DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv9c
title: Inundation and salinity regimes support blue carbon conditions in Australian temperate supratidal forests

description: In this study we report on new datasets of vegetation structure, carbon
 cycling parameters, inundation and salinity patterns across 18 sites
 spanning more than 4,000 km of Australia’s temperate coastlines. We report
 site-specific ecosystem carbon stocks ranging from 169 to 635 Mg Corg
 ha-1, with mean aboveground biomass (134 ± 63 Mg DW ha-1) and belowground
 carbon stocks to 1 m soil depth (193 ± 98 Mg Corg ha-1), which are within
 the range of national estimates for mangrove and saltmarsh ecosystems.
 While there are variations in vegetation structure between sites dominated
 by the genera Melaleuca and Casuarina, this does not lead to discernible
 differences in above- or belowground carbon stocks. Organic matter
 decomposition trends within supratidal forest substrates were similar to
 adjacent mangrove and saltmarsh, though there were differences among study
 sites and between labile versus recalcitrant tea litters. Soil-atmospheric
 flux measurements conducted at one site were also within the range of
 adjacent blue carbon ecosystems. We hypothesise that the high degree of
 preservation of belowground carbon and low soil-atmosphere flux of
 greenhouse gases is driven by a combination of infrequent surface
 inundation, high water tables and typically saline groundwater in
 supratidal forests, as measured across multiple settings. Supratidal
 forests are carbon-rich ecosystems influenced by coastal processes
 associated with tidal inundation. While further research is required to
 understand the full distribution, carbon cycling and abiotic drivers of
 supratidal forests, our findings strongly support their inclusion in blue
 carbon and other management initiatives that support the response and
 recovery of these endangered ecological communities in a time of change.
description: This study collates datasets collected between 2017 and 2023 from
 18 study sites spanning a diversity of settings along these coastlines.
 Within each setting, sites were prioritised where there was adjoining
 saltmarsh and/or mangrove communities, to allow comparative analyses with
 either existing or new datasets of those communities. Therefore, our
 collation of study sites may be under representative of supratidal forests
 occurring in isolation from intertidal mangrove and saltmarsh, and should
 not be considered a systematic or comprehensive coverage of forest
 settings. The measured parameters, measurement frequency and sampling
 designs varied among study locations according to their specific data
 collection objectives. <strong>Water level and
 salinity</strong> Groundwater standpipes were
 installed opportunistically across five sites (TP, MIN-FP, TIL-F, CI and
 ONK) to enable continuous logging of water level and/or salinity
 concentrations and explore the role of tidal inundation and rainfall on
 these parameters across diverse geomorphic settings. Standpipes were
 constructed from PVC tubes (1.5 m long; 50mm diameter) perforated with
 small (2mm) holes and covered with a nylon stocking to minimise infilling
 by sediments. Standpipes were installed into an augured hole (~50mm
 diameter with any gaps around the pipes backfilled using extracted
 sediments) to a depth of approximately 120 cm, enabling data-logging
 sensors to be suspended at a depth of 100 cm below the wetland surface.
 Exceptions to this included the mangrove standpipe at TP (sensors at 50cm
 depth below surface) and the supratidal forest standpipe at ONK (salinity
 sensor at 87 cm; water level sensor at 69 cm). In all cases, standpipe
 perforations were limited to sections below the wetland surface. Water
 table level and groundwater salinity measurements were taken at 15-minute
 intervals using either integrated loggers with pressure, temperature and
 electrical conductivity sensors (SOLINST LTC Edge), or via the
 simultaneous deployment of individual pressure (HOBO U20-001-04) and
 temperature / electrical conductivity sensors (HOBO U24-002-C).
 Surface water-level loggers were deployed at BC, MIN-RC and
 MIN-FP sites to capture variations in surface inundation across adjacent
 mangrove, saltmarsh and supratidal forest communities at the scale of
 individual spring tide cycles. A surface logger was deployed on the
 surface of fringing supratidal forest at SWAN-I to capture inundation
 associated with either tides and/or seasonal rainfall at this location. At
 each site, an additional pressure logger (HOBO U20-001-04) was deployed in
 a tree well above the inundation limit to enable correction for
 atmospheric pressure and determination of water depths.
