DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbsfp
title: Data from: A forebrain hub for cautious actions via the midbrain

description: Adaptive goal-directed behavior requires dynamic coordination of movement,
 motivation, and environmental cues. Among these, cautious actions, where
 animals adjust their behavior in anticipation of predictable threats, are
 essential for survival. Yet, their underlying neural mechanisms remain
 less well understood than those of appetitive behaviors, where caution
 plays little role. Using calcium imaging in freely moving mice we show
 that glutamatergic neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are robustly
 engaged by contraversive movement during cue-evoked avoidance and
 exploratory behavior. Model-based analyses controlling for movement and
 other covariates revealed that STN neurons additionally encode salient
 sensory cues, punished errors, and especially cautious responding, where
 their activity anticipates avoidance actions. Targeted lesions and
 optogenetic manipulations reveal that STN projections to the midbrain are
 necessary for executing cued avoidance. These findings identify a critical
 role for the STN in orchestrating adaptive goal-directed behavior by
 integrating sensory, motor, and punitive signals to guide timely, cautious
 actions via its midbrain projections.
description: # Data from: A forebrain hub for cautious actions via the midbrain Dataset
 DOI: [10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbsfp](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbsfp) ##
 Description of the data and file structure The data correspond to the
 figures and panels shown in the published paper. All files are .ogwu books
 from OriginLab. Find the free reader online here:
 [https://www.originlab.com/viewer/](https://www.originlab.com/viewer/) All
 the sheets inside each figure file (Figure_#.ogwu) are labeled according
 to the figure, plot, and label they correspond to in the paper. The book
 sheets include defining metadata shown as parameter rows or indexed
 columns. These refer to information related to the plots shown in the
 paper. Each sheet contains traces (time series) or measured values. Any
 additional data or metadata in the sheets (but not listed below) are not
 included in the related paper.  Below we list each sheet name within a
 figure_#.ogwu. This is followed by defining details. The **bold names**
 are definitions of Parameter rows or Column names in the sheet, depending
 on the data. Each sheet name refers directly to the panel of the figure
 from which it comes.   #### Figure_1.ogwu Figure 1B bottom - Source
 Data.ogwu Figure 1B top - Source Data.ogwu Figure 1C bottom Speed - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 1C top FF - Data Source.ogwu **Long Name**: indicates
 speed type (Spd=Overall, Rot=Rotational, and Tra=Translational)
 **getFile**: filename (includes subject (vgt1234), session (a,b,c…), and
 file number (1,2,3…)) **Event**: peak type (Cxp=All peaks, Cxp4=No peaks 3
 sec prior, Cxp5=1 peak every&gt;5 sec) #### Figure_2.ogwu Figure 2A Ang -
 Data Traces.ogwu Figure 2A FF - Data Traces.ogwu Figure 2A Rot - Data
 Traces.ogwu Figure 2A Spd - Data Traces.ogwu Figure 2B All turns- Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 2B Noturns 3 sec prior - Data Source.ogwu Figure 2B
 Turn per 5 sec - Data Source.ogwu **Units**: 0, 4, and 5 indicate peak
 type, p=contraversive, n=ipsiversive, **File**: filename **Area**:
 measured area under the curve **Pk**: measured peak value **xPk**: time to
 Pk Fig. 2A "-Data Traces" are representative traces of the
 "Data Source" measurements in 2B. #### Figure_3.ogwu Figure 3B
 bottom Speed - Data Traces.ogwu Figure 3B top FF - Data Traces.ogwu Figure
 3C bottom left Angle - Data Traces.ogwu Figure 3C bottom middle Angle -
 Data Traces.ogwu Figure 3C bottom right Speed - Data Traces.ogwu Figure 3C
 top left FF - Data Traces.ogwu Figure 3C top middle FF - Data Traces.ogwu
 Figure 3C top right FF - Data Traces.ogwu Figure 3D left PCA - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 3D Right Peak bias - Data Source.ogwu **Class**: cell
 class (1=Class B, 2=Class A, 5=Class C) **Cond1**: cell class (Cl1=Class
 A, Cl2=Class B, Cl3=Class C)  Fig. 3B/C "-Data Traces" are
 representative traces of the "Data Source" measurements in 3D.
