cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-681-1
title: Diagram MAPD0681

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-685-1
title: Diagram MAPD0685

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-689-1
title: Diagram MAPD0689

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-692-1
title: Diagram MAPD0692

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-693-1
title: Diagram MAPD0693

description: Apsides: A diagram for planetary absides is the only planetary diagram explicitly mentioned in the Plinian astronomical excerpts. The diagram is only partly described in the excerpt. This mention of a diagram is a medieval addition, which does not appear at all in the original text of Pliny's Natural History. The Plinian diagram for planetary absides has two forms, one with a normal, or natural, order of the zodiacal signs and one with an artificial, or rearranged, order of the zodiacal signs. The diagrams for both have the same graphical form. This form, or framework, provides an outer circular band with twelve equally spaced radial lines dividing both the outer band and the contained space into twelve equal parts. A small circle appears at the center of the diagram. In the normal-order diagram for absides, the names of the twelve signs are placed in their natural sequence in counter-clockwise direction in the twelve sections of the outer band. It is of no consequence where Aries 0° is placed in this diagram, and different diagrams may place it differently. The small central circle will be labeled Moon or sometimes Earth. When it is labeled Moon, the center of the diagram usually has the label for Earth. When the central circle is labeled Earth, there is a separate, concentric circle enclosing it for the Moon.For each of the six planets other than the Moon, there is an eccentric circle in the space between the lunar circle and the zodiacal band. Each eccentric circle has a label naming its planet. Each circle is drawn so that its apogee, or point of maximum distance from the central earth, falls within the angular section below the zodiacal sign assigned to the planet. The absides, or eccentric circles, show the locations in the zodiac according to Pliny for the farthest distances of the planets from the earth; at the apogee a planet will appear to be traveling slowest during its full orbit. The near points, or perigees, which are points of swiftest apparent travel are diametrically opposed to the far points. In the diagram for absides the name of the planet does not always appear under the zodiacal sign for its apogee. It is always necessary to ascertain where the geometrical apogee for each circle is located. Pliny lists the zodiacal signs for apogees; he does not name the signs for perigees. His list assigns the planets to the signs as follows: Saturn in Scorpius, Jupiter in Virgo, Mars in Leo, Sun in Gemini, Venus in Sagittarius, Mercury in Capricorn. The excerpt assigns no absis to the Moon. Because of a medieval emendation in some MSS of the full text of Pliny's Natural History, assigning an absis to the Moon in Taurus, some absidal diagrams show such an arrangement for the Moon, but this is neither standard nor frequent.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-695-1
title: Diagram MAPD0695

description: Planetary Order Circular: The Plinian diagram for planetary order is extremely simple. It contains either seven or eight concentric circles, equally spaced. In Plinian/Ptolemaic order (Saturn - Jupiter - Mars - Sun - Venus - Mercury - Moon) the seven planetary names are written in a vertical list, one name on each circle. When an eighth circle appears in the middle, it has a label for Earth. In any case, the label for Earth appears at the center of the diagram.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-698-1
title: Diagram MAPD0698

description: Planetary Order Circular: The Plinian diagram for planetary order is extremely simple. It contains either seven or eight concentric circles, equally spaced. In Plinian/Ptolemaic order (Saturn - Jupiter - Mars - Sun - Venus - Mercury - Moon) the seven planetary names are written in a vertical list, one name on each circle. When an eighth circle appears in the middle, it has a label for Earth. In any case, the label for Earth appears at the center of the diagram.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-700-1
title: Diagram MAPD0700

description: Latitudes Circular: The circular presentation of planetary latitudes occurs against a framework of thirteen concentric circles spaced at equal radial intervals. Each space between two succeeding circles represents one degree of the zodiacal band of twelve degrees in width. The middle, or seventh, circle represents the plane of the ecliptic. Against this framework the path of every planet but one, the Sun, appears as a circle that intersects one or more of the circles of the zodiac. The sun's path, because of the text of Pliny, follows a serpentine line that focuses upon the middle circle and passes above and below it to touch the next circle on either side of the middle circle. With the zodiacal circles numbered from 1 to 13, from the center outwards, the moon touches circle 13 on one side of the diagram and circle 1 on the opposite side; this represents Pliny's assignment of twelve degrees for the lunar latitude. The diagram shows Venus extending beyond circle 13 and cutting inside circle 1 to represent Pliny's two degrees beyond the zodiacal width for this planet's latitude. Mercury has a latitude of eight, from circle 11 to circle 3. Mars has a latitude of four in the middle, from circle 9 to circle 5. Jupiter, with three degrees of latitude in Pliny's text, moves from circle 9 to circle 6. Saturn receives two degrees of latitude ``like the sun'' according to Pliny's text. Nowhere does Pliny specify that Saturn has a serpentine path like that ascribed to the sun, and his phrase ``like the sun'' appears to mean the same two degrees as the sun supposedly crosses in the zodiac; most of the diagrams place Saturn's name outside the solar serpentine path and provide no separate circle for the latitude of Saturn.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-702-1
title: Diagram MAPD0702

description: Planetary Order List: The Plinian diagram for planetary order that appears as a list most commonly takes the form of seven small circles placed close together horizontally. Below each circle, from left to right, a planetary name appears from Saturn to Moon, in Plinian/Ptolemaic order (Saturn - Jupiter - Mars - Sun - Venus - Mercury - Moon). The Earth is not represented. Variations are common in this diagram.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-705-1
title: Diagram MAPD0705

