cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011706.v1
title: Summary of different GHG accounting methods, and the correlation of the resulting GHGs normalized indifferent metrics with an aggregate urban energy/carbon intensity index (UEI) of cities

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Summary of different GHG accounting methods, and the correlation of the resulting GHGs normalized indifferent metrics with an aggregate urban energy/carbon intensity index (UEI) of cities. (a) Results for 20 US cities of diverse types, each modeled as a two-region MRIO with GHG intensity of electricity use modeled to vary randomly from ±50% higher or lower compared to the larger economy. (b) Results for the same 20 US cities in a SRIO; all cities have the same electricity GHG intensity as the larger economy. <strong>Abstract</strong> Three broad approaches have emerged for energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for individual cities: (a) purely in-boundary source-based accounting (IB); (b) community-wide infrastructure GHG emissions footprinting (CIF) incorporating life cycle GHGs (in-boundary plus trans-boundary) of key infrastructures providing water, energy, food, shelter, mobility–connectivity, waste management/sanitation and public amenities to support community-wide activities in cities—all resident, visitor, commercial and industrial activities; and (c) consumption-based GHG emissions footprints (CBF) incorporating life cycle GHGs associated with activities of a sub-set of the community—its final consumption sector dominated by resident households. The latter two activity-based accounts are recommended in recent GHG reporting standards, to provide production-dominated and consumption perspectives of cities, respectively. Little is known, however, on how to normalize and report the different GHG numbers that arise for the same city. We propose that CIF and IB, since they incorporate production, are best reported per unit GDP, while CBF is best reported per capita. Analysis of input–output models of 20 US cities shows that GHG<sup>CIF</sup>/GDP is well suited to represent differences in urban energy intensity features across cities, while GHG<sup>CBF</sup>/capita best represents variation in expenditures across cities. These results advance our understanding of the methods and metrics used to represent the energy and GHG performance of cities.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011705.v1
title: Energy-use benchmarks for the case-study cities

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Energy-use benchmarks for the case-study cities. Comparative state-level benchmark shown in <em>[bracket]</em>. (Note: <em>energy-use data</em>: local retrieved from bottom-up data (ICLEI 2010), state retrieved from (EIA 2012); <em>employment statistics</em>: local retrieved from (MIG 2010), state retrieved from (Census 2011); <em>population and households</em>: local retrieved from (MIG 2010), state retrieved from (Census 2011); <em>vehicles miles traveled (VMT)</em>: local retrieved from (ICLEI 2010), state retrieved from (FHWA 2008).) <strong>Abstract</strong> Three broad approaches have emerged for energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for individual cities: (a) purely in-boundary source-based accounting (IB); (b) community-wide infrastructure GHG emissions footprinting (CIF) incorporating life cycle GHGs (in-boundary plus trans-boundary) of key infrastructures providing water, energy, food, shelter, mobility–connectivity, waste management/sanitation and public amenities to support community-wide activities in cities—all resident, visitor, commercial and industrial activities; and (c) consumption-based GHG emissions footprints (CBF) incorporating life cycle GHGs associated with activities of a sub-set of the community—its final consumption sector dominated by resident households. The latter two activity-based accounts are recommended in recent GHG reporting standards, to provide production-dominated and consumption perspectives of cities, respectively. Little is known, however, on how to normalize and report the different GHG numbers that arise for the same city. We propose that CIF and IB, since they incorporate production, are best reported per unit GDP, while CBF is best reported per capita. Analysis of input–output models of 20 US cities shows that GHG<sup>CIF</sup>/GDP is well suited to represent differences in urban energy intensity features across cities, while GHG<sup>CBF</sup>/capita best represents variation in expenditures across cities. These results advance our understanding of the methods and metrics used to represent the energy and GHG performance of cities.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011689
title: Cumulative gross primary productivity (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and evapotranspiration (ET) during spring (MAM) 2011