 #### Figure_4.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF cs1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A
 Bottom FF cs2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF cs3 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF cs4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF
 cs5 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF cs6 - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 4A Bottom FF cs7 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF cs8 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF cs9 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom FF
 cs10 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs1 - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs3 -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A
 Bottom Speed cs5 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs6 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs7 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom
 Speed cs8 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs9 - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 4A Bottom Speed cs10 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4B bottom
 Translational - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4B middle Overall Speed - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 4B middle Rotational - Data Source.ogwu Figure 4B Top
 FF - Data Source.ogwu **CSif2CS**: row code (=) **Low**: ·      
 1            4 kHz ·       9            6 kHz ·       3            8 kHz
 ·       8            12 kHz ·       6            16 kHz **High**: ·      
 2            4 kHz ·       10          6 kHz ·       4            8 kHz
 ·       7            12 kHz ·       5            16 kHz **Cond**:
 indicates tone intensity and frequency **File**: filename **Area:**
 measured area under the curve #### Figure_5.ogwu Figure 5B - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5C Bottom left Speed AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C
 Bottom left Speed AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Bottom left Speed
 AA3-CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Bottom left Speed AA3-CS2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5C Bottom right Speed AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C
 Bottom right Speed AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Bottom right Speed
 AA3-CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Bottom right Speed AA3-CS2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5C Top left FF AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Top
 left FF AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Top left FF AA3-CS1 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5C Top left FF AA3-CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Top
 right FF AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C Top right FF AA2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5C Top right FF AA3-CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5C
 Top right FF AA3-CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Bottom left Speed AA1 -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Bottom left Speed AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 5D Bottom left Speed AA3-CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Bottom right
 Speed AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Bottom right Speed AA2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5D Bottom right Speed AA3-CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 5D Bottom right Speed AA3-CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Top left FF AA1
 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Top left FF AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D
 Top left FF AA3-CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Top right FF AA1 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5D Top right FF AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Top
 right FF AA3-CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5D Top right FF AA3-CS2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5E Avoid - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5E Baseline - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 5E From Action - Data Source.ogwu Figure 5E Orient -
 Data Source.ogwu #### B-D **File**: filename **CS/CSif2CS**: Trial type
 (1=CS1, 2=CS2, 3=CS3) **Code**: Tasks (101=AA1, 112=AA2, 740=AA3,
 9660=AA4) **Avoids%**: percentage of avoids **Avoid** **Latency**: latency
 of avoid responses **ITCs/trial**: number of intertrial crossings per
 trial  #### E **Fac1**: Task type **Fact2**: Respond (act=avoids,
 noact=escape or miss) **Subj**: Animal **Ses**: Session #### Figure_6.ogwu
 Figure 6A Bottom left Speed CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A Bottom left
 Speed CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A Bottom left Speed CS3 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 6A Bottom right Speed CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A
 Bottom right Speed CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A Bottom right Speed CS3
 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A Top left FF CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A
 Top left FF CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A Top left FF CS3 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 6A Top right FF CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A Top
 right FF CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6A Top right FF CS3 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 6B Baseline - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6B From Action -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 6B Orient - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6C Bottom
 Speed Shock - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6C Bottom Speed US - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 6C Bottom Speed WN - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6C Top FF
 Shock - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6C Top FF US - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6C
 Top FF WN - Data Source.ogwu Figure 6D Baseline - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 6D Escape - Data Source.ogwu **Code**: Tasks, 156=unSignaled US
 **CSif2CS**: Trial type for unSignaled US (1=US-shockWN, 2=Shock, 3=WN)
 Otherwise, same as Fig5. #### Figure_7.ogwu Figure 7A xcorr Cl1 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 7A xcorr cl2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7A xcorr Cl3 -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 7A xcorr Cl4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B Bottom
