DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fn2z34v79
title: Racing amidst change: urbanization and climate alter functional traits and distribution of an Amazonian parthenogenetic lizard

description: Habitat modification, including global climate change, deforestation, and
 urbanization, poses significant challenges for species. For organisms that
 can persist and thrive in altered landscapes, new habitat structures may
 lead to niche expansion and phenotypical changes. Here, we investigated
 the variation in morphology and thermal physiology between natural and
 neonative (urban) populations of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi Grant, 1958, a
 parthenogenetic lizard found in the Amazonia, and forecasted its current
 and future distribution under climate change scenarios. We compared
 morphological and thermal traits and assessed urban environments as a
 potentially stressful habitat using asymmetry indexes. Additionally, we
 utilized a hybrid species distribution model to infer potential dispersion
 routes and changes in the species’ distribution until 2100 under different
 climate change scenarios. We found that the neonative population
 demonstrates enhanced sprint performance compared to the native population
 as a result of larger hindfeet and forearms of individuals. The
 distribution model indicates a strong association of the species with open
 areas near rivers and cities, which may facilitate individuals'
 dispersion across southern Amazonia. Additionally, the species shows low
 risks of local extinction and a degree of tolerance to predicted future
 climates, even in extreme scenarios, with distribution ranges inferred to
 increase over open areas within Amazonia. Our study represents one example
 in which an Amazonian thermoregulator lizard species may actually benefit
 from anthropogenic environmental changes, highlighting landscape
 modification as an important factor in the dispersion of neonative
 species.
description: # Racing amidst change: urbanization and climate alter functional traits
 and distribution of an Amazonian parthenogenetic lizard Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.fn2z34v79](10.5061/dryad.fn2z34v79) ## Description of the
 data and file structure ### Files and variables #### File:
 Script_Analysis.R **Description:** Script used to perform the analysis.
 #### File: Script_SDM.R **Description:** Script used to build the SDM
 model. #### File: SupplementaryFile_Asymmetry.csv **Description:** Data of
 fluctuating asymmetry. ##### Variables * Specimen: voucher number of
 specimen used * State: city (political limit in Brazil) * SVL: snout-vent
 length (mm) * Side: side of the body (categorical, left/right) * FL: femur
 length (mm) * TL: tibia length (mm) * FTL: hindfoot length (mm) *
 HUL: humeral length (mm) * FAL: forearm length (mm) * SHF: scales of the
 third finger of the hindfoot (number) * SFF: scales of the third finger of
 the forefoot (number) #### File: SupplementaryFile_Morph_average.csv
 **Description:** Average of morphological measurements ##### Variables *
 Specimen: voucher number of specimen used * State: city (political limit
 in Brazil) * Lat: latitude (decimal) * Lon: longitude (decimal) *
 Maturity: sexual maturity (categorical, adult/juvenile) * SVL: snout-vent
 length (mm) * BM: body mass (gram) * BTAL: base tail length (mm) *
 TAL: tail length (mm) * HL: head length (mm) * HH: head height (mm) *
 HW: head width (mm) * TRL: trunk length (mm) * INL: interbrachial-nasal
 length (mm) * SG: shoulder girdle (mm) * PG: pelvic girdle (mm) *
 FL_L: femur length left (mm) * FL_R: femur length right (mm) * TL_L: tibia
 length left (mm) * TL_R: tibia length right (mm) * FTL_L: hindfoot length
 left (mm) * FTL_R: hindfoot length right (mm) * HUL_L: humeral length
 left (mm) * HUL_R: humeral length right (mm) * FAL_L: forearm length
 left (mm) * FAL_R: forearm length right (mm) * SHF_L: scales of the third
 finger of the hindfoot left (number) * SHF_R: scales of the third finger
 of the hindfoot right (number) * SFF_L: scales of the third finger of the
 forefoot left (number) * SFF_R: scales of the third finger of the forefoot
 right (number) * I_FA: injury forearm (presence (1)/absence (0)) * I_T:
