DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n8pk0p335
title: Strong plastic responses in aerenchyma formation in F1 hybrids of Imperata cylindrica under different soil moisture conditions

description: There is insufficient evidence demonstrating how phenotypic plasticity in
 specific traits mediates hybrid performance. Two ecotypes of Imperata
 cylindrica produce F1 hybrids. The early flowering type (E-type) in wet
 habitats has larger internal gas spaces (aerenchyma) than the common type
 (C-type) in dry habitats. This study evaluated the relationships between
 the habitat utilisation, aerenchyma plasticity, and growth of I.
 cylindrica accessions. We hypothesize that plasticity in expressing
 parental traits explains hybrid establishment in habitats with various
 soil moisture conditions. Aerenchyma formation was examined in the leaf
 midribs, rhizomes, and roots of two parental ecotypes and their F1 hybrids
 in their natural habitats. In common garden experiments, we examined
 plastic aerenchyma formation in the leaf midribs, rhizomes and roots of
 natural and artificial F1 hybrids and parental ecotypes. Their vegetative
 growth performance was also quantified. In the natural habitats where soil
 moisture content varied widely, the F1 hybrids showed larger variation of
 aerenchyma formation in the rhizomes than their parental ecotypes. In the
 common garden experiments, the F1 hybrids showed high plasticity of
 aerenchyma formation in the rhizomes, and their growth was similar to that
 of C-type and E-type under drained and flooded conditions, respectively.
 The results demonstrate that the F1 hybrids of I. cylindrica
 exhibit plasticity in aerenchyma development in response to varying local
 soil moisture content. This characteristic allows the hybrids to thrive in
 diverse soil moisture conditions.
description: Aerenchyma formation was examined in the leaf midribs, rhizomes,
 and roots of two parental ecotypes and their F1 hybrids in their natural
 habitats. In common garden experiments, we examined plastic aerenchyma
 formation in the leaf midribs, rhizomes and roots of natural and
 artificial F1 hybrids and parental ecotypes. Their vegetative growth
 performance was also quantified. All analysis were conducted in
 R.
description: # Data set: Strong plastic responses in aerenchyma formation in F1 hybrids
 of Imperata cylindrica under different soil moisture conditions
 Aerenchyma formation was
 examined in the leaf midribs, rhizomes, and roots of two parental ecotypes
 and their F1 hybrids in their natural habitats. In common garden
 experiments, we examined plastic aerenchyma formation in the leaf midribs,
 rhizomes and roots of natural and artificial F1 hybrids and parental
 ecotypes. Their vegetative growth performance was also quantified. ##
 Description of the data and file structure **File structure**
 **script.zip**\ \|- Fig1.R\ \|- Fig2.R\ \|- Fig3.R\ \|- Fig4.R\ \|-
 FigS1.R\ \|- FigS2.R\ \|- FigS3.R\ \|- FigS4.R **function.zip**\ \|-
 paste_dms.R\ \|- plotn.R **data.zip**\ \|- ne_50m_land/\ \| |-
 ne_50m_land.cpg \| |- ne_50m_land.dbf \| |- ne_50m_land.prj \| |-
 ne_50m_land.README.html \| |- ne_50m_land.shp \| |- ne_50m_land.shx \| |-
 ne_50m_land.VERSION.txt \|- Biomass_2018.csv \|- Data_2016.csv \|-
 Data_2018.csv \|- Field_aerenchyma.csv \|- Habitat.csv \|-
 Habitat_moisture.csv \|- Sampling_location.csv \|- Transform_ID_rep.csv
 **Description**\ **script.zip**\ Fig1.R: Make Figure 1 and output
 distribution data of soil moisture of two ecotype and F1.\ Fig2.R: Make
 Figure 2 of relationship between aerenchyma and soil moisture in natural
 habitats.\ Fig3.R: Make Figure 3 of total dry weight under drained and
 flooded conditions in common garden experiments in 2016.\ Fig4.R: Make
 Figure 4 of aerenchyma under drained and flooded conditions in common
 garden experiments in 2018.\ FigS1.R: Make Figure S1 of relationship
 between actual soil moisture and soil moisture index.\ FigS2.R: Make
 Figure S2 of root aerenchyma under drained and flooded conditions in
 common garden experiments in 2018.\ FigS3.R: Make Figure S3 of total dry
 weight under drained and flooded conditions in common garden experiments
 in 2018.\ FigS4.R: Make Figure S4 of rhizome aerenchyma under drained and
 flooded conditions in common garden experiments in 2016. **function.zip**\
 paste_dms.R: Using to convert from deg to dms format of latitude and
 longitude.\ plotn.R: Using to make map figure. **data.zip**\
 ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.cpg : cpg file to draw map in R. Download from
 Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
 ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.dbf : dbf file to draw map in R. Download from
 Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
 ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.prj : prj file to draw map in R. Download from
 Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
 ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.README.html : Readme file of ne_50m_land files.
 Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @
 naturalearthdata.com. ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.shp : Shape file of lands on
 earth. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @
 naturalearthdata.com. ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.shx : shx file to draw map
 in R. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @
 naturalearthdata.com. ne_50m_land/ne_50m_land.VERSION.txt : Version file
 of ne_50m_land files. Download from Natural Earth. Free vector and raster
 map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Biomass_2018.csv: Biomass data in common
 garden experiments in 2018. 1. Strain: Accession 2. Ecotype: Ecotype
 (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid) 3. Treatment:
 Treatment (Dry and Wet) 4. ID: Sample ID 5. Position: Parts of biomass
 (foliage, top of pots, middle of pots, bottom of pots) 6. Envelope:
 Envelope mass 7. Biomass.Env: Total biomass + Envelope mass 8. Biomass:
 Total biomass; Replication: Replication ID Data_2016.csv: Aerenchyma data
 in common garden experiments in 2016. 1. Sample: Accession 2. Morph:
 Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid) 3.
 Treatment: Treatment (Dry and Wet) 4. Replication: replication ID 5. TDW:
 Total dry weight 6. Area: Rhizome transection area 7. Aerenchyma:
 aerenchyma size of rhizome 8. Percent: Aerenchyma/Area * 100
 Data_2018.csv: Aerenchyma data in common garden experiments in 2018. 1.
 Line: Accession 2. Ecotype: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid,
 AH: artificial hybrid) 3. Treatment: Treatment (Dry and Wet) 4.
 Replication: replication ID 5. ID: Sample ID 6. Rh_wh_av: Average of area
 of rhizome cross-section 7. Rh_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma area of
 rhizome cross-section 8. Rhizome: Aerenchyma percentage of rhizome 9.
 Le_dia_wh_av: Average of diameter of leaf midrib cross-section 10.
 Le_dia_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma diameter of leaf midrib cross-section
 11. Leaf_dia: Aerenchyma percentage (diameter) of leaf midrib 12.
 Le_are_wh_av: Average of area of leaf midrib cross-section 13.
 Le_are_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma area of leaf midrib cross-section 14.
 Leaf_area: Aerenchyma percentage (area) of leaf midrib 15. B10_wh_av:
 Average of area of root cross-section at 10 mm from root-rhizome junction
 16. B10_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 10 mm from
 root-rhizome junction 17. B10: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 10 mm from
 root-rhizome junction 18. B30_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section
 at 30 mm from root-rhizome junction 19. B30_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma
 of root cross-section at 30 mm from root-rhizome junction 20. B30:
 Aerenchyma percentage of root at 30 mm from root-rhizome junction 21.
 T50_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 50 mm from root tip
 22. T50_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 50 mm from
 root tip 23. T50: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 50 mm from root tip 24.
 T30_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 30 mm from root tip
 25. T30_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 30 mm from
 root tip 26. T30: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 30 mm from root tip 27.
 T10_wh_av: Average of area of root cross-section at 10 mm from root tip
 28. T10_ae_av: Average of aerenchyma of root cross-section at 10 mm from
 root tip 29. T10: Aerenchyma percentage of root at 10 mm from root tip
 Field_aerenchyma.csv: Aerenchyma data in natural habitats. 1. ID: Sample
 ID 2. Leaf_dia: Diameter of leaf midrib cross-section 3. Leaf_area: Area
 of leaf midrib cross-section 4. Rhizome: Area of rhizome cross-section 5.
 RootB10: Area of root cross-section at 10 mm from root-rhizome junction 6.
 Moist_av: Soil moisture content of soil from sampling points 7. Ecotype:
 Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid)
 estimated by molecular marker 8. Date: Sampling date 9. Habitat: Habitat
 of sampling points 10. Moist_index: Categorical soil moisture index
 Habitat.csv: Categorical soil moisture class data. 1. N_genotype: Ecotype
 (E-type, C-type, NH: natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid) estimated by
 molecular marker 2. Sample: Sample ID 3. Region: Region in Japan 4.
 Prefecture: Prefecture in Japan 5. Population: Population ID 6. Plot: Plot
 ID in population 7. Habitat: Habitat of sampling points 8. Date: Sampling
 date 9. Moist_index: Categorical soil moisture index 10. Remarks: Remarks
 about habitats Habitat_moisture.csv: Categorical soil moisture class and
 actual soil moisture data. 1. N_genotype: Ecotype (E-type, C-type, NH:
 natural hybrid, AH: artificial hybrid) estimated by molecular marker 2.
 Sample: Sample ID 3. Region: Region in Japan 4. Prefecture: Prefecture in
 Japan 5. Population: Population ID 6. Plot: Plot ID in population 7.
 Habitat: Habitat of sampling points 8. Moisture: Soil moisture contents 9.
 Date: Sampling date 10. Moist_index: Categorical soil moisture index 11.
 Remarks: Remarks about habitats Sampling_location.csv: Sampling location
 data. 1. Region: Region in Japan 2. Prefecture: Prefecture in Japan 3.
 Population: Population ID 4. Latitude: Latitude of sampling points 5.
 Longitude: Longitude of sampling points 6. Soil: Is soil sampled from
 sampling points? (Yes/No) Transform_ID_rep.csv: Conversion matrix of
 sample name. 1. ID: Sample ID 2. Replication: Replication ID ##
 Sharing/Access information None. ## Code/Software All scripts were run on
 software R.