DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b5mkkwh8z
title: Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro; lowland bamboo (Poaceae, Bambusinea) in Ethiopia: Genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow analysis

description: As one of the most important non-timber forest resources, a potential
 alternative to wood and wood product and fastest-growing plant in the
 world (91 cm (35 in) per day), bamboo is a member of the grass family
 (Poaceae) and constitutes a single subfamily Bambusoideae. 67% of total
 area of bamboo in Africa and 7% of world total is contributed by Ethiopia
 giving more than 1.44 million hectares. Silica gel dried young fresh
 leaves from 130 individuals of O. abyssinica were collected for
 DNA extraction and PCR amplification. Each of the PCR amplified ISSR
 fragments using 19 ISSR primers were used to study band pattern and
 heterozigosity, level of polymorphism, calculating marker efficiency,
 Nei`s (H) and Shannon (I) genetic diversity, analysis of molecular
 variance (AMOVA), analysis for cluster, principal coordinates (PCoA) and
 admixture results. High genetic variation at species level was observed
 with the percentage of the polymorphic loci (PPL) = 84.48%. The H, I,
 observed number of alleles (Na) and effective number of alleles (Ne) at
 species level was 0.2702, 0.4061, 1.8448, and 1.4744, respectively,
 showing a relatively high level of genetic diversity. However, the genetic
 differentiation at the population level was relatively low. AMOVA using
 grouped populations revealed that, most of the diversity was distributed
 within the populations (61.05%) with FST = 0.38949, FSC = 0.10486 and FCT
 = 0.31797. Cluster analysis grouped the populations into sharply distinct
 clusters, which could be attributed to cross pollination nature of the
 plant and long lived to the area. STRUCTURE analyses for all population
 and excluding Gambella population gives different result K = 2 and K = 11.
 Using these markers, we find strong evidence linking geographic origin of
 diversity and samples from Gambella Region found different from others and
 might tell the availability of additional bamboo species in the country.
description: Silica gel dried young fresh leaves from 130 individuals
 representing 13 naturally grown populations of O. abyssinica were
 collected for DNA extraction and PCR amplification. Each of the PCR
 amplified ISSR fragments using best 19 ISSR primers out of 38 primers
 were scored manually. According to the weight of the DNA
 ladder, the same weight bands were marked as a line. The bands that were
 clearly visible and repeatable on the electrophoresis map were marked as
 "1", the absence of a band at the same site was marked as
 "0" and "?" for the ambiguous bands that were not
 clearly shown were scored as a missing data. Intensity variations among
 fragments having approximately the same molecular size were not considered
 although in some cases intensity differences of the bands were observed. 
 A binary data matrix was compiled with individuals in the column and the
 ISSR markers in the row for each primer set and vice-versa according to
 the requirements of the software’s. Each amplified fragments was named by
 the code of the primers across the row and/or column followed by the
 Arabic numbers starting from the fragment having high molecular weight to
 the fragments with low molecular weight. Both the total number of bands
 amplified by each primer and the number of polymorphic bands were
 calculated. On the basis of the recorded band profiles, different
 software’s were employed for the analysis of the data. used
 to study band pattern and heterozigosity, level of polymorphism,
 calculating marker efficiency, Nei`s (H) and Shannon (I) genetic
 diversity, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), analysis for cluster,
 principal coordinates (PCoA) and admixture results.