cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7466405.v1
title: Quantifying the potential for consumer-oriented policy to reduce European and foreign carbon emissions

description: The EU Carbon-CAP project assembled a comprehensive portfolio of consumer initiatives in order to assess the potential total impact of consumer options on national carbon footprints. Existing evaluations of behavioural change have focused primarily on direct energy reductions, typically in households and buildings. However, changes in consumer demand have deeper impacts via their upstream supply chains. The consumer behaviour options considered in the portfolio focus on green household initiatives. Combining existing micro-level studies with a multiregional input-output economic model, we estimated the potential efficacy and uptake of each behaviour across the European Union (EU). The results suggest that adopting these consumer options could reduce carbon footprints by approximately 25%. While 75% of this is delivered as reductions in emissions within Europe, one-quarter of the effect is delivered as a reduced imported carbon footprint, due to changes in the composition of imports. <b>Key policy insights</b>Consumer initiatives can have a big effect on embodied carbon imports, in addition to domestic impactsWe connect a portfolio of ∼90 green behaviour changes to a global supply chain database to model impacts holisticallyWe estimate that with reasonable levels of adoption green consumer actions can reduce the EU CO2 footprint by 25%A quarter of this effect is delivered in the form of reduced embodied emissions in imports Consumer initiatives can have a big effect on embodied carbon imports, in addition to domestic impacts We connect a portfolio of ∼90 green behaviour changes to a global supply chain database to model impacts holistically We estimate that with reasonable levels of adoption green consumer actions can reduce the EU CO2 footprint by 25% A quarter of this effect is delivered in the form of reduced embodied emissions in imports
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9609671
title: The structure, drivers and policy implications of the European carbon footprint

description: Policy to reduce the European Union’s (EU) carbon footprint needs to be grounded in an understanding of the structure and drivers of both the domestic and internationally traded components. Here we analyse consumption-based emission accounts (for the main greenhouse gases (GHGs)) for the EU, focusing on understanding sectoral contributions and what changes have been observed over the last two decades, including the role of trade. The EU28 has reduced its overall GHG footprint by 8% over the two decades, mainly due to the use of more efficient technology, both at home and abroad. Emissions embodied in imports, which make up one-third of the EU28 GHG footprint, grew strongly until 2008 but have stabilized in volume since. Foreign production has been more emissions intensive than if goods were produced in the EU. However, the overall contribution of this effect is small, offset by much larger (global) technological improvements and growths in consumption. Hence the focus should now be on accounting and responsibility for enacting change, not the global impact of trade. Finally, the inclusion of non-CO<sub>2</sub> GHGs in the analysis shows their importance in the traded element, particularly for the mining and agricultural sectors. <b>Key policy insights</b>The total EU carbon footprint has reduced since 2007, but at a slower rate than production-based emissions, and rarely faster than GDP growth.Consumption growth has had a much greater impact on the EU carbon footprint than the offshoring of production.Trade in both directions (imports and exports) is important for the manufacturing sector. The data does not support claims of wholesale ‘de-industrialisation’ but rather reflects increased trade intensity related to specialization.Several (but not all) of the major sources of net embodied imports are largely unavoidable consequences of European consumption because the primary production activities (e.g. mining and significant shares of agricultural) could not realistically occur within the EU. The total EU carbon footprint has reduced since 2007, but at a slower rate than production-based emissions, and rarely faster than GDP growth. Consumption growth has had a much greater impact on the EU carbon footprint than the offshoring of production. Trade in both directions (imports and exports) is important for the manufacturing sector. The data does not support claims of wholesale ‘de-industrialisation’ but rather reflects increased trade intensity related to specialization. Several (but not all) of the major sources of net embodied imports are largely unavoidable consequences of European consumption because the primary production activities (e.g. mining and significant shares of agricultural) could not realistically occur within the EU.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8261957
title: Beyond peak emission transfers: historical impacts of globalization and future impacts of climate policies on international emission transfers

