cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c4r1gf3
title: Data from: Assortative mating by an obliquely transmitted local cultural trait promotes genetic divergence: a model

description: The effect of learned culture (e.g., birdsong dialects and human
 languages) on genetic divergence is unclear. Previous theoretical research
 suggests that because oblique learning allows phenotype transmission from
 individuals with no offspring to an unrelated individual in the next
 generation, the effect of sexual selection on the learned trait is masked.
 However, I propose that migration and spatially constrained learning can
 form statistical associations between cultural and genetic traits, which
 may allow selection on the cultural traits to indirectly affect the
 genetic traits. Here, I build a population genetic model that allows such
 statistical associations to form, and find that sexual selection and
 divergent selection on the cultural trait can indeed help maintain genetic
 divergence through such statistical associations, while selection against
 genetic hybrids does not affect cultural trait divergence. Furthermore, I
 find that even when the cultural trait changes over time due to drift and
 mutation, it can still help maintain genetic divergence. These results
 suggest the role of obliquely transmitted traits in evolution may be
 underrated, and the lack of one-to-one associations between cultural and
 genetic traits may not be sufficient to disprove the role of culture in
 genetic divergence.
description: C codes, two alleles, no
 driftA faster program written
 in C. Only works for 2 cultural allele and without
 drift.TwoAllelesNoDrift.zipMathematica codesCodes written for Wolfram Mathematica. Allows drift and multiple cultural alleles.Mathematica.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7745p
title: Data from: Female zebra finches smell their eggs

description: Parental investment in unrelated offspring seems maladaptive from an
 evolutionary perspective, due to the costs of energy and resources that
 cannot be invested in related offspring at the same time. Therefore
 selection should favour mechanisms to discriminate between own and foreign
 offspring. In birds, much emphasis has been placed on understanding the
 visual mechanisms underlying egg recognition. However, olfactory egg
 recognition has almost been completely ignored. Here, we investigated
 whether female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are able to
 discriminate between their own and a conspecific egg based on olfactory
 cues alone. Zebra finches are colonial - breeding songbirds. Eggs are
 monomorphic, i.e. without any spotting pattern, and intraspecific brood
 parasitism frequently occurs. In a binary choice experiment, female zebra
 finches were given the choice between the scent of their own and a
 conspecific egg. After the onset of incubation, females choose randomly
 and showed no sign of discrimination. However, shortly before hatching,
 females preferred significantly the odour of their own egg. The finding
 that females are capable to smell their own egg may inspire more research
 on the potential of olfaction involved in egg recognition, especially in
 cases where visual cues might be limited.
description: Data Egg
 recognitionRaw data of the
 olfactory choice test.This file contains the time individuals spent in
 each preference zone, the ID of the test subjects, weight and origin of
 the used eggs.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.27n36
title: Data from: High rates of growth recorded for hawksbill sea turtles in Anegada, British Virgin Islands

description: Management of species of conservation concern requires knowledge of
 demographic parameters, such as rates of recruitment, survival, and
 growth. In the Caribbean, hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) have
 been historically exploited in huge numbers to satisfy trade in their
 shells and meat. In the present study, we estimated growth rate of
 juvenile hawksbill turtles around Anegada, British Virgin Islands, using
 capture–mark–recapture of 59 turtles over periods of up to 649 days.
 Turtles were recaptured up to six times, having moved up to 5.9 km from
 the release location. Across all sizes, turtles grew at an average rate of
 9.3 cm year−1 (range 2.3–20.3 cm year−1), and gained mass at an average of
 3.9 kg year−1 (range 850 g–16.1 kg year−1). Carapace length was a
 significant predictor of growth rate and mass gain, but there was no
 relationship between either variable and sea surface temperature. These
 are among the fastest rates of growth reported for this species, with
 seven turtles growing at a rate that would increase their body size by
 more than half per year (51–69% increase in body length). This study also
 demonstrates the importance of shallow water reef systems for the
 developmental habitat for juvenile hawksbill turtles. Although growth
 rates for posthatching turtles in the pelagic, and turtles larger than 61
 cm, are not known for this population, the implications of this study are
 that Caribbean hawksbill turtles in some areas may reach body sizes
 suggesting sexual maturity in less time than previously considered.
description: Hawkes et al. raw
 dataComma separated values
 file of all unfiltered hawksbill turtle captures used in this
 study.AnegadaGrowth_toDryad.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6m68b
title: Data from: Ageing and reproduction: antioxidant supplementation alleviates telomere loss in wild birds

