cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9968h
title: Data from: Heterochronic developmental shifts underlie floral diversity within Jaltomata (Solanaceae)

description: Background: Heterochronic shifts during mid- to late stages of organismal
 development have been proposed as key mechanisms generating phenotypic
 diversity. To determine whether late heterochronic shifts underlie derived
 floral morphologies within Jaltomata (Solanaceae)—a genus whose species
 have extensive and recently evolved floral diversity—we compared floral
 development of four diverse species (including an ambiguously ancestral or
 secondarily derived rotate, two putatively independently evolved
 campanulate, and a tubular morph) to the ancestral rotate floral form, as
 well as to an outgroup that shares this ancestral floral morphology.
 Results: We determined that early floral development (&lt; 1 mm bud
 diameter, corresponding to completion of organ whorl initiation) is very
 similar among all species, but that different mature floral forms are
 distinguishable by mid-development (&gt; 1 mm diameter) due to
 differential growth acceleration of corolla traits. Floral ontogeny among
 similar mature rotate forms remains comparable until late stages, while
 somewhat different patterns of organ growth are found between species with
 similar campanulate forms. Conclusions: Our data suggest shared floral
 patterning during early-stage development, but that different
 heterochronic shifts during mid- and late-stage development contribute to
 divergent floral traits. Heterochrony thus appears to have been important
 in the rapid and repeated diversification of Jaltomata flowers.
description: Bud
 MeasurementsThis data file includes
 measurements of floral organs from buds at different sizes/stages of
 development, including early stage buds examined using scanning electron
 microscopy as well as later stage buds that were measured as fresh
 material.BudMeasurements.csvMature Floral TraitsThis data file includes measurements of floral organs on mature flowers, for 5 species of Jaltomata and a Solanum outgroup.MatureTraits.csvDuration of Floral DevelopmentThis data file includes measurements of bud diameter, starting at 1 mm, every other day throughout floral development until anthesis, or petal opening. These data were used to calculate the duration of floral development (from 1 mm diameter onward) and the absolute bud growth rate, as well as estimate how long in days different species spent at different developmental stages.DevDuration.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.38s21
title: Data from: Complex biotic interactions drive long-term vegetation dynamics in a subarctic ecosystem

description: Predicting impacts of global warming requires understanding of the extent
 to which plant biomass and production are controlled by bottom-up and
 top-down drivers. By annually monitoring community composition in grazed
 control plots and herbivore-free exclosures at an Arctic location for 15
 years, we detected multiple biotic interactions. Regular rodent cycles
 acted as pulses driving synchronous fluctuations in the biomass of
 field-layer vegetation; reindeer influenced the biomass of taller shrubs,
 and the abundance of plant pathogenic fungi increased when densities of
 their host plants increased in exclosures. Two outbreaks of geometrid
 moths occurred during the study period, with contrasting effects on the
 field layer: one in 2004 had marginal effects, while one in 2012 severely
 reduced biomass in the control plots and eliminated biomass that had
 accumulated over 15 years in the exclosures. The latter was followed by a
 dramatic decline of the dominant understory dwarf-shrub Empetrum
 hermaphroditum, driven by an interaction between moth herbivory on top
 buds and leaves, and increased disease severity of a pathogenic fungus. We
 show that the climate has important direct and indirect effects on all
 these biotic interactions. We conclude that long time series are essential
 to identify key biotic interactions in ecosystems, since their importance
 will be influenced by climatic conditions, and that manipulative
 treatments are needed in order to obtain the mechanistic understanding
 needed for robust predictions of future ecosystem changes and their
 feedback effects.
description: Time Series of plant
 biomass during 1998-2013This data were collected
 in the file TimeSeries were collected between 1998 and 2012 and the data
 in the file Empetrum were collected in 2012 in the Abisko Region in
 northernmost Sweden (68⁰19’ N, 18. ⁰53’E). Data comes from full-factorial
 warming-fertilization-herbivore exclusion experiment, where transplants of
 three forbs were grown for two growing seasons. For detailed methods see
 Olofsson et al. 2013, Complex biotic interactions drive long-term
 vegetation dynamics in a subarctic ecostystem. Philosophical Transactions
 of the Royal Society B, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0486.TimeSeries.xlsxHerbivory and parasitic fungi on Empetrum leavesThis data were collected in the file TimeSeries were collected between 1998 and 2012 and the data in the file Empetrum were collected in 2012 in the Abisko Region in northernmost Sweden (68⁰19’ N, 18. ⁰53’E). Data comes from full-factorial warming-fertilization-herbivore exclusion experiment, where transplants of three forbs were grown for two growing seasons. For detailed methods see Olofsson et al. 2013, Complex biotic interactions drive long-term vegetation dynamics in a subarctic ecostystem. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0486.EmpetrumAbisko2012LE.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9j346
title: Data from: Assessing the ecosystem-level consequences of a small-scale artisanal kelp fishery within the context of climate-change

