DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qv9s4mwgf
title: Data for: Long-wavelength-sensitive (lws) opsin gene expression, foraging and visual communication in coral reef fishes

description: Coral reef fishes are diverse in ecology and behaviour and show remarkable
 colour variability. Investigating the visual pigment gene (opsin)
 expression in these fishes makes it possible to associate their visual
 genotype and phenotype (spectral sensitivities) to visual tasks, such as
 feeding strategy or conspecific detection. By studying all major
 damselfish clades (Pomacentridae) and representatives from five other
 coral reef fish families, we show that the long-wavelength-sensitive (lws)
 opsin is highly expressed in algivorous and less or not expressed in
 zooplanktivorous species. Lws is also upregulated in
 species with orange/red colours (reflectance &gt;520 nm) and
 expression is highest in orange/red-coloured algivores. Visual models from
 the perspective of a typical damselfish indicate that sensitivity to
 longer wavelengths does enhance the ability to detect the red to far-red
 component of algae and orange/red-coloured conspecifics, possibly enabling
 social signalling. Character state reconstructions indicate that in the
 early evolutionary history of damselfishes, there was
 no lws expression and no orange/red coloration. Omnivory
 was most often the dominant state. Although herbivory was sometimes
 dominant, zooplanktivory was never dominant. Sensitivity to long
 wavelength (increased lws expression) only emerged in
 association with algivory but never with zooplanktivory.
 Higher lws expression is also exploited by social signalling in
 orange/red, which emerged after the transition to algivory. Although the
 relative timing of traits may deviate by different reconstructions and
 alternative explanations are possible, our results are consistent with
 sensory bias whereby social signals evolve as a correlated response to
 natural selection on sensory system properties in other contexts.
description: Guide to supplementary data and files 1. The
 damselfish phylogeny alignment contains species used in this study being
 modified from <em>The Fish Tree of Life</em> (Rabosky et al.,
 2018) and is used for ancestral state reconstructions
 2. Data used for visual models as reflectance data of
 backgrounds, algae, fish colours, ambient illuminant measurements and the
 damselfish lens transmittance.  3. R-code used for
 visual models  4. The alignment to reconstruct
 maximum-likelihood amino acid trees of newly sequenced opsin
 genes 5. Coral reef fish reflectances measured in this
 study; data are presented as non-normalized data and averaged per species
 for multiple measurements across several and within one specimen
 6. R-code used for ancestral state reconstructions
 (corHMM) 7. The alignment to reconstruct
 maximum-likelihood trees of damselfish species used for ancestral state
 reconstructions
description: Guide to supplementary data and files 1. The
 damselfish phylogeny on which ancestral states are reconstructed:
 <em>damselfish phylogeny alignment .fasta</em>
 2. Data used for visual models: <em>data for visual
 models.cvs</em> 3. The R-code used for visual
 models: <em>visual model Rscript_I
 AquaVis4T_needed.R</em> 4. The alignment for the
 tree of newly sequenced opsin genes: <em>new opsins coral reef fish
 alignment.fasta</em> 5. Coral reef fish
 reflectances maesured in this study: <em>spectral reflectance fish
 colours .csv</em> 6. The R-code used for
 ancestral state reconstructions
 (corHMM): <em>corHMMdamselfish_LJdQ.R</em>
 7. The alignment for the damselfish phylogeny tree used for
 ancestral state reconstructions:
 <em>aligment_corHMM.fasta</em>