cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9114
title: Data from: Microgeographic socio-genetic structure of an African cooperative breeding passerine revealed: integrating behavioural and genetic data.

description: Dispersal can be motivated by multiple factors including sociality.
 Dispersal behaviour affects population genetic structure that in turn
 reinforces social organization. We combined observational information with
 individual-based genetic data in the Karoo scrub-robin, a facultative
 cooperatively breeding bird, to understand how social bonds within
 familial groups affect mating patterns, cause sex asymmetry in dispersal
 behavior and ultimately influence the evolution of dispersal. Our results
 revealed that males and females do not have symmetrical roles in
 structuring the population. Males are extremely philopatric and tend to
 delay dispersal until they gain a breeding position within a radius of two
 territories around the natal site. By contrast, females dispersed over
 larger distances, as soon as they reach independence. This resulted in
 male neighbourhoods characterized by high genetic relatedness. The
 long-distance dispersal strategy of females ensured that Karoo
 scrub-robins do not pair with relatives thereby compensating for male
 philopatry caused by cooperation. The observed female-biased strategy
 seems to be the most prominent mechanism to reduce the risk of inbreeding
 that characterizes social breeding system. This study demonstrates that
 tying together ecological data, such as breeding status, determining
 social relationships with genetic data, such as kinship, provides valuable
 insights into the proximate causes of dispersal, which are central to any
 evolutionary interpretation.
description: Dispersal and Genotypes
 KAROindividual
 microsatellites genotypes and dispersal dataDispersalandGenotypesKARO.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kv558
title: Data from: Chronic impairment of bumblebee natural foraging behaviour induced by sublethal pesticide exposure

description: 1. Insect pollination is a vital ecosystem service that maintains
 biodiversity and sustains agricultural crop yields. Social bees are
 essential insect pollinators so it is concerning that their populations
 are in global decline. 2. Although pesticide exposure has been implicated
 as a possible cause for bee declines, we currently have a limited
 understanding of the risk these chemicals pose. Whilst environmental
 exposure to pesticides typically has non-lethal effects on individual
 bees, recent reports suggest that sublethal exposure can affect important
 behavioural traits such as foraging. However, at present we know
 comparatively little about how natural foraging behaviour is impaired and
 the relative impacts of acute and chronic effects. 3. Using Radio
 Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging technology we examined how the
 day-to-day foraging patterns of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) were
 affected when exposed to either a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) and/or a
 pyrethroid (λ-cyhalothrin) independently and in combination over a four
 week period. This is the first study to provide data on the impacts of
 combined and individual pesticide exposure on the temporal dynamics of
 foraging behaviour in the field over a prolonged period of time. 4. Our
 results show that neonicotinoid exposure has both acute and chronic
 effects on overall foraging activity. While foragers from control colonies
 improved their pollen foraging performance as they gained experience, the
 performance of bees exposed to imidacloprid became worse: chronic
 behavioural impairment. We also found evidence suggesting that pesticide
 exposure can change forager preferences for the flower types from which
 they collect pollen. 5. Our findings highlight the importance of
 considering prolonged exposure (which happens in the field) when assessing
 the risk that pesticides pose to bees. The effects of chronic pesticide
 exposure could have serious detrimental consequences for both colony
 survival and also the pollination services provided by these essential
 insect pollinators.
description: Foraging_durationNumber of foraging bouts performed by a single forager per day, and mean duration of those foraging bouts.Pollen_score_colourSize and colour of pollen loads for a single foraging bout (sorted by Bee ID).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fb8tk
title: Data from: Microgeographic maladaptive performance and deme depression in response to roads and runoff

