cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3g9f7
title: Data from: Arachnid aloft: directed aerial descent in neotropical canopy spiders

description: The behaviour of directed aerial descent has been described for numerous
 taxa of wingless hexapods as they fall from the tropical rainforest
 canopy, but is not known in other terrestrial arthropods. Here, we
 describe similar controlled aerial behaviours for large arboreal spiders
 in the genus Selenops (Selenopidae). We dropped 59 such spiders from
 either canopy platforms or tree crowns in Panama and Peru; the majority
 (93%) directed their aerial trajectories towards and then landed upon
 nearby tree trunks. Following initial dorsoventral righting when
 necessary, falling spiders oriented themselves and then translated
 head-first towards targets; directional changes were correlated with
 bilaterally asymmetric motions of the anterolaterally extended forelegs.
 Aerial performance (i.e. the glide index) decreased with increasing body
 mass and wing loading, but not with projected surface area of the spider.
 Along with the occurrence of directed aerial descent in ants, jumping
 bristletails, and other wingless hexapods, this discovery of targeted
 gliding in selenopid spiders further indicates strong selective pressures
 against uncontrolled falls into the understory for arboreal taxa.
description: Spider Field
 DataSpider glide index,
 mass, and wing areaSpiderRawData.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hs20gv7
title: Data from: Structural controls on photosynthetic capacity through juvenile-to-adult transition and needle aging in Mediterranean pines

description: 1. Needle photosynthetic potentials strongly vary among primary (juvenile)
 and secondary (adult) needles (heteroblasty) in Pinus species, but there
 is limited understanding of the underlying structural, diffusional and
 chemical controls. 2. We studied differences in needle photosynthetic
 characteristics among current-year juvenile and adult needles and among
 different-aged adult needles in Mediterranean pines Pinus halepensis
 Mill., P. pinea L. and P. nigra J. F. Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal)
 Franco, hypothesizing that needle anatomical modifications upon
 juvenile-to-adult transition lead to reduced photosynthetic capacity due
 to greater limitation of photosynthesis by mesophyll conductance and due
 to an increase in the share of support tissues at the expense of
 photosynthetic tissues. We also hypothesized that such alterations occur
 with needle aging, but to a lower degree. 3. Photosynthetic capacity per
 dry mass was 2.4-2.7-fold higher in juvenile needles, and this was
 associated with 3.4-3.7-fold greater mesophyll diffusion conductance, and
 2-2.5-fold greater maximum carboxylase activity of Rubisco (Vcmax) and
 2.2-3-fold greater capacity for photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax).
 The latter differences were driven by modifications in mesophyll volume
 fraction and changes in the share of nitrogen between structural and
 photosynthetic functions. Analogous changes in photosynthetic
 characteristics occurred with needle aging, but their extent was less. 4.
 These results indicate that conifer foliage photosynthetic machinery
 undergoes a profound change from a fast return strategy in juveniles to
 slow return stress-resistant strategy in adults and that this strategy
 shift is driven by modifications in foliage biomass investments in support
 and photosynthetic functions as well as by varying mesophyll diffusional
 controls on photosynthesis. Changes in needle morphophysiotype during tree
 and needle aging need consideration in predicting changes in tree
 photosynthetic potentials through tree ontogeny and during and among
 growing seasons.
description: Data-from-Kuusk-et-al-Functional_Ecology-2018-Leaf-structural-and-photosynthetic-characteristics-in three-conifer-speciesData accompanying "Kuusk, V., Niinemets, Ü. & Valladares, F. (2018) Structural controls on photosynthetic capacity through juvenile-to-adult transition and needle aging in Mediterranean pines. Functional Ecology". All the the needle traits used (each data lines corresponds to an individual replicate measurement plant (juveniles) or branch (adults) that a grouped according to species, plant age and needle age
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3s40t
title: Data from: Direct measurement of ant predation of weed seeds in wheat cropping

