DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sbcc2frc2
title: Data from: Enhanced specific loss power of hematite-chitosan nanohybrid synthesized by hydrothermal method

description: We used a hydrothermal technique for producing hematite (a-Fe2O3)
 nanoparticles that were then functionalized with chitosan. The
 prepared iron oxide (a-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were single-phase,
 according to XRD analysis. The presence of lattice fringes in the
 HRTEM image confirmed the crystalline nature of the a-Fe2O3. The
 samples were coated with chitosan and the coating was confirmed
 by the spectra of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The
 Mössbauer spectra reveal a mixed relaxation state, which is also
 supported by the PPMS study. A zero field cooled study
 revealed the existence of a Morin transition. The hydrodynamic
 diameter of the coated particles was measured using the dynamic
 light scattering technique (DLS) to be between 218 and 235 nm,
 with a polydispersity index ranging from 0.048 to 0.119. The
 zeta potential was +46.8 mV, which is appropriate for colloidal
 stability. Both the Vero and HeLa cell lines demonstrated
 viability incubated for 24 hrs. with the colloids of
 different concentrations. The maximum temperature, Tmax attained
 by the hematite-chitosan nanohybrid solution of 0.25 and 4 mg/ml
 — the lowest and highest concentration, was 42.9 and 48.3ºC, and
 the specific loss power, SLP was 501.6 and 35.53, which
 are remarkably high for the Mmax; 300K = 1.98 emu/g.
description: Provided in the Read me.text file for each data.
description: GENERAL INFORMATION 1\. Title of Dataset: Enhanced specific loss power of
 hematite\-chitosan nanohybrid synthesized by hydrothermal method Abstract:
 We used a hydrothermal technique to develop nano-scale α-Fe2O3 particles
 and functionalized them with chitosan. An X-ray diffraction study revealed
 α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were of single-phase, lattice constants were a =
 5.07 Å and c = 13.68 Å, and the grain size was 27 nm. The presence of
 lattice fringes in the HRTEM image confirmed the crystalline nature of the
 α-Fe2O3. The Mössbauer spectra reveal a mixed relaxation state, which
 supports the PPMS studies. Zero-field cooled studies revealed the
 existence of a Morin transition and blocking temperature. The z-average
 value of the coated particles by DLS was between 218 and 235 nm, PDI
 ranged from 0.048 to 0.119, and zeta potential was +46.8 mV. We incubated
 the Vero and HeLa cell lines for 24 hours to study the viability of the
 nanohybrids at different concentrations. Hyperthermia studies revealed the
 maximum temperature and specific loss power attained by the
 hematite-chitosan nanohybrid solution of a concentration between 0.25-4
 mg/ml. The Tmax at the lowest and highest concentrations of 0.25 and 4
 mg/ml were 42.9 and 48.3ºC, while the SLP were 501.6 and 35.5 W/g, which
 are remarkably high when the maximum magnetization of α-Fe2O3
 nanoparticles was as small as 1.98 emu/g at 300 K. Usage Notes: (i) The
 structural and magnetic properties of the particles were characterized by
 X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Tunneling Electron
 Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Physical
 Property Measurement System (PPMS), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
 (ii) Colloidal stability of the coated nanoparticles was confirmed by
 evaluating zeta potential. (iii) The biocompatibility of the sample was
 determined from the cytotoxicity test. (iv) In vitro hyperthermia
 measurement of different sample concentrations was performed to find the
 optimum concentration of chitosan-coated hematite. Corresponding specific
 loss power (SLP) values were calculated. 2\. Author Information A.
 Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Dr. Sheikh Manjura Hoque
 Institution: Material Science Division, Atomic Energy Center Dhaka
 Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Email: manjura\_hoque@yahoo.com B.
 Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information (i) Name: Nandita Deb
 Institution: Department of Physics, University of Dhaka Address: Dhaka
 1000, Bangladesh Email: nandita6979@gmail.com (ii) Name: Rimi Rashid
 Institution: Material Science Division, Atomic Energy Center Dhaka
 Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Email: rimichan15@gmail.com (iii) Name:
 Harinarayan Das Institution: Material Science Division, Atomic Energy
 Center Dhaka Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Email: hn\_das@gmail.com (iv)
 Name: Ishtiaque M. Syed Institution: Department of Physics, University of
 Dhaka Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh Email: imsyed@du.ac.bd 3\. Date of
 data collection \(single date\, range\, approximate date\): 2018\-2021 4\.
 Geographic location of data collection: Atomic Energy Center Dhaka\,
 Bangladesh 5\. Information about funding sources that supported the
 collection of the data: International Science Programme\, University\,
 Sweden\, the Ministry of Science and Technology\, the Government of the
 People’s Republic of Bangladesh\, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission\,
 and the Center for Advanced Research in Sciences \(CARS\)\, the University
 of Dhaka\. SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1\. Licenses/restrictions placed on
 the data: NA 2\. Links to publications that cite or use the data: None 3\.
 Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None 4\.
 Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None 5\. Was the data derived
 from another source? No A. If yes, list source(s): NA 6\. Recommended
 citation for this dataset: None DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1\. File
 List: A) XRD\_Data.csv B) mossbaur\_data.csv C) (i)
 FTIR\_Fe2O3(coated).csv (ii) FTIR\_Fe2O3(un-coated).csv D) (i)
 TEM\_micrographs.png (ii)TEM\_Particle\_size.csv F) (i)
 MH\_4K\_9T\_Uncoated.csv (ii) MH\_300K\_9T\_Uncoated.csv (iii)
 MH\_4K\_9T\_Coated.csv (iv) MH\_300K\_9T\_Coated.csv G) (i) ZFC\_FC\_H\_50
 Oe.csv (ii) ZFC\_FC\_H\_1000 Oe.csv (iii) ZFC\_FC\_H\_10kOe.csv (iv)
 ZFC\_FC\_H\_30kOe.csv (v) ZFC\_FC\_H\_60kOe.csv (vi) ZFC\_FC\_H\_90kOe.csv
 H) (i) DLS\_Data.csv (ii) Temp\_Z\_avg.csv (iii) PDI.csv I)
 Zeta\_potential.csv J) (i) Cytotoxicity\_Vero.csv (ii)
 Cytotoxicity\_HeLa.csv K) Hyperthermia\_data.csv H) SLP\_data.csv 2\.
 Relationship between files\, if important: None 3\. Additional related
 data collected that was not included in the current data package: None 4\.
 Are there multiple versions of the dataset? No A. If yes, name of file(s)
 that was updated: NA i. Why was the file updated? NA ii. When was the file
 updated? NA
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: XRD\_Data.csv This dataset was used to
 create Figure 1 (a). X-Ray Diffraction: In the present work, a Philips
 X’Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer (PW3040) was used to study the crystalline
 phases of the prepared samples. It uses a Cu target for X-ray production
 and uses a nickel filter to yield monochromatic CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54
 Å). For all the measurements of α-Fe2O4, powder specimens were exposed to
 CuKα radiation with a primary beam power of 40kV and 30mA with a sampling
 pitch of 0.0167º, and the time for each data collection step was 1 second.
 A scan was taken from 10º to 80º to get possible fundamental peaks of the
 sample. The programmable divergence slit was used to control the
 irradiated beam area and the programmable receiving slit was used to
 control output intensity. Powder diffraction data were analyzed using the
 software X’Pert High Score. Instrumental broadening of the system was
 determined from θ to 2θ scan. At (110) reflection’s position of the peak,
 the value of instrumental broadening was found to be 0.07º. This value of
 instrumental broadening was subtracted from the pattern. After that, using
 the XRD data, the lattice constant and hence the X-ray densities were
 calculated. The peak positions, intensities, widths, and shapes- all
 provide important information about the structure of the material. 1\.
