cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17784606
title: FusionBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Nuclear Fusion Science

description: Overview

FusionBench is the first comprehensive benchmark dataset designed to evaluate the knowledge mastery and reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the domain of nuclear fusion science and engineering. To address the critical lack of standard evaluation resources in this specialized field, FusionBench provides a rigorous, expert-validated testbed covering core scientific concepts, experimental phenomena, and engineering parameters.

Dataset Characteristics



Scale: The dataset comprises 10,605 question-answer (QA) pairs constructed from a vast corpus of over 140,000 scholarly documents (including arXiv papers, IAEA reports, and specialized textbooks).

Coverage: It spans 13 core sub-disciplines of fusion research disciplines and 1 uncategorized subset, ranging from Plasma Instabilities and Transport Processes to Plasma-Facing Materials and Diagnostic Systems.

Quality Assurance: Each item has undergone a rigorous multi-stage hybrid validation protocol, combining AI-powered confidence screening with meticulous adjudication by human domain experts (M.S. and Ph.D. candidates in nuclear fusion) to ensure scientific accuracy.

Question Types: The benchmark includes multiple-choice, single-choice, and true/false questions to assess different cognitive levels, from knowledge retrieval to complex reasoning.


Data Structure

The dataset is distributed in a standard JSON format. Each entry contains the following core fields:



question_type: Categorical label (multiple_choice, single_choice, or true_false).

question: The stem of the question.

options: A dictionary of options (keys: "A", "B", "C"..., values: option text).

correct_answer: An array containing the keys of the correct options (e.g., ["A"] or ["A", "C"]).

category: The specific thematic sub-domain (e.g., "Plasma Instabilities").

(Optional) explanation & source: Contextual information and source snippets for reference.


Usage

This dataset allows researchers to systematically track LLMs progress, diagnose domain-specific weaknesses, and guide the development of specialized AI tools for fusion energy research. Baseline evaluations of prominent models (including GPT-4 series, Claude, Gemini, and DeepSeek) are provided in the associated research paper.

Code Availability

The evaluation framework and scripts for reproducing the baselines are available in the attached code archive or on GitHub at: https://github.com/PKU-Xlab/FusionBench.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4rx67s
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3748 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Acer griseum, Acer henryi, Acer paxii, Acer sterculiaceum, Acer laevigatum)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3748 records from 107 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021753-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.mbzep7
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 42 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Living Specimen",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-107.57848 25.77067,-106.45082 24.71953,-103.26871 25.38479,-102.23435 25.60104,-101.42296 25.77067,-101.42296 28.23106,-107.57848 28.23106,-107.57848 25.77067))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 42 records were derived from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021747-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/13955319
title: Peer-to-Peer Boliviano (BOB) Exchange Data
DOI: 10.15468/dl.6wyfyp
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 24 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Türkiye",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Xylocopa valga"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 24 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021754-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9zugsd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 5751 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is National mosquito surveillance in Austria for the detection of mosquito-borne pathogens 2024 - Project OH SURVector"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 5751 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021755-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29181455
title: The GBA dataset for site layout generation

description: This dataset contains parcel–building samples from the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, processed into graph-structured ".gpickle" files for the GCGAN model. For each land use parcel, the raw parcel polygon, building footprints, and corresponding raster masks are normalized and encoded as a ring-topology graph in which each building node stores its relative location, footprint size, height, and neighbor-based geometric features (radial distance, pairwise spacing, and local turning angle). A super-node represents the parcel center, and parcel-level attributes such as building count, plot ratio, land-use type, and spatial compactness are recorded as graph metadata. Each ".gpickle" file therefore provides a complete sample integrating (1) building geometry, (2) spatial relationships among buildings, and (3) parcel-level planning indicators, along with aligned parcel and building masks in a fixed-resolution grid, enabling deep generative models to learn realistic and attribute-controlled building layout patterns. For more details, please refer to our paper. (Jiang, M., Chen, Y., Liu, X. et al. Automated site layout generation for buildings using graph constrained generative adversarial network. Building Simulation. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-025-1350-7)
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29181455.v1
title: The GBA dataset for site layout generation

