DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12639658
title: Global Bee Interaction Data

description: Last modified: July 3, 2024

IntroductionThis dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others.

Currently, version 3.0 of this dataset is recommended.

Katja C. Seltmann, & Global Biotic Interaction Community. (2024). Global Bee Interaction Data (v3.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10552937

Data DescriptionPlease see the [integration process page](https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/process) to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data.

Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format.

Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields

Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data.

Summary statistics about the dataset can be found in the bees-only-review.pdf file. This review of all bee data indexed by Global Biotic Interactions was created using GloBI’s Interaction Data Review Report Framework via repository https://github.com/Big-Bee-Network/select-bee-interactions.sh.

Metrics




Date


Total bee records



07-17-2020
232,906


01-24-2021
257,738


11-17-2021
226,160


06-01-2022
286,818


11-07-2022
429,308


01-18-2024
842,819


07-03-2024
1,109,057




 




Date
Andrenidae
Apidae
Colletidae
Halictidae


07-17-2020
73,463
106,222
20,821
58,880


01-24-2021
77,824
120,919
21,376
63,945


11-17-2021
25,535
134,517
10,568
43,070


06-01-2022
78,016
144,827
20,409
64,054


11-07-2022
84,172
171,378
30,792
79,155


01-18-2024
166,473
334,224
63,847
171,931


07-03-2024


289,400



371,953



83,337



190,562





 




Date
Megachilidae
Melittidae
Stenotritidae


07-17-2020
44,449
2,511
23


01-24-2021
48,856
2,624
18


11-17-2021
37,001
995
9


06-01-2022
54,516
2,994
18


11-07-2022
61,391
2,396
24


01-18-2024
100,814
5,088
442


07-03-2024


162,587



4,964

438




 

Included Resources




count
sourceCitation


219440




Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN)




156437




University of Kansas Natural History Museum




150780




Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0956388




134657




USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT




126820




http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world.




44522




PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au.




38658




University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner.




27711




Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867




15506




Seltmann, K., Van Wagner, J., Behm, R., Brown, Z., Tan, E., & Liu, K. (2020). BID: A project to share biotic interaction and ecological trait data about bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). UC Santa Barbara: Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g21k7bf




14666




Web of Life. http://www.web-of-life.es .




14577




Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit




13447




University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Entomology Collection




13296




https://mangal.io - the ecological interaction database.




10705




National Database Plant Pollinators. Center for Plant Conservation at San Diego Zoo Global. Accessed via https://saveplants.org/national-collection/pollinator-search/ on 2020-06-05.




8529




Ollerton, J., Trunschke, J. ., Havens, K. ., Landaverde-González, P. ., Keller, A. ., Gilpin, A.-M. ., Rodrigo Rech, A. ., Baronio, G. J. ., Phillips, B. J., Mackin, C. ., Stanley, D. A., Treanore, E. ., Baker, E. ., Rotheray, E. L., Erickson, E. ., Fornoff, F. ., Brearley, F. Q. ., Ballantyne, G. ., Iossa, G. ., Stone, G. N., Bartomeus, I. ., Stockan, J. A., Leguizamón, J., Prendergast, K. ., Rowley, L., Giovanetti, M., de Oliveira Bueno, R., Wesselingh, R. A., Mallinger, R., Edmondson, S., Howard, S. R., Leonhardt, S. D., Rojas-Nossa, S. V., Brett, M., Joaqui, T., Antoniazzi, R., Burton, V. J., Feng, H.-H., Tian, Z.-X., Xu, Q., Zhang, C., Shi, C.-L., Huang, S.-Q., Cole, L. J., Bendifallah, L., Ellis, E. E., Hegland, S. J., Straffon Díaz, S., Lander, T. A. ., Mayr, A. V., Dawson, R. ., Eeraerts, M. ., Armbruster, W. S. ., Walton, B. ., Adjlane, N. ., Falk, S. ., Mata, L. ., Goncalves Geiger, A. ., Carvell, C. ., Wallace, C. ., Ratto, F. ., Barberis, M. ., Kahane, F. ., Connop, S. ., Stip, A. ., Sigrist, M. R. ., Vereecken, N. J. ., Klein, A.-M., Baldock, K. ., & Arnold, S. E. J. . (2022). Pollinator-flower interactions in gardens during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown of 2020. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 31, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)695




8014




Redhead, J.W.; Coombes, C.F.; Dean, H.J.; Dyer, R.; Oliver, T.H.; Pocock, M.J.O.; Rorke, S.L.; Vanbergen, A.J.; Woodcock, B.A.; Pywell, R.F. (2018). Plant-pollinator interactions database for construction of potential networks. NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/6d8d5cb5-bd54-4da7-903a-15bd4bbd531b




7630




CaraDonna, P.J. 2020. Temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, CO, USA, 2013 - 2015 ver 1. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/27dc02fe1655e3896f20326fed5cb95f (Accessed 2021-04-16).




