cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829575.v1
title: Does rumination mediate the relationship between emotion regulation ability and posttraumatic stress disorder?

description: Trauma-related rumination has been suggested to be involved in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This view has empirically been supported by extensive evidence using cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental designs. However, it is unclear why trauma survivors engage in rumination despite its negative consequences. The current study aimed to explore the hypothesis that low emotion regulation ability underlies trauma-related rumination. Emotion regulation ability and trauma-related rumination were assessed in 93 road traffic accident survivors 2 weeks post-trauma. In addition, symptom levels of PTSD were assessed at 2 weeks as well as 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up. Emotion regulation ability was significantly related to trauma-related rumination as well as levels of PTSD symptoms. In addition, the association between low emotion regulation ability and PTSD was mediated by rumination. The findings support the view that rumination is used as a dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy by trauma survivors.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829578
title: Psychosocial facets of resilience: implications for preventing posttrauma psychopathology, treating trauma survivors, and enhancing community resilience

description: There is a range of potential responses to stress and trauma. Whereas, on one extreme, some respond to stress and trauma by developing psychiatric disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD), on the other extreme are the ones who exhibit resilience. Resilience is broadly defined as adaptive characteristics of an individual to cope with and recover from adversity. Understanding of the factors that promote resilience is warranted and can be obtained by interviewing and learning from particularly resilient individuals as well as empirical research. In this paper, we discuss a constellation of factors comprising cognitive, behavioral, and existential elements that have been identified as contributing to resilience in response to stress or trauma. The psychosocial factors associated with resilience include optimism, cognitive flexibility, active coping skills, maintaining a supportive social network, attending to one's physical well-being, and embracing a personal moral compass. These factors can be cultivated even before exposure to traumatic events, or they can be targeted in interventions for individuals recovering from trauma exposure. Currently available interventions for PTSD could be expanded to further address these psychosocial factors in an effort to promote resilience. The cognitive, behavioral, and existential components of psychosocial factors that promote individual resilience can also inform efforts to promote resilience to disaster at the community level.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829584
title: The role of attachment in recovery after a school-shooting trauma

description: Survivors of life-endangering trauma use varying resources that help them to recover. Attachment system activates in the times of distress, and is expected to associate with stress responses, arousal regulation, and mental health. We examined the associations of attachment style with posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) symptoms and dissociative symptoms, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among students exposed to a school shooting in Finland in a three-wave follow-up setting. Participants were students (<i>M</i> <sub>age</sub>=24.9 years; 95% female) who were followed 4 (T1, <i>N</i>=236), 16 (T2, <i>N</i>=180), and 28 months (T3, <i>N</i>=137) after the shooting. The assessments included the Attachment Style Questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale, part of the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Securely attached survivors had lower levels of posttraumatic stress and dissociative symptoms than preoccupied at T1 and T2 as hypothesized. At T3 survivors with avoidant attachment style had higher levels of intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms than those with secure style. Concerning PTG, survivors with avoidant attachment style scored lower in PTG at T3 than survivors with both secure and preoccupied style. Secure attachment style was beneficial in trauma recovery. A challenge to the health care systems is to acknowledge that survivors with preoccupied and avoidant attachment styles react uniquely to trauma, and thus need help in different doses, modalities, and timings.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829572
title: PTSD and loss: preliminary findings from a territory-wide epidemiology study in Hong Kong

