DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1jwstqk6b
title: Data from: No detectable deployment impacts of solar-powered GPS devices for long-term use on a small shorebird

description: In this study, we investigate the impact of wearing GPS devices on adult
 Kentish Plovers (Anarhynchus alexandrinus), weighing 34-46g. To
 assess any potential adverse effects of tagging, we
 quantified (i) general behaviour with behavioural time-budget
 assays, (ii) detailed incubation behaviour with nest cameras, (iii)
 reproductive outcomes, and (iv) apparent survival from resighting rates
 4-5 months after initial deployment. In each case, tagged birds were
 compared with untagged colour-ringed control group birds. Here, we include
 data from GPS deployments, behavioural time budget assays, nest camera
 deployments, reproductive data during the study period, compiled survey
 resighting data, and code used to produce the analyses and figures
 included in the study main article.
description: # **Scripts** There are four annotated scripts associated with this study.
 Each script is associated with the analysis for each of the four
 respective aims of the study. ‘Tag_behaviour_assays_analysis_DRYAD.r’\
 ‘Tag_incubation_nestcam_analysis_DRYAD.r’\
 ‘Tag_reproductive_outcomes_analysis_DRYAD.r’\
 ‘Tag_resightings_analysis_DRYAD.r’ # **Data** There are seven raw data
 files associated with this study. Each data file is used in 1 or more of
 the analysis scripts, and each is detailed here. NAs (“NA” or
 “”) represent missing data that are not applicable or not
 available in the data. ## Nest Camera Deployments ``` deployments &lt;-
 readRDS(file = "nestcam_deployments_clean.rds")
 head(deployments) ## Start_date Start_time Waypoint Timestamp ## 1
 24/10/2023 07:09 M501 2023-10-24 07:09:00 ## 2 22/09/2023 13:27 RP110
 2023-09-22 13:27:00 ## 3 19/10/2023 16:28 RP116 2023-10-19 16:28:00 ## 4
 18/09/2023 18:12 RP21 2023-09-18 18:12:00 ## 5 4/10/2023 10:07 RP22
 2023-10-04 10:07:00 ## 6 22/09/2023 13:44 RP25 2023-09-22 13:44:00 ```
 \[1] “Start_date”: Date of nest camera deployment\ \[2] “Start_time”: Date
 of nest camera deployment\ \[3] “Waypoint”: Nest ID where camera was
 deployed\ \[4] “Timestamp”: POSIXct format date-time at start of
 deployment ## Nest Camera Video Annotation Data ``` data.states &lt;-
 readRDS(file = "data.states.rds") head(data.states) ## Nest_ID
 Sex Behaviour.Start Modifier Behaviour.Stop Timestamp.Start ## 1 M501
 Unattended Unattended 2023-10-24 07:09:00 ## 2 M501
 F F Attendance None F Attendance 2023-10-24 07:11:08 ## 3 M501 
 Unattended Unattended 2023-10-24 08:07:09 ## 4 M501 F F
 Attendance None F Attendance 2023-10-24 08:11:24 ## 5 M501 F F Attendance
 Shading F Attendance 2023-10-24 08:48:40 ## 6 M501 Unattended
 Unattended 2023-10-24 08:49:22 ## Timestamp.Stop Runtime.Start
 Runtime.Stop Preening BodyRuffle Duration ## 1 2023-10-24 07:11:08 0.00
 128.150 0 0 128.150 ## 2 2023-10-24 08:07:09 128.15 3489.050 13 16
 3360.900 ## 3 2023-10-24 08:11:24 3489.05 3744.700 0 0 255.650 ## 4
 2023-10-24 08:48:40 3744.70 5980.399 7 9 2235.699 ## 5 2023-10-24 08:49:09
 5980.40 6009.050 0 0 28.650 ## 6 2023-10-24 08:49:55 6022.20 6055.300 0 0
 33.100 ``` \[1] “Nest_ID”: Nest ID where camera was deployed\ \[2] “Sex”:
