cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b63r7v0
title: Data from: Optimists or realists? How ants allocate resources in making reproductive investments.

description: 1. Parents often face an investment trade-off between either producing
 many small or fewer large offspring. When environments vary predictably,
 the fittest parental solution matches available resources by varying only
 number of offspring and never optimal individual size. However when
 mismatches occur often between parental expectations and true resource
 levels, dynamic models like multifaceted parental investment (MFPI) and
 parental optimism (PO) both predict offspring size can vary significantly.
 MFPI is a “realist” strategy: parents assume future environments of
 average richness. When resources exceed expectations and it is too late to
 add more offspring, the best-case solution increases investment per
 individual. Brood size distributions therefore track the degree of
 mismatch from right-skewed around an optimal size (slight underestimation
 of resources), to left-skewed around a maximal size (gross
 underestimation). Conversely, PO is an “optimist” strategy: parents assume
 maximally good resource futures and match numbers to that situation.
 Normal or lean years do not affect “core” brood as costs primarily fall on
 excess “marginal” siblings who die or experience stunted growth (producing
 left-skewed distributions). 2. Investment patterns supportive of both MFPI
 and PO models have been observed in nature, but studies that directly
 manipulate food resources in order to test predictions are lacking. Ant
 colonies produce many offspring per reproductive cycle, and are amenable
 to experimental manipulation in ways that can differentiate between MFPI
 and PO investment strategies. 3. Colonies in a natural population of a
 harvester ant (Pogonomymex salinus) were protein-supplemented over two
 years and mature sexual offspring were collected annually prior to their
 nuptial flight. 4. Several results support either MFPI or PO in terms of
 patterns in offspring size distributions and how protein differentially
 affected male and female production. Unpredicted by either model, however,
 is that supplementation affected distributions more strongly across years
 than within (e.g., small females are significantly rarer in the year after
 colonies receive protein). 5. Parental investment strategies in P. salinus
 vary dynamically across years and conditions. Finding that past conditions
 can more strongly affect reproductive decisions than current ones,
 however, is not addressed by models of parental investment.
description: Enzmann&Nonacs JAE
 all individual female and male dataThe dry weight and head
 widths of each ant (Pogonomyrmex salinus) measured for this study, with
 colony ID and year of collection.Enzmann&Nonacs JAE all
 individual data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qj472r2
title: Data from: Optimal soil carbon sampling designs to achieve cost-effectiveness: a case study in blue carbon ecosystems

description: Researchers are increasingly studying carbon (C) storage by natural
 ecosystems for climate mitigation, including coastal ‘blue carbon’
 ecosystems. Unfortunately, little guidance on how to achieve robust,
 cost-effective estimates of blue C stocks to inform inventories exists. We
 use existing data (492 cores) to develop recommendations on the sampling
 effort required to achieve robust estimates of blue C. Using a
 broad-scale, spatially explicit dataset from Victoria, Australia, we
 applied multiple spatial methods to provide guidelines for reducing
 variability in estimates of soil C stocks over large areas. With a
 separate dataset collected across Australia, we evaluated how many samples
 are needed to capture variability within soil cores and best methods for
 extrapolating C to 1 m soil depth. We found that 40 core samples are
 optimal for capturing C variance across 1000’s of kilometres but higher
 density sampling is required across finer scales (100-200 km). Accounting
 for environmental variation can further decrease required sampling. The
 within core analyses showed that nine samples within a core capture the
 majority of the variability and log-linear equations can accurately
 extrapolate C. These recommendations can help develop standardised methods
 for sampling programs to quantify soil C stocks at national scales.
description: AUS_BlueCarbon_SoilCore_DataThis dataset contains the soil core data from the Australian-wide dataset used for the within core sampling design methods.VIC_BlueCarbon_SoilCore_DataThis file contains the soil core data from the Victorian blue carbon sampling. This dataset was used to conduct all the spatial sampling analyses.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m8440
title: Data from: Patterns of morphological integration in the appendicular skeleton of mammalian carnivores

