cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568423.v5
title: Chronic gastric electrical stimulation leads to weight loss via modulating multiple tissue neuropeptide Y, orexin, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and oxytocin in obese rats

description: <b><i>Objectives. </i></b>Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has great potential for the treatment of obesity. We investigated the impact of chronic GES on the alteration of adipose tissue and the regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin (OX), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and oxytocin (OXT), and their receptors in several tissues. <b><i>Material and methods.</i></b> Most of the experiments included three groups of diet-induced obesity rats: (1) sham-GES (SGES); (2) GL-6mA (GES with 6 mA, 4 ms, 40 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off at lesser curvature); and (3) SGES-PF (SGES rats receiving pair feeding to match the consumption of GL-6mA rats). Chronic GES was applied for 2 h every day for 4 weeks. During treatment with GES, food intake and body weight were monitored weekly. The alteration of epididymal fat weight, gastric emptying, and expression of peptides and their receptors in several tissues were determined. <b><i>Results.</i></b> GL-6mA was more potent than SGES-PF in decreasing body weight gain, epididymal fat tissue weight, adipocyte size and gastric emptying. Chronic GES significantly altered NPY, OX, α-MSH and OXT and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach. <b><i>Conclusions. </i></b>Chronic GES effectively leads to weight loss by reducing food intake, fat tissue weight and gastric emptying. NPY, α-MSH, orexin and OXT, and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach appear to be involved in the anti-obesity effects of chronic GES.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568490
title: Mineralization, geochronology, and Pb isotope studies of the shoshonitic lava-hosted Nariniya Pb deposit, central Tibet: linking ore formation to post-collisional potassic magmatism

description: A newly discovered, shoshonitic lava-hosted Pb deposit at Nariniya in central Tibet provides an excellent example to help improve our understanding of the linkage between post-collisional potassic magmatism and ore formation in Tibet. The Pb ores exist as veins or veinlets in NWW-striking fracture zones within the potassic lava (trachyte). The veins contain quartz, galena, pyrite, and sericite (muscovite) as well as minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite, calcite, and dolomite with sericitization, pyritization, and minor silicification. The <sup>40</sup>Ar–<sup>39</sup>Ar plateau age of the hydrothermal muscovite is 37.95 ± 0.30 Ma, which represents the Pb mineralization age. This obtained age is indistinguishable, within analytical error, from the zircon U–Pb age of 37.88 ± 0.22 Ma for potassic lava. Therefore, the ore formation can be genetically linked to potassic magmatism. Galena has similar Pb isotopic composition to magmatic feldspar from the host lava, suggesting the derivation of Pb from the magmatic system. Previous studies have suggested that S- and ore-forming fluids are of magmatic origin. Published data show that the Nariniya volcanic rocks are acidic, shoshonitic, akakitic, peraluminous, and enriched in Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes. Thus, they are geochemically different from other potassic volcanic rocks (no adakitic affinity) in the North Qiangtang terrane, but similar to the 46–38 Ma high-K calc-alkaline peraluminous adakitic rocks in this terrane and the late Eocene Cu-generating potassic porphyries from the Sanjiang region of eastern Tibet. As such, the Nariniya potassic magma likely originated from melting of subducted continental crust, with or without interaction with the overlying enriched mantle. Such post-collisional potassic rocks in Tibet are thought to be potential targets for prospecting of both Pb–Zn and porphyry Cu ores. Note that other ore styles (in addition to the Nariniya ore style) may exist in the potassic volcanic districts of Tibet.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568490.v1
title: Mineralization, geochronology, and Pb isotope studies of the shoshonitic lava-hosted Nariniya Pb deposit, central Tibet: linking ore formation to post-collisional potassic magmatism

