cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ynvnw7
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 90929 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is one of (Leptodermis ludlowii, Leptodermis parkeri, Leptodermis pilosa acanthoclada, Leptodermis pilosa glabrescens, Leptodermis pilosa pilosa, Leptodermis potaninii glauca, Leptodermis potaninii potaninii, Leptodermis purdomii, Leptodermis rehderiana, Leptodermis riparia, Leptodermis scabrida, Leptodermis stapfiana, Leptodermis velutiniflora, Leptodermis virgata, Leptodermis xizangensis, Leptopus chinensis, Leptopus cordifolius, Leptopus emicans, Leptorhabdos parviflora, Leptostachya wallichii, Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Lepyrodiclis holosteoides, Lepyrodiclis tenera, Lerchea micrantha, Lespedeza cuneata, Lespedeza davurica, Lespedeza elegans, Lespedeza elliptica, Lespedeza fasciculiflora, Lespedeza gerardiana, Lespedeza juncea, Lespedeza pilosa, Lespedeza tomentosa, Lettsomia thomsonii, Leucas aspera, Leucas cephalotes, Leucas ciliata, Leucas decemdentata, Leucas hyssopifolia, Leucas lanata, Leucas lavandulifolia, Leucas nutans, Leucas urticifolia, Leucas zeylanica, Leucomeris spectabilis, Leucosceptrum canum, Leucostemma latifolium, Leucothoe griffithiana, Leycesteria dibangalliensis, Leycesteria formosa, Leycesteria glaucophylla, Leycesteria gracilis, Leycesteria stipulata, Leymus secalinus secalinus, Libanotis sibirica, Licuala peltata, Licuala spinosa, Lignariella serpens, Ligularia amplexicaulis, Ligularia atkinsonii, Ligularia chimiliensis, Ligularia cremanthodioides, Ligularia discoidea, Ligularia dux dux, Ligularia dux minima, Ligularia fischeri, Ligularia ghatsukupa, Ligularia hookeri, Ligularia jacquemontiana, Ligularia japonica, Ligularia kingiana, Ligularia lapathifolia, Ligularia latiligulata, Ligularia liatroides liatroides, Ligularia mortonii, Ligularia myriocephala, Ligularia nyingchiensis, Ligularia petiolaris, Ligularia pterodonta, Ligularia pubifolia, Ligularia retusa, Ligularia rumicifolia, Ligularia sachalinensis, Ligularia sagitta, Ligularia tenuicaulis, Ligularia thomsonii, Ligularia tongkyukensis, Ligularia tongolensis, Ligularia tsangchanensis, Ligularia virgaurea, Ligusticum acuminatum, Ligusticum angelicifolium, Ligusticum brachylobum, Ligusticum daucoides, Ligusticum elatum, Ligusticum gyirongense, Ligusticum littledalei, Ligusticum marginatum, Ligusticum mucronatum, Ligusticum oliverianum)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 90929 records from 678 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002225-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/3qe-ggj-maa
title: Dicotyledoneae DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Natural History Museum Vienna.
DOI: 10.3535/qch-nyg-49f
title: Gramineae Juss.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Natural History Museum Vienna.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28458884
title: AEON VEMCO Fish Tag Receiver Raw Data

