cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.76
title: Calculation of the labor consumption rate for shuttering works whilst considering uncertainties

description: Calculating construction costs and times is one of the most important and demanding tasks in construction management and economics. To arrive at a realistic calculation base, valid data and information is constantly being sought for labor consumption rates, output rates, productivity, material consumption, volumes in stock, number of transport cycles, and cost and time parameters that must be estimated or calculated ex ante. Ultimately, final cost and time parameters must be determined on the basis of such considerations and calculations. Accurate figures must be stated or submitted at the end of any analysis. These depend on the complexity of the building and on the conditions prevailing at the actual work stages and rely on more or less uncertain input data. One possible solution to this issue is to consider ranges that can deliver final conclusions on determined values. To systematically consider ranges in input parameters, this paper concentrates on applying probabilistic calculation methods based on Monte Carlo simulations. Key outcomes of probabilistic calculations include histograms that are used to directly capture the chance/risk ratio relative to a specific (selected) parameter. This paper presents a practical example of calculating the labor consumption rate for shuttering works to highlight the significance of the chosen chance/risk ratio and to show how it can be integrated into the systematic decision-making process adopted by the parties involved in the project.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.77
title: Calculation of the labor consumption rate for shuttering works whilst considering uncertainties

description: This paper focuses on the systematic consideration of uncertainties in calculating labor consumption rates for shuttering works. The magnitude of labor consumption rates results from a production system assessment. This paper outlines the basics of labor consumption rates and important factors that influence their level. A specific value must be selected at the end of any calculation. In labor-intensive activities, labor consumption rates are highly significant for calculating construction time and cost. To make important decisions, it is essential to know the chance/risk ratio relative to key parameters. For any quotation, this ratio illustrates the chances or risks associated with certain works and the entire project. To select the chance/risk ratio, existing uncertainties must be integrated into the probabilistic calculation (using Monte Carlo simulations) by distribution functions. The probabilistic calculation of labor consumption rates thus creates the basis for any conclusions regarding chances and risks associated with specific costs or prices. Appropriate precautions can thus be taken as part of systematically managing chances and risks. As a result, the process of preparing and making decisions is characterized by a more systematic and target-driven approach. Furthermore, decision reliability and transparency are improved. An example of calculating the labor consumption rate for shuttering works demonstrates the influence of the selected distribution functions on results. It also illustrates its subsequent effect on the chance/risk ratio of adopted decisions.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.78
title: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SHARES OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE EARTH-RETAINING WALL WITH BUTTRESSES

description: Structural engineers focus on the reduction and partial substitution of the cement in reinforced concrete structures, while other impacts such as the ozone depletion and the air acidification become secondary or are left behind. The featured life cycle assessment shows the impacts corresponding to each construction stage of an earth-retaining wall with buttresses. The contribution ratio of each input flow is analyzed. The flows are modeled as individual subsystems of the earth-retaining wall. Accordingly, concrete, landfill, machinery, formwork, steel, and transport are defined as subsystems of the construction of the infrastructure. A previous study showed that the contribution shares of impacts do not linearly vary with the height. Therefore, a functional unit is defined per wall height. Results show that the concrete almost always accounts for the largest contribution to each impact, except for the ozone depletion potential (ODP) and the photochemical oxidation of air (POCP). The use of machinery holds the biggest ODP share (30%) while the steel is the largest contributor to POCP. Once the wall height is fixed, a parameter of study was the recycling rate. A recycling rate of 70% is usually reached. The study shows a noticeable reduction of several impacts when the recycling content increases. The relationship of the impacts of each material with the amount of material used discloses research interest. However, this relationship is greatly influenced by the cement manufacturing technology and the steel recycling potential in the area.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.79
title: Development of Portable Vibration Experiment Device to Support Intuitive Understanding

description: The scale of vibration is expressed by such measures as the acceleration and seismic intensity. However, it is not realistic for those who have no experiential sense for the scale of vibration. The intuitive feel of vibration helps to foster motivation to learn such the subjects as the earthquake disaster prevention, vibration and earthquake resistance in the department of civil engineering and the architecture.This paper introduces the portable shaking experiment device which is developed as a teaching material to support the intuitive understanding of the scale of vibration such as acceleration and seismic intensity as well as Fourier spectrum. The data of vibration recorded by the accelerometers installed at the shaking table and structure model are processed immediately and the wave form, maximum acceleration, seismic intensity and Fourier spectra are shown in real time.The effectiveness of the proposed experiment device is discussed by the questionnaire survey.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.80
title: Nondestructive techniques for grouting