6921




Purdue Entomological Research Collection




6911




Arizona State University Hasbrouck Insect Collection




6430




LaManna, JA, Burkle, LA, Belote, RT, Myers, JA. Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant–pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients. J Ecol. 2020; 00: 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13530 .




6288




Pensoft Darwin Core Archives with associateTaxa columns




6269




Eardley C, Coetzer W. 2016. Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees.




6114




University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Division of Insects




5089




Magrach, Ainhoa et al. (2017), Data from: Plant-pollinator networks in semi-natural grasslands are resistant to the loss of pollinators during blooming of mass-flowering crops, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k0q1n




3860




Giselle Muschett & Francisco E. Fontúrbel. 2021. A comprehensive catalogue of plant – pollinator interactions for Chile




3720




Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University




3670




Natural History Collections managed by Arctos (https://arctosdb.org) accessed via https://vertnet.org .




3620




Sarah E Miller. 6/19/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.




3581




Robert L. Minckley San Bernardino Valley from the year 2000 to 2011.




3581




University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and other Arthropods UNHC-UNHC




3581




University of New Hampshire Donald S. Chandler Entomological Collection




2242




Sarah E. Miller. 07/06/2017. Information extracted from dataset https://www.idigbio.org/portal/recordsets/db4bb0df-8539-4617-ab5f-eb118aa3126b.




2223




Bartomeus, Ignasi (2013): Plant-Pollinator Network Data. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.154863.v1




2110




Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection




2074




Florida State Collection of Arthropods




2035




Ed Baker; Ian J. Kitching; George W. Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker et al. (2016). Dataset: NHM Interactions Bank. Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk). https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767




1762




Poelen, Jorrit H. (2023). A biodiversity dataset graph: Biological Associations in TaxonWorks hash://sha256/a4d651aac5220487835e6178511886e98b845b2d98cb7c5447fb2b042e0654d2 hash://md5/849edbe55e31e54ea5cdaba0188c5655 (0.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8253729




1681




Harvard University M, Morris P J (2021). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.




1563




Ballantyne, Gavin; Baldock, Katherine C. R.; Willmer, Pat G. (2015), Data from: Constructing more informative plant-pollinator networks: visitation and pollen deposition networks in a heathland plant community, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.17pp3




1365




Sarah E Miller. 5/30/2016. Interations from various papers.




1281




Sarah E Miller. 4/18/2016. Species associations from Wardeh, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci. Data 2:150049 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.49 (2015)




1102




University of California Santa Barbara Invertebrate Zoology Collection




1086




Cohen JM, Sauer EL, Santiago O, Spencer S, Rohr JR. 2020. Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates. Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb1702




939




Allen Hurlbert. 2017. Avian Diet Database.




918




Texas A&M University Insect Collection




906




Del Risco, A.A., Montoya, Á.M., García, V. et al. Data synthesis and dynamic visualization converge into a comprehensive biotic interaction network: a case study of the urban and rural areas of Bogotá D.C.. Urban Ecosyst (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01133-3




872




Cristina Preda and Quentin Groom. 2014. Species associations manually extracted from literature.




754




United States Geological Survey (USGS) Pollinator Library. https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/pollinator.




752




Sarah E Miller. 6/22/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.




750




RCPol: Online Pollen Catalogs Network. 2016. https://rcpol.org.br/




744




Classen, Alice; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2020): Plant-pollinator interactions along an elevational gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.911390




704




Yale University Peabody Museum Collections Data Portal




677




The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection




541




Udy, Kristy; Reininghaus, Hannah; Scherber, Christoph; Tscharntke, Teja (2020), Data from: Plant-pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4mw6m906s




524




Pardee, G.L., Ballare, K.M., Neff, J.L., Do, L.Q., Ojeda, D., Bienenstock, E.J., Brosi, B.J., Grubesic, T.H., Miller, J.A., Tong, D. and Jha, S., 2023. Local and Landscape Factors Influence Plant-Pollinator Networks and Bee Foraging Behavior across an Urban Corridor. Land, 12(2), p.362. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/362




511




Sarah E Miller. 6/25/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.




