DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cjsxksn2q
title: Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification and chromosomes (Araneae: Salticidae: Sitticini)

description: We review the systematics of sitticine jumping spiders, with a focus on
 the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, in order to revise their generic
 classification, clarify the species of one region (Canada), and study
 their chromosomes. A genome-wide molecular phylogeny of 23 sitticine
 species, using more than 700 loci from the arachnid Ultra-Conserved
 Element (UCE) probeset, confirms the Neotropical origins of sitticines,
 whose basal divergence separates the new subtribe Aillutticina (a group of
 5 Neotropical genera) from the subtribe Sitticina (5 genera of Eurasia and
 the Americas). The phylogeny shows that most Eurasian sitticines form a
 relatively recent and rapid radiation, which we unite into the genus
 Attulus Simon 1868, consisting of the subgenera Sitticus Simon, 1901 (7
 described species), Attulus (41 described species), and Sittilong
 Prószyński, 2017 (one species). Five species of Attulus occur natively in
 North America, presumably through dispersals back from the Eurasian
 radiation, but an additional three species were more recently introduced
 from Eurasia. We consider Attus palustris Peckham and Peckham, 1883 to be
 a full synonym of Euophrys floricola C. L. Koch, 1837 (not a distinct
 subspecies). We remove Attus sylvestris Emerton, 1891 from synonymy and
 recognize it as a senior synonym of Sitticus magnus Chamberlin &
 Ivie, 1944. Thus, the five native Attulus in North America are Attulus
 floricola, A. sylvestris, A. cutleri, A. striatus, and A. finschi. The
 other sitticines of Canada and the U.S.A. are placed in separate genera,
 all of which arose from a Neotropical radiation including Jollas Simon,
 1901 and Tomis F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1901: (1) Attinella Banks, 1905 (A.
 dorsata, A. concolor, A. juniperi), (2) Tomis (T. welchi), and (3)
 Sittisax Prószyński, 2017 (S. ranieri). All Neotropical and Caribbean
 "Sitticus" are transferred to either Jollas (12 species total)
 or Tomis (14 species). Attinella (3 species) and Tomis are both removed
 from synonymy with Sitticus; the synonymy of Sitticus cabellensis
 Prószyński, 1971 with Pseudattulus kratochvili Caporiacco, 1947 is
 restored; Pseudattulus Caporiacco, 1947 is synonymized with Tomis. Six
 generic names are newly synonymized with Attulus and one with Attinella.
 We describe two Neotropical species as new, Jollas cupreus sp. nov. and
 Tomis manabita sp. nov. Forty-four new combinations are established and
 several are restored. Four species synonymies are restored, one is new,
 and two are rejected. Across this diversity of species is a striking
 diversification of chromosome complements, with X-autosome fusions
 occurring at least 4 times to produce neo-Y sex chromosome systems (X1X2Y
 and X1X2X3Y), some of which (Sittisax ranieri and S. saxicola) are
 sufficiently derived as to no longer preserve the simple traces of
 ancestral X material. The correlated distribution of neo-Y and a base
 autosome number of 28 suggests that neo-Y origins occurred preferentially
 in lineages with the presence of an extra pair of autosomes.
description: Most files are Ultra Conserved Element sequence capture data
 using the Arachnid 1.1 probeset. See paper for details of filtering and
 assembly. One file is for CO1 only, mixing Genback downloaded sequences
 with sequences recovered as bycatch from the UCE data. One file is with
 chromosome data.
description: The chromosome data file, when opened with Mesquite, will show
 the tree with character traced.