 Sex of the parent whose behaviour is recorded\ \[3] “Behaviour.Start”:
 Behavioural State starting at the current Timestamp.Start (i.e.,
 Unattended, F Attendance, M Attendance, Not visible) \[4] “Modifier”:
 Thermoregulatory behaviour (not-used in this study) \[5] “Behaviour.Stop”:
 Behavioural State stopping at the current Timestamp.Start (i.e.,
 Unattended, F Attendance, M Attendance, Not visible) \[6]
 “Timestamp.Start”: POSIXct format start time of the current behavioural
 state\ \[7] “Timestamp.Stop”: POSIXct format stop time of the current
 behavioural state\ \[8] “Runtime.Start”: Continuous number of seconds
 running time to the start of current behaviour state since 0 seconds at
 start of video\ \[9] “Runtime.Stop”: Continuous number of seconds running
 time to the end of current behaviour state since 0 seconds at start of
 video \[10] “Preening”: Number of preening point events recorded during
 the current behavioural state\ \[11] “BodyRuffle” Number of body ruffle
 point events recorded during the current behavioural state\ \[12]
 “Duration” Duration in seconds (s) of the current behavioural state ##
 Individual Level Summary of Preening and Body Ruffling Data from Video
 Annotations ``` data.summary &lt;-
 readRDS(file="data.summary.rds") head(data.summary) ##
 Total.Preening Total.BodyRuffle Total.Duration Sex Nest_ID ## F...1 75 138
 73016.96 F RP116 ## M...2 8 132 87632.81 M RP116 ## F...3 324 615
 114540.16 F M501 ## M...4 532 297 93212.20 M M501 ## F...5 106 256
 73814.26 F RP25 ## M...6 44 108 73895.18 M RP25 ``` \[1] “Total.Preening”:
 Total count of preening point events for this individual\ \[2]
 “Total.BodyRuffle”: Total count of body ruffle point events for this
 individual\ \[3] “Total.Duration”: Total duration in seconds (s) of all
 attendance state events for this individual\ \[4] “Sex”: Sex of the
 individual\ \[5] “Nest_ID”: Nest ID of the individual ## Nest data for the
 2023 Breeding Season ``` Nests &lt;- read.csv(file
 ="Maio_KP_Nests_2023_clean.csv") head(Nests) ## Species Location
 Year Site Nest_ID Last_active_date ## 1 Charadrius alexandrinus Maio 2023
 Salina 1 920 ## 2 Charadrius alexandrinus Maio 2023 Salina 101 929 ## 3
 Charadrius alexandrinus Maio 2023 Salina 2 919 ## 4 Charadrius
 alexandrinus Maio 2023 Salina 3 930 ## 5 Charadrius alexandrinus Maio 2023
 Salina 4 921 ## 6 Charadrius alexandrinus Maio 2023 Salina 5 NA ##
 First_inactive_date UTM_zone UTM1 UTM2 Found_date Laydate_first ## 1 1002
 27P 1675614 261311 904 NA ## 2 1002 27P 1675698 261298 904 904 ## 3 929
 27P 1675719 261157 904 NA ## 4 NA 27P 1678042 260176 904 NA ## 5 929 27P
 1677147 261018 905 NA ## 6 1003 27P 1676514 260498 905 NA ## Laydate_last
 Laydate_estimated Hatchdate_first Hatchdate_last ## 1 NA 906 NA NA ## 2 NA
 910 NA NA ## 3 NA 904 NA NA ## 4 907 907 930 NA ## 5 NA 907 NA NA ## 6 NA
 831 NA NA ## Hatchdate_estimated End.date.estimated Habitat Nest_fate
 Clutch_size ## 1 NA NA Grassland Abandoned 2 ## 2 NA NA Grassland Unknown
 3 ## 3 NA NA Grassland Hatched 3 ## 4 930 NA Saltmarsh Hatched 3 ## 5 NA
 NA Semidesert Predated 2 ## 6 NA NA Saltmarsh Unknown 2 ## Observer ## 1
 NE ## 2 ES ## 3 NE ## 4 NE ## 5 NE ## 6 NE ``` \[1] “Species”: Study
 species (syn. *Anarhynchus alexandrinus*)\ \[2] “Location”: Study
