cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0030
title: Modeling and thermal resistance analysis of LNG gasification in ambient air vaporizers.

description: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) ambient air vaporizer (AAV) has attracted more attention because of its economy, popularity, and environmental protection; however, the low efficiency of AAV is the bottle-neck of its wide application. In order to find the effective methods of solving this problem, we proposed a mathematical model to evaluate the thermal resistances of LNG AAV. Besides, a thorough comparison of different correlations for natural convection and flow boiling is conducted. The results indicate that: (1) Obvious deviations are found between various heat transfer correlations. (2) The total thermal resistance of AAV increases with operation time. (3) The airside thermal resistance accounts for more than 90% of the total thermal resistance, and the percentage of frost thermal resistance is higher than 50% after 8 hours. (4) When air temperature is higher or lower than a transition temperature, the heat transfer performance of AAV enhances.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0034
title: Development of cryogenic cooling system for the superconducting dipole magnet of the CBM detector.

description: The superconducting dipole magnet for the CBM detector is now under development at BINP. The CBM detector will be engaged in the research on compressed baryon matter at FAIR, Germany. The dipole magnet, which consists of two vertical superconducting coils, will produce a magnetic field of about 1.1 T in the center. The warm bore of the magnet is 1.44 m vertically. The total cold mass of the two coils is about 3.6 tons. The dipole magnet will be cooled by helium flows at 4.6 K@3 bar and 50 K@18 bar, supplied from a cryogenic plant. The cryogenic cooling system of the dipole magnet should provide the following operational regimes: controlled cooling down, cooling of the charged magnet at 4.5 K helium, quench recovery, and controlled warming up. The superconducting coils are serially connected to the cryostat with liquid helium at 4.5 K. The thermosyphon cooling regime will be realized for cooling of these coils.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0047
title: Root cause analysis of early performance deterioration of an existing helium liquefier using process simulation.

description: A two-stage investigation was performed to identify the causes of failure in steady state operation as well as of no production of liquid in the helium liquefier in Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, India. The liquefier was a 17 L/hr, liquid nitrogen pre-cooled Claude cycle. During early days, the liquefier produced at rated capacity; however, with time its performance deteriorated and later it never produced any liquid. In the investigation, log-sheets of the operation of the plant, process configuration as supplied, and equipment specifications as obtained by direct measurements and by estimation using dynamic simulation together with
the experiences of operators and scientific staffs were considered. The outcomes of first-stage investigation are presented in the paper. It was found that regular power failures, malfunctioning of chilling unit and turbine control system were a few major causes. Recommendations are proposed based on the findings for future operation of such plants.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0051
title: PF1 coil joint fatigue test results at LN2.

description: One of the main qualification tasks of poloidal field (PF) coil PF1 manufacturing is to ensure the designed mechanical strength of loaded critical structural elements in the required cryogenic temperature range. The PF1 coil is under manufacturing in Russian Federation, and it is one of six PF coils of the ITER electromagnetic system (EMS). The PF1 joint provides connection of niobium-titanium “cable-in-conduit” conductors (CICC), used for winding of PF1 coil, into a single electric circuit by ‘shaking hands’ configuration. This paper describes test procedure and test results of PF1 joint sample, which was tested in the special developed facility built based on the industrial testing machine Schenk. The main feature of facility is available cryostat for testing of large scale sample, like the PF1 joint sample, with the required cyclic tensile fatigue load at the liquid nitrogen temperature. One of the features of the testing sample is symmetrical design, which provides bending force compensation of default ‘shaking hands’ configuration. A special device converting a standard compression force of the testing machine to the tensile force affected at the test object is placed.. The additional control system provides the remote control of the test parameters and test data obtaining.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0061
title: Investigation on engineering applications of cryogenic pipeline chill-down.

description: Cryogenic pipeline chill-down, involving intricate interaction of phase change, heat transfer and multiphase fluid dynamics, is an indispensable process for cryogenic devices, including in-space cryogenic engines, inspace fuel storage depots and ground filling systems. However, there is a big gap between theoretical analysis and practical engineering operation due to the unclear chill-down characteristics and complex composition of the actual filling system. Thus, in the present paper, more cryogenic two-phase investigations, standing in the view of engineering applications, are conducted for achieving the safe and high-efficiency management of cryogenic propellants. The results show that the special characteristic resulted from transient flow regime
transition would promote the two-phase instability and an optimal mass flow rate exists to reduce the chilldown time. Besides, due to the higher sensible heat of hydrogen gas, single gas forced convection contributes significantly to chill-down process, accounting for about 74% of total heat exchange.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0063
title: Overview and status of the long-baseline neutrino facility cryogenics system.

