cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.904
title: THE USE OF WIND-CATCHER TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE NATURAL AIR MOVEMENT IN ROW-HOUSES

description: Typically, row-houses also known as residential buildings were constructed as rows. Each row house shares its side walls with the attached row house, as doing so can save space. The saving of space comes at a cost. However, one of the issues is always an inadequate airflow. Thus, the intent of this research study is to address the problem by focusing on the use of wind-catchers in order to improve indoor air movement of sharing spaces – family room, living room, and kitchen – in a two-story row-house.A questionnaire relate to thermal comfort was created and row-houses occupants were asked to fill the answers. Thirty row houses which are two stories level were selected and the owners of those houses were interviewed. A row-house was selected to be the base case. Measurements of wind velocity, temperature, and humidity were conducted at the. Additionally, there were two categories of model simulation were conducted. First category (all apertures of the house were completely open as this condition was considered as the day time) consisted of five proposed designs such as a stair case wind-catcher, an X-type wind-catcher I, an X-type wind-catcher II, a twin K-type wind-catcher I, and a twin K-type wind-catcher II. As the results, the twin K-type wind-catcher II provided the best result amongst other proposed designs. Therefore, it was selected to use in second category. Second category (all apertures of the house were completely closed as this condition was considered as the night time) consisted of three proposed designs such as a twin K-type wind-catcher II, an Extra design I, and an Extra design II. Furthermore, the CFD program was employed to analyze the effects of air flow as wind speed 2m/s and 4m/s from three wind directions (south direction, west direction, and south-west direction). As the results from this research study indicated that the use of wind-catcher did not provide any significant effect to the living room and the kitchen (ground floor) for both the first category and the second category. However, the use of wind-catcher provided the significant effect to the family room (first floor) for both the first category and the second category. More importantly, the use of wind-catcher integrated with an Extra design I and an Extra design II provide the significant effect the air movement in the family room, the living room, and the kitchen for both categories. Additionally, the use of the twin K-type wind-catcher II is the most appropriate one amongst all the proposed designs. Moreover, this research also indicates that wind-catchers can be used properly in tropical monsoon climate as Phnom Penh, Cambodia in order to enhance indoor air movement and to increase thermal comfort to row-houses’ occupant.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.1422
title: ปัญหากฎหมายเกี่ยวกับการแบ่งประเภทเงินได้พึงประเมินตามประมวลรัษฎากร: ศึกษากรณีเงินได้พึงประเมินจากการจ้างทำของ

