animal high, 1,2,3,4, respectively). CFU =colony forming units
 in 1 ml of bacterial diluted suspension injected to bacteria. LogCFU = log
 transformed CFU. Filter = is used to exclude observations of which
 logCFU&lt;1.96, and &gt;6.59.alltodryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mn200
title: Data from: Geographic body size variation in the periodical cicadas Magicicada: implications for life cycle divergence and local adaptation

description: Seven species in three species groups (Decim, Cassini and Decula) of
 periodical cicadas (Magicicada) occupy a wide latitudinal range in the
 eastern United States. To clarify how adult body size, a key trait
 affecting fitness, varies geographically with climate conditions and life
 cycle, we analysed the relationships of population mean head width to
 geographic variables (latitude, longitude, altitude), habitat annual mean
 temperature (AMT), life cycle and species differences. Within species,
 body size was larger in females than males and decreased with increasing
 latitude (and decreasing habitat AMT), following the converse
 Bergmann's rule. For the pair of recently diverged 13- and 17-year
 species in each group, 13-year cicadas were equal in size or slightly
 smaller on average than their 17-year counterparts despite their shorter
 developmental time. This fact suggests that, under the same climatic
 conditions, 17-year cicadas have lowered growth rates compared to their
 13-years counterparts, allowing 13-year cicadas with faster growth rates
 to achieve body sizes equivalent to those of their 17-year counterparts at
 the same locations. However, in the Decim group, which includes two
 13-year species, the more southerly, anciently diverged 13-year species
 (Magicicada tredecim) was characterized by a larger body size than the
 other, more northerly 13- and 17-year species, suggesting that local
 adaptation in warmer habitats may ultimately lead to evolution of larger
 body sizes. Our results demonstrate how geographic clines in body size may
 be maintained in sister species possessing different life cycles.
description: Head width data of
 Magicicada spp.The table includes data
 for mean head width by sex of Magicicada species at each sample locality
 with geographic variables (latitude, longitude, altitude) and habitat
 temperature data (annual mean temperature, annual cumulative
 day-degree)Dryad_Magicicada_size_data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ss2g7
title: Data from: Potential rapid evolution of foot morphology in Italian plethodontid salamanders (Hydromantes strinatii) following the colonization of an artificial cave

description: How organisms respond to environmental change is a long-standing question
 in evolutionary biology. Species invading novel habitats provide an
 opportunity to examine contemporary evolution in action, and decipher the
 pace of evolutionary change over short time scales. Here we characterized
 phenotypic evolution in the Italian plethodontid salamander, Hydromantes
 strinatii following the recent colonization of an artificial cave by a
 forest floor population. When compared with a nearby and genetically
 related population in the natural forest floor and a nearby cave
 population, the artificial cave population displayed significant
 differences in overall foot shape, with more inter-digital webbing
 relative to the other populations. Further, this population evolved
 significantly larger feet, which corresponded more closely to those found
 in other cave populations than to forest floor populations to which the
 cave population is closely related. Finally, we quantified the rate of
 evolution for both foot shape and foot area, and found that both traits
 displayed large and significant evolutionary rates, at levels
 corresponding to other classic cases of rapid evolution in vertebrates.
 Together these findings reveal that the response to novel environmental
 pressures can be large and rapid, and that the anatomical shifts observed
 in the artificial cave population of H. strinatii may represent a case of
 rapid evolution in response to novel environmental pressures.
description: Foot landmark data
 fileText file containing x,y
 coordinates of landmarks used to characterize foot shape. File in TPS
 formatStrinatiiFeet.tpsFoot Area data fileCSV file containing measures of foot area for all specimens used in the studyFootArea.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.72nj2
title: Data from: Fast-growing oysters show reduced capacity to provide a thermal refuge to intertidal biodiversity at high temperatures

