DOI: 10.15468/3h2q5t
title: The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Moghaddam, Masumeh, Watson, Gillian W. (2024): The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families. Zootaxa 5542 (1): 1-202, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1ABSTRACTThe present work is the third and final part in a series of monographs on the Iranian scale insect fauna (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) by the same authors: Part 1, the armoured scales (Diaspididae), was published in 2021, and Part 2, the mealybugs (Pseudococcidae and Rhizoecidae) and Putoidae, was published in 2022. Here we cover ten families: Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Cryptococcidae, Eriococcidae, Kermesidae, Margarodidae, Monophlebidae, Ortheziidae and Phoenicococcidae, bringing the total number of scale insect families recorded in Iran to 14. A key is provided to separate all 14 families. For each of the ten families in the present work, keys to identify the genera and species found in Iran are provided. These are accompanied by detailed descriptions, illustrations, distribution data, information on natural enemies, economic importance and the host-plants recorded in Iran. The main purpose of this work is to provide agricultural staff concerned with pest control and quarantine inspection in Iran (and elsewhere) with a reliable means of species identification. Among the recorded species in the present work, Ceroplastes elytropappi (Brain, 1920) and Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande, 1898) (Coccidae) are considered to be doubtful records for Iran. Pulvinaria aligarhensis Avasthi & Shafee, 1985 and Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893 are both recorded from Iran for the first time.COLOUR PLATESPLATE 1. Asterolecaniidae: A, Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché); B, Palmaspis phoenicis (Ramachandra Rao); Cerococcidae: C, Antecerococcus longipilosus (Archangelskaya); Coccidae: D, Acantholecanium haloxyloni (Hall); E, Acanthopulvinaria orientalis (Nasonov); F, Anapulvinaria pistaciae (Bodenheimer); G, Bodenheimera rachelae (Bodenheimer); H, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock.PLATE 2. Coccidae continued: A, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; B, Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus); C-1 and C-2, Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus); D, Didesmococcus unifasciatus (Archangelskaya); E, Ericerus farsicus Moghaddam & Faghih; F, Eriopeltis festucae (Boyer de Fonscolombe); G, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus).PLATE 3. Coccidae continued: A, Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret); B, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché); C, Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret); D, Rhizopulvinaria turkestanica (Archangelskaya); E-1 and E-2, Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrott); F, Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe); G, Stotzia ephedrae (Newstead).PLATE 4. Eriococcidae: A, Anophococcus abaii (Danzig); B, Rhizococcus asperulae Moghaddam; C, Rhizococcus avicennae Moghaddam; D, Rhizococcus borchsenii (Danzig); Kermesidae: E, Kermes quercus (Linnaeus); F, Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky; G, Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer. Monophlebidae: H, Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius).PLATE 5. Monophlebidae continued: A-1 and A-2, Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas); B-1 and B-2, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Ortheziidae: C, Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus). Phoenicococcidae: D, Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell.INTRODUCTIONThe infraorder Coccomorpha is divided into 2 major informal groups, namely the archaeococcoids (the most ancient families) and the more recently evolved neococcoids (comprised of the majority of scale insect families); this division is based on their morphology, molecular data and which sex-determination system they use (Koteja 1974; Gullan & Cook 2007; Hodgson & Hardy, 2013). Adult female archaeococcoids are characterized by having abdominal spiracles, labium (if present) without apical setae, and the ancestral XX-XO sex-determination system; the adult males usually have compound eyes. In contrast, adult female neococcoids are characterized by the absence of abdominal spiracles, presence of apical setae on the labium, and a sex determination system known as paternal genome elimination; the adult males usually have only 4 simple eyes and 1 pair of ocelli (Williams et al. 2011).Part 1 of the Scale Insects of Iran series(Moghaddam &Watson 2021)covered the neococcoid family Diaspididae; Part 2 (Moghaddam & Watson 2022) covered the neococcoid families Pseudococcidae and Rhizoecidae, and the superficially similar archaeococcoid family Putoidae. The