DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m0cfxppg3
title: Glutamatergic projections from the substantia nigra pars reticulata to the dorsal raphe nucleus regulate male social hierarchies

description: Social hierarchy constitutes a fundamental organizational characteristic
 among various social species, significantly influencing individual
 survival, health, and reproductive success within these societies. Neurons
 in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) exhibit extensive
 connectivity with the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a critical structure
 implicated in social interaction, reward processing, and the establishment
 of social rank. However, the specific neuronal types within the SNr, as
 well as the associated neural circuits that regulate social dominance,
 remain inadequately characterized. This study aims to elucidate the
 crucial role of SNrGlu neurons in the establishment and maintenance of
 social hierarchy in male mice. Employing fiber photometry, we observed
 that the activation of SNrGlu neurons increased during the initiation of
 effortful behaviors in the tube test. Further investigations revealed that
 optogenetic activation or chemogenetic inhibition of the glutamatergic
 neurons in the SNr induced upward or downward shifts in social ranks,
 respectively. Additionally, our findings indicate that the activation of
 SNr glutamatergic terminals in DRN elevated social status and reduces
 anxiety levels in mice. Collectively, these results broaden our
 understanding of the functions associated with SNr glutamatergic neurons
 and underscore their critical role in regulating social hierarchy among
 male mice. This work enhances our understanding of the functions of SNr
 glutamatergic neurons in both physiological contexts and neurological
 disorders.
description: ## Glutamatergic projections from the substantia nigra pars reticulata to
 the dorsal raphe nucleus regulate male social hierarchies Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.m0cfxppg3](10.5061/dryad.m0cfxppg3) ## Description of the
 data and file structure We have submitted our raw data, which consists of
 55 files. The dataset includes behavioral parameters from the tube test,
 rank changes observed in the tube test, outcomes from the warm spot test,
 results from the open field test, forelimb grip strength measurements,
 data from the elevated plus maze test, results from the resident-intruder
 test, results from the social memory test, behavioral parameters from the
 push ball test, behavioral parameters from the social interaction test,
 Ca²⁺ activity of SNrGlu neurons during push-initiation and push-back in
 the tube test for both ChR2-EYFP mice and EYFP mice, Ca²⁺ Activity of
 SNrGlu neurons in the push ball test, Ca²⁺ Activity of SNrGlu neurons in
 the social interaction test. ### Files and variables #### File:
 S1_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_1D.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals aligned
 with the initiation of pushes when mice expressing GCaMP6f encounter their
 cagemates. ##### Variables * *Animal ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of the
 subject. * *time point*: The time points corresponding to the onset of
 pushes is designated as the zero time point. * *GCa m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of
 SNrGlu Neurons following the first push for the subject mouse expressing
 GCaMP6. Other abbreviations convey similar meanings. #### File:
 S2_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_1E.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals aligned
 with the time point when mice reached the middle of the tube without an
 opponent. ##### Variables * *Animal ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of the
 subject. * *Time point*: The time points corresponding to the moment when
 mice reached the middle of the tube is designated as the zero time point.
 * *GCa m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of SNrGlu Neurons following the first arrival
 for the subject mouse expressing GCaMP6. Other abbreviations convey
 similar meanings. #### File: S3_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_1F.csv
 **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals aligned with the initiation of pushes when
 mice expressing EYFP encounter their cagemates. ##### Variables * *Animal
 ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Time point*: The time
 points corresponding to the onset of pushes is designated as the zero time
 point. * *EYFP m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of SNrGlu Neurons following the first
 push for the subject mouse expressing EYFP. Other abbreviations convey
 similar meanings. #### File:S4_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_2DEFGH.csv
 **Description:** Behavioral parameters of the ChR2-EYFP mice in the tube
 test under optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons during light-on and
 light-off conditions. ##### Variables * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off
 condition, while ON refers to light-on condition. * *Animal_ID*: animal ID
 * *PI_num*: the number of push initiation * *PI_du*: the duration (s) of
 push initiation * *PB_num*: the number of push back * *PB_du*: the
 duration (s) of push back * *Stii_num*: the number of stillness *
