DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vt4b8gtxt
title: Data from: Honeybee visitation to shared flowers increases Vairimorpha ceranae prevalence in bumblebees

description: Vairimorpha (=Nosema) ceranae is a widespread pollinator parasite that
 commonly infects honeybees and wild pollinators, including bumblebees.
 Honeybees are highly competent V. ceranae hosts and previous work in
 experimental flight cages suggests V. ceranae can be transmitted during
 visitation to shared flowers. However, the relationship between floral
 visitation in the natural environment and the prevalence of V. ceranae
 among multiple bee species has not been explored. Here, we analyzed the
 number and duration of pollinator visits to particular components of
 squash flowers—including the petals, stamen, and nectary—at six farms in
 southeastern Michigan, USA. We also determined the prevalence of V.
 ceranae in honeybees and bumblebees at each site. Our results showed that
 more honeybee flower contacts and longer duration of contacts with pollen
 and nectar was linked with greater V. ceranae prevalence in bumblebees.
 Honeybee visitation patterns appear to have a disproportionately large
 impact on V. ceranae prevalence in bumblebees even though honeybees are
 not the most frequent flower visitors. Floral visitation by squash bees or
 other pollinators were not linked with V. ceranae prevalence in
 bumblebees. Further, V. ceranae prevalence in honeybees was
 unaffected by floral visitation behaviors by any pollinator species. These
 results suggest that honeybee visitation behaviors on shared floral
 resources may be an important contributor to increased V. ceranae
 spillover to bumblebees in the field. Understanding how V. ceranae
 prevalence is influenced by pollinator behavior in the shared floral
 landscape is critical for reducing parasite spillover into declining
 native bee populations.
description: We collected pollinator visitation data from video recordings of
 a single flower. We visited 6 winter squash farms two times during the
 flowering period, and video recorded 8 flowers during each site visit for
 30 min. We recorded the number and idenitity of species or morphospecies
 of all pollinator visitors, and the duration of their contact with each
 part of the inflorescence (petals, stamen, nectar, or both stamen and
 nectar simultaneously). Using this data, we calculated the number of
 visits and duration of visits (seconds) for honeybees, bumblebees, squash
 bees, and all other pollinator species. From the same sites, we collected
 honeybees and bumblebees and tested a subset of them for presence or
 absence of <em>Vairimorpha ceranae</em>.
description: # Honeybee visitation to shared flowers increases Vairimorpha ceranae
 prevalence in bumblebees. Submitted to Ecology and Evolution. Data
 collected by: Michelle L. Fearon and Maryellen Zbrozek Code written by:
 Michelle L. Fearon and Maryellen Zbrozek Contact: mlfearon@umich.edu The R
 code files that generate the analysis and figures for the manuscript can
 be used as follows: **NosemaDataProcessing.R**: Generates the calculations
 and data files that are used in the analyses of V. ceranae prevalence and
 analyses of pollinator visitation behaviors based on pollinator group.
 **NosemaAnalysis\_Apr.2023.R**: Generates the statistical analyses and
 figures for V. ceranae prevalence in honeybees and bumblebees based on
 different visitation metrics. **VisitationAnalysis\_Apr.2023.R**:
 Generates the statistical analyses and figures of differences in
 visitation patterns among honeybees, bumblebees, and other pollinators.
 **Definitions**: Nosema or Nosema ceranae is the previous name for
 Vairimorpha ceranae. The data and code typically use "Nosema",
 while in the manuscript we updated to the current taxonomic name.
 Data/Code uses "Apis" to refer to honeybees. Data/Code uses
 "Bombus" or Bomb to refer to bumblebees. Data/Code uses
 "Other" to refer to all other pollinators as a group. Other1
 includes all pollinators except for Apis and Bombus; Other2 includes all
 pollinators except for Apis, Bombus, and Eucera squash bees. ### File
 name: Nosema\_pos.csv Description: Records of which individual bees from
 two focal host species (Apis mellifera and Bombus impatiens) that were
 positive or negative when tested for the presence or absence of
 Vairimorpha (=Nosema) ceranae by PCR and additional metadata included for
 each sample. All bees were collected in or adjacent to winter squash
 fields. If there were more than 8 samples per host species per visit to
 each site then samples were selected randomly. If less than 8 samples
 collected, then all samples were used in the study. Pollinator sampling
 overlaps with Fearon and Tibbetts (2021) and Fearon et al. (2022), but
 focuses on different parasite species within the bee communities.
