cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.7274/25528111
title: Why Do They Apostatize? Apostasy, Law, and Religious Argumentation in the Western Mediterranean (ca. 1200-1300)

description: In the Western Mediterranean, the relation between Christian and Muslim powers shifted drastically in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Militarily, the balance of power between the Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula and the Muslim rulers in al-Andalus (Southern Iberia) and the Maghrib (North Africa) started to shift in favor of the Christians. Multiple successful campaigns, spread over a century and half, placed most of the Iberian Peninsula and the local Muslim populations under Christian control. Meanwhile, successive Berber dynasties in al-Andalus and the Magrib enacted social reforms which sought to promote the hegemony of first Maliki and then Almohad teachings. These changes also increased tax burdens and other oppressive measures against local dhimmi communities (non-Muslims permitted to live under Muslim Rule) which stressed the tenuous peace between these groups and the ruling Muslims. These reforms culminated in the Almohads forcibly converting many dhimmi groups.
Intellectually, Muslim and Christian leaders simultaneously tried to address these social changes while also trying to apply new forms of rationalist argumentation to interreligious disputes. Interwoven into all these changes was an impetus to shift the religious demographics: convert members of the opposite religion and prevent the apostasy of coreligionists.
This dissertation examines the concept of apostasy as it appears in Christian and Islamic legal and religious writing during this period. It investigates how authors of legal texts and religious polemics changed their understanding of the concept of apostasy in connection with their changing understanding of religious persuasion, and, correspondingly, how they adjusted their attempts to curb apostasy through normative social controls. Furthermore, it attempts to bring disparate sources into discussion. This study explores descriptions of apostasy to discern changes in the general understanding of the phenomenon over time and to clarify the distinctions between polemical and legal thinking about apostasy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This exploration reveals a period in which the crisis of authority in religious argumentation drove both Christian and Muslim authors to newly acknowledge the potential for belief-driven apostasy and to reinforce social displays of religious affiliation. Both Christian and Muslim authors increasingly acknowledged the potential for rationalistic arguments to generate apostates. Moreover, these changes affected both legal and rhetorical responses to apostasy threats, which suggests an intimate connection between legislative and polemical conceptualizations of religious others.
DOI: 10.7274/25528111.v1
title: Why Do They Apostatize? Apostasy, Law, and Religious Argumentation in the Western Mediterranean (ca. 1200-1300)

description: In the Western Mediterranean, the relation between Christian and Muslim powers shifted drastically in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Militarily, the balance of power between the Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula and the Muslim rulers in al-Andalus (Southern Iberia) and the Maghrib (North Africa) started to shift in favor of the Christians. Multiple successful campaigns, spread over a century and half, placed most of the Iberian Peninsula and the local Muslim populations under Christian control. Meanwhile, successive Berber dynasties in al-Andalus and the Magrib enacted social reforms which sought to promote the hegemony of first Maliki and then Almohad teachings. These changes also increased tax burdens and other oppressive measures against local dhimmi communities (non-Muslims permitted to live under Muslim Rule) which stressed the tenuous peace between these groups and the ruling Muslims. These reforms culminated in the Almohads forcibly converting many dhimmi groups.
Intellectually, Muslim and Christian leaders simultaneously tried to address these social changes while also trying to apply new forms of rationalist argumentation to interreligious disputes. Interwoven into all these changes was an impetus to shift the religious demographics: convert members of the opposite religion and prevent the apostasy of coreligionists.
This dissertation examines the concept of apostasy as it appears in Christian and Islamic legal and religious writing during this period. It investigates how authors of legal texts and religious polemics changed their understanding of the concept of apostasy in connection with their changing understanding of religious persuasion, and, correspondingly, how they adjusted their attempts to curb apostasy through normative social controls. Furthermore, it attempts to bring disparate sources into discussion. This study explores descriptions of apostasy to discern changes in the general understanding of the phenomenon over time and to clarify the distinctions between polemical and legal thinking about apostasy during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This exploration reveals a period in which the crisis of authority in religious argumentation drove both Christian and Muslim authors to newly acknowledge the potential for belief-driven apostasy and to reinforce social displays of religious affiliation. Both Christian and Muslim authors increasingly acknowledged the potential for rationalistic arguments to generate apostates. Moreover, these changes affected both legal and rhetorical responses to apostasy threats, which suggests an intimate connection between legislative and polemical conceptualizations of religious others.
DOI: 10.7274/25607820
title: Midrash, Polemic, and the Formation of the Latin Talmud

description: The Dialogi contra Iudaeos by Petrus Alphonsi and the Adversus Iudeorum inveteratam duritiem by Peter the Venerable were pioneering Christian works engaging extensively with rabbinic texts, notably exposing significant theological challenges within the rabbinic corpus to a Christian audience. These works are often credited with initiating extensive citations of Talmudic aggadot, which contributed to events leading to the burning of the Talmud in Paris.

