cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1654
title: Heavy metal contamination in leachate from spent batteries in municipal solid wastes

description: To determining the risk of heavy metals from spent batteries disposed of directly into the municipal solid waste. Two types of experimental tests were performed on the spent batteries, i.e. batch leaching tests and simulated landfill lysimeter tests. These two types of tests were conducted in order to address the concerns associated with the leaching of chemicals from batteries into the landfill leachate. A series of batch leaching tests, TCLP tests, utilizing four types of batteries with thirty-six samples of spent batteries of various types and sizes, were performed. Five lysimeters, made from PVC pipes, each with a height and diameter of 2 m and 20.32 cm, respectively were prepared for the leaching column tests. Two lysimeters were filled solely with batteries, one with broken batteries and the other without. The other three lysimeter were filled with municipal waste mixed with batteries at zero, 1 and 5 percent by weight of the waste, respectively. It was found that in the batch leaching tests, only the Cd concentration, which leached from Ni-Cd batteries, exceeded the US TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Regulatory limit. Mainly, Zn was found as a major element in the leaching solution due to the composition of the zinc plate in the anode. The leachate characteristics generated from the lysimeter filled with and without broken batteries could not be compared due to a clogging problem. Among the three landfill lysimeters, Fe was found to be the major metal that leached out. The landfill lysimeter with five percent batteries generated significantly higher concentrations of Cd, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb and Fe than the lysimeter filled solely with municipal wastes and the lysimeter containing municipal waste mixed with one percent of batteries. The results also indicated that Fe, Ni and Zn concentrations in the leachate generated from the lysimeter containing municipal waste mixed with one percent of batteries were significantly higher than the lysimeter filled solely with municipal wastes. Moreover, when the leachate characteristics were compared against the Groundwater Standards for drinking purposes, the concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mn and Zn were found to be much higher than the allowance standards as ruled under the Groundwater Act B.E.2520 (1977). It could be concluded that the disposal of spent batteries into the municipal waste stream creates a high potential risk of heavy metal contamination in landfill leachate.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1655
title: Effect of compost utilization on landfill management of organic waste contaminated with lead

description: To study the impact of lead on degradation of organic wastes under anaerobic condition and the use of compost as daily cover to reduce lead impact. Four laboratory-scale simulating landfill bioreactors were set up: 1) Synthetic organic wastes as control reactor; 2) Organic wastes spiked with lead during acid phase; 3) Organic wastes with compost as top cover and bottom liner with lead spiked during acid phase; 4) Organic wastes with compost as top cover and bottom cover liner. Aerobic compost was operated for 21 days for the use as top cover and bottom liner in anaerobic simulated bioreactors 3 and 4 while reactor 1 and reactor 2 were loaded only synthetic organic wastes. Anaerobic bioreactors were operated for 125 days with daily leachate recirculation and buffer neutralization since day 81. Lead was spiked in reactor 2 and reactor 3 on day 42 considered the most acidic condition with the most leaching out of lead that equals to 201 mg/l. The results showed that lead was toxic and not suitable for the growth of microorganisms during digestion and the retardation on stabilization process could be observed as indication from the lowest cumulative methane gas that equaled to 631 ml in reactor 2 including the observation of other indications from leachate and gas parameters in reactor 2 while the use of compost could reduce the impact of lead inhibition on landfill stabilization process as indication from less concentration of lead leaching during acid phase which gave the least concentration of 12 mg/l on day 75 including the observation of other parameters from leachate and gas in reactor 3. Moreover, compost use did not retard the stabilization process since cumulative methane production that equaled to 1497 ml, biogas production that equaled to 43695 ml and leachate nutrients in reactor 4 were higher than those from reactor 1(control reactor) which had 1230 ml cumulative methane gas and 34203 ml cumulative biogas production, respectively.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1656
title: Cadmium accumulation in water spinach grown in cadmium contaminated water