description: The study examined the prevalence of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among community dwelling Chinese adults in Hong Kong. The relationship of traumatic life events (including loss) and mental health has been investigated. The sampling of the collaborative study (HKMMS: Hong Kong Mental Morbidity Survey) adopts a multi-stage stratification approach with the distribution of residential premises in different geographical districts and the relative proportion of private versus public housing units taken into consideration. In Phase I of this study, 4,644 adults were screened for PTSD with the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ) and Life Event Checklist (LEC), Beck's scales and CIS-R (Revised Clinical Interview Schedule). In Phase II of the study, clinical psychologists conducted the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) for 92 participants (results not reported here). Among Phase I participants, 65% reported traumatic experience (including 18% who reported personal experience of sudden death of significant others). Age and gender make a difference in traumatic experience. When compared to participants who reported no traumatic experience in the past, participants who reported to have personal experience of sudden death of significant others or other traumatic experiences were found to have higher TSQ scores, higher psychological distress, lower social support (PSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and lower life functioning (SOFAS: Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale), <i>p</i>&lt;0.001. Findings of hierarchical regression showed that type of trauma (i.e., loss, other trauma, or no trauma) contributed significantly to the prediction of all the mental health indices after demographic and social variables were controlled. Public education on the association of traumatic experience and psychological health, as well as the monitoring of mental health for at-risk individuals are suggested for early identification of people in need of mental health services.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829575
title: Does rumination mediate the relationship between emotion regulation ability and posttraumatic stress disorder?

description: Trauma-related rumination has been suggested to be involved in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This view has empirically been supported by extensive evidence using cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental designs. However, it is unclear why trauma survivors engage in rumination despite its negative consequences. The current study aimed to explore the hypothesis that low emotion regulation ability underlies trauma-related rumination. Emotion regulation ability and trauma-related rumination were assessed in 93 road traffic accident survivors 2 weeks post-trauma. In addition, symptom levels of PTSD were assessed at 2 weeks as well as 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up. Emotion regulation ability was significantly related to trauma-related rumination as well as levels of PTSD symptoms. In addition, the association between low emotion regulation ability and PTSD was mediated by rumination. The findings support the view that rumination is used as a dysfunctional emotion regulation strategy by trauma survivors.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829581
title: Adult attachment styles and the psychological response to infant bereavement

description: Based on Bowlby's attachment theory, Bartholomew proposed a four-category attachment typology by which individuals judged themselves and adult relationships. This explanatory model has since been used to help explain the risk of psychiatric comorbidity. The current study aimed to identify attachment typologies based on Bartholomew's attachment styles in a sample of bereaved parents on dimensions of closeness/dependency and anxiety. In addition, it sought to assess the relationship between the resultant attachment typology with a range of psychological trauma variables. The current study was based on a sample of 445 bereaved parents who had experienced either peri- or post-natal death of an infant. Adult attachment was assessed using the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) while reaction to trauma was assessed using the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC). A latent profile analysis was conducted on scores from the RAAS closeness/dependency and anxiety subscales to ascertain if there were underlying homogeneous attachment classes. Emergent classes were used to determine if these were significantly different in terms of mean scores on TSC scales. A four-class solution was considered the optimal based on fit statistics and interpretability of the results. Classes were labelled “Fearful,” “Preoccupied,” “Dismissing,” and “Secure.” Females were almost eight times more likely than males to be members of the fearful attachment class. This class evidenced the highest scores across all TSC scales while the secure class showed the lowest scores. The results are consistent with Bartholomew's four-category attachment styles with classes representing secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissing types. While the loss of an infant is a devastating experience for any parent, securely attached individuals showed the lowest levels of psychopathology compared to fearful, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles. This may suggest that a secure attachment style is protective against trauma-related psychological distress.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829581.v1
title: Adult attachment styles and the psychological response to infant bereavement