My dissertation, "Midrash, Polemic, and the Formation of the Latin Talmud," reevaluates this narrative through a source-critical examination of the aggadic literature in these polemical works. It posits that Alphonsi and Peter relied not primarily on the Talmud, but on a broader array of midrashic, liturgical, mystical, and popular texts circulating widely in medieval Jewish communities. These texts were often compiled together, influencing the Christian scholarly response and the organization of aggadah around themes like anthropomorphism.

This study elucidates how Alphonsi and Peter’s engagements with Jewish texts offer insights into the process of anti-Judaizing in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, reflecting a complex cultural ecosystem that included non-legal texts. Moreover, it challenges the conventional distinction in scholarship between polemic and exegesis, showing that polemical writers accessed and utilized the same texts as their more benign counterparts, possibly interacting directly with Jewish scholars.

Finally, by exploring how both Christian authors identified and used these texts alongside the Jewish identification of similar sources, my work addresses broader questions about the meaning and implications of the word 'Talmud' in medieval Christian and Jewish contexts.
DOI: 10.7274/25607820.v1
title: Midrash, Polemic, and the Formation of the Latin Talmud

description: The Dialogi contra Iudaeos by Petrus Alphonsi and the Adversus Iudeorum inveteratam duritiem by Peter the Venerable were pioneering Christian works engaging extensively with rabbinic texts, notably exposing significant theological challenges within the rabbinic corpus to a Christian audience. These works are often credited with initiating extensive citations of Talmudic aggadot, which contributed to events leading to the burning of the Talmud in Paris.

My dissertation, "Midrash, Polemic, and the Formation of the Latin Talmud," reevaluates this narrative through a source-critical examination of the aggadic literature in these polemical works. It posits that Alphonsi and Peter relied not primarily on the Talmud, but on a broader array of midrashic, liturgical, mystical, and popular texts circulating widely in medieval Jewish communities. These texts were often compiled together, influencing the Christian scholarly response and the organization of aggadah around themes like anthropomorphism.

This study elucidates how Alphonsi and Peter’s engagements with Jewish texts offer insights into the process of anti-Judaizing in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, reflecting a complex cultural ecosystem that included non-legal texts. Moreover, it challenges the conventional distinction in scholarship between polemic and exegesis, showing that polemical writers accessed and utilized the same texts as their more benign counterparts, possibly interacting directly with Jewish scholars.

Finally, by exploring how both Christian authors identified and used these texts alongside the Jewish identification of similar sources, my work addresses broader questions about the meaning and implications of the word 'Talmud' in medieval Christian and Jewish contexts.
DOI: 10.7274/25607829
title: Apocalyptic Themes in Early Medieval English Homilies

description: This dissertation considers the use of apocalyptic theology and literary themes in vernacular homilies in pre-Conquest medieval England. Previous studies of apocalyptic writing from this period typically focus on the work of named homilists Wulfstan of York and Aelfric of Eynsham, or on the anonymous Blickling and Vercelli Homilies manuscripts. This leaves unexplored the ways in which anonymous homilies and those of named homilists interact within manuscripts, and perpetuates an arbitrary distinction between the two categories. This dissertation makes use of two manuscript case studies, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MSS 419 and 421, to elucidate how apocalyptic homilies interact within a homiliary. The study considers the recurring use of apocalyptic themes and figures like Antichrist, environmental cataclysm, and the portrayal of the afterlife, which collectively depict a global upheaval that retains its rhetorical impact by remaining both imminent and distant. Moreover, it examines the integration of legal codes, local legends, and religious figures to contextualize the apocalypse within the lived experiences of 11th-century English audiences, underscoring the homilies' relevance and immediacy. The findings reveal that manuscript compilers in the 11th century selectively drew from both named and anonymous homilists, repurposing their material to address contemporary concerns. Finally, the dissertation argues that one of the primary functions of early medieval English apocalyptic homilies was to fortify the authority of the Church not only as the path to spiritual salvation in the near future, but also as a socially and politically stabilising force in the present during a period of considerable disorder.
DOI: 10.7274/25607829.v1
title: Apocalyptic Themes in Early Medieval English Homilies