description: Planetary Order List: The Plinian diagram for planetary order that appears as a list most commonly takes the form of seven small circles placed close together horizontally. Below each circle, from left to right, a planetary name appears from Saturn to Moon, in Plinian/Ptolemaic order (Saturn - Jupiter - Mars - Sun - Venus - Mercury - Moon). The Earth is not represented. Variations are common in this diagram.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-707-1
title: Diagram MAPD0707

description: Planetary Order List: The Plinian diagram for planetary order that appears as a list most commonly takes the form of seven small circles placed close together horizontally. Below each circle, from left to right, a planetary name appears from Saturn to Moon, in Plinian/Ptolemaic order (Saturn - Jupiter - Mars - Sun - Venus - Mercury - Moon). The Earth is not represented. Variations are common in this diagram.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-709-1
title: Diagram MAPD0709

description: Planetary Intervals Circular: The Plinian circular diagram for planetary intervals contains eight concentric circles, spaced at unequal radial distances. The diagram always has a label for the Earth at a point or spot or disc at the center. The outermost circle is labeled generically for the zodiac. Each circle within is labeled from top down to the center with the names of the planets in Plinian/Ptolemaic order. From the center of the diagram downward to the zodiacal circle, each circle is labeled with a harmonic interval to provide its interval from the next circle within (or central point, in the case of the Earth---Moon interval). The Plinian excerpt gives these intervals as follows: Erde - Mond = Ganzton, Mond - Merkur = Halbton, Merkur - Venus = Halbton, Venus - Sonne = Drei Halbtöne, Sonne - Mars = Ganzton, Mars - Jupiter = Halbton, Jupiter - Saturn = Halbton, Saturn - Tierkreis = Drei Halbtöne, In accord with the relative sizes of the numbers in these intervals, the diagram sets the eight concentric circles at different radial distances apart. Very often the diagram will show, in addition to all the elements above, small symbols or representations of the planets, arranged either horizontally or vertically on the respective circles.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-712-1
title: Diagram MAPD0712

description: Planetary Intervals Circular: The Plinian circular diagram for planetary intervals contains eight concentric circles, spaced at unequal radial distances. The diagram always has a label for the Earth at a point or spot or disc at the center. The outermost circle is labeled generically for the zodiac. Each circle within is labeled from top down to the center with the names of the planets in Plinian/Ptolemaic order. From the center of the diagram downward to the zodiacal circle, each circle is labeled with a harmonic interval to provide its interval from the next circle within (or central point, in the case of the Earth---Moon interval). The Plinian excerpt gives these intervals as follows: Erde - Mond = Ganzton, Mond - Merkur = Halbton, Merkur - Venus = Halbton, Venus - Sonne = Drei Halbtöne, Sonne - Mars = Ganzton, Mars - Jupiter = Halbton, Jupiter - Saturn = Halbton, Saturn - Tierkreis = Drei Halbtöne, In accord with the relative sizes of the numbers in these intervals, the diagram sets the eight concentric circles at different radial distances apart. Very often the diagram will show, in addition to all the elements above, small symbols or representations of the planets, arranged either horizontally or vertically on the respective circles.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-715-1
title: Diagram MAPD0715

description: Planetary Intervals Circular: The Plinian circular diagram for planetary intervals contains eight concentric circles, spaced at unequal radial distances. The diagram always has a label for the Earth at a point or spot or disc at the center. The outermost circle is labeled generically for the zodiac. Each circle within is labeled from top down to the center with the names of the planets in Plinian/Ptolemaic order. From the center of the diagram downward to the zodiacal circle, each circle is labeled with a harmonic interval to provide its interval from the next circle within (or central point, in the case of the Earth---Moon interval). The Plinian excerpt gives these intervals as follows: Erde - Mond = Ganzton, Mond - Merkur = Halbton, Merkur - Venus = Halbton, Venus - Sonne = Drei Halbtöne, Sonne - Mars = Ganzton, Mars - Jupiter = Halbton, Jupiter - Saturn = Halbton, Saturn - Tierkreis = Drei Halbtöne, In accord with the relative sizes of the numbers in these intervals, the diagram sets the eight concentric circles at different radial distances apart. Very often the diagram will show, in addition to all the elements above, small symbols or representations of the planets, arranged either horizontally or vertically on the respective circles.
description: Medieval Diagrams
DOI: 10.17171/1-2-716-1
title: Diagram MAPD0716

description: Planetary Intervals Circular: The Plinian circular diagram for planetary intervals contains eight concentric circles, spaced at unequal radial distances. The diagram always has a label for the Earth at a point or spot or disc at the center. The outermost circle is labeled generically for the zodiac. Each circle within is labeled from top down to the center with the names of the planets in Plinian/Ptolemaic order. From the center of the diagram downward to the zodiacal circle, each circle is labeled with a harmonic interval to provide its interval from the next circle within (or central point, in the case of the Earth---Moon interval). The Plinian excerpt gives these intervals as follows: Erde - Mond = Ganzton, Mond - Merkur = Halbton, Merkur - Venus = Halbton, Venus - Sonne = Drei Halbtöne, Sonne - Mars = Ganzton, Mars - Jupiter = Halbton, Jupiter - Saturn = Halbton, Saturn - Tierkreis = Drei Halbtöne, In accord with the relative sizes of the numbers in these intervals, the diagram sets the eight concentric circles at different radial distances apart. Very often the diagram will show, in addition to all the elements above, small symbols or representations of the planets, arranged either horizontally or vertically on the respective circles.
description: Medieval Diagrams