description: We investigated patterns of evolutionary integration in the appendicular
 skeleton of mammalian carnivores. The findings are discussed in relation
 to performance selection in terms of organismal function as a potential
 mechanism underlying integration. Interspecific shape covariation was
 quantified by 2B-PLS analysis of 3D landmark data within a phylogenetic
 context. Specifically, we compared pairs of anatomically connected bones
 (within-limbs) and pairs of both serially homologous and functional
 equivalent bones (between-limbs). The statistical results of all the
 comparisons suggest that the carnivoran appendicular skeleton is highly
 integrated. Strikingly, the main shape covariation relates to bone
 robustness in all cases. A bootstrap test specifically developed to
 compare the degree of integration between specialized cursorial taxa
 (i.e., those whose forelimbs are primarily involved in locomotion) and
 non-cursorial species (i.e., those whose forelimbs are involved in more
 functions than their hind limb) showed that cursors have a more integrated
 appendicular skeleton than non-cursors. The findings demonstrate that
 natural selection can influence the pattern and degree of morphological
 integration by increasing the degree of bone shape covariation in parallel
 to ecological specialization.
description: Morphometric data for
 Integration patternsCentroid size and
 Procrustes coordinates for the appendicular elements analyzed in this
 article. The data is averaged by species. The Procrustes coordinates
 obtained for the ecological subsamples are also shown.Morphometric data Integration
 patterns.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k7057
title: Data from: Which traits do observers use to distinguish Batesian mimics from their models?

description: Batesian mimicry, in which a harmless mimic resembles a more aversive
 model, can encompass a wide range of morphological traits, but the
 resemblance is never perfect. Previous studies have used abstract “prey”
 designs to show that differences in certain traits may not be relevant to
 mimicry if they are not perceived or recognized by a predator. Here, we
 extend these results by examining how human “predators” respond to
 realistic variation in traits of aposematic wasps and their hoverfly
 mimics. We measured the ability of humans to discriminate between images
 of wasps and hoverflies in which only certain traits were visible, to
 determine the contributions of those traits to discrimination decisions.
 We found that shape is a particularly useful and easily learnt trait for
 separating the 2 taxa. Subjects did not successfully discriminate on the
 basis of abdominal patterns, despite those containing useful information.
 Color similarity between wasps and hoverflies is relatively high in
 comparison with other traits, suggesting that selection has acted more
 strongly on color. Our findings demonstrate the importance of
 consideration of natural variation in the traits of prey and their
 salience to predators for understanding the evolution of prey defenses.
description: Quiz_responses_expt_1Details of each online response that was used in the analysis for Experiment 1. For more information, see readme.txtQuiz_responses_expt_2Details of each online response that was used in the analysis for Experiment 2. For more information see readme.txtImage_detailsDetails for each of the insect specimens from which the images used in the two experiments were drawn. For more information see readme.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5vv6t
title: Data from: Tradeoffs between three forest ecosystem services across the state of New Hampshire, USA: timber, carbon, and albedo

