cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15154/1356633
title: Violation Differentiation

description: When an item is predicted in a particular context but the prediction is violated, memory for that item is weakened (Kim et al., 2014). Here, we explore what happens when such previously mispredicted items are later reencountered. According to prior neural network simulations, this sequence of events-misprediction and subsequent restudy-should lead to differentiation of the item's neural representation from the previous context (on which the misprediction was based). Specifically, misprediction weakens connections in the representation to features shared with the previous context and restudy allows new features to be incorporated into the representation that are not shared with the previous context. This cycle of misprediction and restudy should have the net effect of moving the item's neural representation away from the neural representation of the previous context. We tested this hypothesis using human fMRI by tracking changes in item-specific BOLD activity patterns in the hippocampus, a key structure for representing memories and generating predictions. In left CA2/3/DG, we found greater neural differentiation for items that were repeatedly mispredicted and restudied compared with items from a control condition that was identical except without misprediction. We also measured prediction strength in a trial-by-trial fashion and found that greater misprediction for an item led to more differentiation, further supporting our hypothesis. Therefore, the consequences of prediction error go beyond memory weakening. If the mispredicted item is restudied, the brain adaptively differentiates its memory representation to improve the accuracy of subsequent predictions and to shield it from further weakening. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Competition between overlapping memories leads to weakening of nontarget memories over time, making it easier to access target memories. However, a nontarget memory in one context might become a target memory in another context. How do such memories get restrengthened without increasing competition again? Computational models suggest that the brain handles this by reducing neural connections to the previous context and adding connections to new features that were not part of the previous context. The result is neural differentiation away from the previous context. Here, we provide support for this theory, using fMRI to track neural representations of individual memories in the hippocampus and how they change based on learning.
DOI: 10.15154/1357077
title: Neural overlap in item representations across episodes impairs context memory

description: We frequently encounter the same item in different contexts, and when that happens, memories of earlier encounters can get reactivated in the brain. Here we examined how these existing memories are changed as a result of such reactivation. We hypothesized that when an item’s initial and subsequent neural representations overlap, this allows the initial item to become associated with novel contextual information, interfering with later retrieval of the initial context. That is, we predicted a negative relationship between representational similarity across repeated experiences of an item and subsequent source memory for the initial context. We tested this hypothesis in an fMRI study, in which objects were presented multiple times during different tasks. We measured the similarity of the neural patterns in lateral occipital cortex that were elicited by the first and second presentations of objects, and related this neural overlap score to source memory in a subsequent test. Consistent with our hypothesis, greater item-specific pattern similarity was linked to worse source memory for the initial task. Our findings suggest that the influence of novel experiences on an existing context memory depends on how reliably a shared component (i.e., same item) is represented across these episodes.
DOI: 10.15154/1357364
title: Whole Blood Serotonin Levels and Platelet 5-HT2A Binding  in Autism Spectrum Disorder

description: Elevated whole blood serotonin (WB5-HT) is a well-replicated biomarker in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Decreased platelet serotonin receptor 5-HT2A binding has been reported in ASD. WB5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT2A specific binding were obtained from 112 individuals with ASD and 18 controls. Individuals with ASD had significantly higher WB5-HT levels than controls. There was no difference in the platelet 5-HT2A specific binding between groups. Multiple regression analyses revealed that platelet 5-HT2A binding significantly predicted WB5-HT in the control sample but not in the ASD sample. These results indicate that the relationship between WB5-HT and platelet 5-HT2A binding differs depending on ASD diagnosis, suggesting differences in platelet 5-HT system regulation in ASD.
DOI: 10.15154/1357411
title: Maternal whole blood serotonin levels are associated with cognitive ability and core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder

description: Background: Biomarker and neuroimaging findings implicate the serotonin (5-HT) system in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent findings in mice indicate that the maternal 5-HT system influences embryonic neurodevelopment. 

Methods. Whole blood serotonin (WB5-HT) levels were obtained from 181 children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, 93 of their fathers and 106 of their mothers. Standardized assessements were used to evaluate cognitive, behavioral, and language phenotypes. 