description: คำนิยามของการจ้างทำของตามประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ทำให้การจ้างทำของเป็นสัญญาที่มีความหลากหลายและปรากฏเป็นจำนวนมากในระบบเศรษฐกิจ จึงต้องมีระบบการจัดเก็บที่มีความเหมาะสมกับรูปแบบของการจ้างทำของ โดยเฉพาะการจัดเก็บภาษีเงินได้บุคคลธรรมดาที่ต้องอาศัยรูปแบบของเงินได้พึงประเมินในการแบ่งประเภทเงินได้พึงประเมินเพื่อนำไปคำนวณภาษีต่อไปในปัจจุบันประมวลรัษฎากรกำหนดให้เงินได้พึงประเมินจากการจ้างทำของเป็นเงินได้พึงประเมินตามมาตรา 40(2) แม้มิได้ใช้คำว่า "การจ้างทำของ" โดยตรง แต่มีการตีความซึ่งเป็นที่ยอมรับกันอย่างทั่วไปให้คำว่า “การรับทำงานให้” มีความหมายเดียวกับคำนิยามของการจ้างทำของตามประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและพาณิชย์ อย่างไรก็ตาม เงินได้พึงประเมินจากการจ้างทำของยังอาจเป็นเงินได้พึงประเมินตามมาตรา 40(6) ในกรณีที่เป็นเงินได้พึงประเมินจากวิชาชีพอิสระและเป็นเงินได้พึงประเมินตามมาตรา 40(7) ในกรณีที่เป็นเงินได้จากการรับเหมาที่ผู้รับเหมาต้องลงทุนด้วยการจัดหาสัมภาระในส่วนสำคัญนอกจากเครื่องมือนอกจากนี้ คำพิพากษาศาลฎีกาที่ 5422/2536 และแนวปฏิบัติของกรมสรรพากรยังวินิจฉัยให้เงินได้พึงประเมินจากการจ้างทำของเป็นเงินได้พึงประเมินตามมาตรา 40(8) ในกรณีที่เป็นเงินได้พึงประเมินจากการจ้างทำของที่มีค่าใช้จ่ายสูงอีกด้วย อีกทั้งกรมสรรพากรยังออกคำสั่งกรมสรรพากรที่ใช้เฉพาะกับนักแสดง ตัวแทนหรือนายหน้าประกันชีวิต และอาชีพที่มีลักษณะทำนองเดียวกันกับตัวแทนหรือนายหน้าประกันชีวิตไว้เป็นกรณีพิเศษ โดยกำหนดเงื่อนไขที่จะทำให้เงินได้จากการประกอบอาชีพดังกล่าวกลายเป็นเงินได้ตามมาตรา 40(8) และให้การหักค่าใช้จ่ายจากเงินได้พึงประเมินจากการประกอบอาชีพดังกล่าวเป็นไปตามคำสั่งนี้การแบ่งประเภทเงินได้พึงประเมินตามประมวลรัษฎากรประกอบกับแนวคำพิพากษาของศาลฎีกาและแนวปฏิบัติของกรมสรรพากรทำให้เงินได้พึงประเมินจากการจ้างทำของถูกจัดอยู่ภายใต้ประเภทเงินได้พึงประเมินที่แตกต่างกันจนก่อให้เกิดความไม่สอดคล้องกับหลักความเสมอภาคทางภาษีอากร หลักภาษีอากรที่ดี และหลักความชอบด้วยกฎหมายภาษีอากร นอกจากนี้ ปัญหาจากการแบ่งประเภทเงินได้พึงประเมินดังกล่าวยังส่งผลกระทบต่อการหักค่าใช้จ่าย การหักภาษี ณ ที่จ่าย และการคำนวณภาษีเงินได้สามีภริยาอีกด้วยด้วยเหตุผลดังกล่าวจึงต้องวิเคราะห์หาแนวทางแก้ไขปัญหาโดยพิจารณาถึงระบบภาษีเงินได้ หลักการทางกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้อง และการแบ่งประเภทเงินได้พึงประเมินของต่างประเทศประกอบเพื่อให้ได้การแบ่งประเภทเงินได้พึงประเมินที่เหมาะสมกับการจ้างทำของสำหรับประเทศไทยมากที่สุด
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.1423
title: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF (+)-USNIC ACID ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVOUSING THAI SILKWORM MODEL

description: The common causes of community and hospital-acquired infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. One of the key factors enables pathogens to survive, colonize and proliferate in body is the ability to form biofilm. In this study investigated the antimicrobial, antibiofilm formation activities and time-kill assay of (+)-usnic acid against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Antimicrobial activities were determined by broth microdilution method. The MIC values of (+)-usnic acid for S. aureus and S. epidermidis were 250 and 62.50 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, MBC values of (+)-usnic acid for both pathogens were more than 4 mg/ml. Furthermore, in time-kill assay showed that (+)-usnic acid has no bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus in all concentrations used (125, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml) whereas it has bacteriostatic activity against S. epidermidis only at 250 µg/ml after 12 h of incubation. (+)-Usnic acid also inhibited biofilm formation against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The inhibitory effect on biofilm formation was concentration dependent manner at the concentration equal and greater than MIC values of each microorganism with statistical significance comparing with 5% DMSO (p &lt; 0.05). For in vivo study, silkworms were utilized for efficacy testing of (+)-usnic acid. ED50 of (+)-usnic acid for S. aureus and S. epidermidis were more than 4.00 mg/ml (0.57mg/g of larva). (+)-Usnic acid may lose its therapeutic effect because of the influence of pharmacokinetic in silkworm model. In addition, silkworm infectious model can also be utilized as a screening tool for drugs discovery.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.1424
title: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF (+)–USNIC ACID ON BACILLUS CEREUS AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO USING THAI SILKWORM MODEL

