cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492280
title: The Importance of Scale in Spatially Varying Coefficient Modeling

description: Although spatially varying coefficient (SVC) models have attracted considerable attention in applied science, they have been criticized as being unstable. The objective of this study is to show that capturing the “spatial scale” of each data relationship is crucially important to make SVC modeling more stable and, in doing so, adds flexibility. Here, the analytical properties of six SVC models are summarized in terms of their characterization of scale. Models are examined through a series of Monte Carlo simulation experiments to assess the extent to which spatial scale influences model stability and the accuracy of their SVC estimates. The following models are studied: (1) geographically weighted regression (GWR) with a fixed distance or (2) an adaptive distance bandwidth (GWRa); (3) flexible bandwidth GWR (FB-GWR) with fixed distance or (4) adaptive distance bandwidths (FB-GWRa); (5) eigenvector spatial filtering (ESF); and (6) random effects ESF (RE-ESF). Results reveal that the SVC models designed to capture scale dependencies in local relationships (FB-GWR, FB-GWRa, and RE-ESF) most accurately estimate the simulated SVCs, where RE-ESF is the most computationally efficient. Conversely, GWR and ESF, where SVC estimates are naïvely assumed to operate at the same spatial scale for each relationship, perform poorly. Results also confirm that the adaptive bandwidth GWR models (GWRa and FB-GWRa) are superior to their fixed bandwidth counterparts (GWR and FB-GWR). <i>Key Words: flexible bandwidth geographically weighted regression, Monte Carlo simulation, nonstationarity, random effects eigenvector spatial filtering, spatial scale</i>.
DOI: 10.7284/106709
title: Expendable Probe data collected during research cruise KNOX04RR using a Sippican MK21 instrument system onboard the platform RV Roger Revelle

description: Original (unprocessed) data collected during a Field_expedition
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492268.v1
title: Driver head locations: Considerations for head restraint design

description: <b>Objective:</b> U.S. FMVSS 202a requires that a vehicle head restraint lie within a specified distance (55 mm) from the physical headform on the head restraint measurement device (HRMD). Smaller values of this distance, known as backset, are frequently associated with improved protection against neck injury in rear impact. In some vehicles, small backsets are also associated with complaints of head restraint interference with drivers’ preferred head positions. The objective of this study is to examine head/head restraint distances using data from a lab study of driving posture to provide guidance for safe and comfortable head restraint design. <b>Methods:</b> Head positions were measured for 88 U.S. drivers in a laboratory mockup using a seat from a mid-size sedan. The head restraint was removed to allow measurement of drivers’ preferred head locations without interference from the head restraint. Rates of disaccommodation, defined as interference between predicted possible head restraint locations and drivers’ preferred head locations, were analyzed at HRMD-referenced backsets of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm measured at 22° and 25° seat back angles. <b>Results:</b> With HRMD-referenced backsets of 25 mm and 50 mm measured at 25°, the head restraint intersected the preferred head locations of 17.9 and 5.2% of the drivers, respectively. An HRMD-referenced backset measured at 22° produced larger accommodation rates than the same backset measured at 25°. <b>Conclusions:</b> The reported distribution of occupant head positions and the resulting restrictions on comfortable head restraint position at various HRMD-referenced backsets and seat back angles help provide guidance for head restraint design. Knowing the actual mean driver-selected seat back angle for a particular vehicle seat and the model presented in this work, a manufacturer can choose a head restraint location that will have a high likelihood of complying with FMVSS backset requirements while also achieving minimal disaccommodation. The findings in this study support the flexibility in the current FMVSS 202a that permits testing at more upright seat back angles than the 25° originally proposed.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492265
title: Epidemiology of injury patterns for 4- to 10-year-olds in side and oblique impacts