description: To assess toxicity effects of cadmium on water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), evaluate the cadmium accumulation in cadmium contaminated water at various concentrations under long-term cultivation and assess cadmium accumulation under shock loading contamination. The cultivation units were 45-L plastic bowls (diameter 60 cm x height 24 cm). Installed under transparent plastic roof to prevent rain. There were 4 replications in each cadmium concentration. The effluent of domestic wastewater treatment plant which contained sufficient nutrients for plant growth was mixed with cadmium chloride at various cadmium concentrations. The toxicity test conducted for 30 days revealed that cadmium concentration 7.6 mg/L had no toxicity effects on water spinach while concentration of 59.1 mg/L had chlorosis and plant die-off. The long-term cultivation showed that there was natural die-off and reduction of yield, as observed in control plots without cadmium addition. At cadmium concentration within 0.053 mg/L, normal yields were found while concentration of 0.446 mg/L had plant die-off since 40th day of cultivation. For low cadmium in water, i.e. within 0.053 mg/L, cadmium accumulated in roots higher than in leaves and stems, which were not much different. The accumulated level exceed European Commission (EU) standard for vegetable. Based on dietary intake rate of World Health Organization, water spinach grown in cadmium concentration of 0.005 mg/L can be consumed at the rate of 1,700 g/week. For high cadmium in water, i.e. 0.135-0.446 mg/L, cadmium accumulated highest in roots, stems and leaves respectively, and much higher than EU standard. Under shock loading of plant in cadmium concentration 0.148 mg/L for a short period, it was found that cultivation duration of 1 day reduction in cadmium contamination in plant to be within EU standard.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1657
title: The Role of People's Republic of China and the United States in the Asean Regional Forum (ARF) from 1994-2004

description: ASEAN Region Forum or ARF is the first regional cooperation that deals with security issues of Asia-Pacific after Cold War. Since its founding in 1994, the ARF has developed into a useful forum for consultation and dialogue with the goal of preventing future conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region. The ARF has developed important confidence building measures that contribute to transparency and may form the basis for successful preventive diplomacy down the road. This thesis focuses on the explanation of the People’s Republic of China and the United States’ participation in the ASEAN Regional Forum. The ARF seems to be caught in a power and geopolitical struggle between the PRC and the United States. Both states have attempted to extend and legitimize their security interests in the region. The outcomes of this struggle or geopolitical maneuverings will likely impact the regional security and stability and may hinder the progress of the ARF in the future. The ARF would continue to have a useful role so long as it remains in the interests of all members, and especially China and the United Stated, to be engaged in cooperative security in this manner. The great powers will continue to be the key players in shaping regional security in the Asia Pacific. The effective crafting of Sino-American relations is a challenge that the entire Asia-Pacific region is obliged to follow with the greatest of attention.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1658
title: Analysis of cost function of Thailand Food and Drug Administration

description: To construct and estimate the cost function of Thailand Food and Drug Administration, as a tool for providing the direction with respect to the efficient allocation of resources in budget planning. This study classified cost function into three functional groups, including pre-marketing system, post-marketing system and the other system. The explanatory variables required to estimate the cost functions, included the input prices, output volumes and dummy variables which represented as reforms. Time series data was collected during 1980-2005 of the fiscal year. This study used the econometrics tool to estimate the translog cost function model in term of cost share equation. In addition, Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) method was used to estimate the system equation This study demonstrates the way for analysis of cost function. The empirical results found that the cost function of pre-marketing system, post-marketing system and the other system demonstrated the goodness of fit as 77% 88% and 78%, respectively which were represented by the statistical R [superscript 2] values. In addition, this study found that the product registration approval in pre-marketing system affected to increase the cost share of labor factor, moreover, the manufacturing and product inspection in post-marketing system affected to rise in cost share of capital factors. These results bring to an important issue of more efficient resource allocation. Thai FDA should allocate resources by supporting more capital inputs to the post-marketing system. At the same time, Thai FDA ought to shift the labor inputs from such systems to the product registration in pre-marketing system by using appropriate proportion. This can maximize the utilization of limited resources, and increase the whole outputs of Thai FDA.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1659
title: Incorporation of multi-stakeholder interest for a comprehensive environmental performance evaluation procedure : case study of a Thai cement industry

description: Multi-stakeholder interest was incorporated into the environmental performance evaluation in the processes of significant environmental aspect identification and performance indicator development. The aim was to obtain an evaluation procedure that suits larger groups of relevant stakeholders. For the cement case study, it was found that air emission problems regarding to dust, sulfur dioxide, oxide of nitrogen, and carbon dioxide were highly significant. When developing the performance indicators for those aspects by taking stakeholders' expectation into account it was found that the evaluation of environmental performance could be classified in terms of management and operation. Management performance accounted for the intention and concern of the management on environmental issues and the effectiveness of measures used to manage the problems. On the contrary, operation performance concerned direct environmental impacts that indicate the burden to the environmental as a result of organization's activities and indirect impacts which reflect the outcomes or damages resulted from such burdens. In addition the information were collected and the performance indicators proposed were presented for being used in the test for an appropriateness of this procedure and utilized for future benchmarking.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1660
title: Pothential of leachate to leach cadmium from contaminated soil