description: Coastal communities worldwide rely on small-scale artisanal fisheries as a
 means of increasing food security and alleviating poverty. Even
 small-scale fishing activities, however, are prone to resource depletion
 and environmental degradation, which can erode livelihoods in the long
 run. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify viable and resilient
 artisanal fisheries, and generate knowledge to support management within
 the context of a rapidly changing climate. We examined the ecosystem-level
 consequences of an artisanal kelp fishery (Macrocystis pyrifera), finding
 minimal impacts of small-scale harvest on kelp recovery rates, survival,
 and biomass dynamics, and abundances of associated commercial and
 culturally important fish species. These results suggest that small-scale
 harvest poses minimal trade-offs for the other economic benefits provided
 by these ecosystems, and their inherent, spiritual, and cultural value to
 humans. However, we detected a negative impact of warmer seawater
 temperatures on kelp recovery rates following harvest, indicating that the
 viability of harvest, even at small scales, may be threatened by future
 increases in global ocean temperature. This suggests that negative impacts
 of artisanal fisheries may be more likely to arise in the context of a
 warming climate, further highlighting the widespread effects of global
 climate change on coastal fisheries and livelihoods.
description: Harvest_2014Data associated with the 2014 harvest experiment, where Macrocystis canopies were harvested at 5 sites along the coast of British Columbia. Data shown are metrics of kelp recovery (growth, biomass recovered, surface frond production, and surface frond loss) for kelps at each site. Also shown are the percentage of reproductive sporophylls at each site. Data set also includes predictor variables (wave exposure, average temperature, max temperature, standard deviation of temperature, frond and plant density at the site, and metrics of individual kelp size [surface length before harvest, the number of fronds at the surface before harvest, and the biomass removed).Harv_2015_macro_plotData for harvest plots prior (Interval 1), 24 hours (Interval 2) and 3 weeks (Interval 3) post harvest. Data include M. pyrifera frond density, plant density, and biomass density. Also shown are the harvest rates for each plot (% canopy removal).Harv_2015_macro_rateGrowth, frond loss, and change in biomass for M. pyrifera from prior to harvest to three weeks post harvest for each harvest plot. Also shown are harvest rates (% canopy removal).Harvest_2015_understoryUnderstory kelp density and biomass in harvest plots.Harvest_2015_fishFish abundance data in kelp harvest plots prior to harvest, 24 hours, and 3 weeks post harvest.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ss0j12k
title: Data from: High ambient temperatures induce aggregations of chimney swifts (Chaetura pelagica) inside a roost

description: One proposed advantage of communal roosting in birds is a reduction in the
 costs of thermoregulation. As thermoregulatory benefits are directly
 linked to the distance between roosting birds, we examined whether
 temperature is related to inter‐bird spacing in roosting chimney swifts
 (Chaetura pelagica). To test the hypothesis that huddling is used to
 reduce the costs of thermoregulation, we predicted that swifts would
 cluster more at colder temperatures. We mounted an all‐weather camera atop
 a 61 m tall industrial masonry chimney, one of the largest swift roosts in
 the study region. We deployed temperature loggers inside the chimney and
 obtained ambient air temperature from a nearby weather station. From 16
 May – 24 July 2013, we captured hourly images of the positions of roosting
 swifts at night. We used image analysis software to mark the angular
 positions of all roosting swifts, and calculated mean angles of
 orientation (preferred direction) inside the roost and the circular
 variance (i.e., the concentration of swifts around the mean angle). We
 used a Gamma regression to relate temperature inside and outside the roost
 to the clustering of swifts around the mean angle for 3 time periods
 (pre‐nesting, nesting, and post‐nesting). Converse to our prediction,
 swifts were closer together when ambient air temperatures were warmer in
 all periods (pre‐nesting (p&lt;0.001, n=168), nesting (p&lt;0.001,
 n=224), and post‐nesting (p&lt;0.001, n=135)). Our findings suggest
 that swifts do not increase clustering intensity in response to colder
 temperatures, but instead they increase clustering intensity in response
 to the warmest ambient temperatures. This likely a metabolic response to
 reduced prey availability at higher temperatures and/or an attempt to
 reduce evaporative water loss. We suggest clustering may be used by
 chimney swifts as an energy saving mechanism during periods of lowered
 food availability.
description: Chimney Swift roosting
 and temperature dataCHSW_roost_temp_data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jm752
title: Data from: Quantitative genetic analysis of subspecific differences in body shape in the snail-feeding carabid beetle Damaster blaptoides

