DOI: 10.5061/dryad.50sg7
title: Data from: Monogenean anchor morphometry: systematic value, phylogenetic signal, and evolution

description: Background. Anchors are one of the important attachment appendages for
 monogenean parasites. Common descent and evolutionary processes have left
 their mark on anchor morphometry, in the form of patterns of shape and
 size variation useful for systematic and evolutionary studies. When
 combined with morphological and molecular data, analysis of anchor
 morphometry can potentially answer a wide range of biological questions.
 Materials and Methods. We used data from anchor morphometry, body size and
 morphology of 13 Ligophorus (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) species
 infecting two marine mugilid (Teleostei: Mugilidae) fish hosts: Moolgarda
 buchanani (Bleeker) and Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) from Malaysia.
 Anchor shape and size data (n = 530) were generated using methods of
 geometric morphometrics. We used 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS1 sequence
 data to infer a maximum likelihood phylogeny. We discriminated species
 using principal component and cluster analysis of shape data. Adams’s
 Kmult was used to detect phylogenetic signal in anchor shape.
 Phylogeny-correlated size and shape changes were investigated using
 continuous character mapping and directional statistics, respectively. We
 assessed morphological constraints in anchor morphometry using
 phylogenetic regression of anchor shape against body size and anchor size.
 Anchor morphological integration was studied using partial least squares
 method. The association between copulatory organ morphology and anchor
 shape and size in phylomorphospace was used to test the Rohde-Hobbs
 hypothesis. We created monogeneaGM, a new R package that integrates
 analyses of monogenean anchor geometric morphometric data with
 morphological and phylogenetic data. Results. We discriminated 12 of the
 13 Ligophorus species using anchor shape data. Significant phylogenetic
 signal was detected in anchor shape. Thus, we discovered new morphological
 characters based on anchor shaft shape, the length between the inner root
 point and the outer root point, and the length between the inner root
 point and the dent point. The species on M. buchanani evolved larger, more
 robust anchors; those on L. subviridis evolved smaller, more delicate
 anchors. Anchor shape and size were significantly correlated, suggesting
 constraints in anchor evolution. Tight integration between the root and
 the point compartments within anchors confirms the anchor as a single,
 fully integrated module. The correlation between male copulatory organ
 morphology and size with anchor shape was consistent with predictions from
 the Rohde-Hobbs hypothesis. Conclusions. Monogenean anchors are tightly
 integrated structures, and their shape variation correlates strongly with
 phylogeny, thus underscoring their value for systematic and evolutionary
 biology studies. Our MonogeneaGM R package provides tools for researchers
 to mine biological insights from geometric morphometric data of speciose
 monogenean genera.
description: Ligophorus image
 dataImages of ventral and
 dorsal anchors of 530 specimens from 13 Ligophorus
 species.Landmark coordinate data
 of ventral and dorsal anchors of 13 Ligophorus speciesThe file contains
 landmark coordinate data of ventral and dorsal anchors of 530 specimens
 from 13 Ligophorus species. Data generated from Ligophorus Image Data
 using TPSDIG2.ligotps.zipR scripts and associated data filesThis file contains R scripts and associated data files for reproducing the analyses in Khang et al. (2016). Note: The authors of the geomorph package has recently informed me (21 January 2016) that changes to the latest version (3.0.0) have rendered some arguments in the gpagen function obsolete. To ensure smooth running of the script, please install geomorph version 2.1.1. as in Khang et al. (2016). Updates to monogeneaGM are forthcoming and will be announced in the PeerJ reader comment section.monogeneaGM R script.zipConcatenation of MAFFT-aligned DNA sequences for 13 Ligophorus speciesThis file contains concatenated multiple sequence alignments of 18S rRNA, ITS-1 and 28S rRNA sequences (in this order) for 13 Ligophorus species. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using MAFFT (version 7). Alignment parameters: Q-INS-i iterative refinement method; 1PAM/k=2 nucleotide scoring matrix; gap opening penalty = 1.53. The sequences were manually concatenated from trimmed MAFFT-alignments.MSA_18S_ITS1_28S.fasTrimmed multiple sequence alignmentsThis file contains MAFFT-aligned (Version 7) 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS-1 sequences of 13 Ligophorus species which have been manually trimmed at the left and right ends. Alignment parameters: Q-INS-i iterative refinement method; 1PAM/k=2 nucleotide scoring matrix; gap opening penalty = 1.53.MAFFT aligned trimmed.zipUntrimmed multiple sequence alignmentsThis file contains MAFFT-aligned (Version 7) 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS-1 sequences of 13 Ligophorus species as they were at the end of running MAFFT. Alignment parameters: Q-INS-i iterative refinement method; 1PAM/k=2 nucleotide scoring matrix; gap opening penalty = 1.53.MAFFT aligned untrimmed.zipMaximum likelihood tree of 13 Ligophorus speciesThis file contains the inferred maximum likelihood tree of 13 Ligophorus species (Figure 3 in Khang et al. (2016)). The tree was inferred using the IQ-tree pipeline. Parameters: DNA substitution model: GTR + G; 10 000 bootstrap replicates; mid-point rooting.ligophorus_MLtree.nwk