cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14199947.v1
title: Duan et al., 2021

description: AM fungi, ecology, wheat biomass, root-plant-soil interationWheat biomass allocation, water use efficiency, root shoot ratio, root biomass, grain yield
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26khbm
title: CCDC 2042600: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Ian R. George, Miguel López-Tena, Anders P. Sundin, Daniel Strand|2021|Org.Lett.|23|3536|doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00955
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26p3st
title: CCDC 2046086: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Łukasz Kielesiński, Olaf W. Morawski, Cristina A. Barboza, Daniel T. Gryko|2021|J.Org.Chem.|86|6148|doi:10.1021/acs.joc.0c02978
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26skj3
title: CCDC 2049395: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Aditi Singh, Sanjib Panda, Sanchaita Dey, Goutam Kumar Lahiri|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|11206|doi:10.1002/anie.202100979
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26skk4
title: CCDC 2049396: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Aditi Singh, Sanjib Panda, Sanchaita Dey, Goutam Kumar Lahiri|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|11206|doi:10.1002/anie.202100979
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26skl5
title: CCDC 2049397: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Aditi Singh, Sanjib Panda, Sanchaita Dey, Goutam Kumar Lahiri|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|11206|doi:10.1002/anie.202100979
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26skm6
title: CCDC 2049398: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Aditi Singh, Sanjib Panda, Sanchaita Dey, Goutam Kumar Lahiri|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|11206|doi:10.1002/anie.202100979
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26skn7
title: CCDC 2049399: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Aditi Singh, Sanjib Panda, Sanchaita Dey, Goutam Kumar Lahiri|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|11206|doi:10.1002/anie.202100979
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26y0ry
title: CCDC 2053680: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Tianyu Jiao, Hang Qu, Lu Tong, Xiaoyu Cao, Hao Li|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|9852|doi:10.1002/anie.202100655
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26wck1
title: CCDC 2052093: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Xiao-Qing Wang, Xuehui Ma, Doudou Feng, Jing Tang, Dan Wu, Jie Yang, Jingjing Jiao|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2889|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00080
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26wchz
title: CCDC 2052091: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Xiao-Qing Wang, Xuehui Ma, Doudou Feng, Jing Tang, Dan Wu, Jie Yang, Jingjing Jiao|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2889|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00080
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26wcj0
title: CCDC 2052092: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Xiao-Qing Wang, Xuehui Ma, Doudou Feng, Jing Tang, Dan Wu, Jie Yang, Jingjing Jiao|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2889|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00080
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26y2mw
title: CCDC 2053738: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Xiao-Qing Wang, Xuehui Ma, Doudou Feng, Jing Tang, Dan Wu, Jie Yang, Jingjing Jiao|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2889|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00080
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc26zjqg
title: CCDC 2055136: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Xiao-Yong Duan, Zhaohui Tian, Binghao Liu, Tao He, Liang-Liang Zhao, Mengdie Dong, Pengna Zhang, Jing Qi|2021|Org.Lett.|23|3777|doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01203
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2732yd
title: CCDC 2058553: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Rahul N. Gaykar, Malini George, Avishek Guin, Subrata Bhattacharjee, Akkattu T. Biju|2021|Org.Lett.|23|3447|doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00911
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27471p
title: CCDC 2059641: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27472q
title: CCDC 2059642: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27474s
title: CCDC 2059644: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27475t
title: CCDC 2059645: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27476v
title: CCDC 2059646: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27477w
title: CCDC 2059647: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27478x
title: CCDC 2059648: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27479y
title: CCDC 2059649: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2747bz
title: CCDC 2059650: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2747c0
title: CCDC 2059651: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2747d1
title: CCDC 2059652: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Steven van Terwingen, Noah Nachtigall, Ben Ebel, Ulli Englert|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|2962|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00122
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27542n
title: CCDC 2060510: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Arshid A. Ganie, Aijaz A. Dar|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|3014|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00189
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27543p
title: CCDC 2060511: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Arshid A. Ganie, Aijaz A. Dar|2021|Cryst.Growth Des.|21|3014|doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00189
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27b761
title: CCDC 2065412: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Xin-Peng Mu, Yuan-He Li, Nan Zheng, Jian-Yu Long, Si-Jia Chen, Bing-Yan Liu, Chun-Bo Zhao, Zhen Yang|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|11211|doi:10.1002/anie.202101104
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27b772
title: CCDC 2065413: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Xin-Peng Mu, Yuan-He Li, Nan Zheng, Jian-Yu Long, Si-Jia Chen, Bing-Yan Liu, Chun-Bo Zhao, Zhen Yang|2021|Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.|60|11211|doi:10.1002/anie.202101104
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27g8pp
title: CCDC 2069302: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Renè Hommelsheim, Heliana Michaela Núñez Ponce, Khai-Nghi Truong, Kari Rissanen, Carsten Bolm|2021|Org.Lett.|23|3415|doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00874
DOI: 10.15151/esrf-es-421088187
title: In-situ studying of CdS nanoparticle growth in glass matrix