description: Based on Bowlby's attachment theory, Bartholomew proposed a four-category attachment typology by which individuals judged themselves and adult relationships. This explanatory model has since been used to help explain the risk of psychiatric comorbidity. The current study aimed to identify attachment typologies based on Bartholomew's attachment styles in a sample of bereaved parents on dimensions of closeness/dependency and anxiety. In addition, it sought to assess the relationship between the resultant attachment typology with a range of psychological trauma variables. The current study was based on a sample of 445 bereaved parents who had experienced either peri- or post-natal death of an infant. Adult attachment was assessed using the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) while reaction to trauma was assessed using the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC). A latent profile analysis was conducted on scores from the RAAS closeness/dependency and anxiety subscales to ascertain if there were underlying homogeneous attachment classes. Emergent classes were used to determine if these were significantly different in terms of mean scores on TSC scales. A four-class solution was considered the optimal based on fit statistics and interpretability of the results. Classes were labelled “Fearful,” “Preoccupied,” “Dismissing,” and “Secure.” Females were almost eight times more likely than males to be members of the fearful attachment class. This class evidenced the highest scores across all TSC scales while the secure class showed the lowest scores. The results are consistent with Bartholomew's four-category attachment styles with classes representing secure, fearful, preoccupied, and dismissing types. While the loss of an infant is a devastating experience for any parent, securely attached individuals showed the lowest levels of psychopathology compared to fearful, preoccupied, or dismissing attachment styles. This may suggest that a secure attachment style is protective against trauma-related psychological distress.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829587
title: Adherence to a web-based intervention program for traumatized persons in mainland China

description: This paper investigated adherence to a self-help web-based intervention for PTSD (Chinese My Trauma Recovery, CMTR) in mainland China and evaluated the association between adherence measures and potential predictors, for example, traumatic symptoms and self-efficacy. Data from 56 urban and 90 rural trauma survivors were reported who used at least one of the seven recovery modules of CMTR. The results showed that 80% urban users visited CMTR four or less days and 87% rural users visited CMTR for 5 or 6 days. On average, urban users visited 2.54 (SD=1.99) modules on the first visiting day and less from the second day; rural users visited 1.10 (SD=0.54) modules on the first visiting day, and it became stable in the following days. In both samples, depression scores at pre-test were significantly or trend significantly associated with the number of visited web pages in the relaxation and professional help modules (<i>r</i>=0.20–0.26, all <i>p</i>&lt;0.14); traumatic symptom scores at pre-test significantly or trend significantly correlated to the number of visited web pages in the relaxation, professional help, and mastery tools modules (<i>r</i>=0.20–0.26, all <i>p</i>&lt;0.10). Moreover, urban users’ coping self-efficacy scores at pre-test significantly or trend significantly related to the number of visited web pages in the relaxation, professional help, social support, and mastery tool modules (<i>r</i>=0.20–0.33, all <i>p</i>&lt;0.16). These findings suggest that individuals tend to focus on one or two recovery modules when they visit CMTR, and the number of web pages visited during the intervention period relates to users’ traumatic and depressive symptoms and self-efficacy before intervention.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829584.v1
title: The role of attachment in recovery after a school-shooting trauma

description: Survivors of life-endangering trauma use varying resources that help them to recover. Attachment system activates in the times of distress, and is expected to associate with stress responses, arousal regulation, and mental health. We examined the associations of attachment style with posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) symptoms and dissociative symptoms, and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among students exposed to a school shooting in Finland in a three-wave follow-up setting. Participants were students (<i>M</i> <sub>age</sub>=24.9 years; 95% female) who were followed 4 (T1, <i>N</i>=236), 16 (T2, <i>N</i>=180), and 28 months (T3, <i>N</i>=137) after the shooting. The assessments included the Attachment Style Questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale, part of the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Securely attached survivors had lower levels of posttraumatic stress and dissociative symptoms than preoccupied at T1 and T2 as hypothesized. At T3 survivors with avoidant attachment style had higher levels of intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms than those with secure style. Concerning PTG, survivors with avoidant attachment style scored lower in PTG at T3 than survivors with both secure and preoccupied style. Secure attachment style was beneficial in trauma recovery. A challenge to the health care systems is to acknowledge that survivors with preoccupied and avoidant attachment styles react uniquely to trauma, and thus need help in different doses, modalities, and timings.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829587.v1
title: Adherence to a web-based intervention program for traumatized persons in mainland China