 |Heading|Description| |---|---| | Sample | Unique sample number for each
 individual in the study. These sample numbers match those found in
 PollinatorComm2015_2016_publish.csv | | 18S | Binary for the presence (1)
 or absence (0) of the 18S PCR band. NA indicates samples were not run or
 were contaminated. | | Nosema | Binary for the presence (1) or absence (0)
 of Vairimorpha (=Nosema) ceranae in the sample based on PCR. | |
 Transect.ID | Unique transect ID that indicates the site, year of
 collection, transect A B C or D, visit number to the site, and net or pan
 trap collected. All individuals collected from the same transect share a
 transect ID. These unique IDs match those found in
 PollinatorComm2015_2016_publish.csv | | Individual.ID | Includes the
 transect ID with a sequential number for each sample. These unique IDs
 match those found in PollinatorComm2015_2016_publish.csv | | Year | Year
 of sample collection, all from 2016 | | Site | Unique site code for each
 of the 6 sites (see Appendix S1: Table S1 for site names, dates visited,
 location, etc). | | Visit | Visit number to the site, each site was
 visited twice for this study. The first and second visit are indicated by
 1 and 2, respectively. | | Site_Visit | Concatenated site code and visit
 number | | Lat | Latitude coordinate for the Site | | Long | Longitude
 coordinate for the Site | | Date_Collected | Date the sample was collected
 (MM/DD/YYYY). | | Type | Either APIS to indicate a managed, Apis mellifera
 sample, or NON to indicate a native bee and non-Apis sample. | | Family |
 Bee family. All were from Apidae. | | Genus | Genus name of bee sample.
 Either Apis or Bombus. | | Species | Species name of bee sample. | | Code
 | Species identity code (code determined by the first two letters of the
 genus and species names): <br> APME = Apis mellifera <br> BOIM
 = Bombus impatiens <br> BOFE = Bombus fervidus <br> BOBI =
 Bombus bimaculatus <br> BOPE = Bombus pensylvanicus| | Sex | Sex of
 the bee sampled (all samples were female). | | Date_ID | Date that sample
 was identified to species (MM/DD/YYYY). | | ID_Initials | Initials of the
 person that did the identification. MZ = Maryellen Zbrozek | |
 Dissection_Date | Date that sample was dissected (MM/DD/YYYY). | |
 Dissect_Initials | Initials of the person that did the dissection. MZ =
 Maryellen Zbrozek | | Notes | Additional notes and observations about the
 sample. | ### File name: Video\_Summary\_2016\_forNosemaAnalysis.csv
 Description: Summary of pollinator visitation from recorded approximately
 30 min videos of a single flower. We visited 6 winter squash farms two
 times during the flowering period, and video recorded 8 flowers during
 each site visit for 30 min. We recorded the number and idenitity to
 species or morphospecies of all pollinator visitors, and the duration of
 their contact with each part of the inflorescence (petals, stamen, nectar,
 or both stamen and nectar simultaneously). This data also includes the
 metadata for the time and environmental conditions when the videos were
 taken. |Heading|Description| |---|---| | FlowerID | Unique ID of each
 flower in the study. | | Site | Unique site code for each of the 6 sites
 (see Appendix S1: Table S1 for site names, dates visited, location, etc).
