DOI: 10.17035/cardiff.27900204
title: A digital twin of multiple energy hub systems with peer-to-peer energy sharing

description: Faced with the intricate interplay and uncertainty of future energy markets, an extensive digital twin (EXDT) is proposed to perform predictive testing and evaluate the performance of MESs. This EXDT provides energy system operators with insights into the coordinated behavior of interconnected EHs under various future scenarios, thus contributing to smarter decision-making processes. Specifically, an array of scenarios including different decision-making strategies and peer-to-peer energy sharing strategies were considered. For each of these scenarios, “what-if” tests were conducted using a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL)-based method to model the stochastic decision-making process of EHs belonging to different stakeholders with access to local information. Uncertainties during operation can be mitigated using Markov Game (MG) by capturing knowledge from historical energy data. Subsequently, the economic and technical performance were evaluated using multidimensional evaluation indexes."Numerical results and figures.xlsx" contains the numerical data for Figures 9 through 15 of the paper. It includes seven sheets, each providing data corresponding to these figures.<br>In the "Fig. 9" sheet, the x-axis represents time (unit: h), while the y-axis shows the purchasing price of electricity from the upstream grid (unit: Yuan/(kW·h)).<br>In the "Fig. 10" sheet, the x-axis represents the energy hubs (EHs), and the y-axis displays the costs of EHs for both no peer-to-peer sharing (CO) and with peer-to-peer sharing (COP) on a typical summer day (unit: 10,000 Yuan), the costs of EHs for both no peer-to-peer sharing (CO) and with peer-to-peer sharing (COP) on a typical winter day (unit: 10,000 Yuan)In the "Fig. 11" sheet, the x-axis represents time (unit: h), and the y-axis shows the energy exchange between the 4-energy hub (4-EH) system and the grid on a typical summer day (unit: kW·h) as well as on a typical winter day (unit: kW·h).<br>In the "Fig. 12" sheet, the x-axis represents time (unit: h), and the y-axis provides the multi-energy flow dispatch in Energy Hub 1, including: photovoltaic generation (unit: kW), wind turbine generation (unit: kW), combined heat and power generation (unit: kW), energy storage charging/discharging (unit: kW), peer-to-peer energy sharing (unit: kW), energy exchange with the upstream grid (unit: kW), electricity purchase ratio from the upstream grid (unit: kW), cooling demand met by absorption chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by electrical chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by heat pump (unit: kW), cooling demand met by energy storage (unit: kW), and total cooling demand (unit: kW).In the "Fig. 13" sheet, the x-axis represents time (unit: h), and the y-axis provides the multi-energy flow dispatch in Energy Hub 2, including: photovoltaic generation (unit: kW), wind turbine generation (unit: kW), combined heat and power generation (unit: kW), energy storage charging/discharging (unit: kW), peer-to-peer energy sharing (unit: kW), energy exchange with the upstream grid (unit: kW), electricity purchase ratio from the upstream grid (unit: kW), cooling demand met by absorption chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by electrical chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by heat pump (unit: kW), cooling demand met by energy storage (unit: kW), and total cooling demand (unit: kW).In the "Fig. 14" sheet, the x-axis represents time (unit: h), and the y-axis provides the multi-energy flow dispatch in Energy Hub 3, including: photovoltaic generation (unit: kW), wind turbine generation (unit: kW), combined heat and power generation (unit: kW), energy storage charging/discharging (unit: kW), peer-to-peer energy sharing (unit: kW), energy exchange with the upstream grid (unit: kW), electricity purchase ratio from the upstream grid (unit: kW), cooling demand met by absorption chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by electrical chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by heat pump (unit: kW), cooling demand met by energy storage (unit: kW), and total cooling demand (unit: kW).In the "Fig. 15" sheet, the x-axis represents time (unit: h), and the y-axis provides the multi-energy flow dispatch in Energy Hub 4, including: photovoltaic generation (unit: kW), wind turbine generation (unit: kW), combined heat and power generation (unit: kW), energy storage charging/discharging (unit: kW), peer-to-peer energy sharing (unit: kW), energy exchange with the upstream grid (unit: kW), electricity purchase ratio from the upstream grid (unit: kW), cooling demand met by absorption chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by electrical chiller (unit: kW), cooling demand met by heat pump (unit: kW), cooling demand met by energy storage (unit: kW), and total cooling demand (unit: kW).