DOI: 10.5061/dryad.63xsj3v77
title: Data from: Variation in flower size and shape of Impatiens capensis is correlated with urbanization in Montreal, Canada

description: Urbanization is changing the conditions in which many species live,
 forcing them to adjust to these novel environments. Floral size and shape
 are critical traits for the reproduction of plants pollinated by animals
 as they are involved in the attraction of pollinators and in efficient
 pollination. Variation in size and shape could be affected by urbanization
 via its modification of the abiotic environment (habitat fragmentation,
 water availability, temperature, soil properties), or via its impact on
 the biotic environment of plants (pollination, herbivory). Although
 numerous studies have assessed the impact of urbanization on pollinator
 communities and on many plant traits, few have investigated its impact on
 floral size and shape while quantifying the proportion of the total
 urbanization effect that is due to biotic interactions. In this study, we
 tested if urbanization and pollinator visitation rates affects the flower
 shape of the spotted jewelweed, Impatiens capensis. We quantified size and
 shape of flowers in frontal and profile views using geometric
 morphometrics for 228 individuals from six populations from the region of
 Montreal, Canada. Pollinator visitation rates were estimated at each site
 and the main pollinators were found to be bumblebees, honeybees and
 hummingbirds. We found that floral size and shape are significantly
 correlated with urbanization as measured by the amount of vegetation in
 the surrounding environment of the plants (mean normalized vegetation
 index, NDVI) and by the visitation rates of bumblebees and honey bees.
 Partitioning of the total flower shape variation suggests that
 urbanization affects flower shape through abiotic factors and via its
 impact on pollinator visitation rates. While further studies from other
 cities are necessary to confirm the role of urbanization in shaping the
 floral shape of I. capensis, these results support the idea that
 urbanization could affect flower shapes.
description: The R script and data to repeat the analyses can be opened with
 any text editor. The raw images are in jpeg format and
 can be opened with most imagery software.
description: # Description of dataset [Access this dataset on
 Dryad](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.63xsj3v77) This dataset contains
 flower shape data for geometric morphometric analyses as well as
 urbanization and pollinator information to test the effect of these
 variables on flower shape.  Six populations of *Impatiens capensis* were
 studied. Three were located in suburban zones and three in more natural
 sites. The suburban sites are located in the city of Laval, Quebec, Canada
 (identified with the prefix “SU” for suburban). One population on Rang
 St-François (SU-RSF) is a prairie on the side of a calm road near a
 highway (N45.61418° W73.70214°). The Rue Bergeron population (SU-RB) is at
 the extremity of a dead end and the population starts in a flowering
 prairie and continues by a stream in a forest (N45.652144° W73.752036°).
 The last suburban population is located near the golf course UFO (SU-UFO)
 and is located along a path crossing a stream in a forest (N45.54913°
 W73.85662°). The three other populations are located in natural parks and
 ecological reserves (identified with the prefix “N”). One natural site is
 in the Oka National Park (N-OKA), in a prairie along the road crossing the
 park (N45.48597° W74.02457°). Another natural population is in the park
 Rivière-du-Nord (N-RDN) along a stream (N45.868984° W74.084186°). The last
 population is located along the road in a protected reserve near the
 Station de Biologie des Laurentides (N-SBL) of the Université de Montréal,
 in the town of Saint-Hippolyte (N45.974711° W74.020419°). The package is
 composed of 3 zip archived. The content of each archive is described
 below. Note: the TPS format is described in [Rohlf, F.J. 2015. The tps
 series of software. Hystrix.
 26(1):9-12](https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-26.1-11264). It is in standard
 text format and can be opened with any text editor. ## Archive:
 pictures\_by\_population.zip Pictures in front and profile view. Each
 population is in a different folder. Files are in jpeg format. ## Archive:
 scripts.zip Scripts to perform the analyses presented in the study. The
 scripts are in R language. * Impatiens_script_final.R : Main script *
 utility_functions.R : Contains functions associated with geometric
 morphometrics ## Archive: data.zip ### Folder: ./data/morpho #### File:
 front.tps File containing the raw geometric morphometric data of the front
 pictures in TPS format. #### File: front\_photo\_info.csv File containing
 specimen information for the front pictures. Variables: * Individual:
 Number identifying each single individual * Photo: Name of the photo *
 Population: Name of the population * Stage: Flower developmental stage *
 Urbanization: Whether the population in from urban or non-urban
 environment. #### File: profile.tps File containing the raw geometric
 morphometric data of the profile pictures in TPS format. #### File:
 profile\_photo\_info.csv File containing specimen information for the
 profile pictures. Variables: * Individual: Number identifying each single
 individual * Photo: Name of the photo * Population: Name of the population
 * Stage: Flower developmental stage * Urbanization: Whether the population
 in from urban or non-urban environment. #### File:
 semilandmarks\_front.csv Semi-landmark information for the front pictures.
 Variables: * slide: The semi-landmark * before: The landmark preceding the
 semi-landmark in the curve * after: The landmark after the semi-landmark
 in the curve #### File: semilandmarks\_profile.csv Semi-landmark
 information for the profile pictures. Variables: * slide: The
 semi-landmark * before: The landmark preceding the semi-landmark in the
 curve * after: The landmark after the semi-landmark in the curve ###
 Folder: ./data/urbanization #### File: urban\_data.csv Data file
 containing the urbanization information for each site. Variables: * Site:
 Name of the population * ndvi_500m: Mean normalized difference vegetation
 index (NDVI) value in a circle of 500m radius centered on the population *
 ndvi_1km: Mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value in a
 circle of 1km radius centered on the population * ndvi_2km: Mean
 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value in a circle of 2km
 radius centered on the population * gmis_500m: Mean impervious surfac
 cover (global man-made impervious surface) value in a circle of 500m
 radius centered on the population * gmis_1k: Mean impervious surfac cover
 (global man-made impervious surface) value in a circle of 1km radius
 centered on the population * gmis_2km: Mean impervious surfac cover
 (global man-made impervious surface) value in a circle of 2km radius
 centered on the population ### Folder: ./data/pollinators #### File:
 Pollinator\_raw\_data.csv File containing the raw pollinator data
 information. Variables: * Date: Date of obsdervation * Population: Name of
 the population * Observer: Name of observer * Time of the observation:
 Time of the observation * Species observed: Species name of the animal
 observed * Pollinator: Variable indicating whether the animal is a
 pollinator or not * Taxonomic group: Taxoomic group of the animal * Number
 of flowers observed: Number of flowers that were observed by the observer
 * Period of observation: Period of observation (range) * Duration of
 observation: Length of observation period in minutes * Notes: Notes on the
 observation