 *Stii_du*: the duration (s) of stillness * *Resistance*: percentage of
 time spent resisting * *Retreat*: percentage of time spent retreating ####
 File: S5_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_2JK.csv **Description:**  Difference in
 average rank change in ChR2-EYFP and EYFP mice after optogenetic
 activation of SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables * *Group*: Group 1 refers
 to ChR2-EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to EYFP mice. * *Base*: the
 baseline of average rank change before optogenetic activation of SNr Glu
 neurons * *Rank_day0*: average rank change during optogenetic activation
 of SNr Glu neurons * *Rank_day1*: average rank change on the second day
 following optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons * *Rank_day2*: average
 rank change on the third day following optogenetic activation of SNr Glu
 neurons * *Rank_day3*: average rank change on the fourth day following
 optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons #### File:
 S6_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_2L.csv **Description:** Number of entries into
 the central area per min in the open field test during light-off and
 light-on alone the SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables * *ID*: animal ID *
 *CC_OFF*: Number of entries into the central area per min during light-off
 condition * *CC_ON*: Number of entries into the central area per min
 during light-on condition #### File: S7_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_2L.csv
 **Description:** Mean duration of stay in the central zone (center time)
 per min in the open field test during light-off and light-on alone the SNr
 Glu neurons. ##### Variables * *ID*: animal ID * *CT_OFF*: Center time (s)
 per min during light-off condition * *CT_ON*: Center time (s) per min
 during light-on condition #### File: S8_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_2L.csv
 **Description:** Average distance (cm) per min in the open field test
 during light-off and light-on alone the SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables *
 *ID*: animal ID * *Tracking_OFF*: Average distance (cm) per min during
 light-off condition * *Tracking_ON*: Average distance (cm) per min during
 light-on condition #### File: S9_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_3CDEFG.csv
 **Description:** Behavioral parameters of EYFP mice and hM4Di-EGFP in the
 tube test under chemogenetic inhibition at 3.5 hours post-CNO injection.
 ##### Variables * *Group*: The present study involved two distinct groups:
 Group 1 refers to the EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to the hM4Di-EGFP
 mice. * *PI_num*: the number of push initiation * *PI_du*: the duration
 (s) of push initiation * *PB_num*: the number of push back * *PB_du*: the
 duration (s) of push back * *Stii_num*: the number of stillness *
 *Stii_du*: the duration (s) of stillness * *Resistance*: percentage of
 time spent resisting * *Retreat*: percentage of time spent retreating ####
 File: S10_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_3J.csv **Description:** ranks of the
 hM4Di-EGFP mice at 0, 1-1.5, 3-5, 6-8, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-CNO
 injection. ##### Variables * *T0_CNO*: ranks of the hM4Di-EGFP mice at 0
 hour post-CNO injection * *T1.5h_CNO*: ranks of the hM4Di-EGFP mice at
 1-1.5 hours post-CNO injection * *T3.5h_CNO*: ranks of the hM4Di-EGFP mice
 at 3-5 hours post-CNO injection * *T6h_CNO*: ranks of the hM4Di-EGFP mice
 at 6-8 hours post-CNO injection * *T24h_CNO*: ranks of the hM4Di-EGFP mice
 at 24 hours post-CNO injection * *T48h_CNO*: ranks of the hM4Di-EGFP mice
 at 48 hours post-CNO injection * *T72h_CNO*: ranks of the hM4Di-EGFP mice
 at 72 hours post-CNO injection #### File:
 S11_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_3LMN.csv **Description:** The behavioral
 parameters of the hM4Di-EGFP mice in the open field test across 10 min
 following injections of saline and CNO. ##### Variables *
 *CenterCount_Saline*: number of entries into the center post-saline
 injection * *CenterCount_CNO*: number of entries into the center post-CNO
 injection * *CenterTime_Saline*: time (s) spent in the center post-saline
 injection * *CenterTime_CNO*: time (s) spent in the center post-CNO
 injection * *Tracking_Saline*： traveled distance (cm) post-saline
 injection * *Tracking_CNO*： traveled distance (cm) post-CNO injection ####
 File: S12_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_3LMN.csv **Description:** The
 behavioral parameters of the EYFP mice in the open field test across 10
 min following injections of saline and CNO. ##### Variables *
 *CenterCount_Saline*: number of entries into the center post-saline
 injection * *CenterCount_CNO*: number of entries into the center post-CNO
 injection * *CenterTime_Saline*: time (s) spent in the center post-saline
 injection * *CenterTime_CNO*: time (s) spent in the center post-CNO
 injection * *Tracking_Saline*： traveled distance (cm) post-saline
 injection * *Tracking_CNO*： traveled distance (cm) post-CNO injection ####
 File: S13_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_3P.csv **Description:** The duration of
 occupation or ranking in the warm spot test following injection of saline
