cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.34973/0kfk-p032
title: No evidence for altered up- and downregulation of brain activity in visual cortex during illusory shape perception in autism

description: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be marked by an altered balance between sensory input and prior expectations. Because many illusions rely on integrating sensory input with prior information such as spatial context, individuals with ASD may therefore be less susceptible to visual illusions than typically developing (TD) individuals. Yet empirical evidence on the matter is rather divergent, varying depending on the type of illusion, study procedure, and population. 
Visual illusions lead to neural activity alterations in the visual system. In the so-called Kanizsa illusion, these are likely caused by top-down feedback to V1. Here we tested the hypothesis that a reduced susceptibility to illusions in ASD would manifest as diminished modulation of V1 activity by illusions, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We presented 22 adolescents with ASD and 22 age-, gender-, and intelligence-matched TD controls with displays that consisted of three circular inducers. These either formed an illusory triangle (Kanizsa illusion) or not. We identified regions in primary visual cortex (V1) that corresponded to (the visual field locations of) the illusory triangle and its inducers, and recorded their visual response. 
Previous research in healthy volunteers has shown a specific pattern of up- and down-regulation in regions of V1 that process the shape and inducers, respectively. Here, we replicated this pattern of up- and downregulation in V1, in both the TD and ASD groups, with no differences between groups. This suggests that illusory shape processing in primary visual cortex is equally present in ASD, suggesting unimpaired processing of spatial context.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17040217
title: Woman drinking Nesbitt's Orange Soda, Los Angeles, Calif., 1941

description: 4 photographs of a seated woman drinking Nesbitt's Orange Drink and reading LIFE magazine. "Subject: Girl with apron full of Oranges, Girl drinking Nesbitts Orange drink, Client: Nesbitts, Agency: walter K. Neill 3445 W. 8th St., Operator's Report -- Name: Joe" -- on envelope
DOI: 10.34973/xqmz-wr43
title: Adolescents with autism show typical fMRI repetition suppression, but atypical surprise response.

description: Recent theoretical frameworks have hypothesized that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be marked by an altered balance between sensory inputs and prior knowledge-the so-called hypoprior hypothesis. Yet evidence regarding such an altered balance is mixed. Here, we aimed to test this hypothesis within the domain of visual perception, by examining how neural activity in the visual system was modulated by stimulus repetition and stimulus expectation in healthy and ASD participants. We presented 22 adolescents with ASD and 22 typically developing (TD) adolescents with pairs of object stimuli, while measuring brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Stimulus pairs could be stimulus repetitions or not and could be expected or not. We examined neural activity in early (V1) and object-selective (LOC) visual cortex. Both ASD and TD individuals showed robust and equal repetition suppression in LOC. By contrast, ASD and TD groups showed a different response to expected versus unexpected stimuli, specifically in V1. Thereby, our results suggest that while the more automatic modulation of activity by repetition is unaffected in ASD, there is some evidence that the balance between sensory evidence and prior knowledge may indeed be altered in early visual cortex of ASD.
DOI: 10.34973/fzv8-zf69
title: Eye movement-related confounds in neural decoding of visual working memory representations

description: A relatively new analysis technique, known as neural decoding or multivariate pattern analysis, has become increasingly popular for cognitive neuroimaging studies over recent years. These techniques promise to uncover the representational contents of neural signals, as well as the underlying code and the dynamic profile thereof. A field in which these techniques have led to novel insights in particular is that of visual working memory (VWM). In the present study we subjected human volunteers to a combined VWM/imagery task while recording their neural signals using MEG. We applied multivariate decoding analyses to uncover the temporal profile underlying the neural representations of the memorized item. Analysis of gaze position however revealed that our results were contaminated by systematic eye movements, suggesting that the MEG decoding results from our originally planned analyses were confounded. In addition to the eye movement analyses, we also present the original analyses to highlight how these might have readily led to invalid conclusions. Finally, we demonstrate a potential remedy, whereby we train the decoders on a functional localizer that was specifically designed to target bottom-up sensory signals and as such avoids eye movements. We conclude by arguing for more awareness of the potentially pervasive and ubiquitous effects of eye movement-related confounds.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17038961
title: B. F. Goodrich employees, publicity shots, Los Angeles, Calif., 1941

