cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xxfm92
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 189916 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Caretta caretta",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 189916 records from 583 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0048689-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/xhjbva
title: Petition of Josiah Speen

description: &lt;p&gt;Petition subject: Property &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Original: &lt;a href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:26855870"&gt;http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:26855870&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Date of creation: 1741-09-26 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Petition location: Natick &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legislator, committee, or address that the petition was sent to: Several names from a committee &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selected signatures:&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Josiah Speen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Actions taken on dates: 1741-12-09,1742-01-20,1742-03-24,1742-03-26,1742-03-27,1742-04-07 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legislative action: Received and read and laid on the table on December 9, 1741 and received and referred to next session on January 20, 1742 and received and read and not committed on March 24, 1742 and received and committed on March 26, 1742 and received and read and granted in the House on March 27, 1742 and sent for concurrence and received and read and not concurred and committed in the Council on April 7, 1742 and sent for concurrence and received and read and concurred in the House on April 9, 1742 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Total signatures: 1 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legislative action summary: Received, read, tabled, received, referred, received, read, not committed, received, committed, received, read, granted, sent, received, read, not concurred, committed, sent, received, read, concurred &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Males of color signatures: 1 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female only signatures: No &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Identifications of signatories: Indian, [males of color] &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Prayer format was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"&gt;printed&lt;/a&gt; vs. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"&gt;manuscript&lt;/a&gt;: Manuscript &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Native American tribe: Nipmuc &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Acknowledgements: Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (PW-5105612), Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Center for American Political Studies at Harvard University, Institutional Development Initiative at Harvard University, and Harvard University Library.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Additional archivist notes: to sell common lands, sale, reimburse Deacon Jonathan Rice of Sudbury for supplies stolen by his son Daniel Speen, who was a servant in Rice's house, servants, let out, proprietors, larceny, debts, satan, sin, religious, sorrow, compassion, tenderness, bearing testimony, repentance, reformation, reparation, loss, damage, Josiah Willard, William Shirley, John Jones, John Hobson, Francis Foxcroft, John Fisher, Isaac Coolidge, Andrew Burley, Samuel Bancroft &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Location of the petition at the Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth: Massachusetts Archives volume 31, pages 312-313 &lt;/p&gt;
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/gh1vrm
title: Wright Files I-Z Edited; Docketed Case: 80-2055
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/w36qcu
title: Executive Agreements Database, Statement Concerning the Millennium Challenge Compact with Malawi with Annexes Signed At Lilongwe April 7, 2011 Entered Into Force September 20, 2013

description: TIAS 13-920

First signed 04/07/2011
Last signed 04/07/2011
Entry into force (supplemented by last signed) 09/20/2013

stamped 2013-0179

C06540810

cover memo
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/qlo0e2
title: Replication Data for Meet the Victim: Police Corruption, Violence, and Political Mobilization

description: Recent literature has analyzed the relationship between governmental corruption and political behavior, focusing on voting turnout (Stockemer, LaMontagne and Scruggs 2012). Fewer studies have examined the impact of corruption on non-electoral political participation. This article fills this gap by examining how non-electoral political participation is influenced by corruption within one of the most important institutions dealing with citizens’ welfare and safety: the police. We focus our research on Mexico because the effects of police corruption have been increasingly felt in the country in recent decades. We find that experiences of police corruption raise the likelihood of taking the streets to protest. Interestingly, we also find that corruption experiences specifically with police bureaucracies lead to greater likelihood of non-electoral participation through institutional channels. We also report that the combination of police corruption and violent crime alienates citizens from the political sphere.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/riq1gn
title: Engineering probiotic biohydrogen micro-factories to initiate reductive stress for boosting tumor vulnerability