description: <b>Table 3.</b> Cumulative gross primary productivity (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and evapotranspiration (ET) during spring (MAM) 2011. Relative deviations are reported for spring 2011 compared to 2010. <strong>Abstract</strong> Since the European summer heat wave of 2003, considerable attention has been paid to the impacts of exceptional weather events on terrestrial ecosystems. While our understanding of the effects of summer drought on ecosystem carbon and water vapour fluxes has recently advanced, the effects of spring drought remain unclear. In Switzerland, spring 2011 (March–May) was the warmest and among the driest since the beginning of meteorological measurements. This study synthesizes Swiss FluxNet data from three grassland and two forest ecosystems to investigate the effects of this spring drought. Across all sites, spring phenological development was 11 days earlier in 2011 compared to the mean of 2000–2011. Soil moisture related reductions of gross primary productivity (GPP) were found at the lowland grassland sites, where productivity did not recover following grass cuts. In contrast, spring GPP was enhanced at the montane grassland and both forests (mixed deciduous and evergreen). Evapotranspiration (ET) was reduced in forests, which also substantially increased their water-use efficiency (WUE) during spring drought, but not in grasslands. These contrasting responses to spring drought of grasslands compared to forests reflect different adaptive strategies between vegetation types, highly relevant to biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011687
title: Swiss FluxNet sites used in this synthesis study

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Swiss FluxNet sites used in this synthesis study. Abbreviations denote the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP), mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and friction velocity (<em>u</em><sub></sub>)—a measure for turbulence conditions. Data were compiled from published literature except MAP, which was derived from long-term data provided by MeteoSwiss (see table 2). <strong>Abstract</strong> Since the European summer heat wave of 2003, considerable attention has been paid to the impacts of exceptional weather events on terrestrial ecosystems. While our understanding of the effects of summer drought on ecosystem carbon and water vapour fluxes has recently advanced, the effects of spring drought remain unclear. In Switzerland, spring 2011 (March–May) was the warmest and among the driest since the beginning of meteorological measurements. This study synthesizes Swiss FluxNet data from three grassland and two forest ecosystems to investigate the effects of this spring drought. Across all sites, spring phenological development was 11 days earlier in 2011 compared to the mean of 2000–2011. Soil moisture related reductions of gross primary productivity (GPP) were found at the lowland grassland sites, where productivity did not recover following grass cuts. In contrast, spring GPP was enhanced at the montane grassland and both forests (mixed deciduous and evergreen). Evapotranspiration (ET) was reduced in forests, which also substantially increased their water-use efficiency (WUE) during spring drought, but not in grasslands. These contrasting responses to spring drought of grasslands compared to forests reflect different adaptive strategies between vegetation types, highly relevant to biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011688
title: Precipitation sums and relative deviations from the long-term means (1981–2010) for the year 2011

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Precipitation sums and relative deviations from the long-term means (1981–2010) for the year 2011. Deviations for 2010 are reported for comparison. Long-term data were derived from nearby reference stations by MeteoSwiss while data for 2010 and 2011 were measured directly at the sites. <strong>Abstract</strong> Since the European summer heat wave of 2003, considerable attention has been paid to the impacts of exceptional weather events on terrestrial ecosystems. While our understanding of the effects of summer drought on ecosystem carbon and water vapour fluxes has recently advanced, the effects of spring drought remain unclear. In Switzerland, spring 2011 (March–May) was the warmest and among the driest since the beginning of meteorological measurements. This study synthesizes Swiss FluxNet data from three grassland and two forest ecosystems to investigate the effects of this spring drought. Across all sites, spring phenological development was 11 days earlier in 2011 compared to the mean of 2000–2011. Soil moisture related reductions of gross primary productivity (GPP) were found at the lowland grassland sites, where productivity did not recover following grass cuts. In contrast, spring GPP was enhanced at the montane grassland and both forests (mixed deciduous and evergreen). Evapotranspiration (ET) was reduced in forests, which also substantially increased their water-use efficiency (WUE) during spring drought, but not in grasslands. These contrasting responses to spring drought of grasslands compared to forests reflect different adaptive strategies between vegetation types, highly relevant to biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011688.v1
title: Precipitation sums and relative deviations from the long-term means (1981–2010) for the year 2011

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Precipitation sums and relative deviations from the long-term means (1981–2010) for the year 2011. Deviations for 2010 are reported for comparison. Long-term data were derived from nearby reference stations by MeteoSwiss while data for 2010 and 2011 were measured directly at the sites. <strong>Abstract</strong> Since the European summer heat wave of 2003, considerable attention has been paid to the impacts of exceptional weather events on terrestrial ecosystems. While our understanding of the effects of summer drought on ecosystem carbon and water vapour fluxes has recently advanced, the effects of spring drought remain unclear. In Switzerland, spring 2011 (March–May) was the warmest and among the driest since the beginning of meteorological measurements. This study synthesizes Swiss FluxNet data from three grassland and two forest ecosystems to investigate the effects of this spring drought. Across all sites, spring phenological development was 11 days earlier in 2011 compared to the mean of 2000–2011. Soil moisture related reductions of gross primary productivity (GPP) were found at the lowland grassland sites, where productivity did not recover following grass cuts. In contrast, spring GPP was enhanced at the montane grassland and both forests (mixed deciduous and evergreen). Evapotranspiration (ET) was reduced in forests, which also substantially increased their water-use efficiency (WUE) during spring drought, but not in grasslands. These contrasting responses to spring drought of grasslands compared to forests reflect different adaptive strategies between vegetation types, highly relevant to biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011689.v1
title: Cumulative gross primary productivity (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and evapotranspiration (ET) during spring (MAM) 2011

