DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tx95x6b84
title: Data from: A global review of Procellariiform flight height, flight speed and nocturnal activity: Implications for offshore wind farm collision risk

description: Offshore wind farms are a key component of the transition to renewable
 energy generation and are planned globally. Procellariiformes
 (albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters, and storm-petrels) include the most
 threatened and abundant seabird families, yet their risk of collision with
 offshore wind turbines remains virtually unquantified because we lack the
 ecological information necessary to parametrize Collision Risk Models
 (CRMs). However, Procellariiformes are relatively well studied in academic
 literature, presenting the opportunity for a systematic review through a
 collision-risk lens. Here, we conduct meta-analyses to calculate
 species-level values for core CRM parameters: flight height, flight speed,
 and nocturnal flight. Our systematic review returned 163 studies,
 providing excellent species coverage (&gt;1 parameter value for 119 of
 the 145 Procellariiform species). We compiled a flight parameter database
 with the most values for flight speed and nocturnal flight, while values
 for Procellariiform flight height were scarce and lacked empirical data.
 Procellariiformes flew at speeds up to 28
 ms&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; with species flight speeds
 generally prescribed by aerodynamic and flight morphology theory.
 Procellariiform flight activity varied across the diel cycle, with
 approximately a third of species flying more at night, a third flying
 during daytime, and a third with no preference. Empirical studies
 characterised low (0-13m) Procellariiform mean flight heights, but only
 for 21 species; expert opinion studies gave better coverage (104 species)
 but were highly uncertain when describing how frequently Procellariiformes
 may fly in a turbine’s rotor swept zone. We make recommendations for how
 to best parameterise CRMs and identify priorities for further research,
 such as the importance of ‘instantaneous’ GPS biologger flight speeds,
 reconsidering how we model nocturnality in CRMs (given the abundance of
 night-flying Procellariiformes), the merits of parameterising CRMs with
 site-specific data over generic values, and how new technologies can fill
 data gaps.  Synthesis and applications. We present a database of
 mean flight parameter values and uncertainty for Procellariiform species
 and flight groups. Flight speed and nocturnal flight parameter values are
 ready for use in CRMs, but flight height results are too uncertain for
 useful parameterization. To fill this key information gap, we recommend
 mandatory Procellariiform flight height data collection at planned
 offshore wind farms.
description: # Procellariiform flight parameter database Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.tx95x6b84](10.5061/dryad.tx95x6b84) ## Description of the
 data and file structure This Procellariiform flight parameter database
 contains values extracted from studies that were reviewed as part of the
 study 'A global review of Procellariiform flight height, flight speed
 and nocturnal activity: implications for offshore wind farm collision
 risk', published in Journal of Applied Ecology. The database also
 contains study metadata, meta-analysis results and recommendations for
 seabird Collision Risk Modelling. ### Files and variables #### File:
 Miller\_procellariiform\_flight\_parameter\_database.xlsx **Sheet 1
 'Contents'** The parameter database excel file contains eight
 sheets, which are titled and described in the first sheet. This is
 entitled 'Contents' and intended to act as a landing page for
 the reader. **Sheet 2 'Mean flight height & %RSZ'** Mean
 flight height, percentage time in the Rotor Swept Zone and additional
 anecdotal values extracted from studies. Percentage time in the RSZ is
 represented with a mean value, with associated turbine air gap attribute
 (10 m, 20 m, 30 m), quality/certainty classification (High, Medium, Low),
 and study metadata. Mean flight height values are shown in varied formats
 as they appear in studies (means, median, ranges), with associated sample
 sizes and study metadata. **Sheet 3 'Speed'** Flight speed,
 whole trip speed, maximum speed and additional anecdotal values extracted
 from studies. Where available, multiple speed values from the same study
 (e.g. male vs female) are denoted by the subset field. Each speed value is
 presented as a mean ± standard deviation, with associated sample size (n
 birds) and study metadata. **Sheet 4 'Nocturnal activity
 (raw)'** Percentage of time flying (day vs night), Nocturnal Flight
 Index and additional anecdotal values extracted from studies. This sheet
 shows nocturnal activity values as they appeared in studies, with the
 majority providing values for percentage of time flying per day and night.
 The subset field shows day vs night splits, and further detail (e.g.
 adultDay, adultNight, juvenileDay, juvenileNight), where available. Each
 nocturnal activity value is presented as a mean ± standard deviation, with
 associated sample size (n birds) and study metadata. The only exceptions
 are two literature review studies, which have a quality/certainty
 classification (High, Medium, Low) in place of a sample size; see Appendix
 S1 in Supporting Information material for more detail. **Sheet 5
 'Nocturnal activity (NFI)'** Nocturnal Flight Index values
 either extracted from studies or calculated from raw nocturnal activity
 values. This sheet shows the same information as Sheet 3 'Nocturnal
 activity (raw)' but all values have been standardised to the
 Nocturnal Flight Index (-1:1). Where available, multiple NFI values from
 the same study (e.g. male vs female) are denoted by the subset field. Each
 NFI value is presented as a mean ± standard deviation, with associated
 sample size (n birds) and study metadata. **Sheet 6 'Results &
 Recommendations'** Species-specific estimates and uncertainty
 calculated through semi-quantitative meta-analysis (percentage time in the
 Rotor Swept Zone), quantitative meta-analysis (flight speed, whole trip
 speed, maximum speed, Nocturnal Flight Index) or displayed as raw study
 values (Mean flight height). Each value comes with metadata on the
 phenological stage(s) and region(s) it is representative over, and a
 recommendation for appropriate use in Collision Risk Modelling. **Sheet 7
 'Taxonomy & PRISMA reporting'** BirdLife International
 (2022) taxonomy used in this study, plus PRISMA systematic review
 reporting of species-specific search strings used to identify records,
 record screening, and report assessment results. **Sheet 8
 'References'** Reference list for the 163 studies providing data
 used in the systematic review, and six additional studies providing
 anecdotal information archived in this database but not analysed. ####
 Missing values Missing values are denoted by N/A where 'not
 applicable' and NA where 'not avilable'. #### Access
 information **The database contains values extracted from the following
 publications:** Adams J, Felis JJ, Czapanskiy M, Carle RD, Hodum PJ (2019)
 Diving behaviour of pink-footed shearwaters Ardenna creatopus rearing
 chicks on Isla Mocha, Chile. Adams J, Felis JJ, Czapanskiy MF (2020)
 Habitat Affinities and At-Sea Ranging Behavior of Seabirds Breeding in the
 Main Hawaiian Islands: Bio-logger Data Release (ver. 2.0, May 2020). U.S.