 Trimble R8s and R10 real-time kinematic global positioning
 systems (horizontal error &lt; 8 mm; vertical error &lt; 15 mm)
 was used to survey the location and elevation of each water level
 measurement location. Where canopy coverage hindered the use of these
 instruments (i.e. supratidal forests at TP and MIN-FP) elevation was
 estimated via manual survey from an adjacent open area using a Leica
 Sprinter 50 Digital Level. In both instances, elevation is reported in the
 Australian Height Datum (AHD), where 0 m AHD corresponds to an estimate of
 mean sea level across Australian coastal waters.
 <strong>Biomass survey</strong>
 Field vegetation surveys were carried out at 11 sites to assess
 variations in forest structure and aboveground biomass across study
 settings. Replicate survey plots were measured within each site, with plot
 sizes ranging from 12.5 to 400 m<sup>2</sup> depending on the
 density and homogeneity of vegetation at the site. Within each quadrat all
 trees &gt; 1.3 m height were measured for diameter at breast height
 (D<sub>BH</sub>; <em>Casuarina</em>s) or diameter
 at 10 cm (D<sub>10</sub>; <em>Melaleuca</em>s) to
 enable biomass estimation following genus-specific allometric equations
 created by Paul et al. (2013). The inclusion of such low-statured
 individuals is consistent with the definition of Australia’s forests as
 vegetation with mature or potentially mature stand height exceeding 2
 metres (ABARES 2023). Biomass values for BC, BUTCK, LES and TP are updated
 estimates, including new additional plots, of those reported in Kelleway
 et al (2021). Biomass values are presented as dry weight estimates (Mg DW
 ha^-1^) and were converted to aboveground carbon stock estimates using a
 conversion factor of 0.488 (Kelleway et al. 2021) to enable calculation of
 total ecosystem carbon stocks.
 <strong>Belowground carbon stocks</strong>
 Soil cores were collected from one or more supratidal forest
 plots at 12 sites to assess variations in belowground carbon stocks among
 settings. Core barrels of either aluminium (74 mm internal diameter) or
 PVC (82 cm internal diameter) were manually hammered into the ground with
 care taken to minimise compaction. Compaction was estimated by measuring
 the difference in elevation of the soil surface within the core barrel and
 the outer soil surface. A linear compaction correction factor was later
 applied along the length of each core based on these measures. In the
 laboratory, soil cores were sub-sampled at compaction-corrected depth
 intervals of ≤ 5 cm along the entire length of the core. Bulk soil was
 oven dried at 60°C until constant mass and weighed to determine dry bulk
 density and then homogenized and ground into a fine powder.
 Samples from BC, TP, KWP, QI, RHYLL, OYST-M, WIL-F and NORN-F
 were assessed for organic carbon (%C<sub>org</sub>) via an
 elemental analyser, following removal of carbonates with HCl digestion,
 where required. Due to resource constraints, all other samples were
 assessed via loss-on-ignition (LOI) at 550<sup>o</sup>C for 4
 h (Heiri et al., 2001). For these samples %C<sub>org</sub>
 estimates were derived from organic matter concentrations using a
 previously developed empirical relationship for
 <em>Casuarina</em> samples (Kelleway et al. 2021), or a new
 empirical relationship developed for <em>Melaleuca</em> sites
 from samples subjected to both LOI and elemental analyses (Appendix S1:
 Figure S1). Soil carbon stocks were estimated for 0-30 cm, 0-100 cm and
 100-200 cm depth ranges where core depths allowed. Stock estimates for BC,
 BUTCK, CRB, LES and TP were previously reported in Kelleway et al.
 (2021). <strong>Belowground
 decomposition</strong> We used a modified tea bag
 index protocol as part of the global TeaComposition
 H<sub>2</sub>O program (Trevathan-Tackett et al. 2021) at two
 study locations (BC and TP) to compare long-term belowground organic
 matter decomposition in supratidal forest relative to adjacent intertidal
 mangrove and saltmarsh ecosystems. We monitored the biomass loss of
 standardised litters: green tea (Lipton; EAN 87 22700 05552 5) and rooibos
 tea (Lipton; EAN 87 22700 18843 8), which are proxies for more labile and
 more recalcitrant plant organic matter types, respectively
 (Trevathan-Tackett et al. 2024). The green tea contains a higher
 proportion of water soluble compounds (simple sugars and phenolics), while
 the rooibos tea consists of a higher proportion of acid insoluble
 compounds (e.g. lignin; Keuskamp et al. 2013). At
 T<sub>0</sub> (December 2017), all pre-weighed tea bags were
 buried at approximately 15 cm depth. Four tea bags per plot were manually
 retrieved (2x green; 2x rooibos) from each site, at each of 3, 12, 24, 36
 month intervals after initial deployment, though two of the 64 samples
 could not be found. Tea bags were rinsed in distilled water to remove
 attached soil, and any visible root in-growth was carefully removed prior
 to drying of samples (60 °C until constant mass), and
 re-weighing. 
