DOI: 10.5066/p14ec8qx
title: Estimates of vertical groundwater/surface-water exchange using the tempest1d model: Data from selected locations within the Big Soos Basin, WA from July 2023 through July 2024

description: This dataset includes sediment temperature data collected from seven locations within the Big Soos creek basin from July 2023 to July 2024. Data collection took place at two locations on Covington Creek and Big Soos Creek, and single locations on Jenkins Creek, Little Soos Creek, and Soosette Creek. See "BigSoos.sites.csv" for field IDs, descriptions, and locations of these seven sites. Sediment temperatures were collected at up to five depths (1, 4, 7, 11, and 50 centimeters) at each location using a temperature rod that was installed into the streambed. All temperature data was collected using internally logging iButton temperature sensors (model DS1922L).
These temperature data were used to estimate groundwater-surface water exchange, calculated as specific discharge, across the sediment-water interface.Specific discharge was estimated using the tempest1d model; a Python-based model that uses a recursive-estimation framework (McAliley and others, 2022a; McAliley and others, 2022b). In this framework a one-dimensional convection/conduction partial differential equation is formulated as a state-space model using a finite difference approximation consistent with that of VS2DH (Healy and Ronan, 1996). An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to estimate specific discharge in discrete time coincident with vertical temperature profile observations. The EKF predicts system states using the process model and prior state covariance values and subsequently corrects these predicted states by assimilating new temperature observations. Tempest1d supports fixed-interval smoothing via the Extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother (ERTSS), an algorithm based on the EKF. ERTSS uses state and covariance estimates from the EKF filter in a backwards pass, smoothing the EKF predicted states.
Estimates of hourly specific discharge values were determined throughout the deployment periods. A negative specific discharge indicates upward flow (groundwater discharge) into the river. All the files needed to run the tempest1d model are provided in this data release: the formatted model input of sediment temperature time series data for each site (Inputs.zip), the source code needed to run the model (Code.zip), a summary of the specific discharge results at each site (Outputs.zip), and a step-by-step guide on how to run the model at each location (html.output.zip). Additional details are provided in the main README file as well as specific README files within each zip folder.
Data were collected at each of the seven locations in two separate deployments. Deployment 1 was from July 2023 until January 2024, and deployment 2 was from January 2023 until July 2024 for 14 potential model runs. However, data loss during some deployments resulted in not meeting the minimum data requirement for the tempest1d model which is data from at least three sediment depths. Therefore only 10 of the possible 14 model runs are presented here.
 
For further information about the tempest1d modeling approach, please refer to the following publications:
Healy, R.W., and Ronan, A.D., 1996, Documentation of computer program VS2Dh for simulation of energy transport in variably saturated porous media: Modification of the US Geological Survey's computer program VS2DT, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigation Report 96-4230, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964230.
McAliley, W.A., Rey, D.M., and Day-Lewis, F.D., 2022a, Data release for tempest1d: Recursive Estimation of Vertical Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange using Heat Tracing: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DBTKT.
 
McAliley, W. A., Day-Lewis, F. D., Rey, D., Briggs, M. A., Shapiro, A. M., and Werkema, D., 2022b. Application of recursive estimation to heat tracing for groundwater/surface-water exchange. Water Resour. Res. 58, e2021WR030443. doi:10.1029/2021WR030443.
 
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