description: Globalization of supply chains has resulted in rapid increases in emission transfers from the developing to the developed world. As outsourcing has risen, developed countries have been able to decarbonize domestically, at the expense of increased emissions in developing countries. However, the rapid improvement of carbon efficiency in developing regions together with the post-2008 deceleration in international trade raises the question of whether such embodied emission transfers have peaked. Here we update historical analysis, finding that emission transfers between OECD and non-OECD countries peaked in 2006, and have been declining since. The reversal is principally due to the reduction in the emissions intensity of traded goods, rather than the volume of trade. A more recent decline in embodied emissions transfers is also observed in trade between developing countries. We analyse whether these trends are likely to continue, by exploring a baseline and a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) scenario with the Macro-econometric Energy-Environment-Economy Model (E3ME) model. The results suggest that absolute embodied emissions will plateau at current levels or slowly return to pre-2008- crisis levels, and differences between the NDC and baseline scenarios imply that NDC policies will not result in significant carbon leakage. However, the share of national footprint embodied in imports, at least for countries with ambitious decarbonization policies, will likely increase. This suggests that, despite the world-wide stabilization of emissions transfers, addressing emissions embodied in imports will become increasingly important for reducing carbon footprints. <b>Key policy insights</b>Emissions embodied in imports have plateaued since 2006, and are unlikely to return to the peak of the mid-2000s.For developed countries, as domestic decarbonization occurs, the share of emissions embodied in imports as a percentage of the total national carbon footprint will increase.The Paris NDCs in themselves are unlikely to cause significant carbon leakage.Climate policy will ideally focus on reducing both production and consumption emissions, through a variety of mechanisms, especially centred around international assistance. Emissions embodied in imports have plateaued since 2006, and are unlikely to return to the peak of the mid-2000s. For developed countries, as domestic decarbonization occurs, the share of emissions embodied in imports as a percentage of the total national carbon footprint will increase. The Paris NDCs in themselves are unlikely to cause significant carbon leakage. Climate policy will ideally focus on reducing both production and consumption emissions, through a variety of mechanisms, especially centred around international assistance.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7466405
title: Quantifying the potential for consumer-oriented policy to reduce European and foreign carbon emissions

description: The EU Carbon-CAP project assembled a comprehensive portfolio of consumer initiatives in order to assess the potential total impact of consumer options on national carbon footprints. Existing evaluations of behavioural change have focused primarily on direct energy reductions, typically in households and buildings. However, changes in consumer demand have deeper impacts via their upstream supply chains. The consumer behaviour options considered in the portfolio focus on green household initiatives. Combining existing micro-level studies with a multiregional input-output economic model, we estimated the potential efficacy and uptake of each behaviour across the European Union (EU). The results suggest that adopting these consumer options could reduce carbon footprints by approximately 25%. While 75% of this is delivered as reductions in emissions within Europe, one-quarter of the effect is delivered as a reduced imported carbon footprint, due to changes in the composition of imports. <b>Key policy insights</b>Consumer initiatives can have a big effect on embodied carbon imports, in addition to domestic impactsWe connect a portfolio of ∼90 green behaviour changes to a global supply chain database to model impacts holisticallyWe estimate that with reasonable levels of adoption green consumer actions can reduce the EU CO2 footprint by 25%A quarter of this effect is delivered in the form of reduced embodied emissions in imports Consumer initiatives can have a big effect on embodied carbon imports, in addition to domestic impacts We connect a portfolio of ∼90 green behaviour changes to a global supply chain database to model impacts holistically We estimate that with reasonable levels of adoption green consumer actions can reduce the EU CO2 footprint by 25% A quarter of this effect is delivered in the form of reduced embodied emissions in imports
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11999583
title: Phasing out public financial flows to fossil fuel production in Europe

description: Under the Paris Agreement, the world’s governments, including European governments and the European Union (EU), are committed to a low-carbon transition, with a goal of net zero emissions in the second half of this century, while ‘making finance flows consistent’ with that pathway. In addition, the EU has called upon Member States to phase out their support to fossil fuels by 2020. Progress towards this goal, however, has been slow. Our research finds that 11 countries (accounting for 83% of the EU’s emissions) and the EU’s budget and public banks still provide at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas (with €2.6 billion of this amount allocated to the transition away from coal). This is via three distinct financial flows: fiscal support via budgetary transfers and tax breaks; public lending to the sector; and capital investment by fossil fuel-related state-owned enterprises. The financing captured by this figure is a minimum estimate due to lack of transparency in the data provided by governments. We argue that it is vital for European governments to fulfil their promises to phase out subsidies and other financial flows to fossil fuels to meet their climate goals. This must start with greater transparency around the support being provided and phase-out plans, including annual reporting on support for production and consumption of fossil fuels, in line with the EU’s recently strengthened Energy Union Governance framework for 2030. This entails the inclusion of national policies, timelines, and measures aimed at phasing out financial support to fossil fuels in Member States’ National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs). <b>Key Policy insights:</b>Between 2014 and 2016, 11 European countries and the EU public banks and budget provided at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas.Meeting commitments to phase out subsidies towards the production of fossil fuels is critical for meeting climate goals.EU Member States insufficiently reported on their fossil fuel subsidies in their draft NECPs.Greater transparency and reporting on all fossil fuel financing is a key first step towards phase-out. Between 2014 and 2016, 11 European countries and the EU public banks and budget provided at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas. Meeting commitments to phase out subsidies towards the production of fossil fuels is critical for meeting climate goals. EU Member States insufficiently reported on their fossil fuel subsidies in their draft NECPs. Greater transparency and reporting on all fossil fuel financing is a key first step towards phase-out.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11999583.v1
title: Phasing out public financial flows to fossil fuel production in Europe