 Geological Survey. Afán I, Arcos JM, Ramírez F, García D, Rodríguez B,
 Delord K, Boué A, Micol T, Weimerskirch H, Louzao M (2021) Where to head:
 environmental conditions shape foraging destinations in a critically
 endangered seabird. Mar Biol 168:23. Ainley D, Prozig E, Zajanc D, Spear L
 (2015) Seabird flight behaviour and height in response to altered wind
 strength and direction. Marine Ornithology. Alderman R, Gales R, Hobday A,
 Candy S (2010) Post-fledging survival and dispersal of shy albatross from
 three breeding colonies in Tasmania. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 405:271–285.
 Alerstam T, Gudmundsson GA, Larsson B (1993) Flight tracks and speeds of
 Antarctic and Atlantic seabirds: radar and optical measurements. Phil
 Trans R Soc Lond B 340:55–67. Alho M, Catry P, Silva MC, Nunes VL,
 Granadeiro JP (2022) Revealing the foraging movements and diet of the
 White-faced Storm Petrel Pelagodroma marina in the NE Atlantic. Mar Biol
 169:91. Arata JA, Vila AR, Matus R, Droguett D, Silva-Quintas C, Falabella
 V, Robertson G, Haro D (2014) Use and exploitation of channel waters by
 the black-browed albatross. Polar Biol 37:565–571. Arnould JPY, Briggs DR,
 Croxall JP, Prince PA, Wood AG (1996) The foraging behaviour and
 energetics of wandering albatrosses brooding chicks. Antartic science
 8:229–236. Awkerman J, Fukuda A, Higuchi H, Anderson D (2005) Foraging
 activity and submesoscale habitat use of waved albatrosses Phoebastria
 irrorata during chick-brooding period. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 291:289–300.
 Awkerman JA, Cruz S, Proaño C, Huyvaert KP, Uzcátegui GJ, Baquero A,
 Wikelski M, Anderson DJ (2014) Small range and distinct distribution in a
 satellite breeding colony of the critically endangered Waved Albatross. J
 Ornithol 155:367–378. Bell E (2016) Diving behaviour of black petrels
 (Procellaria parkinsoni) in New Zealand waters and its relevance to
 fisheries interaction. Notornis:57–65. Bennet DG, Horton TW, Goldstien SJ,
 Rowe L, Briskie JV (2019) Flying south: Foraging locations of the Hutton’s
 shearwater ( Puffinus huttoni ) revealed by Time‐Depth Recorders and GPS
 tracking. Ecol Evol 9:7914–7927. Berg M, Linnebjerg JF, Taylor G,
 Ismar-Rebitz SMH, Bell M, Gaskin CP, Åkesson S, Rayner MJ (2019)
 Year-round distribution, activity patterns and habitat use of a poorly
 studied pelagic seabird, the fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia. PLoS
 ONE 14:e0219986. Berlincourt M, Angel LP, Arnould JPY (2015) Combined Use
 of GPS and Accelerometry Reveals Fine Scale Three-Dimensional Foraging
 Behaviour in the Short-Tailed Shearwater. PLoS ONE 10:e0139351. Berrow SD,
 Wood AG, Prince PA (2000) Foraging Location and Range of White-Chinned
 Petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis Breeding in the South Atlantic. Journal
 of Avian Biology 31:303–311. Bonnet-Lebrun A-S, Dias MP, Phillips RA,
 Granadeiro JP, Brooke MDL, Chastel O, Clay TA, Fayet AL, Gilg O,
 González-Solís J, Guilford T, Hanssen SA, Hedd A, Jaeger A, Krietsch J,
 Lang J, Le Corre M, Militão T, Moe B, Montevecchi WA, Peter H-U, Pinet P,
 Rayner MJ, Reid T, Reyes-González JM, Ryan PG, Sagar PM, Schmidt NM,
 Thompson DR, Van Bemmelen R, Watanuki Y, Weimerskirch H, Yamamoto T, Catry
 P (2021) Seabird Migration Strategies: Flight Budgets, Diel Activity
 Patterns, and Lunar Influence. Front Mar Sci 8:683071. Broekhuizen N,
 Stahl JC, Sagar PM (2003) Simulating the distribution of southern Buller’s
 albatross using an individual-based population model. J Appl Ecology
 40:678–691. Brothers N, Gales R, Hedd A, Robertson G (1998) Foraging
 movements of the Shy Albatross Diomedea cauta breeding in Australia;
 implications for interactions with longline fisheries. Ibis 140:446–457.
