DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bg79cnpcn
title: Unveiling the evolutionary history of a puzzling antlion genus Gatzara Navás (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae) based on systematic revision, molecular phylogenetics, and biogeographic inference

description: The antlion genus Gatzara Navás, 1915 is one of the major lineages of the
 subfamily Dendroleontinae Banks, 1899 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from
 Asia, but having chaotic background of systematics. Here we present a
 comprehensive systematic revision and mitochondrial phylogenomic analysis
 to clarify the identity and to unravel the evolutionary history of this
 genus. Combining morphological and molecular evidence, we separate the
 species of Gatzara into two clades, and most of these species are
 transferred to the genus Nepsalus Navás, 1912 herein restored. The dated
 phylogeny with ancestral area reconstruction indicates that the common
 ancestor of Gatzara and Nepsalus might have been widely distributed in
 East Asia and these two genera might have diverged during the late
 Miocene. The speciation of most Nepsalus species that are allopatric in
 distribution might have been driven by a series of vicarience events
 related to the rise of the Himalayas and the formation of the major
 islands of East Asia during the late Miocene and Pliocene. A new species,
 namely N. chikuni sp. n., is described from Tibet. New taxonomic changes
 include the six new combinations: N. caelestis (Krivokhatsky, 1997) comb.
 n., N. decorillus (Yang, 1997) comb. n., N. decorosus (Yang, 1988) comb.
 n., N. indicus (Navás, 1914) comb. n., N. insolitus (Walker, 1860) comb.
 n., N. jezoensis (Okamoto, 1910) comb. n., and N. petrophilus (Miller
 & Stange, 1999) comb. n.
description: Data Matrix
description: <strong>Supporting information of the
 article</strong>: 2021ISD Gatzara SUPPORTING
 INFORMATION.docx <strong>Fig. S1</strong>. Holotype
 of <em>Neglurus vitripennis</em> Navás, 1912 (current name:
 <em>Dendroleon vitripennis</em>) from BMNH. (A) Habitus; (B)
 female genitalia, ventral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view.
 Abbreviations: agx: anterior gonocoxites, pgx: posterior
 gonocoxites. <strong>Fig. S2</strong>. Type
 photos of <em>Nepsalus</em> spp. from China. (A) Holotype of
 <em>Dendroleon decorillus</em> Yang, 1997 (current name:
 <em>N. decorillus</em>); (B) Holotype of <em>Dendroleon
 decorosus </em>Yang, 1988 (current name: <em>N.
 decorosus</em>). <strong>Fig. S3</strong>. Chronogram
 with divergence times estimated under calibrated root based on Michel et
 al. (2017). <strong>File Zip 1</strong>.
 (divergence times estimated (fixed rate)): divergence times (fixed
 rate).tre; Nepsalus (fixed rate).xml <strong>File Zip
 2</strong>. (divergence times estimated under calibrated root based
 on Michel et al. (2017)): divergence times estimated under calibrated root
 based on Michel et al. (2017).tre; divergence times estimated under
 calibrated root based on Michel et al. (2017).xml <strong>File Zip 3</strong>. (RASP
 Ancestral area reconstruction):Gatzara_dis.csv; Gatzara_tree.tre;
 Gatzara_treeset.trees; RASP.txt <strong>File 1</strong>. BI
 tree.tre <strong>File 2</strong>. ML
 tree.contree <strong>File 3</strong>.
 Gatzara&Nepsalus MT DNA comparison file.fas <strong>File
 4.</strong> partition.nex