DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0zpc8679s
title: Data from: Synthesis of [100]-only LiFePO<sub>4</sub> nanosheets for efficient electrochemical lithium extraction from low-grade brines

description: This dataset contains the source data supporting the article “Synthesis of
 [100]-only LiFePO₄ Nanosheets for Efficient Electrochemical Lithium
 Extraction from Low-grade Brines”. It includes X-ray
 diffraction (XRD) patterns, H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
 (H NMR), mass spectra, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption
 isotherms collected at KAUST Corelab. Ion concentration analyses
 obtained by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy
 (ICP-OES). Electrochemical measurements, such as cyclic
 voltammetry, ion extraction, and recovery, were conducted at the KAUST IMR
 lab. The cycling performance of electrodes was evaluated using a
 Neware electrochemical testing system, also at the KAUST IMR lab. For more
 experimental details, refer to the Supplementary Materials PDF file.
description: # Data from: Synthesis of [100]-only LiFePO~4~ nanosheets for efficient
 electrochemical lithium extraction from low-grade brines Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.0zpc8679s](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0zpc8679s) ##
 Description of the data and file structure This dataset contains ion
 concentration measurements obtained using inductively coupled plasma
 optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), as well as X-ray diffraction
 (XRD) patterns generated at the KAUST Core Labs. Electrochemical
 analyses—including cyclic voltammetry, lithium extraction, and lithium
 recovery experiments—were performed with a CH Instruments electrochemical
 workstation at the KAUST IMR laboratory. The rate capability and cycling
 performance of the materials were assessed using a Neware battery testing
 system, also located at the KAUST IMR facility. For a full description of
 the experimental procedures, instrumentation settings, and
 characterization methods, please refer to the Supplementary Materials PDF
 provided on the Nature Water website. ### Files and variables #### File:
 Extended_Data_Figure_1e.xlsx **Description:** This file provides energy
 profiles of Li⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ during ion migration in the (100) palne of
 LiFePO₄. ##### Variables * Migration Coordinate – normalized coordinate
 along the migration pathway (dimensionless index, 0–4). * Li Energy (eV) –
 calculated migration barrier energy for lithium ion (unit: eV). * Na
 Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for sodium ion (unit:
 eV). * Mg Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for magnesium
 ion (unit: eV). #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_1f.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides energy profiles of Li⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺
 during ion migration in the (010) palne of LiFePO₄. ##### Variables *
 Migration Coordinate – normalized coordinate along the migration pathway
 (dimensionless index, 0–4). * Li Energy (eV) – calculated migration
 barrier energy for lithium ion (unit: eV). * Na Energy (eV) – calculated
 migration barrier energy for sodium ion (unit: eV). * Mg Energy (eV) –
 calculated migration barrier energy for magnesium ion (unit: eV). ####
 File: Extended_Data_Figure_1g.xlsx **Description:** This file provides
 energy profiles of Li⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ during ion migration in the (001)
 palne of LiFePO₄. ##### Variables * Migration Coordinate – normalized
 coordinate along the migration pathway (dimensionless index, 0–4). * Li
 Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for lithium ion (unit:
 eV). * Na Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for sodium ion
 (unit: eV). * Mg Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for
 magnesium ion (unit: eV). #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_2d.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides electron occupancy probabilities for
 five d-orbitals of Fe atoms. ##### Variables * d-orbitals – the five Fe 3d
 orbitals considered in the calculation. * 100-LFP (Electron occupancy
 probabilities) – calculated occupation probabilities of the five d
 orbitals for [100]-only LiFePO₄. * LFP (Electron occupancy probabilities)
 – calculated occupation probabilities of the five d orbitals for
 non-oriented LiFePO₄. * Fe@12CE4 (Electron occupancy probabilities) –
 calculated occupation probabilities of the five d orbitals  for
