cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.23637/rex4-yld7685-01
title: Dataset: Exhaustion Land Experiment annual crop yields 1976-1985

description: This dataset contains annual spring barley yield data for all plots of the Exhaustion Land Experiment, 1976-1985, grain and straw uptake of P and K, and agronomic details. The plots were divided into four sub-plots testing four rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. No other fertilizers or manures were applied. This phase of the experiment tests the residual effects of different fertilizers and manures applied 1856-1901, in the presence of different rates of fertilizer N.
description: The experiment was established in 1856 with four large plots, a fifth was added in 1876 and each was divided to create 10 plots (1-10) in 1876, each receiving a different fertilizer or manure treatment until 1901. No fertilizer or manure was applied 1902-1939. Basal N fertilizer was applied to all plots 1940-1974; no other fertilizer or manure was applied. No crop was grown in 1975. 

**Fertilizer N treatments**:
In 1976 the plots were divided into four sub-plots given four rates of N: N0=0, N1=48, N2=96 and N3=144 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> as calcium ammonium nitrate. These rates changed each year, in the order N0&gt;N3&gt;N2&gt;N1, e.g. N0 1976, N3 1977, N2 1978, N1 1979, N0 1980. No fertilizer N was applied in 1975.
description: **Grain and straw yields**:
Grain and straw subsamples were taken at harvest from each sub-plot, oven-dried and ground &lt; 0.5 mm. Yields are reported at 85% dry matter. The straw yields do not include stubble. 

**Crop P and K content**:
- **Total phosphorus (P)** was determined after dry ashing (Piper, 1942), on a Spekker Technicon Auto Analyser, or using Alpkem Flow Injection Analysis, using the method of Fogg & Wilkinson (1958).
- **Total potassium (K)** was determined after dry ashing (Piper, 1942), by emission spectrophotometry (Unicam SP90 A Series 2 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer).
- **P and K uptake** in grain and straw is calculated from the yield at 100% dry matter and %P and %K in the grain and straw. 
**References**:
- Fogg, D.N. and Wilkinson, N.T. (1958). The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. Analyst, London, 83:406-414.
- Piper, C.S. (1942) Soil and plant analysis. The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
description: Individual plot yields were taken from Rothamsted Research archives. Agronomic information (sowing dates, variety, etc) taken from Rothamsted Experimental Station Annual Reports. The P and K content is derived from analysis made by the Analytical Chemistry Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden. In accordance with the Joint Code of Practice for Research at Rothamsted, data processing in e-RA follow rigorous standard operating procedures to ensure the quality and correctness of data collected in the field through to depositing in the e-RA database. The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded.
DOI: 10.4121/85481cf2-df61-448a-823f-27582b3ee9a8
title: Data underlying the publication: Engineering of Hexagonal Microtextures on Glass

description: Textured glass is used in a wide range of applications to improve optoelectrical performances, such as photovoltaics, biosensing, microfluidics, and photonics. Honeycomb textures have demonstrated an excellent performance in optical devices using crystalline silicon wafers as opaque substrates. As a pathway to translate these advantages to configurations implementing glass, hexagonal-shaped microsized craters (honeycombs) are made on glass in this study. We use photolithography combined with wet etching for this process. The relationship between photoresist mask design, glass–photoresist adhesion, wet-etching steps, and the mechanism of honeycomb formation is studied.
DOI: 10.23637/rrs1-soilcn-2
title: Dataset: Highfield Bare Fallow soil chemical properties, 1959-2023

description: Highfield Bare Fallow experiment soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) sub-plot data 1959-2023. The experiment was ploughed out of old grassland (since 1838) in 1959 and has been kept in bare fallow since by cultivation to suppress weeds. No crops are grown. The data set contains SOC and total N as % and soil stock data, soil weights and soil pH in the topsoil (0-23cm).
description: The soil was sampled nine times between 1959 and 2023, in the summer/autumn, except in 1959 when it was sampled in December, before the grass was ploughed in. There are four sub-plots. The stock of total soil N and SOC was calculated from %N and %SOC and the estimated soil weight, 0-23cm. %N and %SOC were measured on air-dried soil, ground to &lt;2mm.
description: An Excel file, 02-SOILCN5923.xlsx contains the Highfield Bare Fallow soil data, 1959-2023. Frictionless CSV files are also provided for users who prefer the CSV format.
description: Soil pH was measured in water, with a 1:2.5 soil:water suspension, in air-dried soil, sieved &lt;2mm. Samples were analysed for %N by the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, 1965), 1959-1987, and by LECO combustion, based on the Dumas method, 2000-2023. SOC was measured by the Tinsley method (Kalembasa & Jenkinson, 1973) 1959-1987, and as total C by combustion (LECO) minus CaCO<sub>3</sub>-C by manometry, 2000-2023. Soil weights were measured in 1978 and 2000 and also in 2000 from an adjacent area of grassland, to give an estimate of starting value in 1959. Stocks of SOC and total N were calculated from %SOC and %N and estimated soil weight, 0-23cm.
description: This dataset is derived from measurements made by the Analytical Chemistry Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden. The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded. - Bremner, J. M. (1965). Total nitrogen. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2 (ed. C. A. Black), pp. 1149-1178. Madison: American Society of Agronomy.
- Kalembasa, S.J and Jenkinson, D.S (1973) A comparative study of titrimetric and gravimetric methods for the determination of organic carbon in soil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 24: 1085-1090.
DOI: 10.23637/rmstmasunhours1891-2024-01
title: Dataset: Total Monthly and Annual Sunshine Hours at Rothamsted 1891-2024