description: Forests are more frequently being managed to store and sequester carbon
 for the purposes of climate change mitigation. Generally, this practice
 involves long-term conservation of intact mature forests and/or reductions
 in the frequency and intensity of timber harvests. However, incorporating
 the influence of forest surface albedo often suggests that long rotation
 lengths may not always be optimal in mitigating climate change in forests
 characterized by frequent snowfall. To address this, we investigated
 tradeoffs between three ecosystem services: carbon storage, albedo-related
 radiative forcing, and timber provisioning. We calculated optimal rotation
 length at 498 diverse Forest Inventory and Analysis forest sites in the
 state of New Hampshire, USA. We found that the average optimal rotation
 lengths across all sites is 94 years (s = 44), with a large cluster of
 short optimal rotation lengths that were calculated at high elevations in
 the White Mountain National Forest. Using a regression tree approach, we
 found that timber growth, annual storage of carbon, and the difference
 between annual albedo in mature forest versus a post-harvest landscape
 were the most important variables that influenced optimal rotation.
 Additionally we found that the choice of a baseline albedo value for each
 site significantly altered the optimal rotation lengths across all sites,
 lowering the mean rotation to 59 years with a high albedo baseline, and
 increasing the mean rotation to 112 years given a low albedo baseline.
 Given these results, we suggest that utilizing temperate forests in New
 Hampshire for climate mitigation purposes through carbon storage and the
 cessation of harvest is appropriate at a site-dependent level that varies
 significantly across the state.
description: Final Data for 565
 sitesHigh Albedo Baseline
 ResultsLow Albedo Baseline
 ResultsSensitivity All minus 10
 percentSensitivity All plus 10
 percentSensitivity Alpha minus
 10 percentSensitivity Alpha plus
 10 percentSensitivity Gamma minus
 10 percentSensitivity Gamma plus
 10 percentSensitivity Stumpage
 minus 10 percentSensitivity Stumpage
 plus 10 percentStumpage Prices by
 SiteMetadata Lutz et al
 2015A
 metadata file with information on each data file as well as units, column
 names, and sources of where the data came from.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8ph33s0
title: Data from: The functional role of serial dependence

description: The world tends to be stable from moment to moment, leading to strong
 serial correlations in natural scenes. As similar stimuli usually require
 similar behavioral responses, it is highly likely that the brain has
 developed strategies to leverage these regularities. A good deal of recent
 psychophysical evidence is beginning to show that the brain is sensitive
 to serial correlations, causing strong drifts in observer responses
 towards previously seen stimuli. However, it is still not clear that this
 tendency leads to a functional advantage. Here we test a formal model of
 optimal serial dependence and show that as predicted, serial dependence in
 an orientation reproduction task is dependent on current stimulus
 reliability, with less precise stimuli, such as low spatial frequency
 oblique Gabors, exhibiting the strongest effects. We also show that serial
 dependence depends on the similarity between two successive stimuli, again
 consistent with behavior of an ideal observer aiming at minimizing
 reproduction errors. Lastly, we show that serial dependence leads to
 faster response times, indicating that the benefits of serial integration
 go beyond reproduction error. Overall our data show that serial dependence
 has a beneficial role at various levels of perception, consistent with the
 idea that the brain exploits temporal redundancy of the visual scene as an
 optimization strategy.
description: Experiment1_reprodexp1_reprod.zipExperiment1_2afcexp1_2afc.zipExperiment 2Experiment2.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jt03g
title: Data from: Sibship effects on dispersal behaviour in a preindustrial human population

description: Understanding dispersal behaviour and its determinants is critical for
 studies on life-history maximizing strategies. Although many studies have
 investigated the causes of dispersal, few have focused on the importance
 of sibship, despite that sibling interactions are predicted to lead to
 intrafamilial differences in dispersal patterns. Using a large demographic
 data set from pre-industrial Finland (n = 9000), we tested whether the
 sex-specific probability of dispersal depended on the presence of same-sex
 or opposite-sex elder siblings who can both compete and cooperate in the
 family. Overall, following our predictions, the presence of same-sex elder
 siblings increased the probability of dispersal from natal population for
 both sexes, whereas the number of opposite-sex siblings had less
 influence. Among males, dispersal was strongly linked to access to land
 resources. Female dispersal was mainly associated with competition over
 availability of mates but likely mediated by competition over access to
 wealthy mates rather mate availability per se. Besides ecological
 constraints, sibling interactions are strongly linked with dispersal
 decisions and need to be better considered in the studies on the evolution
 of family dynamics and fitness maximizing strategies in humans and other
 species.
description: data_dryadCSV files of the data used for the four main analyses presented in the manuscript.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.80q86
title: Data from: Specialty choice in times of economic crisis: a cross-sectional survey of Spanish medical students