description: The AEON bottom landers are equipped with Vemco Fish Finders, which record the tag number of any tagged fish that passes through its vicinity. These are the raw data files. To see more about the fish tags captured by the sensor see: https://members.oceantrack.org/ search on institution is UNH.This collection represents the data collected from the Acoustic and Environmental Observation Network (AEON) in the U.S. Northwest Atlantic, developed and deployed 2021. The AEON network of five observation nodes complements existing oceanographic monitoring infrastructure in the Gulf of Maine. The observatory network provides simultaneous, long-term monitoring of soundscapes and multiple acoustically-relevant parameters such as marine mammal behavior and prey concentration at key locations where changes in the Labrador and Gulf Stream currents are projected to affect the Gulf of Maine.The lead P.I. for this project is Dr. Jennifer Miksis-Olds, University of New Hampshire (UNH). Dr. Miksis-Olds leads a collaborative research team consisting of individuals from UNH, JASCO Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, and other collaborators.Please cite these data as Jennifer Miksis-Olds, AEON PI, University of New Hampshire with funding from U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Naval Research Awards N00014-20-1-2312, N00014-23-12767, N00014-24-12740.Raw data [including detailed metadata] are archived at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information :<br>Active Acoustic raw data, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/water-column-sonar/<br>Passive Acoustic raw data, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/passive_acoustic_data/<br>The AEON network in the Gulf of Maine totals 5 observation nodes. Datasets are indicated by siteAEON1 NEC, Northeast Channel, CanadaAEON2 ECS, Eastern Coastal Shelf, CanadaAEON3 GEB, Georges Basin, USAEON4 Jordan Basin, USAEON5 Wilkinson Basin, USSampling period is reflected as "Deploy date-Recovery date" (e.g., Jan2022-Feb2023 was deployed January 2022 and recovered February 2023).<b>Dataset manifest:</b>Research Cruise 2: Jasco dataset 1: Feb 2021 thru July 2021 (AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 3: Jasco dataset 2: July 2021 thru Jan 2022 (AEON3 GEB, AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 4: Jasco dataset 3: Jan 2022 thru Dec 2022 (AEON1 NEC, AEON2 ECS, AEON3 GEB, AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 5: Jasco dataset 4: Feb 2023 thru Feb 2024 (AEON1 NEC, AEON2 ECS, AEON3 GEB) and Dec 2022 thru Dec 2023 (AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 6: Jasco dataset 5: Mar/Apr 2024 thru Apr 2025 (AEON1 NEC, AEON2 ECS, AEON3 GEB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 7 is planned for April 2026Project Website is:<br>https://eos.unh.edu/aeon<br>Contact: "Jennifer Miksis-Olds"<br>See also: https://eos.unh.edu/center-acoustics-research-education<br>Data are supplied as-is and no warranty is made, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28458884.v4
title: VEMCO Fish Tag Receiver

description: The AEON bottom landers are equipped with Vemco Fish Finders which record the tag number of any tagged fish that passes through its vicinity. These are the raw data files. To see more about the fish tags captured by the sensor see: https://members.oceantrack.org/ search on institution is UNH.The AEON network concentrates all observation assets in the Gulf of Maine and totals 5 observation nodes. Node locations are determined based on an in-depth analysis of current regional assets and collaborations, bathymetry and associated sound propagation models, location historical and predicted oceanographic features, and ecosystem relevance.<b>Dataset manifest:</b>Research Cruise 2: Jasco dataset 1: Feb 2021 thru July 2021Research Cruise 3: Jasco dataset 2: July 2021 thru Jan 2022Research Cruise 4: Jasco dataset 3: Jan 2022 thru Dec 2022Research Cruise 5: Jasco dataset 4: Feb 2023 thru Feb 2024 (sites 1,2,3) and Dec 2022 thru Dec 2023Research Cruise 6 is planned for April 2025<br>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28458884.v5
title: AEON VEMCO Fish Tag Receiver Raw Data

