DOI: 10.25338/b84d0v
title: Predicted asymmetrical effects of warming on nocturnal and diurnal soil-dwelling ectotherms

description: Climate is expected to have broad effects on ecological communities, but
 this occurs in the context of significant daily temperature variation in
 many localities. Because many ectotherms can restrict activity to
 thermally suitable places and times, daily temperature variation offers
 the potential to buffer impacts of warming. Using thermal activity data
 from a montane ground-nesting ant community, we explore how a simulated
 increase in temperature is expected to alter the duration of suitable
 activity windows. Counterintuitively, we found that simulated warming
 lengthens activity times for cold-active species and shortens activity
 times for warm-active species. We explain this result through a simulation
 model in which time elapsed within a range of suitable temperatures is
 considered as an additive resource. Fundamentally, our model results rely
 on the fact that the mathematical function that relates time to
 temperature through a day (Parton-Logan function) is concave before and
 after noon and convex through the night. These properties are common
 across terrestrial environments with characteristic deceleration in
 temperature near both the daily maximum and minimum. Our results suggest
 that the time of day during which an animal’s activity temperatures occur
 may be an important, but rarely considered, feature of natural history
 that contributes to the predicted impact of climate change. In particular,
 thermally restricted diurnal species may need to compensate for shortened
 daily activity windows through means such as seasonal shifts or
 expansions, broadened activity temperatures, or range shifts.
description: Data Collected June 2015 - October 2015<br> Sagehen
 Experimental Forest, CA, USA: (2000m, 39.435583°N, 120.264017°
 W) Description: these data were generated using
 automatic time-sorting pitfall traps that measured temperature at the
 surface of the soil every 5 minutes and collected ants<br> were
 identified to species Keywords: ants, temperature,
 activity, ecology, communities, diel rhythms
description: File 1<br> TempDataRaw.csv File
 Description: Raw data from ant traps with processed sample summary
 statistics Column Descriptions<br> 1 {no name} -
 row index<br> 2 unixStart - time of trap launch in unix time (this
 is one day before sampling began)<br> 3 insectInterval - length in
 seconds of insect collection for this time window<br> 4 sample -
 sample number (1-24) within this trap deployment<br> 5 date -
 date " month/day/year " note year was 2015<br> 6 time -
 time of day (hour:minute:second) recorded in 24 hour time<br> 7
 tempC - temperature at 1-3 mm above surface recorded by a J-type
 thermocouple<br> 8 trapID - identifier for individual traps (1
 through 14)<br> 9 julianDay - day of year for current
 sample<br> 10 julianStart - day of year first collection for these
 24 samples<br> 11 sampleStart - date and time (month/day/year
 hour:minute) that this sample began<br> 12 sampleEnd - date and time
 ((month/day/year hour:minute) that this sample ended<br> 13 dateTime
 - date and time (month/day/year hour:minute) for this temperature
 measurement<br> 14 sampleID - identifier for this sample (julian
 day, trapID, and hour) pasted together<br> 15 meanHrlyTemp - mean
 temperature C within this sample (1 hour)<br> 16 sdHrlyTemp -
 standard deviation temperature C within this sample (1 hour)<br> 17
 sampleMax - maximum observed temperature C within this sample
 (1hour)<br> 18 sampleMin - minimum observed temperature C within
 this sample (1 hour)<br> 19 sampleMiddle - date and time
 (month/day/year hour:minute) of the middle of this sample (12 hours after
 beginning) File 2<br>
 TempData_SampleAverages.csv File Description: sample
 summary statistics for abiotic variables (hour long samples)
 Column Description<br> 1 {no name} - row index original to
 raw file<br> 2 unixStart - time of trap launch in unix time (this is
 one day before sampling began)<br> 3 insectInterval - length in
 seconds of insect collection for this time window<br> 4 sample -
 sample number (1-24) within this trap deployment<br> 5 date -
 date " month/day/year " note year was 2015<br> 6 time -
 time of day (hour:minute:second) recorded in 24 hour time<br> 7
 tempC - temperature at 1-3 mm above surface recorded by a J-type
 thermocouple<br> 8 trapID - identifier for individual traps (1
 through 14)<br> 9 julianDay - day of year for current
 sample<br> 10 julianStart - day of year first collection for these
 24 samples<br> 11 sampleStart - date and time (month/day/year
 hour:minute) that this sample began<br> 12 sampleEnd - date and time
 ((month/day/year hour:minute) that this sample ended<br> 13 dateTime
 - date and time (month/day/year hour:minute) for this temperature
 measurement<br> 14 sampleID - identifier for this sample (julian