 Number of variables: 2 2\. Number of cases/rows: 2751 3\. Variable List:
 \* 2 Theta (degree): The XRD scan was performed on a powder sample for a
 2θ angle range of 15-70 degrees \* Intensity (counts): significant peaks
 associated with unique crystal plane that can be ascribed to crystalline
 structures corresponding to pure α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles 4\. Missing data
 codes: None 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: mossbaur\_data.csv This dataset was used to
 create Figure 1 (b). Mössbauer spectroscopy: In Mössbauer spectroscopy, a
 solid sample is exposed to a beam of gamma radiation, and a detector
 measures the intensity of the beam transmitted through the sample. The
 atoms in the source emitting the gamma rays must be of the same isotope as
 the atoms in the sample absorbing them. If the emitting and absorbing
 nuclei were in identical chemical environments, the nuclear transition
 energies would be exactly equal, and resonant absorption would be observed
 with both materials at rest. The difference in chemical environments,
 however, causes the nuclear energy levels to shift in a few different
 ways. Although these energy shifts are tiny, the extremely narrow spectral
 line widths of gamma rays for some radionuclides make the small energy
 shifts correspond to large changes in absorbance. To bring the two nuclei
 back into resonance it is necessary to change the energy of the gamma-ray
 slightly, and in practice, this is always done using the Doppler Effect.
 During Mössbauer absorption spectroscopy, the source is accelerated
 through a range of velocities using a linear motor to produce a Doppler
 effect and scan the gamma-ray energy through a given range. In the
 resulting spectra, gamma ray intensity is plotted as a function of the
 source velocity. At velocities corresponding to the resonant energy levels
 of the sample, a fraction of the gamma rays are absorbed, resulting in a
 drop in the measured intensity and a corresponding dip in the spectrum.
 The number, positions, and intensities of the peaks provide information
 about the chemical environment of the absorbing nuclei and can be used to
 characterize the sample. Three parameters are found from Mössbauer
 Spectroscopy. They are: Isomer shift - Isomer shift occurs due to a
 difference in the s-electron environment between the source and absorber
 thus producing a shift in the resonance energy of the transition. This
 shifts the whole spectrum positively or negatively depending upon the
 s-electron density and sets the centroid of the spectrum. Quadruple
 splitting - Quadruple splitting occurs in the presence of an asymmetrical
 electric field (produced by an asymmetric electronic charge distribution)
 which splits the nuclear energy levels. Fe in ferrite has an isotope with
 angular momentum quantum number, I=3/2 excited state. The excited state is
 split into two sub-states mI=±1/2 and mI=±3/2, giving a two-line spectrum
 or 'doublet'. Hyperfine splitting - Magnetic fields, if present,
 split nuclear levels with a spin of I into (2I+1) sub-states. This is
 known as hyperfine splitting. In nickel ferrite 57Fe transitions between
 the excited state and ground state can only occur where mI changes by 0 or
 1. This gives six possible transitions for a 3/2 to 1/2 transition, giving
 a ‘sextet’. Mössbauer spectra were acquired using a resonant gamma-ray
 spectrometer having a transmission geometry, and constant acceleration
 mode with a transducer velocity of 11 mm/s. Before the start of the
 measurement, the spectrometer was calibrated using a metallic iron foil as
 a sample, and zero velocity was taken as the centroid of the Mössbauer
 spectrum. The Mössbauer data were acquired at room temperature and zero
 magnetic fields and acquisition time was 72 hours. 1\. Number of
 variables: 7 2\. Number of cases/rows: 513 3\. Variable List: \* Velocity
 (mm/sec): Mössbauer spectra were acquired using a transmission geometry
 resonant gamma-ray spectrometer in constant acceleration mode with a
 transducer velocity of 11 mm/s. \* Ex (Absorption %): Observed
 Experimental Values \* Th (Absorption %): Obtained Theoretical Values \*
 S1 (Absorption %): absorption associated with Sextet 1 pattern \* S2
 (Absorption %): absorption associated with Sextet 2 pattern \* S3
 (Absorption %): absorption associated with Sextet 3 pattern \* S4
 (Absorption %): absorption associated with doublet pattern 4\. Missing
 data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) FTIR\_Fe2O3(coated).csv (ii)
 FTIR\_Fe2O3(un-coated).csv These datasets were used to create Figure 1
 (c). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is a technique that uses
 infrared light to observe the properties of a solid, liquid, or gas. It is
 used in many applications to measure matter's absorption, emission,