description: Despite theoretical understanding and empirical detection of local
 adaptation in natural environments, our knowledge of such divergence in
 fragmented habitats remains limited, especially in the context of
 microgeographic spatial scales and contemporary time scales. I used a
 combination of reciprocal transplant and common garden exposure
 experiments to evaluate potential microgeographic divergence in a
 pool-breeding amphibian occupying a landscape fragmented by roads. As
 indicated by reduced rates of survival and increased rates of
 malformation, I found evidence for maladaptation in road adjacent
 populations. This response is in direct counterpoint to recently described
 local adaption by a cohabiting species of amphibian. These results suggest
 that while divergence might commonly follow habitat modification, the
 direction of its outcome cannot be generalized even in identical habitats.
 Further, maladaptive responses can be associated with a more generalized
 depression effect that transcends the local environment. Alongside recent
 reports, these results suggest that maladaptive responses may be an
 emerging consequence of human-induced environmental change. Thus future
 studies should carefully consider the population unit as a key level for
 inference.
description: Environmental data used
 in MANOVAData were collected at
 each experimental pool to investigate abiotic conditions across roadside
 and woodland pools.EnvData.csvSurvival, growth, and development from embryo to hatchling.These data report the survival from embryo to hatchling in the reciprocal transplant experiment. Additionally, container level averages are provided for embryo size, embryo developmental stage, hatchling size, and hatchling developmental stage. The derived estimates for both logistic growth and logistic developmental rates are also provided.Surv_Growth_Develop_Data.csvSurvival following acute exposure to road salt.These data report the number of animals stocked into and surviving the acute exposure to road salt experiment.AcuteSurvival.csvSurvival and malformation of hatchlings following chronic exposure to road salt.These data report the number of animals that survived from embryo to hatchling, and the number of hatchlings with malformations, following chronic exposure to three concentrations of road salt.ChronicHatchSurv&Malform.csvSize and developmental stage of hatchlings following chronic exposure to road salt.Size and developmental stage of hatchlings following chronic exposure to road salt.ChronicHatchingSize&Develop.csvFecundity of female wood frogsEach gravid wood frogs in this dataset were collected from the wild, paired with a male, and position to oviposit in an enclosure. The data reported here show the size of each female and the number of eggs laid.Fecundity.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g12v1
title: Data from: Disentangling the roles of natural selection and genetic drift in shaping variation at MHC immunity genes

description: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) forms an integral component of
 the vertebrate immune response, and, due to strong selection pressures, is
 one of the most polymorphic regions of the entire genome. Despite over 15
 years of research, empirical studies offer highly contradictory
 explanations of the relative roles of opposing evolutionary forces,
 selection and genetic drift, acting on MHC genes during population
 bottlenecks. Here, we take a meta-analytical approach to quantify the
 results of studies into the effects of bottlenecks on MHC polymorphism. We
 show that the consequences of selection acting on MHC loci prior to a
 bottleneck event, combined with drift during the bottleneck, will result
 in overall loss of MHC polymorphism that is approximately 15% greater than
 loss of neutral genetic diversity. These results are counter to general
 expectations that selection should maintain MHC polymorphism, but do agree
 with the results of recent simulation models and at least two empirical
 studies. Notably, our results suggest that negative frequency-dependent
 selection could be more important than overdominance for maintaining high
 MHC polymorphism in pre-bottlenecked populations.
description: genetic_unit_level_dataMeta-analysis data as collected from included studies. Header descriptions are included as comments in the cells containing the column names.population_unit_level_data_UNIVARIATE FORMATMeta-analysis data formatted for univariate-BMM models. Refer to comments in cells containing column headings for descriptions.population_unit_level_data_BIVARIATE FORMATMeta-analysis data formatted for bivariate-BMM model. Refer to comments in cell containing column headings for descriptions.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cq408t7
title: Data from: Plasticity-led evolution: evaluating the key prediction of frequency-dependent adaptation

