cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wrtd6t
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 168 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Continent is Africa",
 "Country is one of (Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Congo, Nigeria, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Gabon, Cameroon, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Funisciurus pyrropus mandingo Thomas, 1903, Funisciurus lemniscatus (Le Conte, 1857), Funisciurus Trouessart, 1880, Funisciurus congicus (Kuhl, 1820), Funisciurus leucogenys oliviae (Dollman, 1911), Funisciurus carruthersi chrysippus Thomas, 1923, Funisciurus carruthersi carruthersi, Funisciurus leucogenys auriculatus (Matschie, 1891), Funisciurus pyrropus niveatus Thomas, 1923, Funisciurus pyrropus (F.Cuvier, 1833), Funisciurus bayonii (Bocage, 1890))",
 "Year 2010-2023"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 168 records from 11 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0260061-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ax3ytm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 59118 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Belgium",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Aponogeton distachyos L.f., Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray, Cherax destructor Clark, 1936, Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne, Egeria densa Planch., Erythranthe guttata (DC.) G.L.Nesom, Faxonius immunis (Hagen, 1870), Faxonius juvenilis (Hagen, 1870), Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852), Faxonius virilis (Hagen, 1870), Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier, Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall., Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden., Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.fil., Impatiens glandulifera Royle, Koenigia polystachya (Wall. ex Meisn.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal, Lagarosiphon major (Ridl.) Moss, Ludwigia grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet, Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H.Raven, Lysichiton americanus Hultén & H.St.John, Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc., Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx., Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim., Pontederia cordata L., Procambarus acutus (Girard, 1852), Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), Procambarus virginalis Lyko, 2017, Saururus cernuus L., Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf)",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 59118 records from 62 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0231424-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wvp2vm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Porifera",
 "DatasetKey is DIBA-Parc del Montnegre i el Corredor",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-25.03991 31.75, 41.65954 31.75, 41.65954 71.53037, -25.03991 71.53037, -25.03991 31.75))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208308-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.s2etvm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "VerbatimScientificName is Treron griveaudi",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Machine Observation, Human Observation)",
 "Year 2011-2021",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Specimen, Material citation, Material sample)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0087550-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wvzu7b
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 359 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Evolvulus ovatus Fernald"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 359 records from 60 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208286-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.zguk3q
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1093 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Silene scabriflora Brot.",
 "Year 1973-2023"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1093 records from 47 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0276421-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gvaztb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 6648 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is one of (United States of America, Antarctica, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Réunion, Iceland, Portugal, Guadeloupe, Philippines, Japan, Russian Federation, Bermuda, Netherlands, Saint Pierre and Miquelon)",
 "Month is one of (April, May, December)",
 "TaxonKey is Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781)",
 "Year 2001-2010"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 6648 records from 51 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0231895-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.7qb7f6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 110 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Habenaria culicina Rchb.f. & Warm."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 110 records from 37 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0235797-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.kkam33
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Porifera",
 "DatasetKey is Inventaires et suivis sites \"Espaces Naturels Sensibles\" gérés par le Conseil Départemental des Landes-Inventaire \"Espaces Naturels Sensibles\" de Sabaille (CRÉON D'ARMAGNAC)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-25.03991 31.75, 41.65954 31.75, 41.65954 71.53037, -25.03991 71.53037, -25.03991 31.75))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208313-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.8fgu4v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 846 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Argentina",
 "TaxonKey is Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 846 records from 44 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0235791-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.r9pa3d
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 76 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Evolvulus passerinoides Meisn."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 76 records from 29 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208290-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ttzrye
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Porifera",
 "DatasetKey is Système d'Information sur la Nature et les Paysages d'Ile de France - Données de la naturaliste Klaire Houeix",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-25.03991 31.75, 41.65954 31.75, 41.65954 71.53037, -25.03991 71.53037, -25.03991 31.75))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208303-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ntwy3p
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 2659 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Guadeloupe",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Fungi"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 2659 records were derived from 81 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0235769-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bwtzc9
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Farsetia socotrana B.L.Burtt"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0209383-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.g8wznk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-95.50578 17.20552,-89.64972 17.20552,-89.64972 19.54927,-95.50578 19.54927,-95.50578 17.20552))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Orbicella annularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786)",
 "Year 2000-2023"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0260050-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xv7ups
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Faucaria gratiae L.Bolus"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0209415-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.x86yqt
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Justicia ardens T.F.Daniel"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0260056-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jkpmak
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 921227 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is one of (Belgium, Germany, Netherlands)",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766), Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782))",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 921227 records from 71 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0231425-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.et484v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1683 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Justicia betonica L."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1683 records from 122 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0260078-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.92quah
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 89 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "License is one of (CC0 1.0, CC-BY 4.0, Pending)",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Lathyrus amphicarpos L.",
 "Year 1973-2023"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 89 records from 18 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0276429-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.vvbbwp
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 363582 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Monarch Watch"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 363582 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208305-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.en7cyn
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3451 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Benin",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G.Don"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3451 records from 53 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0276426-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gj6uwp
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 83671 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-79.249 0.6086,-74.66549 0.6086,-74.66549 7.78719,-79.249 7.78719,-79.249 0.6086))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Fungi"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 83671 records from 122 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208326-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.6v62w2
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 777 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Psilodera Gray, 1832"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 777 records from 14 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0276427-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.a7vp2h
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 192 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Evolvulus saxifragus Mart."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 192 records from 54 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208334-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.sy8fjq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 82170 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles of Portugal"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 82170 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0276436-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gf7h54
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 102 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Evolvulus simplex Andersson"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 102 records from 23 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208337-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wxjx95
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Habenaria curvicalcar J.J.Sm."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0235806-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bdaaj8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Farsetia assadii Kavousi"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0209341-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.adp6tb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 249 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "DatasetKey is EOD – eBird Observation Dataset",
 "GadmGid is one of (DEU.2.54_1, DEU.2.60_1)"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 249 records were derived from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000076-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ch9mwb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 36 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Moraea angulata Goldblatt"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 36 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043407-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.s2gt8w
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1943 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1943 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0260053-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pyw7j8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 223 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Moraea angusta (Thunb.) Ker Gawl."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 223 records from 24 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043408-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.vupcsk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 18 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Hydrobryum floribundum Koidz."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 18 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0249592-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.e5hmv2
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2608 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Buddleja cordata Kunth"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2608 records from 85 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0231428-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.u6dtkf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 450 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Specimen",
 "Continent is Asia",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Hylobates Illiger, 1811"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 450 records from 19 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0276431-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9byqk6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 121429 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Human Observation",
 "Country is Chile",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Plantae"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 121429 records from 42 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0208294-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.cr54kr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 102 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Habenaria coxipoensis Hoehne"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 102 records from 27 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0235778-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25574/csc2.obs.04378
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 04378