Results. After correcting for proband age, multiple regression demonstrated a significant relationship between maternal WB5-HT and nonverbal IQ (F(2,101) = 4.891, P = .009), overall adaptive function on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II, (F(2,99) = 4.220, P = .018), and overall standardized language score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-4, (F(2,71) = 3.323, P = .042). Proband WB5-HT was not associated with phenotype on any outcome measure. Latent class analysis identified a three-class structure in the assessment data, describing children with low, intermediate, and high severity across measures of behavior, cognition, and adaptive function. Mean maternal WB5-HT differed across classes but proband WB5-HT did not, with the lowest maternal WB5-HT levels seen in the highest severity group, Welch's F(2, 32.457) = 16.948, p
DOI: 10.15154/1357866
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) Baseline Visit (V00)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI Baseline visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1357867
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 12-Month Follow-up Visit (V01)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the 12-Month Follow-up visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1358120
title: Baseline connectome modular abnormalities in the childhood phase of a longitudinal study on individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

description: Occurring in at least 1 in 3,000 live births, chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) produces a complex phenotype that includes a constellation of medical complications such as congenital cardiac defects, immune deficiency, velopharyngeal dysfunction, and characteristic facial dysmorphic features. There is also an increased incidence of psychiatric diagnosis, especially intellectual disability and ADHD in childhood, lifelong anxiety, and a strikingly high rate of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which occur in around 30% of adults with 22q11DS. Using innovative computational connectomics, we studied how 22q11DS affects high-level network signatures of hierarchical modularity and its intrinsic geometry in 55 children with confirmed 22q11DS and 27 Typically Developing (TD) children. Results identified 3 subgroups within our 22q11DS sample using a K-means clustering approach based on several midline structural measures-of-interests. Each subgroup exhibited distinct patterns of connectome abnormalities. Subtype 1, containing individuals with generally healthy-looking brains, exhibited no significant differences in either modularity or intrinsic geometry when compared with TD. By contrast, the more anomalous 22q11DS Subtypes 2 and 3 brains revealed significant modular differences in the right hemisphere, while Subtype 3 (the most anomalous anatomy) further exhibited significantly abnormal connectome intrinsic geometry in the form of left-right temporal disintegration. Taken together, our findings supported an overall picture of (a) anterior-posteriorly differential interlobar frontotemporal/frontoparietal dysconnectivity in Subtypes 2 and 3 and (b) differential intralobar dysconnectivity in Subtype 3. Our ongoing studies are focusing on whether these subtypes and their connnectome signatures might be valid biomarkers for predicting the degree of psychosis-proneness risk found in 22q11DS. Hum Brain Mapp 39:232-248, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DOI: 10.15154/1358134
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 30-Month Follow-up Visit (V04)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI Baseline visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1358135
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 36-Month Follow-up Visit (V05)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI 36-Month Follow-up visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1358136
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 48-Month Follow-up Visit (V06)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI 48-Month Follow-up visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1358137
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 72-Month Follow-up Visit (V08)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI 72-Month Follow-up visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1358138
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 96-Month Follow-up Visit (V10)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI 96-Month Follow-up visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1358158
title: Investigation of the psychometric properties of the PANSS

description: TBD
DOI: 10.15154/1358174
title: Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) 24-Month Follow-Up Visit (V03)

description: This NDA Study contains all images collected as part of the OAI 24-Month Follow-up visit. The Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) is a multi-center, ten-year observational study of men and women, sponsored by the NIH. The goals of the OAI are to provide resources to enable a better understanding of prevention and treatment of knee osteoarthritis, one of the most common causes of disability in adults.
DOI: 10.15154/1358248
title: Hippocampal Growth after Febrile Status:  FEBSTAT Five Year Follow-Up