description: This dataset contains parcel–building samples from the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, processed into graph-structured ".gpickle" files for the GCGAN model. For each land use parcel, the raw parcel polygon, building footprints, and corresponding raster masks are normalized and encoded as a ring-topology graph in which each building node stores its relative location, footprint size, height, and neighbor-based geometric features (radial distance, pairwise spacing, and local turning angle). A super-node represents the parcel center, and parcel-level attributes such as building count, plot ratio, land-use type, and spatial compactness are recorded as graph metadata. Each ".gpickle" file therefore provides a complete sample integrating (1) building geometry, (2) spatial relationships among buildings, and (3) parcel-level planning indicators, along with aligned parcel and building masks in a fixed-resolution grid, enabling deep generative models to learn realistic and attribute-controlled building layout patterns. For more details, please refer to our paper. (Jiang, M., Chen, Y., Liu, X. et al. Automated site layout generation for buildings using graph constrained generative adversarial network. Building Simulation. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-025-1350-7)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.8vfmyt
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2105 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Acer laurinum, Acer laxiflorum, Acer leipoense, Acer lucidum, Acer mandshuricum)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2105 records from 78 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021756-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ypu544
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 873180 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Human Observation",
 "Country is Italy",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Insecta"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 873180 records from 88 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021744-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.b66y84
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3497 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Acer nikoense, Acer maximowiczii, Acer metcalfii, Acer miyabei, Acer oligocarpum)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3497 records from 67 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021758-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.5a4wm9
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 596 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 596 records from 46 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0391806-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ypd5sq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 41424 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Cercis canadensis L."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 41424 records from 247 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0168821-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jppk97
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Randia tafallana Cornejo"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0187103-240321170329656/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.6eeybd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 10 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Dendrobium clemensiae Ames"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 10 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0168804-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qatj3x
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 63872 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Registros biológicos en áreas protegidas obtenidos de documentos impresos"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 63872 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0034192-191105090559680/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.dlzjkd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 101 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Hibiscus L.",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "or" : [
 "Country is Oman",
 "Country is Somalia",
 "Country is Yemen"
 ]
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 101 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001072-150221044754056/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.56opdw
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 152 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "DatasetKey is Caracterización de flora para la formulación y actualización de Planes de Manejo Ambiental en la jurisdicción de Corpoguavio",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 152 records were derived from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0028883-190918142434337/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.hf1jld
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 75 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Ginkgo biloba L.",
 "Country is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 75 records from 14 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001072-150504100648427/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.a2hwsd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 8356 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Prunus serrulata Lindl."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 8356 records from 289 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0168826-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bszbo6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1564 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "or" : [
 "TaxonKey is Batrachoseps robustus Wake, Yanev & Hansen, 2002",
 "TaxonKey is Batrachoseps wrighti (Bishop, 1937)",
 "TaxonKey is Batrachuperus karlschmidti Liu, 1950",
 "TaxonKey is Batrachoseps stebbinsi Brame & Murray, 1968",
 "TaxonKey is Batrachoseps simatus Brame & Murray, 1968"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1564 records from 26 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001072-150912100344238/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bug8aq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 153164 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Japan",
 "TaxonKey is Bryophyta"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 153164 records from 112 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0282474-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wdz3k8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 62 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Dendrobium compactum Rolfe ex Hemsl."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 62 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0168825-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.s7alix
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1964 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Enneanectes Jordan & Evermann, 1895"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1964 records from 36 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001072-151016162008034/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gp7wac
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 234 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Colombia",
 "TaxonKey is Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 234 records from 46 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0282558-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.uus6ed
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Dendrobium compressicaule J.J.Sm."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0168829-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.1n3qaz
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1091 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Macrognathus Lacepède, 1800"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1091 records from 49 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001072-160430102343922/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.393umm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 162 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 {
 "or" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Specimen",
 "BasisOfRecord is Human Observation"
 ]
 },
 "Country is Mexico",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Ananas comosus (L.) Merr."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 162 records from 14 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0282563-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pytqfg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 14 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Dendrobium compressimentum J.J.Sm."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 14 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0168830-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ntrojf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Labidocera madurae Scott A., 1909"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001072-160509122628363/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.nrxe1x
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 84 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Human Observation",
 "Continent is Africa",
 "Year 2000-2014",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-18.10547 4.10976,4.74609 4.10976,4.74609 17.20797,-18.10547 17.20797,-18.10547 4.10976))",
 "TaxonKey is Pteropodidae",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 84 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0025065-191105090559680/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.a47pfk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 127820 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Acer negundo L."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 127820 records from 1051 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0168831-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ebkadx
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2894 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Salix bonplandiana Kunth"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2894 records from 84 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0003986-180412121330197/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qbpqtu
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 50923 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Asparagus acutifolius L.",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 50923 records from 150 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0300213-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qg2p7j
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 25 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Calyptrocarya irwiniana T.Koyama"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 25 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0026322-180131172636756/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.sve8tt
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2116 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "or" : [
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea pungens (Willd.) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila bulligera Rosenst.",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila eatonii Jenman",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila gleasonii Maxon",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila infesta Kunze",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila oblonga Klotzsch",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila obtusa Klotzsch",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila pastazensis Hieron.",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila platyphylla C.Presl",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila procera (Willd.) Desv.",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila pterorachis Baker",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila pungens (Willd.) C.Presl",
 "TaxonKey is Alsophila subaculeata Splitg.",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea bulligera (Rosenst.) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea eatonii (Jenman) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea gleasonii (Maxon) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea infesta (Kunze) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea klotzschiana Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea oblonga (Klotzsch) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea obtusata Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea pastazensis (Hieron.) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea pterorachis (Baker) Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Cyathea willdenowiana Domin",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris bulligera (Rosenst.) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris eatoni (Jenman) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris infesta (Kunze) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris oblonga (Klotzsch) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris obtusa (Klotzsch) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris pastazensis (Hieron.) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris procera (Willd.) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Trichipteris pungens (Willd.) R.M.Tryon",
 "TaxonKey is Polypodium procerum Willd.",
 "TaxonKey is Polypodium pungens Willd."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2116 records from 69 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0230549-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.