 in the hM4Di-EGFP mice. ##### Variables * *Dur_pre_saline_1d*: The
 duration (s) of occupation in the warm spot test at 1 day before saline
 injection * *Dur_post_saline_2h*: The duration (s) of occupation in the
 warm spot test at 2 hours post-saline injection * *Dur_post_saline_2d*:
 The duration (s) of occupation in the warm spot test at 2 days post-saline
 injection * *Rank_pre_saline_1d*： The ranking in the warm spot test at 1
 day before saline injection * *Rank_post_saline_2h*： The ranking in the
 warm spot test at 2 hours post-saline injection * *Rank_post_saline_2d*：
 The ranking in the warm spot test at 2 days post-saline injection ####
 File: S14_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_3Q.csv **Description:** The duration of
 occupation or ranking in the warm spot test following injection of CNO in
 the hM4Di-EGFP mice. ##### Variables * *Dur_pre_CNO_1d*: The duration (s)
 of occupation in the warm spot test at 1 day before CNO injection *
 *Dur_post_CNO_2h*: The duration (s) of occupation in the warm spot test at
 2 hours post-CNO injection * *Dur_post_CNO_2d*: The duration (s) of
 occupation in the warm spot test at 2 days post-CNO injection *
 *Rank_pre_CNO_1d*： The ranking in the warm spot test at 1 day before CNO
 injection * *Rank_post_CNO_2h*： The ranking in the warm spot test at 2
 hours post-CNO injection * *Rank_post_CNO_2d*： The ranking in the warm
 spot test at 2 days post-CNO injection #### File:
 S15_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_4CDE_and_S13AB_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Behavioral parameters of the ChR2-EYFP mice in the tube
 test under optogenetic activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during light-on
 and light-off conditions. ##### Variables * *Light*: OFF refers to
 light-off condition, while ON refers to light-on condition. * *Animal_ID*:
 animal ID * *PI_num*: the number of push initiation * *PI_du*: the
 duration (s) of push initiation * *PB_num*: the number of push back *
 *PB_du*: the duration (s) of push back * *Stii_num*: the number of
 stillness * *Stii_du*: the duration (s) of stillness * *Resistance*:
 percentage of time spent resisting * *Retreat*: percentage of time spent
 retreating #### File: S16_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_4GH.csv
 **Description:** Difference in average rank change in ChR2-EYFP and EYFP
 mice after optogenetic activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway. ##### Variables *
 *Group*: Group 1 refers to ChR2-EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to EYFP
 mice. * *Base*: the baseline of average rank change before optogenetic
 activation of SNr Glu neurons * *Rank_day0*: average rank change during
 optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons * *Rank_day1*: average rank
 change on the second day following optogenetic activation of SNr Glu
 neurons * *Rank_day2*: average rank change on the third day following
 optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons * *Rank_day3*: average rank
 change on the fourth day following optogenetic activation of SNr Glu
 neurons #### File: S17_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_4I.csv
 **Description:** Time spent in the open arm for ChR2-EYFP mice and EYFP
 mice in the elevated plus maze test, during which blue light (473 nm, 20
 Hz, 20 ms, 10 mW) was intermittently activated for 3-minute intervals for
 the SNrGlu-DRN pathway. ##### Variables * *Group*: Group 1 refers to
 ChR2-EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to EYFP mice. * *Time_3min*: Time (s)
 spent in the open arm during the first interval. * *Time_6min*: Time (s)
 spent in the open arm during the second interval. * *Time_9min*: Time (s)
 spent in the open arm during the third interval. #### File:
 S18_Data.Source_data_for_Fig_4J.csv **Description:** Duration (s) spent in
 the interaction zone of ChR2-EYFP and EYFP mice towards familiar and novel
 mice in the social memory test during light-off and light-on alone the
 SNrGlu-DRN pathway. ##### Variables * *Group*: Group 1 refers to EYFP
 mice, while Group 2 refers to ChR2-EYFP mice. * *Familiar*: Duration (s)
 spent in the interaction zone towards familiar mice * *Novel*: Duration
 (s) spent in the interaction zone towards novel mice #### File:
 S19_Data.Source_data_for_S4A_Fig.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals of
 SNrGlu neurons were aligned with the onset of pushes when mice expressing
 GCaMP6 pushed the diamond-shaped rubber bouncy ball within the tube. #####
 Variables * *Animal ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Time
 point*: The time points corresponding to the onset of pushes is designated
 as the zero time point. * *GCa m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of SNrGlu Neurons
 following the first push for the first mouse expressing GCaMP6. Other
 abbreviations convey similar meanings. #### File:
 S20_Data.Source_data_for_S4B_Fig.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals of
 SNrGlu neurons were aligned with the onset of pushes when mice expressing
 EYFP pushed the diamond-shaped rubber bouncy ball within the tube. #####
 Variables * Time point*: The time points corresponding to the onset of
 pushes is designated as the zero time point. * *Animal ID*: Animal ID
 refers to ID of the subject. * *EYFP m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of SNrGlu Neurons