 | | Year | Year of sample collection, all from 2016 | | Site\_Year |
 Concatenated Site and Year. | | Visit | Visit number to the site, each
 site was visited twice for this study. The first and second visit are
 indicated by 1 and 2, respectively. | | Date | Date that the video
 recording was conducted during the visit to that site (MM/DD/YYYY). | |
 Lat | Latitude coordinate for the Site | | Long | Longitude coordinate for
 the Site | | StartHour | The hour that the video recording started. | |
 TimeStart | The exact time that the video recording started (HH:MM
 format). | | TimeStop | The exact time that the video recording ended
 (HH:MM format). | | Duration | The total time of the video recording
 (H:MM:SS format) | | Temperature | Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at
 the start of the video recording. | | WindSpeed | Wind speed in meters per
 second at the start of the video recording. | | Clouds | Cloud cover at
 the start of the video recording (scale of 0 = no clouds to 7 = full cloud
 cover) | | FlowerCollectionTime | Time that the flower was collected in a
 tube after the video recording. | | totdur\_min | Total duration of the
 video recording in minutes (continuous) | | totdur\_sec | Total duration
 of the video recording in seconds (continuous) | | VisitDur | The duration
 of all pollinator visits to a flower in seconds | | VisitNum | The number
 of all pollinator visits to a flower (number of visits per 30 min). | |
 VisitRate | The rate (visits/min) of all pollinator visits to a flower
 (visit number/ total time of video recording in minutes) | | VisitRichness
 | The number of different species (or morphospecies) that visited a single
 flower | | Duration\_2 | The duration (seconds) of all pollinators that
 were only interacting with the petals of the flower. | | Duration\_3 | The
 duration (seconds) of all pollinators that were only interacting with the
 nectar of the flower. | | Duration\_4 | The duration (seconds) of all
 pollinators that were only interacting with the pollen of the flower. | |
 Duration\_5 | The duration (seconds) of all pollinators that were
 interacting with the pollen and nectar simultaneously of the flower. | |
 Duration\_6 | The duration (seconds) of all pollinators that were
 interacting directly with another pollinator on the flower. | |
 APIS\_visits | The number of Apis mellifera (honeybee) visits to a flower
 during the video recording duration (number of visits). | | BOMB\_visits |
 The number of Bombus spp. (bumblebee) visits to a flower during the video
 recording duration (number of visits). | | HALI\_visits | The number of
 small olive green halictid morphospecies (e.g. Halticus or Lasioglossum
 spp) visits to a flower during the video recording duration (number of
 visits). | | HFLY\_visits | The number of hoverfly visits to a flower
 during the video recording duration (number of visits). | | PEPO\_visits |
 The number of Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) visits to a flower during the
 video recording duration (number of visits). | | AUGO\_visits | The number
 of small bright green halictid morphospecies (e.g. Augochlora,
 Augochlorella, or Augochloropsis spp) visits to a flower during the video
 recording duration (number of visits). | | MELI\_visits | The number of
 Melissodes spp visits to a flower during the video recording duration
 (number of visits). | | VESP\_visits | The number of Vespula wasp spp
 visits to a flower during the video recording duration (number of visits).
 | | TRIE\_visits | The number of Triepeolus spp visits to a flower during
 the video recording duration (number of visits). | | APIS\_rate | The rate
 of Apis mellifera (honeybee) visits to a flower per minute (number of
 visits per min). | | BOMB\_rate | The rate of Bombus spp. (bumblebee)
 visits to a flower per minute (number of visits per min). | | HALI\_rate |
 The rate of small olive green halictid morphospecies (e.g. Halticus or
 Lasioglossum spp) visits to a flower per minute (number of visits per
 min). | | HFLY\_rate | The rate of hoverfly visits to a flower per minute
 (number of visits per min). | | PEPO\_rate | The rate of Eucera pruinosa
 (squash bee) visits to a flower per minute (number of visits per min). | |
 AUGO\_rate | The rate of small bright green halictid morphospecies (e.g.
 Augochlora, Augochlorella, or Augochloropsis spp) visits to a flower per
 minute (number of visits per min). | | MELI\_rate | The rate of Melissodes
 spp visits to a flower per minute (number of visits per min). | |
 VESP\_rate | The rate of Vespula wasp spp visits to a flower per minute
 (number of visits per min). | | TRIE\_rate | The rate of Triepeolus spp
 visits to a flower per minute (number of visits per min). | |
 APISBOMB\_visits | The number of Apis mellifera (honeybee) + Bombus spp.