 left Speed Cl1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B Bottom left Speed Cl2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 7B Bottom left Speed Cl3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B
 Bottom left Speed Cl4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top left FF Cl1 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top left FF Cl2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top
 left FF Cl3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top left FF Cl4 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top right FF Cl1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top
 right FF Cl2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top right FF Cl3 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 7B Top right FF Cl4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Bottom
 left Speed Cl1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Bottom left Speed Cl2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 7C Bottom left Speed Cl3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C
 Bottom left Speed Cl4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Bottom right Speed Cl1
 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Bottom right Speed Cl2 - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 7C Bottom right Speed Cl3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Bottom right
 Speed Cl4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Top left FF Cl1 - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 7C Top left FF Cl2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Top left FF Cl3 -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Top left FF Cl4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C
 Top right FF Cl1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Top right FF Cl2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 7C Top right FF Cl3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7C Top
 right FF Cl4 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7D Avoid - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 7D Baseline - Data Source.ogwu Figure 7D From Action - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 7D Orient - Data Source.ogwu #### A-C **decX3**: Neuron Classes
 (1=Class 4-red, 2=Class 2-green, 3=Class 3-cyan, 4=Class 1-black)
 **File**: filename #### D **Fac1**: Task **Fac2**: Trial response
 (cor=Active avoids, err=Escapes) **Fac4**: Neuron class (cl1=class4, cl2=
 class2, cl3= class3, cl4= class1) **Subj**: Animal **Area1**: Baseline
 **Area2**: Orient **Area3**: Avoid/escape **e9Area4**: Avoid/escape from
 Action #### Figure_8.ogwu Figure 8A Bottom Speed Mode1 - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 8A Bottom Speed Mode2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8A Bottom Speed
 Mode3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8A Top FF Mode1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 8A Top FF Mode2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8A Top FF Mode3 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 8B Bottom Speed Mode1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8B
 Bottom Speed Mode2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8B Bottom Speed Mode3 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 8B Top FF Mode1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8B Top FF
 Mode2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8B Top FF Mode3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 8C Avoid - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8C Baseline - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 8C From Action - Data Source.ogwu Figure 8C Orient - Data Source.ogwu Same
 as Fig. 7 **Site3**: Animal ID-session number-cell ID **Fac3**: Avoid Mode
 ID (cl1=Mode2, cl2=Mode3, cl3=Mode1) #### Figure_9.ogwu Figure 9A Bottom
 left Speed type1a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Bottom left Speed Type1b -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Bottom left Speed Type1c - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 9A Bottom middle Speed Type2a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Bottom
 middle Speed type2b - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Bottom middle Speed
 Type2c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Bottom right Speed Type3a - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 9A Bottom right Speed Type3b - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 9A Bottom right Speed Type3c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Top left FF
 type1a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Top left FF Type1b - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 9A Top left FF Type1c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Top middle FF
 Type2a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Top middle FF type2b - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 9A Top middle FF Type2c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A
 Top right FF Type3a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Top right FF Type3b -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 9A Top right FF Type3c - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 9B Bottom left Speed Type1a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Bottom left Speed
 Type1b - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Bottom left Speed Type1c - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 9B Bottom middle Speed Type2a - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 9B Bottom middle Speed type2b - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Bottom middle
 Speed Type2c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Bottom right Speed Type3a - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 9B Bottom right Speed Type3b - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 9B Bottom right Speed Type3c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Top left FF
 Type1a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Top left FF Type1b - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 9B Top left FF Type1c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Top middle FF
 Type2a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Top middle FF type2b - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 9B Top middle FF Type2c - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B