 Bugoni L, D’Alba L, Furness R (2009) Marine habitat use of wintering
 spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata, and overlap with longline
 fishery. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 374:273–285. Carneiro APB, Dias MP, Oppel S,
 Pearmain EJ, Clark BL, Wood AG, Clavelle T, Phillips RA (2022) Integrating
 immersion with GPS data improves behavioural classification for wandering
 albatrosses and shows scavenging behind fishing vessels mirrors natural
 foraging. Animal Conservation 25:627–637. Catard A, Weimerskirch H (1999)
 Catard & Weimerskirch: Satellite tracking of White-chinned Petrels and
 comparison with other Procellariiformes. In: Adams, N.J. & Slotow,
 R.H. (eds) Proc. 22 Int. Ornithol. Congr. Durban Catry P, Phillips R,
 Phalan B, Silk J, Croxall J (2004a) Foraging strategies of grey-headed
 albatrosses Thalassarche chrysostoma: integration of movements, activity
 and feeding events. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 280:261–273. Catry P, Phillips RA,
 Croxall JP (2004b) Fast Travel by a Gray-Headed Albatross (Thalassarche
 chrysostoma) Riding an Antarctic Storm. Auk 121:1208. Catry T, Ramos J a.,
 Le Corre M, Phillips R a. (2009) Movements, at-sea distribution and
 behaviour of a tropical pelagic seabird: The wedge-tailed shearwater in
 the western Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 391:231–242.
 Cherel Y, Delord K, Barbraud C, Weimerskirch H (2022) Diet, isotopic
 niche, and spatial distribution of the white-headed petrel (Pterodroma
 lessonii) at Kerguelen Islands. Polar Biol 45:1607–1621. Clay T, Phillips
 R, Manica A, Jackson H, Brooke M (2017) Escaping the oligotrophic gyre?
 The year-round movements, foraging behaviour and habitat preferences of
 Murphy’s petrels. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 579:139–155. Clay TA, Oppel S, Lavers
 JL, Phillips RA, Brooke MDL (2019) Divergent foraging strategies during
 incubation of an unusually wide-ranging seabird, the Murphy’s petrel. Mar
 Biol 166:8. Collins SM, Hedd A, Fifield DA, Wilson DR, Montevecchi WA
 (2022) Foraging Paths of Breeding Leach’s Storm-Petrels in Relation to
 Offshore Oil Platforms, Breeding Stage, and Year. Front Mar Sci 9:816659.
 Conners MG, Hazen EL, Costa DP, Shaffer S a. (2015) Shadowed by scale:
 subtle behavioral niche partitioning in two sympatric, tropical breeding
 albatross species. Movement Ecology 3:28. Courbin N, Besnard A, Boncourt
 E, Grémillet D (2023) Flight heights of Scopoli’s shearwaters Calonectris
 diomedea in the context of offshore wind farm developments. Ecology. De
 Felipe F, Reyes‐González JM, Militão T, Neves VC, Bried J, Oro D, Ramos R,
 González‐Solís J (2019) Does sexual segregation occur during the
 nonbreeding period? A comparative analysis in spatial and feeding ecology
 of three Calonectris shearwaters. Ecol Evol 9:10145–10162. De Grissac S,
 Bartumeus F, Cox SL, Weimerskirch H (2017) Early‐life foraging: Behavioral
 responses of newly fledged albatrosses to environmental conditions.
 Ecology and Evolution 7:6766–6778. De Pascalis F, Pala D, Pisu D, Morinay
 J, Benvenuti A, Spano C, Ruiu A, Serra L, Rubolini D, Cecere J (2021)
 Searching on the edge: dynamic oceanographic features increase foraging
 opportunities in a small pelagic seabird. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 668:121–132.
 Dean B, Freeman R, Kirk H, Leonard K, Phillips RA, Perrins CM, Guilford T
 (2013) Behavioural mapping of a pelagic seabird: combining multiple
 sensors and a hidden Markov model reveals the distribution of at-sea
 behaviour. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal
 Society:rsif.2012.0570-. Dehnhard N, Klekociuk AR, Emmerson L (2021)
 Interactive effects of body mass changes and species‐specific morphology
 on flight behavior of chick‐rearing Antarctic fulmarine petrels under
 diurnal wind patterns. Ecol Evol 11:4972–4991. Delord K, Pinet P, Pinaud
 D, Barbraud C, De Grissac S, Lewden A, Cherel Y, Weimerskirch H (2016)
 Species-specific foraging strategies and segregation mechanisms of
 sympatric Antarctic fulmarine petrels throughout the annual cycle. Ibis
 158:569–586. Dias MP, Alho M, Granadeiro JP, Catry P (2015) Wanderer of
 the deepest seas: migratory behaviour and distribution of the highly
 pelagic Bulwer’s petrel. J Ornithol 156:955–962. Dias MP, Romero J,
 Granadeiro JP, Catry T, Pollet IL, Catry P (2016) Distribution and at-sea
 activity of a nocturnal seabird, the Bulwer’s petrel Bulweria bulwerii,
 during the incubation period. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic
 Research Papers 113:49–56. Edwards EWJ, Quinn LR, Wakefield ED, Miller PI,
 Thompson PM (2013) Tracking a northern fulmar from a Scottish nesting site
 to the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone: Evidence of linkage between coastal
 breeding seabirds and Mid-Atlantic Ridge feeding sites. Deep Sea Research
 Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 98:438–444. Einoder L,
 Goldsworthy S (2005) Foraging flights of short-tailed shearwaters
 (Puffinus tenuirostris) from Althorpe Island: Assessing their use of
 neritic waters. Einoder LD, Page B, Goldsworthy SD, De Little SC, Bradshaw
 CJA (2011) Exploitation of distant Antarctic waters and close neritic
 waters by short-tailed shearwaters breeding in South Australia:
 SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER FORAGING. Austral Ecology 36:461–475. Elliott KH,
 Gaston AJ (2005) Flight speeds of two seabirds: a test of Norberg’s
 hypothesis. Ibis 147:783–789. Fayet AL, Freeman R, Shoji A, Padget O,
 Perrins CM, Guilford T (2015) Lower foraging efficiency in immatures
 drives spatial segregation with breeding adults in a long-lived pelagic
 seabird. Animal Behaviour 110:79–89. Felis J, Adams J, Hodum P, Carle R,
 Colodro V (2019) Eastern Pacific migration strategies of pink-footed
 shearwaters Ardenna creatopus: implications for fisheries interactions and
 international conservation. Endang Species Res 39:269–282. Fernandez P,
 Anderson DJ (2000) Nocturnal and diurnal foraging activity of Hawaiin
 albatrosses detected with a new immersion monitor. Condor 102:577–584.