 and photoconductivity by shining a narrow beam of infrared light at the
 matter in various wavelengths and detecting how the matter responds to
 each wavelength. Once the data has been obtained, it is converted into
 digital information using a mathematical algorithm known as the “Fourier
 transformation.” The main aim of different absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR,
 ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, etc.) is to determine how well a sample
 absorbs light at various wavelengths. The basic way to do this is to shine
 a monochromatic light beam at a sample, calculate how much of the beam is
 absorbed, and repeat the process for each different wavelength. In the
 case of Fourier transform spectroscopy instead of using a monochromatic
 light beam, a beam containing many frequencies of light is used, and how
 much of that beam is absorbed by the sample. An FTIR spectrometer
 simultaneously collects high spectral resolution data over a wide spectral
 range. FTIR spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules absorb
 frequencies that are characteristic of their structure. These absorptions
 are resonant frequencies, i.e., the frequency of the absorbed radiation
 matches the vibrational frequency. The spectrum of a sample is recorded by
 passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. When the frequency of
 the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond or collection of
 bonds, absorption occurs. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how
 much energy was absorbed at each frequency (or wavelength). This
 measurement can be achieved by scanning the wavelength range using a
 monochromator. Alternatively, the entire wavelength range is measured
 using a Fourier transform instrument and then a transmittance or
 absorbance spectrum is generated using a dedicated procedure. The Fourier
 Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurements were obtained by FTIR
 spectroscopy, model: STA, 449 F3, Jupiter, UK. FTIR spectrum of uncoated
 and chitosan-coated iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles was taken in the
 range of 400-4000 cm-1. 1\. Number of variables: 2 2\. Number of
 cases/rows: 1828 3\. Variable List: \* Wavenumber (cm-1): The FTIR spectra
 of uncoated and hematite-chitosan nanohybrid were collected in the
 400-4000 cm−1 range. \* Transmittance (%): The spectrum of a sample is
 recorded by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. When the
 frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond or
 collection of bonds, absorption occurs. Examination of the transmitted
 light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each frequency (or
 wavelength). This measurement can be achieved by scanning the wavelength
 range using a monochromator. 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized
 formats or other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) TEM\_micrographs.png
 (ii)TEM\_Particle\_size.csv These datasets were used to create Figure 2.
 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which
 a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen,
 interacting with the specimen as it passes through it. An image is formed
 from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen;
 the image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a
 fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be detected by
 a sensor such as a charge-coupled device. TEM can be used to analyze
 crystal structure and features in the structure like dislocations and
 grain boundaries, the growth of layers, their composition, and defects in
 semiconductors. High resolution can be used to analyze the quality, shape,
 size, and density of quantum wells, wires, and dots. The size and
 morphology of the sample were analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy
 (TEM), Model: TALOS F200 G2, FEI Company, USA. The operating voltage of
 TEM was 200 kV. For TEM analysis, the samples were dispersed in ethanol
 through sonication for 15 minutes and drop-casting on an
 electron-transparent carbon-coated Cu grid, followed by drying. (i)
 TEM\_micrographs.png This image file contains TEM micrographs of the (a)
 uncoated α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, (b) EDS spectrum of uncoated α- Fe2O3
 nanoparticles (c) chitosan-coated α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, (d) the HRTEM
 image which demonstrates the lattice fringe of crystalline particles, (e)
 SAED patterns α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. (i) TEM\_ Particle\_size.csv This
 data set was used to measure the size and particle size distribution curve
 of the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The data was obtained from
 TEM\_micrographs.png using ImageJ software. 1\. Number of variables: 2 2\.
