cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17478
title: Drawing of Mission San Diego Alcala, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Diego Alcala, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The mission consists of the two-story church and several smaller buildings. The church features a multi-curved parapet where on the peak sits a cross. Behind the church is a wall with multicurved parapets and supported by large wooden beams. A palm tree stands below the hill in front of the mission. A line of birds is crossing the sky overhead.; "It was a pitiful group of missionaries and soldiers who gathered on the shore of San Diego Bay on July 1, 1769. Of the 219 Spaniards who had left Lower California two months before, only half were still alive. Of the survivors, many were sick and exhausted. Even so, after two weeks' rest Governor Portola gathered the strongest men about him and set off northward in an attempt to locate Vizcaino's Bay of Monterey. Two days later, on July 16, 1769, a crude brushwood shelter had been erected. There Father Serra established Mission San Diego de Alcalá, which was to be the first of the famous California missions. The Indians, however, were slow in accepting the blessings offered. They approached the strangers with extreme caution at first, then later wandered about the new settlement stealing whatever they found the chance to carry away. Father Serra considered the loss of a few trinkets a small price to pay for the friendship of the natives, but the Spanish soldiers were resentful. When it appeared the Indians were approaching to steal in force, they were fired upon and quickly scattered by the soldiers. Naturally any conversions were thus considerably delayed. -- unknown author (part 1 of 2).; "Eventually the mission was moved six miles inland to separate mission and presidio. A later Indian attack, which could easily have been repulsed by the soldiers, destroyed the buildings, and killed a priest and two workmen. Then the mission was moved back to the presidio. But, that arrangement was no more satisfactory the second time than the first time, and the inland site became the final location of the San Diego Mission. The church of today was not completed until 1813. During the next 54 years the Spanish padres established a chain of 21 missions to the California Indians, which stretched along the coast for 600 miles from San Diego to Sonoma, north of San Francisco Bay. Originally the San Diego Mission and the Spanish presidio, or fort, were located on the hill above Old Town San Diego, but the mission was soon moved to its present location five miles up the San Diego River. Mexican secularization laws took away the vast mission property. It was not until 1862 that a mere 22 acres were returned to the Church by the U. S. Congress. The original buildings were in ruins. In 1931 restoration began which exactly duplicated the Padres' church and bell wall." -- unknown author (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m2601
title: Franciscan priest standing under a sycamore tree at Mission Santa Barbara, ca.1898-1899