description: <b>Objectives:</b> With regard to the pediatric population involved in vehicle side impact collisions, epidemiologic data can be used to identify specific injury-producing conditions and offer possible safety technology effectiveness through population-based estimates. The objective of the current study was to perform a field data analysis to investigate injury patterns and sources of injury to 4- to 10-year-olds in side and oblique impacts to determine the potential effect of updated side impact regulations and airbag safety countermeasures. <b>Methods:</b> The NASS-CDS, years 1991 to 2014, was analyzed in the current study. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005–Update 2008 was used to determine specific injuries and injury severities. Injury distributions were examined by body region as specified in the AIS dictionary and the Maximum AIS (MAIS). Children ages 4 to 10 were examined in this study. All occupant seating locations were investigated. Seating positions were designated by row and as either near side, middle, or far side. Side impacts with a principal direction of force (PDOF) between 2:00 and 4:00 as well as between 8:00 and 10:00 were included. Restraint use was documented only as restrained or unrestrained and not whether the restraint was being used properly. Injury distribution by MAIS, body region, and source of injury were documented. Analysis regarding occupant injury severity, body region injured, and injury source was performed by vehicle model year to determine the effect of updated side impact testing regulation and safety countermeasures. Because the aim of the study was to identify the most common injury patterns and sources, only unweighted data were analyzed. <b>Results:</b> Main results obtained from the current study with respect to 4- to 10-year-old child occupants in side impact were that a decrease was observed in frequency of MAIS 1–3 injuries; injuries to the head, face, and extremities; as well as injuries caused by child occupant interaction with the vehicle interior and seatback support structures in 1998 model year passenger cars and newer. <b>Conclusions:</b> Results from this study could be useful in design advances of pediatric anthropomorphic test devices, child restraints, as well as vehicles and their safety countermeasure systems.
DOI: 10.7284/106706
title: GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data collected during research cruise KNOX04RR using a Furuno GP-90D instrument system onboard the platform RV Roger Revelle

description: Original (unprocessed) data collected during a Field_expedition
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492259
title: Usability of non-standard lower anchor configurations for child restraint system (CRS) installation

description: <b>Objectives:</b> The objective of this study was to determine whether the amount of tension required for proper child restraint system (CRS) installation varies with lower anchor spacing and to determine whether nonexperts can produce adequate tension on wider-than-standard lower anchor configurations. <b>Methods:</b> CRSs were installed by certified child passenger safety technicians (CPSTs; <i>n</i> = 6 subjects, <i>n</i> = 72 installations) and nonexperts (<i>n</i> = 30 subjects, <i>n</i> = 120 installations) on a mock-up vehicle seat fixture with lower anchors set at 11 (standard), 15, 19, and 23 in. apart from one another. Each CPST installed a rear-facing (RF) infant base, RF convertible, and forward-facing (FF) convertible into each of the 4 spacing configurations in random order. The CPSTs were instructed to tighten the lower connector strap until the tension was exactly at the threshold between passing and failing the 1-in. test. Each nonexpert installed one CRS model into all 4 spacing conditions in random order. Nonexperts were instructed to install the CRS to the best of their ability. The tension produced on the lower connector strap was recorded via load cell in the lower anchor assembly of the vehicle seat. Resultant tension magnitudes were compared across spacing conditions using matched pair <i>t</i>-tests. The CPSTs’ mean 1-in. test threshold values were compared to tensions produced by nonexperts. Installations were visually evaluated for errors and qualitative usability feedback was collected via survey. <b>Results:</b> CPSTs installed the infant base with higher tensions in the 15-, 19-, and 23-in. configurations compared to the standard 11-in. configuration (<i>P</i> = .034, .032, and .003, respectively). The nonexperts installed the infant base with higher tension in the 15- and 23-in. configurations compared to the 11-in. configuration (<i>P</i> = .004 and .026, respectively). The RF convertible and FF convertible installations showed no significant differences in tension among any of the spacing configurations for either group. Only 19% of the nonexperts’ installations were tight enough to pass CPST thresholds, and the pass rate did not vary with respect to lower anchor spacing. In feedback surveys, the nonexpert group did not show a consistent preference for either standard or wider-than-standard lower anchor configurations. <b>Conclusions:</b> The amount of tension required to pass the 1-in. rule did not vary with lower anchor spacing configurations for the RF and FF convertible CRS, but the infant base required more tension in wider anchor configurations. Nonexperts tended to produce less than ideal tension in all configurations, although their tension magnitudes increased for the infant base in wider configurations.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492259.v1
title: Usability of non-standard lower anchor configurations for child restraint system (CRS) installation