 Number of cases/rows: 22 3\. Variable List: \* Obs no: Number of
 observations \* Area: Area of each spherical nanoparticle \* Mean: Mean
 value \* Min: Minimum value \* Max: Maximum value \* Angle: in degree \*
 Length (nm): length of the nanoparticles in nm (nanometer) 4\. Missing
 data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) MH\_4K\_9T\_Uncoated.csv (ii)
 MH\_300K\_9T\_Uncoated.csv (iii) MH\_4K\_9T\_Coated.csv (iv)
 MH\_300K\_9T\_Coated.csv These datasets were used to create Figure 3. The
 typical magnetization curve can be divided into three regions. 1.
 Reversible region: the material can be reversibly magnetized or
 demagnetized. Charges in magnetization occur due to the rotation of the
 domains with the field. 2. Irreversible region: Domain wall motion is
 irreversible, and the slope increases greatly. 3. Saturation region:
 Irreversible domain rotation. It is characterized by a required large
 amount of energy to rotate the domains in the direction of the field. If
 the field is reduced from saturation, with eventual reversal of field
 direction, the magnetization curve does not retrace its original path,
 resulting in a hysteresis loop. This effect is due to a decrease in
 magnetization at a lower rate. The area inside the hysteresis loop is
 indicative of magnetic energy losses during the magnetization process.
 When the field reaches zero, the material may remain magnetized (i.e.,
 some domains are oriented in the former direction). This residual
 magnetization is commonly called remanence. To reduce this remanent
 magnetization to zero, a field in the opposite direction must be applied.
 The magnitude of the field required to lower the sample magnetization to
 zero is called coercivity, Hc. M-H loops are plotted to find the intrinsic
 properties like saturation magnetization, Ms, coercivity, Hc, remanence,
 Mr, and other relevant parameters. Quantum Design physical property
 measurement system (PPMS) model: Inc.10307, Quantum Design, USA, was used
 for this purpose. The basic measurement is accomplished by oscillating the
 sample near a detection (pickup) coil and synchronously detecting the
 voltage induced. By using a compact gradiometer pickup coil configuration,
 a relatively large oscillation amplitude (1-3 mm peak), and a frequency of
 40 Hz, the system can resolve magnetization changes of less than 10-6 emu
 at a data rate of 1 Hz. The VSM option for the PPMS consists primarily of
 a VSM linear motor transport (head) for vibrating the sample, a coil set
 puck for detection, electronics for driving the linear motor transport and
 detecting the response from the pickup coils, and a copy of the MultiVu
 software application for automation and control. The sample is attached to
 the end of a sample rod that is driven sinusoidally. The center of
 oscillation is positioned at the vertical center of a gradiometer pickup
 coil. The precise position and amplitude of oscillation are controlled
 from the VSM motor module using an optical linear encoder signal readback
 from the VSM linear motor transport. The voltage induced in the pickup
 coil is amplified and lock-in is detected in the VSM detection module. The
 VSM detection module uses the position encoder signal as a reference for
 synchronous detection. This encoder signal is obtained from the VSM motor
 module, which interprets the raw encoder signals from the VSM linear motor
 transport. The VSM detection module detects the in-phase and
 quadrature-phase signals from the encoder and amplified voltage from the
 pickup coil. These signals are averaged and sent over the CAN bus to the
 VSM application running on the PC. PPMS system properties: 1. Temperature
 range: 1.9 K - 400 K. 2. Magnetic field: up to 16 Tesla.3. Magnetic field
 ramp rate: determined by magnet and power supply. 4. Temperature and
 magnetic field may be ramped during the measurement. The Physical Property
 Measurement (PPMS) System, model: Inc.10307, Quantum Design, USA, was used
 to measure the magnetic moment at 300 K (room temperature) and 4 K. The
 magnetic moment of the sample was measured from –90 kOe to + 90kOe (i.e.,
 from -9 T to +9 T). 1\. Number of variables: 2 2\. Number of cases/rows:
 \(i\) 5359\, \(ii\)5275\, \(iii\)3018\, \(iii\)3018 3\. Variable List: \*
 Magnetic Field (kOe): Applied magnetic field from –90 kOe to +90 kOe \*
 Moment (emu/g): Corresponding magnetic moment to the applied magnetic
 field in emu/g unit 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or
 other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) ZFC\_FC\_H\_50 Oe.csv (ii)
 ZFC\_FC\_H\_1000 Oe.csv (iii) ZFC\_FC\_H\_10kOe.csv (iv)
 ZFC\_FC\_H\_30kOe.csv (v) ZFC\_FC\_H\_60kOe.csv (vi) ZFC\_FC\_H\_90kOe.csv
 These datasets were used to create Figure 4. The data for zero field
 cooling (ZFC) magnetization were obtained by cooling the sample to 4 K in
 the absence of a magnetic field and after that, the magnetic field was
 applied. The applied fields were 50 Oe, 1000 Oe, 10 kOe, 30 kOe, 60 kOe,
 and 90 kOe respectively. The magnetization data were taken while heating
 the sample to 400 K. For field cooling (FC) magnetization, the sample was
 cooled from 400 K down to 4 K in the presence of the same magnetic field
 as in the ZFC measurement, and the data for magnetization were measured
 while the sample was heated up to 400 K. 1\. Number of variables: 3 2\.