 Fe@12-crown-4 complex. #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_2i.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides experimental X-ray diffraction
 patterns of the as-synthesized LFP and the standard reference data
 (PDF#81-1173). ##### Variables * 2 Theta (°) – diffraction angle in
 degrees (2θ). * Intensity (a.u.) – normalized XRD peak intensity
 (arbitrary units). #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_2j.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides pole figure XRD maps of LFP-40 M
 (left) and non-oriented LFP (right) with ϕ rotation from 0° to 360° and
 radius Ψ tilted from 0° to 50°. ##### Variables * radius Ψ (°) – sample
 tilt angle. * Φ rotation (°) – sample rotation angle. * Intensity (a.u.) –
 measured X-ray diffraction intensity (arbitrary units). #### File:
 Extended_Data_Figure_3a.xlsx **Description:** This files provides the ions
 concentration and lithium extraction rates of the Great Salt Lake brine
 under diffrent applied voltage. ##### Variables * Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V)
 – applied electrode potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode
 (unit: V). * Li (mM) – measured lithium ion concentration (millimolar). *
 Li (mM) SD – standard deviation of lithium concentration. * Na (mM) –
 sodium ion concentration (mM). * Na (mM) SD – standard deviation of sodium
 concentration. * K (mM) – potassium ion concentration (mM). * K (mM) SD –
 standard deviation of potassium concentration. * Mg (mM) – magnesium ion
 concentration (mM). * Mg (mM) SD – standard deviation of magnesium
 concentration. * Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration (mM). * Ca (mM) SD –
 standard deviation of calcium concentration. * Lithium extraction rate
 (μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹) – lithium extraction rate normalized to electrode area and
 time. * Lithium extraction rate SD – standard deviation of lithium
 extraction rate. #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_3b.xlsx
 **Description:** This files provides the ion extraction selectivities of
 the Great Salt Lake brine under diffrent applied voltage. ##### Variables
 * Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – applied electrode potential relative to
 Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V). * Li/Na – selectivity ratio of
 lithium over sodium. * Li/Na SD – standard deviation of Li/Na selectivity
 ratio. * Li/Mg – selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium. * Li/Mg SD –
 standard deviation of Li/Mg selectivity ratio. #### File:
 Extended_Data_Figure_3c.xlsx **Description:** This files provides the ions
 concentration and lithium extraction rates of the Dead Sea Water brine
 under diffrent applied voltage. ##### Variables * Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V)
 – applied electrode potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode
 (unit: V). * Li (mM) – measured lithium ion concentration (millimolar). *
 Li (mM) SD – standard deviation of lithium concentration. * Na (mM) –
 sodium ion concentration (mM). * Na (mM) SD – standard deviation of sodium
 concentration. * K (mM) – potassium ion concentration (mM). * K (mM) SD –
 standard deviation of potassium concentration. * Mg (mM) – magnesium ion
 concentration (mM). * Mg (mM) SD – standard deviation of magnesium
 concentration. * Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration (mM). * Ca (mM) SD –
 standard deviation of calcium concentration. * Lithium extraction rate
 (μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹) – lithium extraction rate normalized to electrode area and
 time. * Lithium extraction rate SD – standard deviation of lithium
 extraction rate. #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_3d.xlsx
 **Description:** This files provides the ion extraction selectivities of
 the Great Salt Lake brine under diffrent applied voltage. ##### Variables
 * Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – applied electrode potential relative to
 Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V). * Li/Na – selectivity ratio of
 lithium over sodium. * Li/Na SD – standard deviation of Li/Na selectivity
 ratio. * Li/Mg – selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium. * Li/Mg SD –
 standard deviation of Li/Mg selectivity ratio. #### File:
 Extended_Data_Figure_3e.xlsx **Description:** This files provides the ions
 concentration and lithium extraction rates of of the five types of
 unconventional resources with different initial lithium concentration.
 ##### Variables * Li (mM) – measured lithium ion concentration
 (millimolar). * Li (mM) SD – standard deviation of lithium concentration.
