DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ck3b6
title: Data from: Complementary sex determination, inbreeding depression and inbreeding avoidance in a gregarious sawfly

description: Although most Hymenoptera reproduce via arrhenotokous haplodiploidy, the
 underlying genetic mechanisms vary. Of these, the most widespread
 mechanism appears to be single-locus complementary sex determination
 (sl-CSD), in which individuals that are diploid and heterozygous at a
 sex-determining locus are female, and individuals that are homozygous or
 hemizygous are male. Because inbreeding increases the probability of
 producing diploid males, which are often sterile or inviable, sl-CSD can
 generate substantial inbreeding depression. To counteract this,
 Hymenoptera with traits that promote inbreeding, such as gregariousness,
 may evolve one or more of the following: inbreeding avoidance, functional
 diploid males, or alternative sex determination mechanisms. Here, we
 investigate sex determination, inbreeding depression, and inbreeding
 avoidance in Neodiprion lecontei, a gregarious, pine-feeding sawfly in the
 family Diprionidae. First, via inbreeding experiments and flow cytometry,
 we demonstrate that this species has CSD. By modeling expected sex ratios
 under different conditions, we also show that our data are consistent with
 sl-CSD. Second, via tracking survival in inbred and outbred families, we
 demonstrate that inbred families have reduced larval survival and that
 this mortality is partly due to the death of diploid males. Third, using a
 no-choice mating assay, we demonstrate that females are less willing to
 mate with siblings than non-siblings. Together, these results suggest that
 inbreeding depression stemming from CSD has shaped mating behavior in N.
 lecontei. These results also set the stage for future comparative work
 that will investigate the interplay between sex determination, ecology,
 and behavior in additional diprionid species that vary in larval
 gregariousness.
description: Raw flow cytometry
 dataRun information and
 fluorescence values of 1C and 2C peaks for external standards and unknown
 Neodiprion samples that were used to infer ploidy of unknown
 samples.Raw_flow_cytometry_data.csvSex ratio data for inbred and outbred familiesCocoon and adult ratio data for 13 outbred families and 8 inbred families that were used to test the prediction that inbreeding will result in an increase in the proportion males. Data were transformed prior to analysis by taking the arcsine of the square root of the proportion males.Inbred_outbred_sexratio.csvMulti-line multi-generation sex ratio dataAdult emergence data (and proportion males) from nine different lab lines that were reared en masse in the lab for 3-5 generations (see Supplementary Table S1 in manuscript for additional information on lab lines). These data were used to test the prediction that inbreeding in the lab will result in an increase in the proportion of males. Prior to analysis, we took the arcsine of the square root of the proportion males.Multiline_multigen_sexratio.csvSurivval data for inbred and outbred familiesSurvival data (# of eggs, larvae, cocoons, and adults; percent survival from egg to hatch, hatch to cocoon, cocoon to adult, egg to cocoon) from 14 outbred and 11 inbred families that were used to test the hypothesis that this species experiences inbreeding depression. Data were transformed prior to analysis (square root for progeny numbers and arcsine of the square root for survival rates).Inbred_outbred_survival.csvWeight vs. fecundityCocoon mass (mg) and egg number from 15 females that were used to test the hypothesis that cocoon weight is a reliable predictor of female fecundity.Weight_Fecundity.csvCocoon weights for inbred and outbred familiesCocoon weights (in g) measured for 13 outbred and 9 inbred families that produced cocoons. Based on the distribution of cocoon weights within each family, we inferred the sex of each cocoon (cocoon weight is sexually dimorphic, with males weighing less than females). These data were used to test the prediction that inbred families would produce smaller female cocoons than outbred families (due to inbreeding depression).Inbred_outbred_cocoon_weights.csvMating latency dataLatency to mating (sec) for individual pairs from two populations (KY and MI) and two cross types (inbred or outbred) that mated. These data were used to test the prediction that inbred pairs would have a greater latency to mating than outbred pairs (due to inbreeding avoidance).Mating_latency_data.csv