DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c2fqz61hs
title: Data for: Bioinspired Lubricity from Surface Gel Layers

description: Surface gel layers on commercially-available contact lenses have been
 shown to reduce frictional shear stresses and mitigate damage during
 sliding contact with fragile epithelial cell layers in vitro. Spencer and
 coworkers recently demonstrated that surface gel layers could arise by
 polymerizing hydrogels within molds composed of low surface energy
 materials and near oxygen-rich interfaces from peroxidation gradients. In
 this study, polyacrylamide hydrogel shell probes (7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide,
 0.3 wt.% methylenebisacrylamide) were polymerized in three hemispherical
 molds listed in order of decreasing surface energy and increasing oxygen
 permeability: borosilicate glass, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and
 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Hydrogel probes polymerized in PEEK and
 PTFE molds exhibited 100´ lower elastic moduli at the surface
 (E*PEEK = 80 ± 31 Pa and
 E*PTFE = 106 ± 26 Pa,
 respectively) than those polymerized in glass molds
 (E*glass = 31,560 ± 1,570 Pa), in
 agreement with previous investigations by Spencer and coworkers.
 Biotribological experiments revealed that hydrogel probes with surface gel
 layers reduced frictional shear stresses against cells
 (τPEEK = 35 ± 15 Pa and
 τPTFE = 22 ± 16 Pa) more than
 those without (τglass = 68 ± 15 Pa)
 and offered greater protection against cell damage when sliding against
 human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cell monolayers.
 Our work demonstrates that the “mold effect” resulting in
 oxygen-inhibition polymerization creates hydrogels with surface gel layers
 that reduce shear stresses in sliding contact with cell monolayers,
 similar to the protection offered by gradient mucin gel networks across
 epithelial cell layers.
description: Title: **Bioinspired Lubricity from Surface Gel Layers**
 [https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03686](https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03686) Journal: ACS Langmuir Authors: Ahmed Al Kindi, Nemea Courelli, Kevin Ogbonna, Juan Manuel Urueña, Allison L. Chau, and Angela A. Pitenis Corresponding author: Angela Pitenis, [apitenis@ucsb.edu](mailto:apitenis@ucsb.edu) \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The directory includes figures in TIFF format and CSV files to reproduce figures presented in the main text and the supporting information file. File List: csv: Fig_2.csv, Fig_3a.csv, Fig_3b.csv, Fig_4.csv, Fig_5a.csv, Fig_5b.csv, Fig_5c.csv, Fig_5d.csv, Fig_5e.csv, Fig_5f.csv, Fig_6b.csv, Fig_6cde.csv, Fig_S1.csv, Fig_S39.csv, Fig_S40.csv, Fig_S41.csv, Fig_S42.csv, Fig_S43.csv, Fig_S44.csv, Fig_S45a.csv, Fig_S45b.csv, Fig_S45c.csv tiff: Fig_6a.tiff, Fig_S3a.tiff, Fig_S3b.tiff, Fig_S3c.tiff, Fig_S4a.tiff, Fig_S4b.tiff, Fig_S4c.tiff, Fig_S5a.tiff, Fig_S5b.tiff, Fig_S5c.tiff, Fig_S6a.tiff, Fig_S6b.tiff, Fig_S6c.tiff, Fig_S7a.tiff, Fig_S7b.tiff, Fig_S7c.tiff, Fig_S8a.tiff, Fig_S8b.tiff, Fig_S8c.tiff, Fig_S9a.tiff, Fig_S9b.tiff, Fig_S9c.tiff, Fig_S10a.tiff, Fig_S10b.tiff, Fig_S10c.tiff, Fig_S11a.tiff, Fig_S11b.tiff, Fig_S11c.tiff, Fig_S12a.tiff, Fig_S12b.tiff, Fig_S12c.tiff, Fig_S13a.tiff, Fig_S13b.tiff, Fig_S13c.tiff, Fig_S14a.tiff, Fig_S14b.tiff, Fig_S14c.tiff, Fig_S15a.tiff, Fig_S15b.tiff, Fig_S16a.tiff, Fig_S16b.tiff, Fig_S17a.tiff, Fig_S17b.tiff, Fig_S18a.tiff, Fig_S18b.tiff, Fig_S19a.tiff, Fig_S19b.tiff, Fig_S20a.tiff, Fig_S20b.tiff, Fig_S21a.tiff, Fig_S21b.tiff, Fig_S21c.tiff, Fig_S22a.tiff, Fig_S22b.tiff, Fig_S22c.tiff, Fig_S23a.tiff, Fig_S23b.tiff, Fig_S23c.tiff, Fig_S24a.tiff, Fig_S24b.tiff, Fig_S24c.tiff, Fig_S25a.tiff, Fig_S25b.tiff, Fig_S25c.tiff, Fig_S26a.tiff, Fig_S26b.tiff, Fig_S26c.tiff, Fig_S27a.tiff, Fig_S27b.tiff, Fig_S28a.tiff, Fig_S28b.tiff, Fig_S29a.tiff, Fig_S29b.tiff, Fig_S30a.tiff, Fig_S30b.tiff, Fig_S31a.tiff, Fig_S31b.tiff, Fig_S32a.tiff, Fig_S32b.tiff, Fig_S33a.tiff, Fig_S33b.tiff, Fig_S33c.tiff, Fig_S34a.tiff, Fig_S34b.tiff, Fig_S34c.tiff, Fig_S35a.tiff, Fig_S35b.tiff, Fig_S35c.tiff, Fig_S36a.tiff, Fig_S36b.tiff, Fig_S36c.tiff, Fig_S37a.tiff, Fig_S37b.tiff, Fig_S37c.tiff, Fig_S38a.tiff, Fig_S38b.tiff, Fig_S38c.tiff, Fig_S46a.tiff, Fig_S46b.tiff, Fig_S46c.tiff FIGURE 2: Apparent areas of contact of probes polymerized against PTFE, PEEK and glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fig_2.csv: Apparent contact radius of probes polymerized against PTFE, PEEK and glass \- row 1: material the probe was polymerized against, experiment number that can be used as a reference when looking at the supporting information file and the apparent contact radius measured through microscopy data. \- row 2 to row 4: data ``` \- dataset 1: Measured apparent contact radius for probes polymerized against PTFE - column C ``` \- row 5 to row 10 : data ``` \- dataset 2: Measured apparent contact radius for probes polymerized against PEEK - column C ``` \- row 11 to row 13 : data ``` \- dataset 3: Measured apparent contact radius for probes polymerized against glass - column C ``` \- row 16 : Mean contact radius and associated standard deviation for dataset \- row 17 : data ``` \- dataset 4: Mean contact radius (column B) and associated standard deviation for dataset (column C) for probes polymerized against PTFE ``` \- row 18 : data ``` \- dataset 5: Mean contact radius (column B) and associated standard deviation for dataset (column C) for probes polymerized against PEEK ``` \- row 19 : data ``` \- dataset 5: Mean contact radius (column B) and associated standard deviation for dataset (column C) for probes polymerized against glass ``` FIGURE 3: Force indentation data \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_3a.csv: Data for force indentation approach curves, and associated contact mechanics model fits, for probes polymerized against PTFE, PEEK and glass. \- row 1 : Labels for column data to distinguish between contact mechanic model fits and raw indentation data for each type of probe. \- row 2 : Column header for data below with units \- row 3 and beyond: Data ``` \- Columns A and B: Raw force indentation data for gels polymerized against PTFE \- Columns C and D: Winkler contact mechanics model fit to an indentation depth of 5 (µm) using