description: Disruption of redox homeostasis profoundly affects cellular metabolism and functions. While oxidative stress is extensively studied in cancer therapies, research on reductive stress is still in its infancy. Molecular hydrogen (H2) as a typical antioxidant holds great potential in eliciting reductive stress. However, it is still a great challenge to engineer a sustainable H2 delivery system in cancer. Herein, we proposed a micro-factory through engineering a gel-based microcapsule encapsulating of probiotic Enterobacter aerogenes, a.k.a. probiotic biohydrogen microcapsules (PBMCs), enabling the sustained and sufficient H2 generation within tumor microenvironment. Notably, PBMCs effectively suppressed the proliferation of six distinct tumor cell types as well as drug-resistant cancer cells. The PBMCs were demonstrated to induce apoptosis through eliciting reductive stress by marked elevation of GSH/GSSG ratio, as evidenced by a significant increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio. This led to cell cycle arrest, with a 1.5-fold increase in the G0/G1 phase and a 2.3-fold decrease in the S phase. Notably, PBMCs exhibited synergistic effects in combination with doxorubicin in breast cancer, resulting in robust inhibitions of preinvasive carcinoma growth and commonly associated pulmonary metastasis. Overall, our study introduces an innovative strategy to manipulate aberrant reductive stress within tumors through in situ generation of H2 using a bio-safe probiotic strain, thus enhancing tumor vulnerability.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/wnbbpz
title: Replication Data for: Measuring Extraordinary Rendition and International Cooperation

description: Following the launch of the War on Terror, the United States of America established a global rendition network that saw the transfer of US Central Intelligence Agency terrorist suspects to secret detention sites across the world. There has been considerable debate over how many countries participated in rendition, secret detention and interrogation during the post-9/11 period, and conventional accounts of foreign complicity suggest that diverse countries were involved, including many established democracies. However, research on rendition has continually suffered from uncertainty, a lack of data, and systematic empirical evidence due to the secret nature of counterterrorism cooperation. In this article, I argue that it is possible to study the practice of rendition, unlike many other forms of clandestine security cooperation, as it is partially observable. Specifically, suspected extraordinary rendition flight paths can be tracked using publicly available flight data. This article uses the world’s largest set of public flight data relating to rendition to estimate cross-country collaboration in rendition, secret detention and interrogation. The result suggests 307 likely rendition flights and 15 new participating countries beyond the 54 known cases, with cross validation tests demonstrating high levels of model accuracy. The original data used comes from Blakeley, Ruth and Raphael, Sam (2013) The Rendition Project Database of Flights.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.f25swp
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 553 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Machine Observation, Occurrence evidence, Observation)",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Estrilda melpoda (Vieillot, 1817))",
 "Country is one of (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of), Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Macao, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, State of, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Türkiye, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 553 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0015225-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/gwofs
title: Passed Resolves; Resolves 1837, c.75, SC1/series 228, Petition of Amos Rogers

description: &lt;p&gt;Petition subject: Arguing for the right to petition and protesting the existence of slavery in Washington D.C. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Original: &lt;a href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10456142"&gt;http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:10456142&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Date of creation: (unknown) &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Petition location: Rutland &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legislator, committee, or address that the petition was sent to: George S. Flint, Rutland &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selected signatures:&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Amos Rogers&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cyrus P. Grosvenor&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Austin Barton&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Total signatures: 44 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legal voter signatures (males not identified as non-legal): 44 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female only signatures: No &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Identifications of signatories: citizens, ["inhabitants"] &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Prayer format was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"&gt;printed&lt;/a&gt; vs. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"&gt;manuscript&lt;/a&gt;: Printed &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Additional non-petition or unrelated documents available at archive: additional documents available &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Location of the petition at the Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth: Resolves 1837, c.75, passed April 12, 1837 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Acknowledgements: Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (PW-5105612), Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Center for American Political Studies at Harvard University, Institutional Development Initiative at Harvard University, and Harvard University Library.&lt;/p&gt;
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/r9y6yn
title: Replication Package for: "Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Quasi-Non-Ergodicity and Wealth Inequality"

