cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.21979/n9/cwraff
title: Replication Data for: Metallic electro-optic effect in gapped bilayer graphene

description: Data files for figures in "Metallic electro-optic effect in gapped bilayer graphene"
DOI: 10.15468/dl.w6bvmh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 26465 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Computarización de la Colección Nacional de insectos Dr. Alfredo Barrera Marín del Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de México (Coleoptera)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 26465 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048629-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.17026/ar/j41brs
title: PAN-00136921 - eye / Knick brooch

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00136921&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-06-03T12:09:18+02:00
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2b73ga
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 275264 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "SpeciesKey is one of (Haemorhous cassinii)",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Observation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1951",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2024",
 "Month is greater than or equal to April",
 "Month is less than or equal to July",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 275264 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048619-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.vadhky
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 25 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Fortunella",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 25 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048631-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17906819
title: COVID-19-Hospitalisierungen in Deutschland

description: Im Datensatz "COVID-19-Hospitalisierungen in Deutschland" des Robert Koch-Institutswerden täglich aktualisierte Informationen zu Hospitalisierungen im Zusammenhang mit COVID-19 basierend auf den Meldungen nach dem Infektionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) bereitgestellt. Neben tagesaktuellen Fallzahlen und Inzidenzen auf Bundes- und Länderebene enthält der Datensatz auch modellgestützte Schätzungen verzögert gemeldeter Hospitalisierungen mittels Nowcasting. Ziel ist es, die tatsächliche Belastung des Gesundheitssystems durch COVID-19 besser abzubilden, insbesondere durch die Berechnung adjustierter 7-Tage-Hospitalisierungsinzidenzen.
DOI: 10.17026/ar/ihrcwi
title: PAN-00105012 - coin/coin-related, Valentinianus I (364-375), aes III

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00105012&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-05-12T08:09:33+02:00
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17768135
title: Dataset for Quantum and classical approaches to the optimisation of highway platooning: the two-vehicle matching problem

description: We publish a small companion dataset containing ten single–segment matchinginstances with $n\in\{3,\dots,12\}$ surfer–breaker pairs. For each $n$ weprovide two \texttt{NumPy} arrays,\texttt{\$n-vehicles-breakers.npy} and \texttt{\$n-vehicles-surfers.npy}. Thebreaker array stores, per vehicle, its class label, cruising velocity, anddeparture time, while the surfer array stores the surfer’s class, preferredvelocity, departure time, and individual flexibility intervals for speed anddeparture time. These instances are used to construct the edge weights$w_{s,b}$ and the corresponding QUBO matrices $Q$ for all experiments reportedin the companion paper.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17768136
title: Dataset for Quantum and classical approaches to the optimisation of highway platooning: the two-vehicle matching problem

description: We publish a small companion dataset containing ten single–segment matchinginstances with $n\in\{3,\dots,12\}$ surfer–breaker pairs. For each $n$ weprovide two \texttt{NumPy} arrays,\texttt{\$n-vehicles-breakers.npy} and \texttt{\$n-vehicles-surfers.npy}. Thebreaker array stores, per vehicle, its class label, cruising velocity, anddeparture time, while the surfer array stores the surfer’s class, preferredvelocity, departure time, and individual flexibility intervals for speed anddeparture time. These instances are used to construct the edge weights$w_{s,b}$ and the corresponding QUBO matrices $Q$ for all experiments reportedin the companion paper.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17903227
title: CTGDL
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/13171745
title: emergencysound
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qheyzc
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 365776 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-75.62233 -1.16333,-70.3461 -1.16333,-70.3461 4.46687,-75.62233 4.46687,-75.62233 -1.16333))",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Tracheophyta"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 365776 records from 357 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048618-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25442/hku.30751160
title: Supporting data for thesis: <b>"Pride Fest": A Sociolinguistic Study of a Cambodian </b><b>LGBTQ+ Community Event from a Southern Praxis </b><b>Perspective</b>

