DOI: 10.15468/xzbuxs
title: Taxonomy of Calophya (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) species associated with Schinus terebinthifolia (Anacardiaceae)

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Burckhardt, Daniel, Cuda, James P., Diaz, Rodrigo, Overholt, William, Prade, Patricia, Queiroz, Dalva Luiz de, Vitorino, Marcelo D., Wheeler, Gregory S. (2018): Taxonomy of Calophya (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) species associated with Schinus terebinthifolia (Anacardiaceae). Florida Entomologist 101 (2): 178, DOI: 10.1653/024.101.0205, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.101.0205AbstractBrazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardaceae), native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, is one of the most invasive weeds in Florida. In its native range, at least 4 psyllid species of the genus Calophya (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) are associated with it. All 4 species are monophagous and constitute a likely monophyletic group that induce pit galls, usually on the upper leaf surface. Here we revise the taxonomy of these species, 2 of which are described as new, viz. C. lutea sp.nov. and C. praestigiator sp. nov. Morphological differences between the 4 species are detailed and relevant structures are figured. Keys for adults and the fifh instars are provided for the identification of the 8 species known to induce pit galls on Schinus species.Key Words: biological control; immatures; new species; pit galls; PsylloideaResumoAroeira ou pimenta rosa, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardaceae), planta nativa da Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai é uma das plantas daninhas mais invasivas na Flórida. Em sua região de origem, pelo menos 4 espécies de psilídeos do gênero Calophya (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) estão associados a esta planta. Todas as quatro espécies são monófagas e provavelmente constituem um grupo monofilético que induzem galhas lenticulares abertas, usualmente na face superior da folha. Aqui a taxonomia das 4 espécies é revisada, 2 das quais são descritas como novas, C. lutea sp. nov. e C. praestigiator sp. nov. Diferenças morfológicas entre as 4 espécies são detalhadas e estruturas relevantes são ilustradas. Fornecemos chave para identificação de adultos e imaturos de quinto instar para as 8 espécies conhecidas como indutoras de galhas em espécies de Schinus.Palavras Chave: controle biológico; galhas lenticulares abertas; imaturos; novas espécies; PsylloideaJumping plant lice, or psyllids, are small phloem-feeding insects with generally restricted host plant ranges. Typically, a psyllid species develops on a single or a few closely related plant species, and related psyllids ofen are confined to the same host family or order (Hollis 2004; Hodkinson 2009; Burckhardt et al. 2014). Calophya Löw (Calophyidae: Calophyinae) is a good example of this tight host relationship. Its 68 described species are associated with Sapindales (families Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Rutaceae, and Simaroubaceae) except for 2 North American species (Calophya dicksoni Jensen on Fouquieria columnaris [Ericales: Fouquieriaceae] and Calophya oweni Tuthill probably on Phoradendron juniperinum [Santalales: Santalaceae]) and 1 South American species (Calophya sp. on Phoradendron ensifolium [Santalales: Santalaceae]) (Burckhardt & Basset 2000; Li 2011; Mendez et al. 2016; Burckhardt et al. 2017). The following associations from China (Li 2011) are not confirmed by the presence of immatures and these plants are unlikely hosts: Calophya actinodaphne Li on Actinodaphne sp. (Lauraceae), Calophya elaeocarpae [sic] Li on Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae), and Symplocos sumuntia (Symplocaceae), Calophya ligustrae [sic] Li on Ligustrum sp. (Oleaceae) and Calophya phosticta Li on Ligustrum compactum (Oleaceae).The genus Calophya is notable for its geographical distribution. Species are known from the Nearctic, Neotropical, Eastern Palaearctic, Oriental, and Australian biogeographical regions but are apparently absent from the Western Palaearctic, and Africa (Burckhardt & Basset 2000). Also, Calophya is unique among psyllids in its capacity to initiate host induced polyphenism in immatures (Nisson 2011; Mendez et al. 2016).Schinus (Anacardiaceae) comprises about 30 species of trees and shrubs native to subtropical and temperate South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) (Mabberley 2008). Two species, the Peruvian peppertree (Schinus molle L.) and the Brazilian peppertree (S. terebinthifolia Raddi), are planted widely as ornamentals.1 Naturhistorisches Museum, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, CH-4001, Switzerland, E-mail: daniel.burckhardt@bs.ch (D. B.)2 Department of Entomology and Nematology,University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA, E-mail: jcuda@ufl.edu (J. P. C.)3 Louisiana State University, Department of Entomology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA, E-mail: rdiaz@agcenter.lsu.edu (R. D.)4 University of Florida, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34945, USA, billover@ufl.edu (W. O.); prade@ufl.edu (P. P.)5 Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Colombo, Paraná, 83411-000, Brazil, E-mail: dalva.queiroz@embrapa.br (D. L. Q.)6 Regional University of Blumenau, Forestry Department, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, 89030-000, Brazil, E-mail: dinizvitorino@gmail.com (M. D. V.)7 USDA/ARS, Ft Lauderdale, Florida, 33314, USA,E-mail: greg.wheeler@ars.usda.gov (G. S. W.)