DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15056078
title: Living with Machines Digitised Newspapers (full text in CSV format)

description: Introduction

The dataset contains 107 newspaper titles digitised by the Living with Machines project. In total, this Zenodo record comprises 6,424,616 items (articles and other content) published between 1802 and 1920. This figure shows the distribution of the items over time. 

More information about digitisation and selections is available in article.

Tolfo, G., Vane, O., Beelen, K., Hosseini, K., Lawrence, J., Beavan, D., McDonough, K., Bunout, E., Ehrmann, M. and Clavert, F., 2021. Hunting for Treasure: Living with Machines and the British Library Newspaper Collection.”. Studies in Digital History and Hermeneutics, p.25.

Processing

The data was derived from the METS/ALTO XML format. Using the alto2txt tool, the data was converted to text and XML files, one file per item. The alto2txt2csv converted these data to a structured CSV format. Each newspaper title is converted to a CSV file with the filename corresponding to the NLP identifier, as used by the British Library Catalogue. The files contain the following columns:

Description

article_headline (string): the headline or title of the article

item_type (string): content type, e.g. 'ARTICLE' or 'ADVERT'

ocr_quality_mean (float): average word OCR quality 

ocr_quality_sd (float): standard deviation of the word OCR quality

word_count (integer): number of words

plain_text_file (string): original location of the plain text file

date (string): date of publication in YYYY-MM-DD format

newspaper_title (string): the title of the newspaper (see lwm-titles.txt for an overview)

location (string): place of publication

source (string): data provider (mostly British Library)

text (string): full text content of the item 

year (integer): year of publication

month (integer): month of publication

day (integer): day of publication

NLP (integer): identifier for digitised newspaper as recorded by the British Library Catalogue

issue (integer): issue number of the newspaper 

art_num (string): item identifier within the newspaper

 

Contextualisation

We have written some code that enables users to contextualise the newspaper titles by adding information about political leaning, price and more. These additional reference data are derived from historical press directories. For more information, please read our recent paper on the environmental scan.

Beelen, K., J. Lawrence, K. McDonough, and D. C. S. Wilson. "Whose News? Critical methods for assessing bias in large historical datasets." Computational Humanities Research: 1-21.

Beelen, K., Lawrence, J., Wilson, D.C. and Beavan, D., 2023. Bias and representativeness in digitized newspaper collections: Introducing the environmental scan. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 38(1), pp.1-22.

 

To add contextual information, please consult this notebook, and reuse the function code blocks shown below. The df variable contains a newspaper title; the df_metadata variable contains all the metadata/reference data derived from the press directories. 

def add_context(df, df_metadata):
    df['month'] = df['date'].str[:7]
    df = df.merge(df_metadata, right_on='month',left_on='month', how='left')
    return df

Metadata Description



Title (string): Newspaper title as recorded in the British Library catalogue

 

index_npd (string): index of newspaper description within the press directory edition

 

id (string): index of the newspaper with

 

chain_id (string): identifier linking newspaper titles over time

 

S-TITLE (string): Newspaper title as recorded in the press directories

 

D-EST (string): Date of establishment

 

S-POL (string): political leaning of the newspaper title

 

S-PRICE (string): price of newspaper title, usually price per issue, but sometimes annually

 

DISTRICT_PUB (string): district of publication

 

COUNTY (string): county of publication

 

E-LOC (string): location where the newspaper title claims to circulate

 

E-ORG (string): organisation mentioned in the newspaper description

 

E-PER (string): person mentioned in the newspaper description