description: <b>Objectives:</b> The objective of this study was to determine whether the amount of tension required for proper child restraint system (CRS) installation varies with lower anchor spacing and to determine whether nonexperts can produce adequate tension on wider-than-standard lower anchor configurations. <b>Methods:</b> CRSs were installed by certified child passenger safety technicians (CPSTs; <i>n</i> = 6 subjects, <i>n</i> = 72 installations) and nonexperts (<i>n</i> = 30 subjects, <i>n</i> = 120 installations) on a mock-up vehicle seat fixture with lower anchors set at 11 (standard), 15, 19, and 23 in. apart from one another. Each CPST installed a rear-facing (RF) infant base, RF convertible, and forward-facing (FF) convertible into each of the 4 spacing configurations in random order. The CPSTs were instructed to tighten the lower connector strap until the tension was exactly at the threshold between passing and failing the 1-in. test. Each nonexpert installed one CRS model into all 4 spacing conditions in random order. Nonexperts were instructed to install the CRS to the best of their ability. The tension produced on the lower connector strap was recorded via load cell in the lower anchor assembly of the vehicle seat. Resultant tension magnitudes were compared across spacing conditions using matched pair <i>t</i>-tests. The CPSTs’ mean 1-in. test threshold values were compared to tensions produced by nonexperts. Installations were visually evaluated for errors and qualitative usability feedback was collected via survey. <b>Results:</b> CPSTs installed the infant base with higher tensions in the 15-, 19-, and 23-in. configurations compared to the standard 11-in. configuration (<i>P</i> = .034, .032, and .003, respectively). The nonexperts installed the infant base with higher tension in the 15- and 23-in. configurations compared to the 11-in. configuration (<i>P</i> = .004 and .026, respectively). The RF convertible and FF convertible installations showed no significant differences in tension among any of the spacing configurations for either group. Only 19% of the nonexperts’ installations were tight enough to pass CPST thresholds, and the pass rate did not vary with respect to lower anchor spacing. In feedback surveys, the nonexpert group did not show a consistent preference for either standard or wider-than-standard lower anchor configurations. <b>Conclusions:</b> The amount of tension required to pass the 1-in. rule did not vary with lower anchor spacing configurations for the RF and FF convertible CRS, but the infant base required more tension in wider anchor configurations. Nonexperts tended to produce less than ideal tension in all configurations, although their tension magnitudes increased for the infant base in wider configurations.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492265.v1
title: Epidemiology of injury patterns for 4- to 10-year-olds in side and oblique impacts

description: <b>Objectives:</b> With regard to the pediatric population involved in vehicle side impact collisions, epidemiologic data can be used to identify specific injury-producing conditions and offer possible safety technology effectiveness through population-based estimates. The objective of the current study was to perform a field data analysis to investigate injury patterns and sources of injury to 4- to 10-year-olds in side and oblique impacts to determine the potential effect of updated side impact regulations and airbag safety countermeasures. <b>Methods:</b> The NASS-CDS, years 1991 to 2014, was analyzed in the current study. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005–Update 2008 was used to determine specific injuries and injury severities. Injury distributions were examined by body region as specified in the AIS dictionary and the Maximum AIS (MAIS). Children ages 4 to 10 were examined in this study. All occupant seating locations were investigated. Seating positions were designated by row and as either near side, middle, or far side. Side impacts with a principal direction of force (PDOF) between 2:00 and 4:00 as well as between 8:00 and 10:00 were included. Restraint use was documented only as restrained or unrestrained and not whether the restraint was being used properly. Injury distribution by MAIS, body region, and source of injury were documented. Analysis regarding occupant injury severity, body region injured, and injury source was performed by vehicle model year to determine the effect of updated side impact testing regulation and safety countermeasures. Because the aim of the study was to identify the most common injury patterns and sources, only unweighted data were analyzed. <b>Results:</b> Main results obtained from the current study with respect to 4- to 10-year-old child occupants in side impact were that a decrease was observed in frequency of MAIS 1–3 injuries; injuries to the head, face, and extremities; as well as injuries caused by child occupant interaction with the vehicle interior and seatback support structures in 1998 model year passenger cars and newer. <b>Conclusions:</b> Results from this study could be useful in design advances of pediatric anthropomorphic test devices, child restraints, as well as vehicles and their safety countermeasure systems.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492256
title: Zoantharia (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) abundance and associations with Porifera and Hydrozoa across a depth gradient on the west coast of Curaçao