description: The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) will host the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), an international multi-kiloton Long-Baseline neutrino experiment that will be installed about a mile underground in Lead, SD. Detectors will be located inside four cryostats filled with almost 70,000 ton of ultrapure liquid argon, with a level of impurities lower than 100 parts per trillion of oxygen equivalent contamination. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) provides the conventional facilities and
cryogenics infrastructure supporting this experiment. The cryogenics system supplies and maintains the argon needed for DUNE, as it enables the study of neutrinos from a new and improved beamline from Fermilab, as well as the dynamics of supernovae and the possibility of proton decay. This contribution describes the main features, performance, functional requirements and modes of operations of the LBNF cryogenics system. It also details its current status, present and future needs to support the DUNE experiment.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0084
title: Assessment of rollover effects at large LNG atmospheric and pressure storage tanks.

description: Roll-over effect is subject of concerns at LNG storage. It is a result of non-homogenous composition of the stored amount of LNG. Mixing of bulks of liquids of different concentration and saturation to boiling points at different pressure results in release of heat in a vapour phase, which can cause venting of gas or increase of pressure, as it was experienced at several locations. This was subject of studies, especially for LNG storage in large flat bottom tanks at atmospheric pressure. Models of origination of roll-over effect were published. This paper presents a method of forecast of the quantity of vented gas or pressure increase as function of size, LNG composition and pressure of the system.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0008
title: Analysis of the influence structural defects on the critical current of the HTc superconducting tapes.

description: In the paper it is theoretically analysed the influence on the critical current phenomena of the HTc superconducting tapes, of the structural defects created in HTc superconductors, especially during the heavy ions irradiation arising at the work of the superconducting magnets in the modern nuclear accelerators but also at the mechanical bending strain process. The losses generated then during the pulsed current flow through the superconducting current leads, supplying accelerators are calculated as the function of the time and current. Attention will be devoted here to the analysis of the hysteresis effects. The influence of the nano-sized structural defects on the current-voltage characteristics of the HTc superconducting materials is investigated basing on the model of interaction magnetic pancake type vortices with nano-sized defects as the function of the strength of this interaction, leading to various depths of vortices anchoring in the initial state.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0014
title: Effect of sparger on injection cooling performance of cryogenic liquids.

description: Injection cooling is used for short term storage of cryogenic liquids by injection of a gas through the liquid. This causes liquid subcooling that reduces the boil off loss of liquid. Among various factors, sparger design (type, diameter of hole and number of holes) plays a significant role as it dictates the bubble dynamics in the liquid tank and thus the gas-liquid heat and mass transfer. This is the first work, to the best knowledge of the authors, on the sparger design in terms of the hole diameter and number of holes, on the cooling performance of such a system. Four types of sparger (single orifice, ring/spider, perforated plate and porous plate sparger) available commercially have been considered. A mathematical model of injection cooling based on lumped
parameter approach has been developed and simulation was carried out to determine the effect of sparger design. Liquid subcooling was obtained for all the four types of spargers. It was observed that the rate of cooling increases with the decrease in sparger hole diameter. However, the effect of number of holes on liquid subcooling was found to be negligibly small.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0035
title: Utilization of engine exhaust gas in boil-off gas reliquefaction system of a LNG Carrier ship.

description: Boil-off gas (BOG) generated due to heat in-leak into the storage tanks of LNG carrier ships is recondensed using refrigeration devices. Reverse Brayton cycle (RBC) with nitrogen as refrigerant or cascade system with propylene and ethylene as refrigerants are used for BOG reliquefaction. In order to reduce power consumption of reliquefaction process, vapour absorption refrigeration system (VARS) that utilizes engine exhaust gas of LNG carrier ship may be a suitable choice as a precooler for BOG reliquefaction process. In this paper, onboard reliquefaction systems are coupled with VARS and their performances are evaluated using exergy. Steady state simulations with the aid of Aspen Hysys 8.6® show that when RBC based reliquefaction system is precooled
with VARS, exergy efficiency improves by 5.7%. However, precooling by VARS in cascade system improves efficiency by 22.8% as cascade system has a higher ability to absorb refrigeration supplied by VARS resulting in higher reliquefaction.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0046
title: Cryogenic technologies of the superconducting NICA accelerator complex.