 (bumblebee) visits to a flower during the video recording duration (number
 of visits). | | Native\_visits | The number of native bee (i.e. excluding
 honeybees) visits to a flower during the video recording duration (number
 of visits). | | Other1\_visits | The number of non-honeybee and
 non-bumblebee visits to a flower during the video recording duration
 (number of visits). | | Other2\_visits | The number of non-honeybee and
 non-bumblebee and non-squash bee visits to a flower during the video
 recording duration (number of visits). | | APIS\_dur | The duration of all
 Apis mellifera (honeybee) visits to a flower (any part) in seconds. | |
 BOMB\_dur | The duration of all Bombus spp. (bumblebee) visits to a flower
 (any part) in seconds. | | PEPO\_dur | The duration of all Eucera pruinosa
 (squash bee) visits to a flower (any part) in seconds. | | Native\_dur |
 The duration of all native bee (i.e. excluding honeybees) visits to a
 flower (any part) in seconds. | | Other1\_dur | The duration of all
 non-honeybee and non-bumblebee visits to a flower (any part) in seconds. |
 | Other2\_dur | The duration of all non-honeybee and non-bumblebee and
 non-squash bee visits to a flower (any part) in seconds. | | APIS\_dur2 |
 The duration (seconds) of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were only
 interacting with the petals of the flower. | | APIS\_dur3 | The duration
 (seconds) of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were only interacting
 with the nectar of the flower. | | APIS\_dur4 | The duration (seconds) of
 all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were only interacting with the
 pollen/stamen of the flower. | | APIS\_dur5 | The duration (seconds) of
 all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were interacting with the
 pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously of the flower. | | BOMB\_dur2 |
 The duration (seconds) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were only
 interacting with the petals of the flower. | | BOMB\_dur3 | The duration
 (seconds) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were only interacting with
 the nectar of the flower. | | BOMB\_dur4 | The duration (seconds) of all
 Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen
 of the flower. | | BOMB\_dur5 | The duration (seconds) of all Bombus spp.
 (bumblebees) that were interacting with the pollen/stamen ad nectar
 simultaneously of the flower. | | PEPO\_dur2 | The duration (seconds) of
 all Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were only interacting with the
 petals of the flower. | | PEPO\_dur3 | The duration (seconds) of all
 Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were only interacting with the nectar of
 the flower. | | PEPO\_dur4 | The duration (seconds) of all Eucera pruinosa
 (squash bee) that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of the
 flower. | | PEPO\_dur5 | The duration (seconds) of all Eucera pruinosa
 (squash bee) that were interacting with the pollen/stamen ad nectar
 simultaneously of the flower. | | Other1\_dur2 | The duration (seconds) of
 all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were only interacting with the
 petals of the flower. | | Other1\_dur3 | The duration (seconds) of all
 non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were only interacting with the
 nectar of the flower. | | Other1\_dur4 | The duration (seconds) of all
 non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were only interacting with the
 pollen/stamen of the flower. | | Other1\_dur5 | The duration (seconds) of
 all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were interacting with the
 pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously of the flower. | | Other2\_dur2 |
 The duration (seconds) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and
 non-squash bee that were only interacting with the petals of the flower. |
 | Other2\_dur3 | The duration (seconds) of all non-honeybees and
 non-bumblebees and non-squash bee that were only interacting with the
 nectar of the flower. | | Other2\_dur4 | The duration (seconds) of all
 non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash bee that were only
 interacting with the pollen/stamen of the flower. | | Other2\_dur5 | The
 duration (seconds) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash
 bee that were interacting with the pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously
 of the flower. | ### File name: NosemaAnalysis.csv Description: Data file
 used for the analysis of V. ceranae prevalence in honeybees and bumblebees
 with each visitation metric. Records of which individual bees from two
 focal host species (Apis mellifera and Bombus impatiens) that were
 positive or negative when tested for the presence or absence of
 Vairimorpha (=Nosema) ceranae by PCR and pollinator visitation metrics
 averaged for each visit to each site. |Heading|Description| |---|---| |
 Sample | Unique sample number for each individual in the study. These
 sample numbers match those found in PollinatorComm2015\_2016\_publish.csv
 | | 18S | Binary for the presence (1) or absence (0) of the 18S PCR band.
 NA indicates samples were not run or were contaminated. (May be labeled
 X18S due to the number in the header) | | Nosema | Binary for the presence
 (1) or absence (0) of Vairimorpha (=Nosema) ceranae in the sample based on
 PCR. | | Transect.ID | Unique transect ID that indicates the site, year of
 collection, transect A B C or D, visit number to the site, and net or pan
 trap collected. All individuals collected from the same transect share a
 transect ID. These unique IDs match those found in
 PollinatorComm2015\_2016\_publish.csv | | Individual.ID | Includes the
 transect ID with a sequential number for each sample. These unique IDs
 match those found in PollinatorComm2015\_2016\_publish.csv | | Year | Year
 of sample collection, all from 2016 | | Site | Unique site code for each
 of the 6 sites (see Appendix S1: Table S1 for site names, dates visited,
 location, etc). | | Visit | Visit number to the site, each site was
 visited twice for this study. The first and second visit are indicated by
 1 and 2, respectively. | | Site\_Visit | Concatenated site code and visit
 number | | Lat | Latitude coordinate for the Site | | Long | Longitude
 coordinate for the Site | | Date\_Collected | Date the sample was
 collected (MM/DD/YYYY). | | Type | Either APIS to indicate a managed, Apis
 mellifera sample, or NON to indicate a native bee and non-Apis sample. | |
 Family | Bee family. All were from Apidae. | | Genus | Genus name of bee
 sample. Either Apis or Bombus. | | Species | Species name of bee sample. |
 | Code | Species identity code (code determined by the first two letters
 of the genus and species names): <br> APME = Apis mellifera
 <br> BOIM = Bombus impatiens <br> BOFE = Bombus fervidus
 <br> BOBI = Bombus bimaculatus <br> BOPE = Bombus
 pensylvanicus | | Sex | Sex of the bee sampled (all samples were female).
