DOI: 10.5061/dryad.74ms0
title: Data from: Ocean acidification and temperature increase impacts mussel shell shape and thickness: problematic for protection?

description: Ocean acidification threatens organisms that produce calcium carbonate
 shells by potentially generating an under-saturated carbonate environment.
 Resultant reduced calcification and growth, and subsequent dissolution of
 exoskeletons, would raise concerns over the ability of the shell to
 provide protection for the marine organism under ocean acidification and
 increased temperatures. We examined the impact of combined ocean
 acidification and temperature increase on shell formation of the
 economically important edible mussel Mytilus edulis. Shell growth and
 thickness along with a shell thickness index and shape analysis were
 determined. The ability of M. edulis to produce a functional protective
 shell after 9 months of experimental culture under ocean acidification and
 increasing temperatures (380, 550, 750, 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750, 1000 μatm
 pCO2 + 2°C) was assessed. Mussel shells grown under ocean acidification
 conditions displayed significant reductions in shell aragonite thickness,
 shell thickness index, and changes to shell shape (750, 1000 μatm pCO2)
 compared to those shells grown under ambient conditions (380 μatm pCO2).
 Ocean acidification resulted in rounder, flatter mussel shells with
 thinner aragonite layers likely to be more vulnerable to fracture under
 changing environments and predation. The changes in shape presented here
 could present a compensatory mechanism to enhance protection against
 predators and changing environments under ocean acidification when mussels
 are unable to grow thicker shells. Here, we present the first assessment
 of mussel shell shape to determine implications for functional protection
 under ocean acidification.
description: Mussel shell growth
 dataMussel shell growth data
 for figures 2, 3 and 4. The first worksheet entitled 'Mussel shell
 growth' lists all growth measurements for individual mussel shells
 used for mussel shell growth (mean ± SD) during 9 months of experimental
 culture (n=4 per treatment) used for figure 2. Shells were grown at 380,
 550, 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 at ambient temperature and 750 and 1000 μatm
 CO2 ambient temperature + 2°C. The second worksheet entitled
 'Aragonite_Calcite thickness' list all shell aragonite and
 calcite thickness measurements for individual mussels to calculate mussel
 shell calcite and aragonite in new growth (mean ± SD) (n=4 per treatment)
 used for figure 3. Aragonite and calcite in mm and the ratio of aragonite/
 calcite. Shells were grown at 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 at ambient
 temperature and 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 ambient temperature + 2°C. The third
 worksheet entitled 'STI' lists all measurements taken to
 calculate Shell Thickness Index (STI) for mussel shells grown under
 experimental conditions for 9 months (n=4 per treatment) used for figure
 4. Measurements for weight (g), height (mm), length (mm) and width (mm) of
 shell are provided for use of calculating STI. A higher shell thickness
 index indicates a thicker shell. Shells were grown at 380, 550, 750 and
 1000 μatm CO2 at ambient temperature and 750 and 1000 μatm CO2 ambient
 temperature + 2°C, treatments were labelled as CO2 μatm and temperature in
 the spreadsheet.mussel380_001Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel380_002Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel380_003Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel380_004Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel550_001Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel550_002Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel550_003Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel550_004Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750_001Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750_002Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750_003Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750_004Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000_001Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000_003Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000_004Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000_002Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750+2_001Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750+2_002Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750+2_003Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel750+2_004Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000plus2_001Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000plus2_002Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000plus2_003Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.mussel1000plus2_004Mussel shape analysis data for figures 1 and 5. There are four .obj files per treatment, one for each individual mussel as titled. The .obj file is a matrix of points in 3d (x,y,z) that make up the mussel with a color attached to each point. A simple triangulation of these 3d points creates the visualized surface of the mussel. These individual .obj files were compared across the experimental condition populations 380, 550, 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2, and 750 and 1000 μatm pCO2 + 2°C (n=4 per treatment). Each file name refers to the treatment, the .obj files are labelled for each individual mussel as mussel’treatment’_oo# where # represents the number of the individual mussel, and treatment is the CO2 concentration. The files were produced by Dimensional Imaging OBJ exporter http://www.di3d.com.