DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5dv41nsbs
title: Data from: Geographical variation and discrimination of social calls in male great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats: Do functionally similar calls have similar patterns?

description: Geographical variation in animals’ acoustic signals has received much
 attention. However, few studies have compared the patterns and underlying
 selective forces driving geographical divergence of vocalizations with
 similar and different functions within the same species. Also, the social
 consequences of geographical divergence in acoustic signals are still
 rather poorly understood. Here we recorded three types of social calls of
 male great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros armiger) across eight
 colonies in China. Two calls share similar functions and the third has a
 function distinct from the other two. We examined the patterns and causes
 of geographical variation of each of these calls. We found that all three
 calls had significant geographic variation with similar patterns of
 spatial variation. Only one of the two social calls with similar functions
 was found to be affected by genetic drift, while the other two calls were
 not affected by selection and drift, or morphological constraints.
 Furthermore, we found that bats could discriminate between vocalizations
 of their own colony and those of an allopatric colony. Overall, these
 results suggest that acoustic signals with similar functions may be shaped
 by different driving forces and acoustic signals with different functions
 may exhibit similar geographical patterns. This study expands our limited
 knowledge of the patterns of geographical variation of vocalizations
 emitted at different emotional states and highlights the importance of
 comparing simultaneously patterns and causes of geographical divergence of
 vocalizations with similar and different functions.
description: Sound
 collection Bats’ bUFM calls were obtained from previous
 recordings (Sun et al. 2020). Briefly, in April–June of 2015–2016, Sun et al. (2020) captured 80 adult males from eight
 colonies (10 males per
 colony) in China on average 896 km apart from each other (270-1978 km
 between adjacent sties). The eight colonies are Simao (SM), Hekou (HK), Hanzhong (HZ), Jiangkou
 (JK), Anlong (AL), Fanchang (FC), Lengshuijiang (LSJ) and Chongyi (CY)
 (Figure
 2a; Table 1). For each
 colony, bats were introduced into a cage for acoustic and
 behavioral recording for
 six days. Vocalizations
 were recorded with an Avisoft UltraSoundGate 116 H (Avisoft Bioacoustics,
 Glienicke, Germany), connected to a condenser ultrasound microphone
 (CM16/CMPA, Avisoft Bioacoustics) at a sampling rate of 375 kHz and 16-bit
 resolution. Simultaneously, an infrared camera (HDR-CX 760E; Sony Corp.,
 Tokyo, Japan) was used to record territorial behavior. Our previous study
 showed that male <em>H. armiger</em> emitted two versions of
 the bent-upward frequency modulation (bUFM) syllable calls during roost
 territory defence, with each version indicating a different level of
 aggressiveness (Sun et al.
 2018). H-bUFM syllables
 produced during high aggression intensity interactions had lower minimum
 frequencies and wider bandwidths, compared to the L-bUFM syllables
 produced during low aggression intensity interactions
 (Sun et al.
 2018).
 Both bUFM syllable call types were
 recorded. Bats’ sUFM calls from the above eight colonies
 were recorded in
 April–June of 2015–2016. We recorded bats’ sUFM calls in caves between
 16:30 and 20:00. Our previous observations in the field and in the lab
 showed that the sUFM calls are produced by a roosting male
 resident when a free-flying male
 intruder approaches (Video S2; Sun et al. 2021). The sUFM calls were recorded with the same
 equipment and sound parameter levels used to record bUFM calls. The
 microphone used to record sUFM calls was placed 3-7 m away from the bat
 colonies. The location of the microphone was changed daily to minimize the
 possibility of getting a recording from the same group of bats every time.
 Vocalizations were recorded every 1-2 days, making a cumulative record of
 8 to 10 days per colony.