description: Reproduction is inherently costly. Environmental stressors, such as
 infection and limited food resources, can compromise investment at each
 breeding attempt. For example, recent data on captive birds showed that
 increased reproductive effort accelerates ageing. However, the effects of
 nutritional status and infection on ageing remain unknown. Telomeres
 function as protective caps at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, and
 changes in telomere length is a commonly used proxy for ageing. To
 partially address the mechanisms of ageing following reproduction, we
 supplemented, medicated or administered a combined treatment to wild blue
 tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) breeding in central Spain during 2012. The
 nutritional supplement consisted of two different antioxidants, while the
 medication was an antimalarial treatment against blood parasites. We
 evaluated the effect of these manipulations on reproductive success and
 parasite loads in the first breeding season, and on changes in telomere
 length between two consecutive breeding seasons. Supplemented birds showed
 no reduction in blood parasite infections in 2012, although they exhibited
 higher body mass and fledging success. The antimalarial drugs reduced
 infections by several parasite species, but this had no effect on fitness
 parameters. In the following season, telomeres from supplemented birds had
 shortened less. Altogether, we found that supplementation with
 antioxidants provided fitness benefits in the short term and reduced
 telomere loss a year following treatment. Our results provide indirect
 empirical support for accelerated telomere loss as a cost of reproduction.
description: Tables for statistical
 analysesThe title for each table
 is self-explanatory. Data were collected in the field and several
 statistical analyses were conducted. Each table corresponds to one or more
 analysis. Abbreviations for variables are as follow: LDATE=laying date,
 CS=clutch size, HDATE=hatching date. The breeding season is specified as
 2012 or 2013 as appropriate.Dryad
 tables.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k67fv
title: Data from: Maintaining their genetic distance: little evidence for introgression between widely hybridising species of Geum with contrasting mating systems

description: Within the plant kingdom many genera contain sister lineages with
 contrasting outcrossing and inbreeding mating systems that are known to
 hybridise. The evolutionary fate of these sister lineages is likely to be
 influenced by the extent to which they exchange genes. We measured gene
 flow between outcrossing Geum rivale and selfing G. urbanum, sister
 species that hybridise in contemporary populations. We generated and used
 a draft genome of G. urbanum to develop dd-RAD data scorable in both
 species. Coalescent analysis of RAD data from allopatric populations
 indicated that the species diverged 2-3 Mya, and that historical gene flow
 between them was extremely low (1 migrant every 25 generations).
 Comparison of genetic divergence between species in sympatry and
 allopatry, together with an analysis of allele frequencies in potential
 parental and hybrid populations, provided no evidence of contemporary
 introgression in sympatric populations. Cluster and species specific
 marker analyses revealed that, apart from four early generation hybrids,
 individuals in sympatric populations fell into two genetically distinct
 groups that corresponded exactly to their morphological species
 classification with maximum individual admixture estimates of only 1 -3%.
 However, we did observe joint segregation of four putatively introgressed
 SNPs across two scaffolds in the G. urbanum population that was associated
 with significant morphological variation, interpreted as tentative
 evidence for rare, recent interspecific gene flow. Overall, our results
 indicate that despite the presence of hybrids in contemporary populations,
 genetic exchange between G. rivale and G. urbanum has been extremely
 limited throughout their evolutionary history.
description: Phenotypic data for
 sympatric samples of GeumPhenotypic data for
 sympatric Geum samples from Berwickshire. R= G. rivale, U = G. urbanum;
 First flower = week after April 1st 2014; Duration = weeks over which
 flowering occurredPhenotypic measurements on
 Sympatric Geum samples.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nq853
title: Data from: Dispersal and diversity in experimental metacommunities: linking theory and practice