description: The international mega project NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) is aimed at studying properties of nuclear matter in the region of the maximum baryonic density. This matter existed only at the early stages of the evolution of our Universe and in the interiors of neutron stars. The NICA complex consists of three accelerators with superconducting magnets operating together: booster synchrotron, the Nuclotron and collider. The collisions of Au79+ nuclei in the NICA collider will be performed at the total energy of 4 – 11 GeV at the luminosity up to 1027 cm-2·s-1. Refrigeration capacity needed for the NICA complex will be about 10 kW at 4.5 K. The total “cold” mass of the superconducting magnets is 290 t. A distinguished feature of these magnets is refrigeration by using a twophase liquid and vapour flow of helium. This paper describes in detail the NICA cryogenic system and the facility for magnet testing. Based on the test results of the magnets, the paper presents the estimates of the value of heat leak and heat generation for each accelerator. Information about the plans to complete the work and commission the complex is provided.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0058
title: CFD investigation on thermodynamic characteristics of on-orbit cryogenic tank during reorientation process.

description: For a typical aerospace exploration mission, engine restart operation is usually encountered in which propellant slosh and reorientation are necessary. In this process, a series of thermodynamic characteristics including slosh, gas-liquid interfacial movement and deformation could be experienced. Understanding the associated performance could provide support for the design of on-orbital fluid management. In this paper, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is introduced to study the thermodynamic behavior of fluid field distribution under variable conditions. The results show that the model can simulate the tank continuously
under different orbital operating conditions, and obtain detailed information such as the duration of different stages. Whether it is necessary to consider phase change in the model is also discussed. In addition, on the premise that the baffle can be used to suppress the sloshing, it’s found that the baffle effect differs with the liquid level. When the liquid level is 18.5% higher than the baffle, the baffle will lose its effect. Besides, the sloshing performance of the fluid varies with different types of propellant. In general, this study proposes the behavior of cryogenic fluids under different operations, and the results provide a reference for space propellant management and sequence setup.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0071
title: Modelling of the thermal radiation shields for cryogenic systems.

description: The paper presents models for different thermal radiation fields which are very important in all cryogenic systems. Although in literature exist models for calculate the net radiation between surfaces, the aim of paper is to present difficulties met when calculate the thermal radiation for particular surfaces. Moreover, in the paper it is shown that the radiation heat transferred between two surfaces at different temperatures depends by the emissivity coefficients of the surfaces, the geometrical configuration and the type of reflection. Analytical and experimental results regarding the thermal radiation influence in design of cryogenic systems, with application on Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES) and eXtreme High Vacuum (XHV) systems are also presented in the paper. The numerical results have been obtained by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) performed in COMSOL Multiphysics and ANSYS software. Based on the numerical simulation results, five types of floating radiation thermal shields were design and manufactured. These thermal shields were tested using a SUMITOMO RDK - 415D cryocooler, which with an adequate thermal shield has also been used as cryogenic pump in order to improve the level of vacuum within an extreme high vacuum test chamber.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0079
title: Numerical simulation and experimental study of DN1250 cryopump under different thermal conditions.

description: A large-scale cryopump (DN1250) used in large vacuum leak detecting system was designed and its performance experimentally investigated by Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering. The cryopump was cooled by four closed cycle helium refrigerators. Detailed numerical analysis of the heat transfer in the first stage array was performed by using computational fluid dynamic method (CFD). Several design parameters were considered to find the effect on the temperature distribution and the cooldown time. The variation of thermal conductivity and heat capacity with temperature was taken into account. The thermal
analysis method based on numerical techniques was introduced in this study, the heat transfer in the first stage array and the second stage cryopanels were carefully analysed to determine important considerations in the thermal design of the cryopump. A performance test system according to the RNEUROP standards was built to test main performance of the cryopump. The experimental results showed that the structure of first stage array which was optimized by the method could meet the requirement of the cryopump well. The temperature of the cryopanels were down to 10 K within 300 min and the result of the experiment was accordant with theoretical conclusion of the analysis. The test also showed that the pumping speed for N2 of the pump was up
to 5.8×104 L/s, and the crossover value was over than 3.0×105 Pa·L.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.cryo.2019.0085
title: Cryogenic targets of the lightest gases (hydrogen, deuterium and helium-4) with GM cryocooler for experiments of high energy physics.