description: 4 photographs of B. F. Goodrich Rubber Co. executives or employees, standing together, shaking hands. Taken for publicity. "Subject: publicity groups - Mayfair Hotel, Client: B. F. Goodrich Rubber Co., Agency: B. B. D. + O., Mr. Leiffer, Operator's Report -- Name: Joe" -- on envelope
DOI: 10.34973/fq34-x675
title: The neural representations of detected and missed visual stimuli: an MEG study

description: Subjective experience can be influenced by top-down factors, such as expectations and stimulus relevance. Recently, it has been shown that expectations can enhance the likelihood that a stimulus is consciously reported, but the neural mechanisms supporting this enhancement are still unclear. We manipulated stimulus expectations within the attentional blink (AB) paradigm using letters, and combined visual psychophysics with magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings to investigate whether prior expectations may enhance conscious access by sharpening stimulus-specific neural representations. We further explored how stimulus-specific neural activity patterns are affected by the factors expectation, stimulus relevance and conscious report. First, we show that valid expectations about the identity of an upcoming stimulus increase the likelihood that it is consciously reported. Second, using a series of multivariate decoding analyses, we show that the identity of letters presented in and out of the attentional blink can be reliably decoded from MEG data. Third, we show that early sensory stimulus-specific neural representations are similar for reported and missed target letters in the AB task (active report required) and an oddball task in which the letter was clearly presented but its identity was task-irrelevant. However, later sustained and stable stimulus-specific representations were uniquely observed when target letters were consciously reported (decision-dependent signal). Fourth, we show that global pre-stimulus neural activity biased perceptual decisions for a “seen” response. Fifth and last, no evidence was obtained for the sharpening of sensory representations by top-down expectations. We discuss these findings in light of emerging models of perception and conscious report highlighting the role of expectations and stimulus relevance.
DOI: 10.34973/fhze-9x83
title: Prior expectations induce pre-stimulus sensory templates

description: Perception can be described as a process of inference, integrating bottom-up sensory inputs and top-down expectations. However, it is unclear how this process is neurally implemented. It has been proposed that expectations lead to pre-stimulus baseline increases in sensory neurons tuned to the expected stimulus, which in turn affects the processing of subsequent stimuli. Recent fMRI studies have revealed stimulus-specific patterns of activation in sensory cortex as a result of expectation, but this method lacks the temporal resolution necessary to distinguish pre- from post-stimulus processes. Here, we combined human MEG with multivariate decoding techniques to probe the representational content of neural signals in a time-resolved manner. We observed a representation of expected stimuli in the neural signal well before they were presented, demonstrating that expectations indeed induce a pre-activation of stimulus templates. These results suggest a mechanism for how predictive perception can be neurally implemented.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-76379
title: Villa Constance apartments, Los Angeles, California, 1935

description: Photograph of the exterior of an apartment building, Los Angeles, California, 1935. "Subject: Villa Constance ap[ar]t[ment]s; Client: Beaver-Burton Co[mpany], Mr. Kinsey, [ilg] Wo. 61511; Classifications: See 8x10 neg[ative] for copy; Original Print Order: 1, 6; Size: 8x10, 8 1/2x11; Finish: gl[ossy]; Mount: Retouch; Job: 7-15-84; Year: 1935" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report (Name): [ilg]; 1 Original Photographs-Size: 8x10 ext[erior]; 1 Copies; Amount: 3.00, 1.00, 4.00" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/7rk1-ya87
title: Object selection by automatic spreading of top-down attentional signals in V1

description: What is selected when attention is directed to a specific location of the visual field? Theories of object-based attention have suggested that when spatial attention is directed to part of an object, attention does not simply enhance the attended location but automatically spreads to enhance all locations that comprise the object. Here, we tested this hypothesis by reconstructing the distribution of attention from V1 population neuronal activity patterns in twenty-four human adults (17 female) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and population-based receptive field mapping. We find that attention spreads from a spatially cued location to the underlying object – and enhances all spatial locations that comprise the object. Importantly, this spreading was also evident when the object was not task-relevant. These data suggest that attentional selection automatically operates at an object level, facilitating the reconstruction of coherent objects from fragmented representations in early visual cortex.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-101733
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.34973/39q5-4h48
title: Time-compressed preplay of anticipated events in human primary visual cortex