description: CSC uses combined (i.e. overlapping) Chandra observations for detecting X-ray sources. This allows the catalog to include significantly fainter sources than CSC 1.1. The set of overlapping observations that have been combined in this way is known as a "stack".
DOI: 10.25574/csc2.obs.05935
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 05935

description: CSC uses combined (i.e. overlapping) Chandra observations for detecting X-ray sources. This allows the catalog to include significantly fainter sources than CSC 1.1. The set of overlapping observations that have been combined in this way is known as a "stack".
DOI: 10.25574/csc2.obs.14471
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 14471

description: CSC uses combined (i.e. overlapping) Chandra observations for detecting X-ray sources. This allows the catalog to include significantly fainter sources than CSC 1.1. The set of overlapping observations that have been combined in this way is known as a "stack".
DOI: 10.25574/csc2.obs.19479
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 19479

description: CSC uses combined (i.e. overlapping) Chandra observations for detecting X-ray sources. This allows the catalog to include significantly fainter sources than CSC 1.1. The set of overlapping observations that have been combined in this way is known as a "stack".
DOI: 10.25574/csc2.obs.13728
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 13728

description: CSC uses combined (i.e. overlapping) Chandra observations for detecting X-ray sources. This allows the catalog to include significantly fainter sources than CSC 1.1. The set of overlapping observations that have been combined in this way is known as a "stack".
DOI: 10.25574/csc2.obs.20444
title: Chandra X-ray Observatory ObsId 20444

description: CSC uses combined (i.e. overlapping) Chandra observations for detecting X-ray sources. This allows the catalog to include significantly fainter sources than CSC 1.1. The set of overlapping observations that have been combined in this way is known as a "stack".