present work covers 81 species in 46 genera, belonging to ten families comprised of both archaeococcoids (Margarodidae, Monophlebidae and Ortheziidae) and neococcoids (Asterolecaniidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Cryptococcidae, Eriococcidae, Kermesidae and Phoenicococcidae). It brings the total number of species covered in all three parts of the Scale Insects of Iran series to 289 species in 126 genera. The families covered in the present work vary in size, ranging from some represented by only one or two species, to 35 species in the Coccidae. The latter is by far the largest family treated in this volume, being the third largest scale insect family after the armoured scale insects (Diaspididae) and the mealybug family Pseudococcidae.Past studies of Iranian scale insects were made by relatively few authors, namely: Kozár et al. (1996), Kaussari (1955, 1957), Kiriukhin (1946) and Bodenheimer (1943, 1944a, 1944b). Excluding works on Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae and Rhizoecidae, some researchers have studied other aspects of Iranian scale insects: Davatchi (1946) conducted a biological survey of Saissetia oleae (Olivier); Rezvani & Radjabi (1983) made a biological study of Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe); Danzig (1990) described Anophococcus abaii (Danzig); Safar Alizadeh & Bahador (1987) recorded Porphyrophora tritici (Bodenheimer) from Iran for the first time; Vahedi (2004) made a biological study of Porphyrophora cynodontis (Archangelskaya) in Iran; Moghaddam et al. (2015) recorded Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) from Iran for the first time, and mentioned Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrott) as a new Iranian record; Nehrangi & Vahedi (2015) made a biological study of Kermes quercus (Linnaeus); Rozedar et al. (2013) recorded Acanthococcus aceris Signoret from Iran for the first time; Naeim Amini et al. (2014) made an ecological study of Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood); Maleki & Damavandian (2015) studied economic injury caused by Pulvinaria aurantii (Cockerell); Hoy (1963) recorded Pseudochermes fraxini (Kaltenbach); Torabi et al. (2010) recorded Acanthococcus costatus Danzig; Shirazi et al. (2013) recorded Anophococcus insignis (Newstead) from Iran for the first time; and Vahedi & Hodgson (2007) described Porphyrophora chelodonta Vahedi and P. jashenkoi Vahedi from Iran.For each scale insect family covered in this work, the general morphology coverage is largely based on Miller et al. (2014). Keys to identify the adult females of the Iranian species are provided and each of the species is reviewed. For exhaustive lists of synonyms of species, users are referred to the ScaleNet catalogue pages at scalenet.info (García Morales et al. 2016). In the present work, only the original description and significant synonymies are listed for each species.BiogeographyIran belongs to the Palaearctic region and has very diverse fauna and flora because of its position on the boundary between two distinct biogeographic regions, the Palaearctic and Oriental (Matov et al. 2008). In view of Iran’s interesting geographical location, our coverage is unlikely to be exhaustive and further studies on the scale insect fauna of the country should be done.The biogeographical discussion on the families Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae, Rhizoecidae and Putoidae (in Parts 1 and 2) is continued here for the remaining 10 families. As in the previous parts, for each family covered, the world distribution of species in different biogeographical regions is based on the ScaleNet database at the time of writing (García Morales et al. 2016). The subregions of the Palaearctic (Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Far-Eastern) used here are in accordance with the map provided by Emeljanov (1974).In the ten families covered here, the total number of species found in Iran is 81, belonging to 46 genera (Table 1). Based on the distribution records for each species, these scale insects are classified into three groups:• Species found only in the Palaearctic region (comprised of 4 subregions)• Species present in 2 or 3 biogeographical regions worldwide• Cosmopolitan species occurring in 4−6 biogeographical regions worldwide.Species found only in the Palaearctic region (containing 4 subregions). The Palaearctic group of scale insects in Iran consists of 48 species, 59.3% of the total Iranian fauna. Those of the Irano-Turanian subregion (22 species, 45.8% of the Palaearctic group and 27.2% of the total Iranian fauna) are dominant in the group; eight of them are considered to be endemic to Iran (indicated by * in Table 1). The Mediterranean subregion impacts on the Iranian fauna, with six species (12.5% of the Palaearctic group and 7.4% of the total Iranian fauna). Species found in both the Irano-Turanian and the Euro-Siberian