DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k98sf7m4m
title: Data from - Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic

description: We provide here the data used in analysis of 3 test cases, presented in
 the manuscript "Ecological insights from three decades of animal
 movement tracking across a changing Arctic". We utilized the new
 Arctic Animal Movement Archive (AAMA), a growing collection of 201
 standardized terrestrial and marine animal tracking studies from
 1991–present. The AAMA supports public data discovery, preserves
 fundamental baseline data for the future, and facilitates efficient,
 collaborative data analysis. With three AAMA-based case studies, we
 document climatic influences on the migration phenology of eagles,
 geographic differences in adaptive response of caribou reproductive
 phenology to climate change, and species-specific changes in terrestrial
 mammal movement rates in response to increasing temperature.  
description: Arctic Animal Movement
 Archive (AAMA) The AAMA enables the discovery
 and use of Arctic and Subarctic animal movement data. The AAMA is hosted
 on Movebank (movebank.org), a global research platform for animal tracking
 and bio-logging data. Current information about participating studies, how
 to download or request data, and how to join the archive and provide new
 datasets is available at the AAMA landing page (https://www.movebank.org/cms/movebank-content/arctic-animal-movement-archive).  The data presented here is processed from raw movement data in AAMA. This data publication provide the data used in 3 case studies that analyze ecological changes in animal movement, phenology and demography in response to environmental conditions in the arctic. Case Study 1. Long-term data reveal influence of decadal climate patterns on summering behavior in a migratory raptor We used 569,720 location estimates collected from 146 golden eagles (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>) in 12 AAMA studies across western North America (Table 1). Records were imported into R via the <i>move</i> package. We assigned all individuals to one of three age categories: juvenile (survived up to the onset of its 2<sup>nd</sup> southbound migration), sub-adult (surviving up to the onset of its 4<sup>th</sup> southbound migration), or adult (surviving past the onset of its 4<sup>th</sup> southbound migration). We incorporated into analyses instances where individuals were observed during an age-class transition. Breeding status was not considered in analyses because it was not determined for all individuals. We identified the onset of golden eagle summering behavior via a mechanistic range shift analysis in R with the <i>marcher</i> package. The model was fit with the maximum likelihood method, and we used the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model option to estimate ranging behavior. We modified the MRSA slightly by forcing the model to fail if a data gap of &gt;30 days occurred. We inspected start dates and locations to remove spurious model results due to tag deployments that ended during spring migration or began during summer. This process yielded 179 summering onset estimates with modelled start and end dates made by 103 eagles. Table 1. Studies used in Case Study 1, ‘long-term data reveal importance of decadal climate patterns on summering behavior in a migratory raptor’. <b>Study</b> <b>Start</b> <b>End</b> <b>Animals </b> <b>Summering onsets</b> ABoVE: USFWS R6 Golden Eagles 2015 2017 2 6 ABoVE: USGS/WVU Raptors 2013 2013 1 1 Adult Golden Eagle Satellite Tracking 2012 2017 10 18 Alaska Golden Eagles 2014 2017 33 61 Aquila chrysaetos interior west N. America, Craigs, Fuller 1993 1996 6 6 Beringia South Migrant Golden Eagle 2013 2015 1 3 Eagles Wintering in Bitterroot Valley 2013 2017 17 30 Eastern Montana Golden Eagles 2013 2017 11 20 Golden Eagle Migration, Denali, Alaska, McIntyre 1998 2000 6 6 Golden Eagles of Interior Alaska; Lewis 2015 2017 10 15 HawkWatch International Golden Eagles 2003 2008 4 9 Western GOEA Conservation 2015 2017 2 4               Case Study 2. Large-scale geographic differences in parturition timing of caribou We used caribou movement data in 13 AAMA studies (Table 2). Among the caribou in our study, woodland caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus caribou</i>) are considered a separate subspecies from barren-ground caribou (<i>R. t. groenlandicus</i>), which are known for their long-distance calving migrations. Woodland caribou are further classified as belonging to different ecotypes, including boreal and mountain, which differ by habitat and behavioral phenotype. Following exploratory analysis, we further partitioned woodland caribou by geographic area into northern and southern mountain and boreal caribou. Barren-ground caribou data were partitioned into their largely coherent reproductive subpopulations (herds). Parturition dates were estimated by adapting methods described in <i>DeMars et al. </i>(<i>2013</i>) for each of the two subspecies. For <i>R. t. caribou</i>, we analyzed movements between April 28<sup> </sup>and June 30 and found times when movement activity decreased suddenly and persistently below 5 threshold speeds (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 m/h),<i><sup> </sup></i>and conservatively retained those parturitions where three of five thresholds agreed within a day of each other. For barren-ground caribou, which calve significantly later and shortly after completing a long-distance migration, we adapted the individual-based method (<i>DeMars et al. </i>2013<em>; Gurarie et al. 2019)</em>, which fits a non-calving model, in which movement rates remain constant throughout the study period, and a calving model, where there is a sudden drop in movement rate followed by a progressive increase.   