 Fischer J, Debski I, Spitz D, Taylor G, Wittmer H (2021) Year-round
 offshore distribution, behaviour, and overlap with commercial fisheries of
 a Critically Endangered small petrel. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 660:171–187.
 Frankish CK, Manica A, Navarro J, Phillips RA (2021) Movements and diving
 behaviour of white‐chinned petrels: Diurnal variation and implications for
 bycatch mitigation. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst 31:1715–1729.
 Frankish CK, Phillips RA, Clay TA, Somveille M, Manica A (2020)
 Environmental drivers of movement in a threatened seabird: insights from a
 mechanistic model and implications for conservation. Divers Distrib
 26:1315–1329. Freeman AND, Wilson KJ, Nicholls DG (2001) Westland Petrels
 and the Hoki fishery: determining co-occurrence using satellite telemetry.
 Emu - Austral Ornithology 101:47–56. Fromant A (2022) The ecology and
 niche segregation of diving petrels. Université de La Rochelle, La
 Rochelle Fromant A, Eizenberg YH, Poupart T, Bustamante P, Arnould JPY
 (2022) Year-round at-sea movements of fairy prions from southeastern
 Australia. R Soc open sci 9:220134. Froy H, Lewis S, Catry P, Bishop CM,
 Forster IP, Fukuda A, Higuchi H, Phalan B, Xavier JC, Nussey DH, Phillips
 RA (2015) Age-Related Variation in Foraging Behaviour in the Wandering
 Albatross at South Georgia: No Evidence for Senescence. PLoS ONE
 10:e0116415. Gibb R, Shoji A, Fayet AL, Perrins CM, Guilford T, Freeman R
 (2017) Remotely sensed wind speed predicts soaring behaviour in a
 wide-ranging pelagic seabird. J R Soc Interface 14:20170262.
 González-Solís J, Croxall JP, Biggs D (2002) Activity patterns of giant
 petrels, Macronectes spp., using different foraging strategies. Marine
 Biology 140:197–204. González-Solís J, Croxall JP, Wood AG (2000) Sexual
 Dimorphism and Sexual Segregation in Foraging Strategies of Northern Giant
 Petrels, Macronectes halli, during Incubation. Oikos 90:390–398. Grémillet
 D, Péron C, Pons J-B, Ouni R, Authier M, Thévenet M, Fort J (2014)
 Irreplaceable area extends marine conservation hotspot off Tunisia:
 insights from GPS-tracking Scopoli’s shearwaters from the largest seabird
 colony in the Mediterranean. Mar Biol 161:2669–2680. Guicking D, Ristow D,
 Becker PH, Schlatter R, Berthold P, Querner U (2001) Satellite Tracking of
 the Pink-Footed Shearwater in Chile. Waterbirds: The International Journal
 of Waterbird Biology 24:8. Guilford TC, Meade J, Freeman R, Biro D, Evans
 T, Bonadonna F, Boyle D, Roberts S, Perrins CM (2008) GPS tracking of the
 foraging movements of Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus breeding on
 Skomer Island, Wales. Ibis 150:462–473. Halpin LR, Mott R, Clay TA,
 Humphries GRW, Chatwin TA, Carlile N, Clarke RH (2022) Predicting the
 Foraging Habitats of Sympatrically Breeding Gadfly Petrels in the South
 Pacific Ocean. Front Mar Sci 9:853104. Hedd A, Gales R, Brothers N (2001)
 Foraging strategies of shy albatross Thalassarche cauta breeding at
 Albatross Island, Tasmania, Australia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 224:267–282. Hedd
 A, Montevecchi WA, Phillips RA, Fifield DA (2014) Seasonal Sexual
 Segregation by Monomorphic Sooty Shearwaters Puffinus griseus Reflects
 Different Reproductive Roles during the Pre-Laying Period. PLoS ONE
 9:e85572. Hong Kong Offshore Wind Limited (2009) Hong Kong Offshore Wind
 Farm in Southeastern Waters Environmental Impact Assessment. Hong Kong.
 Huin N, Prince PA (1997) Diving behaviour of the grey-headed albatross.
 Antartic science 9:243–249. Hyrenbach K, Fernández P, Anderson D (2002)
 Oceanographic habitats of two sympatric North Pacific albatrosses during
 the breeding season. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 233:283–301. Ito S, Ogi H (1999)
 Flight Speed Measurement of Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris
 Recorded by Ship-Loading Radar. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for
 Ornithology 31:88–93. Jodice P, Ronconi R, Rupp E, Wallace G, Satgé Y
 (2015) First satellite tracks of the Endangered black-capped petrel.
 Endang Species Res 29:23–33. Johnston A, Cook ASCP, Wright LJ, Humphreys
 EM, Burton NHK (2014) Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more
 accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. J Appl Ecol
 51:31–41. Johnston A, Cook SCP (2016) How high do birds fly? Development
 of methods and analysis of digital aerial data of seabird flight heights.
