DOI: 10.5061/dryad.crjdfn39c
title: Geodiversity data for Europe at 1-km and 10-km resolutions

description: The European geodiversity data provides a novel perspective on the
 diversity of non-living nature over large spatial extents. These data
 describe geological, pedological, geomorphological, and hydrological
 diversity, including 78 different geofeatures. Geofeatures refer to
 individual features that each component of geodiversity (geology,
 pedology, geomorphology, and hydrology) consists of, such as soil types in
 the case of pedology. This standardized and accessible geodiversity
 dataset facilitates comparability for geodiversity research across Europe
 and can be used for multiple purposes, from studying geodiversity patterns
 to geodiversity–biodiversity relationship and more. Moreover, the
 methodology (described in Toivanen et al. 2024) establishes a grid-based
 approach for quantifying geodiversity, which is suitable for large extents
 and can be applied in other regions worldwide. This grid-based
 geodiversity dataset, available at resolutions of 1-km and 10-km, includes
 ready-to-use georichness variables (as GEOtiff files), and provides
 information on the presence and coverage of individual geofeatures that
 can be used to calculate different measures of geodiversity (as csv
 files). The data on georichness can be utilized in its entirety,
 representing the overall geodiversity, or with selected geodiversity
 components as individual richness layers describing geological,
 pedological, geomorphological or hydrological feature richness. One key
 objective of this geodiversity data is to provide complimentary
 environmental variables for biodiversity modelling and conservation
 studies. However, the choice of geodiversity data (richness or other
 index), the scale of analysis (1-km or 10-km), and the specific variables
 (overall geodiversity or individual components) should be determined by
 the research question and context. This is a dataset from: Toivanen, M. et
 al. (2024). Geodiversity data for Europe. Philosophical Transactions of
 the Royal Society A. https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2023.0173 (accepted
 for publication 2023-10-19)
description: We used global
 and continental open-access data as the basis of our European geodiversity
 data to describe geological (IHME1500
 Lithology), pedological (SoilGrids
 2.0), geomorphological (Geomorpho90m), and
 hydrological (EU-Hydro, Corine Land Cover 2018, IHME1500 Aquifer-type) diversity. EEA Reference Grids were used as the basis of our calculations to produce the raster layers of terrestrial geodiversity at two resolutions (1-km and 10-km) through zonal calculations. All analyses were done with ESRI ArcGIS Pro version 2.8. The spatial extent of the data follows Corine Land Cover 2018 landcover data produced by the European Environment Agency (EEA). Please see the related manuscript (Toivanen et al. 2024) for detailed description of the methodology.
description: Data was produced in and exported from ESRI ArcGIS Pro (v. 2.8),
 but the data use is not limited to it. All data files (GeoTIFF and csv)
 can be opened and used in various software, such as open-source
 alternatives QGIS, GRASS GIS, and R Studio. Please see
 the README document and the related manuscript for more details on data
 use.
description: # Geodiversity data for Europe at 1-km and 10-km resolutions --- This
 README file provides key information of the 'Geodiversity data for
 Europe at 1-km and 10-km resolutions' data files. Please see the
 related manuscript (Toivanen et al. 2024) for full description on data
 production and data use. Data from: Toivanen, M., Maliniemi, T., Hjort.,
 J., Salminen, H., Ala-Hulkko, T., Kemppinen, J., Karjalainen, O.,
 Poturalska, A., Kiilunen, P., Snåre, H., Leppiniemi, O., Makopoulou, E.,
 Alahuhta, J. & Tukiainen, H. (2024). Geodiversity data for Europe.
 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A.
 (please see full
 citation details from the journal website) Dataset citation: Toivanen, M.
 Maliniemi, T., Hjort., J., Salminen, H., Ala-Hulkko, T., Kemppinen, J.,
 Karjalainen, O., Poturalska, A., Kiilunen, P., Snåre, H., Leppiniemi, O.,
 Makopoulou, E., Alahuhta, J. & Tukiainen, H. (2024). Geodiversity data
 for Europe at 1-km and 10-km resolutions, Dryad, Dataset.
 Data summary:
 'Geodiversity data of Europe' decribes geological, pedological,
 geomorphological and hydrological diversity with a total of 78 classes.
