DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7872392
title: Energetics of human locomotion near the walk-run transition speed.

description: <strong>Energetics of human locomotion near the walk-run transition speed.</strong> This dataset includes the raw metabolic and mechanical data of 28 young subjects during locomotion at variable speed, walking and running on a treadmill at different speeds and gaits. Characteristics of the experimental group: - Sex: 28 Males - Age: 32. 53 (10.99SD)- height: 175.0 cm (0.008 SD)- weight: 72.96 kg (9.51 SD) Equipment: - Cosmed K5 portable metabolic analyzer- Cosmed Omnia Software v.1.6.5 - Vicon Nexus 2.14 (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd, Oxford, UK) Experimental Design: The walking stroke transition speed (W-R Ts) was determined experimentally. Each subject was asked to perform 3 trials on a treadmill (GE T2100, General Electric, USA), with an escalating speed ladder protocol. The ramp was designed to start with a comfortable ride (3.0 km h-1), and to increase speed by 0.5 km.h-1 every 15 s. When the subject began to run, the ramp stopped and the speed was marked on a worksheet. The mean or modal transition speed was taken as the T of the subject. All treadmill tests were performed at the Biomechanics and Motion Analysis Research Laboratory (LIBiAM) of the University of the Republic in Paysandú (Uruguay), at a controlled temperature of 25ºC. The theoretical transition velocity tTs was calculated according to the Froude number equation (Alexander. 1976): v = (nFr g LL) 0.5, where v is the theoretical velocity, g is gravity, LL is the leg length, and nFr the Froude number, which was set to the constant value of 0.5, corresponding to the W-R transition (Alexander & Jayes, 1983; Alejandro, 2003; Bona et al., 2019). Experimental speed ramp: -A custom ascending and descending speed ramp was designed, focused on the transition speed and varied from (Ts = Transition Speed) Ts-20% to Ts+20%, each step with a duration of 5 s. Each ramp cycle lasted 50 s, and was repeated 5 times, for a total test time of 250 s. The trial was repeated twice. <em>Mechanical Work (Mechanical cost of transport)</em> The time course of the trajectory by <em>BcoM</em> was used to infer changes in the mechanical energies (potential and kinetics) involved. The horizontal work (<em>W<sub>h</sub></em>) was defined as the sum of the increments of the kinetic energy of the <em>BcoM</em> along the forward and mediolateral axes; the vertical work (<em>W<sub>v</sub></em>) was determined by the sum of the increments of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy along the vertical axis; the external work (<em>W</em><sub>ext</sub> ), the mechanical work done to lift and accelerate the <em>BcoM</em>, was computed as the sum of the increments of the total mechanical energy of the <em>BcoM</em> (potential plus kinetic) (Cavagna et al., 1976; Willems et al., 1995). The internal work (<em>W</em><sub>int</sub>), the work necessary to accelerate the body segments with respects to the <em>BcoM</em>, was estimated with the methodology proposed by Cavagna & Kaneko (1977). <em>W</em><sub>int</sub> and <em>W</em><sub>ext</sub> were summed to give the total mechanical work (<em>W<sub>tot</sub></em>) (Cavagna & Kaneko, 1977; Willems et al., 1995). During locomotion cycles, especially in W, part of the potential energy of the <em>BcoM</em> is converted into kinetic energy, and vice versa, so that the sum of <em>W<sub>h</sub></em> and <em>W<sub>v</sub></em> is greater than the actual work done (<em>W<sub>ext</sub></em>). The difference, expressed as percentage, corresponds to the energy recovery R% (Cavagna et al., 1976), which formula is: R% = (<em>W</em><sub>h</sub> +<em> Wv</em> -<em> W</em><sub>ext</sub>) (<em>W</em><sub>h</sub> + <em>Wv</em>) <em> Cost of transport (Metabolic transport cost)</em> Oxygen uptake and respiratory quotient were measured breath-by-breath by a portable metabolimeter (K5, Cosmed, Italy). Reference resting values were measured during 5 min in orthostatic quiet position. Each trial was started when the metabolic parameters were near the reference resting values. The <sub>2</sub> (mlO<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) and RQ of the last 50 s of each recorded trial, corresponding to the last complete ramp, were averaged. The reference resting <sub>2</sub> was subtracted to the measured one to obtain the net oxygen uptake. VO<sub>2NET</sub> was then converted to mass-specific metabolic rate (W kg<sup>-1</sup>) using a RQ based energetic equivalent(P. E. Di Prampero et al., 2015). The C (J kg<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>-1</sup>) was finally obtained by dividing the metabolic rate for the average speed: (2) <em>Apparent Mechanical Efficiency (AE)</em> The AE was calculated as proposed by Cavagna and Kaneko, ie, AE = <em>W</em><sub>to</sub> C where <em>W</em><sub>tot</sub> is the total mechanical work and C the cost of transport (G. A. Cavagna & Kaneko, 1977). <em>Data processing and calculation</em> Image preprocessing was performed in Vicon Nexus 2.14 (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd, Oxford, UK), kinematic variable calculation performed with Python 2.7 and ProCalc 1.6 (Vicon Motion Systems Ltd, Oxford, UK), the calculation of mechanical variables was implemented in MatLab (The MathWorks, Inc., California, USA). The calculation of C was performed in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 365). Note: Not all subjects performed the entire protocol. In particular, some data lack follow-up. Analysis of the cost of transportation: All participants signed an informed consent. The protocol was approved by the University's Ethics Committee (#311170-000921-19).<br> The legend of the dataset. There are 3 excel sheets where each row is associated with subjects from 1 to 28. Energy sheet: Subject: Subject Age Weigth Heigth(m) IMC Km x week: kilometers per week Background: history of injuries INT1 km/h: attempt 1 INT2 km/h: attempt 2 INT3 km/h: Attempt 3 Average transition (km/h): average walk-race transition speed Froude estimated PST(m/s) Froude Estimated PST(km/h) Basal Vo2: Basal oxygen consumption in orthostasis VO2/kg/min: Oxygen consumption in the test RQ: RQ in the test VO2 Net VO2kg/min): VO2 net in the test VO2/kg/s J/kg/s = W/kg C (J/kg/m): transport cost obtained in the test Test: test performed Gait: type of gait that has been evaluated ASC/DESC: place on the ramp (ascending or descending) Stride: stride identification for each type of gait Duty Factor_tr: duty factor Stride Frequency_tr: stride frequency Stride Time_tr: stride time Time: time in the stride Speed in treadmill : speed that occurs in treadmill Distance: distance traveled by the stride Step frequency: frequency of passage Wext: External Work Rec: recovery Wv: trabajo vertical Wh: horizontal work WintTOT: Total internal work
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