description: The dataset for the thesis includes field notes, observations, and an interview with relevant people working in LGBTQ+-related NOGs in Cambodia. Since this research study explores the sociolinguistics aspect of the Pride event in Cambodia, the field notes and interviews includes: notes on the LGBTQ+ community in Cambodia; meetings about Pride Fest in Cambodia; and interviews with the founders of Pride-related NGOs in Cambodia to obtain their perspectives for analysis in sociolinguistics field.
DOI: 10.25442/hku.30751160.v1
title: Supporting data for thesis: <b>"Pride Fest": A Sociolinguistic Study of a Cambodian </b><b>LGBTQ+ Community Event from a Southern Praxis </b><b>Perspective</b>

description: The dataset for the thesis includes field notes, observations, and an interview with relevant people working in LGBTQ+-related NOGs in Cambodia. Since this research study explores the sociolinguistics aspect of the Pride event in Cambodia, the field notes and interviews includes: notes on the LGBTQ+ community in Cambodia; meetings about Pride Fest in Cambodia; and interviews with the founders of Pride-related NGOs in Cambodia to obtain their perspectives for analysis in sociolinguistics field.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.g3qc38
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 87 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Mongolia",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Otocolobus manul"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 87 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048632-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17701648
title: Dataset: Fundamental Limitations of QAOA on Constrained  Problems and a Route to Exponential Enhancement

description: We study fundamental limitations of the generic Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on constrained problems where valid  solutions form a low-dimensional manifold inside the Boolean hypercube, and  we present a provable route to exponential enhancements via constraint embedding.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17701647
title: Dataset: Fundamental Limitations of QAOA on Constrained  Problems and a Route to Exponential Enhancement

description: We study fundamental limitations of the generic Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on constrained problems where valid  solutions form a low-dimensional manifold inside the Boolean hypercube, and  we present a provable route to exponential enhancements via constraint embedding.
DOI: 10.17026/ar/2bvors
title: PAN-00131697 - grindstone/whetstone

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00131697&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-07-10T11:18:00+02:00
DOI: 10.17026/dans-z5y-aeq4
title: PAN-00141450 - terra sigillata cup type Drag. 27

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00141450&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-05-03T12:01:24+02:00
DOI: 10.21979/n9/mskdst
title: Replication Data for: Nonlinear Superconducting Magnetoelectric Effect

description: Data files for "Nonlinear Superconducting Magnetoelectric Effect"
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17905155
title: Forest Disturbance in China from 1986 to 2020: 30 m disturbance attributes and 1 km annual density products

description: Abstract: This repository hosts a comprehensive forest disturbance dataset for China, spanning the period from 1986 to 2020. The dataset was generated using the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, utilizing all available Landsat time-series imagery from 1985 to 2021. This dataset provides a dual-scale perspective on forest dynamics, offering both fine-scale disturbance attributes (30 m resolution) and aggregated disturbance density (1 km resolution) to support diverse ecological and climatic applications.

The dataset consists of two major components:

1. 30 m Resolution Forest Disturbance Attributes: These raster files record the specific characteristics of detected forest disturbance events at a 30 m spatial resolution.

(1) CFD_year.tif: Records the year of the forest disturbance event. The pixel values are stored as indices relative to the base year 1985. Value Range: 1 represents 1986, 2 represents 1987, ..., and 35 represents 2020. Nodata value: -128 (indicating no disturbance or non-forest areas).

(2) CFD_mag.tif: This dataset records the maximum disturbance magnitude (abbreviated as "mag"), representing the maximum spectral change detected within a specific time segment and spectral band. It is quantified by the difference between the end-point of the pre-disturbance segment and the start-point of the post-disturbance segment, where a larger value indicates a more severe disturbance. To facilitate interpretation, the raw magnitude values were reclassified into five discrete classes using the Jenks Natural Breaks method. The final pixel values correspond to the following ranges: Class 1 (0 < mag ≤ 0.09), Class 2 (0.09 <mag ≤ 0.19), Class 3 (0.19 < mag ≤ 0.30), Class 4 (0.30 <mag ≤ 0.45), and Class 5 (mag > 0.45).