description: This proposal investigates the growth kinetics of CdS nanoparticles, which are stabilized in a dielectric (glass) matrix, using time-resolved SAXS and WAXS at ID02. Linking these kinetics with optical properties was already topic of numerous studies. With the proposed experiments, we will study the in-situ nanoparticle nucleation process, the emergence of different nanoparticle size populations and the evolution of their crystalline structure in a silica glass. A deep understanding of these fundamental principles will immediately improve the production of tunable luminescent materials. Such nanocomposites based on semiconductor nanoparticles in a glass matrix are sought-after for laser technology, in solar cell industry and as natural light sources.
DOI: 10.15151/esrf-es-439940690
title: RIXS exploration of the electronic and magnetic excitations in FePS3

description: In 2D antiferromagnetic MPS3 compounds – M is a 3d transition metal – the correlation between spin and orbital excitations often leads to strong coupling between the electronic transitions and the lattice magnetic order. This quantum behavior looks particularly appealing in view of the development of opto-spintronic devices. Unlike other members of the family, no evidences have been reported up to now for FePS3, despite the higher magnetic moment of iron. Our preliminary Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) measurements at the Fe L3 edge show indications of a possible correlation between dd electronic transitions and magnetic excitations, also supported by simulations. Our hypothesis deserves RIXS investigations with varying temperature, photon energy and exchange momentum in order to clarify the coupling mechanism.
DOI: 10.15151/esrf-es-406349595
title: SXRD study of the crystal structure transformation in Li2+xMo1-xO3 cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

description: Li2MoO3 is considered as a promising building block for the design of next-generation Li–rich layer-structured cathode materials. Furthermore, Li2MoO3 with performed Mo to M (M = Ti, Sn) substitutions may be interesting model systems for investigation of the irreversible transition metal cations migration and associated voltage fade phenomena in Li-rich layered oxides. Transmission electron microscopy studies (HAADF-STEM imaging, selected area electron diffraction) and preliminary laboratory X-ray powder diffraction investigation allowed us to discover the dependence of Li2+xMo1-xO3 crystal structure on the chemical composition and demonstrate the appearance of structural disordering in samples annealed at different temperatures. The aim of this experiment is to investigate the relationship between the chemical composition and crystal structure, explore the evolution of crystal structure depending on temperature and resolve phase transitions.
DOI: 10.15151/esrf-es-406702465
title: Ni-Ga based catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol: an operando pair distribution function analysis study

description: The direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol plays a key role in a sustainable industry landscape, allowing to convert a major greenhouse gas into a valuable energy carrier. However, the development of selective and active catalysts for this process remains a challenging task. The goal of this proposal is to improve our understanding of the relationship between the structure and catalytic activity of Ni-Ga based catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol; allowing in turn for a rational catalyst design. Using operando pair distribution function (PDF) analysis we seek to gain atomic-to-nanoscale level insight into the structure of Ni-Ga/SiO2 catalysts under pre-treatment and working conditions.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27g8qq
title: CCDC 2069303: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Renè Hommelsheim, Heliana Michaela Núñez Ponce, Khai-Nghi Truong, Kari Rissanen, Carsten Bolm|2021|Org.Lett.|23|3415|doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00874
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc27g8rr
title: CCDC 2069304: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Renè Hommelsheim, Heliana Michaela Núñez Ponce, Khai-Nghi Truong, Kari Rissanen, Carsten Bolm|2021|Org.Lett.|23|3415|doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00874
DOI: 10.21227/w6h6-8888
title: Supplementary data for "Investigation on Homogenization of Flat and Conformal Stacked Dielectric Resonator Antennas"

description: Supplementary data for "Investigation on Homogenization of Flat and Conformal Stacked Dielectric Resonator Antennas"
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561670
title: Formation of autotriploid Carassius auratus and its fertility-related genes analysis

description: The expression profile of all genes for all examined samples in RNA-Seq.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561670.v1
title: Formation of autotriploid Carassius auratus and its fertility-related genes analysis