*Corresponding author; E-mail: jcuda@ufl.eduBrazilian peppertree is one of Florida’s worst invasive weeds because of its broad geographical distribution and documented negative impacts on biodiversity (Manrique et al. 2013; FLEPPC 2017). It was introduced into Florida from South America in the 1840s (Mack 1991) and escaped cultivation in the 1950s (Austin & Smith 1998). Currently, it dominates entire ecosystems in peninsular Florida and Hawaii (Manrique et al. 2013; Rodgers et al. 2014) and has been reported from Alabama, California, Georgia, and Texas (Wheeler et al. 2016). The invasiveness of Brazilian peppertree is attributed to hybrid vigor (Williams et al. 2007; Geiger et al. 2011), moisture and salinity tolerance (Ewe & Sternberg 2002, 2003; Mytinger & Williamson 1987), allelopathy (Morgan & Overholt 2005; Donnelly et al. 2008) and abundant seed production (Ewel et al. 1982; Spector & Putz 2006). In the 1980s, Brazilian peppertree was targeted for biological control because of its aggressive range expansion with no natural enemies to keep it in check (Williams 1954). There is general agreement that an ecologically based IPM plan is needed to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and permanent solution to the Brazilian peppertree problem in Florida (Cuda et al. 2006).The genus Schinus is associated with 15 described Calophya species, whose adults are ofen difficult to identify because morphological differences between some species are minimal; the species are better defined by final instar morphology. Twelve of the species appear to be monophagous and 3 oligophagous on 2 or 3 host plant species; 6 species induce pit galls, 8 induce closed nipple or spherical galls, and for 1 species no information is available (Burckhardt & Basset 2000; Burckhardt et al. 2011). The following 6 Calophya species induce pit galls on Schinus spp.: C. catillicola Burckhardt & Basset on S. johnstonii F.A. Barkley from Argentina (not S. fasciculata [Griseb.] I.M. Johnst. as mentioned by Burckhardt & Basset 2000, identification by Cíntia Luiza da Silva), C. hermicitae Burckhardt & Basset on S. montana Engl. and S. patagonica (Phil.) I.M. Johnst. ex Cabrera from Chile, C. schini Tuthill on S. molle originating probably from Bolivia and Peru, introduced into other South American countries as well as North America, Europe, Africa, and New Zealand, C. scrobicola Burckhardt & Basset on S. polygama (Cav.) Cabrera from Chile, and 2 monophagous species on Brazilian peppertree, C. latiforceps Burckhardt from northeastern and southeastern Brazil (states of Bahia and Minas Gerais) and C. terebinthifolii Burckhardt & Basset from southeastern and southern Brazil and Paraguay (Burckhardt & Basset 2000; Burckhardt et al. 2011). These latter 2 species are potentially suitable biological control agents for Brazilian peppertree because they are monophagous and damage their hosts (Diaz et al. 2015a; Prade, unpublished data) (Figs. 1–10). The most promising control agents for this invasive plant species are C. latiforceps and the thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini (Hood). Feeding by immatures and adults of these 2 species stunts growth and distorts leaves reducing the reproductive output of Brazilian peppertree (Prade et al. 2016; Wheeler et al. 2016).Brazilian peppertree is widely distributed in Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte State in the Northeast to Rio Grande do Sul State in the South. A recent molecular study of psyllid populations from the states of Santa Catarina (C. terebinthifolii), Bahia (C. latiforceps), and Esp í rito Santo (C. sp. ‘Ubu’) confirmed the species status of C. terebinthifolii and C. latiforceps, and suggested that there is another, undescribed, species (C. sp. ‘Ubu’) closely related to the latter (Diaz et al. 2015a). Recent field work in Southern Brazil yielded a fourth species on Brazilian peppertree with adults that are morphologically almost identical to those of C. terebinthifolii but with immatures that clearly differ from those of the latter.Here we present the result of a morphological study of the 4 species associated with Brazilian peppertree. We formally describe 2 new species (C. lutea sp. nov. and C. praestigiator sp. nov.) and discuss differences between other Calophya species inducing pit galls on Schinus.