 population\ \[3] “Year”: Year of study\ \[4] “Site”: Field location within
 Maio island where nest was found\ \[5] “Nest_ID”: Unique nest ID number\
 \[6] “Last_active_date”: The latest date of a nest check where the nest
 was confirmed active and attended, format MDD\ \[7] “First_inactive_date”:
 The earliest date that a nest check confirmed the nest had concluded,
 format MDD\ \[8] “UTM_zone”: The UTM zone for co-ordinate reference system
 for Easting and Northing recorded for nest location\ \[9] “UTM1”:
 Northing\ \[10] “UTM2”: Easting\ \[11] “Found_date”: Date that the nest
 was found, format MDD\ \[12] “Laydate_first”: Laydate of the first egg of
 the clutch, if known to be different from ‘Laydate_estimated’, format MDD\
 \[13] “Laydate_last”: Laydate of the last egg of the clutch, if known to
 be different from ‘Laydate_estimated’, format MDD\ \[14]
 “Laydate_estimated”: Estimated lay date based on flotation of all eggs in
 a completed clutch (Székely et al. 2008, unpublished),format MDD\ \[15]
 “Hatchdate_first”: Hatchdate of the first egg to hatch in the clutch, if
 known from nest checks, format MDD\ \[16] “Hatchdate_last”: Hatchdate of
 the last egg to hatch in the clutch, if known from nest checks, format
 MDD\ \[17] “Hatchdate_estimated”: Estimated hatchdate whole clutch, or
 last hatching egg, if known from nest checks, format MDD\ \[18]
 “End.date.estimated”: Last day that the nest was confirmed still active,
 if known from nest checks, format MDD\ \[19] “Habitat”: Which of four main
 habitat types within Salinas do Porto Inglês was the nest located in
 (i.e., Grassland, Semidesert, Salt-extraction, Saltmarsh). If at another
 site around Maio, site name is recorded (i.e., Morro, Calheta, Ponta
 Preta, Barreiro). \[20] “Nest_fate”: Fate of the nest determined by nest
 checks, estimated nest age, and signs of predation, hatching or
 abandonment (i.e., Hatched, Abandoned, Predated, Unknown).\ \[21]
 “Clutch_size”: Number of eggs in nest at clutch completion\ \[22]
 “Observer”: Egg flotation for nest aging was conducted by this observer ##
 General Behaviour Time-Budget Assay Data ``` assays.clean &lt;-
 readRDS(file = "Tag_behaviour_assays_data_clean.rds")
 head(assays.clean) ## Date Time.Start Time.End Bird.Combo Tagged Tag_ID
 Sex Observer Site ## 1 2023-11-01 17:19 17:49 WMBL N M MR
 Salina ## 2 2023-11-05 09:40 10:10 YGMG Y 047B F MR Salina ## 3 2023-11-05
 10:15 10:45 GRLM Y 0486 M MR Salina ## 4 2023-11-05 11:16 11:46 YBLM N
 M MR Salina ## 5 2023-11-05 12:07 12:37 OYMY N F MR
 Salina ## 6 2023-11-19 09:25 09:55 BYMW Y 047F F MR Salina ## Nest Chicks
 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 ## 1 S63 0 STAND STAND PE W PE PE PE PE
 PE PE PE ## 2 S61 1 STAND STAND STAND PE STAND PE W W W STAND STAND ## 3
 S61 1 FIC FIC FIC STAND FIC W FIC STAND W FIC FIC ## 4 RP38 2 PE PE PE PE
 PE W PE PE FIC STAND PE ## 5 RP38 2 PE PE PE W C C C STAND STAND EHU STAND
 ## 6 S303 0 STAND PE PE PE PE PE STAND PE PE PE W ## T12 T13 T14 T15 T16
 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 ## 1 PE FL STAND STAND STAND W PE
 STAND PE PE PE STAND PE W ## 2 W STAND STAND FL A A A A A A A A A STAND ##
 3 W FIC W STAND W FIC FIC FIC FIC FIC FIC FIC W FIC ## 4 PE PE PE STAND
 STAND PE A A A A A PE STAND A ## 5 STAND EHU EHU EHU PE PE STAND PE PE FIC