description: Perception is guided by the anticipation of future events. It has been hypothesized that this process may be implemented by pattern completion in early visual cortex, in which a stimulus sequence is recreated after only a subset of the visual input is provided. Here we test this hypothesis using ultra-fast functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure BOLD activity at precisely defined receptive field locations in visual cortex (V1) of human volunteers. We find that after familiarizing subjects with a spatial sequence, flashing only the starting point of the sequence triggers an activity wave in V1 that resembles the full stimulus sequence. This preplay activity is temporally compressed compared to the actual stimulus sequence and remains present even when attention is diverted from the stimulus sequence. Preplay might therefore constitute an automatic prediction mechanism for temporal sequences in V1.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-76209
title: "Answer to school questions" Fall clothes, Southern California, 1935

description: 8 photographs of men modeling clothing, Southern California, 1935. "Subject: 'Answers to school questions' Fall clothes; Client: Silverwoods, charged on 8-12-60; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch]; Size: contact; Finish: glossy; 8x10 also; Year: 1935; Job: 8-9-49" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report Name: Joe; 10 Original Photographs-- At Studio: 8x10 @ 3.50; Charged on Job 8-12-60; Amount: 35.00; Extra Charges: Lansdale" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/vxh6-vy09
title: Stimulus familiarity and expectation jointly modulate neural activity in the visual ventral stream

description: Prior knowledge about the visual world can change how a visual stimulus is processed. Two forms of prior knowledge are often distinguished: stimulus familiarity (i.e., whether a stimulus has been seen before) and stimulus expectation (i.e., whether a stimulus is expected to occur, based on the context). Neurophysiological studies in monkeys have shown suppression of spiking activity both for expected and for familiar items in object-selective inferotemporal cortex (IT). It is an open question, however, if and how these types of knowledge interact in their modulatory effects on the sensory response. In order to address this issue and to examine whether previous findings generalize to non-invasively measured neural activity in humans of both sexes, we separately manipulated stimulus familiarity and expectation, while non-invasively recording human brain activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We observed independent suppression of neural activity by familiarity and expectation, specifically in the lateral occipital complex (LOC), the putative human homologue of monkey IT. Familiarity also led to sharpened response dynamics, which was predominantly observed in early visual cortex. Together, these results show that distinct types of sensory knowledge jointly determine the amount of neural resources dedicated to object processing in the visual ventral stream.
DOI: 10.34973/193x-k663
title: Cue predictability does not modulate bottom-up attentional capture

description: Attention can be involuntarily captured by physically salient stimuli, a phenomenon known as bottom-up attention. Typically, these salient stimuli occur unpredictably in time and space. Therefore, in a series of three behavioral experiments, we investigated the extent to which such bottom-up attentional capture is a function of one’s prior expectations. In the context of an exogenous cueing task, we systematically manipulated participants’ spatial (Experiment 1) or temporal (Experiment 2 and 3) expectations about an uninformative cue, and examined the amount of attentional capture by the cue. We anticipated larger attentional capture for unexpected compared to expected cues. However, while we observed robust attentional capture, we did not find any evidence for a modulation of attentional capture by prior expectation. This suggests that bottom-up attentional capture does not appear modulated by the degree to which the cue is expected or surprising.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-99390
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.34973/yzm7-bd26
title: Opposite Effects of Recent History on Perception and Decision

description: Recent studies claim that visual perception of stimulus features, such as orientation, numerosity, and faces, is systematically biased toward visual input from the immediate past [1–3]. However, the extent to which these positive biases truly reflect changes in perception rather than changes in post perceptual processes is unclear [4, 5]. In the current study we sought to disentangle perceptual and decisional biases in visual perception. We found that postperceptual decisions about orientation were indeed systematically biased toward previous stimuli and this positive bias did not strongly depend on the spatial location of previous stimuli (replicating previous work [1]). In contrast, observers’ perception was repelled away from previous stimuli, particularly when previous stimuli were presented at the same spatial location. This repulsive effect resembles the well-known negative tilt-aftereffect in orientation perception [6]. Moreover, we found that the magnitude of the positive decisional bias increased when a longer interval was imposed between perception and decision, suggesting a shift of working memory representations toward the recent history as a source of the decisional bias. We conclude that positive aftereffects on perceptual choice are likely introduced at a post-perceptual stage. Conversely, perception is negatively biased away from recent visual input. We speculate that these opposite effects on perception and post-perceptual decision may derive from the distinct goals of perception and decision- making processes: whereas perception may be optimized for detecting changes in the environment, decision processes may integrate over longer time periods to form stable representations.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-108051
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.34973/hcea-dt25
title: A Bayesian and efficient observer model explains concurrent attractive and repulsive history biases in visual perception