 injury tail (presence (1) /absence (0)) * NA: not available #### File:
 SupplementaryFile_Morphology.csv **Description:** Raw morphological
 measurements ##### Variables * Specimen: voucher number of specimen used *
 Field: field number * FPWerneck: lab number * Sp: species * City:
 city (political limit in Brazil) * State: state (political limit in
 Brazil) * Lat: latitude (decimal) * Lon: longitude (decimal) * Maturity:
 sexual maturity (categorical, adult/juvenile) - SVL: snout-vent
 length (mm) - BM: body mass (gram) - BTAL: base tail length (mm) -
 TAL: tail length (mm) - HL: head length (mm) - HH: head height (mm) -
 HW: head width (mm) - TRL: trunk length (mm) - INL: interbrachial-nasal
 length (mm) - SG: shoulder girdle (mm) - PG: pelvic girdle (mm) -
 FL_L: femur length left (mm) - FL_R: femur length right (mm) - TL_L: tibia
 length left (mm) - TL_R: tibia length right (mm) - FTL_L: hindfoot length
 left (mm) - FTL_R: hindfoot length right (mm) - HUL_L: humeral length
 left (mm) - HUL_R: humeral length right (mm) - FAL_L: forearm length
 left (mm) - FAL_R: forearm length right (mm) - SHF_L: scales of the third
 finger of the hindfoot left (number) - SHF_R: scales of the third finger
 of the hindfoot right (number) - SFF_L: scales of the third finger of the
 forefoot left (number) - SFF_R: scales of the third finger of the forefoot
 right (number) - I_FA: injury forearm (presence (1) /absence (0)) - I_T:
 injury tail (presence (1)/absence (0)) - NA: Not available #### File:
 SupplementaryFile_Thermal_v2.csv **Description:** thermal traits
 measurements ##### Variables * Field: field number * Voucher: voucher
 number of specimen used * FPWerneck: lab number * Sp: species * City:
 city (political limit in Brazil) * State: state (political limit in
 Brazil) * Lat: latitude (decimal) * Lon: longitude (decimal) * Maturity:
 sexual maturity (categorical, adult/juvenile) * tpref: preferential
 temperature (°C) * ctmin: critical minimum temperature (°C) * ctmax:
 critical maximum temperature (°C) * sprint_c_tb: body temperature cold (-5
 ºC sprint e tb) (°C) * speed_c_mean: mean of the velocities of sprints
 during the cold performance test (m/s) * sprint_e_tb: body temperature
 environment (°C) * speed_e_mean: mean of the velocities of sprints during
 the environmental performance test (m/s) * sprint_h_tb: body temperature
 hot (+5 ºC sprint e tb) (°C) * speed_h_mean: mean of the velocities of
 sprints during the hot performance test (m/s) * treatment: substrate type
 utilized in the study (categorical, urban, or native) * NA: Not available
 #### File: SupplementaryFile_AUCc_ModelsTPC.csv **Description:** result
 from model selection analysis. For details about the metrics, see the
 description of the MuMin v1.47.1 package. * NA: Not available * +:
 Indicate that the variable was used in the model * Model: number of the
 model  * distribution: locality of the individuals (categorical, Roraima
 or Manaus) * FAL_L: forearm length left (mm) * FL_L: femur length
 left (mm) * FTL_L: hindfoot length left (mm) * HH: head height (mm) *
 INL: interbrachial-nasal length (mm) * temp: temperature (°C) *
 SHF_L: scales of the third finger of the hindfoot left (number) *
 treatment: substrate type utilized in the study (categorical, urban, or
 native) * SVL: snout-vent length (mm) * TAL: tail length (mm) * TL_L tibia
 length left (mm) * TRL: trunk length (mm) #### File:
 SupplementaryFile_TPC.csv **Description:** data to build thermal
 performance curve ##### Variables * id: voucher number of specimen used *
 sp: species * distribution: city * temp: temperature (°C) #### File:
 SupplementaryFile_Tpref_SDM.csv **Description:** data to build mechanistic
 SDM * temp: temperature (°C) * id: voucher number of specimen used *
 site: locality of the individuals (categorical, RR for Roraima, and AM for
 Manaus) #### File: SupplementaryFile_DistributionRecords.csv
 **Description:** raw distribution records of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi *
 Sp: species * Lat: latitude (decimal) * Lon: longitude (decimal) * Alt:
 altitude (m) * Locality: description of the locality * Country *
 Reference  #### File: Figure_1_SuppInfo.pdf **Description:** Figure S1.