description: The expression profile of all genes for all examined samples in RNA-Seq.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4744266
title: High-throughput characterization of photocrosslinker-bearing ion channel variants to map residues critical for function and pharmacology

description: Contains a read_me file and data related to the publication: High-throughput characterization of photocrosslinker-bearing ion channel variants to map residues critical for function and pharmacology
description: Søren Friis is a full-time employee of Nanion Technologies. The other authors declare no competing interests. We acknowledge the Lundbeck Foundation (R139-2012-12390 to SAP and R218-2016-1490 to NB), the Boehringer Ingelheim Fond (to NB) and the University of Copenhagen for financial support.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561691
title: Twitter data base

description: Original data base of twitter
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561703
title: zillow_1k.csv

description: ordinary data
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561703.v1
title: zillow_1k.csv

description: ordinary data
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561781
title: Supplemental materials in the case study

description: Supplemental materials in the case study of the submitted paper.<br>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561790
title: Untitled ItemSocio-economic status and Tobacco Consumption: Analysing inequalities in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation and South Africa. Do-file.

description: The do-file provides the Stata code to calculate and decompose concentration indices, as well as how to generate bootstrap standard errors for the decomposition.
DOI: 10.3886/e118363v2-86080
title: Data and Code for: Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects

description: Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate treatment effects. We show that they estimate weighted sums of the average treatment effects (ATE) in each group and period, with weights that may be negative. Due to the negative weights, the linear regression coefficient may for instance be negative while all the ATEs are positive. We propose another estimator that solves this issue. In the two applications we revisit, it is significantly different from the linear regression estimator.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561832
title: Pervichnye.xlsx

description: Pervichnye dannye iz razlichnyh istochnikov.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14561832.v1
title: Pervichnye.xlsx

description: Pervichnye dannye iz razlichnyh istochnikov.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13199791.v1
title: Automated 3D bio-imaging analysis of nuclear organization by NucleusJ 2.0

description: NucleusJ 1.0, an ImageJ plugin, is a useful tool to analyze nuclear morphology and chromatin organization in plant and animal cells. NucleusJ 2.0 is a new release of NucleusJ, in which image processing is achieved more quickly using a command-lineuser interface. Starting with large collection of 3D nuclei, segmentation can be performed by the previously developed Otsu-modified method or by a new 3D gift-wrapping method, taking better account of nuclear indentations and unstained nucleoli. These two complementary methods are compared for their accuracy by using three types of datasets available to the community at https://www.brookes.ac.uk/indepth/images/. Finally, NucleusJ 2.0 was evaluated using original plant genetic material by assessing its efficiency on nuclei stained with DNA dyes or after 3D-DNA Fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization. With these improvements, NucleusJ 2.0 permits the generation of large user-curated datasets that will be useful for software benchmarking or to train convolution neural networks.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12924036.v1
title: The ESCRT-III complex is required for nuclear pore complex sequestration and regulates gamete replicative lifespan in budding yeast meiosis

description: Cellular aging occurs as a cell loses its ability to maintain homeostasis. Aging cells eliminate damaged cellular compartments and other senescence factors via self-renewal. The mechanism that regulates cellular rejuvenation remains to be further elucidated. Using budding yeast gametogenesis as a model, we show here that the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) III regulates nuclear envelope organization. During gametogenesis, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and other senescence factors are sequestered away from the prospore nuclei. We show that the LEM-domain protein Heh1 (Src1) facilitates the nuclear recruitment of ESCRT-III, which is required for meiotic NPC sequestration and nuclear envelope remodeling. Furthermore, ESCRT-III-mediated nuclear reorganization appears to be critical for gamete rejuvenation, as hindering this process curtails either directly or indirectly the replicative lifespan in gametes. Our findings demonstrate the importance of ESCRT-III in nuclear envelope remodeling and its potential role in eliminating senescence factors during gametogenesis.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12851723
title: Dynamics as a cause for the nanoscale organization of the genome

description: Chromatin ‘blobs’ were recently identified by live super-resolution imaging of labeled nucleosomes as pervasive but fleeting structural entities. However, the mechanisms leading to the formation of these blobs and their functional implications are unknown. We explore here whether causal relationships exist between parameters that characterize the chromatin blob dynamics and structure, by adapting a framework for spatio-temporal Granger-causality inference. Our analysis reveals that chromatin dynamics is a key determinant for both blob area and local density. Such causality, however, could be demonstrated only in 10–20% of the nucleus, suggesting that chromatin dynamics and structure at the nanometer scale are dominated by stochasticity. We show that the theory of active semiflexible polymers can be invoked to provide potential mechanisms leading to the organization of chromatin into blobs. Our results represent a first step toward elucidating the mechanisms that govern the dynamic and stochastic organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12924036
title: The ESCRT-III complex is required for nuclear pore complex sequestration and regulates gamete replicative lifespan in budding yeast meiosis

