DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10526554
title: Four-Chamber Human Heart Model for the Simulation of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Cardiac Mechanics

description: Changes in version 1.1 compared to version 1.0:



Ventricular fiber orientation changed to 66° on the endocardial and −41° on the epicardial surface

Electrophysiology mesh was resampled

Updated material tags in EP mesh

Further details can be found in the CardioMechanics GitHub repository new reference paper:




Gerach, T.; Loewe, A. Differential effects of mechano-electric feedback mechanisms on whole-heart activation, repolarization, and tension. The Journal of Physiology 2024. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP285022 


This repository contains a four-chamber model of the human heart which is ready to use for simulations of cardiac electrophysiology and cardiac mechanics problems. When using this dataset, please also cite the accompanying paper



Gerach, T.; Schuler, S.; Fröhlich, J.; Lindner, L.; Kovacheva, E.; Moss, R.; Wülfers, E.M.; Seemann, G.; Wieners, C.; Loewe, A. Electro-Mechanical Whole-Heart Digital Twins: A Fully Coupled Multi-Physics Approach. Mathematics 2021, 9, 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9111247


The cardiac anatomy was manually segmented from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of a 33 year old male volunteer. The volunteer provided informed consent and the study was approved by the IRB of Heidelberg University Hospital (Fritz et al., 2014).The MRI data were acquired using a 1.5 T MR tomography system and consist of a static whole heart image stack taken during diastasis as well as time-resolved images in several long and short axis slices. Based on the segmentation, we first labeled the atria and the ventricles. The geometry was extended by a representation of the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve, the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. Additionally, we closed the endo- and epicardial surfaces of the atria and added truncated pulmonary veins, vena cavae as well as the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. Furthermore, we added a concentric layer of tissue around the entire heart which phenomenologically represents the influence of the pericardium and the surrounding tissue.

Two tetrahedral meshes were created using Gmsh (Geuzaine et al., 2009): (1) the mechanical reference domain (M.vtu) with 128,976 elements (on average 3.17 mm edge length) and (2) the electrophysiological reference domain (EP.vtu) as a subset of M with 50,058,295 elements (on average 0.4 mm edge length).We used rule-based methods to assign the myofiber orientation on EP: Wachter et al. (2015) was used for the atria and Bayer et al. (2012) for the ventricles. The fiber angle in the ventricles was chosen as +60° and -60° on the endocardial and epicardial surface, respectively. The sheet angle was set to -65° on the endocardium and 25° on the epicardium. Github repositories to these fiber generation tools are given in the sidebar. All geometry files are given in millimeter (mm).



Data:We provide time resolved data evaluated from cine MRI data, which can be used for model calibration.



Wall thickening (17AHA_WT.txt) / fractional wall thickening (17AHA_fractionalWT.txt) in the 17 AHA segments of the left ventricle

Atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD.txt) and velocity (AVPV.txt) as well as the displacement of all tracked points used for AVPD calculation (AVPD_trackedPoints.txt)

Left and right ventricular volume (Volume_LV_RV.txt). RV volume is only available for end-diastole and end systole.



Surfaces:This directory contains *.stl files with triangulated surfaces on which boundary conditions can be applied.



cavityXX.stl: blood volume of the LV, RV, LA, RA

epicard.stl: the whole epicardium

outerPeri.stl and outerTrunks.stl: surfaces for Dirichlet boundary conditions

master.stl and slave.stl: surfaces used for the frictionless contact problem described in Fritz et al. (2014)



TetGen:Contains the geometry M.vtu in the TetGen file format. T4 mesh with 4 node tetrahedrons and 3 node triangles.



.bases: fiber, sheet, and normal orientation at quadrature points of all elements

.node: vertex coordinates

.ele: list of tetrahedra

.sur: list of triangles



EP.vtu:Contains the cell arrays Fiber and Material.

M.vtu:Contains the cell arrays Fiber, Sheet, Sheetnormal, Material, and Label.

LabelIDs.txt:List of Label and Material identification numbers and corresponding anatomical structures.