DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f7j
title: Data from: Crop and landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: A global review and meta-analysis

description: Agricultural intensification increases food production but also drives
 widespread biodiversity decline. Increasing landscape heterogeneity has
 been suggested to increase biodiversity across habitats, while increasing
 crop heterogeneity may support biodiversity within agroecosystems. These
 spatial heterogeneity effects can be partitioned into compositional
 (land-cover type diversity) and configurational heterogeneity (land-cover
 type arrangement), measured either for the crop mosaic or across the
 landscape for both crops and semi-natural habitats. However, studies have
 reported mixed responses of biodiversity to increases in these
 heterogeneity components across taxa and contexts. Our meta-analysis
 covering 6,397 fields across 122 studies conducted in Asia, Europe, and
 North and South America reveals consistently positive effects of crop and
 landscape heterogeneity, as well as compositional and configurational
 heterogeneity for plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, pollinator, and
 predator biodiversity. Vertebrates and plants benefit more from landscape
 heterogeneity, while invertebrates derive similar benefits from both crop
 and landscape heterogeneity. Pollinators benefit more from configurational
 heterogeneity, but predators favour compositional heterogeneity. These
 positive effects are consistent for invertebrates and vertebrates in both
 tropical/subtropical and temperate agroecosystems, and in annual and
 perennial cropping systems, and at small to large spatial scales. Our
 results suggest that promoting increased landscape heterogeneity by
 diversifying crops and semi-natural habitats, as suggested in the current
 UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, is key for restoring biodiversity in
 agricultural landscapes.  
description: We screened English Language papers published up to March 2023
 from the ‘Web of Science’ (apps.webofknowledge.com/) and ‘Scopus’
 (www.scopus.com/) using the following search strings. 
 TS=("landscape heterogeneity" OR "landscape
 diversity" OR "landscape complexity" OR "crop
 heterogeneity" OR "crop diversity" OR "farmland
 heterogeneity" OR "farmland diversity" OR
 "compositional heterogeneity" OR "configurational
 heterogeneity") AND TS=("diversity" OR
 "biodiversity" OR "richness" OR "evenness"
 OR "abundance").
description: # Data from: Crop and landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity in
 agricultural landscapes: A global review and meta-analysis **Journal:**
 Ecology Letters **Authors:** Tharaka S. Priyadarshana (ORCID:
 0000-0003-3962-5465), Emily A. Martin (0000-0001-5785-9105), Clélia Sirami
 (0000-0003-1741-3082), Ben A. Woodcock (0000-0003-0300-9951), Eben Goodale
 (0000-0003-3403-2847), Carlos Martínez-Núñez (0000-0001-7814-4985),
 Myung-Bok Lee (0000-0003-2680-5707), Emilio Pagani-Núñez
 (0000-0001-8839-4005), Chloé A. Raderschall (0000-0003-2005-1705), Lluís
 Brotons (0000-0002-4826-4457), Anushka Rege (0000-0002-8383-0258), Annie
 Ouin (0000-0001-7046-2719), Teja Tscharntke (0000-0002-4482-3178), Eleanor
 M. Slade (0000-0002-6108-1196) **Contact:** Tharaka S. Priyadarshana;
 [tharakas001@e.ntu.edu.sg](mailto:tharakas001@e.ntu.edu.sg);
 [tharakas.priyadarshana@gmail.com](mailto:tharakas.priyadarshana@gmail.com) **Data citation:** Priyadarshana, T.S., Martin, E.A., Sirami, C., Woodcock, B.A., Goodale, E., Martínez-Núñez, C., et al. (2024). Crop and landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: A global review and meta-analysis [dataset]. Dryad Digital Repository, [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f7j](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f7j). --- ## Specific data files There are eight data files containing the following metadata. To replicate our results, please run each data file with the corresponding R scripts. * **dat.csv**: This data file contains all the extracted data and should be used in analyses related to invertebrates, vertebrates, animals (invertebrates and vertebrates together), plants, and climatic regions. * **datPollinators.csv; datPredators.csv; and datPests.csv**: These three data files are derived from the *dat.csv* data file and should be used in analyses related to pollinators, predators and pests, respectively. * **datCropArea.csv; datSemiNaturalArea.csv; and datOtherArea.csv:** These three data files are derived from the *dat.csv* data file and should be used in sensitivity analyses testing potential confounding effects on our results that may be caused by the proportion of cropped, semi-natural, and other anthropogenic land-cover types within the landscapes, respectively. * **datCroppingSystems.csv:** This data file is derived from the *dat.csv* data file and should be used in analyses related to cropping systems. ## Metadata * **Author:** Citation for each study * **Study_ID:** Identifier for each study * **Effect_Size_ID:** Identifier for effect size * **Study_Country:** Study country * **Study_Region:** Study region * **Biome:** Tropical/sub-tropical vs temperate farmlands * **Study_System:** Dominant crops * **Verts_Inverts_Plants:** Taxa categorisation into invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants * **Verts_Inverts_Plants_Without_Pests:** Taxa categorisation into invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants, but excluding pest invertebrates and vertebrates * **Animals_Plants:** Taxa categorisation into animals (i.e. invertebrates and vertebrates without pests) and plants * **Functional_Groups:** Functional groups * **Orders:** Taxonomic orders, including birds * **Taxa_Category_2:** More details about the study taxa * **Biodiversity_Category:** Biodiversity metrics (i.e. abundance, richness and Shannon diversity) * **Heterogeneity_Measure:** Spatial heterogeneity components * **Heterogeneity_Mesure_Fine:** Computation of the spatial heterogeneity components * **Heterogeneity_Type:** Spatial heterogeneity component (i.e. crop compositional heterogeneity, crop configurational heterogeneity, landscape compositional heterogeneity, and landscape configurational heterogeneity) * **Heterogeneity:** Spatial heterogeneity types (i.e. compositional heterogeneity = crop and landscape compositional heterogeneity; configurational heterogeneity = crop and landscape configurational heterogeneity ) * **Heterogeneity_Type_L_C:** Land-use type (i.e. crop heterogeneity = crop compositional and configurational heterogeneity; landscape heterogeneity = landscape compositional and configurational heterogeneity) * **Pearson_Correlation:** Effect size (i.e. Pearson correlation coefficient) * **Sample_Size:** Sample size * **Scale:** Spatial scales that the heterogeneity components are defined at * **Scale_Cat:** Spatial scale (A_LocalScale [i.e. &lt; 0.5 km radius area], LandscapeScale_1 [i.e. ≥ 0.5 km, but &lt; 1 km], and LandscapeScale_2 [i.e. ≥ 1 km radius area]) * **Seminatural_Cover_Mean:** Mean semi-natural area (%) * **Crop_Cover_Mean:** Mean cultivated area (%) * **Other_Cover_Mean:** Mean other land-use area (%) * **Annual_Perennial:** Annual vs perennial crops * **Article_Tittle:** Article tittle * **Notes:** Additional notes * **NAs:** Not available ## Specific R scripts * **1 Publication_Bias.R:** A R