subregions number two (4.2% of the Palaearctic group and 2.5% of the total Iranian fauna). Only one species is found in both the Irano-Turanian and Far-Eastern subregions (2.1% of Palaearctic group and 1.2% of the total Iranian fauna), showing that the Euro-Siberian and Far-Eastern elements have the least impact on the Iranian fauna.Species present in 2 or 3 biogeographical regions. The second group consists of 16 species (19.8% of the total Iranian fauna) recorded from 2 or 3 biogeographical regions. These species are found in the Palearctic as well as in other regions. Analysis of each biogeographical element of this fauna shows that the Nearctic region has most impact, with six species (7.4% of the total Iranian fauna); also that the Australian and Neotropical regions (each with 0 species) have no impact.Cosmopolitan species occurring in 4‒6 biogeographical regions. The cosmopolitan fauna (known from 4‒6 biogeographical regions) comprises 18 species (22.2% of the total Iranian fauna), including Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, C. rubens Maskell, C. rusci (Linnaeus), C. sinensis Del Guercio, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, Saissetia oleae and Icerya purchasi Maskell. These species are mostly known as polyphagous pests; they cause some damage in Iran as well as in the other regions where they occur.Species known only from Iran. Only one endemic species of Asterolecaniidae is known from Iran: Asterolecanium bornmuelleri Rübsaamen. There is one Iranian endemic in the Coccidae: Ericerus farsicus Moghaddam & Faghih, which causes serious damage on Ficus carica and Pistacia khinjuk (Moraceae). In the Eriococcidae, the Iranian endemics are: Anophococcus abaii (Danzig), one of the serious pests on Haloxylon sp.; Rhizococcus asperulae Moghaddam, and R. avicennae Moghaddam. Two species of Margarodidae described from Iran have not been found in any other countries so far: Porphyrophora chelodonta Vahedi and P. jashenkoi Vahedi.A zoogeographic analysis of the entire Iranian scale insect faunaAccording to the data in Moghaddam & Watson (2021, 2022) and for the ten other scale insect families covered herein, the recorded Iranian scale insect fauna numbers 289 species. The most diverse family is the Diaspididae (144 species); the second largest is the Pseudococcidae (62 species), followed by the Coccidae (35 species). The remaining 11 families together contain 48 species.Iran belongs to the Palaearctic region, but the flora and fauna on its south-eastern boundary is intermediate between Palaearctic and Oriental. Both the fauna and flora of Iran are much more diverse than those of neighboring countries, due to Iran’s position on the boundary between the Palaearctic and the Oriental regions (Matov et al. 2008).The largest zoogeographical group of scale insect species in the Iranian fauna (149 species) is found in the Palaearctic region (51.4% of the total recorded scale insect species in Iran). These species are referred to four different chorotype subregions. The largest group, 76 species, belong to the Irano-Turanian subregion (51.0% of the Iranian Palaearctic species and 25.2% of the total species recorded in Iran), whereas the species occurring in both the Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean subregions number 20 (13.4% of the Iranian Palaearctic species and 6.9% of the total). Species found in both the Irano-Turanian and Euro-Siberian subregions number five (3.4% of the Iranian Palaearctic species and 1.7% of the total); and those found in both the Irano-Turanian and Far-Eastern subregions number three (2.0% of the Iranian Palaearctic species and 1.0% of the total).TABLE 1. A list of Iranian species of Coccidae and nine minor families, and their distributions in biogeographical regions. Palaearctic subregions: IT—Irano-Turanian; M—Mediterranean; ES—Euro-Siberian; FE—Far Eastern. Scale insect family names are listed in bold.Family / Species Biogeographical regions * = endemic to Iran Palaearctic Afrotropical Australasian Nearctic Neotropical Oriental Asterolecaniidae Asterodiaspis bella IT, M, ‒, ‒ Asterodiaspis minor IT, M, ES, ‒ ● ● Asterodiaspis quercicola IT, M, ES, ‒ ● ● Asterolecanium bornmuelleri * IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Bambusaspis bambusae IT, M, ‒, FE ● ● ● ● ● Palmaspis phoenicis IT, M, ‒, ‒ ● Russellaspis pustulans IT, M, ‒, ‒ ● ● ● ● Cerococcidae Antecerococcus longipilosus IT, M, ‒, ‒ Coccidae Acantholecanium haloxyloni IT, M, ‒, ‒ Acanthopulvinaria orientalis IT, M, ES, FE Anapulvinaria pistaciae IT, M, ES, ‒ Bodenheimera rachelae IT, M, ‒, ‒ Ceroplastes floridensis IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Ceroplastes rubens IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Ceroplastes rusci IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● Ceroplastes sinensis IT, M, ES, ‒ ● ● ● ● Coccus hesperidum IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Coccus