description: Techniques for improving the ground base have been used since ancient times. The need of the geotechnical engineer to use zones with weak (cracked or high porosity) soil poses new, increasingly complicated problems. The solutions must consider requirements for the materials used and restrictions over the invasion.The use of natural (inorganic) materials is an approach resulting from the low speed of the change of the properties. The insignificant effect of the environment on the properties of the materials to be injected is unquestionable. Here we should consider a number of factors connected with the anthropogenic conditions. An important aspect in the choice of materials is the expected positive changes in the structure and properties of the natural materials - improvement of soil skeleton structure, preservation of the migration of water, filling saturation, decreasing the consolidation deformability and others.The use of techniques of injection with relatively small influence over the structure and properties of the natural materials requires certain basic mechanical parameters. Here we should pay attention to the scale of the interventions as a whole, the effect of which is considerably smaller than in usual techniques for different deep foundations. Another important aspect of these techniques is the economic effect which creates conditions for a number of optimizations concerning the use of small-scale resources, by-products (colloidal clay, flay ash, lime, gypsum), small quantities of waste products, short periods for realization and others.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.81
title: Behavior of Corroded RC Beams without Stirrups Repaired with CFRP Sheets

description: In reinforced concrete structures located in hot and humid areas, steel reinforcement is generally vulnerable to deterioration due to corrosion. Corrosion of reinforcement in many cases is considered the main cause of concrete structures deterioration which in turn requires large budgets for repair and maintenance. This paper presents the experimental results of damaged/repaired reinforced concrete beams. The experimental program consisted of testing reinforced concrete rectangular beam specimens with/without shear reinforcement and exposed to accelerated corrosion of the longitudinal steel reinforcement on the tension side. Corroded beams without shear reinforcement were repaired by bonding external U-shaped CFRP sheets to restore the strength loss due to corrosion.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.82
title: INTERFERENCES BY THE APPLICATION FOR THE CHARGES BY USE OF RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE IN EUROPEAN INTEROPERABILITY

description: The European Union adopted a series of destined Directives to convert the rail sector in a way of competitive transport, giving place to the separation of activities of administration of the infrastructure of the own activities of the exploitation, the opening of the rail transport in diet of free competition and the allocation to the administrator of rail infrastructures of the necessary functions for the provision of services regarding transport of travellers as of commodities. This remained reflected in a series of charges, in which each country created some specific rules of fixation of canons and that has given place to prices very diverse, no only economically but also to the hour to define the same, resulted of the nonexistence of a guideline detailed of how would have to fix the same. This opening forces to the rail companies to fulfil a series of legal requirements, technicians and economic to be able to operate by the European rail network. The economic requirements remain reflected in a series of canons to credit to the administrators of rail infrastructure of the countries by where circulates a rail transport. These canons, although they are regulated by the corresponding European Directive, are established according to the rule of the country, what gives origin to a diversity of the same.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.83
title: Velocity Control of Vehicles Separating from Vehicle Platoon

description: Vehicle platoon is very important techniques for increasing the traffic flow safely and effectively. The electric and mechanical systems are necessary for effective vehicle platoon. Several systems have been studied for control vehicles in the platoon. This paper focuses on the velocity control of the vehicles separating from the vehicle platoon. The velocity control model is defined according to the vehicle following model and then, the parameters are determined by minimizing the objective function. The model with the optimized parameters is applied for the vehicle platoon experiment of LEGO Mindstorms NXT. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results in order to confirm the validity of the model. Although the experimental results finally converge to the simulation results, there exists the difference between the computational simulation and the experimental results because of the error of the sensor and the others.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.84
title: Effects of Residual Rust on Strength Recovery of Corroded Steel Plate Repaired with Patch Plate