description: B. cereus and B. subtilis not only continue to cause serious clinical problems through food poisoning, but also show natural resistance to some antimicrobial drugs. One of the key factors enabling pathogen to resist to antimicrobial drugs is the ability to form biofilm. This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, inhibitory effect of biofilm formation including time to kill B. cereus and B. subtilis of (+)-usnic acid. Antimicrobial activity was determined by broth microdilution method. MIC of (+)-usnic acid for B. cereus and B. subtilis was the same (62.50 µg/ml), whereas MBC of (+)-usnic acid for B. cereus and B. subtilis were 125 and 250 µg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of (+)-usnic acid against B. cereus was more effective than that on B. subtilis. Time kill studies showed that (+)-usnic acid exerted both bacteriostatic and bactericidal depending on concentration used and incubation time observed against B. cereus and B. subtilis. The result also indicated that bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of (+)-usnic acid and ampicillin were concentration dependent. Furthermore, (+)-usnic acid had inhibitory effect on biofilm formation in a concentration dependent manner as well ranging from concentration equal or greater than half of MIC value with statistical significance comparing with negative control (p&lt;0.05). Therefore, this study showed that (+)-usnic acid had both antimicrobial and antibiofilm formation activities on B.cereus and B.subtilis. In vivo study, silkworm were utilized for efficacy testing of compounds. ED50 of (+)usnic acid and ampicillin were 3.56 mg/ml and 0.23 mg/ml respectively for B. cereus, whereas ED50 of the(+)-usnic acid and ampicillin for B. subtilis were 3.92 mg/ml and 1.01 mg/ml respectively. Therefore, these findings showed that (+)-usnic acid had antimicrobial activities against B. cereus and B. subtilis both in in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of biofilm formation may play an important role for the mechanism of action for antimicrobial activity shown.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.1425
title: REDUCTION OF N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE PRECURSORS IN RAW WATER SUPPLY BY ENHANCED COAGULATION WITH POWDER ACTIVATED CARBON

description: This research is aimed at determining the removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors in raw water of the Bangkhen water treatment plant (WTP) and the Banglen WTP by enhanced coagulation with powder activated carbon (PAC) and coagulation followed by PAC adsorption. Alum and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) were used as coagulants. Raw water supplies were collected one time. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) of raw water of the Bangkhen WTP were 4.2 and 0.24 mg/L, respectively. DOC of 7.3 mg/L and DON of 0.34 mg/L were found in raw water of the Banglen WTP. The PACl of 80 mg/L at pH 7 could reduce DOC and DON from raw water of the Bangkhen WTP by 42 and 41%, respectively. The PACl of 150 mg/L at pH of 7 reduced DOC and DON in raw water of the Banglen WTP by 38, and 52%, respectively. The optimal condition at PACl of 80 mg/L combined with PAC of 20 mg/L at pH 7 could reduce DOC and DON in raw water of the Bangkhen WTP by 77 and 68%, respectively. For raw water of the Banglen WTP, the PACl of 150 mg/L combined with PAC 20 mg/L at pH 7 reduce DOC and DON by 85 and 70%, respectively. Percent reductions of DOC and DON by PACl coagulation followed by PAC adsorption were comparable to using PACl coagulation combined with PAC. DOCs of hydrophobic organic fraction (HPO) of 2.0 mg/L and hydrophilic organic fraction (HPI) of 2.2 mg/L were determined in raw water of the Bangkhen WTP. DOCHPI and DOCHPO in raw water of the Banglen WTP were 3.9 and 3.7 mg/L, respectively. For raw water of the Bangkhen WTP, the PACl coagulation reduced HPO and HPI by 47 and 31%, respectively. The PACl coagulation with PAC reduced HPO by 80% and HPI by 75%. For the Banglen WTP, the PACl coagulation reduced HPO by 45% and HPI by 42%. PACl coagulation with PAC reduced HPO and HPI by 89 and 83%, respectively. NDMA formation potentials in raw water, coagulated water, coagulated water at enhanced coagulation of Bangkhen and Banglen source waters were not detectable under detection limit of the methods of 542 ng/L.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.1426
title: USING AMMONIUM BICARBONATE AS DRAW SOLUTION IN FORWARD OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR REMOVAL OF p-CHLOROPHENOL IN DISCHARGED WATER FROM COOLING SYSTEM

description: This study examined the optimal condition of forward osmosis process (FO process) for remove p-chlorophenol in discharged cooling water. The lowest applied pressure for operate the filtration process was 0.1 MPa. Two draw solutions (e.g. sodium chloride (NaCl) and ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3)) were applied in this study. The same concentration of 0.5 M of two draw solutions (NaCl and NH4HCO3 ) produced osmotic pressure 2.49 and 3.735 MPa, respectively. Hence, the NH4HCO3 was selected to be draw solution in FO process for further study. Concentration of NH4HCO3 solution as draw solution was varied as 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M for remove p-chlorophenol in synthetic wastewater (NaCl 0.017 M), the concentrations of p-chlorophenol were decreased from the initial state 5.14 %, 5.72 %, 10.19 % and 15.32 %, respectively. In case of real discharged cooling water, the concentrations of p-chlorophenol were decreased from the initial state 4.19 %, 4.39 %, 7.83 % and 9.72 %, respectively. The concentration of p-chlorophenol in draw solution cannot be detected. Hence, p-chlorophenol was rejected by size exclusion mechanism. However, the concentration of p-chlorophenol in feed solution might be reduced due to evaporation and photodegradation. Separation of ammonia (NH3) in NH4HCO3 solution as draw solution was operated by distillation process in order to obtain a good quality of water. At the low concentration of draw solution (e.g., 0.05 M), NH3 can be separated easily and the quality of obtained water was appropriate to return to cooling system. In the contrast, some of NH3 still remained in the draw solution at the high concentration of draw solution e.g., 0.5 and 1.0 M. which caused the high electrical conductivity and was not appropriate to return into cooling system. The increasing of temperature and the distillation time can enhance NH3 separation efficiency.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.1429
title: TREATMENT OF N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE PRECURSORS IN COAGULATED WATER BY NANOFILTRATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES

description: This research is aimed at investigating the removal of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors in raw water supplies from the Bangkhen water treatment plant (WTP) and the Banglen WTP by polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation combined with nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. Raw water supplies were collected once time. The PACl of 80 mg/L at pH 7 and PACl of 150 mg/L at pH 7 were conducted as pre-treatment for raw water of the Bangkhen WTP and the Banglen WTP, respectively. NF270 and TW30 membranes were used in NF and RO experiments, respectively. The operating pressure of 4 bars was used. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 4.2 mg/L and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) of 0.24 mg/L were found in raw water of the Bangkhen WTP. DOC and DON of raw water of the Banglen WTP were 7.9 and 0.28 mg/L, respectively. The coagulation reduced DOC and DON from raw water of the Bangkhen WTP and the Banglen WTP by 32 and 34% and 41 and 37%, respectively. In the case of the Bangkhen WTP, the coagulation combined with NF reduced DOC and DON by 92 and 69%, respectively. DOC of 95% and DON of 85% could be reduced by coagulation combined with RO filtration. For the Banglen WTP, coagulation combined with NF reduced DOC and DON by 97 and 70%, respectively. DOC of 97% and DON of 79% could be reduced by coagulation combined with RO filtration. The PACl coagulation combined with RO filtration showed better results on DON removal when compared with coagulation combined with NF filtration. DOC of hydrophobic organic fraction (HPO) of 2.0 mg/L and DOC of hydrophilic organic fraction (HPI) of 2.2 mg/L were detected in raw water of the Bangkhen WTP. DOCHPO and DOCHPI of raw water of the Bangkhen WTP were 3.7 and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. The PACl coagulation, alone, showed better result on reduction of HPO than that of HPI. The PACl coagulation combined with RO filtration could reduce nearly 100% of both HPO and HPI. NDMA formation potential of raw water supplies, coagulated waters, and permeate waters could not be detected under the detection limit of the method at 542 ng/L.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.1430
title: THE CONTINUING PROBLEM OF UNEXPLODED ORDINANCE ALONG THE HO CHI MINH TRAIL IN LAOS: A CASE STUDY OF BOUALAPHA DISTRICT, KHAMMOUANE PROVINCE, LAO PDR

description: The aim of this thesis is to study what problems unexploded ordinance (UXO) still pose along the old Ho Chi Minh Trail (HCMT) in southeastern Laos and what can be done to address the clean up of those unexploded bombs. In looking for answers to those questions first this thesis researches the history of the bombing of the HCMT during the Vietnam War. The study finds Laos is the most bombed country on earth with more than 2 million tons of explosives dropped between 1964 and 1973. It also finds that an estimated 30 percent of those bombs did not exploded and they continue to pose a danger for the people of the country. This thesis focuses on Boualapha district in Khammouane province starting at Mu Gia Pass where the HCMT first crossed from Vietnam into Laos, and a further 60 kilometers south through seven villages along what used to be the trail. The history of the bombing and more recent history since 1973 after the last bomb was dropped and how the remaining bombs continue to cause problems are important parts of the research. However, how the current population deals with living in territory that can explode and what the cost, as best can be figured, of that way of life are also important. That took the most research and required a qualitative research method talking with numerous people in Boualapha district and also observing people in that region where the research is focused. Books and documents proved important as well as interviews. The study finds that there is much more that can and should be done to clean up the UXO in Laos. The key is considering what can be done and how much time and treasure would be required to clean of the mess.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.191
title: EFFECTS OF SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER ON CLOFIBRIC ACID ADSORPTION BY MESOPOROUS SILICATE SBA-15

