DOI: 10.71615/bexis.31925
title: Temporal pair-wise arthropod data including species-specific metrics, land-use and environmental drivers for all experimental plots (2008-2017)

description: Land-use intensification is considered a major driver of biodiversity loss. However, most evidence for land use effects come from space-for-time substitutions, comparing biodiversity in areas differing in current land use intensity. Despite their frequent use, the robustness of space-for-time substitutions in capturing temporal changes in biodiversity remains unclear. We compared spatial and temporal responses of plant and arthropod communities to changes in land-use intensity, using 150, ten-year time series from grasslands in three German regions (Schwäbische Alb, Hainich-Dün, Schorfheide-Chorin) from sampling years 2008-2018 (this dataset, 31921, 31924, 31925). This data set comprises the data used to calculate temporal diversity responses of arthropod-communities to land-use changes (all experimental plots 2008-2017).
description: Study design: Our analysis aimed to compare diversity responses of plants and arthropods to land-use changes over time and space. For this we created four datasets (this dataset, 31921, 31924, 31926). With this data set we calculated arthropod diversity responses to land-use change across time, for each of the sampled experimental plots in grasslands with annual records of arthropod data (herbivores, secondary consumers) from sweep-netting.  Land-use intensity was measured as land use intensity index (LUI, Blüthgen et al. 2012) with annual data per experimental plot manually standardized across all years and regions (see method section of the publication and the source code in Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14899738). To account for environmental covariates over-shading land-use effects we included beyond data on land use intensity (LUI) and its components from the respective years, also the following variables in our analysis (see supplementary dataset description for details, which can be found as attachment to this dataset):&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1) arthropod communities and trophic groups (dataset ID: 21969, 26008, 27706)&lt;br&gt;2) land-use intensity (dataset ID: 25086)&lt;br&gt;3) geographic position (dataset ID: 20826)&lt;br&gt;4) year (dataset ID: 25086)&lt;br&gt;5) grassland permanency (dataset ID: 31018)&lt;br&gt;6) grassland isolation (dataset ID: 18148)&lt;br&gt;7) soil conditions (pH, soil nutrients) (dataset ID: 14446, 14447, &lt;br&gt;    17086)&lt;br&gt;8) climatic conditions (temp, precipitation) (dataset ID: 24766) | Sampling design: Our analysis aimed to compare diversity responses of plants and arthropods to land-use changes over time and space. For this we created for datasets (this dataset, 31921, 31924, 31926). This data set was created to analyse the diversity responses of arthropod herbivores and secondary consumers to temporal land use changes by building all possible combinations of plot pairs across time (45 unique pairs of 10 years x 150 plots) within space (plot). For these plot-pairs we calculated a series of alpha- and beta-diversity indices, their mean and difference per plot pair, as well as plot means and differences in land-use intensity (LUI and it´s components) and environmental factors(see attached supplementary dataset description for details about selected factors and the Method section, as well as as the provided R code of the publication for data handling).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In short: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Arthropod communities were sampled by sweep netting along a 150-m long transect comprising three of the virtual borders of a site by conducting 60 double sweeps per site. Sweep netting was only conducted on days without rain, low wind speed and after morning dew had dried. Plot-year combinations with insufficient sampling quality were removed from the data set following Seibold et al. (2019).Division into trophic groups (herbivore, secondary consumer, decomposers) based on their known food source as adults (Gossner et al. 2015). Decomposers were excluded from the dataset as there were too few species to reliably estimate plot-level temporal trends. Data on relative abundance of occurring species was used to calculate indices of α and β diversity for arthropod herbivores and secondary consumers.