cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.57745/jwjbog
title: slice00779.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/m2l7qe
title: slice02276.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ynejng
title: slice01138.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/yrk3rm
title: slice02108.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/3jgm84
title: slice02069.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/5cqncg
title: slice02219.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ddop5y
title: slice01839.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/gpellt
title: slice00748.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/hceqti
title: slice00081.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ru6r5u
title: slice01736.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118671.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/avqgcb
title: slice00083.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ccyrkm
title: slice02386.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/dtvb6e
title: slice00622.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/jpcn94
title: slice01836.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/t2gmid
title: slice02169.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/yqxpwz
title: slice01258.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118672.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/8zmliv
title: slice01876.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/bcdkzo
title: slice02134.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/hilejc
title: slice01308.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ox08ny
title: slice02246.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/rlodbv
title: slice00558.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118673.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/dk5o08
title: slice00084.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/h9u6fq
title: slice02202.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/me4k4y
title: slice01231.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/qx1o6f
title: slice00108.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/u4heed
title: slice00669.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/v7z2yc
title: slice01079.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/bwvzus
title: slice01883.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/epokio
title: slice02237.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/etmwie
title: slice02679.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/sp1jts
title: slice01867.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/svsgxl
title: slice00421.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118674.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/2q4nxv
title: slice00257.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/nvyeml
title: slice02351.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/uya8ou
title: slice02124.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/0zll0d
title: slice00066.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/81zt1a
title: slice01957.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/edinop
title: slice01183.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/yimdsz
title: slice00648.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/yk0ib2
title: slice02177.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118675.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/3ecehp
title: slice00820.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/snwpva
title: slice02194.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ttr5np
title: slice01988.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118676.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/00v3em
title: slice00504.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/32obis
title: slice02174.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/akjxgl
title: slice00963.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/esrhvt
title: slice02375.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/gjz1mb
title: slice01359.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/noe1jg
title: slice02160.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118677.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/b7xrdo
title: slice01732.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/glchns
title: slice01880.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/hloyje
title: slice02081.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ufgb4s
title: slice02743.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/wgviyn
title: slice00803.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/yakey3
title: slice00925.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/1a05ze
title: slice02382.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/7xdhmu
title: slice02125.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/bdqjqu
title: slice01108.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/eavlbu
title: slice00555.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/rhkoee
title: slice01371.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118678.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/77j39w
title: slice00464.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/atltma
title: slice01226.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/eispgs
title: slice02739.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/hr5nwn
title: slice02197.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/tqrlym
title: slice01275.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/vegxx6
title: slice00883.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118679.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.57745/2x5fqa
title: slice01489.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/5hwhue
title: slice01956.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/dnfqlk
title: slice00029.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/lqnuxj
title: slice02072.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/nqmogp
title: slice00266.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/z4qw39
title: slice02737.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118680.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.3886/e209318
title: Code for: The Benefits of Revealing Race: Evidence from Minority-owned Local Businesses

description: Is there latent demand to support Black-owned businesses? We explore this question by analyzing a new feature that made it easier to identify Black-owned restaurants on an online platform. We find that labeling restaurants as minority-owned increased customer engagement and firm performance, as measured by online traffic, calls, orders, and in-person visits. These effects were more pronounced in areas characterized by greater support for the Democratic Party and lower implicit bias against racial minorities. Labeled restaurants also see an increase in the fraction of reviews that are written by White customers.
DOI: 10.3886/e209318v1
title: Code for: The Benefits of Revealing Race: Evidence from Minority-owned Local Businesses

description: Is there latent demand to support Black-owned businesses? We explore this question by analyzing a new feature that made it easier to identify Black-owned restaurants on an online platform. We find that labeling restaurants as minority-owned increased customer engagement and firm performance, as measured by online traffic, calls, orders, and in-person visits. These effects were more pronounced in areas characterized by greater support for the Democratic Party and lower implicit bias against racial minorities. Labeled restaurants also see an increase in the fraction of reviews that are written by White customers.
DOI: 10.57745/0fmuwi
title: slice01585.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/ca6q1w
title: slice02686.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/hnrv8d
title: slice01834.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/yi3pzy
title: slice00399.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/z1mkfe
title: slice00729.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57745/zfztui
title: slice02141.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.57702/pr94gc7l
title: Persons with financial burden of health care by sex, age, level of disability (activity limitation), type of health care and level of difficulty

description: Persons with financial burden of health care by sex, age, level of disability (activity limitation), type of health care and level of difficulty
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118681.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118682.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118683.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118684.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118685.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118686.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118687.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118688.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118689.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118690.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118691.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118692.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118693.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118694.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118695.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.13145/bacdive118696.20230509.8.1
title: Streptomyces sp.

