DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8gtht76wm
title: Data from: Sexually divergent selection, allometric constraints, and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in cichlids from Lake Tanganyika

description: The evolution of sexual dimorphism is widely acknowledged as manifestation
 of sex-specific genetic architecture. Although empirical studies suggested
 that sexual dimorphism evolves as a joint consequence of constraints
 arising from the genetic architecture and sexually divergent selection, it
 remains unclear whether and how these established microevolutionary
 processes scale up to the macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism
 among taxa. Here, we studied how sexual selection and parental care drive
 sexual dimorphism in cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika. We found that
 male-male competition, female choice, and maternal mouthbrooding are
 associated with sexual dimorphism in body length, body color, and head
 length, respectively, despite strong allometric relationships between body
 length and head length. Within-species (static) allometry of head length
 on body length evolved as sex-specific responses to mouthbrooding where
 females evolved higher intercepts while males evolved steeper slopes.
 Thus, selection to increase mouth size in mouthbrooders may have broken
 down and reorganized the pattern of allometric constraints that are
 inherently strong and concordant between sexes. Furthermore, sex-specific
 responses to mouthbrooding left a remarkably clear signature on the
 macroevolutionary pattern, resulting in a decoupling of co-evolution in
 parameters of static allometries observed exclusively within maternal
 mouthbrooders. Our study provides multiple lines of evidence that are
 consistent with the idea that macroevolutionary patterns of sexual
 dimorphism in Lake Tanganyika cichlids result from sexually divergent
 selection. Our approach illustrates that an examination of
 within-population phenotypic variance in the phylogenetic comparative
 framework may facilitate nuanced understandings of how macroevolutionary
 patterns are generated by underlying microevolutionary processes.
description: In total, 1289 samples from 39 species were used in this study,
 out of which 1056 samples from 33 species were photographed. All photos
 were resized to a uniform scale. Measurements of standard length and head
 length, as specified in the Supplementary Data, were then obtained either
 from the photographs, where available, or directly from the fish
 samples.
description: # Data from: Sexually divergent selection, allometric constraints, and the
 evolution of sexual dimorphism in cichlids from Lake Tanganyika In total,
 1289 samples from 39 species were used in this study, out of which 1056
 samples from 33 species were photographed. All photos were resized to a
 uniform scale. Measurements of standard length and head length, as
 specified in the Supplementary Data, were then obtained either from the
 photographs, where available, or directly from the fish samples. ## File
 structure The file "Supplementary_Data.csv" contains details
 about the samples that were used in the study, including measurements of
 standard length and head length. BMNN: Natural History Museum, London, UK.
 HUMZ: Marine Zoology, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan. LBM: Lake Biwa
 Museum, Kusatsu, Japan. MNHN: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,
 Paris, France. MRAC: Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren,
 Belgium. TT: Private collection of Tetsumi Takahashi. The file names of
 the photographs consist of abbreviated species names, followed by the sex
 of the specimen (M for male or F for female), and then the catalogue
 number (e.g. Abur_F_4294.tif). Here are the abbreviations for the species:
 * Abur for Astatotilapia burtoni * Adwe for Aulonocranus dwendti * Bhor
 for Benthochromis horii * Bmic for Boulengerochromis microlepis * Cmac for
 Callochromis macrops * Chor for Shuja horei * Cgib for Cyphotilapia
 gibberosa * Edes for Ectodus descampsi * Ecya for Eretmodus cyanostictus *
 Glem for Grammatotria lemairii * Htri for Haplotaxodon trifasciatus * Iloo
 for Interochromis lookii * Jorn for Julidochromis ornatus * Llem for
 Lamprologus lemairii * Lelo for Lepidiolamprologus elongatus * Laur for
 Limnochromis auritus * Ldar for Limnotilapia dardennii * Llab for
 Lobochilotes labiatus * Nmod for Neolamprologus modestus * Ntet for
 Neolamprologus tetracanthus * Oven for Ophthalmotilapia ventralis * Pbri
 for Paracyprichromis brieni * Pmic for Perissodus microlepis * Pfam for
 Petrochromis famula * Pstr for Plecodus straeleni * Sdia for Simochromis
 diagramma * Tbra for Telmatochromis brachygnathus * Tmoo for Tropheus
 moorii * Vmoo for Variabilichromis moorii * Xbou for Xenotilapia
 boulengeri * Xfla for Xenotilapia flavipinnis * Xrot for Xenotilapia
 rotundiventralis * Xspi for Xenotilapia spiloptera