 C C C C ## 6 PE STAND PE W STAND PE STAND PE PE STAND W PE PE PE ## T26
 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 T37 T38 ## 1 W STAND W PE W W
 STAND STAND EHU W EHU EHU EHU ## 2 PE STAND STAND STAND STAND STAND STAND
 EHU W STAND STAND PE W ## 3 FIC FIC FIC FIC FIC W FIC FIC W W FIC W W ## 4
 FL PE PE FL A A A A A A A A A ## 5 PE PE PE PE PE PE PE W STAND STAND PE
 STAND STAND ## 6 STAND PE STAND STAND STAND PE STAND STAND PE STAND W PE
 PE ## T39 T40 T41 T42 T43 T44 T45 T46 T47 T48 T49 T50 T51 ## 1 EHU STAND
 EHU EHU C W W W W W HS STAND STAND ## 2 RU STAND EHU EHU EHU W C STAND
 STAND W STAND PE PE ## 3 FIC W W W FIC FIC STAND W FIC STAND FIC RU RU ##
 4 A PE PE PE PE PE PE W W PE PE W FIC ## 5 STAND STAND FL STAND PE PE PE
 STAND STAND STAND STAND PE PE ## 6 STAND W PE PE W STAND W PE STAND STAND
 PE W STAND ## T52 T53 T54 T55 T56 T57 T58 T59 T60 T61 T62 T63 T64 T65 ## 1
 STAND W W STAND A A A A A A A A A A ## 2 STAND PE STAND PE W PE W STAND
 STAND STAND STAND RU RU FIC ## 3 FIC FIC FIC W W FIC EHU W STAND PE PE PE
 PE PE ## 4 W PE PE PE PE PE W PE PE PE PE PE PE RU ## 5 PE PE PE PE PE
 STAND PE STAND PE PE PE PE STAND W ## 6 PE W STAND STAND PE STAND STAND PE
 PE PE STAND STAND STAND PE ## T66 T67 T68 T69 T70 T71 T72 T73 T74 T75 T76
 T77 T78 ## 1 A A A A A A A A A A A A A ## 2 FIC FL STAND RU PE STAND W
 STAND PE STAND STAND EHU STAND ## 3 STAND PE PE PE FIC STAND STAND STAND
 STAND RU EHU STAND STAND ## 4 PE PE W W W PE FL PE PE PE W PE PE ## 5 W W
 PE PE STAND PE PE PE STAND W PE PE PE ## 6 PE STAND PE PE STAND W STAND
 STAND W PE STAND STAND STAND ## T79 T80 T81 T82 T83 T84 T85 T86 T87 T88
 T89 T90 lon ## 1 A A A A A A A A A A A A -23.22400 ## 2 W STAND STAND
 STAND RU FIC FIC W W W STAND FIC -23.22685 ## 3 STAND STAND RU FIC RU FIC
 FIC RU FIC STAND PE PE -23.22691 ## 4 W PE PE STAND PE PE STAND PE STAND
 FIC FL A -23.22691 ## 5 PE PE PE PE RU W W W PE STAND PE PE -23.22691 ## 6
 PE STAND PE PE PE RU PE PE W PE PE STAND -23.22488 ## lat sunrise
 Date_Time.Start Mins_past_sunrise ## 1 15.14879 2023-11-01 06:30:00
 2023-11-01 17:19:00 649 ## 2 15.15097 2023-11-05 06:31:30 2023-11-05
 09:40:00 188 ## 3 15.15097 2023-11-05 06:31:30 2023-11-05 10:15:00 224 ##
 4 15.15097 2023-11-05 06:31:30 2023-11-05 11:16:00 284 ## 5 15.15097
 2023-11-05 06:31:30 2023-11-05 12:07:00 336 ## 6 15.14936 2023-11-19
 06:37:50 2023-11-19 09:25:00 167 ## Mins_past_sunrise.sq ## 1 421201 ## 2
 35344 ## 3 50176 ## 4 80656 ## 5 112896 ## 6 27889 ``` \[1] “Date”: Date
 of the time-budget assay\ \[2] “Time.Start”: Start time of the time-budget
 assay\ \[3] “Time.End”: End time of the time-budget assay\ \[4]
 “Bird.Combo”: Unique individual ID of the bird assayed\ \[5] “Tagged”: Was
 the bird wearing a GPS device and tagged? Y/N\ \[6] “Tag_ID”: Unique ID
 number of the tag deployed\ \[7] “Sex”: Sex of the bird\ \[8] “Observer”:
 Observer recording data during the time-budget analysis\ \[9] “Site”:
 Field site where the time-budget assay took place within Maio\
 \[10]“Nest”: Unique nest ID on which the individual nested during the 2023
 breeding season\ \[11] “Chicks”: Number of chicks present in the brood of
 the focal individual at the time of the time-budget assay\ \[12] “T1”:
 Instantaneous behaviour code recorded at time point 1 of the time-budget