description: A newly discovered, shoshonitic lava-hosted Pb deposit at Nariniya in central Tibet provides an excellent example to help improve our understanding of the linkage between post-collisional potassic magmatism and ore formation in Tibet. The Pb ores exist as veins or veinlets in NWW-striking fracture zones within the potassic lava (trachyte). The veins contain quartz, galena, pyrite, and sericite (muscovite) as well as minor chalcopyrite, sphalerite, calcite, and dolomite with sericitization, pyritization, and minor silicification. The <sup>40</sup>Ar–<sup>39</sup>Ar plateau age of the hydrothermal muscovite is 37.95 ± 0.30 Ma, which represents the Pb mineralization age. This obtained age is indistinguishable, within analytical error, from the zircon U–Pb age of 37.88 ± 0.22 Ma for potassic lava. Therefore, the ore formation can be genetically linked to potassic magmatism. Galena has similar Pb isotopic composition to magmatic feldspar from the host lava, suggesting the derivation of Pb from the magmatic system. Previous studies have suggested that S- and ore-forming fluids are of magmatic origin. Published data show that the Nariniya volcanic rocks are acidic, shoshonitic, akakitic, peraluminous, and enriched in Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes. Thus, they are geochemically different from other potassic volcanic rocks (no adakitic affinity) in the North Qiangtang terrane, but similar to the 46–38 Ma high-K calc-alkaline peraluminous adakitic rocks in this terrane and the late Eocene Cu-generating potassic porphyries from the Sanjiang region of eastern Tibet. As such, the Nariniya potassic magma likely originated from melting of subducted continental crust, with or without interaction with the overlying enriched mantle. Such post-collisional potassic rocks in Tibet are thought to be potential targets for prospecting of both Pb–Zn and porphyry Cu ores. Note that other ore styles (in addition to the Nariniya ore style) may exist in the potassic volcanic districts of Tibet.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568507
title: Efficient Spatial Modeling Using the SPDE Approach With Bivariate Splines

description: Gaussian fields (GFs) are frequently used in spatial statistics for their versatility. The associated computational cost can be a bottleneck, especially in realistic applications. It has been shown that computational efficiency can be gained by doing the computations using Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRFs) as the GFs can be seen as weak solutions to corresponding stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) using piecewise linear finite elements. We introduce a new class of representations of GFs with bivariate splines instead of finite elements. This allows an easier implementation of piecewise polynomial representations of various degrees. It leads to GMRFs that can be inferred efficiently and can be easily extended to nonstationary fields. The solutions approximated with higher order bivariate splines converge faster, hence the computational cost can be alleviated. Numerical simulations using both real and simulated data also demonstrate that our framework increases the flexibility and efficiency. Supplementary materials are available online.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568507.v1
title: Efficient spatial modelling using the SPDE approach with bivariate splines

description: Gaussian fields (GFs) are frequently used in spatial statistics for their versatility. The associated computational cost can be a bottleneck, especially in realistic applications. It has been shown that computational efficiency can be gained by doing the computations using Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRFs) as the GFs can be seen as weak solutions to corresponding stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) using piecewise linear finite elements. We introduce a new class of representations of GFs with bivariate splines instead of finite elements. This allows an easier implementation of piecewise polynomial representations of various degrees. It leads to GMRFs that can be inferred efficiently and can be easily extended to non-stationary fields. The solutions approximated with higher order bivariate splines converge faster, hence the computational cost can be alleviated. Numerical simulations using both real and simulated data also demonstrate that our framework increases the flexibility and efficiency. Supplementary materials are available online.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568507.v2
title: Efficient Spatial Modeling Using the SPDE Approach With Bivariate Splines

description: Gaussian fields (GFs) are frequently used in spatial statistics for their versatility. The associated computational cost can be a bottleneck, especially in realistic applications. It has been shown that computational efficiency can be gained by doing the computations using Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRFs) as the GFs can be seen as weak solutions to corresponding stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) using piecewise linear finite elements. We introduce a new class of representations of GFs with bivariate splines instead of finite elements. This allows an easier implementation of piecewise polynomial representations of various degrees. It leads to GMRFs that can be inferred efficiently and can be easily extended to nonstationary fields. The solutions approximated with higher order bivariate splines converge faster, hence the computational cost can be alleviated. Numerical simulations using both real and simulated data also demonstrate that our framework increases the flexibility and efficiency. Supplementary materials are available online.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568514
title: Northward genetic penetration across the Himalayas viewed from Sherpa people