description: Plasticity-led evolution occurs when a change in the environment triggers
 a change in phenotype via phenotypic plasticity, and this pre-existing
 plasticity is subsequently refined by selection into an adaptive
 phenotype. A critical, but largely untested prediction of plasticity-led
 evolution (and evolution by natural selection generally) is that the rate
 and magnitude of evolutionary change should be positively associated with
 a phenotype’s frequency of expression in a population. Essentially, the
 more often a phenotype is expressed and exposed to selection, the greater
 its opportunity for adaptive refinement. We tested this prediction by
 competing against each other spadefoot toad tadpoles from different
 natural populations that vary in how frequently they express a novel,
 environmentally induced carnivore ecomorph. As expected, lab-reared
 tadpoles whose parents were derived from populations that express the
 carnivore ecomorph more frequently were superior competitors for the
 resource for which this ecomorph is specialized—fairy shrimp. These
 tadpoles were better at utilizing this resource both because they were
 more efficient at capturing and consuming shrimp and because they produced
 more exaggerated carnivore traits. Moreover, they exhibited these more
 carnivore-like features even without experiencing the inducing cue,
 suggesting that this ecomorph has undergone an extreme form of
 plasticity-led evolution––genetic assimilation. Thus, our findings provide
 evidence that the frequency of trait expression drives the magnitude of
 adaptive refinement, thereby validating a key prediction of plasticity-led
 evolution specifically and adaptive evolution generally.
description: Data for
 Levis&Pfennig Proceedings B submissionData accompanying main
 text analysesData for Levis&Pfennig
 PRSL.xlsxAppendix 1 aggregation
 size dataAppendix 1 aggregation
 size dataar.appendix.1.aggregation
 sizes.xlsxAppendix 2 wild-caught
 dataAppendix 2 wild-caught
 dataar.
 Appendix 2 field data.xlsxAppendix 2 Trait
 evolution dataAppendix 2 Trait
 evolution dataar.appendix.2.trait.evolution.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pq6d7
title: Data from: Commonness and ecology, but not bigger brains, predict urban living in birds

description: Background: Several life history and ecological variables have been
 reported to affect the likelihood of species becoming urbanized. Recently,
 studies have also focused on the role of brain size in explaining ability
 to adapt to urban environments. In contrast, however, little is known
 about the effect of colonization pressure from surrounding areas, which
 may confound conclusions about what makes a species urban. We recorded
 presence/absence data for birds in 93 urban sites in Oslo (Norway) and
 compared these with species lists generated from 137 forest and 51
 farmland sites surrounding Oslo which may represent source populations for
 colonization. Results: We found that the frequency (proportion of sites
 where present) of a species within the city was strongly and positively
 associated with its frequency in sites surrounding the city, as were both
 species breeding habitat and nest site location. In contrast, there were
 generally no significant effects of relative brain mass or migration on
 urban occupancy. Furthermore, analyses of previously published data showed
 that urban density of birds in six other European cities was also
 positively and significantly associated with density in areas outside
 cities, whereas relative brain mass showed no such relationship.
 Conclusions: These results suggest that urban bird communities are
 primarily determined by how frequently species occurred in the surrounding
 landscapes and by features of ecology (i.e. breeding habitat and nest site
 location), whereas species’ relative brain mass had no significant
 effects.
description: Primary data on
 presence/absence of bird species in Oslo, NorwayThe data file contains
 information on presence/absence of 90 bird species in 93 urban sites in
 Oslo and 176 rural sites in the surroundings of Oslo, together with
 information on location and size of each site.Daleetal-datafile.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3nh72
title: Data from: Patchy distribution and low effective population size raise concern for an at-risk top predator