 assay … \[101] “T90”: Instantaneous behaviour code recorded at time point
 90 of the time-budget assay **Behaviour = Code = Comment.** Walking = W =
 Walking individual, obviously slower movement than running. Running = RU =
 Running individual, clearly on foot in movement. Pecking/probing = PE =
 Pecking, typically, at a food item or probing (foraging technique typical
 for many sandpipers and allies). Flying = FL = Bird is flying without any
 display. Standing = STAND = Standing individual in relaxed position, often
 on one leg or with hidden head Looking above = LOOK = Looking by one eye
 above, often in relaxed position –scanning sky for potential danger.
 Standing head-up = HU = Alerted individual, often scanning the surrounding
 for potential danger. Standing extreme head-up = EHU = Alerted individual
 with stretched neck (vertically elongated), often scanning the surrounding
 for danger. Sitting = SIT = Sitting individual (sometimes with hidden
 head) on the ground, not nest. This is different from incubation. Preening
 = PR = Maintenance of feathers (often ruffled) by bill. Head scratching =
 HS = Head scratching by leg as a part of maintenance behaviour. Wing
 stretching = WS = Wing stretching as a part of maintenance behaviour. Leg
 stretching = LS = Leg stretching as a part of maintenance behaviour. Head
 flicking = HF = Head flicking to the side (over the shoulder). Drinking =
 DRINK = Often repeated dipping of the bill to the water, drinking. Bathing
 = BATH = Bathing in the shallow water with ruffled feathers, feathers
 soaking and often wings flapping. Body shaking = BS = A movement lasting a
 few seconds of body shaking withruffled feathers, often after bathing of
 stretching. Tail shaking = TS = Tail shaking, often after bathing and body
 shaking. Ring pecking = RP = Pecking aimed at the metal or colour rings,
 trying to remove them, often observed in freshly ringed individuals.
 Fighting conspecific (unknown sex) = FIC = Longer aggressive physical
 contact between two individuals. Note whether with a male or a female, AND
 with conspecific or other species. This behaviour is not apart of an
 attack during nest or brood defence (see later categories). Fighting
 conspecific male = FICM = Longer aggressive physical contact between two
 individuals. Note whether with a male or a female, AND with conspecific or
 other species. This behaviour is not apart of an attack during nest or
 brood defence (see later categories). Fighting conspecific female = FICF =
 Longer aggressive physical contact between two individuals. Note whether
 with a male or a female, AND with conspecific or other species. This
 behaviour is not apart of an attack during nest or brood defence (see
 later categories). Fighting heterospecific individual (note species and
 the sex if possible) = FIH = Longer aggressive physical contact between
 two individuals. Note whether with a male or a female, AND with
 conspecific or other species. This behaviour is not apart of an attack
 during nest or brood defence (see later categories). Chasing conspecific
 (unknown sex) = CHC = A quick aggressive behaviour against another
 animal,typically a waterbird species as well to chase it away from the
 feeding ground - not as a part of an attack during nest or brood defence.