 | | VisitDur | The average duration of all pollinator visits to a flower
 in seconds for each visit to each site | | VisitNum | The average number
 of all pollinator visits to a flower for each visit to each site. | |
 VisitRichnessPerFlower | The average number of different species (or
 morphospecies) that visited a single flower for each visit to each site |
 | APIS\_visits | The average number of Apis mellifera (honeybee) visits to
 a flower during the video recording duration for each visit to each site
 (number of visits). | | BOMB\_visits | The average number of Bombus spp.
 (bumblebee) visits to a flower during the video recording duration for
 each visit to each site (number of visits). | | PEPO\_visits | The average
 number of Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) visits to a flower during the video
 recording duration for each visit to each site (number of visits). | |
 Other1\_visits | The average number of non-honeybee and non-bumblebee
 visits to a flower during the video recording duration for each visit to
 each site (number of visits). | | Other2\_visits | The average number of
 non-honeybee and non-bumblebee and non-squash bee visits to a flower
 during the video recording duration for each visit to each site (number of
 visits). | | Native\_visits | The average number of native bee (i.e.
 excluding honeybees) visits to a flower during the video recording
 duration for each visit to each site (number of visits). | | APIS\_rate |
 The average rate of Apis mellifera (honeybee) visits to a flower per
 minute for each visit to each site (number of visits per min). | |
 BOMB\_rate | The average rate of Bombus spp. (bumblebee) visits to a
 flower per minute for each visit to each site (number of visits per min).
 | | PEPO\_rate | The average rate of Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) visits
 to a flower per minute for each visit to each site (number of visits per
 min). | | Other1\_rate | The average rate of non-honeybee and
 non-bumblebee visits to a flower per minute for each visit to each site
 (number of visits per min). | | Other2\_rate | The average rate of
 non-honeybee and non-bumblebee and non-squash bee visits to a flower per
 minute for each visit to each site (number of visits per min). | |
 APIS\_dur | The average duration (seconds) of all Apis mellifera
 (honeybees) visits that were interacting with any part of the flower for
 each visit to each site. | | APIS\_dur2 | The average duration (seconds)
 of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were only interacting with the
 petals of the flower for each visit to each site. | | APIS\_dur3 | The
 average duration (seconds) of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were
 only interacting with the nectar of the flower for each visit to each
 site. | | APIS\_dur4 | The average duration (seconds) of all Apis
 mellifera (honeybees) that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of
 the flower for each visit to each site. | | APIS\_dur5 | The average
 duration (seconds) of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were interacting
 with the pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously of the flower for each
 visit to each site. | | APIS\_visitdur | The average duration per visit
 (seconds per visit) of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) visits that were
 interacting with any part of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 APIS\_visitdur2 | The aaverage duration per visit (seconds per visit) of
 all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were only interacting with the petals
 of the flower for each visit to each site. | | APIS\_visitdur3 | The
 average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of all Apis mellifera
 (honeybees) that were only interacting with the nectar of the flower for
 each visit to each site. | | APIS\_visitdur4 | The average duration per
 visit (seconds per visit) of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were only
 interacting with the pollen/stamen of the flower for each visit to each
 site. | | APIS\_visitdur5 | The average duration per visit (seconds per
 visit) of all Apis mellifera (honeybees) that were interacting with the
 pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously of the flower for each visit to
 each site. | | BOMB\_dur | The average duration (seconds) of all Bombus
 spp. (bumblebees) visits that were interacting with any part of the flower
 for each visit to each site. | | BOMB\_dur2 | The average duration
 (seconds) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were only interacting with
 the petals of the flower for each visit to each site. | | BOMB\_dur3 | The
 average duration (seconds) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were only
 interacting with the nectar of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 BOMB\_dur4 | The average duration (seconds) of all Bombus spp.