description: Despite much research on zoantharians, little work has been done on the abundance of these animals in depths greater than 5 m. In this study, we examined the abundance of zoantharian species and their associated fauna at four depths (5, 10, 20, and 30 m) at multiple sites on the leeward west side of Curaçao in the southern Caribbean in order to provide baseline data. We aimed to quantify zoantharian-host associations in Curaçao to examine if the associations present vary according to different sites and across depths. Results showed that zooxanthellate <i>Palythoa</i> and <i>Zoanthus</i> were most common in shallow waters (5 m), although perhaps less common than observed 35–45 years ago, while sponge-associated species of Macrocnemina were commonly observed at greater depths. There was increasing zoantharian abundance and diversity with greater depth, and two major clusters of zoantharian assemblages in multi-dimensional scaling analyses, one cluster of shallow 5-m datasets, and the other of the large majority of 10-, 20-, and 30-m datasets, demonstrating that assemblages differed significantly by depth (5 m vs. 10, 20, 30 m). In contrast, no significant differences in zoantharian abundance or assemblage were seen across different sites. The data from this study establish a baseline of zoantharian assemblage data that can be compared with other regions and to datasets from Curaçao in the future, which will be of importance in tracking ecological shifts in the face of on-going climate change.
DOI: 10.7284/106707
title: GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data collected during research cruise KNOX04RR using a Ashtech ADU2 instrument system onboard the platform RV Roger Revelle

description: Original (unprocessed) data collected during a Field_expedition
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492232
title: Picture Naming Times, Cuetos & Alija (2003)

description: Normative data and naming times for action pictures in Spanish<br>reference_to_cite: "Cuetos, F. & Alija, M. (2003). Normative data and naming times for action pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35 (1), 168-177."<br>url_information: "http://psychonomic.org/archive/"
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492232.v1
title: Picture Naming Times, Cuetos & Alija (2003)

description: Normative data and naming times for action pictures in Spanish<br>reference_to_cite: "Cuetos, F. & Alija, M. (2003). Normative data and naming times for action pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35 (1), 168-177."<br>url_information: "http://psychonomic.org/archive/"
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492256.v2
title: Zoantharia (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) abundance and associations with Porifera and Hydrozoa across a depth gradient on the west coast of Curaçao

description: Despite much research on zoantharians, little work has been done on the abundance of these animals in depths greater than 5 m. In this study, we examined the abundance of zoantharian species and their associated fauna at four depths (5, 10, 20, and 30 m) at multiple sites on the leeward west side of Curaçao in the southern Caribbean in order to provide baseline data. We aimed to quantify zoantharian-host associations in Curaçao to examine if the associations present vary according to different sites and across depths. Results showed that zooxanthellate <i>Palythoa</i> and <i>Zoanthus</i> were most common in shallow waters (5 m), although perhaps less common than observed 35–45 years ago, while sponge-associated species of Macrocnemina were commonly observed at greater depths. There was increasing zoantharian abundance and diversity with greater depth, and two major clusters of zoantharian assemblages in multi-dimensional scaling analyses, one cluster of shallow 5-m datasets, and the other of the large majority of 10-, 20-, and 30-m datasets, demonstrating that assemblages differed significantly by depth (5 m vs. 10, 20, 30 m). In contrast, no significant differences in zoantharian abundance or assemblage were seen across different sites. The data from this study establish a baseline of zoantharian assemblage data that can be compared with other regions and to datasets from Curaçao in the future, which will be of importance in tracking ecological shifts in the face of on-going climate change.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492226
title: Picture Naming Times, Cuetos et al. (1999)