description: # Inundation and salinity regimes support blue carbon conditions in
 Australian temperate supratidal forests Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv9c](10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv9c) ## Description of the
 data and file structure ### Files and variables **File: dat_biomass.csv**
 **Description:** Field biomass survey datasets of supratidal forest sites
 **Variables** * Record: Data entry number (unique value) * Plot_ID: Field
 plot ID * Site: Study side ID (see dat_sites.csv for full details) *
 Species: species of measured plant * Dominant_genus: dominant canopy
 species of the plot * Quadrat: quadrat ID within site * Tree: Tree number
 within plot. n/a = not available (see Stem number instead) * Stem: Stem
 number within plot. n/a = not available (see Tree number instead) *
 Status: Tree health status (L = Live; D = Dead; S = Stressed) * Height_m:
 Tree height. Unit = m. n/a = not recorded * D10_cm:  Trunk/stem diameter
 at 10cm above ground surface. Unit = cm. n/a = not recorded *
 DBH_cm: Trunk/stem diameter at Breast Height (137cm above ground surface).
 Unit = cm. n/a = not recorded * AGB_kg: Tree aboveground biomass estimate
 based on scaling with allometric equation. Unit = kg **File:
 dat_cores.csv** **Description:** Supratidal forest sediment sample dataset
 for the calculation of soil organic matter, soil organic carbon and
 related parameters n/a = not available **Variables** * Record: Data entry
 number (unique value) * Site: Study side ID (see dat_sites.csv for full
 details) * Core_ID: sediment core ID * Dominant_genus: dominant canopy
 species of the plot. * Depth_upper_cm: sample section upper depth. Unit =
 cm. * Depth_lower_cm: sample section lower depth. Unit = cm.  *
 Depth_mid_cm: sample section mid depth. Unit = cm. * DBD_gcm-3: sample dry
 bulk density. Unit = g cm-3. * OM_percent: sample percent organic matter.
 Unit = %. * Corg_percent: sample percent organic carbon. Unit = %.. *
 Corg_density: sample density of organic carbon. Unit = g C cm-3. **File:
 dat_decomposition_BC.csv** **Description:** Dataset of controlled
 decomposition experiments conducted at Berowra Creek (BC) study site
 across mangrove, saltmarsh and supratidal forest ecosystem types. n/a =
 not available **Variables** * site: Study side ID (see dat_sites.csv for
 full details) * time_days: time of sample collection since deployment.
 Unit = days * Mangrove_green: Proportion of original mass remaining at
 time of sample collection. Ecosystem = mangrove; Material = green tea *
 Mangrove_rooibos: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of sample
 collection. Ecosystem = mangrove; Material = rooibos tea *
 Saltmarsh_green: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of sample
 collection. Ecosystem = saltmarsh; Material = green tea *
 Saltmarsh_rooibos: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of sample
 collection. Ecosystem = saltmarsh; Material = rooibos tea *
 Supratidal_forest_green: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of
 sample collection. Ecosystem = supratidal forest; Material = green tea *
 Supratidal_forest_rooibos: Proportion of original mass remaining at time
 of sample collection. Ecosystem = supratidal forest; Material = rooibos
 tea **File: dat_decomposition_TP.csv** **Description:** Dataset of
 controlled decomposition experiments conducted at Towra Point (TP) study
 site across mangrove, saltmarsh and supratidal forest ecosystem types. n/a
 = not available **Variables** * site: Study side ID (see dat_sites.csv for
 full details) * time_days: time of sample collection since deployment.