 Number of cases/rows: \(i\) 202\, \(ii\) 201\, \(iii\) 201\, \(iv\) 201\,
 \(v\)201\, (v) 201, (vi) 201 3\. Variable List: \* Temperature (K):
 Obtained temperature from 4K to 400 K \* Moment(emu/g) for ZFC: Associated
 magnetic moment in emu/g unit for Zero Field Cooling (ZFC) \*
 Moment(emu/g) for FC: Associated magnetic moment in emu/g unit for Field
 Cooling (FC) 4\. Missing data codes: None 5\. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) DLS\_Data.csv (ii) Temp\_Z\_avg.csv
 (iii) PDI.csv These datasets were used to create Figure 5 (a-c). Dynamic
 light scattering, also known as photon correlation spectroscopy or
 quasi-elastic light scattering, is a technique that primarily measures the
 Brownian motion of macromolecules in solution that arises due to
 bombardment from solvent molecules and relates this motion to the size
 (or Dτ) of particles. Such motion of macromolecules depends on their size,
 temperature, and solvent viscosity. In this present work, the sample’s
 Z-average values were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS)
 machine, model: ZEN 3600, Zetasizer, Malvern, U.K. The Z-average value of
 the chitosan-coated iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles of
 concentrations 1.0 mg/ml was taken at 25 ◦C (room temperature), 37 ◦C
 (human body temperature), and 45 ◦C (hyperthermia temperature)
 respectively. (i) DLS\_Data.csv 1\. Number of variables: 4 2\. Number of
 cases/rows: 55 3\. Variable List: \* Diameter (nm): Z-average values of
 the synthesized nanocomposite in nm unit \* Differential Intensity (%) at
 25◦C: Absorption peaks associated with certain Z-average values observed
 when the temperature was 25◦C \* Differential Intensity (%) at 37◦C:
 Absorption peaks associated with certain Z-average values observed when
 the temperature was 37◦C \* Differential Intensity (%) at 45◦C: Absorption
 peaks associated with certain Z-average values observed when the
 temperature was 45◦C (ii) Temp\_Z\_avg.csv 1\. Number of variables: 3 2\.
 Number of cases/rows: 3 3\. Variable List: \* Temperature (°C): Three
 different temperatures were used \* Z-average value (nm): Obtained
 Z-average values at different temperatures \* Std Deviation: Corresponding
 standard deviation for each Z-average value. (iii) PDI.csv 1\. Number of
 variables: 3 2\. Number of cases/rows: 3 3\. Variable List: \* Temperature
 (°C): Three different temperatures were used \* Polydispersity Index
 (PDI): Obtained PDI values at different temperatures \* Std Deviation:
 Corresponding standard deviation for each PDI value. 4\. Missing data
 codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Zeta\_potential.csv This dataset was used
 to create Figure 5 (d). Zeta Potential is an important tool for
 understanding the state of the nanoparticle surface and predicting the
 long-term stability of the nanoparticle. Nanoparticles have a surface
 charge that attracts a thin layer of ions of opposite charge to the
 nanoparticle surface. This double layer of ions travels with the
 nanoparticle as it diffuses throughout the solution. The electric
 potential at the boundary of the double layer is known as the Zeta
 potential of the particles and has values that typically range from +100
 mV to -100 mV. The magnitude of the zeta potential is predictive of
 colloidal stability. Nanoparticles with Zeta Potential values greater than
 +25 mV or less than -25 mV typically have high degrees of stability.