description: This dissertation considers the use of apocalyptic theology and literary themes in vernacular homilies in pre-Conquest medieval England. Previous studies of apocalyptic writing from this period typically focus on the work of named homilists Wulfstan of York and Aelfric of Eynsham, or on the anonymous Blickling and Vercelli Homilies manuscripts. This leaves unexplored the ways in which anonymous homilies and those of named homilists interact within manuscripts, and perpetuates an arbitrary distinction between the two categories. This dissertation makes use of two manuscript case studies, Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MSS 419 and 421, to elucidate how apocalyptic homilies interact within a homiliary. The study considers the recurring use of apocalyptic themes and figures like Antichrist, environmental cataclysm, and the portrayal of the afterlife, which collectively depict a global upheaval that retains its rhetorical impact by remaining both imminent and distant. Moreover, it examines the integration of legal codes, local legends, and religious figures to contextualize the apocalypse within the lived experiences of 11th-century English audiences, underscoring the homilies' relevance and immediacy. The findings reveal that manuscript compilers in the 11th century selectively drew from both named and anonymous homilists, repurposing their material to address contemporary concerns. Finally, the dissertation argues that one of the primary functions of early medieval English apocalyptic homilies was to fortify the authority of the Church not only as the path to spiritual salvation in the near future, but also as a socially and politically stabilising force in the present during a period of considerable disorder.
DOI: 10.7274/25608525
title: Inventing Postwar Justice: Nuremberg and the Holocaust's Legal Legacy, 1945-1998

description: This dissertation examines how the trial of Adolf Eichmann (1961) and the Frankfurt-Auschwitz Trial (1963-65) evolved the principles of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (IMT, 1945-46) from a logic of retribution to an emphasis on the moral and historical roles of international criminal law. Though scholars of international law understand the Holocaust’s influence on international justice primarily through the impact of the IMT, this dissertation illustrates how the Eichmann and Auschwitz Trials reconstructed the legal and moral aspects of the Nuremberg precedent in the decades between the end of WWII and the international criminal trials of the 1990s. Though the IMT had laid out the principle of individual criminal accountability premised on punishing the Nazi elite, the instigators of the Eichmann and Auschwitz Trials initiated these trials with the intention of not just judicial punishment, but also the extra-legal aims of nation building, collective memory, and affirming the protection of human dignity. Their attempts to balance the demands of truth and justice created a new legal and moral language of a “just” response to mass atrocities that would define the contours of future legal responses to mass violence. When the world once again faced instances of genocide in the 1990s, international legal discourse would be shaped by how these trials answered the demands inherent in the promise of “never again.”
DOI: 10.7274/25608525.v1
title: Inventing Postwar Justice: Nuremberg and the Holocaust's Legal Legacy, 1945-1998

description: This dissertation examines how the trial of Adolf Eichmann (1961) and the Frankfurt-Auschwitz Trial (1963-65) evolved the principles of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (IMT, 1945-46) from a logic of retribution to an emphasis on the moral and historical roles of international criminal law. Though scholars of international law understand the Holocaust’s influence on international justice primarily through the impact of the IMT, this dissertation illustrates how the Eichmann and Auschwitz Trials reconstructed the legal and moral aspects of the Nuremberg precedent in the decades between the end of WWII and the international criminal trials of the 1990s. Though the IMT had laid out the principle of individual criminal accountability premised on punishing the Nazi elite, the instigators of the Eichmann and Auschwitz Trials initiated these trials with the intention of not just judicial punishment, but also the extra-legal aims of nation building, collective memory, and affirming the protection of human dignity. Their attempts to balance the demands of truth and justice created a new legal and moral language of a “just” response to mass atrocities that would define the contours of future legal responses to mass violence. When the world once again faced instances of genocide in the 1990s, international legal discourse would be shaped by how these trials answered the demands inherent in the promise of “never again.”
DOI: 10.7274/25541065
title: Constructing the Political Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli

description: This dissertation traces the formative transformations of Islamic and Western political thought in the longue durée by analyzing the body of symbols, metaphors, linguistic practices, and affective attitudes that form the backdrop against which thinking about politics takes place in discrete historical settings. The arguments that can be appealed to within this affective universe are constrained by a range of premises that need not be deemed “rational” in another context. I take this as a starting point to design a methodology for comparative intellectual history that is informed by recent developments in cognitive psychology as well as by more traditional philosophical works on moral psychology. 
I study how Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) and Machiavelli (1469-1527) tackle the problem of political stability without losing sight of the problem of political vitality. I pay close attention to how their respective retrievals of history, and their understanding of such retrievals, lie at the heart of every serious effort at epistemic justification or political legitimation. And I examine in detail their inquiry into the formidable sway of affective drives and their suggestions as to how they can be sublimated. The comparison between Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli fills a major gap in the literature despite frequent allusions to their resemblance. The comparative approach that I follow, moreover, lends itself to a range of applications. It throws into relief some of the intractable issues in political theory and peace studies and explains why disagreements between different cultures over otherwise trifling issues (dress code, say, or certain aspects of decorum) should become at times a source of great consternation and discontent. It also sheds light on divergences in deeper issues of value, like standards of fairness, limits of autonomy, sources of prestige and status, and responses to modernization.
DOI: 10.7274/25541065.v1
title: Constructing the Political Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli

description: This dissertation traces the formative transformations of Islamic and Western political thought in the longue durée by analyzing the body of symbols, metaphors, linguistic practices, and affective attitudes that form the backdrop against which thinking about politics takes place in discrete historical settings. The arguments that can be appealed to within this affective universe are constrained by a range of premises that need not be deemed “rational” in another context. I take this as a starting point to design a methodology for comparative intellectual history that is informed by recent developments in cognitive psychology as well as by more traditional philosophical works on moral psychology. 
I study how Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) and Machiavelli (1469-1527) tackle the problem of political stability without losing sight of the problem of political vitality. I pay close attention to how their respective retrievals of history, and their understanding of such retrievals, lie at the heart of every serious effort at epistemic justification or political legitimation. And I examine in detail their inquiry into the formidable sway of affective drives and their suggestions as to how they can be sublimated. The comparison between Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli fills a major gap in the literature despite frequent allusions to their resemblance. The comparative approach that I follow, moreover, lends itself to a range of applications. It throws into relief some of the intractable issues in political theory and peace studies and explains why disagreements between different cultures over otherwise trifling issues (dress code, say, or certain aspects of decorum) should become at times a source of great consternation and discontent. It also sheds light on divergences in deeper issues of value, like standards of fairness, limits of autonomy, sources of prestige and status, and responses to modernization.
DOI: 10.7274/25607802
title: Genocide and Cultural Change: Civilian Survival Strategies and the Reinvention of Political Culture During Guatemala's Mayan Genocide

description: This dissertation addresses the puzzle of political participation in the aftermath of genocide. The empirical record suggests that while exposure to violence ushers in high levels of participation in the aftermath of violence in some survivor communities, it leads to apathy and withdrawal in others. Why do individuals and communities that lived through horrific levels of violence during genocide become highly politicized by this experience in some cases but not in others? Relying on the case of indigenous communities that survived the Mayan genocide in the 1980s in Guatemala, this dissertation develops a theory of cultural change amidst genocide. I argue that the survival strategies that civilians adopt to navigate violence explain the transformation of their political cultures amidst violence. In the municipality of Ixcán, in northern Guatemala, indigenous civilians overwhelmingly made one of three survival choices: exit, voice or loyalty. I find that the strategies that civilians followed amidst genocide placed them in dramatically different cultural environments, which shaped the transformation of their political cultures during wars. Through continuing socialization in the post-conflict period, these war-inherited political cultures currently explain divergences in the levels of political participation in survivor communities. I relied on archive work, interviews, participant observation and a community survey embedded in eight months of fieldwork to generate this theory of cultural change in genocide.
DOI: 10.7274/25607802.v1
title: Genocide and Cultural Change: Civilian Survival Strategies and the Reinvention of Political Culture During Guatemala's Mayan Genocide

description: This dissertation addresses the puzzle of political participation in the aftermath of genocide. The empirical record suggests that while exposure to violence ushers in high levels of participation in the aftermath of violence in some survivor communities, it leads to apathy and withdrawal in others. Why do individuals and communities that lived through horrific levels of violence during genocide become highly politicized by this experience in some cases but not in others? Relying on the case of indigenous communities that survived the Mayan genocide in the 1980s in Guatemala, this dissertation develops a theory of cultural change amidst genocide. I argue that the survival strategies that civilians adopt to navigate violence explain the transformation of their political cultures amidst violence. In the municipality of Ixcán, in northern Guatemala, indigenous civilians overwhelmingly made one of three survival choices: exit, voice or loyalty. I find that the strategies that civilians followed amidst genocide placed them in dramatically different cultural environments, which shaped the transformation of their political cultures during wars. Through continuing socialization in the post-conflict period, these war-inherited political cultures currently explain divergences in the levels of political participation in survivor communities. I relied on archive work, interviews, participant observation and a community survey embedded in eight months of fieldwork to generate this theory of cultural change in genocide.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2mpruy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
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 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0008178-241107131044228/datasets/export for details.