Table 2. Studies used in Case Study 2, ‘large-scale geographic differences in parturition timing of caribou’. <b>Study</b> <b>Start</b> <b>End</b> <b>Animals</b> <b>Parturitions</b> ABoVE: BC Atlin Caribou 2000 2001 7 7 ABoVE: NWT Dehcho Boreal Woodland Caribou 2007 2017 80 164 ABoVE: NWT Inuvik Barren Ground Caribou 2006 2017 193 387 ABoVE: NWT Inuvik Boreal Woodland Caribou 2002 2012 23 56 ABoVE: NWT North Slave Barren Ground Caribou: Bathurst 2006 2017 90 142 ABoVE: NWT North Slave Boreal Caribou 2017 2017 15 15 ABoVE: NWT Sahtu Barren Ground Caribou: Bluenose-East 2006 2017 103 165 ABoVE: NWT Sahtu Boreal Woodland Caribou 2007 2011 11 22 ABoVE: NWT Sahtu Mountain Woodland Caribou 2008 2010 3 4 ABoVE: NWT South Slave Barren Ground Caribou: Beverly and Ahiak 2006 2017 109 224 ABoVE: NWT South Slave Boreal Woodland Caribou 2006 2017 122 219 ABoVE: Yukon Caribou 2000 2017 71 98 Mountain caribou in British Columbia 2001 2015 90 127   Case Study 3: Temperature and precipitation response in movement rates of terrestrial mammals<b> </b> We compiled movement paths for 1,720 individuals representing five mammalian species from 22 AAMA studies: black bear, <i>Ursus americanus</i>; grizzly bear, <i>U. arctos</i>; caribou, <i>R. tarandus ssp.</i>; moose, <i>Alces alces</i>; and wolf, <i>Canis lupus</i> (Table 3). We calculated step lengths (m) and location sampling interval (min) along each movement time series, excluding locations with sampling intervals longer than 24 hours. We annotated movement data with daily maximum temperatures (°C) and summertime precipitation or winter snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates using the Daymet data product (https://daymet.ornl.gov/). To match the temporal scale of Daymet, we aggregated movements by estimating daily mean step lengths and sampling intervals for each day within an individual’s time series. In order to reduce the influence of seasonally dependent behaviors (e.g., migration or parturition), we partitioned data into January-only (peak winter) and July-only (peak summer) datasets. As in case study 2, we treated the two subspecies of caribou (<i>R. t. groenlandicus </i>and <i>R. t. caribou</i>) as distinct groups within our analysis due to anticipated differences in daily movement rates. We also excluded bears from the winter analyses due to lack of data; however, the very nature of their hibernation represents a reduced overwinter movement rate.   Table 3. Studies used in Case Study 3, ‘temperature and precipitation response in movement rates of terrestrial mammals’. <b>Study</b> <b>Start</b> <b>End</b> <b>Animals</b> <b>Species</b> ABoVE: BC Atlin Caribou 2000 2002 10 <i>Rangifer tarandus caribou</i> ABoVE: Boutin Alberta Grey Wolf 2013 2014 20 <i>Canis lupus</i> ABoVE: Boutin Alberta Moose 2010 2012 24 <i>Alces alces</i> ABoVE: Hebblewhite Alberta-BC Wolves 2000 2011 53 <i>Canis lupus</i> ABoVE: NPS Denali Wolves 2004 2016 68 <i>Canis lupus</i> ABoVE: NPS Wolves in Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve 2003 2015 47 <i>Canis lupus</i> ABoVE: NWT Dehcho Boreal Woodland Caribou 2007 2018 85 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> ABoVE: NWT Inuvik Barren Ground Caribou 2006 2018 264 <i>R. tarandus groenlandicus</i> ABoVE: NWT Inuvik Boreal Woodland Caribou 2002 2012 26 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> ABoVE: NWT North Slave Barren Ground Caribou: Bathurst 2009 2019 172 <i>R. tarandus groenlandicus</i> ABoVE: NWT North Slave Boreal Caribou 2017 2018 20 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> ABoVE: NWT Sahtu Barren Ground Caribou: Bluenose-East 2006 2019 120 <i>R. tarandus groenlandicus</i> ABoVE: NWT Sahtu Boreal Woodland Caribou 2004 2011 15 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> ABoVE: NWT Sahtu Mountain Woodland Caribou 2008 2010 3 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> ABoVE: NWT South Slave Barren Ground Caribou: Beverly and Ahiak 2006 2019 156 <i>R. tarandus groenlandicus</i> ABoVE: NWT South Slave Boreal Woodland Caribou 2006 2018 174 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> ABoVE: Peters Hebblewhite Alberta-BC Moose 2008 2010 18 <i>Alces alces</i> ABoVE: Yukon Caribou 2000 2019 219 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> Brown and Black bear (Ursus spp.), Jerry Belant, Alaska 1998 2000 40 <i>Ursus spp.</i> Latham Alberta Wolves 2006 2007 7 <i>Canis lupus</i> Mountain caribou in British Columbia 2001 2016 172 <i>R. tarandus caribou</i> NWT South Slave Boreal Wolves 2016 2018 7 <i>Canis lupus</i>  