description: The AEON bottom landers are equipped with Vemco Fish Finders, which record the tag number of any tagged fish that passes through its vicinity. These are the raw data files. To see more about the fish tags captured by the sensor see: https://members.oceantrack.org/ search on institution is UNH.This collection represents the data collected from the Acoustic and Environmental Observation Network (AEON) in the U.S. Northwest Atlantic, developed and deployed 2021. The AEON network of five observation nodes complements existing oceanographic monitoring infrastructure in the Gulf of Maine. The observatory network provides simultaneous, long-term monitoring of soundscapes and multiple acoustically-relevant parameters such as marine mammal behavior and prey concentration at key locations where changes in the Labrador and Gulf Stream currents are projected to affect the Gulf of Maine.The lead P.I. for this project is Dr. Jennifer Miksis-Olds, University of New Hampshire (UNH). Dr. Miksis-Olds leads a collaborative research team consisting of individuals from UNH, JASCO Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, and other collaborators.Please cite these data as Jennifer Miksis-Olds, AEON PI, University of New Hampshire with funding from U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Naval Research Awards N00014-20-1-2312, N00014-23-12767, N00014-24-12740.Raw data [including detailed metadata] are archived at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information :<br>Active Acoustic raw data, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/water-column-sonar/<br>Passive Acoustic raw data, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/passive_acoustic_data/<br>The AEON network in the Gulf of Maine totals 5 observation nodes. Datasets are indicated by siteAEON1 NEC, Northeast Channel, CanadaAEON2 ECS, Eastern Coastal Shelf, CanadaAEON3 GEB, Georges Basin, USAEON4 Jordan Basin, USAEON5 Wilkinson Basin, USSampling period is reflected as "Deploy date-Recovery date" (e.g., Jan2022-Feb2023 was deployed January 2022 and recovered February 2023).<b>Dataset manifest:</b>Research Cruise 2: Jasco dataset 1: Feb 2021 thru July 2021 (AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 3: Jasco dataset 2: July 2021 thru Jan 2022 (AEON3 GEB, AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 4: Jasco dataset 3: Jan 2022 thru Dec 2022 (AEON1 NEC, AEON2 ECS, AEON3 GEB, AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 5: Jasco dataset 4: Feb 2023 thru Feb 2024 (AEON1 NEC, AEON2 ECS, AEON3 GEB) and Dec 2022 thru Dec 2023 (AEON4 JOB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 6: Jasco dataset 5: Mar/Apr 2024 thru Apr 2025 (AEON1 NEC, AEON2 ECS, AEON3 GEB, AEON5 WIB)Research Cruise 7 is planned for April 2026Project Website is:<br>https://eos.unh.edu/aeon<br>Contact: "Jennifer Miksis-Olds"<br>See also: https://eos.unh.edu/center-acoustics-research-education<br>Data are supplied as-is and no warranty is made, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.
DOI: 10.3535/76l-v56-2bj
title: Gramineae Juss.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Natural History Museum Vienna.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.npr2p2
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Vaccinium microcarpum",
 "Country is Lithuania",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002252-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.yaygbr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 58400 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "GadmGid is DNK",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Galium verum"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 58400 records from 20 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002224-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/d4t-rz8-59k
title: Gramineae Juss.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Natural History Museum Vienna.
DOI: 10.3535/0x7-7ek-4a3
title: Gramineae Juss.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Natural History Museum Vienna.
DOI: 10.48580/dzc9.v78
title: -- First- - description -- of- - the- - male- - of- - Dendrothrips karnyi (Thysanoptera, -- Thripidae) - from- - Iran
DOI: 10.48580/dzcf.v84
title: Morphological and molecular characters reveal the status of Pedesta rubella (Devyatkin, 1996) stat. n. and P. similissima (Devyatkin, 2002) syn. n. (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dzck.v80
title: Discovery of the genus Termitodiellus Nakane, 1961 in China, with description of Termitodiellus hainanensis Jiang & Wang, new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)
DOI: 10.48580/dzcm.v77
title: A new species of Ukamenia from Vietnam (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae Gatesclarkeanini)
DOI: 10.48580/dzc5.v79
title: An overview of the big-eyed bug fauna of French Polynesia (Heteroptera Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)
DOI: 10.48580/dzc8.v80
title: On the availability of the family-group name Lychnocolacidae (Strepsiptera)
DOI: 10.48580/dzbs.v81
title: Report on a collection of dragonflies (Odonata) from the Andaman Islands.
DOI: 10.48580/dzbx.v80
title: Hydaticus (Prodaticus) hauthi sp. nov., a new diving beetle from the cloud forest in the Cordillera El Sira, Peru (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dzbq.v79
title: A replacement name for Antobium crenulatum Shavrin & Smetana, 2019 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae)
DOI: 10.48580/dzbr.v78
title: Species of the Maera - clade collected from Japan. Part 3: genera Maera Leach, 1814, Meximaera Barnard, 1969 and Orientomaera Ariyama, 2018 (addendum), with a key to Japanese species of the clade (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Maeridae)
DOI: 10.48580/dzc3.v83