 Distribution of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi. Prevalence of records inside
 the Amazonia limit (thick green line) and in the north of the
 Amazonas/Solimões River. Limits of Amazonia from Mapbiomas (available at:
 [https://amazonia.mapbiomas.org](https://amazonia.mapbiomas.org)). ####
 File: Figure_2_SuppInfo.pdf **Description:** Figure S2. Bayesian Inference
 of mDNA 16S of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi. Individuals collected in the
 native population (blue band) and in the neonative population (brown band)
 are grouped with the nominal species and show very little variation, as
 expected for parthenogenetic species. #### File: Figure_3_SuppInfo.pdf
 **Description:** Figure S3. Principal Analysis of Components (PCA) of
 morphology. PC1 explains 19.7% and PC2 explains 15.3% of the variance. HW:
 head width; HH: head height; HL: head length; TRL: trunk length; INL:
 interbrachial-nasal length; HUL: humeral length; FAL: forearm length; FL:
 femur length; TL: tibia length; FTL: hind foot length; TAL: tail length;
 PG: pelvic girdle; SG: shoulder girdle; SHF: scales of the third finger of
 hindfoot; SFF: scales of the third finger of forefoot. #### File:
 Figure_4_SuppInfo.pdf **Description:** Figure S4. The importance of the
 species distribution model performed. The Temperature Seasonality (Bio04)
 is the most important variable, while the Slope is the least important to
 the lizard Gymnophthalmus underwoodi. #### File: Figure_5_SuppInfo.pdf
 **Description:** Figure S5. Landover variable used to predict the future
 distribution of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi under SSP5-8.5 scenario
 (respective A2) for the years 2060 (a) and 2100 (b). Forest areas are
 green (1) and open areas are red (0). Data are available at
 [https://geosimulation.cn/GlobalLUCCProduct.html](https://geosimulation.cn/GlobalLUCCProduct.html). #### File: Table_1_SuppInfo.pdf **Description:** Table S1. Values of loading of principal component analysis (PCA) of morphological traits measures. All traits except TAL were used as residual values of the linear regression between the trait and SVL in PCA. HW: head width; HH: head height; HL: head length; TRL: trunk length; INL: interbrachial-nasal length; HUL: humeral length; FAL: forearm length; FL: femur length; TL: tibia length; FTL: hind foot length; TAL: tail length; PG: pelvic girdle; SG: shoulder girdle; SHF: scales of the third finger of hindfoot; SFF: scales of the third finger of forefeet #### File: Table_2_SuppInfo.pdf **Description:** Table S2. Results of the linear mixed model (LMM) assessing fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA) in native and neonative populations. Statistical significance of Side suggests DA, whereas the interaction Side: Individual suggests FA. HUL: humeral length; FAL: forearm length; FL: femur length; TL: tibia length; FTL: hindfoot length. #### File: Table_3_SuppInfo.pdf **Description:** Table S3. Results of the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with Poisson correction assessing fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA) in native and neonative populations. The statistical significance of Side suggests DA, whereas the interaction Side: Individual suggests FA. SHF: scales of the third finger of the hindfoot; SFF: scales of the third finger of the forefoot. #### File: Table_4_SuppInfo.pdf **Description:** Table S4. The mean values of the asymmetry index (AI = R - L). The negative values refer to the Left side and the positive values refer to the Right side. HUL: humeral length; FAL: forearm length; FL: femur length; TL: tibia length; FTL: hind foot length; SHF: scales of the third finger of hindfoot; SFF: scales of the third finger of forefoot; Sd: standard deviation; Se: standard error. #### File: Appendix_S1.pdf **Description:** Methodological details ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * [https://github.com/rosadolucas/underwoodi](https://github.com/rosadolucas/underwoodi)