description: A dimorphic pattern of macrocephalic (wide, short) and stenocephalic
 (narrow, long) body shapes is observed in snail-feeding carabid beetles
 globally. The former exhibits high performance in crushing snail shells
 with powerful jaws, whereas the latter specializes in eating snails'
 soft body directly by inserting the head into the shell. In the
 snail-feeding species Damaster blaptoides, the subspecies D. b. capito has
 a wide short forebody, and D. b. fortunei has a narrow, long forebody.
 They exhibit distinct morphologies despite their geographic and
 phylogenetic proximity. To examine the genetic basis of the morphological
 differences between these two subspecies, we conducted quantitative
 genetic analyses by crossing these subspecies and producing F_1 and
 backcross hybrids. The hybrids had body shapes intermediate between the
 parental subspecies. The variation between wide, short and narrow, long
 forebodies was based on negative geneti c correlations between width and
 length of the head and thorax. Between one and eight genetic factors were
 involved in the morphological differences between subspecies. We suggest
 that the morphological integration of forebody parts in a small number of
 loci has facilitated the marked morphological diversification between
 subspecies of D. blaptoides.
description: measurement_dataThe file, measurement_data.csv, includes the measured values of the all individuals we used in our quantitative genetic analyses. The first column heading, "Population", indicates used populations in the quantitative genetics. “P1” is D. b. capito; “P2” is D. b. fortunei; “F1” is hybrids produced by crossing D. b. capito and D. b. fortunei; “B1” is backcross population to D. b. capito and “B2” is a backcross population to D. b. fortunei. The second column heading, “HW”, indicate head width. The third, “HL”, indicate head length. The forth, “TW”, indicate thorax width. The fifth, “TL”, indicate thorax length. The sixth, “EW”, indicate elytron width. The seventh, “EL”, indicate elytron length. These measurement values have the unit of millimeter. The last column heading, “Randomly chosen 48 individuals”, indicate the individuals used to determine the eigenvector for the principle component analysis. To remove bias caused by differences in sample size between parent, F1, and backcross populations and to determine PC axes meaningful for quantitative genetic analysis, we first randomly chose 48 individuals from each population (i.e., 240 individuals in total). “TRUE” indicates the chosen individuals. By using the determined eigenvector, we calculated the principle component scores of the other 268 individuals as well as randomly chosen 240 individuals.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jt85h
title: Data from: Genetic variation and structure of house sparrow populations: is there an island effect?

description: Population genetic structure and intrapopulation levels of genetic
 variation have important implications for population dynamics and
 evolutionary processes. Habitat fragmentation is one of the major threats
 to biodiversity. It leads to smaller population sizes and reduced gene
 flow between populations and will thus also affect genetic structure. We
 use a natural system of island and mainland populations of house sparrows
 along the coast of Norway to characterize the different population genetic
 properties of fragmented populations. We genotyped 636 individuals
 distributed across 14 populations at 15 microsatellite loci. The level of
 genetic differentiation was estimated using F-statistics and specially
 designed Mantel tests were conducted to study the influence of population
 type (i.e. mainland or island) and geographic distance on the genetic
 population structure. Furthermore, the effects of population type,
 population size and latitude on the level of genetic variation within
 populations were examined. Our results suggest that genetic processes on
 islands and mainland differed in two important ways. First, the
 intrapopulation level of genetic variation tended to be lower and the
 occurrence of population bottlenecks more frequent on islands than the
 mainland. Second, although the general level of genetic differentiation
 was low to moderate, it was higher between island populations than between
 mainland populations. However, differentiation increased in mainland
 populations somewhat faster with geographical distance. These results
 suggest that population bottleneck events and genetic drift have been more
 important in shaping the genetic composition of island populations
 compared with populations on the mainland. Such knowledge is relevant for
 a better understanding of evolutionary processes and conservation of
 threatened populations.
description: DRYAD_MEC-12-1092JensenEtAl_MEC-12-1092_Datafile.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1j79t
title: Data from: Predation risk drives the expression of mobbing across bird species

description: Many species approach predators to harass and drive them away, even though
 mobbing a predator can be deadly. However, not all species display this
 behavior, and those that do can exhibit different behaviors while mobbing
 different predators. Here we experimentally assessed the role of social
 and ecological traits on the expression of mobbing behavior in a bird
 community in SE Brazil (n=157 species). We exposed birds to models of two
 morphologically similar diurnal owls that pose different risks, and
 assessed which species engaged in mobbing. Among those that mobbed, we
 evaluated how they adjusted their mobbing behavior depending on the
 predator type. We tested the hypothesis that only species that are at risk
 and can afford to mob engage in this anti-predator behavior. We found that
 species that engaged in mobbing are in the body mass range of potential
 prey, forage in the understory or in the canopy, and form flocks. A
 species’ social system did not influence its mobbing behavior.
 Furthermore, species that engaged in mobbing formed larger mobbing
 assemblages when facing a high-risk predator, but mobbed more intensely
 when facing a low-risk predator. Our findings support our predictions,
 namely that the expression of mobbing is limited by its costs.
description: data_set_supp
DOI: 10.15468/dl.w652jq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1811048 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Aythya ferina"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1811048 records from 1565 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000924-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.41k5c
title: Data from: Bergmann's body size rule operates in facultatively endothermic insects: evidence from a complex of cryptic bumblebee species

