cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011751.v1
title: Crop yield and ruminant feed efficiency assumptions in the different scenarios

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Crop yield and ruminant feed efficiency assumptions in the different scenarios. <strong>Abstract</strong> In this letter, we investigate the effects of crop yield and livestock feed efficiency scenarios on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture and land use change in developing countries. We analyze mitigation associated with different productivity pathways using the global partial equilibrium model GLOBIOM. Our results confirm that yield increase could mitigate some agriculture-related emissions growth over the next decades. Closing yield gaps by 50% for crops and 25% for livestock by 2050 would decrease agriculture and land use change emissions by 8% overall, and by 12% per calorie produced. However, the outcome is sensitive to the technological path and which factor benefits from productivity gains: sustainable land intensification would increase GHG savings by one-third when compared with a fertilizer intensive pathway. Reaching higher yield through total factor productivity gains would be more efficient on the food supply side but halve emissions savings due to a strong rebound effect on the demand side. Improvement in the crop or livestock sector would have different implications: crop yield increase would bring the largest food provision benefits, whereas livestock productivity gains would allow the greatest reductions in GHG emission. Combining productivity increases in the two sectors appears to be the most efficient way to exploit mitigation and food security co-benefits.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011736
title: Summary of supervised classification accuracy assessment that includes a confusion matrix of the classification and ground validation data, along with the producer's and user's accuracies (%), the overall accuracy, and the Kappa statistic

description: <b>Table 3.</b> Summary of supervised classification accuracy assessment that includes a confusion matrix of the classification and ground validation data, along with the producer's and user's accuracies (%), the overall accuracy, and the Kappa statistic. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate-induced changes to permafrost are altering high latitude landscapes in ways that could increase the vulnerability of the vast soil carbon pools of the region. Permafrost thaw is temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous because, in addition to the thickening of the active layer, localized thermokarst features form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides. Thermokarst produces a diversity of landforms and alters the physical environment in dynamic ways. To estimate potential changes to the carbon cycle it is imperative to quantify the size and distribution of thermokarst landforms. By performing a supervised classification on a high resolution IKONOS image, we detected and mapped small, irregular thermokarst features occurring within an upland watershed in discontinuous permafrost of Interior Alaska. We found that 12% of the Eight Mile Lake (EML) watershed has undergone thermokarst, predominantly in valleys where tussock tundra resides. About 35% of the 3.7 km<sup>2</sup> tussock tundra class has likely transitioned to thermokarst. These landscape level changes created by permafrost thaw at EML have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycling because thermokarst features are forming in carbon-rich areas and are altering the hydrology in ways that increase seasonal thawing of the soil.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011734
title: Characterization of land cover classes and the number of field training sites used for the supervised classification

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Characterization of land cover classes and the number of field training sites used for the supervised classification. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate-induced changes to permafrost are altering high latitude landscapes in ways that could increase the vulnerability of the vast soil carbon pools of the region. Permafrost thaw is temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous because, in addition to the thickening of the active layer, localized thermokarst features form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides. Thermokarst produces a diversity of landforms and alters the physical environment in dynamic ways. To estimate potential changes to the carbon cycle it is imperative to quantify the size and distribution of thermokarst landforms. By performing a supervised classification on a high resolution IKONOS image, we detected and mapped small, irregular thermokarst features occurring within an upland watershed in discontinuous permafrost of Interior Alaska. We found that 12% of the Eight Mile Lake (EML) watershed has undergone thermokarst, predominantly in valleys where tussock tundra resides. About 35% of the 3.7 km<sup>2</sup> tussock tundra class has likely transitioned to thermokarst. These landscape level changes created by permafrost thaw at EML have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycling because thermokarst features are forming in carbon-rich areas and are altering the hydrology in ways that increase seasonal thawing of the soil.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011736.v1
title: Summary of supervised classification accuracy assessment that includes a confusion matrix of the classification and ground validation data, along with the producer's and user's accuracies (%), the overall accuracy, and the Kappa statistic