 * Na (mM) – sodium ion concentration (mM). * Na (mM) SD – standard
 deviation of sodium concentration. * K (mM) – potassium ion concentration
 (mM). * K (mM) SD – standard deviation of potassium concentration. * Mg
 (mM) – magnesium ion concentration (mM). * Mg (mM) SD – standard deviation
 of magnesium concentration. * Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration (mM). *
 Ca (mM) SD – standard deviation of calcium concentration. * Lithium
 extraction rate (μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹) – lithium extraction rate normalized to
 electrode area and time. * Lithium extraction rate SD – standard deviation
 of lithium extraction rate. #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_3f.xlsx
 **Description:** This files provides the ion extraction selectivities of
 the five types of unconventional resources with different initial lithium
 concentration. ##### Variables * Li/Na – selectivity ratio of lithium over
 sodium. * Li/Na SD – standard deviation of Li/Na selectivity ratio. *
 Li/Mg – selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium. * Li/Mg SD – standard
 deviation of Li/Mg selectivity ratio. #### File:
 Extended_Data_Figure_4a.xlsx **Description:** This file provides ^1^H NMR
 spectra of diethylene glycol (DEG) solvent with the addition of different
 salts in deuterated chloroform (CDCl~3~). ##### Variables * DEG ¹H
 chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of pure DEG (ppm). * DEG
 Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of pure DEG. * DEG_0.15M LiCl ¹H
 chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of DEG in the presence of
 0.15 M LiCl. * DEG_0.15M LiCl Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG
 in the presence of 0.15 M LiCl. * DEG_0.15M Li₃PO₄ ¹H chemical shift (ppm)
 – ¹H NMR chemical shift of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M LiH~2~PO₄. *
 DEG_0.15M Li₃PO₄ Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG in the
 presence of 0.15 M LiH~2~PO₄. * DEG_0.15M FeCl₂ ¹H chemical shift (ppm) –
 ¹H NMR chemical shift of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M FeCl₂. * DEG_0.15M
 FeCl₂ Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M
 FeCl₂. #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_4b.xlsx **Description:** This file
 provides ^1^H NMR spectra of the DEG solvent, mixture after reaction , and
 referenced 12CE4 in CDCl3. ##### Variables * Mixture after reaction ¹H
 chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of the mixture after reaction
 (ppm). * Mixture after reaction Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of the
 mixture after reaction. * DEG ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical
 shift of DEG (ppm). * DEG Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG. *
 12CE4 ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of 12-crown-4 ether
 (ppm). * 12CE4 Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of 12-crown-4 ether.
 #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_4d.xlsx **Description:** This file
 provides the experimental PXRD patterns of LFP-DEG. ##### Variables * 2
 Theta (degree) – diffraction angle 2θ in degrees. * Intensity – XRD signal
 intensity (arbitrary units). #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_4f.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides the polarization curves of the
 [100]-only LFP recorded over 12 cycles. ##### Variables * Time (h) –
 elapsed time during the measurement (hours). * Current (A) – measured
 current (amperes). * Voltage (V) – measured potential (volts). #### File:
 Extended_Data_Figure_4g.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the ions
 concentration in the extraction solution and the lithium concentration in
 the remaining feed solution for each cycle. ##### Variables * Cycle –
 cycle number during electrochemical testing. * Li (mM) – lithium ion
 concentration in solution (millimolar). * Na (mM) – sodium ion
 concentration (mM). * K (mM) – potassium ion concentration (mM). * Mg (mM)
 – magnesium ion concentration (mM). * Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration
 (mM). * Li in Feed solution (mM) – lithium concentration in the feed
 solution at each cycle (mM). #### File: Extended_Data_Figure_4h.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides the ion extraction selectivities for
 each cycle. ##### Variables * Cycle – cycle number during electrochemical
 testing. * Li/Na – selectivity ratio of lithium over sodium. * Li/Mg –
 selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium. #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S1c.xlsx **Description:** This file provides ions
 ionic radii of Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺. ##### Variables * Different
 ions – type of cation including Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺. * Radii (Å)
 – ionic radii expressed in angstroms (Å). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S2a.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the
 Projected Density of States (PDOS) for five d-orbitals of Fe atom for
 100-LFP. ##### Variables * Energy (eV) – electronic energy levels in
 electronvolts. * up *d*~ab~ PDOS (a.u.) – projected density of states
 (arbitrary units) for spin-up *d*~ab~. * up *d*~ac~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for
 spin-up *d*~ac~. * up *d*~c~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~c~. * up
 *d*~bc~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~bc~. * up *d*~a^2^-b~ PDOS
 (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~a^2^-b~ . * down *d*~ab~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS
 for spin-down *d*~ab~. * down *d*~ac~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down
 *d*~ac~. * down *d*~c~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down *d*~c~. * down
 *d*~bc~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down *d*~bc~. * down
 *d*~a^2^-b^2 ^~PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down *d*~a^2^-b~. #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S2b.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the
 Projected Density of States (PDOS) for five d-orbitals of Fe atom for LFP.