 Dispersions with a low zeta potential value will eventually aggregate due
 to Van Der Waal inter-particle attractions. It should be noted that it
 does not matter whether the zeta potential is positive or negative it’s
 the magnitude that is important. The sample’s zeta potential was
 investigated by a dynamic light scattering (DLS) machine, model: ZEN 3600,
 Zetasizer, Malvern, U.K. For the chitosan-coated iron oxide (α-Fe2O3)
 nanoparticles of 1.0 mg/ml concentrated sample, the observed value of Zeta
 potential was +46.8 mV. 1\. Number of variables: 2 2\. Number of
 cases/rows: 15 3\. Variable List: \* Apparent Zeta Potential (mV):
 Observed values of zeta potential of the synthesized sample in the mV
 (milli volt) unit \* Total Counts: absorption associated at a certain zeta
 potential 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) Cytotoxicity\_Vero.csv (ii)
 Cytotoxicity\_HeLa.csv These datasets were used to create Figures 6 (h)
 and 7 (h) respectively. Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to
 cells. Cells exposed to a cytotoxic compound can respond in several ways.
 The cells may undergo necrosis, in which they lose membrane integrity and
 die rapidly because of cell lysis; they can stop growing and dividing; or
 they can activate a genetic program of controlled cell death, termed
 apoptosis. Cells undergoing necrosis typically exhibit rapid swelling,
 lose membrane integrity, shut down metabolism, and release their contents
 into the environment. The cytotoxicity of the hematite-chitosan nanohybrid
 was investigated by introducing the sample solution (water as the solvent)
 into the Vero cell line, an African green monkey kidney epithelial cell
 line, and HeLa, a human cervical carcinoma cell line. Both were maintained
 in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles’ Medium) containing 1%
 penicillin-streptomycin (1:1) 0.2% gentamycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum
 (FBS). Cells (3x10^4/200 µL) were seeded onto 24 well plates and incubated
 at 37 ◦C + 5% CO2. The next day, 50 µL samples (autoclaved) were added to
 each well. After 48 h of incubation, insoluble samples were washed out
 with fresh media, and cytotoxicity was examined under an inverted light
 microscope. Duplicate wells were used for each sample. 1\. Number of
 variables: 2 2\. Number of cases/rows: 7 3\. Variable List: \* Medium:
 Type and concentrations of the medium used \* Cell Survivability (%):
 Percentage of the cell survival in the respected medium 4\. Missing data
 codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Hyperthermia\_data.csv This dataset was
 used to create Figure 8 (a-b). Hyperthermia measurement: The hyperthermia
 measurements were carried out in an induction heating setup. Induction
 heating is a convenient and flexible method to deliver high-strength
 magnetic fields to nanoparticles, resulting in a focused and targeted
 treatment that is gaining considerable interest in the medical research
 community. Induction heating systems are used in thermotherapy to generate
 alternating magnetic fields in the laboratory to elevate and manage the
 temperature of a solution of nanoparticles in vitro or (in animal studies)
 in vivo. The induction heating setup consists of a high-frequency power
 supply that takes the input from the alternating current (AC)line mains.