description: Cellular aging occurs as a cell loses its ability to maintain homeostasis. Aging cells eliminate damaged cellular compartments and other senescence factors via self-renewal. The mechanism that regulates cellular rejuvenation remains to be further elucidated. Using budding yeast gametogenesis as a model, we show here that the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) III regulates nuclear envelope organization. During gametogenesis, the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and other senescence factors are sequestered away from the prospore nuclei. We show that the LEM-domain protein Heh1 (Src1) facilitates the nuclear recruitment of ESCRT-III, which is required for meiotic NPC sequestration and nuclear envelope remodeling. Furthermore, ESCRT-III-mediated nuclear reorganization appears to be critical for gamete rejuvenation, as hindering this process curtails either directly or indirectly the replicative lifespan in gametes. Our findings demonstrate the importance of ESCRT-III in nuclear envelope remodeling and its potential role in eliminating senescence factors during gametogenesis.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11574690
title: Hyperosmotic stress: <i>in situ</i> chromatin phase separation

description: Dehydration of cells by acute hyperosmotic stress has profound effects upon cell structure and function. Interphase chromatin and mitotic chromosomes collapse (“congelation”). HL-60/S4 cells remain ~100% viable for, at least, 1 hour, exhibiting shrinkage to ~2/3 their original volume, when placed in 300mM sucrose in tissue culture medium. Fixed cells were imaged by immunostaining confocal and STED microscopy. At a “global” structural level (μm), mitotic chromosomes congeal into a residual gel with apparent (phase) separations of Ki67, CTCF, SMC2, RAD21, H1 histones and HMG proteins. At an “intermediate” level (sub-μm), radial distribution analysis of STED images revealed a most probable peak DNA density separation of ~0.16 μm, essentially unchanged by hyperosmotic stress. At a “local” structural level (~1-2 nm), in vivo crosslinking revealed essentially unchanged crosslinked products between H1, HMG and inner histones. Hyperosmotic cellular stress is discussed in terms of concepts of mitotic chromosome structure and liquid-liquid phase separation.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11635989
title: The role of phosphorylation in the elasticity of the tethers that connect telomeres of separating anaphase chromosomes

description: Elastic tethers, connecting telomeres of all separating anaphase chromosome pairs, lose elasticity when they lengthen during anaphase. Treatment with phosphatase inhibitor CalyculinA causes anaphase chromosomes to move backwards after they reach the poles, suggesting that dephosphorylation causes loss of tether elasticity. We added 50nM CalyculinA to living anaphase crane-fly spermatocytes with different length tethers. When tethers were short, almost all partner chromosomes moved backwards after nearing the poles. When tethers were longer, fewer chromosomes moved backwards. With yet longer tethers none moved backward. This is consistent with tether elasticity being lost by dephosphorylation. 50nM CalyculinA blocks both PP1 and PP2A. To distinguish between PP1 and PP2A we treated cells with short tethers with 50nM okadaic acid which blocks solely PP2A, or with 1µM okadaic acid which blocks both PP1 and PP2A. Only 1µM okadaic acid caused chromosomes to move backward. Thus, tether elasticity is lost because of dephosphorylation by PP1.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11635989.v2
title: The role of phosphorylation in the elasticity of the tethers that connect telomeres of separating anaphase chromosomes

description: Elastic tethers, connecting telomeres of all separating anaphase chromosome pairs, lose elasticity when they lengthen during anaphase. Treatment with phosphatase inhibitor CalyculinA causes anaphase chromosomes to move backwards after they reach the poles, suggesting that dephosphorylation causes loss of tether elasticity. We added 50nM CalyculinA to living anaphase crane-fly spermatocytes with different length tethers. When tethers were short, almost all partner chromosomes moved backwards after nearing the poles. When tethers were longer, fewer chromosomes moved backwards. With yet longer tethers none moved backward. This is consistent with tether elasticity being lost by dephosphorylation. 50nM CalyculinA blocks both PP1 and PP2A. To distinguish between PP1 and PP2A we treated cells with short tethers with 50nM okadaic acid which blocks solely PP2A, or with 1µM okadaic acid which blocks both PP1 and PP2A. Only 1µM okadaic acid caused chromosomes to move backward. Thus, tether elasticity is lost because of dephosphorylation by PP1.