description: Perceptual decisions can be repelled away from (repulsive adaptation) or attracted towards recent visual experience (attractive serial dependence). It is currently unclear whether and how these repulsive and attractive biases interact during visual processing and what computational principles may underlie these history dependencies. In the current study, we disentangle repulsive and attractive biases by exploring the respective timescales over which current visual processing is influenced by previous experience. Across four experiments, we find that perceptual decisions about stimulus orientation are concurrently attracted towards the short-term perceptual history and repelled from stimuli experienced up to minutes into the past. We show that the temporal pattern of short-term attraction and long-term repulsion cannot be captured by an ideal Bayesian observer model alone. Instead, it is well captured by an ideal observer model with efficient encoding and Bayesian decoding of visual information in a slowly changing environment. Concurrent attractive and repulsive history biases in perceptual decisions may thus be the consequence of the need for visual processing to simultaneously satisfy constraints of both efficiency and stability.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-104870
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.34973/9ht9-6f44
title: Audiovisual speech perception in a predictive framework

description: In language comprehension, a variety of contextual cues act in unison to render upcoming words more or less predictable. As a sentence unfolds, we use prior context (sentential constraints) to predict what the next words might be. Additionally, in a conversation, we can predict upcoming sounds through observing the mouth movements of a speaker (visual constraints). In electrophysiological studies, effects of visual constraints have typically been observed early in language processing, while effects of sentential constraints have typically been observed later. We hypothesized that the visual and the sentential constraints might feed into the same predictive process such that effects of sentential constraints might also be detectable early in language processing through modulations of the early effects of visual salience. We presented participants with audiovisual speech while recording their brain activity with magnetoencephalography. Participants saw videos of a person saying sentences where the last word was either sententially constrained or not, and began with a salient or non-salient mouth movement. We found that sentential constraints indeed exerted an early (N1) influence on language processing. Sentential modulations of the N1 visual predictability effect were visible in brain areas associated with semantic processing, and were differently expressed in the two hemispheres. In the left hemisphere, visual and sentential constraints jointly suppressed the auditory evoked field, while the right hemisphere was sensitive to visual constraints only in the absence of strong sentential constraints. These results suggest that sentential and visual constraints can jointly influence even very early stages of audiovisual speech comprehension.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17038771
title: Plymouth wheel & tire, Los Angeles, Calif., 1941

description: 14 photographs of a wheel assembly, with and without a tire, Los Angeles, California, 1941 June 2. "Client: The Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan, Mr. Carse; Agency: Paid by Hartford; del[iver] to Wright & Millikan, Board of Trade Building, Attention: Mr. Carse; operator's report - name: Brown; in city: Amount: 36.00" - on envelope.
DOI: 10.34973/7d6w-bx80
title: Rapid recalibration of speech perception after experiencing the McGurk illusion

description: The human brain can quickly adapt to changes in the environment. One example is phonetic recalibration: A speech sound is interpreted differently depending on the visual speech and this interpretation persists in the absence of visual information. Here, we examined the mechanisms of phonetic recalibration. Participants categorized the auditory syllables /aba/ and /ada/, which were sometimes preceded by so-called McGurk stimuli (in which an /aba/ sound, due to visual /aga/ input, is often perceived as ‘ada’). We found that only one trial of exposure to the McGurk illusion was sufficient to induce a recalibration effect, i.e. an auditory /aba/ stimulus was subsequently more often perceived as ‘ada’. Furthermore, phonetic recalibration took place only when auditory and visual inputs were integrated to ‘ada’ (McGurk illusion). Moreover, this recalibration depended on the sensory similarity between the preceding and current auditory stimulus. Finally, signal detection theoretical analysis showed that McGurk induced phonetic recalibration resulted in both a criterion shift towards /ada/ and a reduced sensitivity to distinguish between /aba/ and /ada/ sounds. The current study shows that phonetic recalibration is dependent on the perceptual integration of audiovisual information and leads to a perceptual shift in phoneme categorization.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17038538
title: Football kicking contest finals, Los Angeles, Calif., 1941

description: 7 photographs of men and boys in football kicking contest finals at La Cienega Playground. "Subject: Football kicking contest finals at La Cienega Playground, Client: Adoh Milk Farms, Mr. Sherrill 1801 So. La Cienega, Operator's Report -- Name: Ed" -- on envelope