 Unit = days * Mangrove_green: Proportion of original mass remaining at
 time of sample collection. Ecosystem = mangrove; Material = green tea *
 Mangrove_rooibos: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of sample
 collection. Ecosystem = mangrove; Material = rooibos tea *
 Saltmarsh_green: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of sample
 collection. Ecosystem = saltmarsh; Material = green tea *
 Saltmarsh_rooibos: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of sample
 collection. Ecosystem = saltmarsh; Material = rooibos tea *
 Supratidal_forest_green: Proportion of original mass remaining at time of
 sample collection. Ecosystem = supratidal forest; Material = green tea *
 Supratidal_forest_rooibos: Proportion of original mass remaining at time
 of sample collection. Ecosystem = supratidal forest; Material = rooibos
 tea **File: dat_sites.csv** **Description:** Summary of all field study
 sites used across various aspects of this study. Includes names, ID,
 location and geomorphic and vegetation attributes. Note that not all
 measurements/experiments were undertaken at all sites. **Variables** *
 Site name: full site name * Site ID: Study side ID * Latitude: Approximate
 latitude of study site (degrees S) * Longitude: Approximate latitude of
 study site (degrees) * Estuary type: Estuary geomorphic type * Entrance
 opening conditions: description of whether estuary mouth is permanently,
 or intermittently open. * Tidal range: categorical classification of site
 tidal range * Mean annual rainfall (mm): mean annual rainfall as indicated
 by nearest Bureau of Meteorology weather station. Unit = mm per year *
 Dominant woody species: list of the most dominant supratidal forest
 species within the study site **File: dat_groundwater_CI_saltmarsh.csv**
 **Description:** water level dataset collected within a groundwater
 standpipe located within central zone of saltmarsh at Corner Inlet (CI)
 study site  **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record in local
 time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time format =
 hh:mm * temp_SALTMARSH: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius *
 level_surface_SALTMARSH: water level relative to soil surface at location
 of logger. Unit = m * level_mAHD_SALTMARSH: water level relative to
 Australian Height Datum (AHD). Unit = m **File:
 dat_groundwater_CI_supratidal_forest.csv** **Description:** water level
 and salinity dataset collected within a groundwater standpipe located
 within seaward fringe and interior zones of supratidal forest at Corner
 Inlet (CI) study site  n/a = not available **Variables** * Date_Time: Date
 and time of record in local time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format =
 dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm * level_surfaceFRINGE*:* water level
 relative to soil surface at location of logger. Unit = m *
 level_mAHD_FRINGE: water level relative to Australian Height Datum (AHD).
 Unit = m * temp_FRINGE: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius *
 EC_FRINGE: electrical conductivity (EC) of porewater. Units = µS/cm *
 SC_FRINGE: specific conductance (SC) of porewater. Units = µS/cm at 25
 degrees C * salinity_FRINGE: salinity of porewater. Units = PSU *
 level_surface_INTERIOR: water level relative to soil surface at location
 of logger. Unit = m * level_mAHD_INTERIOR: water level relative to
 Australian Height Datum (AHD). Unit = m * temp_INTERIOR: logged
 temperature. Units = degrees Celsius * EC_INTERIOR: electrical
 conductivity (EC) of porewater. Units = µS/cm * SC_INTERIOR: specific
 conductance (SC) of porewater. Units = µS/cm at 25 degrees C *
 salinity_INTERIOR: salinity of porewater. Units = PSU **File:
 dat_groundwater_CI_mangrove.csv** **Description:** water level dataset
 collected within a groundwater standpipe located within central zone of
 mangrove at Corner Inlet (CI) study site **Variables** * Date_Time: Date
 and time of record in local time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format =
 dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm * temp_MANGROVE: logged temperature. Units
 = degrees Celsius * level_surface_MANGROVE: water level relative to soil
 surface at location of logger. Unit = m * level_mAHD_MANGROVE: water level
 relative to Australian Height Datum (AHD). Unit = m **File:
 dat_surface_BC_mangrove.csv** **Description:** water level dataset
 collected on surface within central zone of mangrove at Berowra Creek (BC)
 study site **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record in local
 time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time format =
 hh:mm * Temp: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius * Depth_m: water
 depth above logger positioned on soil surface. Unit = m **File:
 dat_surface_BC_supratidal.csv** **Description:** water level dataset
 collected on surface within fringe zone of supratidal forest at Berowra
 Creek (BC) study site **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record
 in local time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time
 format = hh:mm * Temp: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius *
 Depth_m: water depth above logger positioned on soil surface. Unit = m