 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, Norfolk. Jones CW, Phillips RA,
 Grecian WJ, Ryan PG (2020) Ecological segregation of two superabundant,
 morphologically similar, sister seabird taxa breeding in sympatry. Mar
 Biol 167:45. Jouventin P, Weimerskirch H (1990) Satellite tracking of
 Wandering albatrosses. Nature 343:746–748. Kappes MA, Shaffer SA, Tremblay
 Y, Foley DG, Palacios DM, Bograd SJ, Costa DP (2015) Reproductive
 constraints influence habitat accessibility, segregation, and preference
 of sympatric albatross species. Mov Ecol 3:34. Kappes MA, Shaffer SA,
 Tremblay Y, Foley DG, Palacios DM, Robinson PW, Bograd SJ, Costa DP (2010)
 Hawaiian albatrosses track interannual variability of marine habitats in
 the North Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 86:246–260. Karris G,
 Xirouchakis S, Maina I, Grivas K, Kavadas S (2018) Home range and foraging
 habitat preference of Scopoli’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea during the
 early chick‐rearing phase in the eastern Mediterranean. Wildlife Biology
 2018:1–12. Kazama K, Harada T, Deguchi T, Suzuki H, Watanuki Y (2019)
 Foraging Behavior of Black-Footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes Rearing
 Chicks on the Ogasawara Islands. Ornithological Science 18:27. Kelsey EC,
 Felis JJ, Czapanskiy M, Pereksta DM, Adams J (2018) Collision and
 displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among
 marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf. Journal of
 Environmental Management 227:229–247. Keys D (2018) The foraging ecology
 of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (Ardenna Pacifica) in the tropical Western
 Indian Ocean. Nelson Mandela University King S, Maclean I, Norman T, Prior
 A (2009) Developing Guidance on Ornithological Cumulative Impact
 Assessment for Offshore Wind Farm Developers. Klomp N, Schultz M (2000)
 Short-tailed shearwaters breeding in Australia forage in Antarctic waters.
 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 194:307–310. Kroeger CE, Crocker DE, Orben RA, Thompson
 DR, Torres LG, Sagar PM, Sztukowski LA, Andriese T, Costa DP, Shaffer SA
 (2020) Similar foraging energetics of two sympatric albatrosses despite
 contrasting life histories and wind-mediated foraging strategies. Journal
 of Experimental Biology 223:jeb228585. Krüger L, Paiva VH, Colabuono FI,
 Petry MV, Montone RC, Ramos JA (2016) Year-round spatial movements and
 trophic ecology of Trindade Petrels ( Pterodroma arminjoniana ). J Field
 Ornithol 87:404–416. Krüger L, Paiva VH, Petry MV, Ramos JA (2017) Strange
 lights in the night: using abnormal peaks of light in geolocator data to
 infer interaction of seabirds with nocturnal fishing vessels. Polar Biol
 40:221–226. Landers TJ, Rayner MJ, Phillips RA, Hauber ME (2011) Dynamics
 of Seasonal Movements by a Trans-Pacific Migrant, the Westland Petrel. The
 Condor 113:71–79. Mackley E, Phillips R, Silk J, Wakefield E, Afanasyev V,
 Fox J, Furness R (2010) Free as a bird? Activity patterns of albatrosses
 during the nonbreeding period. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 406:291–303. Mackley EK,
 Phillips RA, Silk JRD, Wakefield ED, Afanasyev V, Furness RW (2011) At-sea
 activity patterns of breeding and nonbreeding white-chinned petrels
 Procellaria aequinoctialis from South Georgia. Mar Biol 158:429–438.
 Marchant S, Higgins P (1990) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and
 Antarctic birds. Vol. 1: Ratites to Ducks, Part A-Ratites to Petrels, Part
 B-Australian Pelican to Ducks. Oxford , University Press, Melbourne.
 Mateos-Rodríguez M, Bruderer B (2012) Flight speeds of migrating seabirds
 in the Strait of Gibraltar and their relation to wind. J Ornithol
 153:881–889. McDuie F, Weeks SJ, Miller MGR, Congdon BC (2015) Breeding
 Tropical Shearwaters Use Distant Foraging Sites When Self-provisioning.
 Marine Ornithology 43:123–129. Meier RE, Wynn RB, Votier SC, McMinn Grivé
 M, Rodríguez A, Maurice L, Van Loon EE, Jones AR, Suberg L, Arcos JM,
 Morgan G, Josey SA, Guilford T (2015) Consistent foraging areas and
 commuting corridors of the critically endangered Balearic shearwater
 Puffinus mauretanicus in the northwestern Mediterranean. Biological
 Conservation 190:87–97. Merkel B, Phillips RA, Descamps S, Yoccoz NG, Moe
 B, Strøm H (2016) A probabilistic algorithm to process geolocation data.