 Despite the fight where two individuals fight against each other, here one
 individual is chasing the other which is trying to escape. Chasing
 conspecific male = CHCM = A quick aggressive behaviour against another
 animal,typically a waterbird species as well to chase it away from the
 feeding ground – not as a part of an attack during nest or brood defence.
 Despite the fight where two individuals fight against each other, here one
 individual is chasing the other which is trying to escape. Chasing
 conspecific female = CHCF = A quick aggressive behaviour against another
 animal,typically a waterbird species as well to chase it away from the
 feeding ground – not as a part of an attack during nest or brood defence.
 Despite the fight where two individuals fight against each other, here one
 individual is chasing the other which is trying to escape. Chasing
 heterospecific individual (note species and the sex if possible) = CHCH =
 A quick aggressive behaviour against another animal,typically a waterbird
 species as well to chase it away from the feeding ground – not as a part
 of an attack during nest or brood defence. Despite the fight where two
 individuals fight against each other, here one individual is chasing the
 other which is trying to escape . Aerial display = AER = Display in
 flight, typically by male. Often slow flight, wings fluttering, often
 accompanied with characteristic voice. Mainly plovers and sandpipers.
 Scraping = SCRAPE = Movement lasting several seconds, typically performed
 by male (but the female can also be involved), when an individual is
 making a scrape by pushing its breast to the ground and scraping its legs.
 Males are regularly preparing several scrapes in the territory in this
 way, predominantly when female is watching nearby. Hunched-back running =
 HRU \= Running typically nearby possible mate in crouched position with
 hunched back. Hunched-back standing = HST = Standing in the same position
 as described above. Pecking nest material = PENE = Pecking nest material.
 Pre-copulation = P-COP = Male balances on female’s back prior copulation.
 Copulation = COP = Act of mating with cloacal contact of two adult
 individuals, when male is on female’s back, often accompanied with
 characteristic vocalization. Flat running = FRU = Running with the head
 and back at the same level, often feathers fluffed to the sides. Flat
 standing = FST = Standing with the head and back at the same level, often
 feathers fluffed to the sides. Throwing nest material to the nest - THNE -
 Picking up nest material and throwing it towards the nest scrape
 (typically backward over body) during the courtship or to the nest with
 clutch, often after incubation recess. Wing display = WIDI = Wing showing,
 tail showing to the potential mate on the ground, typical behaviour for
 several sandpiper species. Choking courtship = CHOK = Close intimate
 courtship of two individuals (current or possible future pair), often
 accompanied by typical vocalization (e.g.“choking”). Ground display = GRO
 = Displaying behaviour of the male at the ground or from suitable post in
 the breeding territory, often accompanied with characteristic
 vocalization. Also lekking display of Ruff or Great Snipe. Incubation =
 INC = Directly sitting on the nest to incubate eggs. Shading of eggs =
 SHADE = Standing above the nest, shading eggs, leaving wind cooling eggs
 down a little bit during hot part of the day. Eggs wetting = WET =
 Visitation of nearby water body, belly-soaking and eggs wetting to cool
 them down. Eggs covering = COV = Covering eggs with sand or vegetation
 pieces prior departure from the nest. Brooding the chick(s) = B = Chick(s)