description: The dataset provides both the monthly and annual sun hours recorded at Rothamsted every year from 1891-2024. The figure shows a subset example of the data - the total annual hours and the mean annual hours. Summary data used for this chart are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, this was done manually every day until 2004 when it was automated. 

The annual total hours chart shows this is a general trend towards more sunshine hours per year, however, there was a period from 1963-1987 when total annual sun hours were generally lower than average.
description: Sun hours were originally recorded using a Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder from the autumn of 1890. The sun's rays were focused onto a card (treated to prevent it from catching fire) and the brown scorch mark on the card was then measured. The cards are of varying lengths applicable to the time of year (winter, equinox, and summer). See the 'Media' tab for a photograph of the Campbell Stokes sunshine recorder.

Since 2004 weather measurements have been automated with sunshine hours being calculated from solar radiation using the Campbell-Stokes equation.
description: An Excel file containing monthly and annual sun hours for each year and a chart of these data. Also contains summary charts.
description: Total sun hours over 24 hours, 0000GMT to 2400GMT

Solar radiation is measured using a thermopile pyranometer manufactured by Kipp & Zonen, Netherlands. The models used are CM3 pyranometer (2004 to April 2022) and CMP3 (May 2022 onwards). 

Location: Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England 51.82 N 0.37 W 128 m asl.
description: The monthly and annual summary data contained in this spreadsheet are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden using MS Excel. Verification includes checks for instrument errors, for missing data and outliers. The original raw daily data is available, after registering, from the e-RA database. Please contact the e-RA Curators for an access password and further details, email: era@rothamsted.ac.uk. 

There are a few missing daily records and these are indicated in the data file by a highlight. 

Sarah Perryman has curated this data together.
Tony Scott is the current weather station manager who manages the recording equipment and data collection.
We acknowledge the many people over the last 134 years who have taken these sun hours recordings from Thomas Wilson and Edwin Grey in the 19th Century (see Credits for information on some recent recorders and contributors). 

For an history of the Rothamsted weather station recording see the 'Information' tab.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.z7dewx
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 18792 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Glycine max",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 18792 records from 368 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0060367-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.23637/bk-oadata-soiln-01
title: Dataset: Broadbalk Soil Total % Nitrogen Content, 1843-2010

description: Long-term changes in total % nitrogen concentration in the topsoil (0-23 cm) in selected treatments of the Broadbalk experiment, where winter wheat has been grown most years since 1843 (continuous wheat).
description: Soil total N % has been measured at intervals since 1865. Data is mean of sections 1, 6 and 9, continuous winter wheat (except for occasional fallow), from six selected plots (3, 5, 8, 2.1, 2.2 and 1). The starting values in 1843 and the later FYM treatments have been estimated. The sections were regularly fallowed from 1926 to 1967, FYM was not applied in fallow years (shown as dashes in the figure). Lime (chalk) has been applied since the 1950s to maintain soil pH at a level which does not limit yield. Herbicides were introduced in 1964; previously weeds were controlled by cultivation or fallowing. Modern high-yielding cultivars have been used since 1968. Spring and summer fungicides have been applied as necessary since 1978.
description: Soil %N from the following plots:
- **Plot 3:** no fertilizer or manure since 1852
- **Plot 5:** PKMg since 1852 
- **Plot 8:** PKMg + 144 kg N since 1852 
- **Plot 2.2:** 35t FYM since 1843
- **Plot 2.1:** 35t FYM since 1885 + 96 kgN since 1968
- **Plot 1:** 35t FYM +NPK 1968-2000; 192kgN only since 2001
description: Soil samples taken in 1881, 1893, 1914, 1936 and 1944 were re-analysed in 2001-4 for Total N by combustion (LECO). Data in 1865 are the original Soda Lime analyses from Dyer (1902), corrected to be equivalent to LECO. Data for 1966 and 1987 are by Kjeldahl analysis for Total N. Data for 1992 onwards are Total N by combustion (LECO).
description: This dataset is derived from measurements made by the Analytical Chemistry Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden. The data presented is mean data from selected plots and sections only. The complete data set, including the raw data used to derive the mean values, is available from the e-RA curators. The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded. Broadbalk has also been used to investigate the fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (Powlson et al, 1986; Shen et al, 1989), the long-term effects of N fertilizer on soil N (Glendining et al, 1996), nitrate leaching (Goulding et al 2000) and the turnover of C and N in the soil (Jenkinson, 1990), see Key References.
DOI: 10.23637/keyrefoabksoc
title: Dataset: Broadbalk soil organic carbon content 1843-2010