description: The FEBSTAT study (Consequences of Prolonged Febrile Seizures in Childhood) is prospectively examining long term outcomes of febrile status epilepticus ( FSE).  We have previously reported the results of the acute2 and 1 year follow-up3 MRIs in the FEBSTAT cohort.  This report describes the results of the 5 year follow-up MRIs on the FEBSTAT cohort.   In this analysis we have integrated brain growth data from a large group of older normal control subjects obtained from the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development. One hundred and three FSE subjects with 5 year follow-ups (Mean FU 5.45; SD 1.06; Median 5.30 yrs) are included in this report.   The major findings of this study are, i) atrophy and T2 signal hyperintensity seen acutely and at one year follow-up in affected  hippocampi continues into the 5 year follow up at 5 to 10 years of age and,  ii) hippocampi of male FSE subjects with no hippocampal T2 signal increase and normal morphology on MRI are definitely smaller on volumetric measurement than control male hippocampi for at least the first 5 to 7 years after FSE, but female FSE hippocampi are much less affected, iii) in the absence of recurrent episodes of FSE, the finding of normal hippocampal signal on the acute post-FSE MRI reliably predicts normal hippocampal signal in later follow up MRIs and iv) hippocampal malrotation (HIMAL), a developmental abnormality associated with FSE4, slows the growth of the hippocampus.
DOI: 10.15154/1358260
title: Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) in Relation to Longitudinal Cortical Thickness Changes in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

description: The relationship between brain development and clinical heterogeneity in autism (ASD) is unknown. This study examines the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) in relation to the longitudinal development of cortical thickness. Participants (N = 91 ASD, N = 56 TDC; 3-39 years at first scan) were scanned up to three times over a 7-year period. Mixed-effects models examined cortical thickness in relation to SRS score. ASD participants with higher SRS scores showed regionally increased age-related cortical thinning. Regional thickness differences and reduced age-related cortical thinning were found in predominantly right lateralized regions in ASD with decreasing SRS scores over time. Our findings emphasize the importance of examining clinical phenotypes in brain-based studies of ASD.
DOI: 10.15154/1358262
title: Impact of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use on treatment outcomes among patients experiencing first episode psychosis: Data from the national RAISE-ETP study

description: The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of recent tobacco, alcohol and
cannabis use on treatment outcomes among participants experiencing first episode psychosis
(FEP). Secondary data analyses were conducted on 404 participants enrolled in the Recovery
After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode—Early Treatment Program (RAISE-ETP) study. RAISEETP
investigated the effectiveness of a coordinated specialty care (CSC) intervention for FEP
in community mental health agencies in the United States. Generalized estimating equations
were used to examine whether recent tobacco smoking, alcohol, and cannabis use at baseline
were associated with illness severity, number of antipsychotic pills missed, psychiatric symptoms
and quality of life during the 24-month treatment period, after controlling for duration of
untreated psychosis and treatment group. At baseline, roughly 50% (n = 209) of participants reported recent tobacco, 28%
(n = 113) alcohol and 24% (n = 95) cannabis use. Tobacco smokers had higher levels of illness
severity (β = .24; P &lt; .005), a higher number of missed pills (β = 2.89; P &lt; .05), higher psychiatric
symptoms and lower quality of life during treatment relative to non-smokers. Alcohol users
had a higher number of missed pills (β = 3.16; P &lt; .05) during treatment and cannabis users
had higher levels of illness severity (β = .18; P &lt; .05) and positive symptoms (β = 1.56; P &lt; .05)
relative to non-users. Tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use are common in youth seeking treatment for
FEP. Tobacco smoking was associated with more negative clinical outcomes. These findings
have implications for including interventions targeting these areas of substance use within current
CSC models.
DOI: 10.15154/1358289
title: Reward System Function as a Potential Mediator of the Impact of Stress on Psychopathology: A Computational Neuroimaging Study

description: Despite the fact that both early-life and acute stress are known to bring about and worsen the symptoms of psychotic illness, the neural mechanisms by which this happens remain unclear. The goal of the proposed project is to investigate 1) how cumulative stress exposure impacts the function of fronto-striatal and limbic circuits involved in the processing of rewards and other salient stimuli and events, and 2) how these brain responses affect the symptoms of psychotic illness. We believe that our findings will contribute to the development of biomarkers for prediction of psychosis risk and course, as well as pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of psychotic illness.
DOI: 10.15154/1358293
title: Couple Conflict in Parents of Children with versus without Autism: Self-Reported and Observed Findings.