 ##### Variables * Energy (eV) – electronic energy levels in electronvolts.
 * up *d*~ab~ PDOS (a.u.) – projected density of states (arbitrary units)
 for spin-up *d*~ab~. * up *d*~ac~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~ac~.
 * up *d*~c~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~c~. * up *d*~bc~ PDOS
 (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~bc~. * up *d*~a^2^-b~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for
 spin-up *d*~a^2^-b~. * down *d*~ab~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down
 *d*~ab~. * down *d*~ac~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down*d*~ac~. * down
 *d*~c~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down *d*~c~. * down *d*~bc ~PDOS (a.u.)
 – PDOS for spin-down *d*~bc~. * down *d*~a^2^-b~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for
 spin-down *d*~a^2^-b~. #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S2c.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides the Projected Density of States
 (PDOS) for five d-orbitals of Fe atom for Fe@12CE4. ##### Variables *
 Energy (eV) – electronic energy levels in electronvolts. * up *d*~ab~ PDOS
 (a.u.) – projected density of states (arbitrary units) for spin-up
 *d*~ab~. * up *d*~ac~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~ac~. * up *d*~c~
 PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up *d*~c~. * up *d*~bc~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for
 spin-up *d*~bc~. * up *d*~a^2^-b~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up
 *d*~a^2^-b~. * down *d*~ab~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down *d*~ab~. *
 down *d*~ac~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down*d*~ac~. * down *d*~c~ PDOS
 (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down *d*~c~. * down *d*~bc ~PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for
 spin-down *d*~bc~. * down *d*~a^2^-b~ PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down
 *d*~a^2^-b~. #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S3.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides ^1^H NMR spectra of the 12CE4 and
 Fe@12CE4 in DMSO-D6. ##### Variables * Fe@12CE4 f1 (ppm) – ^1^H NMR
 chemical shift values (ppm) for the Fe@12CE4 complex. * Fe@12CE4 Intensity
 – corresponding NMR signal intensities for Fe@12CE4 (arbitrary units). *
 12CE4 f1 (ppm) – ^1^H NMR chemical shift values (ppm) for 12CE4. * 12CE4
 Intensity – corresponding NMR signal intensities for 12CE4 (arbitrary
 units). #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S4.xlsx **Description:** This
 file provides UV-vis spectra of pristine FeCl~2~·4H~2~O and with addition
 of 12CE4 in EtOH solution. ##### Variables * pristine Wavelength (nm) –
 wavelength values (in nanometers, nm) for the pristine sample. * pristine
 Intensity – corresponding UV–Vis absorption intensity (arbitrary units). *
 1:1 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 1:1 molar ratio
 sample. * 1:1 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 1:1 sample.
 * 2:1 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 2:1 sample. * 2:1
 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 2:1 sample. * 4:1
 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 4:1 sample. * 4:1
 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 4:1 sample. * 8:1
 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 8:1 sample. * 8:1
 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 8:1 sample. * 10:1
 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 10:1 sample. * 10:1
 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 10:1 sample. #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S5.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the Fe
 K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of Fe foil, FeCl₂·4H₂O, FeCl₂·4H₂O@12C4,
 FeO and Fe~2~O~3~. ##### Variables * energy (eV) – incident X-ray energy
 in electronvolts (eV). * Fe-foil_Fe-K – normalized absorption intensity
 (a.u.) for Fe foil standard. * FeCl₂·4H₂O_Fe-K – normalized absorption
 intensity (a.u.) for FeCl₂·4H₂O. * FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4_Fe-K – normalized
 absorption intensity (a.u.) for FeCl₂·4H₂O complexed with 12-crown-4
 ether. * FeO – normalized absorption intensity (a.u.) for FeO reference
 compound. * Fe₂O₃ – normalized absorption intensity (a.u.) for Fe₂O₃
 reference compound. #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S6.xlsx
 **Description:** This file corresponds to the EXAFS fitting results in
 Supplementary Fig. S6. It contains raw χ(k) values, Fourier transformed
 χ(R), and least-squares fitting curves. ##### Variables * R (Å) – Radial
 distance in angstroms, corresponding to Fourier transform of Fe K-edge
 EXAFS spectra. * χ(Fe foil), fit(Fe foil), chir_mag(Fe foil), fit2(Fe
 foil) – experimental χ(k), fitted χ(k), magnitude of Fourier transformed
 χ(R), and secondary fit values for Fe foil reference. * χ(FeCl₂·4H₂O),
 fit(FeCl₂·4H₂O), chir_mag(FeCl₂·4H₂O), fit2(FeCl₂·4H₂O) – same variables
 for FeCl₂·4H₂O. * χ(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4), fit(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4),
 chir_mag(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4), fit2(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4) – same variables for
 FeCl₂·4H₂O complexed with 12-crown-4 ether. #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S7.xlsx **Description:** This file provides PXRD
 patterns of the as-synthesized LFP-40 M alongside the standard reference
 data (PDF#81-1173). ##### Variables * 2 Theta PDF#81-1173 (degree) –
 Reference diffraction angles (2θ) from PDF card #81-1173 (standard LiFePO₄
 pattern). * Intensity PDF#81-1173 (a.u.) – Relative intensity of