description: Long-term changes in soil organic carbon content (t/ha) in selected treatments of the Broadbalk experiment, where winter wheat has been grown every year since autumn 1843. SOC in t/ha, calculated from %SOC and soil weights, adjusted for changes in soil bulk density in FYM treatments.
description: Soil organic carbon has been measured at intervals since 1865. Data is mean of sections 1, 6 and 9, continuous winter wheat (except for occasional fallow), from six selected plots (3, 5, 8, 2.1, 2.2 and 1). The starting values in 1843 and the later FYM treatments have been estimated. The sections were regularly fallowed from 1926 to 1967, FYM was not applied in fallow years (shown as dashes in the figure). Lime (chalk) has been applied since the 1950s to maintain soil pH at a level which does not limit yield. Herbicides were introduced in 1964; previously weeds were controlled by cultivation or fallowing. Modern high-yielding cultivars have been used since 1968. Spring and summer fungicides have been applied as necessary since 1978.
description: Soil organic carbon, t/ha in topsoil (0-23cm from the following plots):
- **Plot 3:** no fertilizer or manure since 1852
- **Plot 5:** PKMg since 1852 
- **Plot 8:** PKMg + 144 kg N since 1852 
- **Plot 2.2:** 35t FYM (farmyard manure) since 1843
- **Plot 2.1:** 35t FYM since 1885 + 96 kgN since 1968
- **Plot 1:** 35t FYM +NPK 1968-2000; 192kgN only since 2001
description: Soil samples taken in 1881, 1893, 1914, 1936 and 1944 were re-analysed in 2001-4 for total C by combustion (LECO) and CaCO3-C by manometry. SOC is calculated as Total C minus CaCO3-C. Data in 1865 are derived from the original Soda Lime analyses (for Total N) and C:N ratios for 1893 (for organic C). Data for 1966 are corrected Walkey-Black values for organic C. Data for 1987 are Tinsley for organic C. Data for 1992 onwards are Total C by combustion (LECO) minus CaCO3-C by manometry.
description: This dataset is derived from measurements made by the Analytical Chemistry Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden. The data presented is mean data from selected plots and sections only. The complete data set, including the raw data used to derive the mean values, is available from the e-RA curators. The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded.
DOI: 10.23637/keyrefoabksoc-02
title: Dataset: Broadbalk soil organic carbon content 1843-2015

description: Long-term changes in soil organic carbon content (t/ha) in selected treatments of the Broadbalk experiment, where winter wheat has been grown every year since autumn 1843. SOC in t/ha, calculated from %SOC and soil weights, adjusted for changes in soil bulk density in FYM treatments. Updated to include 2015 data and some small corrections to calculations of total SOC for plots 2.1 and 1.
description: Soil organic carbon has been measured at intervals since 1865. Data is mean of sections 1, 6 and 9, continuous winter wheat (except for occasional fallow), from six selected plots (3, 5, 8, 2.1, 2.2 and 1). The starting values in 1843 and the later FYM treatments have been estimated. The sections were regularly fallowed from 1926 to 1967, FYM was not applied in fallow years (shown as dashes in the figure). Lime (chalk) has been applied since the 1950s to maintain soil pH at a level which does not limit yield. Herbicides were introduced in 1964; previously weeds were controlled by cultivation or fallowing. Modern high-yielding cultivars have been used since 1968. Spring and summer fungicides have been applied as necessary since 1978, except to Section 6.
description: Soil organic carbon, t/ha in topsoil (0-23cm from the following plots):
- **Plot 3:** no fertilizer or manure since 1852
- **Plot 5:** PKMg since 1852 
- **Plot 8:** PKMg + 144 kg N since 1852 
- **Plot 2.2:** 35t FYM (farmyard manure) since 1843
- **Plot 2.1:** 35t FYM since 1885 + 96 kgN since 1968; plus 144 kgN since 2005
- **Plot 1:** 35t FYM +NPK 1968-2000; 192kgN only since 2001
description: Soil samples taken in 1881, 1893, 1914, 1936 and 1944 were re-analysed in 2001-4 for total C by combustion (LECO) and CaCO<sub>3</sub>-C by manometry. SOC is calculated as Total C minus CaCO<sub>3</sub>-C. Data in 1865 are derived from the original Soda Lime analyses (for Total N) and C:N ratios for 1893 (for organic C). Data for 1966 are corrected Walkey-Black values for organic C. Data for 1987 are Tinsley for organic C. Data for 1992 onwards are Total C by combustion (LECO) minus CaCO<sub>3</sub>-C by manometry.
description: This dataset is derived from measurements made by the Analytical Chemistry Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden. The data presented is mean data from selected plots and sections only. The complete data set, including the raw data used to derive the mean values, is available from the e-RA curators. The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17987246
title: Evaluating Prompting Approaches for Indoor Navigation with MLLMs