description: Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish<br>reference_to_cite: "Cuetos, F., Ellis, A.W., Alvarez, B. (1999). Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(4), 650-658."<br>url_information: "http://psychonomic.org/archive/"
DOI: 10.7284/106713
title: Gravimeter data collected during research cruise KNOX04RR using a Bell BGM-3 instrument system onboard the platform RV Roger Revelle

description: Original (unprocessed) data collected during a Field_expedition
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492256.v1
title: Zoantharia (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) abundance and associations with Porifera and Hydrozoa across a depth gradient on the west coast of Curaçao

description: Despite much research on zoantharians, little work has been done on the abundance of these animals in depths greater than 5 m. In this study, we examined the abundance of zoantharian species and their associated fauna at four depths (5, 10, 20, and 30 m) at multiple sites on the leeward west side of Curaçao in the southern Caribbean in order to provide baseline data. We aimed to quantify zoantharian-host associations in Curaçao to examine if the associations present vary according to different sites and across depths. Results showed that zooxanthellate <i>Palythoa</i> and <i>Zoanthus</i> were most common in shallow waters (5 m), although perhaps less common than observed 35–45 years ago, while sponge-associated species of Macrocnemina were commonly observed at greater depths. There was increasing zoantharian abundance and diversity with greater depth, and two major clusters of zoantharian assemblages in multi-dimensional scaling analyses, one cluster of shallow 5-m datasets, and the other of the large majority of 10-, 20-, and 30-m datasets, demonstrating that assemblages differed significantly by depth (5 m vs. 10, 20, 30 m). In contrast, no significant differences in zoantharian abundance or assemblage were seen across different sites. The data from this study establish a baseline of zoantharian assemblage data that can be compared with other regions and to datasets from Curaçao in the future, which will be of importance in tracking ecological shifts in the face of on-going climate change.
DOI: 10.7284/106708
title: Meteorological Station data collected during research cruise KNOX04RR using a SIO MET-System instrument system onboard the platform RV Roger Revelle

description: Original (unprocessed) data collected during a Field_expedition
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7492220
title: Both live and dead <i>Enterococci</i> activate <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> host defense via immune and stress pathways

description: The innate immune response of the nematode <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> has been extensively studied and a variety of Toll-independent immune response pathways have been identified. Surprisingly little, however, is known about how pathogens activate the <i>C. elegans</i> immune response. <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> are closely related enterococcal species that exhibit significantly different levels of virulence in <i>C. elegans</i> infection models. Previous work has shown that activation of the <i>C. elegans</i> immune response by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> involves <i>P. aeruginosa-</i>mediated host damage. Through ultrastructural imaging, we report that infection with either <i>E. faecalis</i> or <i>E. faecium</i> causes the worm intestine to become distended with proliferating bacteria in the absence of extensive morphological changes and apparent physical damage. Genetic analysis, whole-genome transcriptional profiling, and multiplexed gene expression analysis demonstrate that both enterococcal species, whether live or dead, induce a rapid and similar transcriptional defense response dependent upon previously described immune signaling pathways. The host response to <i>E. faecium</i> shows a stricter dependence upon stress response signaling pathways than the response to <i>E. faecalis</i>. Unexpectedly, we find that <i>E. faecium</i> is a <i>C. elegans</i> pathogen and that an active wild-type host defense response is required to keep an <i>E. faecium</i> infection at bay. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the <i>C. elegans</i> immune response to pathogen infection.