description: Photograph of Franciscan priest standing under a sycamore tree at Mission Santa Barbara, ca.1898-1899. In the foreground at center, a wide dirt road can be seen extending into the extreme background at left. Standing on the road, a priest wearing a Franciscan habit is visible. Behind the priest at right, two very large sycamore trees can be seen. The trees stretch to the top of the image. A small sign can be seen on the trunk of one of the trees, and a wooden bench is also visible between the two trees. To the far right, a large stone wall can be seen stretching into the background at center. In the background, a small metal gate intersects with the stone wall. At the intersection, a large bell tower can be seen. Braches from the trees slightly obscures the bell tower.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17479
title: Drawing of Mission San Miguel Arcangel, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Miguel Arcangel, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The mission consists of consists of the church building (the main building) where attached to it is a long arcade. A smaller building is visible in the back of the church. Three bulls (or cows?) graze in the grassy area in front of the mission. Ruins of a wall creates are visible in the foreground.; "On July 25, 1797, Mission San Miguel Arcángel was founded in a fine valley near the juncture of the Salinas and Nacimiento Rivers. The spot was chosen, also, because it could be a stopping place halfway between the San Luis Obispo and San Antonio Missions. These Native Americans already knew about mission activities in the adjoining areas, and great numbers came to welcome the padres. Soon San Miguel was quite prosperous, despite poor soil and the excessively hot climate when compared to the coastal regions. Hundreds of Indians worked in the fields and vineyards, and as herdsmen. Others learned simple trades as carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, weavers, soap makers, leather workers, cooks and butchers. There were even native artists whose work has endured to this day. Without architect or engineer, the padres built a plain, rectangular adobe church lacking a bell tower. Roof and ceiling beams had to be brought from mountains 40 miles away. Then Estevan Munras, of Monterey, came to San Miguel and taught a few Indians the art of fresco painting. They decorated the bare walls of the church with intricate designs, which are still clear, and have not been retouched. Originally Mission San Miguel controlled lands up and down the Salinas River for 50 miles, and operated a rancho at San Simeon, on the coast. Eventually all was taken over by Mexican, then American settlers. The last padre left San Miguel in 1840, and the buildings were soon sold. The monastery became a shopping center, including the most popular saloon on El Camino Real. What was left of San Miguel was taken back by the Church in 1878. The Franciscans returned in 1928. Since that time an amazing recovery has been made, the years of neglect erased. The monastery building, now a museum, is fronted by a colonnade of arches where visitors stand in the shade to look out to a famous cactus garden." -- unknown author, January 2002.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m2936
title: Drawing of Mission La Purisima Concepcion near Lompoc, California, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of an etching of Mission La Purisima Concepcion near Lompoc, California, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The two-story mission, situated near a hillside, features a lengthy arcade, arched windows, and inclined roofs. A cow (or bull) drawn carriage is traveling is passing through.; "The "Queen of the Missions". On a spring day in 1782 the Padre Presidente of the California Missions, Father Junípero Serra, and the Spanish Governor de Neve founded (as Serra supposed) the presidio and mission of Santa Barbara. Today the mission archives preserve the record book of the mission, which the earnest padre carefully started on that day. But the arbitrary governor would not allow the actual establishment of the mission. A frustrated Father Serra retired to Carmel, where he died two years later on August 28, 1784. Father Fermin Lasuén, one of the missionaries who had arrived with Serra at San Diego, became the new Padre Presidente and the actual founder of Mission Santa Barbara, December 4, 1786. The difficult years were over and the "Golden Age" of the California Missions was dawning. Launched as it was at the beginning of such prosperous times, Santa Barbara had the greatest of good fortune during all its early years. True, an early church was destroyed in the earthquake of 1812, but a new and more impressive edifice was already needed. Santa Barbara's mission church, with its world-famous twin bell towers, boasts of a stone facade patterned after an ancient Latin temple in pre-Christian Rome. The design is traced to a book brought to California by the Franciscans, a Spanish reprint of an architecture book originally published in 27 B.C. This beautiful new church stood firm for over a hundred years until suffering severe damage in an earthquake in 1925. Two years of rebuilding plus later restoration work has maintained the exact original appearance. [...]" -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17480
title: Drawing of Mission Santa Barbara by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission Santa Barbara by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. A trail leads to the entrance of the church. The façade of the church is facing away from the hills behind it. Two towers with dome roofs flank the church.; "The "Queen of the Missions". On a spring day in 1782 the Padre Presidente of the California Missions, Father Junípero Serra, and the Spanish Governor de Neve founded (as Serra supposed) the presidio and mission of Santa Barbara. Today the mission archives preserve the record book of the mission, which the earnest padre carefully started on that day. But the arbitrary governor would not allow the actual establishment of the mission. A frustrated Father Serra retired to Carmel, where he died two years later on August 28, 1784. Father Fermin Lasuén, one of the missionaries who had arrived with Serra at San Diego, became the new Padre Presidente and the actual founder of Mission Santa Barbara, December 4, 1786. The difficult years were over and the "Golden Age" of the California Missions was dawning. Launched as it was at the beginning of such prosperous times, Santa Barbara had the greatest of good fortune during all its early years. True, an early church was destroyed in the earthquake of 1812, but a new and more impressive edifice was already needed. Santa Barbara's mission church, with its world-famous twin bell towers, boasts of a stone facade patterned after an ancient Latin temple in pre-Christian Rome. The design is traced to a book brought to California by the Franciscans, a Spanish reprint of an architecture book originally published in 27 B.C. This beautiful new church stood firm for over a hundred years until suffering severe damage in an earthquake in 1925. Two years of rebuilding plus later restoration work has maintained the exact original appearance. [...]" -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17481
title: Drawing of an Indian temescal, by Day & Hughes, "lithographers to the Queen", ca.1839

