DOI: 10.5061/dryad.416b8
title: Data from: Footprints of selection in wild populations of Bicyclus anynana along a latitudinal cline

description: One of the major questions in ecology and evolutionary biology is how
 variation in the genome enables species to adapt to divergent
 environments. Here, we study footprints of thermal selection in candidate
 genes in six wild populations of the afrotropical butterfly Bicyclus
 anynana, sampled along a ~3,000 km latitudinal cline. We sequenced coding
 regions of 31 selected genes with known functions in metabolism, pigment
 production, development, and heat shock responses. These include genes for
 which we expect a priori a role in thermal adaptation and, thus, varying
 selection pressures along a latitudinal cline, and genes we do not expect
 to vary clinally and can be used as controls. We identified amino-acid
 substitution polymorphisms in 13 genes and tested these for clinal
 variation by correlation analysis of allele frequencies with latitude. In
 addition, we used two FST-based outlier methods to identify loci with
 higher population differentiation than expected under neutral evolution,
 while accounting for potentially confounding effects of population
 structure and demographic history. Two metabolic enzymes of the glycolytic
 pathway, UGP and Treh, showed clinal variation. The same loci showed
 elevated population differentiation and were identified as significant
 outliers. We found no evidence of clines in the pigmentation genes, heat
 shock proteins and developmental genes. However, we identified outlier
 loci in more localized parts of the range in the pigmentation genes yellow
 and black. We discuss that the observed clinal variation and elevated
 population divergence in UGP and Treh may reflect adaptation to a
 geographic thermal gradient.
description: Location and sampling
 details of field-collected butterfliesThis file contains
 detailed location information and sample numbers of the six wild Bicyclus
 anynana populations of the study, including location names, location
 coordinates, sampling date, and the number of female and male samples per
 population.Sampling_details.xlsxSNP data for 49 fragments of coding DNA in 31 genes sequenced for wild Bicyclus anynana populationsThis file contains SNP data for 49 sequence fragments in 31 genes, for six wild Bicyclus anynana populations. Columns are: population code ('population'); population latitude ('latitude'); abbreviated gene name ('gene name'); Genbank ID ('genbank ID'); SNP position on the sequence fragment ('SNP position'); SNP type, S=synonymous, NS= non-synonymous ('SNP type'); nucleotide base of allele 1 ('allele 1'); nucleotide base of allele 2 ('allele 2'); population allele frequency for nucleotide A ('freq A'); population allele frequency for nucleotide C ('freq C'); population allele frequency for nucleotide G ('freq G'); population allele frequency for nucleotide T ('freq T'). Note that there can be several sequenced fragments per gene, and each fragment has a unique Genbank ID. For more information on the sequenced fragments and for full gene names see also Table S1 in the Supplementary Online Material of the publication. For full population names and location information see the location and sampling details file in this Dryad entry.SNP_data.xlsx