description: There has been a recent rise in the number of experiments investigating
 the effect of dispersal on diversity, with many of the predictions for
 these tests derived from metacommunity theory. Despite the promise of
 linking observed relationships between dispersal and diversity to
 underlying metacommunity processes, empirical studies have faced
 challenges in providing robust tests of theory. We review experimental
 studies that have tested how dispersal affects metacommunity diversity to
 determine why shortcomings emerge, and to provide a framework for
 empirical tests of theory that capture the processes structuring diversity
 in natural metacommunities. We first summarize recent experimental work to
 outline trends in results and to highlight common methods that cause a
 misalignment between empirical studies and the processes described by
 theory. We then identify the undesired implications of three widely used
 experimental methods that homogenize metacommunity structure or species
 traits, and present alternative methods that have been used to
 successfully integrate experiments and theory in a biologically relevant
 way. Finally, we present methodological and theoretical insights from
 three related ecological fields (coexistence, food web and priority
 effects theory) that, if integrated into metacommunity experiments, could
 help isolate the independent and joint effects of local interactions and
 dispersal on diversity, and reveal the mechanisms underlying observed
 dispersal–diversity patterns. Together, these methods can provide stronger
 tests of existing theory and stimulate new theoretical explorations.
description: Complete table of the
 studies included in our reviewIn this paper we
 reviewed experimental studies that have tested how dispersal affects
 metacommunity diversity to determine why shortcomings emerge, and to
 provide a framework for empirical tests of theory that capture the
 processes structuring diversity in natural metacommunities. This table is
 a full list of the 50 studies of included experiments, and their
 corresponding methods and results.Grainger and Gilbert Appendix 2
 Table A2.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2811b
title: Data from: Contrasting effects of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal tropical tree species on soil nitrogen cycling: the potential mechanisms and corresponding adaptive strategies

description: While it is increasingly recognized that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and
 arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species vary in their effects on soil
 nitrogen (N) cycling, little is known about the mechanisms causing and how
 ECM and AM trees adapt to this variation. Using monoculture plots of six
 ECM and eight AM tropical trees planted in a common garden, we examined
 whether the contrasting effects of ECM and AM trees on soil N cycling
 could be explained by their differences in plant traits. Furthermore,
 rhizosphere effects on soil N transformations and soil exploration by fine
 roots were also measured to assess whether ECM and AM trees differed in N
 acquisition capacities. Results showed that soil NH 4+N concentration, net
 N mineralization and net nitrification rates were markedly lower, but soil
 C:N ratio was significantly higher beneath ECM trees than beneath AM
 trees. This more closed N cycling caused by ECM trees was attributed to
 their resource-conservative traits, especially the poorer leaf litter
 decomposability compared with AM trees. To adapt to their induced lower
 soil N availability, ECM trees were found to have greater rhizosphere
 effects on NO 3-N concentration, net N mineralization and net
 nitrification rates to mine N, and higher soil exploration in terms of
 root length density to scavenge N from soils, indicating that these two
 strategies work in synergy to meet N demand of ECM trees. These findings
 suggest that ECM and AM trees have contrasting effects on soil N cycling
 owing to their differences in leaf litter decomposability and
 correspondingly possess different N acquisition capacities.
description: Data submitted to
 Dryad
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.41mj8
title: Data from: Genetic diversity and historical biogeography of the Maltese wall lizard, Podarcis filfolensis (Squamata: Lacertidae)