 day, trapID, and hour) pasted together<br> 15 meanHrlyTemp - mean
 temperature C within this sample (1 hour)<br> 16 sdHrlyTemp -
 standard deviation temperature C within this sample (1 hour)<br> 17
 sampleMax - maximum observed temperature C within this sample
 (1hour)<br> 18 sampleMin - minimum observed temperature C within
 this sample (1 hour)<br> 19 sampleMiddle - date and time
 (month/day/year hour:minute) of the middle of this sample (12 hours after
 beginning)<br> 20 sampleLocation - identifier code for a set of 24
 hourly samples (a location)<br> 21 Names - an attempt number - some
 traps had technical errors, these were excluded<br> 22 LocationID -
 identifier code for a set of 24 hourly samples (a location)<br> 23
 lon - longitude of trap (decimal)<br> 24 lat - latitude of trap
 (decimal)<br> 25 litter.g - the mass of leaf litter in grams
 collected within a 30cm radius of the the trap entrance (dry mass
 g)<br> 26 nearestPlant - common name of the nearest plant to the
 trap<br> 27 gap_fraction - the percentage of a hemispherical view
 (from 10cm above ground) that is open sky<br> 28 solarNoon - time of
 solar noon for this sampling sample day (m/d/y hour:minute)<br> 29
 solarNoonPrev - time of solar noon for the previous day (m/d/y
 hour:minute)<br> 30 solarNoonNext -time of solar noon for the next
 day (m/d/y hour:minute)<br> 31 hour - hour of the day of the
 sample File 3<br> locationData.csv
 1 {no name} row index for this file<br> 2 litter.g - the
 mass of leaf litter in grams collected within a 30cm radius of the the
 trap entrance (dry mass g)<br> 3 nearestPlant - common name of the
 nearest plant to the trap<br> 4 lon - longitude of trap
 (decimal)<br> 5 lat - latitude of trap (decimal)<br> 6
 gap_fraction - the percentage of a hemispherical view (from 10cm above
 ground) that is open sky<br> 7 names - an attempt number - some
 traps had technical errors, these were excluded<br> 8 photo - file
 name of hemispherical photo from this trap location take at height of
 10cm<br> 9 dateIN - date trap installed (month/day/year)<br>
 10 timeIN - time trap installed (hour:minute)<br> 11 dateOUT - date
 trap removed (month/day/year)<br> 12 timeOUT - time trap removed
 (hour:minute)<br> 13 julianStart - julian day collections
 began<br> 14 locationID - the location ID code (Julian Start and
 trap number pasted together) File 4<br>
 antData.csv 1 species - species genus<br> 2 CTmin
 - mean CT min measured for species (begin at 28C in copper block. drop
 temperature 1C every 5 minutes. assess at end of 5 minutes if mobile. if
 not mobile, CT min.<br> 3 CTmin SE - standard error of CTmin for
 species<br> 4 CTminN - number of ants sampled for CTmin
 estimate<br> 5 CTmax - mean CT max measured for species (begin at
 28C in copper block. raise temperature 1C every 5 minutes. assess at end
 of 5 minutes if mobile. if not mobile, CT max.<br> 6 CTmin SE -
 standard error of CTmax for species<br> 7 CTminN - number of ants
 sampled for CTmax estimate<br> 8 unixStart - the launch time for the
 trap that collected this ant<br> 9 insectInterval - duration in
 seconds of the time window this insect was collected within<br> 10
 sample - the sample number this insect was collected in within this trap
 (1-24)<br> 11 date - date insect collected (m/day/year)<br> 12
 time - time insect collected (h:m:s)<br> 13 tempC - mean hourly
 temperature during collection window of this insect<br> 14 trapID -
 trap ID (1-14) that this insect was collected during<br> 15
 julianDay - julian day that this collection was made during<br> 16
 julianStart - julian day that this sampling window (24 hours)
 began<br> 17 sampleStart - date and time (month/day/year
 hour:minute) that this sample began<br> 18 sampleEnd - date and time
 ((month/day/year hour:minute) that this sample ended<br> 19 dateTime
 - date and time (month/day/year hour:minute) for this temperature
 measurement<br> 20 sampleID - unique identifier for the sampling
 window this insect was collected within (Julian day, trap, hour)<br>
 21 box - number of box sample stored in<br> 22 row - row of box
 sample stored in<br> 23 col - column of box sample stored
 in<br> 24 VOUCHER.TAKEN - what species this sample was taken as a
 voucher for<br> 25 month - the month (month/1/15) that this sample
 was collected within<br> 26 totalAnts - ants collected alongside
 this sample<br> 27 antDiv - number of ant species collected in this
 sample File 5<br>
 sagehen_dailySummaries.csv<br> data downloaded from Sagehen
 Experimental Station - tower 1 - 1m above ground 1 {no
 name} row index for file<br> 2 Date (month/day/year) for weather
 station data<br> 3 Year<br> 4 julianDay - julian day for
 weather data<br> 5 dailyMax_tempC - maximum temperature reached for
 date<br> 6 dailyMin_tempC - minimum temperature reached for
 date<br> 7 dayLength - time in hours between sunrise and
 sunset<br> 8 nightLength - time in hours between sunset and
 sunrise