description: The Himalayas have been suggested as a natural barrier for human migrations, especially the northward dispersals from the Indian Subcontinent to Tibetan Plateau. However, although the majority of Sherpa have a Tibeto-Burman origin, considerable genetic components from Indian Subcontinent have been observed in Sherpa people living in Tibet. The western Y chromosomal haplogroups R1a1a-M17, J-M304, and F*-M89 comprise almost 17% of Sherpa paternal gene pool. In the maternal side, M5c2, M21d, and U from the west also count up to 8% of Sherpa people. Those lineages with South Asian origin indicate that the Himalayas have been permeable to bidirectional gene flow.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568514.v1
title: Northward genetic penetration across the Himalayas viewed from Sherpa people

description: The Himalayas have been suggested as a natural barrier for human migrations, especially the northward dispersals from the Indian Subcontinent to Tibetan Plateau. However, although the majority of Sherpa have a Tibeto-Burman origin, considerable genetic components from Indian Subcontinent have been observed in Sherpa people living in Tibet. The western Y chromosomal haplogroups R1a1a-M17, J-M304, and F*-M89 comprise almost 17% of Sherpa paternal gene pool. In the maternal side, M5c2, M21d, and U from the west also count up to 8% of Sherpa people. Those lineages with South Asian origin indicate that the Himalayas have been permeable to bidirectional gene flow.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568595
title: Polymorphism of CRISPR shows separated natural groupings of <i>Shigella</i> subtypes and evidence of horizontal transfer of CRISPR

description: Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) act as an adaptive RNA-mediated immune mechanism in bacteria. They can also be used for identification and evolutionary studies based on polymorphisms within the CRISPR locus. We amplified and analyzed 6 CRISPR loci from 237 <i>Shigella</i> strains belonging to the 4 species groups, as well as 13 <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains. The CRISPR-associated (cas) gene sequence arrays of these strains were screened and compared. The CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> were conserved among subtypes, suggesting that CRISPR may represent a new identification tool for the detection and discrimination of <i>Shigella</i> species. Secondary structure analysis showed a different stem-loop structure at the terminal repeat, suggesting a distinct recognition mechanism in the formation of crRNA. In addition, the presence of “self-target” spacers and polymorphisms within CRISPR in <i>Shigella</i> indicated a selective pressure for inhibition of this system, which has the potential to damage “self DNA.” Homology analysis of spacers showed that CRISPR might be involved in the regulation of virulence transmission. Phylogenetic analysis based on CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> and <i>E. coli</i> indicated that although phenotypic properties maintain convergent evolution, the 4 <i>Shigella</i> species do not represent natural groupings. Surprisingly, comparative analysis of <i>Shigella</i> repeats with other species provided new evidence for CRISPR horizontal transfer. Our results suggested that CRISPR analysis is applicable for the detection of <i>Shigella</i> species and for investigation of evolutionary relationships.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568595.v1
title: Polymorphism of CRISPR shows separated natural groupings of <i>Shigella</i> subtypes and evidence of horizontal transfer of CRISPR

description: ABSTRACTClustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) act as an adaptive RNA-mediated immune mechanism in bacteria. They can also be used for identification and evolutionary studies based on polymorphisms within the CRISPR locus. We amplified and analyzed six CRISPR loci from 237 <i>Shigella</i> strains belonging to the four species groups, as well as 13 <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains. The CRISPR-associated (<i>cas</i>) gene sequence arrays of these strains were screened and compared. The CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> were conserved among subtypes, suggesting that CRISPR may represent a new identification tool for the detection and discrimination of <i>Shigella</i> species<i>.</i> Secondary structure analysis showed a different stem-loop structure at the terminal repeat, suggesting a distinct recognition mechanism in the formation of crRNA. In addition, the presence of “self-target” spacers and polymorphisms within CRISPR in <i>Shigella</i> indicated a selective pressure for inhibition of this system, which has the potential to damage “self DNA”. Homology analysis of spacers showed that CRISPR might be involved in the regulation of virulence transmission. Phylogenetic analysis based on CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> and <i>E. coli</i> indicated that although phenotypic properties maintain convergent evolution, the four <i>Shigella</i> species do not represent natural groupings. Surprisingly, comparative analysis of <i>Shigella</i> repeats with other species provided new evidence for CRISPR horizontal transfer. Our results suggested that CRISPR analysis is applicable for the detection of <i>Shigella</i> species and for investigation of evolutionary relationships.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568595.v2
title: Polymorphism of CRISPR shows separated natural groupings of <i>Shigella</i> subtypes and evidence of horizontal transfer of CRISPR

