cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6q573n5w5
title: Biased predation could promote convergence yet maintain diversity within Müllerian mimicry rings of Oreina leaf beetles

description: Müllerian mimicry is a classic example of adaptation, yet Müller’s
 original theory does not account for the persistence of diversity in
 mimicry rings, which has been a thorn in the side of one of the oldest
 models in evolutionary biology. Here, we aimed to assess how well
 classical Müllerian mimicry can account for the color polymorphism found
 in chemically defended Oreina leaf beetles, specifically testing its
 predictions for predator behavior. We also evaluated whether
 thermoregulation can explain diversity between Oreina mimicry rings. We
 found that frequencies of each color morph were positively correlated
 among species, a critical prediction of Müllerian mimicry. Predators
 learned to associate color with chemical defenses. Learned avoidance of
 the green morph of one species protected green morphs of another species.
 Avoidance of blue morphs was completely generalized to green morphs, but
 surprisingly, avoidance of green morphs was less generalized to blue
 morphs. This asymmetrical generalization should favor green morphs:
 indeed, green morphs persist in blue communities, whereas blue morphs are
 entirely excluded from green communities. We did not find a correlation
 between elevation and coloration, rejecting thermoregulation as an
 explanation for diversity between mimicry rings. Biased predation could
 explain within-community diversity in warning coloration, providing a
 solution to a longstanding puzzle. We propose testable hypotheses for why
 asymmetric generalization occurs, and how predators maintain the
 predominance of blue morphs in a community despite asymmetric
 generalization.
description: One dataset contains frequencies of beetles found in natural
 communities in the Alps. The other contains data from laboratory
 experiments conducted using Blue Tits as predators on the beetles.
 Additionally, we include our R script for analysis.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h18931zh3
title: Young but not defenseless: Antifungal activity during embryonic development of a social insect

description:       Termites live in
 environments heavily colonized by diverse microbial communities, including
 pathogens. Eggs laid within the nest likely experience similar pathogenic
 pressures as their older nestmates. Consequently, they may have also been
 under selective pressures to be immune-competent. Through in
 vitro experiments, we tested the
 ontogeny, location and strength of embryos’ antifungal
 activity against the fungus Metarhizium
 brunneum. Extraembryonic washes and intraembryonic
 components were incubated with fungal conidia, which was
 then scored for viability. Fungistatic activity was location- and
 stage-dependent. Extraembryonic washes had relatively weak antifungal
 activity. Conversely, intraembryonic contents were highly antifungal,
 exhibiting increased potency through development. Boiling both embryonic
 washes and intraembryonic contents rescued conidia viability, indicating
 the antifungal agent(s) is (are) heat-sensitive, and
 likely proteinaceous. Embryonic protein profiles shifted from
 putative vitellogenins in young embryos to multiple proteins in subsequent
 stages, suggesting that the increase in fungistatic activity may
 be due to the expression of endogenous proteins during
 embryogenesis. This study is the first to address embryonic antifungal
 activity in a hemimetabolous, eusocial taxon. Our results support
 the hypothesis that microbes have been significant agents of selection,
 fostering the evolution of antifungal properties in termite eggs, the most
 immature and supposed, most vulnerable stage of development.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d51c5b000
title: The influence of bat ecology on viral diversity and reservoir status

description: Bats host a diversity of viruses, some zoonotic. Repeated emergence of
 diseases that jump into humans from bat reservoirs highlights a need for
 predictive approaches to pre-emptively identify virus-carrying species. We
 use a machine learning approach to examine drivers of viral diversity in
 bats, and differences in those drivers between RNA and DNA viruses. We
 find bat species with longer lifespans, broad geographic distributions in
 the eastern hemisphere, and large group sizes carry more viruses. Lifespan
 was a stronger predictor of DNA viral diversity, while group size and
 family were more important for RNA viruses, patterns that may reflect
 broad differences in infection duration. Finally, we identify 55 bat
 species not currently considered reservoirs that are most likely to carry
 viruses. Mapping these predictions highlights global regions that could be
 targeted for disease surveillance, including those with few bat species
 but a large proportion of predicted carriers.
description: Data were collected using primary literature searches, existing
 trait databases, and published field guides.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gqnk98sjd
title: Within-population sperm competition intensity does not predict asymmetry in conpopulation sperm precedence