 **File: dat_surface_MINN_interior.csv** **Description:** water level
 dataset collected on surface within interior zone of supratidal forest at
 Minnamurra River (MINN-FP) study site **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and
 time of record in local time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format =
 dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm * Temp: logged temperature. Units =
 degrees Celsius * Depth_m: water depth above logger positioned on soil
 surface. Unit = m **File: dat_surface_BC_saltmarsh.csv**
 **Description:** water level dataset collected on surface within central
 zone of saltmarsh at Berowra Creek (BC) study site n/a = not available
 **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record in local time zone (no
 daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm *
 Temp: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius * Depth_m: water depth
 above logger positioned on soil surface. Unit = m **File:
 dat_surface_MINN_fringe.csv** **Description:** water level dataset
 collected on surface within fringe zone of supratidal forest at Minnamurra
 River Rocklow Creek (MINN-RC) study site **Variables** * Date_Time: Date
 and time of record in local time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format =
 dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm * Temp: logged temperature. Units =
 degrees Celsius * Depth_m: water depth above logger positioned on soil
 surface. Unit = m **File: dat_surface_MINN_mangrove.csv**
 **Description:** water level dataset collected on surface within central
 zone of mangrove at Minnamurra River Rocklow Creek (MINN-RC) study site
 **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record in local time zone (no
 daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm *
 Temp: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius * Depth_m: water depth
 above logger positioned on soil surface. Unit = m **File:
 dat_surface_MINN_saltmarsh.csv** **Description:** water level dataset
 collected on surface within central zone of saltmarsh at Minnamurra River
 Rocklow Creek (MINN-RC) study site **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and
 time of record in local time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format =
 dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm * Temp: logged temperature. Units =
 degrees Celsius * Depth_m: water depth above logger positioned on soil
 surface. Unit = m **File: dat_surface_SWAN-I.csv** **Description:** water
 level dataset collected on surface within fringe zone of supratidal forest
 at Swan River Intermediate (SWAN-I) study site **Variables** * Date_Time:
 Date and time of record in local time zone (no daylight savings). Date
 Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm * Depth_m: water depth above
 logger positioned on soil surface. Unit = m **File:
 dat_groundwater_MINN-FP.csv** **Description:** water level and salinity
 dataset collected within a groundwater standpipe located within seaward
 fringe (_FRINGE) and interior (_INTERIOR) zones of supratidal forest at
 Minnamurra River Floodplain (MINN-FP) study site  n/a = not available
 **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record in local time zone (no
 daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm *
 temp_FRINGE: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius *
 EC_FRINGE: electrical conductivity (EC) of porewater. Units = mS/cm *
 SC_FRINGE: specific conductance (SC) of porewater. Units = mS/cm at 25
 degrees C * salinity_FRINGE: salinity of porewater. Units = PSU *
 level_mAHD_FRINGE: water level relative to Australian Height Datum (AHD).
 Unit = m * level_surface_FRINGE: water level relative to soil surface at
 location of logger. Unit = m * temp_INTERIOR: logged temperature. Units =
 degrees Celsius * EC_INTERIOR: electrical conductivity (EC) of porewater.
 Units = mS/cm * SC_INTERIOR: specific conductance (SC) of porewater. Units
 = mS/cm at 25 degrees C * salinity_INTERIOR: salinity of porewater. Units
 = PSU * level_mAHD_INTERIOR: water level relative to Australian Height
 Datum (AHD). Unit = m * level_surface_INTERIOR: water level relative to
 soil surface at location of logger. Unit = m **File:
 dat_groundwater_TIL-F.csv** **Description:** water level and salinity
 dataset collected within a groundwater standpipe located within central
 zones of (1) saltmarsh of *Salicornia quinqueflora* (SMSAL); (2) saltmarsh
 dominated by *Juncus kraussii* (SMJUNC); (3) saltmarsh dominated by
 *Phragmites australis* (SMPHRAG); and (4) supratidal forest dominated by
 *Melaleuca ericifolia* at Tilba Tilba Lake Fluvial (TIL-F) study site  n/a
 = not available **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record in
 local time zone (no daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time
 format = hh:mm * temp_SMSAL: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius *
 EC_SMSAL: electrical conductivity (EC) of porewater. Units = mS/cm *
 SC_SMSAL: specific conductance (SC) of porewater. Units = mS/cm at 25
 degrees C * salinity_SMSAL: salinity of porewater. Units = PSU *
 level_mAHD_SMSAL: water level relative to Australian Height Datum (AHD).