 following the first push for the first mouse expressing EYFP. Other
 abbreviations convey similar meanings. #### File:
 S21_Data.Source_data_for_S5A_Fig.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals of
 SNrGlu neurons were aligned with the onset of voluntary approach when mice
 expressing GCaMP6 encountered the novel mouse in the restraint cage. #####
 Variables * *Animal ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *time
 point*: The time points corresponding to the onset of voluntary approach
 is designated as the zero time point. * *GCa m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of SNrGlu
 Neurons following the first voluntary approach for the subject mouse
 expressing GCaMP6. Other abbreviations convey similar meanings. #### File:
 S22_Data.Source_data_for_S5B_Fig.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals of
 SNrGlu neurons were aligned with the onset of effortful social interaction
 when mice expressing GCaMP6 encountered the novel mouse in the restraint
 cage. ##### Variables * *Animal ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of the
 subject. * *Time point*: The time points corresponding to the onset of
 effortful social interaction is designated as the zero time point. * *GCa
 m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of SNrGlu Neurons following the first effortful social
 interactionGCa for the subject mouse expressing GCaMP6. Other
 abbreviations convey similar meanings. #### File:
 S23_Data.Source_data_for_S5C_Fig.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals of
 SNrGlu neurons were aligned with the onset of voluntary approach when mice
 expressing EYFP encountered the novel mouse in the restraint cage. #####
 Variables * *Animal ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *time
 point*: The time points corresponding to the onset of voluntary approach
 is designated as the zero time point. * *EYFP m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of
 SNrGlu Neurons following the first voluntary approach for the subject
 mouse expressing EYFP. Other abbreviations convey similar meanings. ####
 File: S24_Data.Source_data_for_S5D_Fig.csv **Description:** Ca²⁺ signals
 of SNrGlu neurons were aligned with the onset of effortful social
 interaction when mice expressing EYFP encountered the novel mouse in the
 restraint cage. ##### Variables * *Animal ID*: Animal ID refers to ID of
 the subject. * *Time point*: The time points corresponding to the onset of
 effortful social interaction is designated as the zero time point. * *EYFP
 m1_1*: Ca²⁺ signals of SNrGlu Neurons following the first effortful social
 interaction for the subject mouse expressing EYFP. Other abbreviations
 convey similar meanings. #### File:
 S25_Data.Source_data_for_S6ABCDE_Fig.csv **Description:** Behavioral
 parameters of the EYFP mice in the tube test under optogenetic activation
 of SNr Glu neurons during light-on and light-off conditions. #####
 Variables * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers to
 light-on condition. * *Animal_ID*: animal ID * *PI_num*: the number of
 push initiation * *PI_du*: the duration (s) of push initiation * *PB_num*:
 the number of push back * *PB_du*: the duration (s) of push back *
 *Stii_num*: the number of stillness * *Stii_du*: the duration (s) of
 stillness * *Resistance*: percentage of time spent resisting * *Retreat*:
 percentage of time spent retreating #### File:
 S26_Data.Source_data_for_S7A_Fig.csv **Description:** Time spent in the
 open arm for ChR2-EYFP mice and EYFP mice in the elevated plus maze test,
 during which blue light (473 nm, 20 Hz, 20 ms, 10 mW) was intermittently
 activated for 3-minute intervals for the SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables
 * *Group*: Group 1 refers to ChR2-EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to EYFP
 mice. * *Time_3min*: Time (s) spent in the open arm during the first
 interval. * *Time_6min*: Time (s) spent in the open arm during the second
 interval. * *Time_9min*: Time (s) spent in the open arm during the third
 interval. #### File: S27_Data.Source_data_for_S7B_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Duration (s) spent in the interaction zone of ChR2-EYFP
 and EYFP mice towards familiar and novel mice in the social memory test
 during light-off and light-on alone the SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables *
 *Group*: Group 1 refers to EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to ChR2-EYFP
 mice. * *Familiar*: Duration (s) spent in the interaction zone towards
 familiar mice * *Novel*: Duration (s) spent in the interaction zone
 towards novel mice #### File: S28_Data.Source_data_for_S7C_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Durations (s) of aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors
 of ChR2-EYFP and EYFP mice towards novel mice in the resident-intruder
 test during light-off and light-on alone the SNr Glu neurons. #####
 Variables * *Group*: Group 1 refers to EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to
 ChR2-EYFP mice. * *agg_off*: Duration (s) of aggressive behaviors during
 light-off condition * *agg_on*: Duration (s) of aggressive behaviors
 during light-on condition * *noagg_off*: Duration (s) of non-aggressive
 behaviors during light-off condition * *noagg_on*: Duration (s) of