indentation data for gels polymerized against PTFE from data in columns A and B 3 \- Columns E and F: Raw force indentation data for gels polymerized against PEEK \- Columns G and H: Winkler contact mechanics model fit to an indentation depth of 5 (µm) using indentation data for gels polymerized against PEEK from data in columns A and B \- Columns I and J: Raw force indentation data for gels polymerized against glass \- Columns K and L: Winkler contact mechanics model fit to an indentation depth of 5 (µm) using indentation data for gels polymerized against glass from data in columns A and B ``` B) Fig_3b.csv: Data for the reduced elastic modulus as a function of apparent indentation depth. \- Column A : Mold material gel was polymerized against \- Column B : Indentation depth the nanoindentation data is fit to in µm \- Column C : Average reduced elastic modulus, E*, determined from fitting nanoindentation data to different indentation depths \- Column D : Standard deviation across within the determined reduced elastic moduli, E* \- row 1 : Column header for data with units \- row 2 through row 6 : Reduced elastic modulus data determined using nanoindentation data fitted to different indentation depths using the Winkler contact mechanics model for hydrogels polymerized against PTFE. \- row 7 : Left intentionally blank \- row 8 : Column header for data with units \- row 9 through row 13 : Reduced elastic modulus data determined using nanoindentation data fitted to different indentation depths using the Winkler contact mechanics model for hydrogels polymerized against PEEK. \- row 14 : Left intentionally blank \- row 15 : Column header for data with units \- row 16 through row 20 : Reduced elastic modulus data determined using nanoindentation data fitted to different indentation depths using the Winkler contact mechanics model for hydrogels polymerized against PEEK. \- row 21 : Left intentionally blank \- row 22 : Column header for data with units \- row 23 through row 25 : Average reduced elastic moduli, E*, across 5 different indentation depths and the standard deviation within this value. FIGURE 4: Friction force loop across one representative sliding cycle \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_4.csv: Data for friction force loops \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment cycle count, normal force during sliding, frictional force during sliding, z-stage position and x stage position. Data from columns representing the frictional force and x-stage position were used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond :data ``` \- dataset 1: Friction force and x-stage positional data provided during a sliding cycle in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment. \- dataset 2: Friction force and x-stage positional data provided during a sliding cycle in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment. \- dataset 3: Friction force and x-stage positional data provided during a sliding cycle in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment. ``` FIGURE 5: Friction force loop across one representative sliding cycle \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_5a.csv: Average friction force across one representative sliding experiment using PTFE-, PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1: Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment sliding cycle number, cumulative sliding distance covered, and frictional force during sliding. Data from columns representing the frictional force and cumulative sliding distance were used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Friction force and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through D \- dataset 2: Friction force and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns F through I \- dataset 3: Friction force and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns L through O ``` Note: Columns E and J are left intentionally blank B) Fig_5b.csv: Average normal force across one representative sliding experiment using PTFE-, PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment sliding cycle number, cumulative sliding distance covered, and normal force during sliding. Data from columns representing the normal force and cumulative sliding distance were used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond : data ``` \- dataset 1: Normal force and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through D \- dataset 2: Normal force and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns F through I \- dataset 3: Normal force and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns L through O ``` Note: Columns E and J are left intentionally blank C) Fig_5c.csv: Average frictional coefficient across one representative sliding experiment using PTFE-,PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment sliding cycle number, cumulative sliding distance covered, and the frictional coefficient during sliding. Data from columns representing the frictional coefficient and cumulative sliding distance were used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond :data ``` \- dataset 1: Friction coefficient and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through D \- dataset 2: Friction coefficient and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns F through I \- dataset 3: Friction coefficient and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns L through O ``` Note: Columns E and J are left intentionally blank D) Fig_5d.csv: Average shear stress across one representative sliding experiment using PTFE-,PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1: Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment sliding cycle number, cumulative sliding distance covered, and shear stress during sliding. Data from columns representing shear stress and cumulative sliding distance were used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Shear stress and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through D \- dataset 2: Shear stress and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns F through I \- dataset 3: Shear stress and cumulative sliding distance data provided during a representative sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns L through O ``` Note: Columns E and J are left intentionally blank E) Fig_5e.csv: Average frictional coefficient across all sliding experiments using PTFE-, PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment number, the average frictional coefficient for each experiment, the average friction coefficient across all 6 experiments, and the standard deviation across these means. The figure was plotted using data from the column representing the average friction coefficient across all 6 experiments and the respective mold material used. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Average friction coefficient for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through C \- dataset 2: Average friction coefficient for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns E through G \- dataset 3: Average friction coefficient for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns I through K \- Averaging all three datasets: Average friction coefficient over six sliding experiments and the standard deviation across these means is provided through columns M through O ``` Note: Columns D, H and L are left intentionally blank F) Fig_5f.csv: Average shear stress across all sliding experiments using PTFE-, PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1: Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment number, the average shear stress for each experiment, the average shear stress across all 6 experiments, and the standard deviation across these means. The figure was plotted using data from the column representing the average shear stress across all 6 experiments and the respective mold material used. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond :data ``` \- dataset 1: Average shear stress for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through C \- dataset 2: Average shear stress for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns E through G \- dataset 3: Average shear stress for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns I through K \- Averaging all three datasets: Average shear stress over six sliding experiments and the standard deviation across these means is provided through columns M through O ``` Note: Columns D, H and L are left intentionally blank FIGURE 6: Changes in fluorescent mucin intensity from biotribological testing using PTFE-, PEEK-, and glass-molded hydrogel probes. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_6a.tiff: Microscopy image taken of the sliding path after a sliding experiment using a hydrogel probe molded against PEEK. Channel 1 shows mucin intensity using a WGA stain, channel 2 shows dead cells using a propidium iodide stain and channel 3 stains for cells using a cell tracker stain. Channel 1, mucin intensity is used for all analysis within this figure. B) Fig_6b.csv: Analysis of mucin intensity before and after a sliding experiment using a probe molded against PEEK \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, Vertical distance traversed from the bottom, Mean gray values across a 2,500 μm by 450 μm region of interest (ROI) along the free sliding regime before sliding and after sliding, and the relative change in mean gray values across the same region of interest from sliding. Data from columns representing the vertical distance, mean gray values before sliding and mean gray values after sliding were used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Mean gray values across a ROI within the free sliding regime are examined both before sliding and after sliding across a representative sliding experiment using a hydrogel probe cast against PEEK. - Columns C and D ``` C) Fig_6cde.csv: Analysis of mucin intensity before and after a sliding experiment using PTFE-, PEEK- and glass-molded hydrogel probes. \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, Vertical distance traversed from the bottom, Mean gray values across a 2,500 μm by 450 μm region of interest (ROI) along the free sliding regime before sliding and after sliding, and the relative change in mean gray values across the same region of interest from sliding. Data from columns representing the vertical distance, and the relative changes in mean gray values used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Mean gray values across a ROI within the free sliding regime is examined, both before sliding and after sliding, across a representative sliding experiment using a hydrogel probe cast against PTFE. - Columns A through E \- dataset 2: Mean gray values across a ROI within the free sliding regime is examined, both before sliding and after sliding, across a representative sliding experiment using a hydrogel probe cast against PEEK. - Columns G through K \- dataset 3: Mean gray values across a ROI within the free sliding regime is examined, both before sliding and after sliding, across a representative sliding experiment using a hydrogel probe cast against Glass. - Columns M through Q ``` Note: Columns F and L are left intentionally blank FIGURE S1: Apical thickness of the spherical shell probes molded against glass, PEEK, and PTFE measured using confocal fluorescence microscopy. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S1.csv: Analysis of apical thickness for fluorescent probes \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, replicate number, apical thickness, average apical thickness and the standard deviation of the mean apical thickness. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Apical thickness of 5 shell probes molded against Glass. - Columns A through C \- dataset 2: Apical thickness of 4 shell probes molded against PEEK. - Columns E through G \- dataset 3: Apical thickness of 5 shell probes molded against PTFE. - Columns I through K \- Average dataset: Averages and standard deviation of the means for all replicates ``` FIGURE S3: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S3a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S3b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S3c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S4: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PEEK. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S4a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S4b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S4c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S5: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S5a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S5b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S5c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S6: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PEEK. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S6a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S6b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S6c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S7: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S7a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S7b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S7c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S8: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PEEK. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S8a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S8b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S8c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S9: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S9a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S9b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S9c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S10: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PEEK. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S10a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S10b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S10c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S11: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S11a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S11b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S11c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S12: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PEEK. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S12a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S12b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S12c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S13: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S13a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S13b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S13c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S14: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PEEK. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S14a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S14b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S14c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S15: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S15a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S15b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S16: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PTFE. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S16a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S16b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S17: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S17a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S17b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S18: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PTFE. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S18a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S18b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S19: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S19a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S19b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S20: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PTFE. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S20a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S20b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S21: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S21a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S21b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S21c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S22: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PTFE. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S22a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S22b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S22c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S23: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S23a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S23b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S23c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S24: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PTFE. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S24a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S24b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S24c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S25: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S25a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S25b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S25c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S26: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against PTFE. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S26a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S26b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S26c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S27: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S27a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S27b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S28: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S28a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S28b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S29: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S29a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S29b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S30: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S30a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S30b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S31: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S31a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S31b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S32: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S32a.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path B) Fig_S32b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S33: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S33a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S33b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S33c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S34: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S34a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S34b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S34c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S35: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S35a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S35b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S35c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S36: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S36a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S36b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S36c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S37: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells before a biotribological experiment \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S37a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S37b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S37c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S38: Microscopy data of hTCEpi cells immediately after a biotribological experiment using a 7.5 wt.% polyacrylamide probe molded against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S38a.tiff: 4x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), showing both contacted and non-contacted areas B) Fig_S38b.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained for mucin (red), in contact with the probe's sliding path C) Fig_S38c.tiff: 20x composite image of cells stained with CellTracker™ (green) along the probe's sliding path FIGURE S39: Analysis of cell death both inside and outside of the sliding path \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S39.csv: cell death analysis \- row 1: Labels for columns describing whether the analysis below is for cell death within the sliding path or outside of the sliding path \- row 2 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, number of dead cells counted before sliding, number of dead cells counted after sliding, total change in the number of dead cells, total area analyzed, cell death normalized by the area analyzed, count of total cells in the region examined, and percent of cell death normalized by area \- row 3 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Analysis of cell death inside the sliding path - Columns A through H \- dataset 2: Analysis of cell death inside the sliding path - Columns J through P \- Average dataset: Averages and standard deviation of the means for all replicates inside and outside of the sliding path - columns R through X ``` Note: Columns I and Q are left intentionally blank FIGURE S40: Representation force indentation curves using the Pavone nanoindenter. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S40.csv: Data for representative force indentation curves \- row 1: Labels for columns describing which mold material the analysis below is for \- row 2: Labels for columns showing the indentation depth, and the normal force during the indent. \- row 3 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Force indentation data for gels polymerized against glass - Columns A through B \- dataset 2: Force indentation data for gels polymerized against PEEK - Columns D through E \- dataset 3: Force indentation data for gels polymerized against PEEK - Columns G through H ``` Note: Columns C and F are left intentionally blank FIGURE S41: Raw data for indents against a hydrogel polymerized against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S41.csv: Raw data for approach curves is provided. Hertz and Winkler contact mechanics model fits to this approach curve are also provided. \- row 1: Labels for columns describing which cycle the analysis below is for \- row 2: Labels for columns showing indentation raw data, Winkler fits and Hertz fits to indentation data. \- row 3: Labels for columns showing indentation depth and normal force below. \- row 4 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Replicate 1 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns A through F \- dataset 2: Replicate 2 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns H through M \- dataset 3: Replicate 3 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns O through T \- dataset 4: Replicate 4 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns V through AA \- dataset 5: Replicate 5 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns AC through AH \- dataset 6: Replicate 6 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns AJ through AO ``` Note: Columns G, N, U, AB, and AI are left intentionally blank FIGURE S42: Raw data for indents against a hydrogel polymerized against PEEK. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S42.csv: Raw data for approach curves is provided. Hertz and Winkler contact mechanics model fits to this approach curve are also provided. \- row 1: Labels for columns describing which cycle the analysis below is for \- row 2: Labels for columns showing indentation raw data, Winkler fits and Hertz fits to indentation data. \- row 3: Labels for columns showing indentation depth and normal force below. \- row 4 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Replicate 1 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns A through F \- dataset 2: Replicate 2 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns H through M \- dataset 3: Replicate 3 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns O through T \- dataset 4: Replicate 4 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns V through AA \- dataset 5: Replicate 5 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns AC through AH \- dataset 6: Replicate 6 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns AJ through AO ``` Note: Columns G, N, U, AB, and AI are left intentionally blank FIGURE S43: Raw data for indents against a hydrogel polymerized against PTFE. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S43.csv: Raw data for approach curves is provided. Hertz and Winkler contact mechanics model fits to this approach curve are also provided. \- row 1: Labels for columns describing which cycle the analysis below is for \- row 2: Labels for columns showing indentation raw data, Winkler fits and Hertz fits to indentation data. \- row 3: Labels for columns showing indentation depth and normal force below. \- row 4 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Replicate 1 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns A through F \- dataset 2: Replicate 2 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns H through M \- dataset 3: Replicate 3 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns O through T \- dataset 4: Replicate 4 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns V through AA \- dataset 5: Replicate 5 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns AC through AH \- dataset 6: Replicate 6 - Force indentation data and data for contact mechanics fits - Columns AJ through AO ``` Note: Columns G, N, U, AB, and AI are left intentionally blank FIGURE S44: Raw data for microindents against a hydrogel polymerized against glass. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S43.csv: Raw data for approach curves is provided. Hertz contact mechanics model fits to this approach curve are also provided. \- row 1: Labels for columns describing which cycle the analysis below is for \- row 2: Labels for columns showing indentation raw data and Hertz fits to indentation data. \- row 3: Labels for columns showing indentation depth and normal force below. \- row 4 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Replicate 2 - Force indentation data and data for Hertz contact mechanics fits - Columns A through D \- dataset 2: Replicate 3 - Force indentation data and data for Hertz contact mechanics fits - Columns F through I \- dataset 3: Replicate 4 - Force indentation data and data for Hertz contact mechanics fits - Columns K through N \- dataset 4: Replicate 5 - Force indentation data and data for Hertz contact mechanics fits - Columns P through S \- dataset 5: Replicate 6 - Force indentation data and data for Hertz contact mechanics fits - Columns U through X \- dataset 6: Replicate 7 - Force indentation data and data for Hertz contact mechanics fits - Columns Z through AC ``` Note: Columns E, J, T, O, and Y are left intentionally blank FIGURE S45: Breakloose friction and shear stress analysis. \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_45a.csv: Representative data for friction force loops highlighting the higher frictional forces observed at the reversal zones \- row 1: Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment cycle count, normal force during sliding, frictional force during sliding, z-stage position and x stage position. Data from columns representing the frictional force and x-stage position were used to plot the figure. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Friction force and x-stage positional data provided during a sliding cycle in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment. ``` B) Fig_S45b.csv: Average breakloose frictional coefficient across all sliding experiments using PTFE-,PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1 : Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment number, the average breakloose frictional coefficient for each experiment, the average breakloose friction coefficient across all 6 experiments, and the standard deviation across these means. The figure was plotted using data from the column representing the average breakloose friction coefficient across all 6 experiments and the respective mold material used. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Average breakloose friction coefficient for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through C \- dataset 2: Average breakloose friction coefficient for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns E through G \- dataset 3: Average breakloose friction coefficient for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns I through K \- Averaging all three datasets: Average breakloose friction coefficient over six sliding experiments and the standard deviation across these means is provided through columns M through O ``` Note: Columns D, H and L are left intentionally blank C) Fig_S45c.csv: Average breakloose shear stress across all sliding experiments using PTFE-, PEEK-, and glass-molded probes \- row 1: Labels for columns describing the mold material used, experiment number, the average breakloose shear stress for each experiment, the average breakloose shear stress across all 6 experiments, and the standard deviation across these means. The figure was plotted using data from the column representing the average breakloose shear stress across all 6 experiments and the respective mold material used. All of the other data provided is for internal use only. \- row 2 and beyond: data ``` \- dataset 1: Average breakloose shear stress for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PTFE and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns A through C \- dataset 2: Average breakloose shear stress for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against PEEK and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns E through G \- dataset 3: Average breakloose shear stress for each sliding experiment in which a hydrogel shell probe was molded against glass and used during a biotribological experiment against hTCEpi cells. - Columns I through K \- Averaging all three datasets: Average breakloose shear stress over six sliding experiments and the standard deviation across these means is provided through columns M through O ``` Note: Columns D, H and L are left intentionally blank FIGURE S46: Confocal microscopy data of probes after biotribological testing \------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A) Fig_S46a.tiff: Maximum projections of confocal fluorescence images depicting the apical surfaces of a glass-molded hydrogel probe following 600 cycles of sliding (3.6 m), showing the adhesion of mucin (red, WGA stain) across the probe surfaces. B) Fig_S46b.tiff: Maximum projections of confocal fluorescence images depicting the apical surfaces of a PEEK-molded hydrogel probe following 600 cycles of sliding (3.6 m), showing the adhesion of mucin (red, WGA stain) across the probe surfaces. C) Fig_S46c.tiff: Maximum projections of confocal fluorescence images depicting the apical surfaces of a PTFE-molded hydrogel probe following 600 cycles of sliding (3.6 m), showing the adhesion of mucin (red, WGA stain) across the probe surfaces.