description: Podarcis filfolensis is an endemic lizard from the Maltese archipelago.
 There is evidence of human-mediated decline and even extirpation of some
 insular populations of this species. However, information about the
 intraspecific genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of this
 species is limited. Here we analyze genetic markers from a multi-locus
 dataset (mtDNA, 2,533 bp; nuclear c-mos gene, 353 bp; 11 microsatellites)
 for individuals from extant populations of P. filfolensis. Despite
 generally low genetic variability, two main mitochondrial groupings were
 clearly identified. In general, individuals from the main island of Malta
 were genetically distinct from those from Gozo, Comino, Cominotto and
 Small Blue Lagoon Rock, and also from Linosa and Lampione individuals.
 Three genetic clusters were detected based on microsatellite data: one was
 found at higher frequency on Malta, while the other two included samples
 from the remaining islands, showing some concordance with the mtDNA
 pattern. A time-calibrated Bayesian tree for the principal mitochondrial
 lineages indicated strong statistical support for two P. filfolensis
 lineages that originated in the Pleistocene (105.4–869 Ka). We show that
 these lineages largely meet the criteria for recognition as evolutionary
 significant units despite some recent admixture (possibly due to recent
 translocations between islands). Human disturbance, low genetic
 variability, evidence of bottlenecks and extirpation on one island
 indicate that a thorough review of the current conservation status of P.
 filfolensis would be timely.
description: input Structure Podarcis
 filfolensisinput file from
 structure software with 11 STRs analysed in Podarcis
 filfolensisP.
 filfolensis_sequencesRelation between GenBank
 accession numbers and specimens.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dk244
title: Data from: How to fight multiple enemies: target-specific chemical defences in an aposematic moth

description: Animals have evolved different defensive strategies to survive predation,
 among which chemical defences are particularly widespread and diverse.
 Here we investigate the function of chemical defence diversity,
 hypothesising that such diversity has evolved as a response to multiple
 enemies. The aposematic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) displays
 conspicuous hindwing colouration and secretes two distinct defensive
 fluids, from their thoracic glands and abdomen. We presented fluids from
 lab-reared moths to two biologically relevant predators, birds and ants,
 and measured their reaction in controlled bioassays (no information on
 colour was provided). We found that defensive fluids are target-specific:
 thoracic fluids, and particularly the 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine (SBMP)
 which they contain, deterred birds, but caused no aversive response in
 ants. In contrast, abdominal fluids were particularly deterrent to ants,
 while birds did not find them repellent. Our study is the first to show
 evidence of a single species producing separate chemical defences targeted
 to different predator types, highlighting the importance of taking into
 account complex predator communities in studies on the evolution of prey
 defence diversity.
description: antdataDataset from the bioassay in which ants responded to the defensive fluids of the wood tiger mothbluetitsdataDataset from the bioassay in which blue tits responded to the defensive fluids of the wood tiger moth
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4478b
title: Data from: Fine-scale population genetic structure of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in a human-dominated western Terai Arc Landscape, India

description: Despite massive global conservation strategies, tiger populations
 continued to decline until recently, mainly due to habitat loss,
 human-animal conflicts, and poaching. These factors are known to affect
 the genetic characteristics of tiger populations and decrease local
 effective population sizes. The Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) at the foothills
 of the Himalaya is one of the 42 source sites of tigers around the globe.
 Therefore, information on how landscape features and anthropogenic factors
 affect the fine-scale spatial genetic structure and variation of tigers in
 TAL is needed to develop proper management strategies for achieving
 long-term conservation goals. We document, for the first time, the genetic
 characteristics of this tiger population by genotyping 71 tiger samples
 using 13 microsatellite markers from the western region of TAL (WTAL)
 (1800 km2). Specifically, we aimed to estimate the genetic variability,
 population structure, and gene flow. The microsatellite markers indicated
 that the levels of allelic diversity (MNA = 6.6) and genetic variation (Ho
 =0.50, HE = 0.64) were slightly lower than those reported previously in
 other Bengal tiger populations. We observed moderate gene flow and
 significant genetic differentiation (FST= 0.060), and identified the
 presence of cryptic genetic structure using Bayesian and non-Bayesian
 approaches. There was low and significantly asymmetric migration between
 the two main subpopulations of the Rajaji Tiger Reserve and the Corbett
 Tiger Reserve in WTAL. Sibship relationships indicated that the
 functionality of the corridor between these subpopulations may be retained
 if the quality of the habitat does not deteriorate. However, we found that
 gene flow is not adequate in view of changing land use matrices. We
 discuss the need to maintain connectivity by implementing the measures
 that have been suggested previously to minimize the level of human
 disturbance, including relocation of villages and industries, prevention
 of encroachment, and banning sand and boulder mining in the corridors.
description: Genotype file
 WTAL_DRYADThis is normal excel
 genotype file of WTAL Bengal tiger
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4mt25
title: Data from: Male spiders reduce pre- and postmating sexual investment in response to sperm competition risk