(3) CFD_num.tif: Records the total number of disturbance events detected within the pixel during the study period.

2. 1 km Resolution Annual Forest Disturbance Density (CFDD): Derived from the 30 m disturbance year data, this product quantifies the spatiotemporal density of disturbances. CFDD[Year].tif (e.g., CFDD2000.tif): Represents the annual forest disturbance density. Unit: The pixel value indicates the ratio of disturbed forest area within each 1 km × 1 km grid cell (Unit: % or dimensionless fraction).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17905156
title: Forest Disturbance in China from 1986 to 2020: 30 m disturbance attributes and 1 km annual density products

description: Abstract: This repository hosts a comprehensive forest disturbance dataset for China, spanning the period from 1986 to 2020. The dataset was generated using the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, utilizing all available Landsat time-series imagery from 1985 to 2021. This dataset provides a dual-scale perspective on forest dynamics, offering both fine-scale disturbance attributes (30 m resolution) and aggregated disturbance density (1 km resolution) to support diverse ecological and climatic applications.

The dataset consists of two major components:

1. 30 m Resolution Forest Disturbance Attributes: These raster files record the specific characteristics of detected forest disturbance events at a 30 m spatial resolution.

(1) CFD_year.tif: Records the year of the forest disturbance event. The pixel values are stored as indices relative to the base year 1985. Value Range: 1 represents 1986, 2 represents 1987, ..., and 35 represents 2020. Nodata value: -128 (indicating no disturbance or non-forest areas).

(2) CFD_mag.tif: This dataset records the maximum disturbance magnitude (abbreviated as "mag"), representing the maximum spectral change detected within a specific time segment and spectral band. It is quantified by the difference between the end-point of the pre-disturbance segment and the start-point of the post-disturbance segment, where a larger value indicates a more severe disturbance. To facilitate interpretation, the raw magnitude values were reclassified into five discrete classes using the Jenks Natural Breaks method. The final pixel values correspond to the following ranges: Class 1 (0 < mag ≤ 0.09), Class 2 (0.09 <mag ≤ 0.19), Class 3 (0.19 < mag ≤ 0.30), Class 4 (0.30 <mag ≤ 0.45), and Class 5 (mag > 0.45).

(3) CFD_num.tif: Records the total number of disturbance events detected within the pixel during the study period.

2. 1 km Resolution Annual Forest Disturbance Density (CFDD): Derived from the 30 m disturbance year data, this product quantifies the spatiotemporal density of disturbances. CFDD[Year].tif (e.g., CFDD2000.tif): Represents the annual forest disturbance density. Unit: The pixel value indicates the ratio of disturbed forest area within each 1 km × 1 km grid cell (Unit: % or dimensionless fraction).
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/14121694
title: Peer-to-Peer Boliviano (BOB) Exchange Data
DOI: 10.17026/ar/nwj8vb
title: PAN-00180220 - deeper terra sigillata plate with curved bottom

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00180220&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-09-30T09:35:12+02:00
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2wynn8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 19448 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Murraya",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 19448 records from 313 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048635-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.17026/ar/ni3my0
title: PAN-00152875 - horseshoe type 4

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00152875&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-10-07T08:53:28+02:00
DOI: 10.15468/dl.s62kjk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 9463 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Continent is North America",
 "Country is Mexico",
 "TaxonKey is Quercus",
 "Year 2015-2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 9463 records from 52 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048637-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.17026/ar/t4dig8
title: PAN-00177809 - terra sigillata bowl type Drag. 37 (SG)

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00177809&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-11-10T10:13:36+01:00
DOI: 10.17026/ar/dhu2se
title: PAN-00126793 - coin/coin-related, Vespasianus (69-79) / Titus (79-81), dupondius/as