description: To study leaching potential of leachate to leach cadmium from contaminated soil. It was accomplished by operating three simulated landfill reactors representing the three phases of degradation, acid formation phase, methanogenic phase, and final maturation phase. As a comparison, two types of waste were used in this investigation which were reactor A (fruit and vegetable) and reactor B (Para grass). Leachate from three stages of degradation was collected and the ability to leach cadmium from contaminated soil was determined by leaching test. Moreover, this ability of leachate was compared with the ability of water (H[subscript 2]O) as control, extraction fluid#1 (TCLP), HNO[subscript 3], 0.04 M EDTA, 1 M CaCl [subscript 2] , and 0.05 M Ca(NO [subscript 3])2. For reactor A (fruit and vegetable), the Cd concentrations determined from soil samples collected from site 2 were 2.27, 3.82 and 4.32 mg/kg. For site 3, the Cd concentrations were 2.39, 4.28 and 4.98 mg/kg for the three phases respectively. However, the biological and chemical processes occurred in reactor A3 was not completly anaerobic. Reactor A3 might have to high organics in leachate and caused on incomplete attainment of the final maturation in the degradation process. In conclusion, the phases of stabilization of reactor A2 and A3 were at the initial methane formation. In contrast, the Para grass had the complete reaction and reached the final maturation phase. The leaching potential of grass leachate decreased with time. The Cd concentrations were 2.56, 1.03 and 1.35 mg/kg of Cd for soil samples collected from site 2 and 3.01, 1.44 and 1.55 mg/kg of Cd for soil samples collected from site 3 for the three phases, respectively. Leachate from grass waste had lower potential than that of fruit and vegetable waste. This indicated that leachate has an ability to leach some of non-labile fractions of Cd from soil samples. Nevertheless, the results demonstrated that the leaching ability from both leachate sources was lower than that of EDTA.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1661
title: Public low cost housing administration in Southeast Asian countries

description: This research studied public low cost housing administration in Southeast Asia. Four countries were selected: Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand. The existing problems have led to project failures comprising project delay, higher project cost, housing management and maintenance problems, etc.. The objectives of this research were to explore and to investigate the low cost housing administration in Southeast Asian countries by selecting case studies from Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand. The study explained administration process from the past to the present of low cost housing process. Other developing countries can use it as a guideline to study and improve their project implementation. The research methodology consisted of collection by survey, interview and field visit distributing questionnaire, taking photographs and observation. Low cost housing can be divided into 9 stages: policy, feasibility study, land acquisition, finance, design and planning, bidding, construction, delivery and maintenance. This thesis presents two parts of the study, the first part was to study from literatures and to interview project managers, decision makers and others who are responsible for low cost housing project in order to define low cost housing process, problems and constraints, success factors in each stage of government projects from the point of view of the owner. The second part was to determine critical success factors in each stage. The result of analyzing critical success factors in each stage of low cost housing process are from using Significant Indexes, for example, Policy: (1) Affordability, (2) Resource capacity, (3) Housing need, (4) Government budget, and (5) Infrastructure support. Feasibility study: (1) Finance, (2) Housing needs, (3) Resource, (4) Infrastructure support, and (5) affordability Finance: (1) Housing bank, (2) Affordability, (3) Government support (Guarantee), (4) Interest rate, and (5) Loan, etc. This research will give an insight toward the administrative works, processes, organization and framework, key factors for successful implementation of low cost housing projects. The study benefits to the future implementation of low cost housing projects in several countries in Southeast Asia.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1662
title: Pathological study of snyder hill strain in acute canine distemper virus infection in transgenic mice bearing dog signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (DogSlam)