description: The ecosystem service of predation of weed seeds by naturally occurring
 seed-eating animals, including ants, in agricultural fields has been
 suggested to be a potentially important biocontrol option. Laboratory and
 field tests have found high levels of seed removal from experimentally
 placed seed; however, the effect of predation on naturally dispersed weed
 seeds is unknown. We measured the effect of invertebrate seed predators on
 natural weed seed dispersal and germination in a field experiment under
 commercial growing conditions. The two-factor, large-scale field
 experiment in a field used to grow wheat with conservation tillage, used
 an insecticide to remove soil invertebrates (ants had been reduced by 85%
 relative to water controls) and shallow tillage for mechanical weed
 removal (no effect on ants). There was one natural weed seeding event,
 when a wind storm blew one single incursion of Salsola australis
 (Chenopodiaceae) tumbleweeds across the field. We measured the number of
 tumbleweeds after two months and found the removal of ants resulted in a
 doubling of tumbleweeds: 3383 ± 513 weeds ha−1 in the insecticide
 treatment plots compared with 1768 ± 100 weeds ha−1 in the water control
 treatment plots, and 1948 ± 227 weeds ha−1 in the rest of the field. The
 difference in tumbleweed germination and growth was not due to growing
 conditions. We measured soil nutrients before the incursion and soil
 moisture during the weed growing period, and found that there were higher
 levels of nitrogenous compounds in water control plots, but no other
 nutrient or moisture differences, than insecticide exclusion plots.
 Synthesis and applications. Our results provide evidence that the
 ecosystem service of ant predation of naturally dispersed weed seeds
 limits weed abundance in commercial cereal fields in warmer climates. The
 fields were not managed to increase ants; alternative conservation
 agricultural management methods that promote agro-ecology, including low
 or zero tillage and low insecticide use, could increase ant abundance and
 thereby reduce weeds. The use of seed predators as a type of biocontrol
 agent will need to be integrated with other weed management methods,
 including herbicides and shallow tillage, although the latter may conflict
 with ant survival. The use of seed predators may be particularly
 advantageous in organic systems, or locations where economic margins are
 low.
description: Ant, weed, soil data
 from wheat fields in AustraliaThe file is an Excel
 spreadsheet with three sheets. The first sheet has ant and weed numbers.
 The second sheet has soil nutrient data. The third sheet has soil moisture
 data.Evans
 & Gleeson ant predation weed seeds JApplEcol - Data for
 Dryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.56gn0
title: Data from: The evolution of eggshell cuticle in relation to nesting ecology

description: Avian eggs are at risk of microbial infection prior to and during
 incubation. A large number of defence mechanisms have evolved in response
 to the severe costs imposed by these infections. The eggshell's
 cuticle is an important component of antimicrobial defence, and its role
 in preventing contamination by microorganisms in domestic chickens is well
 known. Nanometer-scale cuticular spheres that reduce microbial attachment
 and penetration have recently been identified on eggs of several wild
 avian species. However, whether these spheres have evolved specifically
 for antimicrobial defence is unknown. Here, we use comparative data on
 eggshell cuticular structure and nesting ecology to test the hypothesis
 that birds nesting in habitats with higher risk of infection (e.g. wetter
 and warmer) are more likely to evolve cuticular nanospheres on their
 eggshells than those nesting in less risky habitats. We found that
 nanostructuring, present in 54 of 296 analysed species, is the ancestral
 condition of avian eggshells and has been retained more often in taxa that
 nest in humid infection-prone environments, suggesting that they serve
 critical roles in antimicrobial egg defence.
description: data for cuticle
 evolutionData on patterns of
 distribution of eggshell cuticles composed of nanospheres across 296
 species of birds in relation to nesting ecology
 parameters.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.44s3k14
title: Data from: Adaptive responses along a depth and a latitudinal gradient in the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica

description: Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services and are critical to
 the survival of the associated invertebrate community. However, they are
 threatened worldwide by human-driven environmental change. Understanding
 the potential for adaptation of these plants is critical to assess not
 only their ability to persist under future global change scenarios, but
 also to assess the persistence of the associated communities. Here, we
 screened wild population of Posidonia oceanica, an endemic long lived
 marine plant in the Mediterranean Sea, for genes that may be target of
 environmental selection, using an outlier and a genome-wide transcriptome
 analysis. We identified loci, which polymorphism or differential
 expression was associated with either a latitudinal or a bathymetric
 gradient, as well as with both gradients, in an effort to identify loci
 associated with temperature and light. We found candidate genes underlying
 growth and immunity to be divergent between populations adapted to
 different latitudes and/or depths, providing evidence for local
 adaptation. Furthermore, we find evidence of reduced gene flow among
 populations, including adjacent ones. Reduced gene flow, combined with low
 sexual recombination, small effective population size, and long generation
 time of P. oceanica, raises concerns for the long-term persistence of this
 species, especially in the face of rapid environmental change driven by
 human activities.
description: matrix_MLGs_microsat_24_locimicrosatellite genotyping at 24 loci for the samples used in this study. Population, population ID (with distinction of S-shallow and D-deep populations), Latitude, Longitude and multilocus genotypes are shown. -9 indicates missing datamatrix_MLGs_for_all_loci_dryad.txt.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q405j
title: Data from: Influence of drift and admixture on population structure of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Central Interior Highlands, U.S.A. 50 years after translocation

description: Bottlenecks, founder events, and genetic drift often result in decreased
 genetic diversity and increased population differentiation. These events
 may follow abundance declines due to natural or anthropogenic
 perturbations, where translocations may be an effective conservation
 strategy to increase population size. American black bears (Ursus
 americanus) were nearly extirpated from the Central Interior Highlands,
 USA by 1920. In an effort to restore bears, 254 individuals were
 translocated from Minnesota, USA and Manitoba, Canada, into the Ouachita
 and Ozark Mountains from 1958 to 1968. Using 15 microsatellites and
 mitochondrial haplotypes, we observed contemporary genetic diversity and
 differentiation between the source and supplemented populations. We
 inferred four genetic clusters: Source, Ouachitas, Ozarks, and a cluster
 in Missouri where no individuals were translocated. Coalescent models
 using approximate Bayesian computation identified an admixture model as
 having the highest posterior probability (0.942) over models where the
 translocation was unsuccessful or acted as a founder event. Nuclear
 genetic diversity was highest in the source (A = 9.11) and significantly
 lower in the translocated populations (A = 7.07 - 7.34; P = 0.004). The
 Missouri cluster had the lowest genetic diversity (A = 5.48) and served as
 a natural experiment showing the utility of translocations to increase
 genetic diversity following demographic bottlenecks. Differentiation was
 greater between the two admixed populations than between the source,
 suggesting that genetic drift acted strongly over the eight generations
 since the translocation. The Ouachitas and Missouri were previously
 hypothesized to be remnant lineages. We observed a pre-translocation
 remnant signature in Missouri but not in the Ouachitas.
description: Puckett et al-
 Microsatellite DataData for 15 ursid
 microsatellites in 3-digit Genepop format. Sample names identify where
 samples were collected; however, MZ refers to MO-Oz group in text of
 manuscript.Puckett_etal2014-DryadGenepop.txtPuckett et al- DIYABC modelsThree models for the three-population scenarios tested using DIYABC. Priors for parameters are given in Table S2 of the manuscript.Puckett_etal2014-DryadDIYABC.txtPuckett et al-Haplotypes_w_AccessionNumbersFasta file with aligned Ursus americanus haplotypes (HapA-HapZ) with both haplotype and GenBank accession numbers.Puckett et al-Samples_w_mtDNA_Haplotype_ListFile includes the list of samples and the mitochondrial haplotype sequenced from each sample. List also includes study area where sample was taken. See Fasta file with haplotype sequences or GenBank.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qk361v8
title: Data from: Your infections are what you eat: how host ecology shapes the helminth parasite communities of lizards