 Mov Ecol 4:26. Militão T, Sanz‐Aguilar A, Rotger A, Ramos R (2022)
 Non‐breeding distribution and at‐sea activity patterns of the smallest
 European seabird, the European Storm Petrel ( Hydrobates pelagicus ). Ibis
 164:1160–1179. Miller MGR, Carlile N, Phillips JS, McDuie F, Congdon BC
 (2018) Importance of tropical tuna for seabird foraging over a marine
 productivity gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series. Navarro J, Votier
 SC, Aguzzi J, Chiesa JJ, Forero MG, Phillips RA (2013) Ecological
 Segregation in Space, Time and Trophic Niche of Sympatric Planktivorous
 Petrels. PLoS ONE 8:e62897. Neves V, Bried J, González-Solís J, Roscales
 J, Clarke M (2012) Feeding ecology and movements of the Barolo shearwater
 Puffinus baroli baroli in the Azores, NE Atlantic. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
 452:269–285. Nicholls DG, Murray MD, Robertson CJR (1994) Oceanic flights
 of the Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora sanfordi using
 satellite telemetry. Corella 18:50–52. Nicholls DG, Robertson CJR (2007)
 Assessing flight characteristics for the Chatham albatross. Notornis
 54:168–179. Paiva VH, Guilford T, Meade J, Geraldes P, Ramos JA, Garthe S
 (2010) Flight dynamics of Cory’s shearwater foraging in a coastal
 environment. Zoology 113:47–56. Pajot A, Corbeau A, Jambon A, Weimerskirch
 H (2021) Diel at‐sea activity of two species of great albatrosses: the
 ontogeny of foraging and movement behaviour. Journal of Avian Biology
 52:jav.02597. Pastor-Prieto M, Ramos R, Zajková Z, Reyes-González J, Rivas
 M, Ryan P, González-Solís J (2019) Spatial ecology, phenological
 variability and moulting patterns of the Endangered Atlantic petrel
 Pterodroma incerta. Endang Species Res 40:189–206. Pennycuick C (1982) The
 flight of petrels and albatrosses (procellariiformes), observed in South
 Georgia and its vicinity. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 300:75–106. Pennycuick C
 (1987) Flight of auks (Alcidae) and other northern seabirds compared with
 southern procellariiformes: ornithodolite observations. Journal of
 Experimental Biology 128:338–347. Pennycuick C (2002) Gust soaring as a
 basis for the flight of petrels and albatrosses (Procellariiformes). Avian
 Science 2. Péron C, Delord K, Phillips R, Charbonnier Y, Marteau C, Louzao
 M, Weimerskirch H (2010) Seasonal variation in oceanographic habitat and
 behaviour of white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis from
 Kerguelen Island. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 416:267–284. Péron C, Grémillet D,
 Culioli J-M, Faggio G, Gillet P, Mante A, Vidal P (2012) Exploring marine
 habitats of two shearwater species breeding on French Mediterranean
 islands. In: Ecology and Conservation of Mediterranean Seabirds and other
 bird species under the Barcelona Convention: Update & Progress :
 Proceedings of the 13th Medmaravis Pan-Mediterranean Symposium.
 Medmaravis, S.l. Phalan B, Phillips R, Silk J, Afanasyev V, Fukuda A, Fox
 J, Catry P, Higuchi H, Croxall J (2007) Foraging behaviour of four
 albatross species by night and day. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 340:271–286.
 Phillips R, Silk J, Croxall J (2005) Foraging and provisioning strategies
 of the light-mantled sooty albatross at South Georgia: competition and
 co-existence with sympatric pelagic predators. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
 285:259–270. Pinet P, Jaeger A, Cordier E, Potin G, Le Corre M (2011)
 Celestial Moderation of Tropical Seabird Behavior. PLoS ONE 6:e27663.
 Pinet P, Jaquemet S, Phillips RA, Le Corre M (2012) Sex-specific foraging
 strategies throughout the breeding season in a tropical, sexually
 monomorphic small petrel. Animal Behaviour 83:979–989. Poupart T, Waugh S,
 Miskelly C, Kato A, Angel L, Rogers K, Arnould J (2019) Fine-scale
 foraging behaviour of southern Buller’s albatross, the only Thalassarche
 that provisions chicks through winter. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 625:163–179.
 Poupart TA, Waugh SM, Kato A, Arnould JPY (2020) Foraging niche overlap
 during chick-rearing in the sexually dimorphic Westland petrel. R Soc open
 sci 7:191511. Powell CDL (2009) Foraging movements and the migration
 trajectory of flesh-footed shearwaters Puffinus carneipes from the south
 coast of Western Australia. Marine Ornithology 37:115–120. Precheur C
 (2015) Ecologie et conservation du puffin d’Audubon (Puffinus lherminieri
 lherminieri) de la réserve naturelle des îlets de Sainte- Anne
 (Martinique). Université des Antilles Prince PA, Wood AG, Barton T,
 Croxall JP (1992) Satellite tracking of wandering albatrosses ( Diomedea
 exulans ) in the South Atlantic. Antartic science 4:31–36. Quillfeldt P,
 Bange A, Boutet A, Orben RA, Baylis AMM (2022) Breeding Thin-Billed Prions
 Use Marine Habitats Ranging from Inshore to Distant Antarctic Waters.
 Animals 12:3131. Quintana F, Dell’Arciprete OP, Copello S (2010) Foraging
 behavior and habitat use by the Southern Giant Petrel on the Patagonian
 Shelf. Mar Biol 157:515–525. Raine A, Gjerdrum C, Pratte I, Madeiros J,
 Felis J, Adams J (2021) Marine distribution and foraging habitat highlight
 potential threats at sea for the Endangered Bermuda petrel Pterodroma
 cahow. Endang Species Res 45:337–356. Ramírez I, Paiva V, Menezes D, Silva
 I, Phillips R, Ramos J, Garthe S (2013) Year-round distribution and
 habitat preferences of the Bugio petrel. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 476:269–284.
 Ramos R, Ramírez I, Paiva VH, Militão T, Biscoito M, Menezes D, Phillips
 RA, Zino F, González-Solís J (2016) Global spatial ecology of three
 closely-related gadfly petrels. Sci Rep 6:23447. Ravache A, Bourgeois K,
 Weimerskirch H, Pagenaud A, De Grissac S, Miller M, Dromzée S, Lorrain A,
 Allain V, Bustamante P, Bylemans J, Gleeson D, Letourneur Y, Vidal É
 (2020) Behavioral and trophic segregations help the Tahiti petrel to cope
 with the abundance of wedge-tailed shearwater when foraging in
 oligotrophic tropical waters. Sci Rep 10:15129. Rayner M, Carlile N,
 Priddel D, Bretagnolle V, Miller M, Phillips R, Ranjard L, Bury S, Torres
 L (2016) Niche partitioning by three Pterodroma petrel species during
 non-breeding in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
 549:217–229. Rayner M, Hauber M, Clout M, Seldon D, Van Dijken S, Bury S,
 Phillips R (2008) Foraging ecology of the Cook’s petrel Pterodroma cookii
 during the austral breeding season: a comparison of its two populations.
