DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5x69p8df5
title: Data from: Experimental transplants demonstrate shifts in predation favor evolution of aggressive behaviors in Trinidadian killifish

description: Theory asserts larger brains facilitate behaviors that enhance fitness.
 Research has demonstrated that increased brain size improves cognition and
 survival. However, the majority of research has focused on cross-species
 comparisons. Experiments that manipulate selection to investigate the
 connection between brain size, behavior, and fitness are needed. 
 Trinidadian killifish (Anablepsoides hartii) live in communities
 with (high predation: HP) and without (killifish-only: KO) predators.
 Predator absence is associated with high population densities, increased
 intraspecific competition, and evolved larger brain sizes. We tested for
 evolutionary shifts in behavior by subjecting second-generation lab-reared
 fish to a mirror aggression assay. We also quantify selection on brain
 size and behavior by transplanting wild HP fish to KO sites. 
 Lab-reared fish from KO sites—specifically males—exhibited higher levels
 of aggression than HP fish. In the transplant experiment, HP fish
 exhibited strong increases in aggression following the introduction to KO
 sites. Increased brain size was correlated with increased growth in
 transplanted HP fish, yet there was no association between brain size,
 aggression, and growth.  Our results indicate that declines in
 predation and increased competition favor increases in aggression but
 further research is needed to determine if and how brain size and behavior
 are linked through natural selection.
description: The data in the accompanying files represent the work of
 comparative brain size and behavior experiments on common garden
 lab-reared Trinidadian killifish <em>(Anablepsoides hartii)
 </em>and a subsequent mark-recapture transplant experiment, both of
 which are described in full in the manuscript. The transplant data are
 available in wide and long format to facilitate analyses of growth,
 recapture statistics, and shifts in behavior. 
description: # Experimental transplants demonstrate that shifts in predation favor the
 evolution of aggressive behaviors in Trinidadian killifish (Anablepsoides
 hartii)
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5x69p8df5](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5x69p8df5) ## Description of the data and file structure There are three accompanying files containing the data for the experiments associated with the manuscript. One of them is for common garden lab-reared Trinidadian killifish. The other two files are for wild-caught killifish in a transplant experiment, one of which is in wide format for growth and recapture analyses, and the other which is in long format to facilitate comparisons of shifts in aggressive behavior between initial capture and recapture in the transplant.  ### Files and variables #### File: CommonGardenRearedFishAggression.csv **Description:** Data for the second-generation lab-reared Trinidadian killifish *(Anablepsoides hartii)*. Fish originated from two rivers (Arima and Aripo), which represent our replicates (n=2) of predator communities (high predation vs killifish-only populations). Cells which are blank represent fish that perished before measurements could be taken.  ##### Variables * River: River of origin (replicate, n=2) * Population: HP=high predation, KO=killifish-only * ID: Arbitrary name for the fish to track individuals * Name: Arbitrary name for the fish to track individuals * Sex: M=male, F=female, J=juvenile * TL(mm): Total length (mm) * Wgt(g): Weight (g) * Otwidth(mm): Width of the optic tectum (mm) * notes: notes * FirstAggression(s): Time (s) at first act of aggression * Ram(count): Instances of ramming against the mirror * Bite(count): Instances of biting the mirror * Lunge(count): Instances of lunging towards the mirror  * Tailbeat(count): Instances of tail-beats against the mirror * Sbend(count): Instances of bending the body into an s-shape  * SpineArch(count): Instances of arching the spine * OpercularFlare(count): Instances of flaring of the operculum * SumAggression(count): Total of all behaviors * DisplayAggression(count): Total of postural displays (Sbend + SpineArch + OpercularFlare) * OvertAggression(count): Total of attacks against the mirror (Ram + Bite + Lunge + Tailbeat) * AggressionRate(count/s.active): Aggression rate accounting for boldness (calculated using: Sum Aggression/Total trial time (300 s) -FirstAggression (s)) * LNTL: log naturalized total length * LNOT: log naturalized optic tectum width * Rel_OT_width(standardizedresiduals): Relative optic tectum width to total body length #### File: TransplantAggressionWideFormat.csv **Description:** Data for the wild-caught Trinidadian killifish (Anablepsoides hartii) in our transplant experiment. This data is in wide format to facilitate analyses on recapture likelihood and growth rates. Cells which are blank represent missing data (ie., aggression videos were lost or the fish was not recaptured). ##### Variables * River: River of origin (replicate, n=2) * Population: HP=high predation, KO=killifish-only * DummyPop: Dummy variable for predator community, 0=killifish-only, 1=high predation * 1stMark: First identifying color elastomer mark for tracking fish. Extras may have been given when marks were mistakenly duplicated and another mark was needed to differentiate