 (bumblebees) that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of the
 flower for each visit to each site. | | BOMB\_dur5 | The average duration
 (seconds) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were interacting with the
 pollen/stamen ad nectar simultaneously of the flower for each visit to
 each site. | | BOMB\_visitdur | The average duration per visit (seconds
 per visit) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) visits that were interacting
 with any part of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 BOMB\_visitdur2 | The average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of
 all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were only interacting with the petals of
 the flower for each visit to each site. | | BOMB\_visitdur3 | The average
 duration per visit (seconds per visit) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees)
 that were only interacting with the nectar of the flower for each visit to
 each site. | | BOMB\_visitdur4 | The average duration per visit (seconds
 per visit) of all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were only interacting with
 the pollen/stamen of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 BOMB\_visitdur5 | The average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of
 all Bombus spp. (bumblebees) that were interacting with the pollen/stamen
 ad nectar simultaneously of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 PEPO\_dur | The average duration (seconds) of all Eucera pruinosa (squash
 bee) visits that were interacting with any part of the flower for each
 visit to each site. | | PEPO\_dur2 | The average duration (seconds) of all
 Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were only interacting with the petals of
 the flower for each visit to each site. | | PEPO\_dur3 | The average
 duration (seconds) of all Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were only
 interacting with the nectar of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 PEPO\_dur4 | The average duration (seconds) of all Eucera pruinosa (squash
 bee) that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of the flower for
 each visit to each site. | | PEPO\_dur5 | The average duration (seconds)
 of all Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were interacting with the
 pollen/stamen ad nectar simultaneously of the flower for each visit to
 each site. | | PEPO\_visitdur | The average duration per visit (seconds
 per visit) of all Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) visits that were
 interacting with any part of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 PEPO\_visitdur2 | The average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of
 all Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were only interacting with the
 petals of the flower for each visit to each site. | | PEPO\_visitdur3 |
 The average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of all Eucera pruinosa
 (squash bee) that were only interacting with the nectar of the flower for
 each visit to each site. | | PEPO\_visitdur4 | The average duration per
 visit (seconds per visit) of all Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were
 only interacting with the pollen/stamen of the flower for each visit to
 each site. | | PEPO\_visitdur5 | The average duration per visit (seconds
 per visit) of all Eucera pruinosa (squash bee) that were interacting with
 the pollen/stamen ad nectar simultaneously of the flower for each visit to
 each site. | | Other1\_dur | The average duration (seconds) of all
 non-honeybee and non-bumblebee visits that were interacting with any part
 of the flower for each visit to each site. | | Other1\_dur2 | The duration
 (seconds) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were only
 interacting with the petals of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 Other1\_dur3 | The duration (seconds) of all non-honeybees and
 non-bumblebees that were only interacting with the nectar of the flower
 for each visit to each site. | | Other1\_dur4 | The duration (seconds) of
 all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were only interacting with the
 pollen/stamen of the flower for each visit to each site. | | Other1\_dur5
 | The duration (seconds) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were
 interacting with the pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously of the flower
 for each visit to each site. | | Other1\_visitdur | The average duration
 per visit (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybee and non-bumblebee visits
 that were interacting with any part of the flower for each visit to each
 site. | | Other1\_visitdur2 | The average duration per visit (seconds per
 visit) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were only interacting
 with the petals of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 Other1\_visitdur3 | The average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of
 all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees that were only interacting with the
 nectar of the flower for each visit to each site. | | Other1\_visitdur4 |
 The average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybees
 and non-bumblebees that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of
 the flower for each visit to each site. | | Other1\_visitdur5 | The
 average duration per visit (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybees and
 non-bumblebees that were interacting with the pollen/stamen and nectar
 simultaneously of the flower for each visit to each site. | | Other2\_dur
 | The average duration (seconds) of all non-honeybee and non-bumblebee and
 non-squash bee visits that were interacting with any part of the flower