 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 370:271–284. Rayner MJ, Taylor GA, Gaskin CP, Dunphy BJ
 (2017) Seasonal activity and unpredicted polar front migration of northern
 New Zealand Common Diving Petrels ( Pelecanoides urinatrix ). Emu -
 Austral Ornithology 117:290–298. Rayner MJ, Taylor GA, Gummer HD, Phillips
 RA, Sagar PM, Shaffer SA, Thompson DR (2012) The breeding cycle,
 year-round distribution and activity patterns of the endangered Chatham
 Petrel ( Pterodroma axillaris ). Emu - Austral Ornithology 112:107–116.
 Reid K, Baker GB, Woehler EJ (2023) An ecological risk assessment for the
 impacts of offshore wind farms on birds in Australia. Austral
 Ecology:1–22. Reid TA, Ronconi RA, Cuthbert RJ, Ryan PG (2014) The summer
 foraging ranges of adult spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata.
 Antartic science 26:23–32. Richardson PL, Wakefield ED, Phillips RA (2018)
 Flight speed and performance of the wandering albatross with respect to
 wind. Mov Ecol 6:3. Robinson Willmot J, Forcey G, Kent A (2013) The
 Relative Vulnerability of Migratory Bird Species to Offshore Wind Energy
 Projects on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf: An Assessment Method and
 Database. Rotger A, Sola A, Tavecchia G, Sanz-Aguilar A (2020) Foraging
 Far from Home: Gps-Tracking of Mediterranean Storm-Petrels Hydrobates
 pelagicus melitensis Reveals Long-Distance Foraging Movements. Ardeola
 68:3. Sagar PM, Weimerskirch H (1996) Satellite Tracking of Southern
 Buller’s Albatrosses from the Snares, New Zealand. The Condor 98:649–652.
 Schoombie S, Connan M, Dilley BJ, Davies D, Makhado AB, Ryan PG (2022)
 Non-breeding distribution, activity patterns and moulting areas of Sooty
 Albatrosses (Phoebetria fusca) inferred from geolocators, satellite
 trackers and biochemical markers. Polar Biol 45:31–44. Schoombie S, Dilley
 BJ, Davies D, Ryan PG (2018) The foraging range of Great Shearwaters
 (Ardenna gravis) breeding on Gough Island. Polar Biol 41:2451–2458.
 Shaffer SA, Costa DP, Weimerskirch H (2001) Behavioural factors affecting
 foraging effort of breeding wandering albatrosses. Journal of Animal
 Ecology 70:864–874. Shiomi K, Yoda K, Katsumata N, Sato K (2012) Temporal
 tuning of homeward flights in seabirds. Animal Behaviour 83:355–359. Sohle
 I, Robertson CJR, Nicholls DG, Mouritsen H, Frost B, Moller H (2007)
 Satellite tracking of sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) during their
 pre-laying “exodus” and incubation. Notornis 54:180–188. Spear LB, Ainley
 DG (1997) Flight speed of seabirds in relation to wind speed and
 direction. Ibis 139:234–251. Spear LB, Ainley DG, Walker W a (2007)
 Foraging dynamics of seabirds in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
 Cooper Ornithological Society, Norman, OK. Stahl JC, Sagar PM (2000a)
 Foraging strategies and migration of southern Buller’s albatrosses
 Diomedea b. bulled breeding on the Solander Is, New Zealand. Journal of
 the Royal Society of New Zealand 30:319–334. Stahl JC, Sagar PM (2000b)
 Foraging strategies of southern Buller’s albatrosses Diomedea b. bulleri
 breeding on The Snares, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New
 Zealand 30:299–318. Suryan RM, Dietrich KS, Melvin EF, Balogh GR, Sato F,
 Ozaki K (2007) Migratory routes of short-tailed albatrosses: Use of
 exclusive economic zones of North Pacific Rim countries and spatial
 overlap with commercial fisheries in Alaska. Biological Conservation
 137:450–460. Sussman A (2014) Atlantic Offshore Seabird Dataset Catalog,
 Atlantic Coast and Outer Continental Shelf, from 1938-01-01 to 2013-12-31
 (NCEI Accession 0115356). Sztukowski LA (2016) Foraging Ecology of the
 Campbell Albatross: Individual Specialisation and Fishery Interactions.