description: The objectives of this study are to study the effect of surface functional groups on CFA adsorption mechanism by SBA-15 and to evaluate the effect of hydrophilic (HPI) and/or hydrophobic (HPO) natural organic matter (NOM) on clofibric acid (CFA) adsorption, including to calculate mass transfer parameters for design of the fixed bed adsorption. SBA-15 was synthesized via surfactant template method. 3N-SBA-15 and M-SBA-15 were synthesized via post-grafting method with 3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine and 3-mercaptopropyl- triethoxysilane, respectively. The adsorption of CFA onto all adsorbents at high concentration was increased rapidly in the first 1 hr. and reach equilibrium within 6 hr. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm were compatible with pseudo-second-order and Freundlich isotherm, respectively. 3N-SBA-15 had highest CFA adsorption capacity. Highest removal capacities of CFA were achieved in acidic condition (pH 5), but decreased with increase in pH. Furthermore, the main role adsorption mechanisms were supposed to be a hydrophilic interaction through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. Moreover, adsorption isotherm of CFA at low concentration (50-250 microgram/liter) of 3N-SBA-15 was investigated and was compatible with Linear isotherm. The presence of HPO and HPI NOM can decrease the CFA adsorption capacity, which might be caused by direct adsorption competition and pore blocking onto 3N-SBA-15. The reported mass transfer parameters consist of liquid film mass transfer coefficient (kf), solid film mass transfer coefficient (ks), overall solid-phase mass transfer coefficient (Ks), overall liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient (Kf), and constant diffusivity (Ds), which was calculated from the adsorption kinetic data.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.192
title: EFFECT OF PLASTIC MEDIA ON MASS TRANSFER AND BUBBLE HYDRODYNAMIC PARAMETERS IN BUBBLE COLUMN AND AIRLIFT REACTOR

description: The objective of this work was to study and compare the mass transfer and bubble hydrodynamic parameters obtained with a bubble column reactor (BC) and internal loop airlift reactor (ILALR), as well as, analyze the effect of different types and amounts of plastic media presence in the reactors. More over the best reactor and plastic media (Type and concentration) observed in this work was applied for design the benzene absorption control system. The BC was made of Plexiglas with 14 cm in diameter and 100 cm in height. For an ILALR system, the rectangular Plexiglas baffle (with 13 cm width, 80 cm height, and 0.5 cm thickness) was installed within the BC in order to divide the cross section into a riser zone and a down-comer zone. Moreover, Polypropylene (PP), Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) were applied as the plastic media with different concentrations of 2-15 %v/v. The mass transfer parameters (overall mass transfer coefficient; KLa and liquid-side mass transfer coefficient; KL) and the bubble hydrodynamic parameters (bubble size; DB, terminal bubble rising velocity; UB, and specific interfacial area; a) were determined for providing a better understanding on mass transfer mechanism. It can be noted that the KLa values were determined by using dissolved oxygen electrode; whereas the DB and UB values were determined by using a high speed camera (350 frames/sec) with an image analysis program. The result has shown that the KLa coefficients obtained with both reactors increased with gas flow rate (QG). The values of KLa in case of ILALR (0.89-3.47 min-1 and 0.91-3.48 min-1 for riser zone and down-comer zone, respectively) were greater than those in case of BCR (0.53 and 2.03 min-1). The gas (bubble) and liquid recirculation occurred in ILALR system can be defined as one of the important factors in this study. Moreover, the KLa coefficients can be clearly enhanced by adding the suitable type and concentration of plastic media (15 %v/v of PP): the modification of terminal bubble rising velocity and specific interfacial area should be responsible for these results. Finally, for benzene absorption, the highest benzene removal efficiency in this work was obtained with 15% of PP and 195 g Granular activated carbon (GAC) addition into tap water in the ILALR.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2013.193
title: REDUCTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN CONTAMINATED SHALLOW WELL WATER BY FERRIC CHLORIDE COAGULATION WITH CERAMIC MEMBRANE FILTRATION

description: This study presented a reduction of dissolved organic matter in contaminated shallow well water with landfill leachate by coagulation and ceramic microfiltration (CM) membrane. Contaminated shallow well water was collected from an abandon open dump site in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) was used as a coagulant. CM membrane with nominal pore size 0.1 µm was examined. The results illustrated that the contaminated shallow well water contained dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 12.6 mg/L and UV254 of 1.545 cm-1. In addition, the contaminated shallow well water was fractionated into hydrophilic (HPI) and hydrophobic (HPO) fractions. DOC for HPI and HPO fractions were 8.1 and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. Optimal dosage and pH were observed at 100 mg/L and 6.5, respectively. As a result, DOC was reduced by 25%. Subsequently, supernatant water after coagulation was filtered through CM membrane. The result showed that DOC in the filtrated water was insignificantly different. For chlorination process, total trihalomethane in contaminated shallow well water was 10.8 µg/L and it was reduced to 6.0 and 4.5 µg/L by coagulation process and coagulation combined with CM membrane, respectively.