description: <b>Table 3.</b> Summary of supervised classification accuracy assessment that includes a confusion matrix of the classification and ground validation data, along with the producer's and user's accuracies (%), the overall accuracy, and the Kappa statistic. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate-induced changes to permafrost are altering high latitude landscapes in ways that could increase the vulnerability of the vast soil carbon pools of the region. Permafrost thaw is temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous because, in addition to the thickening of the active layer, localized thermokarst features form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides. Thermokarst produces a diversity of landforms and alters the physical environment in dynamic ways. To estimate potential changes to the carbon cycle it is imperative to quantify the size and distribution of thermokarst landforms. By performing a supervised classification on a high resolution IKONOS image, we detected and mapped small, irregular thermokarst features occurring within an upland watershed in discontinuous permafrost of Interior Alaska. We found that 12% of the Eight Mile Lake (EML) watershed has undergone thermokarst, predominantly in valleys where tussock tundra resides. About 35% of the 3.7 km<sup>2</sup> tussock tundra class has likely transitioned to thermokarst. These landscape level changes created by permafrost thaw at EML have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycling because thermokarst features are forming in carbon-rich areas and are altering the hydrology in ways that increase seasonal thawing of the soil.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011734.v1
title: Characterization of land cover classes and the number of field training sites used for the supervised classification

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Characterization of land cover classes and the number of field training sites used for the supervised classification. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate-induced changes to permafrost are altering high latitude landscapes in ways that could increase the vulnerability of the vast soil carbon pools of the region. Permafrost thaw is temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous because, in addition to the thickening of the active layer, localized thermokarst features form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides. Thermokarst produces a diversity of landforms and alters the physical environment in dynamic ways. To estimate potential changes to the carbon cycle it is imperative to quantify the size and distribution of thermokarst landforms. By performing a supervised classification on a high resolution IKONOS image, we detected and mapped small, irregular thermokarst features occurring within an upland watershed in discontinuous permafrost of Interior Alaska. We found that 12% of the Eight Mile Lake (EML) watershed has undergone thermokarst, predominantly in valleys where tussock tundra resides. About 35% of the 3.7 km<sup>2</sup> tussock tundra class has likely transitioned to thermokarst. These landscape level changes created by permafrost thaw at EML have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycling because thermokarst features are forming in carbon-rich areas and are altering the hydrology in ways that increase seasonal thawing of the soil.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011735
title: Spatial extent and per cent of total area covered by each class within the study area

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Spatial extent and per cent of total area covered by each class within the study area. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate-induced changes to permafrost are altering high latitude landscapes in ways that could increase the vulnerability of the vast soil carbon pools of the region. Permafrost thaw is temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous because, in addition to the thickening of the active layer, localized thermokarst features form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides. Thermokarst produces a diversity of landforms and alters the physical environment in dynamic ways. To estimate potential changes to the carbon cycle it is imperative to quantify the size and distribution of thermokarst landforms. By performing a supervised classification on a high resolution IKONOS image, we detected and mapped small, irregular thermokarst features occurring within an upland watershed in discontinuous permafrost of Interior Alaska. We found that 12% of the Eight Mile Lake (EML) watershed has undergone thermokarst, predominantly in valleys where tussock tundra resides. About 35% of the 3.7 km<sup>2</sup> tussock tundra class has likely transitioned to thermokarst. These landscape level changes created by permafrost thaw at EML have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycling because thermokarst features are forming in carbon-rich areas and are altering the hydrology in ways that increase seasonal thawing of the soil.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011735.v1
title: Spatial extent and per cent of total area covered by each class within the study area

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Spatial extent and per cent of total area covered by each class within the study area. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate-induced changes to permafrost are altering high latitude landscapes in ways that could increase the vulnerability of the vast soil carbon pools of the region. Permafrost thaw is temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous because, in addition to the thickening of the active layer, localized thermokarst features form when ice-rich permafrost thaws and the ground subsides. Thermokarst produces a diversity of landforms and alters the physical environment in dynamic ways. To estimate potential changes to the carbon cycle it is imperative to quantify the size and distribution of thermokarst landforms. By performing a supervised classification on a high resolution IKONOS image, we detected and mapped small, irregular thermokarst features occurring within an upland watershed in discontinuous permafrost of Interior Alaska. We found that 12% of the Eight Mile Lake (EML) watershed has undergone thermokarst, predominantly in valleys where tussock tundra resides. About 35% of the 3.7 km<sup>2</sup> tussock tundra class has likely transitioned to thermokarst. These landscape level changes created by permafrost thaw at EML have important implications for ecosystem carbon cycling because thermokarst features are forming in carbon-rich areas and are altering the hydrology in ways that increase seasonal thawing of the soil.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011720
title: Characteristics of each landscape type, including region, mean elevation, mean annual air temperature (MAAT), air freezing degree days (FDD), air thawing degree days (TDD), and freezing <em>n</em>-factor (ratio of soil surface FDD to air FDD)

