cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30896440
title: A Conditional Ordinal Stereotype Model to Estimate Police Officers’ Propensity to Escalate Force

description: This article introduces a conditional ordinal stereotype model for estimating a police officer’s latent propensity to escalate to higher-severity force options during an encounter. Propensity to escalate is the likelihood of selecting a more serious force category than peer officers confronting the same circumstances, not necessarily implying that such force is excessive or contrary to policy. The associated conditional likelihood depends solely on data from the times and places where multiple officers use various forms of force, precisely the types of situations that police departments are most likely to document. By design, all shared situational and environmental features cancel out of the conditional likelihood, eliminating the need to observe or model them explicitly. The article proves that officer-level inference independent of shared environmental features can arise only from the proposed conditional ordinal stereotype model, establishing it as the unique model with this invariance property. On simulated examples, the conditional ordinal stereotype model recovers which officers escalate force the most, potentially risking unnecessary injuries or fatalities, and which officers may be too reluctant, potentially endangering themselves, colleagues, or the public. Applying the approach to use-of-force data from Seattle finds nine officers with a high probability of being local outliers in their use-of-force networks. By quantifying officer-level variation while accounting for situational context, the conditional ordinal stereotype model expands the analytic toolkit available to police executives and oversight bodies for proactive risk management. Supplementary materials for this article are available online, including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30896440.v1
title: A Conditional Ordinal Stereotype Model to Estimate Police Officers’ Propensity to Escalate Force

description: This article introduces a conditional ordinal stereotype model for estimating a police officer’s latent propensity to escalate to higher-severity force options during an encounter. Propensity to escalate is the likelihood of selecting a more serious force category than peer officers confronting the same circumstances, not necessarily implying that such force is excessive or contrary to policy. The associated conditional likelihood depends solely on data from the times and places where multiple officers use various forms of force, precisely the types of situations that police departments are most likely to document. By design, all shared situational and environmental features cancel out of the conditional likelihood, eliminating the need to observe or model them explicitly. The article proves that officer-level inference independent of shared environmental features can arise only from the proposed conditional ordinal stereotype model, establishing it as the unique model with this invariance property. On simulated examples, the conditional ordinal stereotype model recovers which officers escalate force the most, potentially risking unnecessary injuries or fatalities, and which officers may be too reluctant, potentially endangering themselves, colleagues, or the public. Applying the approach to use-of-force data from Seattle finds nine officers with a high probability of being local outliers in their use-of-force networks. By quantifying officer-level variation while accounting for situational context, the conditional ordinal stereotype model expands the analytic toolkit available to police executives and oversight bodies for proactive risk management. Supplementary materials for this article are available online, including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work.
DOI: 10.22008/fk2/iw73uu/cyjz67
title: SDM_day.nc

description: Uploaded with pyDataverse 2024-04-11 00:11
DOI: 10.22008/fk2/iw73uu/chpop5
title: SDM_month.nc

description: Uploaded with pyDataverse 2024-04-11 00:11
DOI: 10.22008/fk2/iw73uu/0zulbv
title: SWC_day.csv

description: Uploaded with pyDataverse 2024-04-11 00:11
DOI: 10.22008/fk2/iw73uu/ctdrsz
title: SWC_hour.csv

description: Uploaded with pyDataverse 2024-04-11 00:12
DOI: 10.22008/fk2/iw73uu/hbufpg
title: SWC_month.csv

description: Uploaded with pyDataverse 2024-04-11 00:12
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xeqy6n
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2115 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Observation, Machine Observation, Human Observation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Country is Belgium",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus, 1758), Alca torda Linnaeus, 1758)",
 "Year 2000-2023"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2115 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0148519-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.7nm2j7
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 6 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Mollusca",
 "DatasetKey is Issumer Fleuth",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-25.03991 31.75, 41.65954 31.75, 41.65954 71.53037, -25.03991 71.53037, -25.03991 31.75))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 6 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0215363-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.dhu45m
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 6241 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "VerbatimScientificName is Anser canagicus",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Machine Observation, Human Observation)",
 "Year 2011-2021",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Specimen, Material citation, Material sample)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 6241 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0061758-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bj86f6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 147 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Pterostylis longipetala Rupp"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 147 records from 15 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0097853-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.duhfqu
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 29 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Perotis ornithocephala (Hook.) P.M.Peterson"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 29 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0013252-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gnn27e
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2288 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Rhincodon Smith, 1829",
 "Year 1900-2023"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2288 records from 71 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0215364-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ekzhg5
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 461 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 461 records from 29 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0061803-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.92z6fq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 50 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Pterostylis macilenta (D.L.Jones) G.N.Backh."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 50 records from 7 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0097860-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.g9zu8y
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13968 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13968 records from 393 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0148515-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.87pkaj
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 31037772 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Human Observation)",
 "Country is Colombia",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Animalia, Plantae)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 31037772 records from 3314 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0068447-240506114902167/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/a2g-lwv-0b8
title: Crepis alpestris (Jacq.) Tausch

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/nk2-cs4-a08
title: Helminthotheca echioides (L) Holub

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/3w9-t4t-3dg
title: Helianthus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/xge-4y3-hvc
title: Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/427-299-xvq
title: Sisymbrium irio L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/z9l-bxs-y1q
title: Aethionema saxatile (L.) W. T. Aiton