description: Aim: Understanding carnivore distribution is important for management
 decisions that aim to restore naturally-regulated ecosystems and preserve
 biodiversity. Eastern Wolves, a species at risk in Canada, are centralized
 in Algonquin Provincial Park and their ability to disperse and establish
 themselves elsewhere is limited by human-caused mortality associated with
 hunting, trapping, and vehicle collisions. Here, we refine our
 understanding of Eastern Wolf distribution and provide the first estimates
 of their effective population size. Location: Southern Ontario and
 Gatineau Quebec. Methods: We used noninvasive samples, as well as blood
 samples archived from other research projects, collected between 2010 –
 2014 to generate autosomal microsatellite genotypes at 12 loci for 98
 Canis individuals. We utilized Bayesian and multivariate clustering
 analyses to identify Eastern Wolves in regions that were previously
 unsampled. Both linkage disequilibrium and temporal approaches were used
 to estimate effective population size of Eastern Wolves. Results:
 Assignment tests identified 34 individuals as Eastern Wolves, primarily in
 or near two provincial parks: Killarney and Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands.
 Eastern Coyotes were identified in Bon Echo Provincial Park, Frontenac
 Provincial Park, and Gatineau Park, whereas many of the samples were
 admixed among the different Canis types. Effective population size (Ne)
 estimates ranged from 24.3 – 122.1 with a harmonic mean of 45.6. Main
 Conclusions: The identification of Eastern Wolves in the regions of
 Killarney and Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Parks extends the
 range of Eastern Wolves north of the French River and southward into
 previously unidentified regions. The effective population size is low and
 raises concerns for long-term persistence of this threatened carnivore;
 values are dangerously close to critical values recommended for short-term
 persistence. These results provide important information for upcoming
 Eastern Wolf recovery plans associated with federal and provincial
 endangered species legislation.
description: Appendix
 S1Data includes sample ID,
 location, Q value assignment scores from Structure, confidence intervals
 of assignment, and 12 autosomal microsatellite scores.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vm060
title: Data from: Natural allelic variations of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes affect sexual dimorphism in Oryzias latipes

description: Sexual dimorphisms, which are phenotypic differences between males and
 females, are driven by sexual selection. Interestingly, sexually selected
 traits show geographical variations within species despite strong
 directional selective pressures. This paradox has eluded many evolutionary
 biologists for some time, and several models have been proposed (e.g.
 ‘indicator model’ and ‘trade-off model’). However, disentangling which of
 these theories explains empirical patterns remains difficult, because
 genetic polymorphisms that cause variation in sexual differences are still
 unknown. In this study, we show that polymorphisms in cytochrome P450
 (CYP) 1B1, which encodes a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme, are associated
 with geographical differences in sexual dimorphism in the anal fin
 morphology of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Biochemical assays and
 genetic cross experiments show that high- and low-activity CYP1B1 alleles
 enhanced and declined sex differences in anal fin shapes, respectively.
 Behavioural and phylogenetic analyses suggest maintenance of the
 high-activity allele by sexual selection, whereas the low-activity allele
 possibly has experienced positive selection due to by-product effects of
 CYP1B1 in inferred ancestral populations. The present data can elucidate
 evolutionary mechanisms behind genetic variations in sexual dimorphism and
 indicate trade-off interactions between two distinct mechanisms acting on
 the two alleles with pleiotropic effects of xenobiotic-metabolizing
 enzymes.
description: Morphological data from
 two medaka populationsRaw morphological data
 from Tanabe and Maegok populations.Morphological data from Tanabe
 and Maegok populations.xlsxF2_Phenotype_and_Genotype_dataRaw morphological data, genetic sex, and CYP1B1 genotypes from F2 individuals.Enzyme Activities of CYP1A and CYP1B1 allelesRaw and relative enzyme activities of CYP1A and CYP1B1 allelesMeasurement of Enzyme Activity.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2jf3787
title: Data from: Genetic and epigenetic changes during the invasion of a cosmopolitan species (Phragmites australis)

