DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q8m4f
title: Data from: Contrasting gene expression programs correspond with predator-induced phenotypic plasticity within and across-generations in Daphnia

description: Research has shown that a change in environmental conditions can alter the
 expression of traits during development (i.e., ‘within-generation
 phenotypic plasticity’) as well as induce heritable phenotypic responses
 that persist for multiple generations (i.e., ‘transgenerational
 plasticity’). It has long been assumed that shifts in gene expression are
 tightly linked to observed trait responses at the phenotypic level. Yet,
 the manner in which organisms couple within- and trans-generational
 plasticity at the molecular level is unclear. Here we tested the influence
 of fish predator chemical cues on patterns of gene expression within- and
 across-generations using a clone of Daphnia ambigua that is known to
 exhibit strong transgenerational plasticity but weak within-generation
 plasticity. Daphnia were reared in the presence of predator cues in
 generation 1 and shifts in gene expression were tracked across two
 additional asexual experimental generations that lacked exposure to
 predator cues. Initial exposure to predator cues in generation 1 was
 linked to ~50 responsive genes but such shifts were 3-4x larger in later
 generations. Differentially expressed genes included those involved in
 reproduction, exoskeleton structure, and digestion; major shifts in
 expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins were also identified.
 Furthermore, shifts within the first generation and transgenerational
 shifts in gene expression were largely distinct in terms of the genes that
 were differentially expressed. Such results argue that the gene expression
 programs involved in within- versus trans-generation plasticity are
 fundamentally different. Our study provides new key insights into the
 plasticity of gene expression and how it relates to phenotypic plasticity
 in nature.
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