DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c57h7
title: Data from: The transcriptomic and evolutionary signature of social interactions regulating honey bee caste development

description: The caste fate of developing female honey bee larvae is strictly socially
 regulated by adult nurse workers. As a result of this social regulation,
 nurse-expressed genes as well as larval-expressed genes may affect caste
 expression and evolution. We used a novel transcriptomic approach to
 identify genes with putative direct and indirect effects on honey bee
 caste development, and we subsequently studied the relative rates of
 molecular evolution at these caste-associated genes. We experimentally
 induced the production of new queens by removing the current colony queen,
 and we used RNA sequencing to study the gene expression profiles of both
 developing larvae and their caregiving nurses before and after queen
 removal. By comparing the gene expression profiles of queen-destined
 versus worker-destined larvae as well as nurses observed feeding these two
 types of larvae, we identified larval and nurse genes associated with
 caste development. Of 950 differentially expressed genes associated with
 caste, 82% were expressed in larvae with putative direct effects on larval
 caste, and 18% were expressed in nurses with putative indirect effects on
 caste. Estimated selection coefficients suggest that both nurse and larval
 genes putatively associated with caste are rapidly evolving, especially
 those genes associated with worker development. Altogether, our results
 suggest that indirect effect genes play important roles in both the
 expression and evolution of socially influenced traits such as caste.
description: Counts of mapped reads
 per gene for each of the 12 samplesTable showing counts of
 mapped reads (from htseq-count) per gene for each of the 12 samples.
 Further output from htseq-count per sample is shown at the bottom of the
 table, summarizing the total number of mapped reads, reads that were not
 mapped, and the proportion of total mapped reads. The first table column,
 "genes" refers to the A. mellifera Official Gene Set 3.2
 accession numbers (Elsik et al. 2014). The remaining 12 columns refer to
 the 12 samples: "wg" = pooled HPG tissue from nurses collected
 from queenright colonies while feeding worker-destined larvae;
 "Wg" = pooled HPG tissue from nurses collected from queenless
 colonies while feeding worker-destined larvae; "Qg" = pooled HPG
 tissue from nurses collected from queenless colonies while feeding
 queen-destined larvae; "wh" = pooled head tissue from nurses
 collected from queenright colonies while feeding worker-destined larvae;
 "Wh" = pooled head tissue from nurses collected from queenless
 colonies while feeding worker-destined larvae; "Qh" = pooled
 head tissue from nurses collected from queenless colonies while feeding
 queen-destined larvae; "wm" = pooled MG tissue from nurses
 collected from queenright colonies while feeding worker-destined larvae;
 "Wm" = pooled MG tissue from nurses collected from queenless
 colonies while feeding worker-destined larvae; "Qm" = pooled MG
 tissue from nurses collected from queenless colonies while feeding
 queen-destined larvae; "wl" = pooled 4th instar worker-destined
 larvae from queenright colonies; "Wl" = pooled 4th instar
 worker-destined larvae from queenless colonies; "Ql" = pooled
 4th instar queen-destined larvae from queenless
 coloniesallcounts.csvraw hive observation dataTable of raw observation data of individually-marked bees observed interacting with worker and queen cells in two replicate observation hives. The inferred age of each bee is also shown. "day" = the day of the study following queen removal; "hive" = whether the observation came from replicate hive B or D; "tag color" and "tag #" = the color and number on the tag glued to the mesosoma of the individually-marked bee; "abdomen" = color of paint mark on the abdomen of the individually-marked bees. Together the mesosoma tag and abdomen paint mark were unique and enabled individual identification; "behavior" the observed behavior of the individually-marked bee; "time" the time of the observation; "Observer" = the initials or first name of the observer, see contributors in author list and Acknowledgements; "age" = the inferred age of the individually-marked bee, based on the date it was added as a newly-emerged bee to the observation hive plus the number of days that had elapsed.raw hive observations 7May2011.csv