description: This paper investigated adherence to a self-help web-based intervention for PTSD (Chinese My Trauma Recovery, CMTR) in mainland China and evaluated the association between adherence measures and potential predictors, for example, traumatic symptoms and self-efficacy. Data from 56 urban and 90 rural trauma survivors were reported who used at least one of the seven recovery modules of CMTR. The results showed that 80% urban users visited CMTR four or less days and 87% rural users visited CMTR for 5 or 6 days. On average, urban users visited 2.54 (SD=1.99) modules on the first visiting day and less from the second day; rural users visited 1.10 (SD=0.54) modules on the first visiting day, and it became stable in the following days. In both samples, depression scores at pre-test were significantly or trend significantly associated with the number of visited web pages in the relaxation and professional help modules (<i>r</i>=0.20–0.26, all <i>p</i>&lt;0.14); traumatic symptom scores at pre-test significantly or trend significantly correlated to the number of visited web pages in the relaxation, professional help, and mastery tools modules (<i>r</i>=0.20–0.26, all <i>p</i>&lt;0.10). Moreover, urban users’ coping self-efficacy scores at pre-test significantly or trend significantly related to the number of visited web pages in the relaxation, professional help, social support, and mastery tool modules (<i>r</i>=0.20–0.33, all <i>p</i>&lt;0.16). These findings suggest that individuals tend to focus on one or two recovery modules when they visit CMTR, and the number of web pages visited during the intervention period relates to users’ traumatic and depressive symptoms and self-efficacy before intervention.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829590
title: Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives

description: In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on numerous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829184
title: Enhanced screening for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid diagnoses in children and adolescents

description: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a debilitating disorder and often co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, such as mood, behavioral, and anxiety disorders. Early identification of PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity is highly relevant in order to offer children appropriate and timely treatment. The Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) is a reliable and valid self-report measure designed to screen children for PTSD. However, this measure is not useful as a screen for psychiatric comorbidity in children with probable PTSD. This study evaluated the screening accuracy of the CRIES-Plus, that is, the CRIES-13 combined with 12 additional items to detect psychiatric comorbidity. The CRIES-Plus was completed by 398 Dutch children (7–18 years) exposed to various traumatic events. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child version. Six additional items were significantly associated with mood disorders, three items were associated with behavioral disorders, and five items with anxiety disorders. Additional items associated with mood and anxiety disorders demonstrated good discriminatory ability, with cut-off scores of ≥14 and ≥10, respectively. Items associated with behavioral disorders had poor to fair discriminatory ability, with no clear cut-off point. Our findings support the use of the CRIES-Plus to screen for PTSD and comorbid disorders which may help clinicians in assigning appropriate follow-up diagnostic and clinical care.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21829184.v1
title: Enhanced screening for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid diagnoses in children and adolescents

description: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a debilitating disorder and often co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, such as mood, behavioral, and anxiety disorders. Early identification of PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity is highly relevant in order to offer children appropriate and timely treatment. The Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-13) is a reliable and valid self-report measure designed to screen children for PTSD. However, this measure is not useful as a screen for psychiatric comorbidity in children with probable PTSD. This study evaluated the screening accuracy of the CRIES-Plus, that is, the CRIES-13 combined with 12 additional items to detect psychiatric comorbidity. The CRIES-Plus was completed by 398 Dutch children (7–18 years) exposed to various traumatic events. Psychiatric diagnoses were assessed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child version. Six additional items were significantly associated with mood disorders, three items were associated with behavioral disorders, and five items with anxiety disorders. Additional items associated with mood and anxiety disorders demonstrated good discriminatory ability, with cut-off scores of ≥14 and ≥10, respectively. Items associated with behavioral disorders had poor to fair discriminatory ability, with no clear cut-off point. Our findings support the use of the CRIES-Plus to screen for PTSD and comorbid disorders which may help clinicians in assigning appropriate follow-up diagnostic and clinical care.