description: While many introduced invasive species can increase genetic diversity
 through multiple introductions and/or hybridization to colonize
 successfully in new environments, others with low genetic diversity have
 to persist by alternative mechanisms such as epigenetic variation. Given
 that Phragmites australis is a cosmopolitan reed growing in a wide range
 of habitats and its invasion history, especially in North America, has
 been relatively well studied, it provides an ideal system for studying the
 role and relationship of genetic and epigenetic variation in biological
 invasions. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and
 methylation-sensitive (MS) - AFLP methods to evaluate genetic and
 epigenetic diversity and structure in groups of the common reed across its
 range in the world. Evidence from analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)
 based on AFLP and MS-AFLP data supported the previous conclusion that the
 invasive introduced populations of P. australis in North America were from
 European and Mediterranean regions. In the Gulf Coast region, the
 introduced group harboured a high level of genetic variation relative to
 originating group from its native location, and it showed epigenetic
 diversity equal to that of the native group, if not higher, while the
 introduced group held lower genetic diversity than the native. In the
 Great Lakes region, the native group displayed very low genetic and
 epigenetic variation, and the introduced one showed slightly lower genetic
 and epigenetic diversity than the original one. Unexpectedly, AMOVA and
 principle component analysis (PCA) did not demonstrate any epigenetic
 convergence between native and introduced groups before genetic
 convergence. Our results suggested that intertwined changes in genetic and
 epigenetic variation were involved in the invasion success in North
 America. Although our study did not provide strong evidence proving the
 importance of epigenetic variation prior to genetic, it implied the same
 similar role of stable epigenetic diversity to genetic diversity in the
 adaptation of P. australis to local environment.
description: Raw data for
 provenances, AFLP and MS-AFLPRawData.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hm043k3
title: Data from: Non-invasive measurement of metabolic rates in wild, free-living birds using doubly labelled water

description: 1. Doubly labelled water (DLW) is routinely used to measure energy
 expenditure and water turnover in free-ranging animals. Standard methods
 involve capture, blood sampling for baseline measurement, injection with
 isotopic tracers, captivity for an equilibration period, post-dose blood
 sampling, release, and subsequent re-capture for final blood sampling.
 Single sampling methods that minimise disturbance by reducing capture and
 handling time have been developed and tested. Sampling faeces rather than
 blood could further reduce disturbance to study animals in a range of
 species and study systems. However, the extent to which estimates of
 metabolic rate derived from blood and faecal samples diverge has not been
 investigated. 2. We compared isotopic enrichment in blood and faecal
 samples taken concurrently from captive Southern Pied Babblers Turdoides
 bicolor. Isotopic enrichment levels in faeces and in blood were used to
 calculate initial and final ratios of (δ^18 O_i)/(δ^2 H_i ) for each
 individual. We then used these ratios to calculate daily energy
 expenditure (DEE) and directly compared measurements from blood samples
 with those from faecal samples within individuals. We found that faecal
 sampling resulted in estimates of DEE that agree with those based on blood
 sampling. 3. Additionally, we field-tested a faecal sampling protocol with
 a habituated population of babblers in the southern Kalahari Desert.
 During the field test, study animals were not captured or handled for
 either dosing or sampling. Field-testing confirmed the practical
 feasibility of non-invasive dosing and sampling techniques in free-living
 animals, and we obtained measurements of DEE that we used to test an a
 priori prediction that DEE is inversely related to air temperature. Our
 data show decreasing DEE with increasing air temperature, a pattern
 consistent with studies testing similar predictions in birds using
 traditional DLW methods. 4 We demonstrate that faecal samples can
 substitute for blood when measuring DEE using DLW and provide a method
 that will allow field-based researchers to obtain sound physiological
 measurements while minimising handling and removal of study animals from
 their natural environments.
description: All data for captive
 birdsThis data file includes
 all isotope enrichments values for every blood and faecal sample collected
 from each bird in the captive birds component of our study. It also
 includes the calculations used to determine DEE and all formulas link to
 the samples used so that readers can review the data used in
 detail.FEBourne_AllDataCaptiveBabblers.xlsxAll data for free-living birdsThis data file includes all isotope enrichments values for every faecal sample collected from each bird in the free-living birds component of our study. It also includes the calculations used to determine DEE and all formulas link to the particular samples used so that readers can review the data used in detail.FEBourne_AllDataFieldBabblers.xlsx
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pdvc7t
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 12129 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Clidemia hirta"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 12129 records from 385 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000771-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.