description: Objective: To investigate the determinants of specialty choice among
 graduating medical students in Spain, a country that entered into a
 severe, ongoing economic crisis in 2008. Setting: Since 2008, the
 percentage of Spanish medical school graduates electing Family and
 Community Medicine (FCM) has experienced a reversal after more than a
 decade of decline. Design: A nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted
 online in April 2011. Participants: We invited all students in their final
 year before graduation from each of Spain's 27 public and private
 medical schools to participate. Main outcome measures: Respondents’
 preferred specialty in relation to their perceptions of: (1) the
 probability of obtaining employment; (2) lifestyle and work hours; (3)
 recognition by patients; (4) prestige among colleagues; (5) opportunity
 for professional development; (6) annual remuneration and (7) the
 proportion of the physician's compensation from private practice.
 Results: 978 medical students (25% of the nationwide population of
 students in their final year) participated. Perceived job availability had
 the largest impact on specialty preference. Each 10% increment in the
 probability of obtaining employment increased the odds of preferring a
 specialty by 33.7% (95% CI 27.2% to 40.5%). Job availability was four
 times as important as compensation from private practice in determining
 specialty choice (95% CI 1.7 to 6.8). We observed considerable
 heterogeneity in the influence of lifestyle and work hours, with students
 who preferred such specialties as Cardiovascular Surgery and Obstetrics
 and Gynaecology valuing longer rather than shorter workdays. Conclusions:
 In the midst of an ongoing economic crisis, job availability has assumed
 critical importance as a determinant of specialty preference among Spanish
 medical students. In view of the shortage of practitioners of FCM, public
 policies that take advantage of the enhanced perceived job availability of
 FCM may help steer medical school graduates into this specialty.
description: datos_encuesta_estudiantes_6medicina_2011Stata.v11 datafile containing survey responses. Identifiers (such as date of graduation, postal code, nationality, university, and parents who are physicians) have been removed to protect confidentiality. Age is recoded to intervals.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8c1d0
title: Data from: Capturing the population structure of microparasites: using ITS-sequence data and a pooled DNA approach

description: The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA is a
 common marker not only for the molecular identification of different taxa
 and strains, but also for the analysis of population structure of wild
 microparasite communities. Importantly, the multicopy nature of this
 region allows the amplification of low-quantity samples of the target DNA,
 a common problem in studies on unicellular, unculturable microparasites.
 We analysed ITS sequences from the protozoan parasite Caullerya mesnili
 (class Ichthyosporea) infecting waterflea (Daphnia) hosts, across several
 host population samples. We showed that analysing representative ITS-types
 [as identified by statistical parsimony network analysis (SPN)] is a
 suitable method to address relevant polymorphism. The spatial patterns
 were consistent regardless of whether parasite DNA was extracted from
 individual hosts or pooled host samples. Remarkably, the efficiency in
 detecting different sequence types was even higher after sample pooling.
 As shown by simulations, an easily manageable number of sequences from
 pooled DNA samples are sufficient to resolve the spatial population
 structure in this system. In summary, the ITS region analysed from pooled
 DNA samples can provide valuable insights into the spatial and temporal
 dynamics of microparasites. Moreover, the application of SPN analysis is a
 good alternative to the well-established neighbour-joining method (NJ) for
 the identification of representative ITS-types. SPN can even outperform NJ
 by joining most of the singleton sequences to representative sequence
 clusters.
description: caullerya_ITS_alignment
DOI: 10.15468/dl.dyt4zz
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1385307 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Continent is Africa",
 "TaxonKey is Poaceae"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1385307 records from 690 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000494-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t36v1
title: Data from: Phylogeography of Liquidambar styraciflua (Altingiaceae) in Mesoamerica: survivors of a Neogene widespread temperate forest (or cloud forest) in North America?