script testing for publication bias, outliers, and influential studies; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **2 Effects_Of_Semi-Natural_Area.R:** A R script testing for the influence of mean semi-natural area on the estimated average relationships between spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity; this script should be run with *datSemiNaturalArea.csv* data file. * **3 Effects_Of_Crop_Area.R:** A R script testing for the influence of mean cultivated area on the estimated average relationships between spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity; this script should be run with *datCropArea.csv* data file. * **4 Effects_Of_Other_Land_Use_Area.R:** A R script testing for the influence of mean other land-use area on the estimated average relationships between spatial heterogeneity and biodiversity; this script should be run with *datOtherArea.csv* data file. * **5 Invertebrate_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **6 Invertebrate_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **7 Invertebrate_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **8 Vertebrate_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **9 Vertebrate_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **10 Vertebrate_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **11 Plant_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on plant abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **12 Plant_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on plant richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **13 Plant_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on plant Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **14 Pollinator_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinator abundance; this script should be run with *datPollinators.csv* data file. * **15 Pollinator_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinator richness; this script should be run with *datPollinators.csv* data file. * **16 Pollinator_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinator Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *datPollinators.csv* data file. * **17 Predator_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effects of spatial heterogeneity on predator abundance; this script should be run with *datPredators.csv* data file. * **18 Predator_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on predator richness; this script should be run with *datPredators.csv* data file. * **19 Predator_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on predator Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *datPredators.csv* data file. * **20 Pest_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pest abundance; this script should be run with *datPests.csv* data file. * **21 Pest_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pest richness; this script should be run with *datPests.csv* data file. * **22 Araneae_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Araneae abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **23 Araneae_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Araneae richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **24 Araneae_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Araneae Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **25 Bird_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on bird abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **26 Bird_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on bird richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **27 Bird_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on bird Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **28 Coleoptera_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Coleoptera abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **29 Coleoptera_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Coleoptera richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **30 Coleoptera_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Coleoptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **31 Diptera_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Diptera abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **32 Diptera_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Diptera richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **33 Diptera_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Diptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with dat.csv data file. * **34 Hymenoptera_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Hymenoptera abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **35 Hymenoptera_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Hymenoptera richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **36 Hymenoptera_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Hymenoptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **37 Lepidoptera_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Lepidoptera abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **38 Lepidoptera_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Lepidoptera richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **39 Lepidoptera_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on Lepidoptera Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **40 Animal_Abundance.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animal [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] abundance; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **41 Animal_Richness.R:** A R script testing for the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animal [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] richness; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **42 Animal_Diversity.R:** A R script testing for the effects of spatial heterogeneity metrics on animal [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] Shannon diversity; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **43 Tropical_vs_Temperate_Farmlands.R:** A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animals [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] in tropical an temperate farmlands; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **44 Annual_vs_Perennial_Crops.R:** A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animals [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] in annual and perennial farmlands; this script should be run with *datCroppingSystems.csv* data file. * **45 Invertebrate_Scale.R:** A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on invertebrate in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **46 Vertebrate_Scale.R:** A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on vertebrate in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **47 Animal_Scale.R:** A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on animals [i.e. invertebrate and vertebrate without pests] in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with *dat.csv* data file. * **48 Pollinator_Scale.R:** A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on pollinators in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with *datPollinators.csv* data file. * **49 Predator_Scale.R:** A R script testing for the variabilities of the effect of spatial heterogeneity on predators in local-level and landscape-level scales; this script should be run with *datPredators.csv* data file.