description: Under the Paris Agreement, the world’s governments, including European governments and the European Union (EU), are committed to a low-carbon transition, with a goal of net zero emissions in the second half of this century, while ‘making finance flows consistent’ with that pathway. In addition, the EU has called upon Member States to phase out their support to fossil fuels by 2020. Progress towards this goal, however, has been slow. Our research finds that 11 countries (accounting for 83% of the EU’s emissions) and the EU’s budget and public banks still provide at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas (with €2.6 billion of this amount allocated to the transition away from coal). This is via three distinct financial flows: fiscal support via budgetary transfers and tax breaks; public lending to the sector; and capital investment by fossil fuel-related state-owned enterprises. The financing captured by this figure is a minimum estimate due to lack of transparency in the data provided by governments. We argue that it is vital for European governments to fulfil their promises to phase out subsidies and other financial flows to fossil fuels to meet their climate goals. This must start with greater transparency around the support being provided and phase-out plans, including annual reporting on support for production and consumption of fossil fuels, in line with the EU’s recently strengthened Energy Union Governance framework for 2030. This entails the inclusion of national policies, timelines, and measures aimed at phasing out financial support to fossil fuels in Member States’ National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs). <b>Key Policy insights:</b>Between 2014 and 2016, 11 European countries and the EU public banks and budget provided at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas.Meeting commitments to phase out subsidies towards the production of fossil fuels is critical for meeting climate goals.EU Member States insufficiently reported on their fossil fuel subsidies in their draft NECPs.Greater transparency and reporting on all fossil fuel financing is a key first step towards phase-out. Between 2014 and 2016, 11 European countries and the EU public banks and budget provided at least €21 billion per year of support for the production of coal, oil, and gas. Meeting commitments to phase out subsidies towards the production of fossil fuels is critical for meeting climate goals. EU Member States insufficiently reported on their fossil fuel subsidies in their draft NECPs. Greater transparency and reporting on all fossil fuel financing is a key first step towards phase-out.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4781879
title: Appendix 2 Data for CD013157

description: Appendix 2 Data for the Cochrane review: "Nutritional supplementation for non‐alcohol‐related fatty liver disease: a network meta‐analysis" (CD013157)
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12853500
title: The role of composition in the combustion of n-heptane/iso-butanol mixtures: experiments and detailed modelling

description: Experimental data and detailed numerical modelling are presented on the burning characteristics of a model gasoline/biofuel mixture consisting of n-heptane and iso-butanol. A droplet burning in an environment that minimises the influence of buoyant and forced convective flows in the standard atmosphere is used to promote one-dimensional gas transport to facilitate numerical modelling of the droplet burning process. The numerical model includes a detailed combustion kinetic mechanism, unsteady gas and liquid transport, multicomponent diffusion inside the droplet, variable properties, and non-luminous radiative heat transfer from the flame. The numerical simulation was validated by experimental measurements in the standard atmosphere which showed good agreement with the evolutions of droplet and flame diameters. The iso-butanol concentration had a strong effect on formation of particulates. Above ~20% (volume) iso-butanol, flame luminosity was significantly diminished anddecreased with increasing iso-butanol concentration, while CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as a representative greenhouse gas were not strongly influenced by the iso-butanol loading. The soot shell was located near a 1350 K isotherm for concentrations up to 20% (volume) iso-butanol, suggesting this value as a possible soot inception temperature for the mixture droplet. The combustion rate decreased with increasing iso-butanol concentration which was attributed to iso-butanol's higher liquid density. No evidence of a low temperature burning regime, or of extinction, was found (in experiments and simulations) for the small droplet sizes investigated.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12853500.v2
title: The role of composition in the combustion of n-heptane/iso-butanol mixtures: experiments and detailed modelling