description: The range of data encompasses taxonomy, morphology, physiology, sampling and concomitant environmental conditions as well as molecular biology.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.fmsnqj
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 15 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Tillandsia spiraliflora Rauh"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 15 records from 6 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0016823-230810091245214/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wxuw7b
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 24 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Aeranthes ecalcarata H.Perrier"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 24 records from 6 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002499-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4tdvhr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 17 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Tillandsia socialis L.B.Sm."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 17 records from 10 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0016813-230810091245214/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.5afg4r
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1645 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Trisetum sibiricum Rupr.",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1645 records from 66 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0286524-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4mprzb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Tillandsia spathacea Mez & Sodiro"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0016816-230810091245214/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pqk2nw
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 10994 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Bolbitius titubans (Bull.) Fr.)",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-9.36035 44.71551,-10.59082 42.81152,-11.82129 36.80928,-7.69043 36.17336,-3.38379 35.88905,3.12012 38.13456,9.18457 38.20366,11.7334 37.16032,12.78809 34.74161,17.09473 33.79741, 23.15918 34.23451,30.10254 32.62087,33.2666 32.99024,35.72754 35.03,33.00293 35.53223,28.69629 35.17381,28.34473 36.31513,25.7959 37.50973,24.91699 39.90974,28.78418 40.6473,30.71777 41.17865,36.87012 45.213,38.18848 46.98025,38.71582 47.7541,39.94629 47.93107,40.20996 49.61071,37.0459 50.34546,35.72754 50.40152,33.79395 52.26816,31.68457 51.94426,31.4209 53.27835,32.56348 53.43572,30.98145 54.77535,30.89355 55.52863,28.43262 56.02295,27.20215 57.65716,27.37793 58.30949,27.90527 59.17593,29.66309 59.88894,27.6416 60.58697,31.50879 62.75473,28.78418 69.83962,30.89355 70.28912,29.22363 71.55274,21.75293 71.30079,14.28223 70.14036,11.38184 67.47492,4.87793 63.66576,-5.53711 71.52491,-10.63477 71.69129,-21.5332 67.74276,-28.56445 65.36684,-24.3457 61.35461,-9.36035 44.71551))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1980",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2021"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 10994 records from 150 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0233157-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9k7ewh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 106275 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Continent is Europe",
 "Country is Spain",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 106275 records were derived from 1430 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0042110-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qbkqgv
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 87 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-46.14502 16.10502,38.63919 16.10502,38.63919 49.99589,-46.14502 49.99589,-46.14502 16.10502))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Pedicularia sicula"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 87 records from 10 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0052637-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.nburkf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 21076 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Jacaranda mimosifolia",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 {
 "or" : [
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than 10000",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is null"
 ]
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 21076 records from 256 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0052638-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.rsvxtd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13919499 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is ICES DATRAS Surveys"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13919499 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0052633-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30880427
title: Combined file of dot blot images and quantification

description: IGF peptides (recombinant mouse IGF-II or synthetic mouse vesiculin) were biotinylated following manufacturers’ instructions. Either 40ng or 20ng mouse IGFBP of each IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) was dotted (2µl) onto a nitrocellulose membrane and dried at 37<sup>o</sup>C for 5 minutes. The blots were incubated at room temperature with agitation, first in TBS with 3% BSA for 2 hours, then in TBS with 0.1% Tween 20 for 10 minutes. The blot was then incubated overnight with 40ng of biotinylated peptides in TBS with 1% BSA and 0.1% tween at 4<sup>o</sup>C with agitation. The blots were then washed three times with TBS with 1% BSA and 0.1% tween 20 for 5 minutes at room temperature before being incubated for 1 hour with Streptavidin-HPR (1:2000 dilution) in TBS with 1% BSA and 0.1% tween 20. A further wash preceded incubation with ECL reagent and imaging and densitometry analysis (Image lab, BioRad). For testing equal signal from both biotinylated peptides, different concentrations of both labelled peptides were directly dotted on the membrane which was dried, washed, incubated with Streptavidin-HPR, washed then detected.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30880427.v1
title: Combined file of dot blot images and quantification

description: IGF peptides (recombinant mouse IGF-II or synthetic mouse vesiculin) were biotinylated following manufacturers’ instructions. Either 40ng or 20ng mouse IGFBP of each IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) was dotted (2µl) onto a nitrocellulose membrane and dried at 37<sup>o</sup>C for 5 minutes. The blots were incubated at room temperature with agitation, first in TBS with 3% BSA for 2 hours, then in TBS with 0.1% Tween 20 for 10 minutes. The blot was then incubated overnight with 40ng of biotinylated peptides in TBS with 1% BSA and 0.1% tween at 4<sup>o</sup>C with agitation. The blots were then washed three times with TBS with 1% BSA and 0.1% tween 20 for 5 minutes at room temperature before being incubated for 1 hour with Streptavidin-HPR (1:2000 dilution) in TBS with 1% BSA and 0.1% tween 20. A further wash preceded incubation with ECL reagent and imaging and densitometry analysis (Image lab, BioRad). For testing equal signal from both biotinylated peptides, different concentrations of both labelled peptides were directly dotted on the membrane which was dried, washed, incubated with Streptavidin-HPR, washed then detected.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.29anrq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 73445 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((1.53345 50.47664,3.33412 50.47664,3.33412 51.1252,1.53345 51.1252,1.53345 50.47664))",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Orchidaceae"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 73445 records from 72 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0052629-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17737543
title: AGIR Project Dataset: Initial Observations in Teacher Education

description: First data of the AGIR Project.

This dataset contains survey data collected from students enrolled in a single course.

The purpose was to measure Action Competence in Sustainable Development [ACiSD-FR] before and after the course.

Data were collected in feb 2025.

They are accompanying "Teaching Off-Track: Contributions of Interdisciplinarity and Sustainability in Teacher Education. First insights from the AGIR Project"
DOI: 10.15468/dl.up4akh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1747 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Jasminum polyanthum",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 {
 "or" : [
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than 10000",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is null"
 ]
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1747 records from 64 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0052639-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.682fay
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 249982 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is one of (Portugal, Spain)",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Alectoris rufa"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 249982 records from 126 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0052631-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17931661
title: AI Disclosure Policies