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Characteristics of each landscape type, including region, mean elevation, mean annual air temperature (MAAT), air freezing degree days (FDD), air thawing degree days (TDD), and freezing <em>n</em>-factor (ratio of soil surface FDD to air FDD). The <em>n</em>-factor values are the least square means ±SE from a Tukey HSD post hoc test conducted after a significant effect of landscape type was found with a two-way ANOVA (<em>p</em> = 0.01); significant differences between means are denoted by different letters. <strong>Abstract</strong> Discontinuous permafrost in the North American boreal forest is strongly influenced by the effects of ecological succession on the accumulation of surface organic matter, making permafrost vulnerable to degradation resulting from fire disturbance. To assess factors affecting permafrost degradation after wildfire, we compared vegetation composition and soil properties between recently burned and unburned sites across three soil landscapes (rocky uplands, silty uplands, and sandy lowlands) situated within the Yukon Flats and Yukon-Tanana Uplands in interior Alaska. Mean annual air temperatures at our study sites from 2011 to 2012 were relatively cold (−5.5 ° C) and favorable to permafrost formation. Burning of mature evergreen forests with thick moss covers caused replacement by colonizing species in severely burned areas and recovery of pre-fire understory vegetation in moderately burned areas. Surface organic layer thickness strongly affected thermal regimes and thaw depths. On average, fire caused a five-fold decrease in mean surface organic layer thickness, a doubling of water storage in the active layer, a doubling of thaw depth, an increase in soil temperature at the surface (−0.6 to +2.1 ° C) and at 1 m depth (−1.7 to +0.4 ° C), and a two-fold increase in net soil heat input. Degradation of the upper permafrost occurred at all burned sites, but differences in soil texture and moisture among soil landscapes allowed permafrost to persist beneath the active layer in the silty uplands, whereas a talik of unknown depth developed in the rocky uplands and a thin talik developed in the sandy lowlands. A changing climate and fire regime would undoubtedly influence permafrost in the boreal forest, but the patterns of degradation or stabilization would vary considerably across the discontinuous permafrost zone due to differences in microclimate, successional patterns, and soil characteristics.
DOI: 10.3886/e120321v5
title: COVID-19 Twitter Dataset with Latent Topics, Sentiments and Emotions Attributes

description: This project aims to present a large dataset for researchers to discover public conversation on Twitter surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. As strong concerns and emotions are expressed in the publicly available tweets, we annotated seventeen latent semantic attributes for each public tweet using natural language processing techniques and machine-learning based algorithms. The latent semantic attributes include: 1) ten attributes indicating the tweet’s relevance to ten detected topics, 2) five quantitative attributes indicating the degree of intensity in the valence (i.e., unpleasantness/pleasantness) and emotional intensities across four primary emotions of fear, anger, sadness and joy, and 3) two qualitative attributes indicating the sentiment category and the most dominant emotion category, respectively.
description: Twitter posts.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011720.v1
title: Characteristics of each landscape type, including region, mean elevation, mean annual air temperature (MAAT), air freezing degree days (FDD), air thawing degree days (TDD), and freezing <em>n</em>-factor (ratio of soil surface FDD to air FDD)

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Characteristics of each landscape type, including region, mean elevation, mean annual air temperature (MAAT), air freezing degree days (FDD), air thawing degree days (TDD), and freezing <em>n</em>-factor (ratio of soil surface FDD to air FDD). The <em>n</em>-factor values are the least square means ±SE from a Tukey HSD post hoc test conducted after a significant effect of landscape type was found with a two-way ANOVA (<em>p</em> = 0.01); significant differences between means are denoted by different letters. <strong>Abstract</strong> Discontinuous permafrost in the North American boreal forest is strongly influenced by the effects of ecological succession on the accumulation of surface organic matter, making permafrost vulnerable to degradation resulting from fire disturbance. To assess factors affecting permafrost degradation after wildfire, we compared vegetation composition and soil properties between recently burned and unburned sites across three soil landscapes (rocky uplands, silty uplands, and sandy lowlands) situated within the Yukon Flats and Yukon-Tanana Uplands in interior Alaska. Mean annual air temperatures at our study sites from 2011 to 2012 were relatively cold (−5.5 ° C) and favorable to permafrost formation. Burning of mature evergreen forests with thick moss covers caused replacement by colonizing species in severely burned areas and recovery of pre-fire understory vegetation in moderately burned areas. Surface organic layer thickness strongly affected thermal regimes and thaw depths. On average, fire caused a five-fold decrease in mean surface organic layer thickness, a doubling of water storage in the active layer, a doubling of thaw depth, an increase in soil temperature at the surface (−0.6 to +2.1 ° C) and at 1 m depth (−1.7 to +0.4 ° C), and a two-fold increase in net soil heat input. Degradation of the upper permafrost occurred at all burned sites, but differences in soil texture and moisture among soil landscapes allowed permafrost to persist beneath the active layer in the silty uplands, whereas a talik of unknown depth developed in the rocky uplands and a thin talik developed in the sandy lowlands. A changing climate and fire regime would undoubtedly influence permafrost in the boreal forest, but the patterns of degradation or stabilization would vary considerably across the discontinuous permafrost zone due to differences in microclimate, successional patterns, and soil characteristics.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011706
title: Summary of different GHG accounting methods, and the correlation of the resulting GHGs normalized indifferent metrics with an aggregate urban energy/carbon intensity index (UEI) of cities