description: 1.Ecosystem engineers that modify the thermal environment experienced by
 associated organisms might assist in the climate change adaptation of
 species. This depends upon the ability of ecosystem engineers to persist
 and continue to ameliorate thermal stress under changing climatic
 conditions – traits that may display significant intraspecific variation.
 2.In the physically stressful intertidal, the complex three-dimensional
 structure of oysters provides shading and traps moisture during aerial
 exposure at low tide. We assessed variation in the capacity of a faster-
 and slower-growing population of the Sydney Rock Oyster, Saccostrea
 glomerata, to persist, form three-dimensional structure and provide a cool
 microhabitat to invertebrates under warmer conditions. 3.The two
 populations of oysters were exposed to a temperature gradient in the field
 by attaching them to passively warmed white, grey and black stone pavers
 and their growth, survivorship and colonisation by invertebrates was
 monitored over a 12 month period. 4.Oysters displayed a trade-off between
 fast growth and thermal tolerance. The growth advantage of the
 fast-growing population diminished with increasing substrate temperature
 and at higher temperatures the faster-growing oysters suffered greater
 mortality, formed less habitat, and were consequently less effective at
 ameliorating low-tide air temperature extremes than slower-growing
 oysters. The greater survivorship of slower-growing oysters, in turn,
 produced a cooler microclimate which fed back to further bolster oyster
 survivorship. Invertebrate recruitment increased with habitat cover, and
 was greater among the slower than the faster-growing population. 5.Our
 results show that the capacity of ecosystem engineers to serve as
 microhabitat refugia to associated organisms in a warming climate displays
 marked intraspecific variation. Our study also adds to growing evidence
 that fast growth may come at the expense of thermal tolerance.
description: Temperature, oyster
 survivorship and growth, and recruited invertebrate assemblage
 dataData of the maximum
 temperatures that Sydney Rock Oysters experienced, their subsequent
 survivorship, growth and habitat formation, and the invertebrate
 communities that recruited to the oyster habitat during two field
 experiments in the Port Stephens estuary of New South Wales, Australia.
 Data was collected in 2014 and 2015.McAfee et al. 2017_raw
 data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7n4bj53
title: Data from: Phytogeography of Genu and Homag, two mountains with an Irano–Turanian flora in the Saharo–Sindian regional zone, south Iran

description: The Saharo-Sindian regional zone encompasses the flat and arid areas of
 North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, southern Iran and the deserts of
 Pakistan and W India. There are some scattered mountains situated within
 this area like Hoggar in Sahara, Saint Catherine in Sinai and Genu and
 Homag in southern Iran. These highlands serve as interglacial refugia for
 cold adapted plant species. In the present study, phytogeographical
 patterns and relationships of the flora of Genu and Homag mountains are
 assessed and discussed in comparison to the phytogegraphy of the flora of
 low-lying Hormoz Island. According to chorological assesments of the
 flora, Genu and Homag mountains belong to theIrano-Turanian region with
 59% of the species restricted to this area. However the surrounding
 lowland plains are part of the Saharo-Sindian area with a rather high
 proportion of the widespread species (17%) and Somalia-Masai linking
 elements (20%). It is noteworthy that several Turanian enclaves also occur
 in the lowland zone. Furthermore, the distributional evidences imply that
 the mountainous Irano-Turkestanian region is an integrated area which is
 supposedly distinct from the Turanian lowland areas in the North and the
 Saharo-Sindian lowland areas in the South. On the other hand, the
 expansive floras of Turanian and Saharo-Sindian regions are linked to each
 other. Endemic species in lowland areas in S Iran are mostly either frost
 sensitive vicariants of cold adapted Turanian species or of Saharo-Sindian
 origins, while the highland endemics in the area trace their origins to
 the Irano-turkestanian region.
description: Appendix 1. Full list of
 speciesTable A1. List of plant
 species from upper zones of Genu and Homag mountains categorized based on
 their phytogeographical patterns and Table A2. List of plant species from
 Hormoz Island. Arranged according to their phytogeographical
 patterns.Appendix
 1.docx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.155df
title: Data from: Molecular evidence that the genes for dioecism and monoecism in Spinacia oleracea L. are located at different loci in a chromosomal region