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ps5-la3-q87
title: Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/tt7-cg0-n4f
title: Veronica prostrata L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/s93-g2v-cwv
title: Carex tomentosa L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/a0n-9mp-vwt
title: Rumex alpinus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/j8k-mxk-thx
title: Carex hirta L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ltc-s6j-7ke
title: Ornithogalum vulgare Sailer

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/qyd-xyb-v3x
title: Morina persica L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/4wq-90k-7z8
title: Carex ornithopoda Willd.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/bhd-s06-hew
title: Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/fqn-yde-fws
title: Bupleurum karglii Vis.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ajd-pl0-p12
title: Potentilla collina Wibel

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/y2t-a4c-fr1
title: Lomelosia crenata (Cirillo) Greuter & Burdet

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/02z-yzr-ajp
title: Leucanthemum atratum (Jacq.) DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/4bc-bgs-78d
title: Onopordum acanthium L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/4fb-1w1-pzv
title: Pinus peuce Griseb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/elh-597-g71
title: Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. & Kit.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/fnv-kkt-36f
title: Rumex obtusifolius subsp. sylvestris (Lam.) Celak.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/sb3-r95-2a2
title: Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/bmk-n7p-14v
title: Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/qpe-vlz-trj
title: Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/765-97p-pre
title: Pilosella officinarum Vaill.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/nv5-657-t0x
title: Oxybasis glauca (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/2y0-tc7-dm4
title: Helminthotheca echioides (L) Holub

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ldl-ewd-gv0
title: Drosera rotundifolia L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/4qa-etj-d5m
title: Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/w4j-d6s-qmk
title: Lycopus exaltatus L.f.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/mbz-zkv-vbw
title: Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex W. D. J. Koch & Ziz

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/n2n-tbd-smt
title: Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/831-1mr-hf4
title: Pentanema britannicum (L.) D. Gut. Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E. Rico & M. M. Mart. Ort.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/mkc-f6q-eed
title: Physalis alkekengi L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/6mn-h64-drg
title: Primula auricula L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/qrk-tjh-2e8
title: Cymbalaria muralis G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/b3n-xev-57z
title: Betula pubescens Ehrh.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/e3z-20z-l8j
title: Amaranthus deflexus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/90v-4my-6cj
title: Pilosella aurantiaca subsp. aurantiaca

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/jvz-zv1-0p9
title: Cerastium glomeratum Thuill.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/3gg-rg1-ds2
title: Elymus caninus (L.) L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4p25sw
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 11 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Acacia melanoxylon",
 "Country is Morocco",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 11 records from 6 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0074731-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/0bx-784-y13
title: Potentilla collina Wibel

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/x11-yzw-q74
title: Verbascum nigrum L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/4q9-peq-tk2
title: Asperugo procumbens L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/rsy-6r0-tlv
title: Crepis tectorum L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.j5cv5v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Acacia melanoxylon",
 "Country is Peru",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0074732-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.3535/htq-32s-wp5
title: Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/s7j-04g-3zb
title: Cruciata glabra (L.) Opiz

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/2cp-sba-2qv
title: Cyperus michelianus (L.) Delile

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/6fy-gkj-s73
title: Setaria P.Beauv.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/dmk-rp6-2lf
title: Xanthium strumarium L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ywd-71r-46m
title: Crepis setosa Haller fil.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/49d-m8m-khk
title: Holcus mollis L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/k1b-045-zfp
title: Carex stenophylla Wahlenb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/lla-jv6-yj7
title: Ornithogalum nutans L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/zbw-zl4-1ns
title: Achnatherum calamagrostis (L.) P.Beauv.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ljn-wwg-880
title: Thalictrum minus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/rzw-q17-s4h
title: Galium pumilum Murray

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/mqp-mtz-9gb
title: Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P.Beauv.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/542-23v-w5c
title: Carex stenophylla Wahlenb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/8nt-08l-lb3
title: Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/m3h-n7p-35q
title: Phleum pratense L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/mkl-arr-c6d
title: Papaver confine Jord.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/n7w-6pq-nmc
title: Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/xfe-330-nx8
title: Agrostis scabra Willd.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/3ys-535-beg
title: Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/vac-xzm-e9r
title: Papaver confine Jord.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/kd8-ghd-cv0
title: Carpinus orientalis Mill.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ztb-vas-y61
title: Lathyrus hirsutus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/9td-rh7-1qv
title: Eragrostis multicaulis Steud.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/d5h-ns1-vmy
title: Valerianella dentata (L.) Pollich

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29693216
title: Key Aspect Prediction for Silent Vulnerability Fixes

description: This repository contains the dataset related to "Key Aspect Prediction for Silent Vulnerability Fixes via Semantic Augmentation."
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29693216.v1
title: Key Aspect Prediction for Silent Vulnerability Fixes

description: This repository contains the dataset related to "Key Aspect Prediction for Silent Vulnerability Fixes via Semantic Augmentation."
DOI: 10.3535/1qm-y44-p87
title: Melica uniflora Retz.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/3lg-1q9-mkz
title: Papaver rhoeas L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/x2r-lzr-hfl
title: Thinopyrum intermedium subsp. intermedium

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/ckt-16a-h52
title: Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Borbás

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/nrs-r8e-q12
title: Jacobaea paludosa subsp. paludosa

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/tfz-k42-wvx
title: Melissa officinalis L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.r6qygp
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 250 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Specimen)",
 "Country is Indonesia",
 "TaxonKey is Dendrocalamus"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 250 records from 10 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0074733-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/1kp-d2f-w4t
title: Mespilus germanica L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.
DOI: 10.3535/rt9-4vf-tw7
title: Aster amellus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at University of Graz.