 This power supply unit converts regular line frequency (50 or 60 Hz) to a
 high-frequency signal, typically operating between 10 and 400 kHz. This
 high-oscillating signal is then fed to a tank circuit that feeds the
 water-cooled induction heating coil. The high-frequency signal generates a
 high-frequency magnetic field inside the induction heating coil. The
 sample consisting of the nanoparticle mixture is placed inside this
 induction heating coil. It interacts with the high-frequency magnetic
 field and produces heat. An optional fiber-optic thermocouple can be used
 to measure the temperature of the nanoparticle mixture. The thermocouple
 is immune to radio frequency interference and can be used during the heat
 cycle. Its output can then be fed to a controller that can regulate the
 rate of increase of temperature as well as maintain a particular sample at
 temperature for a specific amount of time. Typical induction heating coils
 are made of hollow copper tubes with water as a cooling medium flowing
 through the inside. The most common type of coil is a simple solenoid or a
 helical coil. The copper coil is described by the size of the copper tube,
 the inside diameter (d = 2a, where a is the radius) bore produced by the
 wound copper tube, the number of turns (N) of the copper tube, and the
 length (L) of the entire stack of the copper tubes. The current (I) flows
 through the copper to create the magnetic field. The magnetic field
 intensity is the largest in the center of the coil and drops off as one
 traverse to the ends of the coil. The heat produced by the resistance
 heating of the copper of the coil might radiate to the sample and distort
 the absolute heating attained in the sample. A simple but innovative
 solution counteracts this heating effect. A 1.5875mm (0.0625 in.) diameter
 non-conducting tube made of synthetic fluorine-containing resin is wound
 in the shape of a solenoid and placed between the sample and the induction
 heating coil. Care is taken that this solenoid does not physically touch
 the sample or the copper of the coil to prevent any conductive heat
 transfer. Air is then blown through the solenoid to dissipate any heat
 coming from the induction coil to the sample. This isolates the sample
 from any external heat input and only true heat produced in the
 nanoparticles is measured using the fiber-optic thermometer. Then the
 recorded temperature is plotted as a function of the duration of the
 applied magnetic field to determine the heating properties of the
 nanomaterials. A hyperthermia measurement system, the model: EASY HEAT
 5060LI, Ambrell, U.S.A., was utilized to analyze the heating profiles of
 the nanoparticle. The hyperthermia system consists of an 8-turn sample
 coil with a diameter of 4 cm. During the hyperthermia experiment, the coil
 current was 283 A, and the frequency of the coil signal was 343 kHz,
 generating a magnetic field of 26 mT in the sample coil. We measured
 temperature with time with 600 µl of sample in an Eppendorf tube of
 various concentrations of 0.25. 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml with the AC
 magnetic field amplitude of 26 mT. After removing the magnetic field, the
 temperature of the sample was measured using a thermometer by stopping the
 magnetic field. 1\. Number of variables: 6 2\. Number of cases/rows: 12
 3\. Variable List: \* Time (sec): Time taken in seconds to obtain the
 temperature \* Temperature (°C) 4 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 4
 mg/ml concentration sample during the running time. \* Temperature (°C) 2
 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 2 mg/ml concentration sample during
 the running time. \* Temperature (°C) 1 mg/ml: Maximum temperature
 achieved by 1 mg/ml concentration sample during the running time. \*
 Temperature (°C) 0.5 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 0.5 mg/ml
 concentration sample during the running time. \* Temperature (°C) 0.25
 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 0.25 mg/ml concentration sample
 during the running time. 4\. Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized
 formats or other abbreviations used: None
 #########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: SLP\_data.csv This dataset was used to
 create Figure 8(c). The specific loss power (SLP) can be explicitly
 related to the measured heating by, SLP = (C/m) dT/dt. where C is the heat
 capacity of the solution sample (i.e., nanoparticles and suspending
 medium), m is the mass of the magnetic nanoparticle, and the temperature
 increment rate ∆T/∆t was estimated from the initial slope in the linear
 range of temperature vs. time curves. The heat capacity of the water, 4.18
 J/g/◦C is considered the sample’s heat capacity since the concentration of
 the magnetic nanoparticle is very small. 1\. Number of variables: 2 2\.
 Number of cases/rows: 5 3\. Variable List: \* Concentration (mg/ml):
 Samples of different concentrations were used \* Specific Loss Power
 (W/g): Calculated SLP values in W/g observed for each concentration. 4\.
 Missing data codes: NA 5\. Specialized formats or other abbreviations
 used: None