 Unit = m * level_surface_SMSAL: water level relative to soil surface at
 location of logger. Unit = m * temp_SMJUNC: logged temperature. Units =
 degrees Celsius * EC_SMJUNC: electrical conductivity (EC) of porewater.
 Units = mS/cm * SC_SMJUNC: specific conductance (SC) of porewater. Units
 = mS/cm at 25 degrees C * salinity_SMJUNC: salinity of porewater. Units =
 PSU * level_mAHD_SMJUNC: water level relative to Australian Height Datum
 (AHD). Unit = m * level_surface_SMJUNC: water level relative to soil
 surface at location of logger. Unit = m * temp_SMPHRAG: logged
 temperature. Units = degrees Celsius * EC_SMPHRAG: electrical conductivity
 (EC) of porewater. Units = mS/cm * SC_SMPHRAG: specific conductance (SC)
 of porewater. Units = mS/cm at 25 degrees C * salinity_SMPHRAG: salinity
 of porewater. Units = PSU * level_mAHD_SMPHRAG: water level relative to
 Australian Height Datum (AHD). Unit = m * level_surface_SMPHRAG: water
 level relative to soil surface at location of logger. Unit = m *
 temp_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: logged temperature. Units = degrees Celsius *
 EC_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: electrical conductivity (EC) of porewater. Units =
 mS/cm * SC_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: specific conductance (SC) of porewater.
 Units = mS/cm at 25 degrees C * salinity_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: salinity of
 porewater. Units = PSU **File: dat_groundwater_TP.csv**
 **Description:** water level and salinity dataset collected within
 groundwater standpipes located within central zones of (1) mangrove of
 *Avicennia marina *(MANGROVE); (2) saltmarsh dominated by *Salicornia
 quinqueflora* and *Sporobolus virginicus* (SMSASP); (3)saltmarsh dominated
 by *Juncus kraussii* (SMJUNC); and (4) supratidal forest dominated by
 *Casuarina glauca* at Towra Point (TP) study site  n/a = not available
 **Variables** * Date_Time: Date and time of record in local time zone (no
 daylight savings). Date Format = dd/mm/yyyy. Time format = hh:mm *
 level_surface_MANGROVE: water level relative to soil surface at location
 of logger. Unit = m * level_mAHD_MANGROVE: water level relative to
 Australian Height Datum (AHD). Unit = m * temp_MANGROVE: logged
 temperature. Units = degrees Celsius * SC_MANGROVE: specific conductance
 (SC) of porewater. Units = mS/cm at 25 degrees C *
 salinity_MANGROVE: salinity of porewater. Units = PSU *
 level_surface_SMSASP: water level relative to soil surface at location of
 logger. Unit = m * level_mAHD_SMSASP: water level relative to Australian
 Height Datum (AHD). Unit = m * temp_SMSASP: logged temperature. Units =
 degrees Celsius * SC_SMSASP: specific conductance (SC) of porewater. Units
 = mS/cm at 25 degrees C * salinity_SMSASP: salinity of porewater. Units =
 PSU * level_surface_SMJUNC: water level relative to soil surface at
 location of logger. Unit = m * level_mAHD_SMJUNC: water level relative to
 Australian Height Datum (AHD). Unit = m * temp_SMJUNC: logged temperature.
 Units = degrees Celsius * SC_SMJUNC: specific conductance (SC) of
 porewater. Units = mS/cm at 25 degrees C * salinity_SMJUNC: salinity of
 porewater. Units = PSU * level_surface_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: water level
 relative to soil surface at location of logger. Unit = m *
 level_mAHD_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: water level relative to Australian Height
 Datum (AHD). Unit = m * temp_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: logged temperature. Units
 = degrees Celsius * SC_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: specific conductance (SC) of
 porewater. Units = mS/cm at 25 degrees C *
 salinity_SUPRATIDAL_FOREST: salinity of porewater. Units = PSU   ##
 Code/software datasets can be analysed in any package or software which
 supports .csv files ## Access information Other publicly accessible
 locations of the data: * NIL Data was derived from the following sources:
 * NIL