DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17455801
title: Force Lines and Photons: A Topological Reinterpretation of Matter and Gravity - Weber

description: This preprint introduces a revolutionary topological framework that redefines the fundamental nature of matter, radiation, and gravity, challenging the conventional particle-based paradigms of modern physics. We propose that all physical phenomena—particles, photons, and gravitational effects—originate from force lines, conceptualized as one-dimensional energy threads embedded within the quantum vacuum. These force lines, constrained by the universal speed limit of light ($c$), form stable, knotted configurations that manifest as particles, with mass emerging from their topological resistance to unraveling, as encapsulated by the iconic relation $E = mc^2$. In contrast, photons are modeled as unraveled, charge-coupled pairs of electron- and positron-like force lines, rendering them neutral, massless, and incapable of inducing spacetime curvature. This framework interprets annihilation ($e^- + e^+ \to \gamma$) and pair production ($\gamma \to e^- + e^+$) as dynamic topological transitions between knotted and unknotted states, conserving energy-momentum through quantum electrodynamics (QED) processes.

Gravity is reimagined as the spacetime curvature induced by the tension of these knotted force lines, aligning seamlessly with Einstein’s field equations ($R_{\mu\nu} - \frac{1}{2} R g_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4} T_{\mu\nu}$). This eliminates the necessity for discrete, point-like particles, offering a unified geometric perspective that bridges QED, general relativity, and cutting-edge advancements in quantum sensing. Notably, the model incorporates recent research on redistributing Heisenberg uncertainty using grid states (Valahu, C. et al., 2025, Quantum Sensing with Redistributed Uncertainty, Nature Physics, 21, 123--130), suggesting that knot vibrations underpin quantum measurement limits, with transformative potential for enhancing precision in fine-scale observations and metrology.

The theoretical foundation laid here is complemented by computational explorations, with the accompanying software artifacts QSimulation.py and AAI.py providing sophisticated tools to simulate knot dynamics, photon transitions, and spacetime curvature. These programs enable researchers to investigate topological invariants (e.g., Chern-Simons forms), test predictions against high-energy collider data (e.g., ATLAS Collaboration, 2012, Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson, Physics Letters B, 716, 1--29), and validate the model’s implications for quantum sensing experiments. This work represents a paradigm shift in theoretical physics, proposing a string- and braid-based alternative to traditional particle models, and invites rigorous scrutiny and collaboration from the global physics, quantum computing, and theoretical mathematics communities.

Future iterations of this research will expand the mathematical formalism, incorporate detailed visualizations of force line configurations, and integrate empirical data from advanced quantum sensing technologies. This preprint serves as an open invitation to the scientific community to engage with, critique, and build upon this innovative framework, fostering a new era of interdisciplinary exploration in fundamental physics.

Albert knew before so many others that physics nees elegance to be true to the unvierseses truths.  We all need to look where that has fallen short and strive to correct where needed.  This is a challenge and a struggle that we all need to remember and wake up to each day.  RJW