DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8gtht76w0
title: Pinellia discolor: A new cryptic species distinguished from P. cordata in Mainland China

description: Pinellia cordata (Araceae) is a perennial herb species distributed in
 China and Japan. Several studies have shown that there are two types of
 this species, and chromosome counts have shown irregular variation among
 populations. In this study, we investigated the morphological
 characteristics, established the chromosome number in root tips,
 reconstructed phylogenetic relationship based on whole chloroplast
 genomes, and elucidated biogeographic patterns based on data collected
 from the Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH) and the Plant Photo Bank of China
 (PPBC) for the two types of P. cordata, including type I (greenish leaf
 blade) and type II (colored leaf blade). We found stable significant
 differences in morphometric characteristics (color of the leaf blade
 abaxially, petiole, spathe, and appendix) and the number of chromosomes.
 The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that types I and II were
 located in different places in the evolutionary tree compared to the
 group. The distribution regions of these types of P. cordata were also
 slightly different in Mainland China. These findings suggested that P.
 cordata should be divided into P. cordata (Type I) and P. discolor (Type
 II, a cryptic species), and the latter is here described as a new species.
description: Morphometric analyses: Mature individuals during sexual
 reproductive stage (43 for
 <em>Pinellia</em><em> cordata</em> and 52 for
 <em>P. discolor</em>, from the end of March to the middle of
 May, 2021) were used to determine 44 morphological characteristics.
 Statistical analysis should be carried out with Excel
 2010<sup>®</sup> based on 18 quantitative traits among these
 44 determined characteristics. Chromosome numbering: Root tips were used
 to chromosome preparation: stained and crushed in carbol fuchsin, and then
 were observed and photographed (Olympus<sup>®</sup> BX53) (Liu
 et al., 1987). Chloroplast genome analysis and phylogenetic analyses: The
 complete chloroplast genome annotation (Tillich et al., 2017) and SSRs
 analysis (Thiel et al., 2003) for <em>P. discolor</em> were
 carried out. Furthermore, whole chloroplast genome comparision between
 <em>P. discolor</em> and <em>P. cordata</em>
 (MT863558, Luo et al., 2021) were executed on the basis of
 re-annotation. Biogeographic pattern analysis: Chinese Virtual Herbarium
 (CVH, https://www.cvh.ac.cn/) and Plant Photo Bank of China (PPBC, http://ppbc.iplant.cn/) were used to collected geographic distribution information of <em>P. cordata</em> and <em>P. discolor</em> in field.
description: # Pinellia discolor: A new cryptic species distinguished from P. cordata
 in Mainland China Based on
 investigation of morphological characteristics, chromosome numbering, and
 phylogenetic analysis, a cryptic species, Pinellia discolor (Araceae), is
 identified from P. cordata. Geographic distribution of P. discolor is
 covered by P. cordata. ## Description of the data and file structure File
 List: Supplementary Table S1. Morphological characteristics (n = 44)
 of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor*.xlsx Supplementary Table S2. Chromosome
 number of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor*.xlsx Supplementary Table S3. The
 list of genes found in the whole plastome of *P. cordata* and *P.
 discolor*.xlsx Supplementary Table S4. The distribution of *P.
 cordata* and *P. discolor* in Mainland China.xlsx Supplementary Figure S1.
 Chloroplast genome structure of *P. discolor* based on alignment with *P.
 cordata*.png Supplementary Figure S2. Differences in LSC-IRb, IRb-SSC,
 SSC-IRa, and IRa-LSc between *P. cordata* and *P. discolor*.png
 Supplementary Figure S3. Differences in simple sequence repeats (SSRs)
 between *P. cordata* and *P. discolor*.png
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supplementary Table S1. Morphological
 characteristics (n = 44) of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor*.xlsx 1\. Number
 of variables: 47 2\. Number of cases/rows: 95 3\. Variable List: *
 species: *Pinellia cordata* and *P. discolor* * measurement time:
 measurement time of the study (2021.4.1-2021.5.15) * sequence number:
 sequence number of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * subterranean part:
 subterranean tuber of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * tuber shape: tuber
 shape of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * tuber diameter (cm): measure
 tuber size of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * tuber surface: tuber
 surface had many fibrous root of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * leaf
 number: leaf number of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * petiole length
 (cm): measurement of petiole length * petiole color: petiole color of *P.
 cordata* and *P. discolor* * sheath at base of petiole: whether the
 petiole base contains the sheath (absent or existent) * bulbil location:
 bulbil location at base of leaf blade or at basal part of petiole and
 blade * leaf shape: leaf shape of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * leaf
 blade adaxially color: leaf blade adaxially color of *P. cordata* and *P.
 discolor* * leaf blade abaxially color: leaf blade abaxially color of *P.