fish. b=blue, p=pink, r=red, y=yellow, o=orange * 2ndMark: Second identifying color elastomer mark for tracking fish. Extras may have been given when mistakes were made and another mark was needed to differentiate fish. b=blue, p=pink, r=red, y=yellow, o=orange * Sex: M=male, F=female * TL(mm): total length (mm) * wgt (g): weight (g) * Recapture(0=no;1=yes): Dummy variable for whether fish were or were not recaptured * TL.recap(mm): total length at recapture (mm) * LNTL.recap: log naturalized total length at recapture - wgt.recap(g): weight at recapture (g) * OTwidth: width of the optic tectum (mm) - FirstAggression(s): Time (s) at first act of aggression - Ram(count): Instances of ramming against the mirror - Bite(count): Instances of biting the mirror - Lunge(count): Instances of lunging towards the mirror  - Tailbeat(count): Instances of tail-beats against the mirror - Sbend(count): Instances of bending the body into an s-shape  - SpineArch(count):  Instances of arching the spine - OperculaFlare(count): Instances of flaring of the operculum - OvertAggression(count): Total of attacks against the mirror (Ram + Bite + Lunge + Tailbeat) - DisplayAggression(count): Total of postural displays (Sbend + SpineArch + OpercularFlare) - SumAggression(count): Total of all behaviors - Rate(count/s.active): Aggression rate accounting for boldness (calculated using: Sum Aggression/Total trial time (300 s) -FirstAggression (s)) - FirstAggression.recap(count): Time (s) at first act of aggression in recapture  - Ram_recap(count): Instances of ramming against the mirror in recapture - Bite_recap(count): Instances of biting the mirror in recapture - Lunge_recap(count): Instances of lunging towards the mirror in recapture - Tailbeat_recap(count): Instances of tail-beats against the mirror in recapture - Sbend_recap(count): Instances of bending the body into an s-shape in recapture - Spinearch_recap(count): Instances of arching the spine in recapture - Oppercula_recap(count): Instances of flaring of the operculum in recapture - Overt.Recap(count): Total of attacks against the mirror (Ram + Bite + Lunge + Tailbeat) in recapture - Display.Recap(count): Total of postural displays (Sbend + SpineArch + OpercularFlare) in recapture - Sum.recap(count): Total of all behaviors in recapture - NewRate.recap(count/s.active): Aggression rate accounting for boldness in recapture - LNwgt.recap(g): log naturalized weight at recapture (g) - LNwgt: log naturalized weight at initial capture (g) - ChangeWgt: Difference between weight at recapture and initial capture (recapture weight-initial capture weight) - DaysBetween: Number of days in the transplant experiment - InstGrowthRate: Instantaneous growth rate (g/day) - ChangeAggressionRate: Difference between aggression rate at initial capture and recapture (Recapture Aggression Rate-Initial Aggression Rate) - LNTLinitial: log naturalized total length at initial capture - LNOTwidth: log naturalized optic tectum width - Rel_Otwidth(standardizedresiduals): relative optic tecta width to body length #### File: TransplantAggressionLongFormat.csv **Description:** Data for the wild-caught Trinidadian killifish *(Anablepsoides hartii)* in our transplant experiment. This data is in long format to facilitate analyses of shifts in behavior between initial capture and recapture. Cells which are blank represent missing data (ie., aggression videos were lost or the fish was not recaptured). ##### Variables * River: River of origin (replicate, n=2) * Population: HP=high predation, KO=killifish-only * 1stMark: First identifying color elastomer mark for tracking fish. Extras may have been given when marks were mistakenly duplicated and another mark was needed to differentiate fish. b=blue, p=pink, r=red, y=yellow, o=orange * 2ndMark: Second identifying color elastomer mark for tracking fish. Extras may have been given when mistakes were made and another mark was needed to differentiate fish. b=blue, p=pink, r=red, y=yellow, o=orange * Name: Arbitrary name for the fish to track individuals * Sex: M=male, F=female * TL(mm): total length (mm) * LNTL: log naturalized total length * wgt(g): Weight (g) * RecapYorN: Dummy variable for whether or not the fish were recaptured, 0=no recapture, 1=recaptured * TL.recap: total length (mm) at recapture * LNTL.recap: log naturalized total length at recapture * wt.recap: weight (g) at recapture * OTwidth: Optic tecta width * LNOTwidth: log naturalized optic tecta width * Trial : Refers to capture event, 1=initial capture, 2=recapture * FirstAggression(s): Time (s) at first act of aggression * Ram(count): Instances of ramming against the mirror * Bite(count): Instances of biting the mirror * Lunge(count): Instances of lunging towards the mirror  * Tailbeat(count): Instances of tail-beats against the mirror in recapture * Sbend(count): Instances of bending the body into an s-shape  * SpineArch(count):  Instances of arching the spine * OperculaFlare(count): Instances of flaring of the operculum * SumAggression(count): Total of all behaviors * OvertAggression(count): Total of attacks against the mirror (Ram + Bite + Lunge + Tailbeat) * DisplayAggression(count): Total of postural displays (Sbend + SpineArch + OpercularFlare) * RateAggression(count/s.active): Aggression rate accounting for boldness (calculated using: Sum Aggression/Total trial time (300 s) -FirstAggression (s)) * Rel_Otwidth(standardizedresiduals): relative optic tecta width to body length ## Access information Data can be accessed via SPSS.