description: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely known to be dioecious. However,
 monoecious plants can also occur in this species. Sex expression in
 dioecious spinach plants is controlled by a single gene pair termed X and
 Y. Our previous study showed that a single, incompletely dominant gene,
 which controls the monoecious condition in spinach line 03–336, should be
 allelic or linked to X/Y. Here, we developed 19 AFLP markers closely
 linked to the monoecious gene. The AFLP markers were mapped to a 38.2-cM
 chromosomal region that included the monoecious gene, which is bracketed
 between flanking markers with a distance of 7.1 cM. The four AFLP markers
 developed in our studies were converted into sequence-characterized
 amplified region (SCAR) markers, which are linked to both the monoecious
 gene and Y and are common to both populations segregating for the genes.
 Linkage analysis using the SCAR markers suggested that the monoecious gene
 (M) and Y are located in different intervals, between different marker
 pairs. Analysis of populations segregating for both M and Y also directly
 demonstrates linkage of the genes at a distance of ~12 cM. The data
 presented in this study may be useful for breeding dioecious and highly
 male monoecious lines utilized as the pollen parents for hybrid seed
 production, as well as for studies of the evolutionary history of sexual
 systems in this species, and can provide a molecular basis for positional
 cloning of the sex-determining genes.
description: Haseda et al._Mapping
 Data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8484
title: Data from: Adaptive sex allocation in relation to hatching synchrony and offspring quality in house wrens

description: Increased variance in the reproductive success of males relative to
 females favors mothers that optimally allocate sons and daughters to
 maximize their fitness return. In altricial songbirds, one influence on
 the fitness prospects of offspring arises through the order in which
 nestlings hatch from their eggs, which affects individual mass and size
 before nest leaving. In house wrens (Troglodytes aedon), the influence of
 hatching order depends on the degree of hatching synchrony, with greater
 variation in nestling mass and size within broods hatching asynchronously
 than in those hatching synchronously. Early-hatching nestlings in
 asynchronous broods were heavier and larger than their later-hatching
 siblings and nestlings in synchronous broods. The effect of hatching order
 was also sex specific, as the mass of males in asynchronous broods was
 more strongly influenced by hatching order than the mass of females, with
 increased variation in the mass of males relative to that of females. As
 predicted, mothers hatching their eggs asynchronously biased first-laid,
 first-hatching eggs toward sons and late-laid, late-hatching eggs toward
 daughters, whereas females hatching their eggs synchronously distributed
 the sexes randomly among the eggs of their clutch. We conclude that
 females allocate the sex of their offspring among the eggs of their clutch
 in a manner that maximizes their own fitness.
description: Data_FirstMidLastData_Broods
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r464h5d
title: Data from: When to monitor and when to act: value of information theory for multiple management units and limited budgets

description: 1.The question of when to monitor and when to act is fundamental to
 applied ecology, and notoriously difficult to answer. Value of information
 (VOI) theory holds great promise to help answer this question for many
 management problems. However, VOI theory in applied ecology has only been
 demonstrated in single-decision problems, and has lacked explicit links
 between monitoring and management costs. 2.Here, we present an extension
 of VOI theory for solving multi-unit decisions of whether to monitor
 before managing, while explicitly accounting for monitoring costs. Our
 formulation helps to choose the optimal monitoring/management strategy
 among groups of management units (e.g. species, habitat patches), and can
 be used to examine the benefits of partial and repeat monitoring. 3.To
 demonstrate our approach, we use case simulated studies of single-species
 protection that must choose among potential habitat areas, and
 classification and management of multiple species threatened with
 extinction. We provide spreadsheets and code to illustrate the
 calculations and facilitate application. Our case studies demonstrate the
 utility of predicting the number of units with a given outcome for
 problems with probabilities of discrete states, and the efficiency of
 having a flexible approach to manage according to monitoring outcomes.
 4.Synthesis and applications. The decision to act or gather more
 information can have serious consequences for management. No decision,
 including the decision to monitor, is risk-free. Our multi-unit expansion
 of Value of Information (VOI) theory can reduce the risk in
 monitoring/acting decisions for many applied ecology problems. While our
 approach cannot account for the potential value of discovering previously
 unknown threats or ecological processes via monitoring programs, it can
 provide quantitative guidance on whether to monitor before acting, and
 which monitoring/management actions are most likely to meet management
 objectives.
description: Multi-unit VOI
 functionsCode to simulate and
 analyze data for multi-unit value of information (VOI) problems in Bennett
 et al. (J. Appl. Ecol.)voi functions multi
 unit.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4gf06
title: Data from: Origins of female genital diversity: predation risk and lock-and-key explain rapid divergence during an adaptive radiation