 Dataset includes 10 GEOtiff files, where geodiversity is quantified as
 total georichness and individual richness layers of lithological, soil,
 terrain form and hydrological richness, both at 1-km and 10-km
 resolutions. The 2 csv files include information on the areal coverage of
 each geofeature (e.g., soil-types in case of pedological diversity) per
 each 1-km or 10-km grid cell. ## Description of the data and file
 structure Data includes two zipped folders and this README file.
 'Eur_georichness_geotiffs_1-km_10-km.zip' includes GEOtiff
 files: * Eur_1km_GeomRichness.tif (terrain form richness at 1-km
 resolution) * Eur_1km_Georichness.tif (total georichness at 1-km
 resolution) * Eur_1km_HydroRichness.tif (hydrological richness at 1-km
 resolution) * Eur_1km_LithoRichness.tif (lithological richness at 1-km
 resolution) * Eur_1km_SoilRichness.tif (soil richness at 1-km resolution)
 * Eur_10km_GeomRichness.tif (terrain form richness at 10-km resolution) *
 Eur_10km_Georichness.tif (total georichness at 10-km resolution) *
 Eur_10km_HydroRichness.tif (hydrological richness at 10-km resolution) *
 Eur_10km_LithoRichness.tif (lithological richness at 10-km resolution) *
 Eur_10km_SoilRichness.tif (soil richness at 10-km resolution) The
 projected coordinate system for the GEOtiffs is 'ETRS98, LAEA'
 following the EEA Reference Grid (EEA 2013).
 'Eur_geofeatures_csv_tables_1-km_10-km.zip' includes csv files:
 * Eur_1km_Geofeatures.csv (geofeature areal coverage per each 1-km grid
 cell at 100-m accuracy, with 6,475,114 entries and 86 columns) *
 Eur_1km_Geofeatures.csv (geofeature areal coverage per each 10-km grid
 cell at 100-m accuracy, with 63,291 entries and 86 columns) Variable (86
 columns) abbreviations and names in the csv files are: * OID_: Row id
 number * CellCode: EEA Reference Grid cell code * EofOrigin: EEA Reference
 Grid east of origin coordinate * NofOrigin: EEA Reference Grid north of
 origin coordinate * FLAT: Terrain form, flat * PEAKORSUMMIT: Terrain form,
 peak or summit * RIDGE: Terrain form, ridge * SHOULDER: Terrain form,
 shoulder * SPUR: Terrain form, spur * SLOPE: Terrain form, slope * HOLLOW:
 Terrain form, hollow * FOOTSLOPE: Terrain form, footslope * VALLEY:
 Terrain form, valley * PITORDEPRESSION: Terrain form, pit or depression *
 GEOM_RICHNESS: Terrain form richness * CLAYS: Lithological feature, clays
 * CLAYSTONES_AND_CLAYS: Lithological feature, claystones and clays *
 CONGLOMERATES: Lithological feature, conglomerates *
 CONGLOMERATES_AND_CLAYS: Lithological feature, conglomerates and clays *
 CONGLOMERATES_AND_SANDS: Lithological feature, conglomerates and sands *
 GNEISSES: Lithological feature, gneisses * GRAVELS: Lithological feature,
 gravels * LIMESTONES: Lithological feature, limestones *
 LIMESTONES_AND_CLAYS: Lithological feature, limestones and clays *
 LIMESTONES_AND_MARLS: Lithological feature, limestones and marls *
 LIMESTONES_AND_SANDS: Lithological feature, limestones and sands *
 MARBLES: Lithological feature, marbles * MARLS: Lithological feature,
 marls * MARLSTONES: Lithological feature, marlstones *
 MARLSTONES_AND_CLAYS: Lithological feature, marlstones and clays *
 MARLSTONES_AND_MARLS: Lithological feature, marlstones and marls *
 MARLSTONES_AND_SANDS: Lithological feature, marlstones and sands *
 PHYLLITES: Lithological feature, phyllites * PLUTONIC_ROCKS: Lithological
 feature, plutonic rocks * QUARTZITES: Lithological feature, quartzites *