description: Photograph of a drawing of an Indian temescal, by Captain William Smyth, R.N., (or Day & Hughes?), "lithographers to the Queen", ca.1839.  Ten "Upper California Indians" lounge in the temescal, a hot air bathhouse. The temescal is constructed of preconditioned tree logs or branches and hay or straw roof coverings. A window situated near the roof allows sunlight in. A campfire is pitched in the center of the room. Picture file card reads: "Capt. V. Smyton A.N. del. By Day & Hughes, Lithographers to the Queen, p.197 Forbes California 1839, first book on Ca. printed in English language."; "When the Spaniards arrived in the 16th century, they found spirited use of the sweat house among scattered Mayan tribes and their new rulers, the Aztecs. The most common name for the sweathouse is temescal, an Aztec name from teme, to bathe, and calli, house. The largest Mayan dictionary, compiled shortly after the Conquest, gives the word for sweat bath as Zumpul-che, "a bath for women after childbirth and for sick persons used to cast out disease in their bodies." The Spaniards did not appreciate the elaborate bathing practices of these people. Spain wallowed in the dark ages of sanitation when it was the vogue not to bathe at all. The Queen of Aragon boasted she had bathed only twice in her life, once when she was born and once when she was married. The Spanish Inquisition was at its height and the native bathing rituals, combined with worship of gods not sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church, made sweat houses doubly offensive. Later, as Spanish missionaries prevailed upon the Aztecs and Mayans to divest their baths of religious significance, the Spaniards began to appreciate the powers of the temescal. [...]" -- Mikkel Aaland.; Photoprint reads: "This is a drawing of a semi-sabterraueau(?) sweat house by William Smythe who was with Beechey on the voyage of the 'Blossom' and visted California in the 1820s.  Published only by Forbes, probably Central California".
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17482
title: Ruins of Mission San Diego de Alcala (founded 1769), California, ca.1880

description: Photograph of the ruins of Mission San Diego de Alcala (founded 1769), California, ca.1880. At left are the remnants of what used to be the façade of the church. The stucco has fallen off of the adobe brick walls. The parapet still maintained its form even though parts of the edges have fallen. Adobe bricks from the walls of the dilapidated mission now litter the floor near the entrance. To the right is probably where the arcade used to stand. Not only the building portion remains without any covered passageway. A woman and three boys stand near the corner of the church and the arcade.; "It was a pitiful group of missionaries and soldiers who gathered on the shore of San Diego Bay on July 1, 1769. Of the 219 Spaniards who had left Lower California two months before, only half were still alive. Of the survivors, many were sick and exhausted. Even so, after two weeks' rest Governor Portola gathered the strongest men about him and set off northward in an attempt to locate Vizcaino's Bay of Monterey. Two days later, on July 16, 1769, a crude brushwood shelter had been erected, and there, Father Serra established Mission San Diego de Alcalá, which was to be the first of the famous California missions. The Indians, however, were slow in accepting the blessings offered. [...]" -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17483
title: Drawing of Mission Carmel (San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo), by Captain William Smyth, R.N., ca.1839