description: Experimental data and detailed numerical modelling are presented on the burning characteristics of a model gasoline/biofuel mixture consisting of n-heptane and iso-butanol. A droplet burning in an environment that minimises the influence of buoyant and forced convective flows in the standard atmosphere is used to promote one-dimensional gas transport to facilitate numerical modelling of the droplet burning process. The numerical model includes a detailed combustion kinetic mechanism, unsteady gas and liquid transport, multicomponent diffusion inside the droplet, variable properties, and non-luminous radiative heat transfer from the flame. The numerical simulation was validated by experimental measurements in the standard atmosphere which showed good agreement with the evolutions of droplet and flame diameters. The iso-butanol concentration had a strong effect on formation of particulates. Above ~20% (volume) iso-butanol, flame luminosity was significantly diminished anddecreased with increasing iso-butanol concentration, while CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as a representative greenhouse gas were not strongly influenced by the iso-butanol loading. The soot shell was located near a 1350 K isotherm for concentrations up to 20% (volume) iso-butanol, suggesting this value as a possible soot inception temperature for the mixture droplet. The combustion rate decreased with increasing iso-butanol concentration which was attributed to iso-butanol's higher liquid density. No evidence of a low temperature burning regime, or of extinction, was found (in experiments and simulations) for the small droplet sizes investigated.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12853500.v1
title: The role of composition in the combustion of n-heptane/iso-butanol mixtures: experiments and detailed modelling

description: Experimental data and detailed numerical modelling are presented on the burning characteristics of a model gasoline/biofuel mixture consisting of n-heptane and iso-butanol. A droplet burning in an environment that minimises the influence of buoyant and forced convective flows in the standard atmosphere is used to promote one-dimensional gas transport to facilitate numerical modelling of the droplet burning process. The numerical model includes a detailed combustion kinetic mechanism, unsteady gas and liquid transport, multicomponent diffusion inside the droplet, variable properties, and non-luminous radiative heat transfer from the flame. The numerical simulation was validated by experimental measurements in the standard atmosphere which showed good agreement with the evolutions of droplet and flame diameters. The iso-butanol concentration had a strong effect on formation of particulates. Above ~20% (volume) iso-butanol, flame luminosity was significantly diminished anddecreased with increasing iso-butanol concentration, while CO<sub>2</sub> emissions as a representative greenhouse gas were not strongly influenced by the iso-butanol loading. The soot shell was located near a 1350 K isotherm for concentrations up to 20% (volume) iso-butanol, suggesting this value as a possible soot inception temperature for the mixture droplet. The combustion rate decreased with increasing iso-butanol concentration which was attributed to iso-butanol's higher liquid density. No evidence of a low temperature burning regime, or of extinction, was found (in experiments and simulations) for the small droplet sizes investigated.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11821389.v1
title: On the ambiguity of premixed flame thickness definition of highly pre-heated mixtures and its implication on turbulent combustion regimes

description: Freely propagating, one-dimensional, laminar, premixed flames of ethylene–air are analysed at standard temperature and pressure (STP) and at elevated temperature and pressure conditions to reveal the differences in flame structure. For high-temperature and low-pressure conditions, there is a significant contribution to the total heat release in the post-flame region leading to an ambiguity in the definition of the characteristic flame structure thickness. The potential implications on the identification of the appropriate turbulent flame regime in Borghi or Re-Da regime diagrams are highlighted. The contributions of individual reactions to the total heat release across the entire flame structure are analysed to understand the impact of turbulence–chemistry interactions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13482384
title: Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of groundwater within selected industrial areas in Ogun State, Nigeria

description: This study aimed to assess the impacts of industrial activities in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 96 samples were collected both in dry and wet seasons for analysis of physicochemical quality indicators. Hydrochemical assessment were carried out according to APHA standard while hydrochemical facies of groundwater samples was evaluated using Piper Trilinear software. Pearson correlation was applied in order to determine the relationship between two parameters. The pH at Otta in wet season ranges from 6.67 ± 0.06 to 9.42 ± 0.11; dry season ranges from 4.35 ± 0.21 to 5.70 ± 0.14 while in Sagamu (wet season) values ranges from 6.01 ± 0.04 to 6.67 ± 0.06 while those of dry season ranged from 5.15 ± 0.07 to 6.55 ± 0.07. Interpretation of piper diagram revealed no specific dominant facie at Shagamu while most samples at Otta are characterized by the dominance of (Na+, K+) water types.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13482384.v1
title: Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of groundwater within selected industrial areas in Ogun State, Nigeria

description: This study aimed to assess the impacts of industrial activities in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 96 samples were collected both in dry and wet seasons for analysis of physicochemical quality indicators. Hydrochemical assessment were carried out according to APHA standard while hydrochemical facies of groundwater samples was evaluated using Piper Trilinear software. Pearson correlation was applied in order to determine the relationship between two parameters. The pH at Otta in wet season ranges from 6.67 ± 0.06 to 9.42 ± 0.11; dry season ranges from 4.35 ± 0.21 to 5.70 ± 0.14 while in Sagamu (wet season) values ranges from 6.01 ± 0.04 to 6.67 ± 0.06 while those of dry season ranged from 5.15 ± 0.07 to 6.55 ± 0.07. Interpretation of piper diagram revealed no specific dominant facie at Shagamu while most samples at Otta are characterized by the dominance of (Na+, K+) water types.