description: Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), member of Genus Morbilivirus, caused canine distemper disease, the most important viral disease of dogs with high mortality rate. The objective of this study was to verify acute canine distemper virus, Snyder Hill strain, infection in transgenic mice bearing DogSLAM (canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule, CD150), as a susceptible host for the pathological study of canine distemper in vivo. F1 Transgenic mice, positive of DogSLAM tag receptor, 3 and 12 weeks old, both male and female were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 (control group, 4 mice); Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM) inoculation. The CDV, Snyder Hill strain, was inoculated at 1x10 [superscript 5] TCID [subscript 50] by different routes in each groups as follow, group 2; intranasal inoculation ( 6 mice), group 3; intracerebral inoculation (6 mice) and group 4; intraperitoneal inoculation (5 mice). Clinical signs of experimental transgenic mice were observed at 12 and 24 hours post infection and daily monitored until 14 days post-infection. Others parameters included weight, conjunctival swab for detection viral inclusion body, blood profile, necropsy and histopathology of various visceral organs, immunohistochemistry for detection of CDV and anti-hemagglutinin (HA) antigen, RT-PCR for detection of CDV and virus isolation, were subsequently performed. All observed parameters showed negatively results of Snyder Hill strain CDV infection in transgenic mice bearing DogSLAM gene. In conclusion, the results from this study were unable to elucidate for CDV infection in comparison with the tissue culture study. However, further investigation about factors that related to SLAM gene expression for study of CDV infection in animal model should be concerned and investigated.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1663
title: Sorption of acetaminophen and nalidixic acid onto polar and nonpolar adsorbents

description: Pharmaceuticals play a vital role in human and animal daily life. Apparently, pharmaceutical compounds show up in groundwater and surface water in many continents. Although these compounds are detected at low concentrations in the environment, a long term effect of such exposures has not yet known. The available information on their fate and transport are still limited and fragmented. The understanding of the sorption of these molecules is greatly important not only in the removal of those compounds from drinking water to support the idea of the water reuse but also in the migration of these compounds in the environment. The sorption of two pharmaceuticals predominantly in the neutral form, acetaminophen and nalidixic acid, have been investigated in the laboratory using batch experiments. The nonionic polymeric resins (Amberlite XAD2, XAD7, and XAD761) and activated carbon were used as polar and nonpolar adsorbents, respectively. The results indicated that nalidixic acid shows greater sorption capability than acetaminophen onto all adsorbents as acetaminophen has higher water solubility with less K[subscript ow]. The sorption kinetics studies showed that the sorption equilibrium of acetaminophen and nalidixic acid are achieved within 24 hours for all adsorbents. Sorption of acetaminophen and nalidixic acid onto polymeric resins are well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm. The sorption capacity in an area basis corresponds to the polarity of the polymeric adsorbents for both pharmaceuticals. For sorption of acetaminophen and nalidixic acid onto activated carbon, both sorptions follow the Freundlich isotherm with the equation of q = 131.3107 (mg/g activated carbon) (L/g) [superscript N] x C [subscript e]. [superscript 0.1243] for acetaminophen and q = 78.5778 (mg/g activated carbon) (L/g) [superscript N] x C [subscript e]. [superscript 0.3273] for nalidixic acid. In the sorption of pharmaceuticals onto polymeric resins, the interaction caused by the affinity between polar moieties of pharmaceutical compounds and adsorbents plays an important role. Alternatively, the hydrophobic interaction controls the sorption of pharmaceuticals onto activated carbon as the hydrophobic part of both acetaminophen and nalidixic acid partition onto the nonpolar surface of activated carbon. The activated carbon shows the greater sorption capacity than the polymeric resins for the sorption of these two pharmaceuticals. The results thus imply that the pharmaceuticals can truly adsorb on both polar and nonpolar surfaces due to their amphiphilic characteristic and the sorption behavior strongly depends on the molecular structure of pharmaceuticals and the surface properties of adsorbents.
DOI: 10.14457/cu.the.2005.1664
title: A systematic approach for waste exchange in Bang Poo Industrial Estate and a case study of steel scrap exchange

description: A waste exchange system was created with Microsoft Office Access 2003. Primarily data input in the database was obtained from industrial waste disposal permission sheet, which each factory submitted to BPIE. 108 out of 383 factories in BPIE provide data for this study case that consist of factory name, factory type and general process, location and address, waste type and amount, and disposal method. Six feasible waste exchange networks were purposed, including glass scrap, steel scrap, plastic scrap, paper waste, wood, and chemical sludge. This database could be useful for 4 main individual sectors: 1) waste users, 2) waste generators, 3) estate information center, and 4) executive manager for further developing plan. Focusing on steel scrap exchange, 4 factories would be available as waste users, whereas 33 factories would possible to provide the waste regularly 31 thousand tons a year (2004 fiscal data). It would be possible for the estate to encourage waste exchange network by cutting cost approximately 40% by using the internal logistic. However, an implementation in steel scrap pointed that waste characteristics and properties play the key role of waste exchange network setting up.