DOI: 10.3886/icpsr39090
title: Developing and Testing New Methods for Estimating Treatment Effectiveness in Observational Studies Using High-Dimensional Data [Methods Study], 2023
title: Archival Version

description: Propensity scores (PS) and instrumental variables (IV) are methods used to assess treatment effects in observational studies when randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not feasible. However, these methods have limitations, especially when using high-dimensional data, or data with numerous variables or many non-linear and interaction terms. Choices on which variables and non-linear and interaction terms to include may lead to model misspecification. The objective of this study was to develop and test a set of PS and IV methods that account for model misspecification when estimating causal effects of treatments using high-dimensional data.
First, the research team created the two new methods for use with high-dimensional data. The team then used a computer program to create test data that look like real patient data. The team applied the new methods to the test data. Next, the research team applied the new methods to real data from previous studies. They applied the PS method to data from Connors et al. (1996) and applied the IV method to data used by Card (1995). Using both test and real data, the research team compared findings from the new methods with those from existing PS and IV methods and checked to see if findings from the new methods were accurate when including different patient traits and health conditions in the analysis.
This collection contains the R software package RCAL and accompanying documentation. The package source as a .tar.gz file and six different versions are available in a zipped package. Files have been released as received by ICPSR from the depositor:

For R version 4.2, created April 24, 2022 (Windows, r-oldrel)
For R version 4.3, created October 20, 2023 (Windows, r-release)
For R version 4.4, created March 14, 2024 (Windows, r-devel)
For R version 4.2, created April 1, 2023 (Mac, arm64, r-oldrel)
For R version 4.3, created April 6, 2023 (Mac, arm64, r-release)
For R version 4.3, created April 11, 2023 (Mac, x86_64, r-release)
description: The purpose of this research was to develop and evaluate methods using propensity scores and instrumental variables that account for model misspecification when estimating treatment effects using high-dimensional data. The specific aims were:

Develop new statistical theory and methods for estimating propensity scores and for drawing inference about treatment effects from observational data, with possibly a large number of covariates or regressors.
Develop new statistical theory and methods using instrumental variables about treatment effects from observational data, with possibly a large number of covariates or regressors.
Develop and disseminate user-friendly software, including accessible and transparent documentation, for implementation of the new methods.
description: The research team first derived numerical algorithms to implement the proposed methods: regularized calibrated estimation for estimating propensity scores in high-dimensional data, and model-assisted inference about average treatment effects (ATE) in propensity scores and instrumental variables methods. The team then tested the methods with both simulated and real observational data from previous studies. The test data for propensity scores methods came from Connors et al. (1996), while the test data for instrumental variables methods came from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Young Men as used by Card (1995). Finally, the team compared the accuracy of their developed methods to that of existing propensity scores and instrumental variables methods. The proposed methods were implemented in the R software package RCAL. Please refer to the study vignettes and final report for technical details.
description: Datasets: 
DS1: Developing and Testing New Methods for Estimating Treatment Effectiveness in Observational Studies Using High-Dimensional Data [Methods Study], 2023