DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ns1rn8q2p
title: Spatial variation in current and historical management of Arabica coffee across forests in its indigenous distribution

description: To guide conservation of forest biodiversity in a broad sense we need to
 understand the landscape-level variation in current and historical
 management practices of agroforestry systems. We collected data on coffee
 management practices across a large forested landscape in Ethiopia within
 Arabica coffee’s indigenous distribution, using interviews in 11 villages
 and field surveys and interviews at 78 coffee sites in the forest. There
 was a gradient in coffee density (higher), liana cover (lower) and canopy
 cover (lower) from sites with high management intensity to sites without
 management. Recently, management intensity has increased in the forest
 edges. Interviews suggest that substantial areas of currently unmanaged
 coffee forests are a legacy of reforestation of abandoned (semi-) open
 landscapes in the late 19th century. Despite a dynamic history of coffee
 cultivation across these areas, the conservation of forest biodiversity
 including unmanaged populations of genetically diverse Arabica coffee
 should be a priority, given few such remaining areas in Ethiopia and
 elsewhere in the world.
description: To investigate coffee management dynamics in forest landscapes,
 researchers selected 11 primary forest areas representing different
 kebeles within the coffee-growing altitudinal range. A mixed methods
 approach was used, combining key informant interviews, guided field walks,
 and field surveys to gather quantitative and qualitative data. Each main
 site involved interviews with two key informants, totaling 32 male farmers
 and knowledgeable elders, who provided insights into historical and
 current coffee management practices. Additionally, 24 other male
 informants participated in field walks to collect quantitative data on
 environmental variables and conduct further interviews.
 During the walks, researchers visited preselected sub-sites known
 from prior inventory work and identified additional significant locations
 suggested by informants. They collected data on the size and estimated age
 of the oldest coffee shrubs, coffee and tree density, liana cover, canopy
 cover, and walkability. A semi-structured interview method allowed for
 open-ended questions to gain deeper insights. Interviews were conducted in
 Afan Oromo or Amharic and later translated into English for analysis. Data
 collection occurred over six weeks, gathering information from 78
 sub-sites where coffee was present. This comprehensive approach
 facilitated a better understanding of coffee management practices within
 the forest landscape.
description: **Explanations to the Data files and R codes for analyses** **Spatial
 variation in current and historical management of Arabica coffee across
 forests in its indigenous distribution** See methods section in the paper
 for complementary descriptions and explanations of column names. **R-code
 for analyses and some figures:** **FigS1.R:** Principal component analysis
 and dendrogram of the coffee management, (based on coma_current_v3.csv)
 **Figure2_Coffee management clusters and their characteristcs.R:**
 Statistical code for results presented in Figure 2 a-h, (based on
 cluster_summary3.xlsx) **Table S3.R:**  Statistical code and data for
 results presented in Table S3 **Table S5.R:** Statistical code for results
 presented in Table S5, (based on coma_current_v5.1.csv)
   **Figure4_a-c.R:** Statistical code for results presented in Table S5
 and Figure 4abc, (based on coma_current_v5.1.csv)  **Data and files used
 in the R-script:** \**Table_1_cluster_summary.xlsx: (**data for result
 presented in Table 1) column names (for three Clusters, i.e sheet 1-3):
 SiteID=Site ID, ClusterID= Cluster ID, Shade tree management, Digging,
 Herbicide, Enriching, Intercropping, Mulching, Planting coffee, Planting
 shade tree, Pruning, Removal of dried coffee, Removal of epiphytes,
 Removal of liana, Stumping coffee, Thinning of coffee stand, Under Canopy
 clearing, Slashing, Harvesting. **cluster_summary3.xlsx:** (used in
 Figure2_Coffee management clusters and their characteristcs.R, data for
 result presented in Figure 2a-h) column names (for Figure 2a-c): Clusters,
 Circumferenceofoldest(cm)= Thickness oldest coffee, Heightoldestcoffee(m)=
 Height oldest coffee,  Circumferenceofthickest(cm)= Thickness of largest
 coffee. Column names (for Figure d-h): Clusters, allVery few         =
 very few coffee density, allFew= few coffee density, allMuch= much coffee
 density, allVery much= very much coffee density, Tree density_very few=
 Very few Tree density, Tree density_Few= Few Tree density,         Tree
 density_Medium= Medium Tree density, Tree density_High/very high=
 High/very high Tree density, canopy_Open= Open canopy, canopy_Partially
 open= Partially open canopy, canopy_Closed= Closed canopy, Liana_None=
 None Liana cover, Liana_Little= Little liana cover, Liana_Much= Much liana
 cover, Liana_Very much= Very much liana cover, Easily walkable,
 Intermediate= intermediate to walk, Difficult to walk
 **coma_current_v5.1.csv:** (used in Figure4_a-c.R, data for result
 presented in Table S5) column names: SiteID= Site ID, ClusterID= Cluster
 ID, Distancetoedge= Distance to edge, Elevation, Distancetoroad= Distance
 to road **Figure 4d_location_buffer.csv:** (used in GIS to map buffer of
 500 m around each site, data for result presented in Figure 4d) Column
 names: Subsite ID,  ClusterID= Cluster ID (1= intesively managed sites,2=
 low managment sites,3= not managed sites,  n/a= coffee sites managed
 previously but now abondended, nocoffee=above coffee growing area or no
 coffee in the site),  latitude, longitude, altitude (m), Distance to edge
 (m), Distance to road (m) **coma_current_v3.csv:** (used in FigS1.R, data
 for results presented in FigS1) column names: SiteID= Site ID, Shade tree
 management, Digging, Herbicide, Enriching, Intercropping, Mulching,
 Planting coffee, Planting shade tree, Pruning, Removal of dried coffee,
 Removal of epiphytes, Removal of liana, Stumping coffee, Thinning of
 coffee stand, Under Canopy clearing, Slashing, Harvesting **Figure
 5_Fig_S2.csv:** (data for result presented in Figure 5 and Fig S2) column
 names: Current not managed, Current managed