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Land-use intensity (LUI) was calculated following (Blüthgen et al. 2012): sqrt((Fertilisation / Global mean Fertilisation) + (Mowing / Global mean Mowing) + (Grazing / Global mean Grazing)) and subsequently calculating the mean for each year between 2008-2018. In the analysis we used mean LUI and difference in LUI (deltaLUI) between any two plot pairs (different experimental plots) within the same experimental plot. To account for spatial variation between temporal plot pairs and its effect on mean LUI, LUI values were scaled to experimental plot averages by using the residuals of a the linear model correlating LUI or its components to experimental plot as explanatory factor (LUIres). mean LUI was measured as average between LUIres of experimental plot 1 (LUI1res) and plot 2 (LUI2res). As delta LUI should not be influence by the overall LUI level per plot accross years, delta LUI was based on the difference of "raw" LUI values as obtained from the LUI tool and after standardization (rawLUI1, rawLUI2).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Soil conditions were summarised using the first PCA axis (soilPCA1) from the input data from 2011 on soil pH, nitrogen stock, total soil nitrogen, organic carbon stock, soil organic carbon, soil C:N ratio) according to Birkhofer et al.(2012).&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Grassland permanency was calculated based on historical land-use maps quantifying the stability of grassland covers between 1820/50 (1820: Schwaebische Alb; 1850: Hainich, Schorfheide-Corin) and 2008 within 500 m radius of each plot &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Grassland isolation was calculated as described in Gossner et al. (2016). Based on arial photographs with 40 cm resolution from 2008 we measured the cover of all potential grassland habitats within a 500 m radius of each plot; one minus this grassland proportion was used as an estimate of grassland isolation.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Climatic conditions were included through the annual sum of mean day air temperature at 2 m above surface and the number of rainy days in each plot. Temperature data were measured with data loggers on each plot. Information on rainy days is based on precipitation data from the German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, https://www.dwd.de/). | Data analysis: We used linear models and generalised dissimilarity models to compare effects of temporal and spatial land-use intensity variation on differences in plant and arthropod alpha diversity and beta-diversity, respectively. For details see dataset 31939. | Literature references: 1) Birkhofer, Klaus, Ingo Schöning, Fabian Alt, Nadine Herold, Bernhard Klarner, Mark Maraun, Sven Marhan, et al. 2012. “General Relationships between Abiotic Soil Properties and Soil Biota across Spatial Scales and Different Land-Use Types.” PloS One 7 (8): e43292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043292.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;2) Blüthgen, Nico, Carsten F. Dormann, Daniel Prati, Valentin H. Klaus, Till Kleinebecker, Norbert Hölzel, Fabian Alt, et al. 2012. “A Quantitative Index of Land-Use Intensity in Grasslands: Integrating Mowing, Grazing and Fertilization.” Basic and Applied Ecology 13 (3): 207–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2012.04.001.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;3) Gossner, Martin M., Thomas M. Lewinsohn, Tiemo Kahl, Fabrice Grassein, Steffen Boch, Daniel Prati, Klaus Birkhofer, et al. 2016. “Land-Use Intensification Causes Multitrophic Homogenization of Grassland Communities.” Nature 540 (7632). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20575.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4) Gossner, Martin M, Nadja K Simons, Roland Achtziger, Theo Blick, Wolfgang H.O Dorow, Frank Dziock, Frank Köhler, Wolfgang Rabitsch, and Wolfgang W Weisser. 2015. “A Summary of Eight Traits of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Araneae, Occurring in Grasslands in Germany.” Scientific Data 2 (1): 150013. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.13.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;5) Seibold, Sebastian, Martin M. Gossner, Nadja K. Simons, Nico Blüthgen, Jörg Müller, Didem Ambarlı, Christian Ammer, et al. 2019. “Arthropod Decline in Grasslands and Forests Is Associated with Landscape-Level Drivers.” Nature 574 (7780): 671–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1684-3. | Data references: LUI tool: https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de/lui/LUICalculation/index&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ostrowski, Andreas; Lorenzen, Katrin; Petzold, Eleonora; Sirko Schindler (2025): Land-use intensity index (LUI) calculation tool of the Biodiversity Exploratories project for grassland survey data from three different regions in Germany since 2006. Version 5. Biodiversity Exploratories Information System. Dataset. https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de/ddm/data/Showdata/31514&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Hänsel, Falk; Forteva, Spaska; Wöllauer, Stephan; Nauss, Thomas (2025): Öffentlich verfügbare Klimadaten der Exploratorien / Open Climate Data of the Exploratories Project. Version 11. Biodiversity Exploratories Information System. Dataset. https://www.bexis.uni-jena.de/ddm/data/Showdata/24766