description: The interplay between pre- and post-mating responses to intra-sexual
 competition remains enigmatic. Sperm competition models often assume a
 trade-off between pre- and post-mating traits that enhance mate
 acquisition and fertilization success, respectively. However, when males
 court females through food donations (i.e. nuptial gifts), pre- and
 post-mating responses may be aligned, as nuptial gifts have the dual
 function of facilitating both mate acquisition and sperm transfer. In the
 spider Pisaura mirabilis nuptial gifts consist of silk-wrapped prey. We
 tested whether males respond to a competitor by altering: 1) pre-mating
 investment in the gift; 2) post-mating sperm investment; and 3) whether
 pre- and post-mating responses are coupled and respond to competition in
 the same direction or not. Under competition risk males silk-wrapped their
 gifts for significantly shorter time and transferred less sperm to
 females, pointing to a reduction of both pre- and post-mating responses.
 Since silk is not a target of female choice, reducing gift construction
 may speed up mate acquisition. In accordance with models of sperm
 allocation, perceived high levels of competition and/or sperm priority
 patterns may explain the reduced patterns of sperm transfer found in our
 study. Overall, our findings suggest that in competitive environments pre-
 and post-mating traits are coupled and respond in the same direction.
description: BEHECO-2016-0555.R1
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.369n9
title: Data from: AudioMoth: evaluation of a smart open acoustic device for monitoring biodiversity and the environment

description: 1. The cost, usability and power efficiency of available wildlife
 monitoring equipment currently inhibits full ground-level coverage of many
 natural systems. Developments over the last decade in technology, open
 science, and the sharing economy promise to bring global access to more
 versatile and more affordable monitoring tools, to improve coverage for
 conservation researchers and managers. 2. Here we describe the development
 and proof-of-concept of a low-cost, small-sized and low-energy acoustic
 detector: 'AudioMoth'. The device is open-source and
 programmable, with diverse applications for recording animal calls or
 human activity at sample rates of up to 384kHz. We briefly outline two
 ongoing real-world case studies of large-scale, long-term monitoring for
 biodiversity and exploitation of natural resources. These studies
 demonstrate the potential for AudioMoth to enable a substantial shift away
 from passive continuous recording by individual devices, towards smart
 detection by networks of devices flooding large and inaccessible
 ecosystems. 3. The case studies demonstrate one of the smart capabilities
 of AudioMoth, to trigger event logging on the basis of classification
 algorithms that identify specific acoustic events. An algorithm to trigger
 recordings of the New Forest cicada (Cicadetta montana) demonstrates the
 potential for AudioMoth to vastly improve the spatial and temporal
 coverage of surveys for the presence of cryptic animals. An algorithm for
 logging gunshot events has potential to identify a shotgun blast in
 tropical rainforest at distances of up to 500 m, extending to 1km with
 continuous recording. 4. AudioMoth is more energy efficient than currently
 available passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) devices, giving it
 considerably greater portability and longevity in the field with smaller
 batteries. At a build cost of ~US$43 per unit, AudioMoth has potential for
 varied applications in large-scale, long-term acoustic surveys. With
 continuing developments in smart, energy-efficient algorithms and
 diminishing component costs, we are approaching the milestone of local
 communities being able to afford to remotely monitor their own natural
 resources.
description: Gunshot data from
 BelizeCSV file giving the
 logarithmic ratio between a gunshots max peak amplitude and a reference
 amplitude at varying distances and orientation from source. We used the
 maximum possible magnitude for a .WAV file recorded on the device as our
 reference.gunshot_data.csv