description: Open data results for: The Advantages of Simplicity: Evaluating Prompting Approaches for Indoor Navigation with MLLMsThis paper investigates the capability of multimodal large language models to interpret indoor floorplans and generate human‑like navigation instructions without relying on explicit graph extraction or symbolic spatial representations. We evaluate several prompting strategies, including few‑shot prompting, self‑verification, and multi‑step reasoning, across three real-world environments. A standardized set of navigation queries is used to assess the model’s ability to infer spatial layout, identify points of interest, and produce coherent step‑by‑step directions. Results show that while MLLMs can reliably identify high‑level routes, their performance is significantly affected by map complexity, visual clutter, and orientation ambiguities. Graph‑style map simplification improves accuracy, but persistent errors in left–right reasoning and POI localization highlight fundamental limitations in current MLLM spatial reasoning. We discuss these challenges and outline methodological recommendations for developing more robust LLM‑based indoor navigation systems.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17977690
title: Evaluating Prompting Approaches for Indoor Navigation with MLLMs

description: Open data results for: The Advantages of Simplicity: Evaluating Prompting Approaches for Indoor Navigation with MLLMsThis paper investigates the capability of multimodal large language models to interpret indoor floorplans and generate human‑like navigation instructions without relying on explicit graph extraction or symbolic spatial representations. We evaluate several prompting strategies, including few‑shot prompting, self‑verification, and multi‑step reasoning, across three real-world environments. A standardized set of navigation queries is used to assess the model’s ability to infer spatial layout, identify points of interest, and produce coherent step‑by‑step directions. Results show that while MLLMs can reliably identify high‑level routes, their performance is significantly affected by map complexity, visual clutter, and orientation ambiguities. Graph‑style map simplification improves accuracy, but persistent errors in left–right reasoning and POI localization highlight fundamental limitations in current MLLM spatial reasoning. We discuss these challenges and outline methodological recommendations for developing more robust LLM‑based indoor navigation systems.
DOI: 10.57760/sciencedb.j00186.00863
title: Experimental data
title: 实验数据

description: This dataset encompasses the instantaneous velocity of droplet descent and the post-impact expansion velocity as a function of time across all conditions reported in this study. The experimental conditions involve lead‑tin alloy, pure lead, and pure tin under varying melt temperatures, coolant temperatures, and externally applied trigger pressures.
description: This dataset encompasses the instantaneous velocity of droplet descent and the post-impact expansion velocity as a function of time across all conditions reported in this study. The experimental conditions involve lead‑tin alloy, pure lead, and pure tin under varying melt temperatures, coolant temperatures, and externally applied trigger pressures.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gxbhfj
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 202 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Gompholobium polyzygum",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 202 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0060371-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.4121/85481cf2-df61-448a-823f-27582b3ee9a8.v1
title: Data underlying the publication: Engineering of Hexagonal Microtextures on Glass

description: Textured glass is used in a wide range of applications to improve optoelectrical performances, such as photovoltaics, biosensing, microfluidics, and photonics. Honeycomb textures have demonstrated an excellent performance in optical devices using crystalline silicon wafers as opaque substrates. As a pathway to translate these advantages to configurations implementing glass, hexagonal-shaped microsized craters (honeycombs) are made on glass in this study. We use photolithography combined with wet etching for this process. The relationship between photoresist mask design, glass–photoresist adhesion, wet-etching steps, and the mechanism of honeycomb formation is studied.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ja5fvs
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4712 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Tracheophyta)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((12.91648 47.53635, 12.95148 47.53635, 12.95148 47.57135, 12.91648 47.57135, 12.91648 47.53635))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4712 records from 21 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0060369-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xhtvav
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 318 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Goodenia azurea",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 318 records from 19 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0060372-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.