description: In Japan, there have been found a lot of corrosion damages recently in steel bridges aged for fifty or more years. If the strength of a steel structure is decreased by serious corrosion damages, the structure must be repaired to ensure its safety. In order to supplement the strength loss of a steel member with local corrosion, steel plate bonding method is often adopted, where the corroded area is covered with steel plate bonded by adhesive. In this case, surface preparation is the most important issue to bond the cover plates completely. In this method, surface preparation is most important issue to bond the cover plates completely. However, it is quite difficult to completely remove rust and wastes in the fieldwork of surface preparation. Thus, this paper presents recovery effect of local corroded steel plate by steel plate bonding method when rust is not completely removed. Specimens are rectangular steel plates with irregular surface which imitated local corrosion in the center of plate. And rust is also imitated rather than actual one to quantitatively evaluate the recovery effect. Axial tensile tests were conducted for these specimens repaired with patch plate. Then, the size of patch plate and amount of rust were changed and investigated how these differences affect the peeling off of the patch plate.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.85
title: Effect of Fly Ash Content in MBC Bonder for Sustainable CFRP Retrofit

description: The rehabilitation and strengthening of reinforced concrete structures have been attracting increasing attention due to various factors including increase in traffic volume and weight, structural aging and environmental impact. Various techniques such as grouting, guniting and external post-tensioning are being used to retrofit or strengthen deteriorated members. With recent developments in the application of fiber composites in structural engineering, externally bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) system has become one widely used repair techniques because of its durability and long-term cost-effectiveness. In the FRP bonded retrofit technique, epoxy is often used as the bonding material. Because of environmental impact and health issues, construction sector is always looking for sustainable alternative bonding materials for FRP retrofit. A new trend on using Mineral Based Composites (MBC) has garnered the attention for a possible alternative to replace the use of harmful epoxy in FRP retrofit. MBC is formed by mixing the cement with some other minerals together and some concrete admixtures. As a part of a project to investigate optimum mix for the MBC, a series of tests were carried out to study the effect of fly ash content in the MBC mix as a partial replacement of cement. This paper discusses the results from this experimental program and evaluates the optimum fly ash content for the MBC and its associated properties.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.86
title: Optimal budget allocation model for rehabilitation of sewer system considering social and environmental changes

description: Municipalities face to challenges related to urban infrastructure, mainly related to aging infrastructure. The metropolitan area of Seoul, Korea, reported that more than half of the entire sewer systems are over 30 years old. The deteriorated sewer systems caused serious safety disaster such as sink hole and other social problems. Furthermore, these phenomena continue to accelerate because the sewer systems are seriously affected by variability of rainfall which results from the climate change and human migration from the social change. Therefore, it is necessary to do proactive rehabilitation instead of overdue maintenance considering the social and environmental change. This research presents the conceptual framework for deciding the priority for investment in the borough of Seoul which is based on the extensive evaluation for identifying the sewer pipelines which need rehabilitation work. To address the comprehensive evaluation of priority for investment, Genetic Algorithm(GA) is adopted to find optimal budget allocation for each borough which is derived from considering the technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects. The result can be used as reference to budget allocation to improve the sustainability of the sewer systems.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.87
title: Project management methods for public infrastructure projects

description: Given the importance of public infrastructure projects to the civil construction and considering the Brazilian context, the aim of this paper is to improve the management efficiency concerning project management methods applied to this kind of construction project. Using a multiple case study approach, the research has examined two large infrastructure projects and identified the critical points to achieve projects
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.88
title: Project conditions justifying time-at-large claims

description: The time for completion on a construction project is of great importance and is sometimes referred to as being of the essence. Having a known completion date that the contractor shall be willing to commit to carries both advantages and implications. That is, if the contractor inexcusably overruns this completion date, he becomes liable for delay damages which usually take the form of liquidated damages (LD). During the course of construction, several circumstances may surface which have the effect of the time for completion to be said to have become at large, a situation that can hinder the triggering of the LD clause by employers. This paper aims to explain the concept of time at large and its reasons and implications, while viewing its applicability under both the common and civil law systems. It highlights the conditions whose prevalence justifies the time on the construction contract to be called to have become at large. The work represents the foundation for constructing a method that can aid in systematically testing if such a calling can be viewed as justifiable.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.89
title: Multi-Objective Optimization for Conflict Resolution in Construction Projects