description: Postcopulatory sexual selection can generate evolutionary arms races
 between the sexes resulting in the rapid coevolution of reproductive
 phenotypes. As traits affecting fertilization success diverge between
 populations, postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) barriers to gene flow may
 evolve. Conspecific sperm precedence is a form of PMPZ isolation thought
 to evolve early during speciation yet has mostly been studied between
 species. Here , we show conpopulation sperm precedence (CpSP) between
 Drosophila montana populations. Using Pool-seq genomic data we estimate
 divergence times and ask whether PMPZ isolation evolved in the face of
 gene flow. We find models incorporating gene flow fit the data best
 indicating populations experienced considerable gene flow during
 divergence. We find CpSP is asymmetric and mirrors asymmetry in
 non-competitive PMPZ isolation, suggesting these phenomena have a shared
 mechanism. However, we show asymmetry is unrelated to the strength of
 postcopulatory sexual selection acting within populations. We tested
 whether overlapping foreign and coevolved ejaculates within the female
 reproductive tract altered fertilization success but found no effect. Our
 results show that neither time since divergence nor sperm competitiveness
 predicts the strength of PMPZ isolation. We suggest that instead cryptic
 female choice or mutation-order divergence may drive divergence of
 postcopulatory phenotypes resulting in PMPZ isolation. This article is
 part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.
description: Data file consists of a single zipped folder containing four .csv
 files (described below) and R scripts to perform statistical analyses for
 each section described in the paper. All can be run from the R project
 included. Demographic modelling was performed using data available from:
 Parker et al. (2018). "Inter- and intra-specific genomic divergence
 in Drosophila montana shows evidence for cold adaptation":
 https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.s813p55 Variable
 definitions: 2.PMPZ_data.csv $BLOCK
     : experimental block<br> $cross_1   : first mating female
 population x male population<br> $cross_type: second mating female
 population x male 1 population x male 2 population<br> $female    :
 female population (Colorado or Vancouver)<br> $Mating    : first or
 second mating<br> $RADS      : irradiation treatment; first male
 (M1), second male (M2), both males (DOUBLE), or neither
 (CONTROL)<br> $eggs      : number of eggs laid<br> $hatch    
 : number of eggs laid that hatched<br> $unhatched : eggs -
 hatch<br>   3.repro_investment.csv
 $population: population (Colorado or Vancouver)<br> $sex  
     : male or female<br> $soma_wt   : dry carcass mass -
 reproductive tract<br> $rt_wt     : dry reproductive tract
 mass<br> $bd_wt     : soma_wt + rt_wt<br>  
 4.mating_capacity.csv $Male_ID: Unique male
 ID<br> $Mating : Mating number<br> $POP    : Population
 (Colorado or Vancouver)<br> $count  : Progeny count<br>
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0gb5mkkxw
title: No evidence for neonicotinoid preferences in the bumblebee Bombus impatiens

description: Neonicotinoid pesticides can have a multitude of negative sub-lethal
 effects on bees. Understanding their impact on wild populations requires
 accurately estimating the dosages bees encounter under natural conditions.
 This is complicated by the possibility that bees might influence their own
 exposure: two recent studies found that bumblebees (Bombus terrestris)
 preferentially consumed neonicotinoid-contaminated nectar, even though
 these chemicals are thought to be tasteless and odourless. Here we used
 Bombus impatiens to explore two elements of these reported preferences,
 with the aim of understanding their ecological implication and underlying
 mechanism. First, we asked whether preferences persisted across a range of
 realistic nectar sugar concentrations, when measured at a series of time
 points up until 24 hours. Second, we tested whether bees’ neonicotinoid
 preferences were driven by an ability to associate their post-ingestive
 consequences with floral stimuli such as color, location, or scent. We
 found no evidence that foragers preferred to consume
 neonicotinoid-containing solutions, despite finding effects on feeding
 motivation and locomotor activity in line with previous work. Bees also
 did not preferentially visit floral stimuli previously paired with a
 neonicotinoid-containing solution. These results highlight the need for
 further research into the mechanisms underlying bees’ responses to these
 pesticides, critical for determining how neonicotinoid-driven foraging
 preferences might operate in the real world for different bee species.
DOI: 10.25338/b8fp59
title: Data from: Naïve domestic Bos Taurus calves recognize the scent of a canine predator

description: Wild ungulates can recognize certain predators without previous
 experience, but this innate ability may be relaxed under domestication.
 Using naïve dairy calves, Bos taurus, we examined the effects of exposure
 to a predator odour (coyote, Canis latrans, urine) and two control odours
 (deer urine and water) on (1) latency to approach a milk food reward, (2)
 exploration, vigilance and locomotor play, (3) magnitude of the startle
 response to a sudden noise delivered upon arrival at the feeder and (4)
 heart rate during feeding in 10 min trials on three consecutive days. In
 response to predator odour, calves delayed feeding and tended to explore
 more and play less in the first 30 s of the trial compared to calves
 exposed to control odours. The duration spent feeding and standing with
 the head raised (i.e. vigilant) did not differ among treatments. On the
 first day, calves exposed to predator odour startled more to a sudden
 noise than control animals. Mean heart rate during feeding decreased
 across days in the control treatments, but not in the predator treatment,
 suggesting a sustained response to the predator odour. We conclude that
 naïve domestic calves retain the ability to distinguish between predator
 and nonpredator odour.
description: Data were collected from
 the University of California Davis Dairy Facility on 34 calves in 2015.
 Variables are defined in Sheet 2 of the Excel file. The R script used to
 analyze the dataset is provided.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z8w9ghx88
title: Environment dependent costs and benefits of recombination in independently evolved populations of Escherichia coli

