DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m0cfxpp2q
title: Quantitative trait locus mapping reveals an independent genetic basis for joint divergence in leaf function, life-history, and floral traits between scarlet monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis) populations

description: PREMISE Across taxa, vegetative and floral traits that vary along a
 fast-slow life-history axis are often correlated with leaf functional
 traits arrayed along the leaf economics spectrum, suggesting a constrained
 set of adaptive trait combinations. Such broad-scale convergence may arise
 from genetic constraints imposed by pleiotropy (or tight linkage) within
 species, or from natural selection alone. Understanding the genetic basis
 of trait syndromes and their components is key to distinguishing these
 alternatives and predicting evolution in novel environments. METHODS We
 used a line-cross approach and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to
 characterize the genetic basis of twenty leaf functional/physiological,
 life history, and floral traits in hybrids between annualized and
 perennial populations of scarlet monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis).
 RESULTS We mapped both single and multi-trait QTLs for life history, leaf
 function and reproductive traits, but found no evidence of genetic
 co-ordination across categories. A major QTL for three leaf functional
 traits (thickness, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal resistance) suggests
 that a simple shift in leaf anatomy may be key to adaptation to seasonally
 dry habitats. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the co-ordination of
 resource-acquisitive leaf physiological traits with a fast life history
 and more selfing mating system results from environmental selection rather
 than functional or genetic constraint. Independent assortment of distinct
 trait modules, as well as a simple genetic basis to leaf physiological
 traits associated with drought escape, may facilitate adaptation to
 changing climates. 
description: The spreadsheet contains four sheets.  1.
 phenotypic data for all individuals in the experiment (including parents
 and F1 hybrids and all f2s hybrid) used for calculation of quantiative
 genetic summaries (heritability, genetic covariances). Both raw values and
 standardized values (see methods) are included. 2.
 phenotype matrix for the subset of F2 hybrids used for genetic
 mapping.  3. genotype matrix for the subset of F2
 hybrids used for genetic mapping, coded as CC for CE10 homozygote, CW for
 heterozygote and WW for WFM homozygote. 4.  genetic map
 of markers used for QTL mapping (marker numbers are not meaningful but
 match those in the genotype matrix) Both phenotypes and
 genotypes are not raw data. Phenotypic values such as relative growth
 rate, assimilation rate, or leaf thickness were calculated, as described
 in the Methods text, from underlying measurements. The called genotypes
 are derived from gene-capture sequence data available on the Sequence Read
 Archive, using the protocols described in the text. The authors are
 willing to share the raw phenotypic data (e.g. leaf area) by request. We
 can privately provide spreadsheets that match markers to physical map
 positions.
description: There are missing genotypes and phenotypes for some individuals
 (indicated by NA or - in the cell).  Genetic correlations were calculated
 using individuals without missing data for any trait.
 The three F2 files are in rQTL2 input format.