DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h35fj
title: Data from: A landscape of coexistence for a large predator in a human dominated landscape

description: Human related mortality is a major threat for large carnivores all over
 the world and there is increasing evidence that large predators respond to
 human related risks in a similar way as prey respond to predation risk.
 This insight recently led to the conceptual development of a landscape of
 coexistence that can be used to identify areas which can sustain large
 predator populations in human dominated landscapes. In this study we
 applied the landscape of coexistence concept to a large predator in
 Europe. We investigated to what extent Eurasian lynx (Lynx
 lynx) habitat selection is affected by human disturbance in a
 human dominated landscape. More specifically, we were interested in the
 existence of a tradeoff between the availability of roe deer, one of their
 main prey and avoidance of human disturbance and how this affects the
 spatio-temporal space use patterns of lynx. We found that lynx face a
 tradeoff between high prey availability and avoidance of human disturbance
 and that they respond to this by using areas of high prey availability
 (but also high human disturbance) during the night when human activity is
 low. Furthermore our analysis showed that lynx increase their travelling
 speed and remain more in cover when they are close to areas of high human
 disturbance. Despite clear behavioral adjustments in response to human
 presence, prey availability still proved to be the most important
 predictor of lynx occurrence at small spatial scale, whereas human
 disturbance was considerably less important. The results of our study
 demonstrate how spatio-temporal adaptations in habitat selection enable
 large carnivores to persist in human dominated landscapes and demonstrate
 the usefulness of the concept of a landscape of coexistence to develop
 adaptive management plans for endangered populations of large carnivores.
description: <strong>deer_data</strong><br> This table
 contains the GPS locations of roe deer associated with habitat variables
 and temporal variables that were used to build a habitat model (RSF) for
 roe deer. The table is divided into used (actual) deer locations and
 random locations (loc_id=NA) in a ratio of 1:10 (column "use").
 The table also includes an animal id. Swisstopo in the column headers
 refers to the source of the environmental variables. Cover swisstopo is a
 dummy variable for open/cover. Slope_sq and altitude_sq are the squared
 slope and altitude variables. Aspect swisstopoS is the southern
 exposition. Hum_indx is a composite of road_dist and house density. The 8
 temporal variables are time harmonics of a Fourier transform for time of
 day (tsin, tcos, tsin2, tcos2; period of 24) and day of year(ytsin, ytcos,
 ytsin2, ytcos2; period of 365) All continuous variables in this table are
 mean centered and standardized to a SD=1. For information on the raw data
 or for R-code used to run the models please contact the data
 owner. <strong>lynx_data</strong><br>
 This table contains lynx steps associated with habitat variables and
 temporal variables that were used to build a step selection function model
 for lynx. The table is divided into used (actual) lynx steps and random
 steps in a ratio of 1:10 (column "use"). The random steps match
 to their corresponding location id in the used steps. Swisstopo in the
 column headers refers to the source of the environmental variables.
 Hum_indx is a composite of road_dist and house density. Prey_avail are the
 values of a deer RSF, which was used as a proxy for prey availability.
 Dist2 refers to the step length (distance between the previous and current
 location in meters). The 8 temporal variables are time harmonics of a
 Fourier transform for time of day (tsin, tcos, tsin2, tcos2; period of 24)
 and day of year(ytsin, ytcos, ytsin2, ytcos2; period of 365). All habitat
 variables were measured at the beginning of a step except for
 “hum_indx_loc2”, which was measured at the beginning of a step. All
 continuous variables in this table are mean centered and standardized to a
 SD=1. For information on the raw data or for R-code used to run the models
 please contact the data owner.
 <strong>lynx_data_strata_cluster_11112020</strong><br> This updated table contains two additional variables that were missing in the first lynx_data table. Namely, this is 'loc_id' which isused for the strata argument in the model specification and 'id_anim' which is the individual lynx id for implementing the two-step approach. The other data is identical to the 'lynx_data' table.