description: Understanding of the causes by which reproductive isolation arises remains
 limited. We examine the role of adaptation in driving reproductive
 isolation among 12 Escherichia coli populations evolved in two different
 environments. We found that, regardless of whether parents were selected
 in the same or different environments, the average fitness of recombinants
 was lower than the expected, consistent with a prevailing influence of
 incompatibility between independently accumulated mutations. Exceptions to
 this pattern occurred among recombinants of some parents evolved in
 different environments. These recombinants were less fit than expected in
 the selective environment of one parent, but more fit than expected in the
 selective environment of the other parent. Our results indicate that both
 parallel and divergent adaptation can quickly lead to intrinsic genetic
 barriers contributing to the initial stages of speciation and show that
 these barriers can be complex, for example, depending on the environment
 in which recombinant offspring are tested.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jdfn2z37w
title: Changes in transcriptomic response to salinity stress induce the brackish water adaptation in a freshwater snail

description: Studying mechanisms of the establishment of a population in a novel
 environment allows us to examine the process of local adaptations and
 subsequent range expansion. In a river system, detecting genetic or
 phenotypic differences between a freshwater and brackish water population
 could contribute to our understanding of the initial process of brackish
 water adaptations. Here, we investigated behavioral and gene expression
 responses to the saltwater in a freshwater and brackish water population
 of the freshwater snail, Semisulcospira reiniana. Although the brackish
 water individuals exhibited significantly higher activity in saltwater
 than freshwater individuals in the first week, the activity of freshwater
 individuals increased in subsequent weeks, suggesting that their salinity
 tolerance was plastic rather than genetic. We found 476 and 1,002
 differentially expressed genes across salinity conditions in the
 freshwater and brackish water populations, respectively. The major
 biological process involved in the salinity response of the freshwater
 population was the biosynthesis and metabolic process of nitrogen
 containing compounds, but that of the brackish water population was
 influenced by the chitin metabolic process. These results suggest that
 phenotypic plasticity induces the brackish water adaptation in the
 freshwater snail by modifying salinity response in the physiological
 process.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dr7sqv9vs
title: Data from: Distinct association between APOE ε2 and Aβ in Alzheimer- and vascular-type cognitive impairment

description: Objective: To investigate the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE)
 genotype and amyloid-β (Aβ) burden, as measured by PET in patients with
 subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) and those with
 Alzheimer’s disease-related cognitive impairment (ADCI). Methods: This was
 a cross-sectional study of 310 patients with SVCI and 999 with ADCI. To
 evaluate the effects of APOE genotype or diagnostic group on
 Aβ-positivity, we performed multivariate logistic regression analyses.
 Further distinctive underlying features of latent subgroups were examined
 by employing a latent class cluster analysis approach. Results: In
 comparison with ε3 homozygotes, in the ADCI group, ε2 carriers showed a
 lower frequency of Aβ-positivity (odds ratio [OR] 0.43, 95% CI 0.23–0.79)
 while in the SVCI group, ε2 carriers showed a higher frequency of
 Aβ-positivity (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.02–5.01). In particular, we observed an
 interaction effect of ε2 carrier status and diagnostic group on
 Aβ-positivity (OR 5.12, 95% CI 1.93–13.56), in that relative to ε3
 homozygotes, there were more Aβ-positive ε2 carriers in the SVCI group
 than in the ADCI group. We also identified latent subgroups of Aβ-positive
 APOE ε2 carriers with SVCI and Aβ-positive APOE ε4 carriers with ADCI.
 Conclusions: Our findings suggest that APOE ε2 shows distinctly associated
 with Aβ deposition in patients with SVCI and those with ADCI. Our findings
 further suggest that there is a distinctive subgroup of Aβ-positive APOE
 ε2 carriers with SVCI among patients with cognitive impairments.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b2rbnzsbd
title: Data from: Divergent selection on flowering phenology but not on floral morphology between two closely related orchids