 corresponding diffraction peaks from PDF card. * 2 Theta LFP-40M (degree)
 – Measured diffraction angles (2θ) of the synthesized LFP-40M sample. *
 Intensity LFP-40M (a.u.) – Corresponding measured relative intensity
 values. #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S8b.xlsx **Description:** This
 file provides the ^1^H NMR of the reaction solution before and after the
 synthesis of LFP, where the postfix of “-Be” and “-Af” refers to the
 reaction solution before and after the synthesis of LFP, respectively.
 ##### Variables * Chemical Shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift values. *
 Intensity – Corresponding signal intensity (arbitrary units). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S8j.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the
 PXRD patterns of the synthesis of LFP from different solvents. #####
 Variables * 2 Theta (°) – diffraction angle in degrees (2θ). * Intensity –
 Corresponding signal intensity (arbitrary units). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S9a.xlsx **Description:** This file provides cyclic
 voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M
 lithium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate. ##### Variables
 * Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl
 reference electrode (unit: V). * Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured
 current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S9b.xlsx **Description:** This file provides cyclic
 voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M
 sodium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate. ##### Variables
 * Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl
 reference electrode (unit: V). * Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured
 current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S9c.xlsx **Description:** This file provides cyclic
 voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M
 magnesium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate. #####
 Variables * Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the
 Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V). * Current density (mA cm⁻²) –
 Measured current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S9d.xlsx **Description:** This file provides cyclic
 voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M
 potasium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate. #####
 Variables * Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the
 Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V). * Current density (mA cm⁻²) –
 Measured current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S9e.xlsx **Description:** This file provides cyclic
 voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M
 Calcium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate. ##### Variables
 * Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl
 reference electrode (unit: V). * Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured
 current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S10.xlsx **Description:** This file provides
 nitrogen adsorption isotherms of [100]-only LFP measured at 77 K. #####
 Variables * Relative Pressure (p/p⁰) adsorption – Ratio of equilibrium
 pressure to saturation pressure during the adsorption process. * Quantity
 Adsorbed (cm³ g⁻¹ STP) adsorption – Volume of gas adsorbed per gram of
 sample, normalized to standard temperature and pressure (cm³/g STP). *
 Relative Pressure (p/p⁰) desorption – Ratio of equilibrium pressure to
 saturation pressure during the desorption process. * Quantity Adsorbed
 (cm³ g⁻¹ STP) desorption – Volume of gas remaining adsorbed per gram of
 sample during desorption (cm³/g STP). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S11a.xlsx **Description:** This file provides cyclic
 voltammetry (CV) profiles of the Non-oriented LFP in 1M LiCl at multiple
 scan rates. ##### Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s,
 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) – Applied potential
 relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). * Current (A) – Measured
 current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A). ####
 File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11c.xlsx **Description:** This file provides
 cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the [100]-only LFP in 1M LiCl at
 multiple scan rates. ##### Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s,
 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) – Applied
 potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). * Current (A) –
 Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate
 (A). #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11e.xlsx **Description:** This file
 provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the Non-oriented LFP in 1M
 NaCl at multiple scan rates. ##### Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl
 (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) –
 Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). * Current
 (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan
 rate (A). #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11g.xlsx **Description:** This
 file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the [100]-only LFP in 1M
 NaCl at multiple scan rates. ##### Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl
 (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) –
 Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). * Current
 (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan
 rate (A). #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11i.xlsx **Description:** This
 file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the Non-oriented LFP in
 1M MgCl~2~ at multiple scan rates. ##### Variables * Potential V vs.
 Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s) – Applied potential
 relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). * Current (A) – Measured
 current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A). ####
 File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11j.xlsx **Description:** This file provides
 cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the 100-[only] LFP in 1M MgCl2 at
 multiple scan rates. ##### Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s,
 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s) – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl
 reference electrode (V). * Current (A) – Measured current response at
 corresponding potential for each scan rate (A). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S13.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the
 current density as a function of time in the preparation of the FePO4
 electrode. ##### Variables * Time (h) – Measurement time (hours). *
 Current (A m⁻²) – Current density normalized by electrode area (unit:
 mA/cm²). #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S14.xlsx **Description:** This
 file provides the current density as a function of time in the preparation
 of the AgCl electrode. ##### Variables * Time (h) – Measurement time
 (hours). * Current (A m⁻²) – Current density normalized by electrode area
 (unit: A/cm²). #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S15a.xlsx
 **Description:** This files provides the ions concentration and lithium
 extraction rates of of the five types of unconventional resources with
 different initial lithium concentration for Non-oriented LFP. #####
 Variables * All the variables are the same with Extended_Data_Figure_3e.
 #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S15b.xlsx **Description:** This files
 provides the ion extraction selectivities of the five types of
 unconventional resources with different initial lithium concentration
 for Non-oriented LFP. ##### Variables * All the variables are the same
 with Extended_Data_Figure_3f. #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S17g.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides the PXRD patterns of LFPs synthesized
 by the reused reaction solutions. ##### Variables * 2 Theta (°) –
 diffraction angle in degrees (2θ). * Intensity – Corresponding signal
 intensity (arbitrary units). #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S17h.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides the ^1^H NMR spectra of LFPs
 synthesized by the reused reaction solutions. ##### Variables * Chemical
 Shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift values. * Intensity – Corresponding
 signal intensity (arbitrary units). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S20a.xlsx **Description:** This file provides
 the cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO~4~ electrode from the LFP-40M and
 LFP-DEG at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate in 1 M LiCl aqueous solution. #####
 Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl – Applied potential relative to
 Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). * Current (mA m⁻²) – Current density
 normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²) #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S20b.xlsx **Description:** This file provides
 the cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the LFP-40M and
 LFP-DEG at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate in 1 M NaCl aqueous solution. #####
 Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl – Applied potential relative to
 Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). Current (mA m⁻²) – Current density
 normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²) #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S21.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the
 PXRD patterns of the produced and standard Li~2~CO~3~. ##### Variables * 2
 Theta (°) – diffraction angle in degrees (2θ). * Intensity – Corresponding
 signal intensity (arbitrary units). #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S20c.xlsx **Description:** This file provides
 the cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the LFP-40M and
 LFP-DEG at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate in 1 M MgCl~2~ aqueous solution. #####
 Variables * Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl – Applied potential relative to
 Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V). * Current (mA m⁻²) – Current density
 normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²) #### File:
 Supplementatry_Figure_S22a.xlsx **Description:** This file provides the
 rate performance of [100]-only LFP and Non-oriented LFP at different
 current density. ##### Variables * Cycle : Number of charge–discharge
 cycles performed. * Current density (mA g⁻¹): Applied current normalized
 to mass of active material. * Charge capacity (mg g⁻¹ LiFePO₄): Measured
 lithium intercalation capacity during charging. * Discharge capacity (mg
 g⁻¹ LiFePO₄): Measured lithium deintercalation capacity during
 discharging. * Coulombic efficiency (%): Ratio of discharge capacity to
 charge capacity. #### File: Supplementatry_Figure_S22b.xlsx
 **Description:** This file provides the cycling performance of [100]-only
 LFP and Non-oriented LFP. ##### Variables * Cycle : Number of
 charge–discharge cycles performed. * Capacity retention (%): Normalized
 discharge capacity relative to the initial cycle capacity. ##
 Code/software Data files are stored in Excel format compatible with
 Microsoft Office versions later than 2003. Each file is named according to
 the figure in which the plotted data appears, with additional details on
 sample descriptions and data interpretation provided within the files.