511




The International Barcode of Life Consortium (2016). International Barcode of Life project (iBOL). Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/inygc6




454




Seltzer, Carrie; Wysocki, William; Palacios, Melissa; Eickhoff, Anna; Pilla, Hannah; Aungst, Jordan; Mercer, Aaron; Quicho, Jamie; Voss, Neil; Xu, Man; J. Ndangalasi, Henry; C. Lovett, Jon; J. Cordeiro, Norbert (2015): Plant-animal interactions from Africa. figshare. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1526128




342




Mycology Collections Data Portal (MyCoPortal). 2020. https://mycoportal.org




292




Global Web Database (http://globalwebdb.com): an online collection of food webs. Accessed via https://www.globalwebdb.com/Service/DownloadArchive on 2017-10-12.




268




University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stephen J. Taft Parasitological Collection




241




University of Hawaii Insect Museum




168




Sarah E Miller. 12/13/2016. Species associations manually extracted from Onstad, D.W. EDWIP: Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, [23/11/2016]. http://insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/Pathogens/EDWIP.




153




California Academy of Sciences Entomology and Entomology Type Collection




127




Olito, Colin; Fox, Jeremy W. (2015), Data from: Species traits and abundances predict metrics of plant–pollinator network structure, but not pairwise interactions, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7st32




114




Kari Lintulaakso. 2023. MammalBase Diet Database.




106




Brose, U. (2018). GlobAL daTabasE of traits and food Web Architecture (GATEWAy) version 1.0 [Data set]. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig. https://doi.org/10.25829/IDIV.283-3-756




104




Groom, Q.J., Maarten De Groot, M. & Marčiulynienė, D. (2020) Species interation data manually extracted from literature for species .




96




Eneida L. Hatcher, Sergey A. Zhdanov, Yiming Bao, Olga Blinkova, Eric P. Nawrocki, Yuri Ostapchuck, Alejandro A. Schäffer, J. Rodney Brister, Virus Variation Resource – improved response to emergent viral outbreaks, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 45, Issue D1, January 2017, Pages D482–D490, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1065 .




93




Jakovos Demetriou and Quentin Groom 2014. Species associations of Sceliphron manually extracted from literature.




92




San Diego Natural History Museum




80




Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah




59




National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution IPT RSS Feed




56




Poelen, JH (2016). Plant pathogen-host interactions scraped from Common Names of Plant Diseases published by the American Phytopathological Society at http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/default.aspx using Samara, a Planteome (http://planteome.org) plant-trait scraper.




50




Florez-Montero, G.L., Muylaert, R.L., Nogueira, M.R., Geiselman, C., Santana, S.E., Stevens, R.D., Tschapka, M., Rodrigues, F.A. and Mello, M.A.R. (2022), NeoBat Interactions: A data set of bat–plant interactions in the Neotropics. Ecology. Accepted Author Manuscript e3640. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3640




50




Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Sánchez-Mercado, Ada Y.; Lozano, Cecilia; Zambrano, Liset; Soto, José; Baettig, Jessica; Leal, María (2014): A compilation of larval host-plant records for six families of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from available electronic resources. figshare. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1168861




39




Pocock, Michael J. O.; Evans, Darren M.; Memmott, Jane (2012), Data from: The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3s36r118




37




Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2016. Species associations extracted from Graystock, P., Blane, E.J., McFrederick, Q.S., Goulson, D. and Hughes, W.O., 2016. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5(1), pp.64-75.




36




Mihara, T., Nishimura, Y., Shimizu, Y., Nishiyama, H., Yoshikawa, G., Uehara, H., Hingamp, P., Goto, S., and Ogata, H.; Linking virus genomes with host taxonomy. Viruses 8, 66 doi:10.3390/v8030066 (2016).




36




Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Species interactions of species on the List of invasive alien species of Union concern




33




IPBES. (2016). The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Table 2.4.3 p88 Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402857




30




Brigham Young University Arthropod Museum




24




Geiselman, Cullen K. & Sarah Younger. 2020. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batbase.org




24




Geiselman, Cullen K. and Tuli I. Defex. 2015. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batplant.org




23




Agosti, Donat. 2020. Transcription of Linné, C. von, 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 .




21




Species Connect. https://speciesconnect.com




17




http://invertebrates.si.edu/parasites.htm




14




Gandhi, K. J. K., & Herms, D. A. (2009). North American arthropods at risk due to widespread Fraxinus mortality caused by the Alien Emerald ash borer. Biological Invasions, 12(6), 1839–1846. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9594-1.




12




Food Webs and Species Interactions in the Biodiversity of UK and Ireland (Online). 2017. Data provided by Malcolm Storey. Also available from http://bioinfo.org.uk.