description: In construction projects, the different interests and objects of stakeholders can result in increased occurrences of conflict, which can bring negative effects or even project termination. In particular, understanding the causes and finding a solution get more difficult because of the larger and more complex projects. Thus, quantitative research should be conducted to find conflict alternatives. This study aims to find optimal alternative combinations for conflict resolution in public projects. To understand level of conflict and effect of conflict alternatives, the survey was conducted in three points of view, 1) economic; 2) social; 3) environmental. After survey, the optimization process consists of two steps. First, weights of conflict factors are estimated through regression analysis. Second, multi-object functions which are each economic impact, social impact, environmental impact are optimized. For multi-objective optimization, optimal alternative combinations could be deducted and results present how alternatives affect to conflict level. Although there are some limitations, this result is significant in that it has found an optimal alternative considering three impacts in order to select a combination of alternatives for conflict resolution.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.90
title: Effect of Recycled Materials on the Tensile behaviors of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composite

description: Conventional cement composite is generally produced with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a binder. However, during manufacturing the cement composite, large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) are emitted. Therefore, recycled materials such as fly ash and recycled fine aggregate are proposed to be respectively replaced to OPC and natural sand in order to reduce CO2 emission of cement composites. For reinforcing fibers, micro steel fibers were used. For investigating mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced cement composites (SFRCCs), direct tension tests were conducted. The test results showed that fly ash improves tensile strength and ductility of SFRCCs. However, tensile strength of the SFRCC decreased as replacement ratio of recycled fine aggregate increased. The use of recycled materials in FRCC helps to save natural resources and promote sustainability in civil engineering materials.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.91
title: The study on the properties of Ca concrete under natural environment

description: The Ca-based solidification material has neutrality so that it would be expected to be new material to reduce environmental load instead of cement in the construction field. The concrete using this material, which is Ca concrete, is useful for construction material from our past research. In previous researches, we showed that the compressive strength of Ca concrete and the compressive strength of AE concrete which contains the entrained air had nearly equal strength under same mixture condition, and the behavior under compression loading of Ca concrete showed a tendency similar to cement concrete. Also, the compressive strength of Ca concrete obtained the stable strength when it had the curing for four weeks. Therefore, Ca concrete would be used in the same way as cement concrete for construction field. This study investigates to consider further properties of Ca concrete. Particularly, it is paid attention to the water absorbability, water retentivity, and the compressive strength under natural environment. As a result, it is clear that the Ca concrete has the higher water absorbability and the water retentivity as compared with cement concrete and the compressive strength of Ca concrete under natural exposure does not decrease even if the length of natural exposure passes for 104 weeks. Hence, the Ca concrete would apply to construction material under natural environment as one of the measures against urban heat island phenomenon.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.92
title: EVALUATION OF THE HIRSCH MODEL FOR DYNAMIC MODULUS ESTIMATION OF ASPHALT MIXTURES

description: The dynamic modulus of the asphalt mixtures is an important factor in designing or analyzing an asphalt concrete pavement, but it is expensive and time consuming to measure. Therefore, it is important to develop a model to predict this value. In this regard, the Hirsch model is a popular model, however, it is developed based on a range of U.S. asphalt mixtures and standards. Therefore, it is not certain that it can be used for asphalt mixtures based on materials and codes other than U.S. This article investigated whether this model performs satisfactorily with two typical asphalt mixtures in Western Australia (WA) containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% of recycled asphalt pavement. To do so, cylindrical samples were made with materials and locally established standards in Western Australia and then tested in Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT) machine to acquire their dynamic modulus and phase angle values in different loading frequencies (0.01 to 10 Hz) and temperatures (4-40
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2017.93
title: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COCONUT FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE

description: The use of natural fibers in concrete has significantly increased in recent years as a result of the push for sustainable construction. Coconut fibers, also known as coir fibers, have been used as natural fibers in concrete, particularly in some parts of Asia. This paper presents an experimental study that investigates the use of coconut fibers in concrete. Two baseline concrete mix designs were selected based on design standards with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 and 0.5 respectively. For each baseline mix design, four 20 cm x 20 cm x 1 cm concrete plates were constructed by varying the percentage of coconut fibers by weight of cement. The fiber contents studied are 0%, 0.1%, 0.175%, and 0.25%. The concrete plates were then tested to determine the mechanical properties of the coconut fiber-reinforced concrete and comparisons were made with the mix designs with 0% coconut fiber content. The results show that adding coconut fibers increases the flexural strength of concrete plates. This is particularly beneficial for low scale construction applications such as those in concrete tile production. For both mix designs, adding 0.25% of coconut fibers increased the flexural strength of the concrete plates by 90% when compared to concrete with no coconut fibers.