pseudomagnoliarum IT, M, ES, FE ● Didesmococcus unifasciatus IT, M, ‒, FE ● Ericerus farsicus * IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Eriopeltis festucae IT, M, ES, FE ●......continued on the nxet pageTABLE 1 (continued)Family / Species Biogeographical regions * = endemic to Iran Palaearctic Afrotropical Australasian Nearctic Neotropical Oriental Coccidae contd Eulecanium ficiphilum IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Eulecanium rugulosum IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Eulecanium tiliae IT, M, ES, ‒ ● ● Exaeretopus tritici IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Hadzibejliaspis stipae IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Palaeolecanium IT, M, ES, ‒ bituberculatum Parthenolecanium corni IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Parthenolecanium persicae IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Pulvinaria aligarhensis IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Pulvinaria aurantii IT, ‒, ‒, FE ● Pulvinaria camelicola IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Pulvinaria floccifera IT, ‒, ES, FE ● ● Pulvinaria urbicola IT, M, ‒, FE ● ● ● ● ● Pulvinaria vitis IT, M, ES, FE ● ● Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae IT, M, ES, ‒ Rhizopulvinaria turkestanica IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Rhodococcus turanicus IT, ‒, ‒, FE Saissetia coffeae IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Saissetia miranda IT, ‒, ‒, FE ● ● ● ● Saissetia oleae IT, M, ES, ‒ ● ● ● ● ● Sphaerolecanium prunastri IT, M, ES, FE ● Stotzia ephedrae IT, M, ES, ‒ Cryptococcidae Cryptococcus fagisuga IT, M, ES, ‒ ● Pseudochermes fraxini IT, M, ES, FE......continued on the nxet pageTABLE 1 (continued)Family / Species Biogeographical regions * = endemic to Iran Palaearctic Afrotropical Australasian Nearctic Neotropical Oriental Eriococcidae Acanthococcus aceris IT, M, ES, ‒ Acanthococcus costatus IT, ‒, ES, FE Acanthococcus isacanthus IT, ‒, ES, FE Anophococcus abaii * IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Anophococcus cingulatus IT, M, ES, FE Anophococcus insignis IT, ‒, ES, ‒ ● Anophococcus kondarensis IT, ‒, ES, FE Anophococcus sanguinairensis IT, M, ES, ‒ Gossyparia spuria IT, ‒, ES, FE ● Neoacanthococcus pamiricus IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Neoacanthococcus IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ tamaricicola Rhizococcus asperulae * IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Rhizococcus avicennae * IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Rhizococcus borchsenii IT, ‒, ES, FE Rhizococcus istresianus IT, M, ES, ‒ Rhizococcus reynei IT, M, ES, FE Rhizococcus saxidesertus IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Uhleria araucariae IT, M, ES, ‒ ● ● ● ● ● Kermesidae Kermes quercus IT, M, ES, FE Kermes spatulatus IT, M, ‒, ‒ Nidularia balachowskii IT, M, ‒, ‒ Margarodidae Porphyrophora chelodonta * IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Porphyrophora cynodontis IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Porphyrophora hamelii IT, ‒, ‒, ‒......continued on the nxet pageTABLE 1 (continued)Family / Species Biogeographical regions * = endemic to Iran Palaearctic Afrotropical Australasian Nearctic Neotropical Oriental Margarodidae contd Porphyrophora jashenkoi * IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Porphyrophora medicaginis Porphyrophora tritici IT, ‒, ‒, IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ ‒ Porphyrophora victoriae IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Monophlebidae Drosicha turkestanica IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ Gueriniella serratulae IT, M, ES, ‒ Icerya aegyptiaca IT, M, ‒, FE ● ● ● Icerya purchasi IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ● ● ● Pseudaspidoproctus gramineus IT, ‒, ‒, ‒ ● Pseudaspidoproctus hyphaeniacus IT, M, ‒, ‒ ● ● Ortheziidae Orthezia urticae IT, M, ES, FE Ortheziola marottai IT, M, ES, ‒ Phoenicococcidae Phoenicococcus marlatti IT, M, ES, FE ● ● ●Introduced speciesAlien species, introduced to Iran and established either a long time ago or in recent years, constitute a large group (71 species), making up 24.5% of the Iranian fauna. They are mostly pests on agricultural or ornamental plants and have been introduced through human activities. Several species in this group are cosmopolitan and are known as important pests on crops in Iran, such as: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) in the Diaspididae; Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Planococcus citri (Risso) and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) in the Pseudococcidae; Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, C. rusci (Linnaeus) and Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus in the Coccidae; and Icerya purchasi Maskell in the Monophlebidae.