description: 1. Understanding how parasite communities are assembled, and the factors
 that influence their richness, can improve our knowledge of parasite-host
 interactions and help to predict the spread of infectious diseases.
 Previous comparative analyses have found significant influences of host
 ecology and life history, but focused on a few select host taxa. 2. Host
 diet and habitat use play key roles in the acquisition of parasitic
 helminths as many are trophically-transmitted, making these attributes
 potentially key indicators of infection risk. Given the paucity of
 comparative studies with non-piscine, non-avian or non-mammalian hosts, it
 is critical to examine the degree to which host ecology influences
 parasite communities in other host taxa in order to identify common
 drivers. 3. We examined helminth diversity in over 350 species of lizards
 in relation to their body mass, ecology (diet and habitat use), and life
 history (clutch size, and ovo- or viviparity) using previously published
 data. 4. Overall, lizard species with herbivorous diets harboured fewer
 types of helminths (especially larval stages), with similar results for
 traits that were ultimately strongly associated with diet (host mass and
 habitat use). Large hosts tended to be herbivores with few helminth types
 whereas species utilizing arboreal habitats typically consumed some animal
 matter and hosted more helminths. 5. Understanding how host ecology and
 life history are related to their parasite assemblages has significant
 implications for the risk of acquiring novel parasites. Our results
 indicate an overwhelming influence of host diet such that many helminths
 may be relatively easily acquired by hosts in new ranges, or through
 dietary shifts.
description: Data file for Leung and
 Koprivnikar (2018) lizard helminth communitiesData file for Leung and
 Koprivnikar (2018) "Your infections are what you eat: how host
 ecology shapes the helminth parasite communities of
 lizards"Leung & Koprivnikar Dryad
 data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f0285
title: Data from: Rapid effects of elevated stress hormones on male courtship signals suggest a major role for the acute stress response in intra- and intersexual selection

description: 1. Short-term elevations in circulating stress hormones (glucocorticoids)
 often mediate reduced investment in reproductive behavior in favor of
 self-maintenance and survival, but the significance of these effects in
 sexual selection and communication remain largely unexplored. 2. Here we
 examine the acute stress response in the context of intra- and intersexual
 selection in the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea. Males of this species
 produce agonistic acoustic signals that stimulate elevations in the stress
 hormone corticosterone (CORT) in rival males, suggesting a central role
 for CORT in male-male competition. We hypothesized that elevated CORT
 levels in losers of vocal contests mediate an increase in the energy
 allocated towards self-maintenance and survival that compromises
 investment in courtship signaling, resulting in reduced attractiveness to
 females. 3. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that CORT
 administration to calling males, simulating CORT production in vocal
 contest losers, caused a rapid reduction in the duration of advertisement
 calls and vocal effort. Elevated CORT also increased the propensity to
 produce aggressive calls during simulated territorial intrusions that was
 followed by an increased probability of non-calling “satellite” mating
 behavior. This suite of CORT effects on vocal behavior are known to
 decrease attractiveness to females and were not related to a decrease in
 androgen level or differences in body condition in CORT- versus
 saline-injected males. 4. Our results suggest that CORT production during
 intraspecific vocal contests compromises male attractiveness. Male
 vocalizations may therefore reliably indicate recent contest outcomes
 and/or the stress status of males, implicating CORT as a mediator of
 honest signaling. We propose that the effects of agonistic acoustic
 signals on CORT production in this species are maintained by CORT-mediated
 life history trade-offs; decreased conspicuous signaling in high
 stress-responsive males potentially increases survival by reducing the
 likelihood of escalated contests with dominant males and detection by
 predators. Adoption of alternative non-calling satellite mating tactics
 may contribute to maintaining individual variation in stress
 responsiveness by increasing the chances that competitively inferior males
 acquire mates.
description: Data for Leary and
 Crocker-Buta (2018) Functional EcologyData for effects of
 glucocorticoids on mating behavior and vocal attractiveness in male green
 treefrogs.Leary and CrockerButa
 2018.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.50b93
title: Data from: The role of selection and historical factors in driving population differentiation along an elevational gradient in an island bird

