DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4775320
title: Study protocol and data dictionary: Effectiveness of a GP delivered medication review in reducing polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing in older patients with multimorbidity in Irish primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial (SPPiRE study)

description: Methods

Study design and participants

The methods for the SPPiRE cluster RCT have been described in the trial protocol (21). This study is reported in line with the CONSORT 2010 cluster RCT checklist (22), see Appendix 1, and was approved by the Irish College of General Practitioners Research Ethics Committee. In brief, SPPiRE was a pragmatic two arm cluster RCT, with the intervention delivered to GP clusters and analysis of outcomes at the patient level. Information about the trial was publicised through a variety of GP research, teaching and training networks throughout Ireland. Eligible practices expressing an interest were formally invited. Practices were eligible to participate if they had at least 300 registered patients aged ≥65 years (based on the need to identify a sufficient number of eligible participants) and used either of the two Irish GP practice management systems (PMS) with over 80% national cover; this enabled use of a SPPiRE patient finder tool which was developed and embedded into these systems. Practices were excluded if they were currently involved in a medication management or prescribing trial or if they were unable to recruit at least five participants.

Eligible patients were aged ≥65 years and prescribed ≥15 repeat medicines. A repeat medicine was defined as any unique item with a World Health Organisation Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code on the patient’s current repeat prescription. Patients were excluded if they had been recruited into a practice that was unable to recruit at least four other participants, they were judged by their GP as unable to give informed consent or they were unable to attend the practice for a face to face medication review, (e.g. nursing home residents and house bound patients).  Recruited GPs ran the SPPiRE patient finder tool and screened the generated list to ensure only eligible patients were invited. Practices who identified more than 40 eligible patients were supported in selecting a random sample of 30 patients to invite. All recruited practices and patients gave fully informed consent and baseline data was collected prior to practice allocation, to reduce the likelihood of selection bias.

Randomisation and masking

Recruited practices were allocated to intervention or control groups by minimisation using Minimpy software (23) by the trial statistician (FB) who had no knowledge of participating practices. Minimisation variables included practice size (number of GP sessions per week, 0-14, 14-28 and 28 or more) and location (urban, rural or mixed). Considering the nature of the intervention, it was not possible to blind GPs or patients to the intervention, however to reduce the risk of detection bias the two primary outcome measures; the number of repeat medicines and whether a PIP was present were assessed by an independent blinded pharmacist (MF).

Procedures

Intervention GPs received unique login details to the SPPiRE website where they had access to five training videos and a template for performing the SPPiRE medication review. The training videos provided background information on multimorbidity and polypharmacy, PIP, eliciting patient treatment priorities and conducting a brown bag medication review. GPs were instructed to book a double appointment and to ask their patients to bring all their medicines in to the medication review visit with them. The SPPiRE medication review process had two main components; gather and record information and then to discuss and agree changes with their patient based on the recorded information, with a focus on deprescribing medicines that were potentially inappropriate, figure 1. The website provided suggested treatment alternatives for identified PIP but all treatment decisions were ultimately at the discretion of the individual GP, based on their clinical judgement and their patients’ individual priorities.

Control GPs delivered usual care during the six to twelve month study period. At the time of intervention delivery there was no structured chronic disease management programme in Irish primary care and many patients with multimorbidity attended multiple hospital specialists. In Ireland, the majority of people aged ≥70 years of age have access to free GP visits and medicines with some prescription charge co-payments. In the 65 – 69 year old age category a lower proportion have access to both free GP visits and prescription medicines. Access to specialists and diagnostics in secondary care is free for the entire population.