description: We investigate the genetic variation between populations of the American
 sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), a tree species with a disjunct
 distribution between northeastern Texas and Mexico, by analyzing sequences
 of two chloroplast DNA plastid regions in Mesoamerica. Our results
 revealed phylogeographical structure, with private haplotypes distributed
 in unique environmental space at either side of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic
 Belt, and a split in the absence of gene flow dating back ca. 4.2–1.4
 million years ago (MYA). Species distribution modeling results fit a model
 of refugia along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts but the present ranges of US
 and Mesoamerican populations persisted disjunct during
 glacial/interglacial cycles. Divergence between the US and Mesoamerican
 (ca. 8.4–2.8 MYA) populations of L. styraciflua and asymmetrical gene flow
 patterns support the hypothesis of a long-distance dispersal during the
 Pliocene, with fragmentation since the most recent glacial advance
 (120,000 years BP) according to coalescent simulations and high effective
 migration rates from Mesoamerica to the USA and close to zero in the
 opposite direction. Our findings implicate the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
 as a porous barrier driving genetic divergence of L. styraciflua,
 corresponding with environmental niche differences, during the Pliocene to
 Quaternary volcanic arc episode 3.6 MYA, and a Mesoamerican origin of
 populations in the USA.
description: Ruiz-Sanchez&Ornelas_IMa_NorthvsSouth_cpIMa file for North versus South populations of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) of Liquidambar styraciflua for chloroplast markers.Ruiz-Sanchez&Ornelas_IMa_MESOvsUS_cpIMa file for MESO versus US populations of Liquidambar styraciflua for chloroplast markers.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1538t
title: Data from: Interspecific variation in the structural properties of flight feathers in birds indicates adaptation to flight requirements and habitat

description: 1. The functional significance of intra- and interspecific structural
 variations in the flight feathers of birds is poorly understood. Here, a
 phylogenetic comparative analysis of four structural features (rachis
 width, barb and barbule density and porosity) of proximal and distal
 primary feathers of 137 European bird species was conducted. 2. Flight
 type (flapping and soaring, flapping and gliding, continuous flapping or
 passerine type), habitat (terrestrial, riparian or aquatic), wing
 characteristics (wing area, S and aspect ratio, AR) and moult strategy
 were all found to affect feather structure to some extent. Species
 characterized by low wing-beat frequency flight (soaring and gliding) have
 broader feather rachises (shafts) and feather vanes with lower barb
 density than birds associated with more active flapping modes of flight.
 However, the effect of flying mode on rachis width disappeared after
 controlling for S and AR, suggesting that rachis width is primarily
 determined by wing morphology. 3. Rachis width and feather vane density
 are likely related to differences in force distribution across the
 wingspan during different flight modes. An increase in shaft diameter,
 barb density and porosity from the proximal to distal wing feathers was
 found and was highest in species with flapping flight indicating that
 aerodynamic forces are more biased towards the distal feathers in flapping
 flyers than in soarers and gliders. 4. Habitat affected barb and barbule
 density, which was greatest in aquatic species, and within this group,
 barb density was greater in divers than non-divers, suggesting that the
 need for water repellency and resistance to water penetration may
 influence feather structure. However, we found little support for the
 importance of porosity in water repellency and water penetration, because
 porosity was similar in aquatic, riparian and terrestrial species and
 among the aquatic birds (divers and non-divers). We also found that barb
 density was affected by moult pattern. 5. Our results have broad
 implications for the understanding of the selection pressures driving
 flight feather functional morphology. Specifically, the large sample size
 relative to any previous studies has emphasized that the morphology of
 flight feathers is the result of a suite of selection pressures. As well
 as routine flight needs, constraints during moulting, habitat
 (particularly aquatic) and migratory requirements also affect flight
 feather morphology. Identifying the exact nature of these trade-offs will
 perhaps inform the reconstruction of the flying modes of extinct birds.
description: FEpapSA1Appendix S1FEpapSA2Appendix S2FEpapSA3Appendix S3