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission Carmel (San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo), by Captain William Smyth, R.N., ca.1839. Two people sit next to a tall tree on a hill overlooking the mission. The mission has two bell towers flanking the façade of the church. To the left of the church is an arcade. Trails coming from the left and the right lead to the mission. To the right, past the road, are residential houses(?).; "The stone church at Carmel is different from all others in the chain, in that the walls taper inward forming a catenary arch, rather than the usual flat ceiling. On the exterior, the unique bell tower, with its outside stairway, shows definite Moorish influence. The great church was four years in the building, being dedicated in 1797. Father Serra now lies buried under the altar. The Indian population had dwindled by the 1820s. By 1836, two years after secularization, the destruction of mission life was complete. The church and quadrangle were essentially in ruins when the first efforts at restoration began in 1884. Then in 1931, a layman, Harry Downie, came to Carmel, as curator in charge of restoring the mission. From that time until his death in 1980, Harry dedicated his life to the California missions, working on numerous other restorations as well as at his beloved Carmel." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17484
title: Drawing of Mission San Francisco de Asis (Dolores) by lithographer, Captain William Smyth, R.N., ca.1839

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Francisco de Asis (Dolores) by lithographer, Captain William Smyth, R.N., ca.1839. A man holding a long stick (spear?) walks next to a woman (or girl?) down a road that leads to the mission up ahead. Two horsemen appear to be racing towards the mission. The mission consists of several buildings, one of which is a church. The buildings architecture appears to be of simple bungalow style buildings and not the typical mission/Spanish-style structure. There is an arcade adjoined to the church (center). Mountains are visible in the distance.; "The story of Misión San Francisco de Asis (popular name of Mission Dolores) began some 220 years ago. It was in March, 1776, that a scouting party under the direction of Lt. Don Jose Joaquin Moraga visited the area and named the small stream and lake after the Saint of the day, Arroyo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (Lake of Our Lady of Sorrows). He returned to Monterey to convey the news and received his commission to establish a presidio and mission in the name of Carlos III of Spain. His expedition of soldiers, colonists with wives and children, and two Franciscans arrived on June 27, 1776, to pitch their camp near the Lake. On June 29, Fras Francisco Palou and Benito Cambon celebrated Mass in honor of the feast of Saints Peter and Paul on the shores of the small lake. This would be the site of the future Mission, but the date of June 29th would become the official birthday of the City of San Francisco. Of the 21 California Missions, this is the third most northerly, and the sixth to be established under the direction of Father Junipero Serra. Misión San Francisco de Asis is situated in the very heart of a bustling international seaport city on a tree-lined boulevard, overshadowed by a majestic Basilica on the north and quaint Victorian row houses and apartments on the south. Just outside the rough-hewn redwood doors and sitting in the middle of a grassy median strip is the Mission Bell heralding the renowned El Camino Real or King's Highway. The Old Mission is designated as Registered Landmark Number One and is very near the geographical center of the City of San Francisco. It is whitewashed adobe brick under a tiled roof. The facade is extraordinary in that it appears to have four huge columns supporting a second story balcony housing six smaller columns and three bells. It is a wonder that the entire facade is fashioned from a single block of adobe bricks 10 feet thick, 22 feet wide set on a foundation of rock four feet below the surface." -- unknown author
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17485
title: Drawing of a view of Mission Santa Barbara from the bay area, drawn by J.A. Pinto, ca.1840-1880

description: Photograph of a drawing of a view of Mission Santa Barbara from the bay area, drawn by J.A. Pinto, from sketch made by I. Hall, esq., lithograph by L.M. Loteyre, ca.1840-1880. The mission stands near the mountains in the distance. Two men are rowing their rowboats in the bay (foreground).; "Santa Barbara Mission was founded December 4, 1786. Portions of five units of its extensive water works, built by Indian labor, are preserved in this park, a filter house, Spanish gristmill, sections of aqueducts, and two reservoirs. The larger reservoir, built in 1806, is used today as part of the city water system. Ruins of the pottery kiln and tanning vats are here, also. The fountain and lavadero are nearby in front of the Old Mission. A dam, built in 1807, is located in the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, one and one-half miles up Mission Canyon." -- The California State Historic Landmark Plaque #309.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17486
title: Drawing of the bay at Monterey, by Captain William Smyth, R.N., ca.1839