Outcomes

The two primary outcomes were the number of repeat medicines and the proportion of patients with any PIP, from a list of 34 pre-specified indicators (see Appendix 2). A series of secondary prescribing related outcome measure were pre-specified to allow a more in depth analysis of the effect of the intervention on prescribing. These were:



The number of medicines stopped and started

The proportion of patients with a reduction in significant polypharmacy (defined as ≥15 repeat medicines)

The number of PIP

The proportion of patients with a high risk PIP (see Appendix 2)

The proportion of patients with any reduction in PIP


Secondary patient reported outcomes measures were included to capture the effectiveness of the intervention from the patients’ perspective. These were:



Health related Quality of life (EQ5D-5L)(24)

Revised Patients' attitudes towards deprescribing (rPATD)  (25)

Multimorbidity Treatment Burden Questionnaire (MTBQ) (26)


Health care utilisation data was collected to assess the effect of the intervention on health care usage and for the trial’s economic evaluation.

Outcomes were collected at baseline and at six months after intervention delivery. Patient reported measures were collected by postal questionnaires. Data for all other measures including prescribed medicines, medical and investigations history and healthcare utilisation were collected by participating GPs and submitted to the study manager (CMC). This was a deviation from the original protocol, which indicated this data would be collected by the research team. This deviation related to changes in data protection and national health research regulations during the study period, which precluded research team access to the patients’ full clinical record.

Adverse events

Information on adverse events such as mortality, ED presentations and hospital admissions was collected at follow up. Given the deprescribing approach of the intervention a safety protocol for identifying and reporting any suspected adverse drug withdrawal events (ADWEs) was developed. An ADWE is defined as either recurrence of the condition for which the drug was prescribed (e.g. recurrence of angina after stopping a beta blocker) or a physiologic reaction to drug withdrawal (e.g. SSRI withdrawal syndrome)  (27, 28). Although discontinuing medicines in older people has been demonstrated to be safe (29), given the paramount importance of the principle of “do no harm” in research ethics a vigorous and detailed method was established to ensure that any potential ADWEs precipitated by deprescribing in a SPPiRE medication review were captured. Intervention GPs were asked to report any possible ADWE following the SPPiRE medication review. The Naranjo ADR probability scale (30) has been adapted in other studies to assess the likelihood a reaction is related to drug withdrawal  (27, 28). This tool was further adapted for SPPiRE and used to make an assessment on the causality of the ADWE. To ensure the patient perspective was included, self-reported possible ADWEs were also collected from patient follow up questionnaires.  

 

Sample size

As outlined in the trial protocol (21), the study was designed with 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the proportion with PIP and a mean difference of one medicine between intervention and control groups (based on a mean of 17.4 medicines SD (2.6)) and the sample size inflated to incorporate the effects of clustering (using an ICC of 0.025). The sample size was recalculated when it became apparent during early recruitment that it would not be possible to recruit clusters with an average of 15 participants, as was initially planned in the protocol. An average cluster size of eight was anticipated which inflated the original sample size from 30 practices (450 patients) to 50 practices (400 patients).

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline characteristics of recruited practices and participants. All analyses were conducted under the intention-to-treat principle and those lost to follow up had their baseline data carried forward. The primary analysis was carried out using multi-level modelling. The first primary outcome measure, number of repeat medications, was assessed using mixed effects Poisson regression with the individual as the unit of analysis and the practice included as the random effect to control for the effects of clustering and results presented using incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The baseline number of medicines, GP size (number of GP sessions per week) and GP location (urban/rural) were included in the analysis as fixed effects. The second outcome measure, proportion of patients with a PIP, was analysed in a similar manner using mixed effects logistic regression, including PIP at baseline, GP size and location, and results presented using odd ratios (OR) and 95% CIs. A number of pre-specified sensitivity analyses were conducted; complete case analysis, per protocol analysis and including “presence of a repeat prescribing policy” as a covariate. All secondary outcomes were analysed in a similar manner to the primary outcomes, using appropriate mixed effects regression methods (i.e. linear, logistic, Poisson).

 

Note: Version 3 (published 28 April 2025) updates Version 2 by removing Participant GP1P4 following consent withdrawal. This version should be used for all future analyses.