description: This is the replication package for "Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Quasi-Non-Ergodicity and Wealth Inequality," accepted in 2022 by the Journal of Political Economy.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ek6dfd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 11960 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Machine Observation, Occurrence evidence, Observation)",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Estrilda melpoda (Vieillot, 1817))",
 "Country is one of (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bouvet Island, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin (French part), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Maarten (Dutch part), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (U.S.))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 11960 records from 22 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0015226-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.kysatb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 141 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Altiphylax Yeriomtschenko & Szczerbak, 1984"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 141 records from 20 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0015227-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/lvzdxk
title: FACEBRASIL 5 ABR 2011

description: Revista Brasileira Florida USA
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/lzvegz
title: Jornal dos Sports 871

description: Newspaper
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/qrvbrz
title: Replication Data for: Ecological Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evaluating the Impact of Official Development Assistance and Technical Cooperation

description: The data is used in the paper "Ecological Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evaluating the Impact of Official Development Assistance and Technical Cooperation".
DOI: 10.15468/dl.8eng6h
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3420 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Machine Observation, Occurrence evidence, Observation)",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Estrilda melpoda (Vieillot, 1817))",
 "Country is one of (Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States of America)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3420 records from 7 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0015224-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/ludri
title: Senate Unpassed Legislation 1839, Docket 10525, SC1/series 231, Petition of Betsy Parker

description: &lt;p&gt;Petition subject: To abolish slavery in Washington D.C. and pass several resolutions against slavery &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Original: &lt;a href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:11858046"&gt;http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:11858046&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Date of creation: (unknown) &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Petition location: Plympton &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selected signatures:&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Betsy Parker&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Deborah M. Lean&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hannah S. Wright&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Total signatures: 15 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female signatures: 15 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female only signatures: Yes &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Identifications of signatories: women, [females] &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Prayer format was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"&gt;printed&lt;/a&gt; vs. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"&gt;manuscript&lt;/a&gt;: Printed &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Additional non-petition or unrelated documents available at archive: no additional documents &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Additional archivist notes: Message to women on back &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Location of the petition at the Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth: Senate Unpassed 1839, Docket 10525 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Acknowledgements: Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (PW-5105612), Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Center for American Political Studies at Harvard University, Institutional Development Initiative at Harvard University, and Harvard University Library.&lt;/p&gt;
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/hhdq8m
title: THE CALIFORNIA POLL 96-04
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/w98ia7
title: Telehealth Talk on Reddit: Understanding how Language Use about Telemedicine Evolved throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic

description: The COVID-19 health pandemic acted as a punctuated event that spurred rapid change in healthcare delivery, pushing us to adopt new socio-cultural norms and ways of communicating. The pandemic also altered several long-standing structures within healthcare organizations. To better understand peoples’ perceptions of how the pandemic shifted technological structures within healthcare, this study examines a telemedicine (TM) Reddit forum. Analyzing language use on Reddit offered a bottom-up means of examining the public’s feelings, understandings, and conceptualizations of TM. Studying language use provides rich insight into how people experience and make sense of the world around them. We specifically examined three time periods: (1): prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, (2), the two years at the center of the outbreak, wherein TM coverage increased—high-risk COVID, and (3) the point at which COVID-19 community risk levels largely diminished —low-risk COVID. Using LIWC, we studied around 1500 conversations posted in the TM forum from 2015 to 2022. Results reveal how people’s language use and emotions surrounding TM meaningfully shifted over-time, along with the pandemic stages. Specifically, negative emotion language significantly increased and positive emotion language significantly decreased during Time 3—low-risk COVID. Use of body and health words increased throughout the time periods, and there were no significantly differences in cognitive processing words use—which were used very frequently across all time periods. Theoretical and practical implications are offered.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/athark
title: Replication Data for: Who Wrote the Rules for the Trans-Pacific Partnership?

description: Includes an explanatory document, data, and R files.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/lxrbkj
title: Replication Data for: Long noncoding RNA PAHAL modulates locust behavioural plasticity through the feedback regulation of dopamine biosynthesis (PGENETICS-D-20-00072).

