DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8pk0p2nvb
title: Data from: Population and community consequences of perceived risk from humans in wildlife

description: Human activities catalyze risk avoidance behaviors in wildlife across taxa
 and systems. However, the broader ecological significance of human-induced
 risk perception remains unclear, with a limited understanding of how
 phenotypic responses scale up to affect population or community dynamics.
 We conducted a comprehensive literature review of non-consumptive effects
 (NCE; population effects) and trait-mediated indirect effects (TMIE;
 community effects) of anthropogenic disturbances. This dataset includes
 all papers identified from the comprehensive review of the different types
 of human-induced behavioral and physiological phenotypic change and their
 influence on vital rates and population parameters in wildlife. All papers
 in this database tested for a human-induced NCE or TMIE in wildlife but
 not all found evidence for an effect. Many of the papers did not
 explicitly measure the presumed phenotypic change linking human activity
 to vital rates or population parameters. The authors, paper title,
 journal, publication year, type of human disturbance, species, system,
 phenotypic response measured, demographic response measured, if a
 demographic effect was found, and whether an NCE or TMIE was tested are
 all included in the dataset. In addition, we include the source of the
 paper in our dataset (i.e. whether it came up in our Web of Science
 search, as a citing paper of Frid and Dill (2002), or in a review paper on
 human-induced fear in wildlife; column A). The papers in which multiple
 NCE or TMIE pathways were tested may have multiple values in a single
 cell. Papers are sorted alphabetically by author. Evidence for
 human-induced NCEs and TMIEs is mixed, with half of published studies
 finding a relationship between human activities, phenotypic change, and
 population outcomes. Strong research biases in taxa, systems, human
 disturbance type, and demographic measures prevent unified inference about
 the prevalence of population responses to human activities. Coexistence
 with and conservation of wildlife requires additional research linking
 human-induced phenotypic change to population and community outcomes.
description: To evaluate the evidence linking perceived risk from humans and
 associated phenotypic responses to downstream ecological consequences, we
 comprehensively reviewed the literature on human-induced NCEs and TMIEs.
 Papers evaluated in our comprehensive review were identified from three
 sources: 1) two Web of Science searches; 2) papers citing Frid and Dill
 (2002; https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00404-060111*), 3) relevant papers found
 within review papers identified from (1) and (2). The specifics of the Web
 of Science searches are provided below.  We initially
 scanned all papers for three criteria in a progressive manner; to advance,
 each paper had to be empirical, examine an effect of anthropogenic
 disturbance, and reference a topic related to risk. Papers meeting all
 three criteria were further filtered to those that evaluated a
 human-induced risk effect and tested for an effect beyond a phenotypic
 response (i.e. a change in fitness, fecundity, survival, density,
 abundance, or population growth). For these papers, we recorded the nature
 of the response, type of human-induced cue, species, system, and if a
 demographic effect was found. The scoring of these papers was led by one
 author and evaluated for accuracy by two other authors (including the lead
 author). Where disagreements arose, papers were further co-reviewed, with
 final decisions made by the lead author. Of 1769 papers reviewed, 92
 tested for an NCE or TMIE, and only 57 linked this effect to an explicitly
 measured phenotypic response. Web of Science Search
 1 "nonconsumptive" OR
 "non-consumptive" OR "ecology of fear" OR
 "landscape of fear" OR "trait mediated" OR
 "trait-mediated" OR "behaviorally mediated" OR
 "behaviorally-mediated" OR "interaction modification"
 OR "interaction-modification" OR "non-trophic
 interaction" OR "nontrophic interaction"
 AND: human OR anthropogenic OR recreat* OR
 hunt* OR disturbance OR "human footprint" OR roads OR
 "energy development" or infrastructure
 Web of
 Science Search 2 "sublethal" OR
 "sub-lethal" AND: human OR
 anthropogenic OR recreat* OR hunt* OR disturbance OR "human
 footprint" OR roads OR "energy development" or
 infrastructure AND: predat* OR risk
 OR fear NOT: pestic* OR herbic* OR
 toxi* OR chemic* OR salin* OR drug* OR radiat* OR nitr* OR lead OR
 caffeine OR pharma* OR plastic OR hypox* OR mercury
 NOT: "nonconsumptive" OR
 "non-consumptive" OR "ecology of fear" OR
 "landscape of fear" OR "trait-mediated" OR "trait
 mediated" OR "behaviorally mediated" OR
 "behaviorally-mediated" OR "interaction modification"
 OR "interaction-modification" OR "Non-trophic
 interaction" OR "nontrophic interaction"
 *Citations of: Frid, A. & Dill, L.M. (2002). Human-caused
 disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conservation Ecology,
 6(1):11.
