DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m1n44
title: Data from: The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates

description: South America was isolated during most of the Cenozoic, and it was home to
 an endemic fauna. The South American Native Ungulates (SANUs) exhibited
 high taxonomical, morphological, and ecological diversity and were widely
 distributed on the continent. However, most SANU fossil records come from
 high latitudes. This sampling bias challenges the study of their diversity
 dynamics and biogeography during important tectonic and biotic events,
 such as the Great American Biotic Interchange, the faunal exchange between
 North and South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. We
 describe new SANU remains from the Neogene of the Cocinetas (northern
 Colombia) and Falcón (northwestern Venezuela) Basins. In the Cocinetas
 Basin, the middle Miocene fauna of the Castilletes Formation includes
 Hilarcotherium miyou sp. nov. (Astrapotheriidae), cf. Huilatherium
 (Leontiniidae), and Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus (Proterotheriidae). The
 late Pliocene fauna of the Ware Formation includes a Toxodontinae indet.
 and the putative oldest record of Camelidae in South America. In the
 Falcón Basin, the Pliocene/Pleistocene faunas of the Codore and San
 Gregorio Formations include Falcontoxodon aguilerai gen. et sp. nov. and
 Proterotheriidae indet. We provide a phylogenetic analysis for
 Astrapotheriidae and Toxodontidae. The new data document a low-latitude
 provinciality within some SANU clades (e.g., Astrapotheriidae,
 Leontiniidae) during the middle Miocene. This contrasts with the wide
 latitudinal distribution of clades of other mammals recorded in the fauna,
 including the sparassodont Lycopsis padillai, the sloth Hyperleptus, and
 the proterotheriid Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus.
description: Appendix 1.
 Stratigraphic description of ten sections and their geographical
 locationThis file contains a
 detailed lithological description and geographic position of ten
 stratigraphic sections in the Falcón basin. These sections encompass the
 entire Neogene sequence.Appendix
 1.zipAppendix 2. Detailed
 description of each of the studies used to define the chronostratigraphy
 of the Urumaco regionThis files provides a
 detailed description of each of the studies used to define the
 chronostratigraphy of the Urumaco regionAppendix
 2.xlsAppendix 3.
 Character-taxon matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis of
 AstrapotheriidaeNexus file with the
 annotated character-taxon matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis of
 Astrapotheriidae. It includes the commands use in the analysis with
 PAUPAppendix
 3.nexAppendix 4.
 Character-taxon matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis of
 Toxodontidae.Nexus file with the
 annotated character-taxon matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis of
 Toxodontidae. It includes the commands for the analysis in PAUP under
 equal weightsAppendix 4 equal
 weights.nexAppendix 4.
 Character-taxon matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis of
 ToxodontidaeNexus file with the
 annotated character-taxon matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis of
 Toxodontidae. It includes the commands for the analysis in PAUP using
 implied weightingAppendix 4
 goloboff.nex