 cordata* and *P. discolor* * vein adaxially color: vein adaxially color of
 *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * vein abaxially color: vein abaxially
 color of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * leaf blade apex shaped: leaf
 blade apex shaped of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * leaf blade length
 (cm): measurement of leaf blade length * leaf blade width (cm):
 measurement of leaf blade width * vein number: vein number of *P. cordata*
 and *P. discolor* * peduncle: length of peduncle compared to petiole
 (shorter or longer than petiole) * peduncle length (cm): measurement of
 peduncle length * spathe constriction: the degree of spathe constriction *
 spathe shape: spathe shape of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * the upper
 part of spathe: color of the upper part of spathe * the lower part of
 spathe: color of the lower part of spathe * spathe length (cm):
 measurement of spathe length * spathe tube shape: spathe tube shape of *P.
 cordata* and *P. discolor* * spathe tube length (cm): measurement of
 spathe tube length * spathe tube width (cm): measurement of spathe tube
 width * spathe limb shape: spathe limb shape of *P. cordata* and *P.
 discolor* * spathe limb adaxially: color of the spathe limb adaxially *
 spathe limb abaxially: color of the spathe limb abaxially * spathe limb
 width (cm): measurement of spathe limb width * spathe limb length (cm):
 measurement of spathe limb length * spadix length (cm): measurement of
 spadix length * female zone length (cm): measurement of female zone length
 * pistil number: count the number of pistils * pistil shape: pistil shape
 of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * style: the presence or absence of
 style * stigma shape: stigma shape of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* *
 sterile zone length (cm): measurement of sterile zone length * male zone
 length (cm): measurement of male zone length * appendix shape: appendix
 shape of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * appendix color: appendix color
 of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * appendix length (cm): measurement of
 appendix length 4\. Blank cell: None 5\. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: None
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supplementary Table S2. Chromosome number
 of P. cordata and P. discolor.xlsx 1\. Number of variables: 18 2\. Number
 of cases/rows: 65 3\. Variable List: * Species: *Pinellia cordata* and *P.
 discolor* * Roo tip: sequence number of root tip * 2n = 26: chromosome
 number of 2n = 26 * 2n = 30: chromosome number of 2n = 30 * 2n = 32:
 chromosome number of 2n = 32 * 2n = 34: chromosome number of 2n = 34 * 2n
 = 36: chromosome number of 2n = 36 * 2n = 38: chromosome number of 2n = 38
 * 2n = 39: chromosome number of 2n = 39 * 2n = 40: chromosome number of 2n
 = 40 * 2n = 64: chromosome number of 2n = 64 * 2n = 66: chromosome number
 of 2n = 66 * 2n = 70: chromosome number of 2n = 70 * 2n = 72: chromosome
 number of 2n = 72 * 2n = 74: chromosome number of 2n = 74 * 2n = 76:
 chromosome number of 2n = 76 * 2n = 78: chromosome number of 2n = 78 *
 Numbers of Cell Type (With differential Chromosome No.): chromosome number
 types of per root tip 4\. Blank cell: indicate null values in the data
 (data not available) 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used:
 No. = number
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supplementary Table S3. The list of genes
 found in the whole plastome of P. cordata and P. discolor.xlsx 1\. Number
 of variables: 6 2\. Number of cases/rows: 226 3\. Variable List: *
 Species: *Pinellia cordata* and *P. discolor* * Gene name: gene name of
 the chloroplast genome * Gene location: gene location in the chloroplast
 genome * Gene length: base number of the gene * Intron location: Intron
 location of the gene * Intron length: Intron length of the gene 4\. Blank
 cell: indicate null values in the data (data not available) 5\.
 Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: "*" Gene with
 one intron; "**" Gene with two introns; "x2" Gene
 located in the inverted repeats
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supplementary Table S4. The distribution
 of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* in Mainland China.xlsx 1\. Number of
 variables: 5 2\. Number of cases/rows: 112 3\. Variable List: * Species:
 *Pinellia cordata* and *P. discolor* * Longitude: longitude of the
 geographic location * Latitude: latitude of the geographic location *
 Location: location of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* * Data sources:
 geographic distribution sources of *P. cordata* and *P. discolor* 4\.
 Blank cell: None 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used:
 "()" represents library barcode of Chinese Virtual Herbarium
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supplementary Figure S1. Chloroplast genome
 structure of *P. discolor* based on alignment with *P. cordata*.png Note:
 The vertical scale represents the sequence identity varying between 50%
 and 100%; Arrows indicate genes and their transcriptional directions; CNS:
 Conserved non-coding sequences; UTRs: Untranslated regions.
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supplementary Figure S2. Differences in
 LSC-IRb, IRb-SSC, SSC-IRa, and IRa-LSc between *P. cordata* and *P.
 discolor*.png Note: Numbers of base pair showed length from genes to
 junction sites.
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Supplementary Figure S3. Differences in
 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) between *P. cordata* and *P. discolor*.png
 Note: A: Numbers of SSRs in different regions (LSC, IRs, and SSC). B:
 Numbers of SSRs for different kinds of repeats.