title: A new species of Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae: Hylini) from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero and Estado de México, México
DOI: 10.48580/dzbg.v80
title: Two fossil conifer species from the Neogene of Alonissos Island (Iliodroma, Greece)
DOI: 10.48580/dzbl.v81
title: A new species of Stolephorus (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from the Bay of Bengal India
DOI: 10.48580/dzb5.v83
title: A remarkable new species of Phocides (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Bolivia and taxonomic considerations on Phocides charon
DOI: 10.48580/dzb7.v81
title: Description of the male of Cybaeodamus lycosoides (Nicolet), with new distributional data for C. meridionalis Lise, Ott & Rodrigues (Araneae, Zodariidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dzb8.v82
title: Myrciamyia pterandrae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lopesiini), a new species of gall midge associated with Pterandra pyroidea A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae), an endemic plant in Brazilian Cerrado
DOI: 10.48580/dz9t.v80
title: A revised classification of the fluvicoline tyrant flycatchers (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae, Fluvicolinae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz9x.v80
title: Unexpected species diversity within Sri Lanka’s snakehead fishes of the Channa marulius group (Teleostei: Channidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz9d.v80
title: New Species and New Records of Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from India
DOI: 10.48580/dz9g.v84
title: Dragons in neglect: Taxonomic revision of the Sulawesi sailfin lizards of the genus Hydrosaurus Kaup, 1828 (Squamata, Agamidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz9h.v80
title: Description of zoeal stages of Albunea paretii Guérin-Méneville, 1853 (Decapoda: Albuneidae) collected from the Amazon Continental Shelf (Brazil)
DOI: 10.48580/dz9l.v84
title: A new Jurassic lizard from China
DOI: 10.48580/dz8w.v81
title: A new species of Knodus (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Cupari drainage, lower Rio Tapajós basin, Brazil
DOI: 10.48580/dz95.v78
title: Phylogenetic relationships of Nyctereutes Temminck, 1838 (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from early Pliocene of Çalta, Turkey
DOI: 10.48580/dz99.v68
title: Arboricolonus simplex gen. et sp. nov. and novelties in Cadophora, Minutiella and Proliferodiscus from Prunus wood in Germany
DOI: 10.48580/dz8r.v84
title: Prionotropis xausi, a new species of Thrinchinae (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae) from Catalonia (northeast of the Iberian Peninsula)
DOI: 10.48580/dz8t.v83
title: New records of two sponge-associated species of Upogebia Leach, 1814 from southern India (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Upogebiidae): U. hexaceras (Ortmann, 1894) and U. nithyanandan (Sakai, Tu ̈ rkay & Al Aidaroos, 2015) resurrected from the synonymy of U. balmaorum Ngoc-Ho, 1990
DOI: 10.48580/dz8l.v76
title: Description of Pseudoechthistatus rugosus n. sp. from Yunnan, China (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Lamiini)
DOI: 10.48580/dz8n.v78
title: Report of Cladorhiza bathycrinoides Koltun (Demospongiae) from North America and a new species of Farrea (Hexactinellida) among sponges from Cordell Bank, California
DOI: 10.48580/dz87.v82
title: Review of the genus classification of Abiinae (Cimbicidae, Hymenoptera)
DOI: 10.48580/dz89.v77
title: A new synonymy and transference in Cerambycinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz8g.v82
title: The Trichoptera of Panama V. Descriptions of new species, new country records, and a synonymy
DOI: 10.48580/dz86.v83
title: Leiolima iberica, a new harvestman genus and species from the Iberian Peninsula (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz7k.v87
title: Diagnostics and updated catalogue of Acalyptris Meyrick, the second largest genus of Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) in the Americas
DOI: 10.48580/dz7l.v89
title: Manzuma gen. nov., a new aelurilline genus of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz7n.v34
title: An integrative taxonomic approach reveals a new species of Eranthis (Ranunculaceae) in North Asia
DOI: 10.48580/dz7s.v80
title: New species of Eurythenes from hadal depths of the Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
DOI: 10.48580/dz7j.v85
title: Aphelonotus schuhi sp. nov., the first species of the family Pachynomidae from Puerto Rico (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
DOI: 10.48580/dz7d.v81
title: Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea)
DOI: 10.48580/dz7f.v86
title: A new species of Dryocalamus (Serpentes: Colubridae) endemic to the rainforests of southwestern Sri Lanka
DOI: 10.48580/dz7g.v84
title: The giant “ penis ” of a newly described species in the subgenus Scotoconiopteryx from Peru (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae: Coniopteryginae: Coniopteryx)
DOI: 10.48580/dz76.v79
title: Gondwanorchestia tristanensis gen. nov. sp. nov., a new southern hemisphere genus and species of talitrid amphipod (Amphipoda, Senticaudata, Talitridae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz77.v77
title: The immature stages of Phylloicus obliquus Navás, 1931 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae)
DOI: 10.48580/dz78.v81
title: Taxonomy of the leaf beetle genus Exomis Weise (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Clytrini) with description of six new species from China
DOI: 10.48580/dz7b.v89
title: Revision of the genus Minutaleyrodes Jesudasan and David (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with descriptions of two new species from the Little Andaman Island, India
DOI: 10.17632/w959ys7hww.1
title: Kilic & Tuzel - Investing in Misallocation