 is/are at least partially hidden in adult’s breast feathers and under
 wings. Adult can stand or sit on the ground. Typically during cold or
 extremely hot environmental conditions. Shading the chick(s) = SH =
 Chick(s) is/are just sheltered (NOT brooded) by standing adult, typically
 with stretched wings (usually during hot environment conditions. Distant
 calling = DC = Calling/warning from distance, typically from the
 ground,giving potential predator away, but without closer approach to the
 predator. Injury feigning = IF = Adult is pretending to be injured,
 e.g. “broken wing display” “wing flapping”, resembling easy prey for
 potential predator, to allure potential predator away from real nest
 location. Also impeded flight or erratic fluttering belongs here. Rodent
 running = RRU = Rapid running in crouched position with the head tilted
 downwards, the body plumage fluffed, and the wings slightly extended and
 dropped, often accompanied by squeaking. Bird pretends to be a small
 rodent (a suitable prey) alluring potential predator away from real nest
 location. Regular behaviour of many Arctic sandpipers. False brooding = FB
 = Adult is pretending to sit on the nest at different location to allure
 potential predator away from real nest location. Other displacement
 activities = DIAC = False feeding, false swimming, pseudo-sleeping or
 false maintenance behaviour as a part of the distraction display to allure
 potential predator away from real nest location. Crouched running = CRU \=
 Contrary to rodent run – silent run in crouched position rather reducing
 conspicuousness of bird departing from nest, behaviour typical for many
 plovers. Upright running = URU = Distractive running which does not
 involve crouched posture, typically with head-up. Ungulate display = UNG =
 To deter a big animal (often ungulate) from vicinity of nest or brood,
 adult shorebird faces the animal with fully raised wing(s) and loud
 calling. Aggressive circling and scolding = AC = Intense flight above or
 in close vicinity of approaching predator whilst emitting alarm calls
 (mobbing). Without physical contact. Attack = AT = Intense mobbing
 connected with physical contact with intruder/predator, often repeated and
 predominantly airstrikes complemented with loud vocalization. Also special
 “snake pecking” belongs here. Always note which predator is involved and
 whether other individuals from the surrounding helped the focal defender.
 Covered = C = Focal bird is covered from view, e.g. behind vegetation.
 Away = A = Focal bird is away, e.g. not around the brood For all
 behavioural codes, see artice supplement, and refer to:
 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334098370_Protocol_for_collecting_behavioural_data_for_ELVONAL_shorebird_project](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334098370_Protocol_for_collecting_behavioural_data_for_ELVONAL_shorebird_project) \[102] “lon”: Longitude of focal individual at start of time-budget assay\ \[103] “lat”: Latitude of focal individual at start of time-budget assay\ \[104] “sunrise”: Local sunrise time at the latitude and longitude of the focal individual at the start of the assay\ \[105] “Date_Time.Start”: POSIXct format timestamp at the start of the time-budget assay\ \[106] “Mins_past_sunrise”: Minutes past sunrise at the start time of the time-budget assay\ \[107] “Mins_past_sunrise.sq”: Minutes past sunrise at the start time of the time-budget assay value squared ## Resighting Data from 2023 Breeding and 2024 Non-Breeding Seasons ``` Resightings &lt;- read.csv("Tag_resightings_data_Mar2024.csv", header = T) head(Resightings) ## All.untagged.combinations..sighted.in.2023 ## 1 BBLM ## 2 BBMG ## 3 BBMO ## 4 BBMY ## 5 BGLM ## 6 BGMG ## Untagged..combinations..resighted.2024 ## 1 BBLM ## 2 BBMB ## 3 BBMG ## 4 BBMO ## 5 BGLM ## 6 BGMB ## Untagged..combinations..resighted.2024.that.were.seen.in.2023. ## 1 BBLM ## 2 BBMG ## 3 BBMO ## 4 BGLM ## 5 BGMG ## 6 BLMG ## Tagged..combinations..in.2023 Tagged..combinations..resighted.2024 ## 1 LLMG GGMG ## 2 GLWM GRLM ## 3 YLMY GYMY ## 4 BYMW LBRM ## 5 YGMG MBRL ## 6 WYRM MGGB ## Tagged..combinations..resighted.or..hub.detected.2024 ## 1 GGMG ## 2 GRLM ## 3 GYMY ## 4 LBRM ## 5 LWMY ## 6 MBRL ``` \[1] “All.untagged.combinations..sighted.in.2023”: List of all unique bird ID codes from untagged birds that were observed during the 2023 breeding season.\ \[2] “Untagged..combinations..resighted.2024”: List of all unique bird ID codes from untagged birds that were observed during the 2024 non-breeding season.\ \[3] “Untagged..combinations..resighted.2024.that.were.seen.in.2023.”: List of all unique bird ID codes from untagged birds that were observed during the 2024 non-breeding season, that were also sighted in the 2023 breeding season.\ \[4] “Tagged..combinations..in.2023”: List of all unique bird ID codes from birds that were tagged during the 2023 breeding season.\ \[5] “Tagged..combinations..resighted.2024”: List of all unique bird ID codes from tagged birds that were observed during the 2024 non-breeding season by visual surveys only.\ \[6] “Tagged..combinations..resighted.or..hub.detected.2024”: List of all unique bird ID codes from tagged birds that were observed during the 2024 non-breeding season by visual surveys and deduced to be present by remote download of movement data from the hub device. ## Tag Deployment Data ``` deployments &lt;- read.csv("Tag_deployment_data_2023_clean.csv", header = T) head(deployments) ## Deployment Device_ID Company Device_Mass Harness.loop.length Dev_Har_Mass ## 1 1 484 Druid 1.72 2.1 1.81 ## 2 2 488 Druid 1.89 2.0 1.99 ## 3 3 048A Druid 1.74 2.0 1.80 ## 4 4 047F Druid 1.74 2.0 1.80 ## 5 5 047B Druid 1.77 2.1 1.84 ## 6 6 043A Druid 1.71 2.1 1.80 ## Bird_Mass Proportion_BodyMass Dep_Date Capture_Time Bird_Metal Sex Nest_ID ## 1 42.50 4.259 14/10/2023 16:28 CB0784 F RP116 ## 2 38.53 5.165 15/10/2023 11:38 CB1507 F RP115 ## 3 37.80 4.762 16/10/2023 05:46 CB1011 M RP116 ## 4 39.14 4.599 16/10/2023 16:56 CA3411 F S303 ## 5 41.43 4.441 16/10/2023 18:12 CB0782 F S61 ## 6 42.36 4.249 16/10/2023 19:40 CB1696 M RP115 ## Bird_Combo ## 1 LLMG ## 2 GLWM ## 3 YLMY ## 4 BYMW ## 5 YGMG ## 6 WYRM ``` \[1] “Deployment”: Unique sequential deployment number\ \[2] “Device_ID”: Unique device ID number of the deployed GPS\ \[3] “Company”: Manufacturing company of the device\ \[4] “Device_Mass”: Mass (g) of the device before harness was fitted, as received from manufacturer\ \[5] “Harness.loop.length”: Length of the leg loop (cm, one-side only). Measured by placing the side edge of GPS at origin of ruler, and pulling leg loop on one-side with a pin until leg-loop elastic was taught (but not stretched).\ \[6] “Dev_Har_Mass”: Final combined mass (g) of harness and device that was deployed onto the bird\ \[7] “Bird_Mass”: Mass of the bird (g) onto which the device was deployed.\ \[8] “Proportion_BodyMass”: Dev_Har_Mass / Bird_Mass * 100 (%) \[9] “Dep_Date”: Date of deployment of GPS device\ \[10] “Capture_Time” Time of capture for deployment\ \[11] “Bird_Metal”: Unique metal ring ID number of bird\ \[12] “Sex”: Sex of bird\ \[13] “Nest_ID”: Unique nest ID number of tagged bird during the 2023 breeding season\ \[14] “Bird_Combo”: Unique colour ring combination of tagged bird