description: Photograph of a drawing of the bay at Monterey, by Captain William Smyth, R.N., ca.1839. A man, sitting on a horse, and a woman are conversing under a large tilted tree (foreground). Early types of sailboats are moving through the waters of the bay. Small houses are sparsely spread out in the areas near the bay. A variety of trees cover the landscape. Picture file card reads: "by Captain Smyth, R.N., Del. Day and Hughes lithographers, to the Queen".
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m7982
title: Painting of Mission San Gabriel as seen in Alfred Robinson's book, "Life in California", ca.1838-1846

description: Photograph of a painting of Mission San Gabriel as seen in Alfred Robinson's book, "Life in California", on page 35, lithograph of G. and W. Endicott, ca.1838-1846. The mission consists of the church, an arcade and living quarters(?). The church features a multicurved gable with five arched recesses where bells are hung. About ten buttresses provide support for the wall to the right of the gable. To the left of the church is the arcade. Behind the church is a tower. Nearby are living quarters (or residential homes?).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m2584
title: Father Superior Peter Wallischeck in Mission Santa Barbara cemetery, ca.1898

description: Photograph of Father Superior Peter Wallischeck in Mission Santa Barbara cemetery, ca.1898. He is wearing the Franciscan habit with cords hanging nearly to floor. He holds an open book with his hands and stares off to the right. Father Superior stands behind a large succulent plant, and a row of small trees and plants can be seen at left. At right, stone buttresses of a large building are visible with ivy growing along its base. In the extreme background at center, church bell tower is visible. No bells are visible in the open niches along the side of the tower.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m9906
title: Drawing of the presidio of early Santa Barbara, as seen in Alfred Robinson's "Life in California", ca.1839

description: Photograph of a drawing of the presidio of early Santa Barbara, as seen in Alfred Robinson's "Life in California", page 41, lithograph of Endicott, ca.1839. A small sailboat and a larger sailboat (frigate or schooner?) are traveling through the bay. Overlooking the bay is the town of Santa Barbara.  Further inland and to the right are a cluster of houses and buildings. Mission Santa Barbara sits on a hill closer to the mountains in the distance.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17488
title: Drawing of Mission San Buenaventura taken from Alfred Robinson's book, "Life in California", California, ca.1839

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Buenaventura taken from Alfred Robinson's book, "Life in California", page 49, California, ca.1839. Two people are walking up a path that leads to the two to three-story church building. To the right of the church stand a bell tower with multi-level decks (where bells hang) and a dome roof. Various buildings and six teepees make up this mission community. Two cows(?) are grazing in the fields (foreground). Mountains are visible in the distance.; "It was on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1782, that Father Serra founded the mission, San Buenaventura, which proved to be the last he established personally. The Spanish King had changed his position again, claiming that a few white settlers were of greater value than any number of Indians. Father Serra argued that the money to found the missions came from the privately collected Pious Fund. The King replied that by law he administered the Pious Fund. New missions would be churches only, without usual industries supported by Indian labor. Serra ignored the new rules at Ventura, which temporarily halted further expansion. Even so, under the old rules, Ventura was quickly most prosperous. A reservoir and aqueduct system seven miles long supplied fields stretching to the very shore of the blue Pacific, growing, according to one record, 'astounding' varieties of agricultural products. Of course, with secularization, those rules originally ignored were completely enforced. By 1845 all the lands and even the church itself had been confiscated, although the church and a few bits of other property were eventually returned. The sleepy village beside the mission suddenly blossomed in 1887 with the arrival of the railroad. Now located on the main street of the city of Ventura, and hemmed in by the business community, it might be difficult to imagine that the old church was once surrounded by orchards, vineyards, and grain fields which made it a garden spot of the missions, thanks to the aqueduct. Two huge Norfolk Island pines in the garden between the church and little museum are 100 years old, reputedly planted by a sailing captain who hoped to grow a forest for use as masts. In the museum are two old wooden bells, the only ones of their type known in California." -- unknown author.