description: <b>Table 3.</b> Cumulative gross primary productivity (GPP), total ecosystem respiration (TER), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and evapotranspiration (ET) during spring (MAM) 2011. Relative deviations are reported for spring 2011 compared to 2010. <strong>Abstract</strong> Since the European summer heat wave of 2003, considerable attention has been paid to the impacts of exceptional weather events on terrestrial ecosystems. While our understanding of the effects of summer drought on ecosystem carbon and water vapour fluxes has recently advanced, the effects of spring drought remain unclear. In Switzerland, spring 2011 (March–May) was the warmest and among the driest since the beginning of meteorological measurements. This study synthesizes Swiss FluxNet data from three grassland and two forest ecosystems to investigate the effects of this spring drought. Across all sites, spring phenological development was 11 days earlier in 2011 compared to the mean of 2000–2011. Soil moisture related reductions of gross primary productivity (GPP) were found at the lowland grassland sites, where productivity did not recover following grass cuts. In contrast, spring GPP was enhanced at the montane grassland and both forests (mixed deciduous and evergreen). Evapotranspiration (ET) was reduced in forests, which also substantially increased their water-use efficiency (WUE) during spring drought, but not in grasslands. These contrasting responses to spring drought of grasslands compared to forests reflect different adaptive strategies between vegetation types, highly relevant to biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011687.v1
title: Swiss FluxNet sites used in this synthesis study

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Swiss FluxNet sites used in this synthesis study. Abbreviations denote the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP), mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and friction velocity (<em>u</em><sub></sub>)—a measure for turbulence conditions. Data were compiled from published literature except MAP, which was derived from long-term data provided by MeteoSwiss (see table 2). <strong>Abstract</strong> Since the European summer heat wave of 2003, considerable attention has been paid to the impacts of exceptional weather events on terrestrial ecosystems. While our understanding of the effects of summer drought on ecosystem carbon and water vapour fluxes has recently advanced, the effects of spring drought remain unclear. In Switzerland, spring 2011 (March–May) was the warmest and among the driest since the beginning of meteorological measurements. This study synthesizes Swiss FluxNet data from three grassland and two forest ecosystems to investigate the effects of this spring drought. Across all sites, spring phenological development was 11 days earlier in 2011 compared to the mean of 2000–2011. Soil moisture related reductions of gross primary productivity (GPP) were found at the lowland grassland sites, where productivity did not recover following grass cuts. In contrast, spring GPP was enhanced at the montane grassland and both forests (mixed deciduous and evergreen). Evapotranspiration (ET) was reduced in forests, which also substantially increased their water-use efficiency (WUE) during spring drought, but not in grasslands. These contrasting responses to spring drought of grasslands compared to forests reflect different adaptive strategies between vegetation types, highly relevant to biosphere–atmosphere feedbacks in the climate system.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011679
title: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel type and generation portfolio in Mexico

description: <b>Table 1.</b> CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel type and generation portfolio in Mexico. <strong>Abstract</strong> Globally, groundwater use is intensifying to meet demands for irrigation, urban supply, industrialization, and, in some instances, electrical power generation. In response to hydroclimatic variability, surface water is being substituted with groundwater, which must be viewed as a strategic resource for climate adaptation. In this sense, the supply of electricity for pumping is an adaptation policy tool. Additionally, planning for climate-change mitigation must consider CO<sub>2</sub> emissions resulting from pumping. This paper examines the influence of electricity supply and pricing on groundwater irrigation and resulting emissions, with specific reference to Mexico—a climate–water–energy 'perfect storm'. Night-time power supply at tariffs below the already-subsidized rates for agricultural groundwater use has caused Mexican farmers to increase pumping, reversing important water and electricity conservation gains achieved. Indiscriminate groundwater pumping, including for virtual water exports of agricultural produce, threatens the long-term sustainability of aquifers, non-agricultural water uses, and stream–aquifer interactions that sustain riparian ecosystems. Emissions resulting from agricultural groundwater pumping in Mexico are estimated to be 3.6% of total national emissions and are equivalent to emissions from transporting the same agricultural produce to market. The paper concludes with an assessment of energy, water, and climate trends coupled with policy futures to address these challenges.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011679.v1
title: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel type and generation portfolio in Mexico