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00126793&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-09-30T07:58:07+02:00
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ubasc4
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4085105 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Aves",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-120.3825 34.58735, -120.3859 34.57988, -120.4024 34.40072, -120.3603 34.22581, -120.2639 34.07386, -120.2561 34.06516, -120.1386 33.96599, -120.1201 33.95772, -120.1197 33.95734, -119.9793 33.89452, -119.949 33.89024, -119.881 33.85977, -119.7286 33.83822, -119.6948 33.83822, -119.5174 33.86761, -119.5056 33.87398, -119.4915 33.87631, -119.333 33.96136, -119.2105 34.09295, -119.1369 34.25704, -119.1368 34.25823, -119.1335 34.26579, -119.1333 34.26698, -119.13 34.27453, -119.1298 34.27573, -119.1265 34.28328, -119.1098 34.46236, -119.1518 34.63723, -119.248 34.7892, -119.2558 34.7979, -119.3733 34.89727, -119.3919 34.9056, -119.3924 34.90602, -119.5328 34.9689, -119.5487 34.97114, -119.5631 34.97762, -119.579 34.97986, -119.5935 34.98634, -119.7457 35.00783, -119.757 35.00783, -119.7828 35.00354, -119.8132 35.00783, -119.8244 35.00783, -120.002 34.9784, -120.0138 34.97203, -120.0279 34.96969, -120.1864 34.88455, -120.309 34.75279, -120.3824 34.58854, -120.3825 34.58735), (-119.8244 34.45783, -119.8132 34.45783, -119.8054 34.44913, -119.7492 34.44913, -119.757 34.45783, -119.7457 34.45783, -119.7379 34.44913, -119.7155 34.44913, -119.7077 34.44043, -119.6852 34.44043, -119.6774 34.43172, -119.6662 34.43172, -119.6584 34.42302, -119.6697 34.42302, -119.6619 34.41432, -119.6731 34.41432, -119.6654 34.40562, -119.6766 34.40562, -119.6689 34.39692, -119.6801 34.39692, -119.7026 34.39692, -119.6948 34.38822, -119.7286 34.38822, -119.7363 34.39692, -119.7251 34.39692, -119.7328 34.40562, -119.7216 34.40562, -119.7371 34.42302, -119.7484 34.42302, -119.7561 34.43172, -119.7899 34.43172, -119.7821 34.42302, -119.8271 34.42302, -119.8348 34.43172, -119.8461 34.43172, -119.8539 34.44043, -119.8426 34.44043, -119.8504 34.44913, -119.8279 34.44913, -119.8167 34.44913, -119.8244 34.45783))",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 2010",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2025"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4085105 records from 19 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048628-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.kdaaey
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Tragopogon ruber S.G.Gmel.",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "Continent is Europe",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 2000",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than 10000"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0024182-240229165702484/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.nhv6se
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Boerhavia bracteosa S.Watson"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0146795-240321170329656/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2vqrez
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 33058 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 33058 records from 86 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0180156-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.lrpcz1
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 274 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Dendroctonus valens LeConte, 1859"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 274 records from 16 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0033631-180508205500799/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.68ejkc
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 106 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Barkeria scandens (Lex.) Dressler & Halb."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 106 records from 28 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0146796-240321170329656/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.mxuc4v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 827 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 {
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
 },
 "TaxonKey is Cornufer trossulus (Brown & Myers, 1949)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 827 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0024183-240229165702484/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pkjq5v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1401 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Spain",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "TaxonKey is Senecio lividus L.",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1401 records from 30 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0033631-181108115102211/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.d8fhsk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 316 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Ecuador",
 "TaxonKey is Nymphargus griffithsi (Goin, 1961)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 316 records from 9 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0184885-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.7v36tx
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 {
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
 },
 "TaxonKey is Megophrys wawuensis Fei, Jiang & Zheng, 2001"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0024184-240229165702484/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gzp2mp
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Buchtienia rosea Garay"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0146797-240321170329656/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.