description: This folder contains the replication code for the model estimation and empirical analysis, along with the pseudo-data used in the empirical analysis for “Investing in Misallocation” by Kilic and Tuzel.
DOI: 10.17632/hhzj75rc36
title: Data: ReFi tokens as carbon-backed climate-finance assets

description: Research data used in the empirical analysis
DOI: 10.17632/hhzj75rc36.2
title: Data: ReFi tokens as carbon-backed climate-finance assets

description: Research data used in the empirical analysis
DOI: 10.17632/6n9zbrp75r
title: LADD: A Multimodal Image–Sensor Benchmark Dataset for Litchi Freshness and Formalin Adulteration Detection

description: The LQADD dataset is a multimodal resource designed to advance research in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and computer vision (CV) for food quality assessment and adulteration detection. It focuses on litchis (Litchi chinensis), a commercially valuable tropical fruit prone to spoilage and adulteration practices.

This dataset comprises 3,000 high-resolution images and corresponding sensor measurements, captured under controlled experimental conditions across three categories:

1. Fresh Litchi (1000 samples):
 - Naturally ripened fruits with optimal freshness.
 - Sensor profiles reflect high moisture (75–82%), firmness (2–4 kg/cm²), moderate acidity (pH 4.5–5.0), and low volatile organic compounds.

2. Rotten Litchi (1000 samples):
 - Fruits exhibiting microbial decay, browning, and texture softening.
 - Sensor data characterized by reduced moisture, low firmness, elevated ethanol and CO₂ levels due to fermentation, and lowered pH.

3. Formalin-Mixed Litchi (1000 samples):
 - Fruits treated with a hazardous preservative solution (90% water + 10% raw formalin) to artificially extend shelf life.
 - Sensor readings show abnormally stable moisture and firmness values, with detectable formaldehyde concentrations (2–5 ppm) and suppressed natural degradation indicators.

Data Modalities
1. Image Data: 3,000 RGB images (1000 per class).
 - Captured under uniform lighting and background for consistency.
 - Useful for developing CNN-based classification, object detection, or hyperspectral extensions.
2. Sensor Data: Includes Moisture (%), Firmness (kg/cm²), pH, Total Soluble Solids (TSS in °Brix), Ethanol (ppm), CO₂ (ppm), and Formaldehyde (ppm).
 - Provides quantitative ground truth for freshness, spoilage, and adulteration.
 - Enables multimodal learning approaches that combine visual and sensor features.

Applications:
1. Food quality and safety monitoring using ML/DL models.
2. Adulteration detection (formalin and chemical preservative identification).
3. Computer vision-based fruit classification (fresh vs. rotten vs. adulterated).
4. Sensor fusion frameworks combining visual and chemical signatures.
5. Explainable AI in food safety, by linking sensor data to visual features.

Significance: 
This dataset provides a unique benchmark for real-world food safety applications, bridging the gap between visual recognition and sensor-based analysis. It supports the development of robust AI-driven systems for smart agriculture, supply chain monitoring, and consumer protection against hazardous adulteration.
DOI: 10.17632/6n9zbrp75r.1
title: LADD: A Multimodal Image–Sensor Benchmark Dataset for Litchi Freshness and Formalin Adulteration Detection

description: The LQADD dataset is a multimodal resource designed to advance research in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and computer vision (CV) for food quality assessment and adulteration detection. It focuses on litchis (Litchi chinensis), a commercially valuable tropical fruit prone to spoilage and adulteration practices.

This dataset comprises 3,000 high-resolution images and corresponding sensor measurements, captured under controlled experimental conditions across three categories:

1. Fresh Litchi (1000 samples):
 - Naturally ripened fruits with optimal freshness.
 - Sensor profiles reflect high moisture (75–82%), firmness (2–4 kg/cm²), moderate acidity (pH 4.5–5.0), and low volatile organic compounds.

2. Rotten Litchi (1000 samples):
 - Fruits exhibiting microbial decay, browning, and texture softening.
 - Sensor data characterized by reduced moisture, low firmness, elevated ethanol and CO₂ levels due to fermentation, and lowered pH.

3. Formalin-Mixed Litchi (1000 samples):
 - Fruits treated with a hazardous preservative solution (90% water + 10% raw formalin) to artificially extend shelf life.
 - Sensor readings show abnormally stable moisture and firmness values, with detectable formaldehyde concentrations (2–5 ppm) and suppressed natural degradation indicators.

Data Modalities
1. Image Data: 3,000 RGB images (1000 per class).
 - Captured under uniform lighting and background for consistency.
 - Useful for developing CNN-based classification, object detection, or hyperspectral extensions.
2. Sensor Data: Includes Moisture (%), Firmness (kg/cm²), pH, Total Soluble Solids (TSS in °Brix), Ethanol (ppm), CO₂ (ppm), and Formaldehyde (ppm).
 - Provides quantitative ground truth for freshness, spoilage, and adulteration.
 - Enables multimodal learning approaches that combine visual and sensor features.

Applications:
1. Food quality and safety monitoring using ML/DL models.
2. Adulteration detection (formalin and chemical preservative identification).
3. Computer vision-based fruit classification (fresh vs. rotten vs. adulterated).
4. Sensor fusion frameworks combining visual and chemical signatures.
5. Explainable AI in food safety, by linking sensor data to visual features.

Significance: 
This dataset provides a unique benchmark for real-world food safety applications, bridging the gap between visual recognition and sensor-based analysis. It supports the development of robust AI-driven systems for smart agriculture, supply chain monitoring, and consumer protection against hazardous adulteration.