description: Adaptation to local environmental conditions and the range dynamics of
 populations can influence evolutionary divergence along environmental
 gradients. Thus, it is important to investigate patterns of both
 phenotypic and genetic variation among populations to reveal the
 respective roles of these two types of factors in driving population
 differentiation. Here, we test for evidence of phenotypic and genetic
 structure across populations of a passerine bird (Zosterops borbonicus)
 distributed along a steep elevational gradient on the island of Réunion.
 Using eleven microsatellite loci screened in 401 individuals from 18
 localities distributed along the gradient, we found that genetic
 differentiation occurred at two spatial levels: (i) between two main
 population groups corresponding to highland and lowland areas,
 respectively, and (ii) within each of these two groups. In contrast,
 several morphological traits varied gradually along the gradient.
 Comparison of neutral genetic differentiation (FST) and phenotypic
 differentiation (PST) showed that PST largely exceeds FST at several
 morphological traits, which is consistent with a role for local adaptation
 in driving morphological divergence along the gradient. Overall, our
 results revealed an area of secondary contact mid-way up the gradient
 between two major, cryptic, population groups likely diverged in
 allopatry. Remarkably, local adaptation has shaped phenotypic
 differentiation irrespective of population history, resulting in different
 patterns of variation along the elevational gradient. Our findings
 underscore the importance of understanding both historical and selective
 factors when trying to explain variation along environmental gradients.
description: ZoboGrad-GENEPOPIndividual genotypes of the 401 individuals at 12 microsatellite loci. This file is provided in the universal GENEPOP format. The first section corresponds to a list of the name of the loci. Then, each row represent a single individual: first column is the individual identifier and the following columns correspond to the length (concatenation of 2 x 3 digits) of the different alleles at the 12 loci (one column each). Sampling localities are separated by a empty lines.ZoboGrad-MorphoFile summarizing the morphological data for each individual. Each line corresponds to a single individual with informations about sampling localities, ringer and all the morphological variables measured: weight (g), wing length (mm), tail length (mm), tarsus length (mm), bill length (mm), bill depth (mm) and bill width (mm).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.41s0q7t
title: Data from: Urban green roofs provide habitat for migrating and breeding birds and their arthropod prey

description: The world is rapidly urbanizing, and many previously biodiverse areas are
 now mostly comprised of impervious surface. This loss of natural habitat
 causes local bird communities to become dominated by urban dweller and
 urban utilizer species and reduces the amount of habitat available for
 migrating and breeding birds. Green roofs can increase green space in
 urban landscapes, potentially providing new habitat for wildlife. We
 surveyed birds and arthropods, an important food source for birds, on
 green roofs and nearby comparable conventional (non-green) roofs in New
 York City during spring migration and summer breeding seasons. We
 predicted that green roofs would have a greater abundance and richness of
 both birds and arthropods than conventional roofs during both migration
 and the breeding season for birds. Furthermore, we predicted we would find
 more urban avoider and urban utilizer bird species on green roofs than
 conventional roofs. We found that both birds and arthropods were more
 abundant and rich on green roofs than conventional roofs. In addition,
 green roofs hosted more urban avoider and utilizer bird species than
 conventional roofs. Our study shows that birds use green roofs as stopover
 habitat during migration and as foraging habitat during the breeding
 season. Establishing green roofs in urban landscapes increases the amount
 of habitat available for migrating and breeding birds and can partially
 mitigate the loss of habitat due to increasing urbanization.
description: Bird vocalizations on
 four paired green and conventional roofs in New York
 City.Bird species and
 vocalizations on four paired green and conventional roofs from April
 through June (2011 and 2012) in New York City. Sound files were recorded
 using Acoustic Recording units. Sound files were transformed into
 spectrogram format using Audacity ® (1.3 Beta), cleaned of background
 noise, and then vocalizations were identified to species. Bird species are
 listed by their alpha codes.BirdsonPairedRoofs_20112012.xlsxArthropods collected on green and conventional roofs in New York City.Arthropods collected on four paired green and conventional roofs from April and May through July (2011 and 2012) in New York City.ArthropodsonPairedRoofs.xlsx