description: All numerical data underlying graphs
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/lwnpf1
title: Replication Data for: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of NATO Member States’ Defense Spending: How Much Do Allies Actually Free Ride?

description: Concerns over free riding in NATO are widespread. An intuitive approach to analyzing free riding is treating it as a systematic pattern of spatial interdependence between the allies: How does a NATO member’s defense spending react to changes in its allies’ military expenditures? While recent work has found statistically significant free riding (negative spatial interdependence in the outcomes), it suffers from important limitations. First, this research does not adequately account for temporal dependence. Second, it does not quantify the effect of interest. Accounting directly for temporal dependence provides a meaningfully distinct perspective on the within-alliance dynamics, demonstrating that the spatiotemporal effect of free riding is, in fact, more substantial than its short-run effect, challenging inferences of static spatial models. We discuss the relevant practical and theoretical implications.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/w2vzod
title: Wright Files I-Z Edited; Docketed Case: 76-1654
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/ghrmhb
title: Wright Casebook Edited; Docketed Case: 20,353
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/qofg7k
title: Wright Files I-Z Edited; Docketed Case: 85-5652
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/tkwwcz
title: Petition of James Ropen

description: &lt;p&gt;Petition subject: Resources &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Original: &lt;a href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:28548233"&gt;http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:28548233&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Date of creation: 1766-01-28 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Petition location: Chappaquiddick &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legislator, committee, or address that the petition was sent to: William Brattle, Thomas Foster & [Daniel Howard] Esqr &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selected signatures:&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;James Ropen&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;John Joel&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Beniamin Nohtaki&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Joel Joel&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Peter Tuppohhus&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Samson Kokque&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Beniamin Moses&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Peassious Ekeun&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Jerusha Jefury&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Zachariah Howwowe&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Total signatures: 10 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Females of color signatures: 2 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Males of color signatures: 8 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female only signatures: No &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Identifications of signatories: We the Indian Subscribers Inhabitants of the Island of Chappequedick in the County afore said, [males of color], [females of color] &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Prayer format was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"&gt;printed&lt;/a&gt; vs. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"&gt;manuscript&lt;/a&gt;: Manuscript &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Signatory column format: not column separated &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Native American tribe: Aquinnah &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Acknowledgements: Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (PW-5105612), Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Center for American Political Studies at Harvard University, Institutional Development Initiative at Harvard University, and Harvard University Library.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Additional archivist notes: complaint, English, trespass, lands, wood, brush, summer pasturing, pastures, agriculture, corn fields, cattle, fences, creatures, tethering, pound, stray, Martha's Vineyard, William Brattle, Thomas Foster, Daniel Howard, committee on Indian affairs in Dukes county &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Location of the petition at the Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth: Massachusetts Archives volume 33, pages 368-370 &lt;/p&gt;
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/xjokxo
title: State Supreme Court Justices

description: Background information on everyone seated as a state supreme court justice from 1960 through 2016.
DOI: 10.7910/dvn/lyglr8
title: A Preference for War: How Fairness and Rhetoric Influence Leadership Incentives in Crises

description: We conduct a survey experiment to examine the effects of international compromise, war, and foreign government rhetoric on presidential approval. We find that, in certain conflicts, popular approval tracks fairness heuristics—leaders seeking to maximize voter approval prefer equitable divisions of disputed goods and are risk acceptant for divisions below this threshold. Moreover, aggressive rhetoric by a foreign leader increases domestic leaders’ expected approval from war, decreases the value of compromise, and provides them with powerful incentives to fight harder. Thus, leaders motivated by popular approval have preferences that are inconsistent with the non-satiated, risk-averse preferences defined over shares of an objective good—that is, with those that much of the rationalist literature on conflict assumes. Fairness heuristics and the rhetorical framing of disputes during the conflict process may be at least as important as material factors in understanding why some disputes result in war.