description: According to Bergmann’s rule we expect species with larger body size to
 inhabit locations with a cooler climate, where they may be well adapted to
 conserve heat and resist starvation. This rule is generally applied to
 endotherms. In contrast, body size in ectothermic invertebrates has been
 suggested to follow the reverse ecogeographic trend: these converse
 Bergmann’s patterns may be driven by the ecological constraints of shorter
 season length and lower food availability in cooler high latitude
 locations. Such patterns are particularly common in large insects due to
 their longer development times. As large and facultatively endothermic
 insects, bumblebees could thus be expected to follow either trend. In this
 investigation, we studied body size of three bumblebee species over a
 large spatial area and investigated whether interspecific trends in body
 size correspond to differences in their distribution consistent with
 either Bergmann’s or a converse Bergmann’s rule. We examined the body size
 of queens, males and workers of the Bombus lucorum complex of cryptic
 bumblebee species from across the whole of Great Britain. We found
 interspecific differences in body size corresponding to Bergmann’s rule:
 queens and males of the more northerly distributed, cool-adapted, species
 were largest. In contrast, the mean body size of the worker caste did not
 vary between the three species. These differences in body size may have
 evolved under selection pressures for thermoregulation or starvation
 resistance. We suggest that this case study in facultatively endothermic
 insects may help clarify the selection pressures governing Bergmann rule
 trends more generally.
description: Individual bee
 datadata for
 dryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.983kd
title: Data from: Long-term fitness consequences of early environment in a long-lived ungulate

description: Cohort effects can be a major source of heterogeneity and play an
 important role in population dynamics. Silver-spoon effects, when
 environmental quality at birth improves future performance regardless of
 the adult environment, can induce strong lagged responses on population
 growth. Alternatively, the external predictive adaptive response (PAR)
 hypothesis predicts that organisms will adjust their developmental
 trajectory and physiology during early life in anticipation of expected
 adult conditions but has rarely been assessed in wild species. We used
 over 40 years of detailed individual monitoring of bighorn ewes (Ovis
 canadensis) to quantify long-term cohort effects on survival and
 reproduction. We then tested both the silver-spoon and the PAR hypotheses.
 Cohort effects involved a strong interaction between birth and current
 environments: reproduction and survival were lowest for ewes that were
 born and lived at high population densities. This interaction, however,
 does not support the PAR hypothesis because individuals with matching
 high-density birth and adult environments had reduced fitness. Instead,
 individuals born at high density had overall lower lifetime fitness
 suggesting a silver-spoon effect. Early-life conditions can induce
 long-term changes in fitness components, and their effects on cohort
 fitness vary according to adult environment.
description: Env_YearlySeasonal values of environmental variables tested as causes of cohort effects.ID_SurvRecIndividual information about bighorn sheep ewes of 2 years and above. Cohort 1973 to 2014. Annual fitness from 1975 to 2014.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d4368
title: Data from: A single multiplex of twelve microsatellite markers for the simultaneous study of the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) and the mountain hare (Lepus timidus)

description: The management of hunted species is challenging, as it must conciliate the
 conservation of species and their sustainable exploitation. Non-genetic
 tools are widely used in this context but they may present limitations
 notably when species can hybridize or when large-scale spatial monitoring
 is required to establish optimal management actions. This is why genetic
 tools have been more and more integrated in wildlife management practices.
 However, the markers proposed are often amplified in small multiplexes
 when larger ones could allow to better cope with the small quantities of
 DNA obtained with non-invasive sampling methods. Here, we propose a unique
 multiplex of 12 autosomal microsatellite markers for the study of two hare
 species that exist in sympatry in some areas in Europe and are hunted
 notably in France: the brown hare Lepus europaeus and the mountain hare L.
 timidus. We tested 17 markers previously used in these two species or
 other lagomorph species, from which 12 were included in this single
 multiplex. Diversity was between 4 and 30 alleles per locus totalling 126
 alleles and we showed that these markers possess appropriate genetic
 resolution for individual and species identification for the populations
 under study. This multiplex panel represents the largest number of
 microsatellites amplified in one reaction proposed for these two hare
 species and provides a cost-effective and valuable tool for further
 hybridization studies and the management of hares.
description: Additional
 File_M1