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Summary of different GHG accounting methods, and the correlation of the resulting GHGs normalized indifferent metrics with an aggregate urban energy/carbon intensity index (UEI) of cities. (a) Results for 20 US cities of diverse types, each modeled as a two-region MRIO with GHG intensity of electricity use modeled to vary randomly from ±50% higher or lower compared to the larger economy. (b) Results for the same 20 US cities in a SRIO; all cities have the same electricity GHG intensity as the larger economy. <strong>Abstract</strong> Three broad approaches have emerged for energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for individual cities: (a) purely in-boundary source-based accounting (IB); (b) community-wide infrastructure GHG emissions footprinting (CIF) incorporating life cycle GHGs (in-boundary plus trans-boundary) of key infrastructures providing water, energy, food, shelter, mobility–connectivity, waste management/sanitation and public amenities to support community-wide activities in cities—all resident, visitor, commercial and industrial activities; and (c) consumption-based GHG emissions footprints (CBF) incorporating life cycle GHGs associated with activities of a sub-set of the community—its final consumption sector dominated by resident households. The latter two activity-based accounts are recommended in recent GHG reporting standards, to provide production-dominated and consumption perspectives of cities, respectively. Little is known, however, on how to normalize and report the different GHG numbers that arise for the same city. We propose that CIF and IB, since they incorporate production, are best reported per unit GDP, while CBF is best reported per capita. Analysis of input–output models of 20 US cities shows that GHG<sup>CIF</sup>/GDP is well suited to represent differences in urban energy intensity features across cities, while GHG<sup>CBF</sup>/capita best represents variation in expenditures across cities. These results advance our understanding of the methods and metrics used to represent the energy and GHG performance of cities.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011705
title: Energy-use benchmarks for the case-study cities

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Energy-use benchmarks for the case-study cities. Comparative state-level benchmark shown in <em>[bracket]</em>. (Note: <em>energy-use data</em>: local retrieved from bottom-up data (ICLEI 2010), state retrieved from (EIA 2012); <em>employment statistics</em>: local retrieved from (MIG 2010), state retrieved from (Census 2011); <em>population and households</em>: local retrieved from (MIG 2010), state retrieved from (Census 2011); <em>vehicles miles traveled (VMT)</em>: local retrieved from (ICLEI 2010), state retrieved from (FHWA 2008).) <strong>Abstract</strong> Three broad approaches have emerged for energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for individual cities: (a) purely in-boundary source-based accounting (IB); (b) community-wide infrastructure GHG emissions footprinting (CIF) incorporating life cycle GHGs (in-boundary plus trans-boundary) of key infrastructures providing water, energy, food, shelter, mobility–connectivity, waste management/sanitation and public amenities to support community-wide activities in cities—all resident, visitor, commercial and industrial activities; and (c) consumption-based GHG emissions footprints (CBF) incorporating life cycle GHGs associated with activities of a sub-set of the community—its final consumption sector dominated by resident households. The latter two activity-based accounts are recommended in recent GHG reporting standards, to provide production-dominated and consumption perspectives of cities, respectively. Little is known, however, on how to normalize and report the different GHG numbers that arise for the same city. We propose that CIF and IB, since they incorporate production, are best reported per unit GDP, while CBF is best reported per capita. Analysis of input–output models of 20 US cities shows that GHG<sup>CIF</sup>/GDP is well suited to represent differences in urban energy intensity features across cities, while GHG<sup>CBF</sup>/capita best represents variation in expenditures across cities. These results advance our understanding of the methods and metrics used to represent the energy and GHG performance of cities.