description: # Data from: Population and community consequences of perceived risk from
 humans in wildlife
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8pk0p2nvb](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8pk0p2nvb) A dataset of papers was identified from a comprehensive review that tested for a human-induced non-consumptive effect (NCE) or trait-mediated indirect effect (TMIE) in wildlife. ## Description of the data and file structure A list of papers is provided with information on the primary human inducer type, phenotype tested, induced taxa, evidence for an effect found, type of risk effect, population effect tested, and system. Number of columns: 20 Number of rows: 93 (with header) Variables/columns: A. Search type. Three possible values: "Frid and Dill 2002" - papers found in citations of Frid and Dill (2002); "Web of Science" - papers found in a comprehensive search in Web of Science using risk effects and human disturbance search terms; "Papers from reviews" - papers found in review papers on human-induced risk effects. B. Authors. Authors of the reviewed paper. C. Article Title. Title of reviewed paper. D. Source Title. Title of source (e.g., journal) of reviewed paper. E. Publication Year. Publication year of reviewed paper. F. Primary human inducer type. Ten possible values: "Human (nonlethal)" - includes direct human activity that does not have lethal intention, e.g. hiking, beach attendance; "Human (lethal)" - includes human activity with lethal intention, e.g. hunting or retaliatory killing; "Human with dog (nonlethal)" - includes direct human activity that does not have lethal intention where a dog was present; "Human with dog (lethal)" - includes direct human activity with lethal intention where a dog was present; "Infrastructure - buildings" - includes built infrastructure associated specifically with buildings "Infrastructure - energy (e.g. oil, wind)" - includes built infrastructure associated specifically with energy development or extraction;  "Infrastructure - footprint" - includes built infrastructure associated with the human footprint generally (i.e., combined buildings and roads); "Infrastructure - roads" - includes built infrastructure specifically associated with roadways; "Infrastructure - other (specific)" - includes infrastructure not captured by other infrastructure categories, e.g., ; "Motorized vehicle" - includes human activity associated with motorized vehicles, e.g., cars, snowmobiles. G. Phenotype tested. The phenotype that was tested for a change in response to human inducer identified in Column F. Three possible values: "Behavior"; "Physiology/condition/stress"; "None (implied)" - no phenotype was explicitly tested. H. If behavior, specific. If "Behavior" was selected in Column G, the specific behavioral phenotype tested is detailed here. Six possible values: "Activity level (e.g., detection rate)"; "Fleeing or escape distance (FID)"; "Foraging effort"; "Habitat utilization or selection"; "Provisioning or attentiveness to young"; "Vigilance". I. Induced taxa. Specifies animal taxa exhibiting the phenotypic response. Six possible values: "Amphibians"; "Birds"; "Fish"; "Invertebrates"; "Mammals"; "Reptiles". J. Induced spp. Specific animal species exhibiting the phenotypic response. K. Beyond phenotype effect found? Yes/No/Both. Indicates if a demographic effect of human inducer was not only tested but found to be statistically significant. Three possible values: "Yes"; "No"; or "Both". A study can have "Both" selected if Yes and No results appeared in the paper (e.g., if one species exhibited an effect and another did not, or if one human inducer type induced an effect and another did not). L. NCE or TMIE. Indicates if the study tested for a non-consumptive effect (NCE; population level) or trait-mediated indirect effect (TMIE; community level) response. Two possible values: "NCE"; or "TMIE" M. Population effect tested. Specifies the vital rate or population parameter tested. Five possible values: "abundance"; "adult survival"; "density"; "fecundity/recruitment" - includes clutch/litter size, juvenile survival, recruitment, and reproductive rate; "population growth" N. If TMIE, taxa #2. Specifies taxa exhibiting the demographic response to a TMIE. Seven possible values: "Amphibians"; "Birds"; "Fish"; "Invertebrates"; "Mammals"; "Plants"; "Reptiles". O. If TMIE, species #2. Specific species exhibiting the demographic response. P. Direction of the response of TMIE #2. Two possible values: "Increase"; "Decrease" Q. If TMIE, taxa #3 (if applicable). Specifies second taxa exhibiting a demographic response to a TMIE. Seven possible values: "Amphibians"; "Birds"; "Fish"; "Invertebrates"; "Mammals"; "Plants"; "Reptiles". R. If TMIE, species #3 (if applicable). Specific second species exhibiting a demographic response. S. Direction of the response of TMIE #3. Two possible values: "Increase"; "Decrease" T. System. Three possible values: "Freshwater"; "Marine"; "Terrestrial" ## Sharing/Access information Data were derived from the following sources: * Web of Science * Review based on keywords * Citations of Frid and Dill (2002; https://doi.org/*10.5751*/*ES*-*00404-060111) * Papers identified in review papers that appeared in the above two search methods * Comprehensive review by authors All data on papers retained in the comprehensive review are provided and available for reuse. ## Code/Software None.