description: We compared the couple conflict of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to a comparison group of parents of children without disabilities using self-reported and observational measures. In total, 178 couples who had a child with ASD (aged 5-12 years) and 174 couples who had children without disabilities (aged 5-12 years), recruited from a Midwestern state in the United States, reported on couple conflict in everyday life and engaged in an observed couple conflict interaction. Parents of children with ASD reported more frequent, severe, and unresolved couple problems than the comparison group. Parents who had a child with ASD were observed to have less engaged, balanced, and cooperative couple conflict interactions, but demonstrated more positive affect and sensitivity towards one another, than parents in the comparison group. Group differences had small effect sizes. Findings have implications for marital therapy and relationship education programs.
DOI: 10.15154/1358310
title: 21st Year

description: 21st year
DOI: 10.15154/1362041
title: Alpha-Band Oscillations Enable Spatially and Temporally Resolved Tracking of Covert Spatial Attention.

description: Covert spatial attention is essential for humans' ability to direct limited processing resources to the relevant aspects of visual scenes. A growing body of evidence suggests that rhythmic neural activity in the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz) tracks the spatial locus of covert attention, which suggests that alpha activity is integral to spatial attention. However, extant work has not provided a compelling test of another key prediction: that alpha activity tracks the temporal dynamics of covert spatial orienting. In the current study, we examined the time course of spatially specific alpha activity after central cues and during visual search. Critically, the time course of this activity tracked trial-by-trial variations in orienting latency during visual search. These findings provide important new evidence for the link between rhythmic brain activity and covert spatial attention, and they highlight a powerful approach for tracking the spatial and temporal dynamics of this core cognitive process.
DOI: 10.15154/1367896
title: Stimulation of the Posterior Cortical-Hippocampal Network Enhances Precision of Memory Recollection.

description: Episodic memory is thought to critically depend on interaction of the hippocampus with distributed brain regions [1-3]. Specific contributions of distinct networks have been hypothesized, with the hippocampal posterior-medial (HPM) network implicated in the recollection of highly precise contextual and spatial information [3-6]. Current evidence for HPM specialization is mostly indirect, derived from correlative measures such as neural activity recordings. Here we tested the causal role of the HPM network in recollection using network-targeted noninvasive brain stimulation in humans, which has previously been shown to increase functional connectivity within the HPM network [7]. Effects of multiple-day electromagnetic stimulation were assessed using an object-location memory task that segregated recollection precision from general recollection success. HPM network-targeted stimulation produced lasting (∼24 hr) enhancement of recollection precision, without effects on general success. Canonical neural correlates of recollection [8-10] were also modulated by stimulation. Late-positive evoked potential amplitude and theta-alpha oscillatory power were reduced, suggesting that stimulation can improve memory through enhanced reactivation of detailed visuospatial information at retrieval. The HPM network was thus specifically implicated in the processing of fine-grained memory detail, supporting functional specialization of hippocampal-cortical networks. These findings demonstrate that brain networks can be causally linked to distinct and specific neurocognitive functions and suggest mechanisms for long-lasting changes in memory due to network-targeted stimulation.
DOI: 10.15154/1372051
title: Inflexible neurobiological signatures precede atypical development in infants at high risk for autism

description: Variability in neurobiological signatures is ubiquitous in early life but the link to adverse developmental milestones in humans is unknown. We examined how levels of signal and noise in movement signatures during the 1st year of life constrain early development in 71 healthy typically developing infants, either at High or Low familial Risk (HR or LR, respectively) for developing Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).
Delays in early learning developmental trajectories in HR infants (validated in an analysis of 1,445 infants from representative infant-sibling studies) were predicted by worse stochastic patterns in their spontaneous head movements as early as 1–2 months after birth, relative to HR infants who showed more rapid developmental progress, as well as relative to all LR infants. While LR 1–2 mo-old infants’ movements were significantly different during a language listening task compared to during sleep, HR infants’ movements were more similar during both conditions, a striking lack of diversity that reveals context-inflexible experience of ambient information. Contrary to expectation, it is not the level of variability per se that is particularly detrimental in early life. Rather, inflexible sensorimotor systems and/or atypical transition between behavioral states may interfere with the establishment of capacity to extract structure and important cues from sensory input at birth, preceding and contributing to an atypical brain developmental trajectory in toddlerhood.