description: Researches of collision processes of elementary nuclei on the extracted beams of the NICA accelerator complex by the BM@N physics installation need cryogenic targets with unique ratios between the amounts of working substance (liquid hydrogen, deuterium or helium) and the mass of the target's housing, which may have the interaction with an ion beam, result the secondary particles, and initiate the background events. In this research authors provided the results of experimental cold down testing of liquid hydrogen target. A maximum cooling capacity of the used GM cryocooler is 1.5 watts at 4.2 Kelvin, which looks acceptable for
such application. The using of GM cryocooler allows creating a fully autonomous and mobile cryogenic target, which not depends from outside cold source. Authors put attention on a serious problem of heat losses, including heat gain from radiation at a maximum beam intensity of 10 11 particles/s, and propose using cryocooler's refrigeration power to prevent it. During the experimental testing of the new liquid hydrogen target with cooled shield it was successfully proofed. The cold down time was 90 minutes and GM cryocooler worked well. However, a lot of problems were recognized when liquid helium target was running. Authors assumed that additional research of heat leaks and radiation losses is necessary.
DOI: 10.11571/upei-roblib-data/researchdata:410
title: Bioenergetic and volume regulatory effects of mitoKATP channel
modulators protect against hypoxia–reoxygenation-induced
mitochondrial dysfunction
DOI: 10.18462/iir.nh3-co2.2019.0001
title: The road ahead for ammonia and carbon dioxide refrigerants.

description: The natural refrigerants carbon dioxide and ammonia are both seen as feasible alternatives to fluorinated hydrocarbons for vapour compression refrigeration and have been widely used over the last 30 years in a wide range of markets. This paper reviews some success stories to date and considers what possible new uses could be added to the range of applications under consideration.
The motivation for change is considered, with several factors classified as supporting or blocking the adoption of these refrigerants.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.nh3-co2.2019.0007
title: Energy consumption of hot gas, electrical and brine defrost.

description: Based on lab measurements, field measurements and a validated simulation model, the energy consumption of 4 different defrost methods is compared: pressure controlled hot gas defrost, liquid drain controlled hot gas defrost, electrical defrost and brine defrost. The lab and field measurements are used to validate the simulation model, which is then used to identify the losses introduced by the different defrost methods. The energy consumption of the different methods as a function of the defrost time is presented, and the paper is concluding on the most energy efficient method.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.nh3-co2.2019.0021
title: Freezing of mackerel filets in a two-step freezing process.

description: Mackerel is a pelagic fish caught outside of the Norwegian coastline, mainly from September to November. Most of the fish is exported from Norway and most of it is transported whole and frozen, without gutting. There is an increased focus on improving the equipment and the processes for filleting of the mackerel to ensure a high-quality filet product as an alternative. This paper describes the freezing process of a new processing line in the south-west of Norway. The process consists of two freezers, one belt freezer and one spiral freezer, both attached to a centralized ammonia refrigeration system. Measurements of temperatures and other factors at the processing plant have been conducted and this has contributed to an optimized process, ensuring that the fillets have reached the intended temperature before they enter the freezing storage. Product quality and energy consumption has also been considered.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.nh3-co2.2019.0025
title: Analysis of energy consumption by applying a new generation of CO2 compressors.

description: A new generation of energy-efficient compressors for the natural refrigerant CO2, called ECOLINE+, offers maximum efficiency for the lowest carbon footprint possible. Line start permanent magnet motors (LSPM) are applied with this compressor range and show the core of the improvement. This motor technology is a hybrid solution that contains a stator and a squirrel-cage rotor with additional permanent magnets, combining the robust design and the line starting behavior of the asynchronous motor with the higher efficiency of a synchronous motor. Due to the synchronous speed of the motor, no voltage is induced and as a consequence, no current flows through the rotor. This effect reduces rotor aluminum losses and therewith increases the motor efficiency. Due to lower electrical losses and synchronous speed, the mass flow rate is intensified as well. Based on the EN13215:2016 and the applied rating points, the work shows the potential to reduce the energy consumption and increase the seasonal efficiency performance ratio (SEPR). The analytical study breaks down in detail the influences on the motor and compressor efficiency.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.nh3-co2.2019.0011
title: Multi-objective optimization of low charge liquid overfeed ammonia evaporators for industrial refrigeration.

description: Charge minimization in ammonia refrigeration systems is pertinent due to safety restrictions associated to these systems. The objective of the present research is to minimize the ammonia charge and the required heat transfer area of evaporators in large-scale ammonia refrigeration systems by numerical optimization. The studied evaporator is a traditional flooded inline finned tube evaporator operated with pumped liquid recirculation rated to 22 kW cooling capacity. The optimization involved the interaction between heat-exchanger design parameters such as transverse tube pitch, longitudinal tube pitch, tube diameter and number of tube circuits, and operation parameters such as ammonia circulation ratio. The boundary conditions were the given required cooling capacity, the air volume flow rate and the frontal area, and provided the same cooling load and air throw length in a given cold store for each solution of the optimization. Furthermore, the airside pressure drop was constraint to less than 55 Pa, and the fin spacing was fixed at 12 mm to accommodate freezing conditions. The results show that a significant reduction in refrigerant charge and heat transfer area is possible through smaller tube diameters, a higher number of tubes per row and more refrigerant circuits.