description: Closely related species often differ in traits that influence reproductive
 success, suggesting that divergent selection on such traits contribute to
 the maintenance of species boundaries. Gymnadenia conopsea ss. and
 Gymnadenia densiflora are two closely related,  perennial orchid
 species that differ in (1) floral traits important for pollination,
 including flowering phenology, floral display and spur length, and (2)
 dominant pollinators. If plant-pollinator interactions contribute to the
 maintenance of trait differences between these two taxa, we expect current
 divergent selection on flowering phenology and floral morphology between
 the two species. We quantified phenotypic selection via female fitness in
 one year on flowering start, three floral display traits (plant height,
 number of flowers and corolla size) and spur length, in six populations of
 G. conopsea s.s. and in four populations of G. densiflora. There was
 indication of divergent selection on flowering start in the expected
 direction, with selection for earlier flowering in two populations of the
 early-flowering G. conopsea s.s. and for later flowering in one population
 of the late-flowering G. densiflora. No divergent selection on floral
 morphology was detected, and there was no significant stabilizing
 selection on any trait in the two species. The results suggest ongoing
 adaptive differentiation of flowering phenology, strengthening this
 premating reproductive barrier between the two species. Synthesis: This
 study is among the first to test whether divergent selection on floral
 traits contribute to the maintenance of species differences between
 closely related plants. Phenological isolation confers a substantial
 potential for reproductive isolation, and divergent selection on flowering
 time can thus greatly influence reproductive isolation and adaptive
 differentiation.
description: Field collected data from
 ten populations: six Gymnadenia conopsea (Gråborg early, Kvinneby, Melösa,
 Långlöt, Mörbylånga, Kalkstad) and four G. densiflora (Gråborg late,
 Igelmossen, Ismantorp, Österskog). Measurements of phenotypic traits
 (plant height, corolla area, spur length, number of flowers), flowering
 phenology (date of first flower opening)  and female fitness (number of
 fruits, fruit mass) on each plant individual. The data were used to
 quantify phenotypic selection on floral display and flowering
 phenology.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b35
title: Data for Evolution of the preformative molt in Cardinalidae

description: We explored adaptive factors affecting the preformative molt in the
 passerine family Cardinalidae, and concluded that the ancestor inhabited
 forest habitats and underwent a partial preformative molt that included
 wing coverts but not primaries. Later radiations within the family
 appeared to be characterized by transitions from forests toward more open
 habitats, and such transitions also correlated positively with increased
 preformative molt investment, plumage signaling, and flight. While
 previous studies had highlighted the role of time and energy constraints
 in the evolution of the preformative molt in passerines, we conclude that
 adaptation to the physical environment has had a greater influence than
 constraints on the evolution of this molt in Cardinalidae. Using molt data
 from 430 individuals from 41 of the 51 Cardinalidae species, we tested
 whether social and environmental factors (delayed plumage maturation and
 habitat openness), as well as that of physiological and time constraints
 (body mass, migration distance and breeding latitude) have influenced the
 evolution of the preformative molt in this family. We predicted that these
 five factors could relate to the extent of the preformative molt in terms
 of energy investment, plumage signaling and flight. We also examined
 whether or not the presence of an auxiliary preformative molt correlated
 to the extent of the preformative molt. We found a strong phylogenetic
 signal for the preformative molt in Cardinalidae due to shared ancestry,
 with habitat openness correlating significantly with increased molt
 extent. We also found a very strong relationship with the auxiliary
 preformative molt, indicating that both episodes form part of the early
 life molt strategy in this family. Evolutionary histories and the
 environments to which each taxonomic group has adapted can diverge across
 passerines, and we expect that future studies will further discover the
 nature and strength of the evolutionary drivers of preformative molt.
description: Molt information from museum specimens and field captures in
 banding stations. Natural history information gleaned
 from Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive and Dunning
 (2007). Phylogenetic subset downloaded from
 BirdTree.org. Data used in phylogenetic analyses. R
 code developed by Santi Guallar.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkd9
title: Raw acceleration, gyroscope and depth profiles associated with the observed behaviours of free-ranging immature green turtles in Martinique

description: The identification of sea turtle behaviours is a prerequisite to
 predicting the activities and time-budget of these animals in their
 natural habitat over long term. However, this is hampered by a lack of
 reliable methods that enable the detection and monitoring of certain key
 behaviours such as feeding. This study proposes a combined approach that
 automatically identifies the different behaviours of free-ranging sea
 turtles through the use of animal-borne multi-sensor recorders
 (accelerometer, gyroscope and time-depth recorder), validated by
 animal-borne video-recorder data. We show here that the combination of
 supervised learning algorithms and multi-signal analysis tools can provide
 accurate inferences of the behaviours expressed, including behaviours that
 are of crucial ecological interest for sea turtles, such as feeding and
 scratching. Our procedure uses multi-sensor miniaturised loggers that can
 be deployed on free-ranging animals with minimal disturbance. It provides
 an easily adaptable and replicable approach for the long-term automatic
 identification of the different activities and determination of
 time-budgets in sea turtles. This approach should also be applicable to a
 broad range of other species and could significantly contribute to the
 conservation of endangered species by providing detailed knowledge of key
 animal activities such as feeding, travelling and resting.