 Top right FF Type3a - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Top right FF Type3b -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 9B Top right FF Type3c - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 9CD Avoid - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9CD Baseline - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 9CD From Action - Data Source.ogwu Figure 9CD Orient - Data Source.ogwu
 Same as Fig. 8, but each Mode has 3 Types of Neurons **Fac3**: Avoid Mode
 (cl1=Mode2, cl2=Mode3, cl3=Mode1) **Fac4**: Neuron Type (a1=a, a2=b, a3=c)
 #### Figure_10.ogwu Figure 10A left AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 10A left
 AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 10A right AA3-CS1-CS2 - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 10B left Speed AA1-CS - Data Source.ogwu Figure 10B left Speed
 AA1-CS-Light - Data Source.ogwu Figure 10B left Speed AA2-CS - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 10B left Speed AA2-CS-Light - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 10B right Speed CS1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 10B right Speed CS1-Light -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 10B right Speed CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 10B
 right Speed CS2-Light - Data Source.ogwu Figure 10C left AA1 AA2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 10C right AA3-CS1-CS2 - Data Source.ogwu #### AB
 **Cond1a/11a**: Trial/Light condition for AA1 and AA2 (CS1=CS+Light,
 CS2=CS, CS3=NoCS) **Cond32a**: Trial/Light condition for AA3 (AA=CS1,
 PA=CS2, 74000-AA=CS1+Light, 74000-PA=CS2+Light, 400-LnoUS=NoCS+Light)
 **Ses**: filename **Avoids%**: percentage of avoids **ITCs/trial**: number
 of intertrial crossings per trial **Latency**: latency of responses #### C
 **Cond3**: Trial/Light condition For AA1 and AA2 **Cond33s**: Trial/Light
 condition for AA3 (CS1, CS2, CS1Lit, CS2Lit) **File**: filename **Pk2**:
 Orienting **Pk3**: Avoid #### Figure_11.ogwu Figure 11A bottom cell counts
 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11B AA1 AA2 AA3-CS1-CS2 AAV lesion - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 11C left Speed AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11C left
 Speed AA1-Lesion - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11C left Speed AA2 - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 11C left Speed AA2-Lesion - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11C
 right Speed AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11C right Speed AA1-Lesion -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 11C right Speed AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11C
 right Speed AA2-Lesion - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11D Speed CS1-Control -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 11D Speed CS1-Lesion - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11D
 Speed CS2-Control - Data Source.ogwu Figure 11D Speed CS2-Lesion - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 11E Avoids from CS onset- Data Source.ogwu Figure 11E
 Avoids from response- Data Source.ogwu Figure 11E Orient from CS onset -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 11G AA1 AA2 AA3-CS1-CS2 electrolytic lesion - Data
 Source.ogwu #### A **Animal**: animal **Section**: histology section
 number **Group**: group (Lesion, Control) **Manual cell count**: cell
 number within 0.02mm^2^ in STN #### B-D **Code**: Tasks (101=AA1, 112=AA2,
 740=AA3) **Groupi**: animal type (alSTN=Lesion, Control) **Animal**:
 animal **Session**: session **CS**: Trial type (1=Active Avoids, 2=Passive
 Avoids) **Avoids%**: percentage of avoids **Avoid** **Latency**: latency
 of avoid responses **ITCs/trial**: number of intertrial crossings per
 trial #### E **Cond2/2av/12**:  Condition **Animal**: animal **Session**:
 session **Pk2**: Orienting **Pk3**: Avoid from CS onset **Pk4**: Avoid
 from response #### G **Cond13B**: Tasks (bef=Control, aft=Lesion)
 **File**: Filename **Avoids%**: percentage of avoids **Avoid**
 **Latency**: latency of avoid responses **ITCs/trial**: number of
 intertrial crossings per trial #### Figure_12.ogwu Figure 12B left AA1 -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 12B left AA1-NoCS - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12B
 middle AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12B middle AA2-NoCS - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 12B right AA3 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12C left Speed
 AA1-CS - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12C left Speed AA1-CS-Light - Data
 Source.ogwu Figure 12C left Speed AA2-CS - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12C
 left Speed AA2-CS-Light - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12C right Speed CS1 -
 Data Source.ogwu Figure 12C right Speed CS1-Light - Data Source.ogwu
 Figure 12C right Speed CS2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12C right Speed
 CS2-Light - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12D left AA1 - Data Source.ogwu Figure
 12D left AA2 - Data Source.ogwu Figure 12D right AA3 - Data Source.ogwu
 #### A **Cond21A/22A**: Trial/Light condition (Hi=CS+Light-Hi,
 Low=CS+Light-Lo, Zero=CS only) **Cond23A**: Trial/Light condition (AA=CS1,
 PA=CS2, AAL=CS1+Light-Hi, PAL=CS2+Light-Hi) **Effect1**: animal type
 (STN-PPT or NoOpsin) **Ses**: session **Avoids%**: percentage of avoids
 **Avoid** **Latency**: latency of avoid responses **ITCs/trial**: number
 of intertrial crossings per trial #### C **Code1**: Task (600=AA1,
 9600=AA2, 74000=AA3) **CS**: Trial/Light condition #### D
 **Cond1tr2A/2tr2A**: Light condition for AA1 and AA2 (Hi=CS+L, Zero=CS)
 **Cond3tr2A**: Trial/Light condition for A3 (AA=CS1, PA=CS2, AAL=CS1+L,
 PAL=CS2+L) **File**: filename **Pk2**: Orienting **Pk3**: Avoid ##
 Code/software All files are .ogwu books from Originlab. Find the free
 reader online here:
 [https://www.originlab.com/viewer/](https://www.originlab.com/viewer/) All
 files are labeled according to the figure, plot, and trace/column color
 they correspond to in the paper. The books include defining metadata shown
 as parameter rows or indexed columns. These refer to information related
 to the plots shown in the paper. Each book contains traces (time series)
 or measured values as noted below. Any additional data or metadata in the
 books (not listed below) are not detailed/included in the related paper.
 ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: *
 none Data was derived from the following sources: * none