12




Sarah E Miller. 5/28/2015. Arnaud, Paul Henri. A Host-parasite Catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, 1978.




10




University of California Santa Barbara Herbarium




9




Field Museum of Natural History IPT




8




Brose, U. et al., 2005. Body sizes of consumers and their resources. Ecology, 86(9), pp.2545–2545. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/05-0379.




8




Strong, Justin S., and Shawn J. Leroux. 2014. "Impact of Non-Native Terrestrial Mammals on the Structure of the Terrestrial Mammal Food Web of Newfoundland, Canada." PLOS ONE 9 (8): e106264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106264




7




Chen L, Liu B, Wu Z, Jin Q, Yang J, 2017. DRodVir: A resource for exploring the virome diversity in rodents. J Genet Genomics. 44(5):259-264.




5




Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2018. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (10/2018).




5




Pinnegar, J.K. (2014). DAPSTOM - An Integrated Database & Portal for Fish Stomach Records. Version 4.7. Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK. February 2014, 39pp.




4




Aja Sherman, Cullen Geiselman. 2021. Bat Co-Roosting Database




4




Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology




4




Mollentze, Nardus, & Streicker, Daniel G. (2019). Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3516613




4




Sarah E Miller. 7/7/2016. Text gathered from Wirta, H.K., Vesterinen, E.J., Hambäck, P.A., Weingartner, E., Rasmussen, C., Reneerkens, J., Schmidt, N.M., Gilg, O. and Roslin, T., 2015. Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web. Ecology and evolution, 5(17), pp.3842-3856.




4




Sarah E Miller. 9/15/2016. Species associations extracted from http://parasiticplants.siu.edu/index.html.




4




Sarah E. Miller. 04/14/2015. Extracted from literature Scott, J.A. 1986.  The Butterflies of North America.  Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA




4




Scott L. Gardner and Gabor R. Racz (2021). University of Nebraska State Museum - Parasitology. Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. University of Nebraska State Museum.




2




Deans, Andrew (2021). Catalog of Rose Gall, Herb Gall, and Inquiline Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada, and Mexico




2




Jorrit H. Poelen. 2017. Species interactions associated with known species interaction datasets.




2




Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection




2




Sarah E Miller. 4/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from various papers and articles from site https://repository.si.edu




2




Seltmann, Katja C. 2020. Biotic species interactions about ticks manually extracted from literature.




2




Species Interactions of Australia Database (SIAD): Helping us to understand species interactions in Australia and beyond. http://www.discoverlife.org/siad/ .




1




Chen L, Liu B, Yang J, Jin Q, 2014. DBatVir: the database of bat-associated viruses. Database (Oxford). 2014:bau021. doi:10.1093/database/bau021




1




Grundler MC (2020) SquamataBase: a natural history database and R package for comparative biology of snake feeding habits. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49943. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49943




1




Gunther KA et al. 2014 Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus 25(1):60-72




1




Sarah E Miller. 7/6/2016. Arctos collection.






Included files



bee_data_BID.sh - script for separating bee records into family

uniq_citations.tsv - list of unique citations indicating bee interactions

Andrenidae_data_unique.tsv - Andrenidae records    

Apidae_data_unique.tsv - Apidae records        

Colletidae_data_unique.tsv - Colletidae records

Halictidae_data_unique.tsv - Halictidae records    

Megachilidae_data_unique.tsv - Megachilidae records    

Melittidae_data_unique.tsv - Melittidae records

Stenotritidae_data_unique.tsv - Stenotritidae records

bees-only-interactions.tsv.zip - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2024-06-07 produced by https://github.com/Big-Bee-Network/select-bee-interactions.sh

bees-only-review.pdf - Review of all bee data indexed by Global Biotic Interactions using GloBI’s Interaction Data Review Report Framework via repository https://github.com/Big-Bee-Network/select-bee-interactions.sh

catalogNumber_counts.tsv - counts by catalogNumber in dataset. Duplicate catalog numbers indicate duplicated data shared by multiple data providers.


ReferencesGloBI Community. (2024). Global Biotic Interactions: Interpreted Data Products hash://md5/946f7666667d60657dc89d9af8ffb909 hash://sha256/4e83d2daee05a4fa91819d58259ee58ffc5a29ec37aa7e84fd5ffbb2f92aa5b8 (0.7) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552565.

Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005

Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037

Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please

Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species.

Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850 
description: Please cite the resources, natural history collections and publications where the data originated as found in uniq_citations.tsv file above. Also, please cite Poelen et. al (above in References) to cite Global Biotic Interactions.