 for each visit to each site. | | Other2\_dur2 | The duration (seconds) of
 all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash bee that were only
 interacting with the petals of the flower for each visit to each site. | |
 Other2\_dur3 | The duration (seconds) of all non-honeybees and
 non-bumblebees and non-squash bee that were only interacting with the
 nectar of the flower for each visit to each site. | | Other2\_dur4 | The
 duration (seconds) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash
 bee that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of the flower for
 each visit to each site. | | Other2\_dur5 | The duration (seconds) of all
 non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash bee that were interacting
 with the pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously of the flower for each
 visit to each site. | | Other2\_visitdur | The average duration per visit
 (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybee and non-bumblebee and non-squash
 bee visits that were interacting with any part of the flower for each
 visit to each site. | | Other2\_visitdur2 | The average duration per visit
 (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash
 bee that were only interacting with the petals of the flower for each
 visit to each site. | | Other2\_visitdur3 | The average duration per visit
 (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash
 bee that were only interacting with the nectar of the flower for each
 visit to each site. | | Other2\_visitdur4 | The average duration per visit
 (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and non-squash
 bee that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of the flower for
 each visit to each site. | | Other2\_visitdur5 | The average duration per
 visit (seconds per visit) of all non-honeybees and non-bumblebees and
 non-squash bee that were interacting with the pollen/stamen and nectar
 simultaneously of the flower for each visit to each site. | | VisitShannon
 | The Shannon diversity index of all pollinator visitors to flowers for
 each visit to a site. | ### File name: Visitation\_BySpp.csv Description:
 Data file used for the analysis of how each visitation metric differs
 based on pollinator group (i.e. "Genus"; honeybees, bumblebees,
 and other pollinators). This file was modified from the
 VideoSummary\_2016\_forNosemaAnalysis.csv file so that each row has the
 all visitation metrics for a single pollinator group at a single flower
 from a visit to each site. This allowed us to test each visitation metric
 |Heading|Description| |---|---| | FlowerID | Unique ID of each flower in
 the study. | | Site | Unique site code for each of the 6 sites (see
 Appendix S1: Table S1 for site names, dates visited, location, etc). | |
 Year | Year of sample collection, all from 2016 | | Visit | Visit number
 to the site, each site was visited twice for this study. The first and
 second visit are indicated by 1 and 2, respectively. | | Date | Date that
 the video recording was conducted during the visit to that site
 (MM/DD/YYYY). | | StartHour | The hour that the video recording started. |
 | totdur\_min | Total duration of the video recording in minutes
 (continuous) | | totdur\_sec | Total duration of the video recording in
 seconds (continuous) | | Genus | Code to identify the three groups that we
 were testing for differences in visitation behavior: <br> APME =
 Apis mellifera (hoenybees) <br> BOMB = Bombus spp (bumblebees)
 <br> PEPO = Eucera pruinosa (squash bees) <br> Other = all
 other pollinators (not including those above) | | visits | The number of
 honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other pollinators visits to a flower
 during the video recording duration (number of visits per 30 min). | |
 rate | The rate of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other pollinators
 visits to a flower per minute (number of visits per min). | | dur | The
 duration (seconds) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other
 pollinators visits to a flower (interacting with any part). | | dur2 | The
 duration (seconds) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other
 pollinators that were only interacting with the petals of the flower. | |
 dur3 | The duration (seconds) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other
 pollinators that were only interacting with the nectar of the flower. | |
 dur4 | The duration (seconds) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other
 pollinators that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of the
 flower. | | dur5 | The duration (seconds) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash
 bee, or other pollinators that were interacting with the pollen/stamen and
 nectar simultaneously of the flower. | | visitdur | The duration per visit
 (seconds per visit) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other
 pollinators visits to a flower (interacting with any part). | | visitdur2
 | The duration per visit (seconds per visit) of honeybee, bumblebee,
 squash bee, or other pollinators that were only interacting with the
 petals of the flower. | | visitdur3 | The duration per visit (seconds per
 visit) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other pollinators that were
 only interacting with the nectar of the flower. | | visitdur4 | The
 duration per visit (seconds per visit) of honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee,
 or other pollinators that were only interacting with the pollen/stamen of
 the flower. | | visitdur5 | The duration per visit (seconds per visit) of
 honeybee, bumblebee, squash bee, or other pollinators that were
 interacting with the pollen/stamen and nectar simultaneously of the
 flower. | | Lat | Latitude coordinate for the Site | | Long | Longitude
 coordinate for the Site |