DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7wr
title: Data from: Extreme range in adult body size reveals hidden trade-offs among sexually selected traits

description: Sexually selected weapons used to monopolize mating opportunities are
 predicted to trade-off with traits used in competition for fertilization.
 Yet, the limited size-range typically found among adults of a species
 often precludes clear comparisons between population-level and
 individual-level relative trait investment. The jousting weevil, Brentus
 anchorago (Coleoptera: Brentidae), varies more than 26-fold in body mass,
 which is among the most extreme adult body size ranges of any solitary
 terrestrial species. We reveal a trade-off at a population-level:
 hypermetric scaling in male weapons (slope =1.59) and a closely-mirrored
 reversal in allocation to post-copulatory traits (slope =0.54). Yet, at
 the individual-level we find the opposite pattern; males that invest
 relatively more in weapons for their size class also invest more in
 post-copulatory traits. In support of our findings from jousting weevils,
 across 36 dung beetle species we find the relative effect of
 population-level scaling increases in species with a larger range in adult
 body size. Our findings reveal that population-level allometries and
 individual level trade-offs can both be important in shaping relative
 trait allocation; we highlight that the adult body size range is rarely
 examined, but may be integral to gain a deeper understanding of trade-offs
 in reproductive allocation.
description: Datasets were collected: 1) from published
 literature 2) morphological measurements of external
 morphology from natural populations 3) morphological
 measurements of internal morphology from natural populations
description: # Data from: Extreme range in adult body size reveals hidden trade-offs
 among sexually selected traits
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7wr](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7wr) ## Description of the data and file structure **README\_ Jousting weevil data** **1. Bren_genitalia_morph.csv** Measurements in mm of dissected and slide mounted genitalia. Insects were collected from a single population of *Brentus anchorago. *We dissected the testes and sclerotized regions of male genitalia by first removing the abdomen from the body. We then carefully extracted the bilobed testes and placed them on a slide in saline solution to photograph them using a camera (AmScope 10MP MD200-CK) connected directly to the microscope. We measured the surface area of each pair of distinct lobes from each testes in photoshop (Adobe Photoshop CC, 14.2.1 x 64). We used the average of measurements from each pair of testes from a single individual for our analyses. To measure sclerotized parts of the genitalia, we macerated genital soft tissue in warm KOH and separated and arranged the sclerotized parts on a slide in glycerol. We measured eight distinct segments of the genitalia and abdomen. | Slide | Slide identification | | :------------ | :----------------------------------------- | | id | weevil ID | | ID | weevil ID short version | | Ab | Abdonmical Tergite | | AE | Aedeagus body length | | aAE | Aedeagus Apodeme length | | AL | Aedeagus legnth (sum of AE + aAE) | | AL2 | Aedeagus length from lateral angle | | SG | Spiculum Gastrale Length | | dpTg | Parameroid plate length | | bpTg | Tegminal apodeme length, lateral | | PygL | Pygidium length (apical abdominal tergite) | | PygW | Pygidium Width (apical abdominal tergite) | | elytra\_width | Elytra Width | **2. Size range histogram final clean** Data on the adult body size mass range of 96 non-social insect species across 11 orders. Body sizes are reported as ratios of largest/smallest individual of the same species. Linear measurements were cubed to achieve comparable measurement scales. | ID | individual species id | | :------------ | :------------------------------------ | | species | Genus\_species | | order | insect order | | min.size\_cub | size of smallest individual in sample | | max.size\_cub | size of largest individual in sample | | range | largest/smallest | **3. db_April18th** We mined data on dung beetle body mass and testes mass from 23 dung beetle species from the SAFE database (Parrett et al. 2019) and an additional 20 species from LWS (Simmons and Emlen 2006) for a total of 43 species. We excluded seven species because of low sample sizes (less than five individuals), leaving us with 36 species. | id | individual id | | :-------------- | :--------------------------- | | group | groups of insect | | common\_name | common name | | genus | genus | | species | species | | sub\_species | sub-species, if any | | male\_mass\_g | mass of male in grams | | testes\_mass\_g | testes mass of male in grams | | weapon | weapon size, if any in mm | | sd\_testes | standard deviation of testes | | pronotum | pronotum width in mm | | wt | total mass in grams | | testis | total testes mass in grams | | morph | major or minor male | | head\_horn | head horn length in mm | | pronotal\_horn | pronotal horn length in mm | Parrett, Jonathan M., Darren J. Mann, Arthur Y. C. Chung, Eleanor M. Slade, and Robert J. Knell. “Sexual Selection Predicts the Persistence of  Populations within Altered Environments.” *Ecology Letters* 22, no. 10 (2019): 1629–37. [https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13358](https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13358). Simmons, Leigh W, and Douglas J Emlen. “Evolutionary Trade-off between Weapons and Testes.” *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 103, no. 44 (October 31, 2006): 16346–51. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603474103](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603474103) **4. Bren_k_data_morphology**  We photographed insects laterally to obtain measurements of the head, pronotum and elytra and took photographs dorsally to obtain a measurement of mean elytra width (a proxy for body size). We removed the left legs (front, mid & hind – laterally), hind wings, and antenna (dorsally) and placed these on a slide for standardized photographs. All measurements are in mm. | id | individual id | | | :------------------ | :----------------------------------------- | :- | | sex | sex | | | ElytraWidthMean | mean elytra width | | | Rostrum1 | first section of rostrum | | | Rostrum2 | second section of rostrum | | | Rostrum3 | third section of rostrum | | | EyeToPro | eye to pronotum length | | | Pronotum | pronotum length | | | ElytraLength | elytra length | | | Wing | wing length | | | FemurF | Front femur length | | | TibiaF | Front tibia length | | | FemurM | Mid femur length | | | TibiaM | Mid tibia length | | | FemurH | Hind femur length | | | TibiaH | Hind tibia length | | | RostrumTotal | Total Rostrum length | | | BodyLengthTotal | Total Body length | | | LegF | Total Front leg length | | | LegM | total mid leg length | | | LegH | total hind leg length | | | Head | total head length | | | Weapon | total weapon length | | | GT\_Area | Testes area | | | GT\_AreaSqrt | Testes area (square root) | | | GA\_Abdomenlength | Abdomen length | | | GA\_Aelength | Aedeagus Body length | | | GA\_aAelength | Aedeagus Apodeme length | | | GA\_Aedeaguslength | Lateral Aedeagus length | | | GA\_sglength | Spiculum Gastrale Length | | | GA\_dpTglength | Parameroid plate length | | | GA\_bpTglength | Tegminal apodeme length, lateral | | | GA\_Pyglength | Pygidium length (apical abdominal tergite) | | | GA\_Pygwidth | Pygidium Width (apical abdominal tergite) | | | FGenitalTractLength | Female genital tract length | | | FCoxiteLength | Female gonocoxite length | | | FSpermathecaArea | Female spermatheca area | | Missing data code: NA  Sharing/Access information This is primary data collected specifically for this paper