 Plymouth University Takahashi A, Azumi S, Watanuki Y, Kokubun N, Arce F,
 Lea M-A, Hindell M (2020) Short-tailed shearwaters fly and navigate
 efficiently under strong winds over Southern Ocean. Thiebot J, Delord K,
 Marteau C, Weimerskirch H (2014) Stage-dependent distribution of the
 Critically Endangered Amsterdam albatross in relation to Economic
 Exclusive Zones. Endang Species Res 23:263–276. Thiers L, Delord K,
 Barbraud C, Phillips R, Pinaud D, Weimerskirch H (2014) Foraging zones of
 the two sibling species of giant petrels in the Indian Ocean throughout
 the annual cycle: implication for their conservation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
 499:233–248. Thomas B, Minot EO, Holland JD (2010) Fledging behaviour of
 juvenile northern royal albatrosses (Diomedea sanfordi): a GPS tracking
 study. Notornis 57:135–147. Thorne L, Clay T, Phillips R, Silvers L,
 Wakefield E (2023) Effects of wind on the movement, behavior, energetics,
 and life history of seabirds. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 723:73–117. Torres L,
 Thompson D, Bearhop S, Votier S, Taylor G, Sagar P, Robertson B (2011)
 White-capped albatrosses alter fine-scale foraging behavior patterns when
 associated with fishing vessels. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 428:289–301. Troup C,
 Sixtus CR, Paterson AM (2009) The long commute: Southern Royal Albatross
 (Diomedea epomophora) foraging trips during incubation. New Zealand
 Natural Sciences 34:19–28. Ventura F, Catry P, Dias MP, Breed GA, Folch A,
 Granadeiro JP (2022) A central place foraging seabird flies at right
 angles to the wind to jointly optimize locomotor and olfactory search
 efficiency. Proc R Soc B 289:20220895. Ventura F, Granadeiro JP, Padget O,
 Catry P (2020) Gadfly petrels use knowledge of the windscape, not
 memorized foraging patches, to optimize foraging trips on ocean-wide
 scales. Proc R Soc B 287:20191775. Wade HM, Masden EA, Jackson AC, Furness
 RW (2016) Incorporating data uncertainty when estimating potential
 vulnerability of Scottish seabirds to marine renewable energy
 developments. Marine Policy 70:108–113. Wakefield ED, Phillips RA,
 Matthiopoulos J, Fukuda A, Higuchi H, Marshall GJ, Trathan PN (2009) Wind
 field and sex constrain the flight speeds of central-place foraging
 albatrosses. Ecological Monographs 79:663–679. Walbridge P, Ashby T (1999)
 Mottled Petrel: Passage migration down the East coast of Australia in
 October 1996. The Sunbird 23:57–62. Walker K, Elliott G, Nicholls D (1995)
 Satellite tracing of the Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans) from the
 Auckland Islands: preliminary results. Notornis 42:127–137. Waugh S,
 Filippi D, Fukuda A, Suzuki M, Higuchi H, Setiawan A, Davis L (2005)
 Foraging of royal albatrosses, Diomedea epomophora , from the Otago
 Peninsula and its relationships to fisheries. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
 62:1410–1421. Waugh SM, Griffiths JW, Poupart TA, Filippi DP, Rogers K,
 Arnould JYP (2018) Environmental factors and fisheries influence the
 foraging patterns of a subtropical seabird, the Westland Petrel (
 Procellaria westlandica ), in the Tasman Sea. The Condor 120:371–387.
 Waugh SM, Weimerskirch H (2003) Environmental heterogeneity and the
 evolution of foraging behaviour in long ranging greater albatrosses. Oikos
 103:374–384. Weimerskirch H, Chastel O, Cherel Y, Henden J-A, Tveraa T
 (2001) Nest attendance and foraging movements of northern fulmars rearing
 chicks at Bjørnøya Barents Sea. Polar Biology 24:83–88. Weimerskirch H, De
 Grissac S, Ravache A, Prudor A, Corbeau A, Congdon BC, McDuie F, Bourgeois
 K, Dromzée S, Butscher J, Menkes C, Allain V, Vidal E, Jaeger A, Borsa P
 (2020) At-sea movements of wedge-tailed shearwaters during and outside the
 breeding season from four colonies in New Caledonia. Marine Ecology
 Progress Series 633:225–238. Weimerskirch H, Guionnet T (2002) Comparative
 activity pattern during foraging of four albatross species: Foraging
 patterns in albatrosses. Ibis 144:40–50. Weimerskirch H, Pinaud D,
 Pawlowski F, Bost C (2007) Does Prey Capture Induce Area‐Restricted
 Search? A Fine‐Scale Study Using GPS in a Marine Predator, the Wandering
 Albatross. The American Naturalist 170:734–743. Weimerskirch H, Wilson R,
 Lys P (1997) Activity pattern of foraging in the wandering albatross:a
 marine predator with two modes of prey searching. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
 151:245–254. Wilkinson D (2021) Environmental and phylogenetic drivers of
 European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) foraging behaviour from two
 colonies in Ireland. University College Cork, Cork Yamamoto T, Takahashi
 A, Katsumata N, Sato K, Trathan PN (2010) At-Sea Distribution and Behavior
 of Streaked Shearwaters ( Calonectris leucomelas ) During the Nonbreeding
 Period. The Auk 127:871–881. Yonehara Y, Goto Y, Yoda K, Watanuki Y, Young
 LC, Weimerskirch H, Bost C-A, Sato K (2016) Flight paths of seabirds
 soaring over the ocean surface enable measurement of fine-scale wind speed
 and direction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113:9039–9044. Zango L,
 Navarro-Herrero L, García-Vendrell M, Safi K, González-Solís J (2020)
 Niche partitioning and individual specialization among age, breeding
 status and sex classes in a long-lived seabird. Animal Behaviour 170:1–14.
 Zhang J (2016) Modelling animal movement in heterogeneous environments:
 from statistical inferential models to individual-based models. University
 of Auckland Zhang J, Dennis TE, Landers TJ, Bell E, Perry GLW (2017)
 Linking individual-based and statistical inferential models in movement
 ecology: A case study with black petrels ( Procellaria parkinsoni ).
 Ecological Modelling 360:425–436. Zhang J, Rayner M, Vickers S, Landers T,
 Sagar R, Stewart J, Dunphy B (2019) GPS telemetry for small seabirds:
 using hidden Markov models to infer foraging behaviour of Common Diving
 Petrels ( Pelecanoides urinatrix urinatrix ). Emu - Austral Ornithology
 119:126–137.