description: <b>Table 1.</b> CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel type and generation portfolio in Mexico. <strong>Abstract</strong> Globally, groundwater use is intensifying to meet demands for irrigation, urban supply, industrialization, and, in some instances, electrical power generation. In response to hydroclimatic variability, surface water is being substituted with groundwater, which must be viewed as a strategic resource for climate adaptation. In this sense, the supply of electricity for pumping is an adaptation policy tool. Additionally, planning for climate-change mitigation must consider CO<sub>2</sub> emissions resulting from pumping. This paper examines the influence of electricity supply and pricing on groundwater irrigation and resulting emissions, with specific reference to Mexico—a climate–water–energy 'perfect storm'. Night-time power supply at tariffs below the already-subsidized rates for agricultural groundwater use has caused Mexican farmers to increase pumping, reversing important water and electricity conservation gains achieved. Indiscriminate groundwater pumping, including for virtual water exports of agricultural produce, threatens the long-term sustainability of aquifers, non-agricultural water uses, and stream–aquifer interactions that sustain riparian ecosystems. Emissions resulting from agricultural groundwater pumping in Mexico are estimated to be 3.6% of total national emissions and are equivalent to emissions from transporting the same agricultural produce to market. The paper concludes with an assessment of energy, water, and climate trends coupled with policy futures to address these challenges.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011674
title: Amount of pyrosequencing reads per sample for the various steps involved in nitrogen cycle transformations (SEED annotation, functional level 2)

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Amount of pyrosequencing reads per sample for the various steps involved in nitrogen cycle transformations (SEED annotation, functional level 2). Only transformations observed in the snowpack are presented. <strong>Abstract</strong> Arctic snowpacks are often considered as chemical reactors for a variety of chemicals deposited through wet and dry events, but are overlooked as potential sites for microbial metabolism of reactive nitrogen species. The fate of deposited species is critical since warming leads to the transfer of contaminants to snowmelt-fed ecosystems. Here, we examined the role of microorganisms and the potential pathways involved in nitrogen cycling in the snow. Next generation sequencing data were used to follow functional gene abundances and a 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene microarray was used to follow shifts in microbial community structure during a two-month spring-time field study at a high Arctic site, Svalbard, Norway (79° N). We showed that despite the low temperatures and limited water supply, microbial communities inhabiting the snow cover demonstrated dynamic shifts in their functional potential to follow several different pathways of the nitrogen cycle. In addition, microbial specific phylogenetic probes tracked different nitrogen species over time. For example, probes for <em>Roseomonas</em> tracked nitrate concentrations closely and probes for <em>Caulobacter</em> tracked ammonium concentrations after a delay of one week. Nitrogen cycling was also shown to be a dominant process at the base of the snowpack.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011674.v1
title: Amount of pyrosequencing reads per sample for the various steps involved in nitrogen cycle transformations (SEED annotation, functional level 2)

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Amount of pyrosequencing reads per sample for the various steps involved in nitrogen cycle transformations (SEED annotation, functional level 2). Only transformations observed in the snowpack are presented. <strong>Abstract</strong> Arctic snowpacks are often considered as chemical reactors for a variety of chemicals deposited through wet and dry events, but are overlooked as potential sites for microbial metabolism of reactive nitrogen species. The fate of deposited species is critical since warming leads to the transfer of contaminants to snowmelt-fed ecosystems. Here, we examined the role of microorganisms and the potential pathways involved in nitrogen cycling in the snow. Next generation sequencing data were used to follow functional gene abundances and a 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene microarray was used to follow shifts in microbial community structure during a two-month spring-time field study at a high Arctic site, Svalbard, Norway (79° N). We showed that despite the low temperatures and limited water supply, microbial communities inhabiting the snow cover demonstrated dynamic shifts in their functional potential to follow several different pathways of the nitrogen cycle. In addition, microbial specific phylogenetic probes tracked different nitrogen species over time. For example, probes for <em>Roseomonas</em> tracked nitrate concentrations closely and probes for <em>Caulobacter</em> tracked ammonium concentrations after a delay of one week. Nitrogen cycling was also shown to be a dominant process at the base of the snowpack.