description: Data files for models associated with analyses reported in
 Davidson et al. (2020) "Ecological insights from three decades of
 animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic". As relevant,
 files follow the vocabulary used at movebank.org:<br> Max Planck
 Institute of Animal Behavior (2019) Movebank Attribute Dictionary, Version
 2. Natural Environment Research Council.
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB
 #############<br> eagles_summering_onsets.csv: This file
 contains data from the case study on long-term influence of decadal
 climate patterns on summering behavior in a migratory raptor. Records
 represent modeled summering behavior onsets golden eagles. Onset locations
 and dates were determined via a mechanistic range shift analysis, using
 569,720 location estimates of 146 golden eagles. Attributes
 include animal-taxon: The scientific name of the
 species on which the tag was deployed, as defined by the Integrated
 Taxonomic Information System (ITIS, www.itis.gov).<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000024
 animal-id: An individual identifier for the animal, provided by
 the data owner. Units: none<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000016
 timestamp: The date and time of the summering onset date. Format:
 yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS, in UTC time. location-lat: The
 geographic latitude of the summering onset location. Units: decimal
 degrees, WGS84 reference system<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000145
 sensor-type: The type of sensor with which location data were
 collected.<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000170
 animal-sex: The sex of the animal. Allowed values are m = male; f
 = female; u = unknown.<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000023 
 animal-life-stage: Age class category for the animal-year
 assessed. For each animal, age at the first year corresponds with the
 animal-life-stage at time of deployment in the Movebank study, and is
 adjusted if needed for subsequent years to represent age transitions as
 described in Supplemental Materials. previous-year: The
 year of the previous winter season for which Pacific Decadal Oscillation
 data were assessed. Equal to summering behavior year - 1.
 winter-PDO: averaged mean monthly Pacific Decadal Oscillation
 data for the previous winter (i.e., November – March). Data from
 http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo study-name:
 The name of the study participating in the AAMA on Movebank (movebank.org)
 in which the location data from which summering onsets were estimated are
 stored.<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000173
 <br> #############<br> caribou_parturitions.csv: This
 file contains data from the case study on large-scale geographic
 differences in parturition timing of barren-ground (Rangifer tarandus
 groenlandicus) and woodland (R. tarandus caribou) caribou. Records
 represent daily mean location for the day of estimated
 parturition. animal-taxon: The scientific name of the
 species on which the tag was deployed, as defined by the Integrated
 Taxonomic Information System (ITIS, www.itis.gov).<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000024
 animal-taxon-detail: A more specific name and/or reference for
 the taxon name provided by 'animal taxon'. This can be used, for
 example, to specify a subspecies or a taxon not supported by the
 ITIS.<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000025
 animal-id: An individual identifier for the animal, provided by
 the data owner. Units: none<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000016
 animal-nickname: An alternate identifier for the
 animal.<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000020
 population: The population as referred to in the paper
 text. barren-ground herd: The herd name for
 barren-ground caribou as referred to in the paper text. Note that the herd
 assignment for an individual does not always correspond to the Movebank
 study with the same name. timestamp: The date and time
 of the parturition date. Format: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS, in UTC
 time. doy: The Julian day of year.
 year: The year. height-above-msl: The
 estimated height of the tag above mean sea level, typically estimated by
 the tag. Units: meters<br>
 http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000131<br> For
 consistency across studies, elevation data are taken from Canadian Digital
 Elevation Data at
 https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/7f245e4d-76c2-4caa-951a-45d1d2051333 (Natural Resources Canada). x.km: The east-west component of the parturition location, represented as the distance from the median location within each “population” group. y.km: The north-south component of the parturition location, represented as the distance from the median location within each “population” group. study-name: The name of the study participating in the AAMA on Movebank (movebank.org) in which the location data from which parturitions were estimated are stored.<br> http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000173 <br> #############<br> mammal_movement_rates.csv: This file contains data from the case study on temperature and precipitation response in movement rates of terrestrial mammals. Records represent daily movement rates for individuals calculated from original location estimates. animal-taxon: The scientific name of the species on which the tag was deployed, as defined by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS, www.itis.gov).<br> http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000024 animal-taxon-detail: A more specific name and/or reference for the taxon name provided by 'animal taxon'. This can be used, for example, to specify a subspecies or a taxon not supported by the ITIS.<br> http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000025 animal-id: An individual identifier for the animal, provided by the data owner. Units: none<br> http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000016 year: The year. season: The season (summer represented by July or winter represented by January). doy: The day of year. mnSL: Daily mean step length (meters). mnDT: Daily mean sampling interval (minutes). stdTemp: The daily maximum temperature (degrees Celsius), centered on means and scaled by 1 standard deviation. Temperature data from Daymet (http://daymet.ornl.gov). stdSWE: The snow water equivalent (kg•m^-2), centered on means and scaled by 1 standard deviation. SWE data from Daymet (http://daymet.ornl.gov). stdPrecip: The daily cumulative precipitation (mm), centered on means and scaled by 1 standard deviation. Precipitation data from Daymet (http://daymet.ornl.gov). study-name: The name of the study participating in the AAMA on Movebank (movebank.org) in which the location data from which movement metrics were calculated are stored.<br> http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/MVB/current/MVB000173<br>