description: Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) act as an adaptive RNA-mediated immune mechanism in bacteria. They can also be used for identification and evolutionary studies based on polymorphisms within the CRISPR locus. We amplified and analyzed 6 CRISPR loci from 237 <i>Shigella</i> strains belonging to the 4 species groups, as well as 13 <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains. The CRISPR-associated (cas) gene sequence arrays of these strains were screened and compared. The CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> were conserved among subtypes, suggesting that CRISPR may represent a new identification tool for the detection and discrimination of <i>Shigella</i> species. Secondary structure analysis showed a different stem-loop structure at the terminal repeat, suggesting a distinct recognition mechanism in the formation of crRNA. In addition, the presence of “self-target” spacers and polymorphisms within CRISPR in <i>Shigella</i> indicated a selective pressure for inhibition of this system, which has the potential to damage “self DNA.” Homology analysis of spacers showed that CRISPR might be involved in the regulation of virulence transmission. Phylogenetic analysis based on CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> and <i>E. coli</i> indicated that although phenotypic properties maintain convergent evolution, the 4 <i>Shigella</i> species do not represent natural groupings. Surprisingly, comparative analysis of <i>Shigella</i> repeats with other species provided new evidence for CRISPR horizontal transfer. Our results suggested that CRISPR analysis is applicable for the detection of <i>Shigella</i> species and for investigation of evolutionary relationships.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568595.v3
title: Polymorphism of CRISPR shows separated natural groupings of <i>Shigella</i> subtypes and evidence of horizontal transfer of CRISPR

description: Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) act as an adaptive RNA-mediated immune mechanism in bacteria. They can also be used for identification and evolutionary studies based on polymorphisms within the CRISPR locus. We amplified and analyzed 6 CRISPR loci from 237 <i>Shigella</i> strains belonging to the 4 species groups, as well as 13 <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains. The CRISPR-associated (cas) gene sequence arrays of these strains were screened and compared. The CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> were conserved among subtypes, suggesting that CRISPR may represent a new identification tool for the detection and discrimination of <i>Shigella</i> species. Secondary structure analysis showed a different stem-loop structure at the terminal repeat, suggesting a distinct recognition mechanism in the formation of crRNA. In addition, the presence of “self-target” spacers and polymorphisms within CRISPR in <i>Shigella</i> indicated a selective pressure for inhibition of this system, which has the potential to damage “self DNA.” Homology analysis of spacers showed that CRISPR might be involved in the regulation of virulence transmission. Phylogenetic analysis based on CRISPR sequences from <i>Shigella</i> and <i>E. coli</i> indicated that although phenotypic properties maintain convergent evolution, the 4 <i>Shigella</i> species do not represent natural groupings. Surprisingly, comparative analysis of <i>Shigella</i> repeats with other species provided new evidence for CRISPR horizontal transfer. Our results suggested that CRISPR analysis is applicable for the detection of <i>Shigella</i> species and for investigation of evolutionary relationships.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568681
title: Age, composition, and tectonic significance of Palaeozoic granites in the Altyn orogenic belt, China