description: The study of male genital diversity has long overshadowed evolutionary
 inquiry of female genitalia, despite its non-trivial diversity. Here we
 identify four non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that could lead to genital
 divergence in females, and potentially generate patterns of correlated
 male-female genital evolution: (1) ecological variation alters the context
 of sexual selection (“ecology hypothesis”), (2) sexually antagonistic
 selection (“sexual-conflict hypothesis”), (3) female preferences for male
 genitalia mediated by female genital traits (“female-choice hypothesis”),
 and (4) selection against inter-population mating (“lock-and-key
 hypothesis”). We performed an empirical investigation of all four
 hypotheses using the model system of Bahamas mosquitofish inhabiting blue
 holes that vary in predation risk. We found unequivocal support for the
 ecology hypothesis, with females exhibiting a smaller genital opening in
 blue holes containing piscivorous fish. This is consistent with stronger
 postmating female choice/choice when predators are present, but greater
 premating female choice in their absence. Our results additionally
 supported the lock-and-key hypothesis, uncovering a pattern of
 reproductive character displacement for genital shape. We found no support
 for the sexual conflict or female choice hypotheses. Our results
 demonstrate a strong role for ecology in generating female genital
 diversity, and suggest that lock-and-key may provide a viable cause of
 female genital diversification.
description: Individual-level
 wild-caught fish morphometric dataMorphometric data for
 the wild-caught fish MANOVA.wild-caught
 fish.xlsxIndividual-level
 morphometric data for genetic basis testMorphometric data for
 examination of genetic basis of population differences using a
 common-garden experiment.genetic basis
 fish.xlsxPopulation-level
 morphometric dataMorphometric data for
 the model selection analyses and (partial) Mantel
 tests.population
 data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cm473
title: Data from: Evolution of male age-specific reproduction under differential risks and causes of death: males pay the cost of high female fitness

description: Classic theories of ageing evolution predict that increased extrinsic
 mortality due to an environmental hazard selects for increased early
 reproduction, rapid ageing and short intrinsic lifespan. Conversely,
 emerging theory maintains that when ageing increases susceptibility to an
 environmental hazard, increased mortality due to this hazard can select
 against ageing in physiological condition and prolong intrinsic lifespan.
 However, evolution of slow ageing under high-condition-dependent mortality
 is expected to result from reallocation of resources to different traits
 and such reallocation may be hampered by sex-specific trade-offs. Because
 same life-history trait values often have different fitness consequences
 in males and females, sexually antagonistic selection can preserve genetic
 variance for lifespan and ageing. We previously showed that increased
 condition-dependent mortality caused by heat shock leads to evolution of
 long-life, decelerated late-life mortality in both sexes and increased
 female fecundity in the nematode, Caenorhabditis remanei. Here, we used
 these cryopreserved lines to show that males evolving under heat shock
 suffered from reduced early-life and net reproduction, while mortality
 rate had no effect. Our results suggest that heat-shock resistance and
 associated long-life trade-off with male, but not female, reproduction and
 therefore sexually antagonistic selection contributes to maintenance of
 genetic variation for lifespan and fitness in this population.
description: male rep aging
 datafinal-data.csv