DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p5hqbzkm2
title: A new target capture phylogeny elucidates the systematics and evolution of wing coupling in sack‐bearer moths

description: The frenulum is a wing coupling structure that is found on the wings of
 most families of Lepidoptera. It is a single bristle or set of bristles
 that originate from the base of the hindwing that often interlocks with
 the forewing during flight. This wing coupling mechanism is thought to
 have been a major evolutionary innovation that allowed for enhanced flight
 in Lepidoptera. The sack-bearer moths (Mimallonidae) are unusual among
 Lepidoptera in that not all species within the family have a frenulum. We
 test the hypothesis that the frenulum is not necessary and is therefore
 lost in mimallonids that have longer male forewings because such wings are
 perhaps better suited to be coupled by other means. To understand the
 evolution of the frenulum, we inferred the most taxonomically and
 genetically sampled anchored hybrid enrichment-based phylogeny of
 Mimallonidae, including 604 loci from all 41 genera and from 120 species,
 covering about 40% of the described species in the family. The maximum
 likelihood tree robustly supports major relationships within the family,
 and ancestral state reconstruction clearly recovers the frenulum as the
 plesiomorphic condition in Mimallonidae. Our results show that the
 frenulum is more often observed in species that have shorter, rather than
 longer, male forewings. The frenulum has historically been used as an
 important character for intrafamilial classification in Mimallonidae, but
 our results conclusively show that this character system is more variable
 than previously thought. Based on our results, we erect two new
 subfamilies, Roelofinae St Laurent & Kawahara, subfam. n. and
 Meneviinae St Laurent, Herbin, & Kawahara, subfam. n., for four
 genera previously considered incertae sedis. In the predominantly
 frenulum-lacking clade Cicinninae, we describe a new genus, Cerradocinnus
 St Laurent, Mielke, & Kawahara, gen. n., and the genus Gonogramma
 stat. rev. is revalidated to include many species previously placed in
 Cicinnus sensu lato. With these changes, Cicinnus can now be considered
 monophyletic. Thirty-three species are transferred to Gonogramma from
 Cicinnus sensu lato.
description: Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) using the LEP1
 Lepidoptera-specific probe set, raw sequences processed with the
 Lepidoptera-specific pipeline as published by Breinholt et al.
 (2018).
description: The ReadMe file will further explain the contents of this
 submission, but in summary: We are providing:
 -raw Illumina reads for newly sequenced Mimallonidae
 species -individual probe region nucleotide alignments
 for the 604 loci used in this study, after running the raw reads through
 the pipeline of Breinholt et al. (2018) -a concatenated
 supermatrix of the 604 loci -a full AMAS summary
 file -A tree file (NEWICK) for the best of 100
 individual runs for the "part1" partitioning scheme inferred in
 IQ-TREE, the best of 100 part2 tree file -A tree
 file (NEWICK) for the best of 100 individual runs for the
 "part2" partitioning scheme inferred in IQ-TREE, the best of 100
 part2 tree file -A tree file (NEWICK) for the part2
 partitioned dataset, but with problematic taxa removed
 -R stats results and relevant code -A csv file
 for input into the various ancestral state reconstructions and statistical
 tests performed in R