 SANDS: Lithological feature, sands * SANDSTONES: Lithological feature,
 sandstones * SANDSTONES_AND_CLAYS: Lithological feature, sandstones and
 clays * SANDSTONES_AND_MARLS: Lithological feature, sandstones and marls *
 SANDSTONES_AND_SANDS: Lithological feature, sandstones and sands *
 SCHISTS: Lithological feature, schists * SHALES: Lithological feature,
 shales * SILTS: Lithological feature, silts * VOLCANIC_ROCKS: Lithological
 feature, volcanic rocks * LITHO_RICHNESS: Lithological richness *
 ACRISOLS: Soil-type, acrisols * ALBELUVISOLS: Soil-type, albeluvisols *
 ALISOLS: Soil-type, alisols * ANDOSOLS: Soil-type, andosols * ARENOSOLS:
 Soil-type, arenosols * CALCISOLS: Soil-type, calcisols * CAMBISOLS:
 Soil-type, cambisols * CHERNOZEMS: Soil-type, chernozems * CRYSOLS:
 Soil-type, crysols * FERRALSOLS: Soil-type, ferralsols * FLUVISOLS:
 Soil-type, fluvisols * GLEYSOLS: Soil-type, gleysols * GYPSISOLS:
 Soil-type, gypsisols * HISTOSOLS: Soil-type, histosols * KASTANOZEMS:
 Soil-type, kastanozems * LEPTOSOLS: Soil-type, leptosols * LIXISOLS:
 Soil-type, lixisols * LUVISOLS: Soil-type, luvisols * NITISOLS: Soil-type,
 nitisols * PHAEOZEMS: Soil-type, phaeozems * PLANOSOLS: Soil-type,
 planosols * PODZOLS: Soil-type, podzols * REGOSOLS: Soil-type, regosols *
 SOLONCHAKS: Soil-type, solonchaks * SOLONETZ: Soil-type, solonetz *
 STAGNOSOLS: Soil-type, stagnosols * UMBRISOLS: Soil-type, umbrisols *
 VERTISOLS: Soil-type, vertisols * SOIL_RICHNESS: Soil richness *
 GROUNDWATER: Hydrological feature, groundwater * LAKE: Hydrological
 feature, lake * GLACIERSANDPERPETUALSNOW: Hydrological feature, glaciers
 and perpetual snow * INLANDMARSHES: Hydrological feature, inland marshes *
 PEATBOGS: Hydrological feature, peatbogs * SALTMARSHES: Hydrological
 feature, salt marshes * INTERTIDALFLATS: Hydrological feature, intertidal
 flats * COASTALLAGOONS: Hydrological feature, coastal lagoons * ESTUARIES:
 Hydrological feature, estuaries * SEA_AND_OCEAN: Hydrological feature, sea
 and ocean * RIVER: Hydrological feature, river * HYDRO_RICHNESS:
 Hydrological richness ## Source data references Geodiversity data is
 constructed from open-access geospatial data to describe the geodiversity
 of Europe. For more information on the original data on lithology (Duscher
 et al. 2015), soils (Poggio et al. 2021), terrain forms (Amatulli et al.
 2020), and hydrological features (Duscher et al. 2015, EEA 2019, EEA 2020)
 see the references. The used grid is based on EEA Reference Grids (EEA
 2013). Original source data references are: * Amatulli, G., Domisch, S.,
 Tuanmu, M.N., Paremntier, B., Ranipeta, A., Malczyk, J., and Jetz, W.
 (2020). A suite of global, cross-scale topographic variables for
 environmental and biodiversity modeling. Scientific Data 5, 180040.
 * Duscher, K., Gnther, A.,
 Richts, A., Clos, P., Philipp, U., and Struckmeier, W. (2015). The GIS
 layers of the International Hydrogeological Map of Europe 1:1,500,000 in a
 vector format. Hydrogeology Journal 23, 18671875.
 * EEA (2013). EEA
 reference grid. Retrieved from
 * EEA (2019). EU-Hydro River Network Database, Version 1.3. Retrieved from * EEA (2020). Corine Land Cover (CLC) 2018, Version 2020_20u1. Retrieved from * Poggio, L., Sousa L.M., Batjes, N.H., Heuvelink, G.B.M., Kempen, B., Ribeiro, E., and Rossiter, D. (2021). SoilGrids 2.0: producing soil information for the globe with quantified spatial uncertainty. SOIL, 7, 217240.