description: ABSTRACTWe examined the petrography, litho-geochemistry, and geochronology of granite plutons in the Altyn orogenic belt, northern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, to investigate the geodynamic history of the belt. The granites are peraluminous, with variable chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns but generally similar trace element compositions; all are depleted in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti, and enriched in Rb, Th, Ta, Zr, and Hf. Their U–Pb zircon ages record multiple magmatic episodes between 500 and 404 Ma (north Altyn block (NAB)), 522 and 432 Ma (central Altyn block (CAB)), and 483 and 226 Ma (south Altyn block (SAB)). We propose a geodynamic model for the Altyn orogenic belt. Prior to 467 Ma, the north Altyn Ocean subducted southward below the NAB. The north Altyn region saw a change from subduction to collision between the Dunhuang block and the NAB during 467–450 Ma. The collision lasted until 430 Ma and was followed by post-collisional extension until 400 Ma. Farther south, the central Altyn Ocean subducted northwards beneath the CAB, resulting in 520–500 Ma granitic magmatism and leading to collision of the south Altyn micro-block (SAMB) with the CAB. Deep subduction of SAMB crust below the CAB resulted in granite intrusions during 490–455 Ma. The SAMB–CAB collision gave way to post-collisional extension, slab break-off, and delamination during 450–430 Ma. Bidirectional subduction of the south Altyn Ocean after ~485 Ma, dominated by southward subduction, continued until 456 Ma. Closure of the south Altyn Ocean led to continent–continent collision between the SAMB and the Qaidam block at 450–430 Ma, followed after ~410 Ma by repeated break-offs of slab segments until 337 Ma. Subsequent intrusions formed at 264–226 Ma in a setting of either post-collisional extension or sinistral strike-slip.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568681.v1
title: Age, composition, and tectonic significance of Palaeozoic granites in the Altyn orogenic belt, China

description: ABSTRACTWe examined the petrography, litho-geochemistry, and geochronology of granite plutons in the Altyn orogenic belt, northern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, to investigate the geodynamic history of the belt. The granites are peraluminous, with variable chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns but generally similar trace element compositions; all are depleted in Ba, Nb, Sr, P, and Ti, and enriched in Rb, Th, Ta, Zr, and Hf. Their U–Pb zircon ages record multiple magmatic episodes between 500 and 404 Ma (north Altyn block (NAB)), 522 and 432 Ma (central Altyn block (CAB)), and 483 and 226 Ma (south Altyn block (SAB)). We propose a geodynamic model for the Altyn orogenic belt. Prior to 467 Ma, the north Altyn Ocean subducted southward below the NAB. The north Altyn region saw a change from subduction to collision between the Dunhuang block and the NAB during 467–450 Ma. The collision lasted until 430 Ma and was followed by post-collisional extension until 400 Ma. Farther south, the central Altyn Ocean subducted northwards beneath the CAB, resulting in 520–500 Ma granitic magmatism and leading to collision of the south Altyn micro-block (SAMB) with the CAB. Deep subduction of SAMB crust below the CAB resulted in granite intrusions during 490–455 Ma. The SAMB–CAB collision gave way to post-collisional extension, slab break-off, and delamination during 450–430 Ma. Bidirectional subduction of the south Altyn Ocean after ~485 Ma, dominated by southward subduction, continued until 456 Ma. Closure of the south Altyn Ocean led to continent–continent collision between the SAMB and the Qaidam block at 450–430 Ma, followed after ~410 Ma by repeated break-offs of slab segments until 337 Ma. Subsequent intrusions formed at 264–226 Ma in a setting of either post-collisional extension or sinistral strike-slip.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1568720
title: Identification of sequence polymorphisms in the D-Loop region of mitochondrial DNA as a risk factor for gastric cancer

description: The accumulation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the displacement loop (D-Loop) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been identified for their association with cancer risk in different types of cancers. We investigated the gastric cancer risk profile of D-Loop SNPs in a case-control study. The frequent alleles of nucleotides 73G/A, 235A/G, 309C/C insert, 324C/G, 16,362T/C and 16,519C/T were significantly associated with an increased risk for gastric cancer, whereas the frequent alleles of nucleotides 523–524AC/del were associated with resistance to gastric cancer. In conclusion, SNPs in the mtDNA D-Loop were found to be valuable markers for gastric cancer risk evaluation.