 non-aggressive behaviors during light-on condition #### File:
 S29_Data.Source_data_for_S7D_Fig.csv **Description:** Difference in
 forelimb grip strength (N) in ChR2-EYFP mice under optogenetic activation
 of SNr Glu neurons during light-off and light-on conditions. #####
 Variables * *Num*: animal ID * *LightON*: light-on condition * *LightOFF*:
 light-off condition #### File: S30_Data.Source_data_for_S7E_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Duration (s) of active pushes in the push ball test under
 optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons during light-off and light-on
 conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to
 ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of
 the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers
 to light-on condition. * *Duration*: duration (s) of active pushes in the
 push ball test. #### File: S31_Data.Source_data_for_S7E_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Avergae number of active pushes per trial in the push
 ball test under optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons during light-off
 and light-on conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFPers
 to ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID
 of the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON
 refers to light-on condition. * *Number of push/trial*: Avergae number of
 active pushes per trial in the push ball test. #### File:
 S32_Data.Source_data_for_S7F_Fig.csv **Description:** Duration (s) of
 effortful social interaction in the social interaction test under
 optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons during light-off and light-on
 conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to
 ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of
 the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers
 to light-on condition. * *Duration*: duration (s) of effortful social
 interaction in the social interaction test. #### File:
 S33_Data.Source_data_for_S7F_Fig.csv **Description:** Duration (s) of
 non-social exploration in the social interaction test under optogenetic
 activation of SNr Glu neurons during light-off and light-on conditions.
 ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to ChR2-EYFP mice,
 while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. *
 *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers to light-on
 condition. * *Duration*: duration (s) of non-social exploration in the
 social interaction test. #### File: S34_Data.Source_data_for_S7F_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Duration of total social interaction in the social
 interaction test under optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons during
 light-off and light-on conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*:
 ChR2_EYFP refers to ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal
 ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off
 condition, while ON refers to light-on condition. * *Duration*: duration
 (s) of total social interaction in the social interaction test #### File:
 S35_Data.Source_data_for_S7F_Fig.csv **Description:** Duration (s) of
 voluntary approach behavior in the social interaction test under
 optogenetic activation of SNr Glu neurons during light-off and light-on
 conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to
 ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of
 the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers
 to light-on condition. * *Duration*: duration (s) of voluntary approach
 behavior in the social interaction test. #### File:
 S36_Data.Source_data_for_S8ABCDE_Fig.csv **Description:** Behavioral
 parameters of hM4Di-EGFP mice in the tube test under chemogenetic
 inhibition at 3.5 hours post- saline and CNO injections. ##### Variables *
 *Group*: Group 1 refers to saline injection, while Group 2 refers to CNO
 injection. * *PI_num*: the number of push initiation * *PI_du*: the
 duration (s) of push initiation * *PB_num*: the number of push back *
 *PB_du*: the duration (s) of push back * *Stii_num*: the number of
 stillness * *Stii_du*: the duration (s) of stillness * *Resistance*:
 percentage of time spent resisting * *Retreat*: percentage of time spent
 retreating #### File: S37_Data.Source_data_for_S9A_Fig.csv
 **Description:** The duration of occupation or ranking in the warm spot
 test following injection of saline in the EYFP mice. ##### Variables *
 *Dur_pre_saline_1d*: The duration (s) of occupation in the warm spot test
 at 1 day before saline injection * *Dur_post_saline_2h*: The duration (s)
 of occupation in the warm spot test at 2 hours post-saline injection *
 *Dur_post_saline_2d*: The duration (s) of occupation in the warm spot test
 at 2 days post-saline injection * *Rank_pre_saline_1d*： The ranking in the
 warm spot test at 1 day before saline injection * *Rank_post_saline_2h*：
 The ranking in the warm spot test at 2 hours post-saline injection *
 *Rank_post_saline_2d*： The ranking in the warm spot test at 2 days
 post-saline injection #### File: S38_Data.Source_data_for_S9B_Fig.csv
 **Description:** The duration of occupation or ranking in the warm spot
 test following injection of CNO in the EYFP mice. ##### Variables *
 *Dur_pre_CNO_1d*: The duration (s) of occupation in the warm spot test at
 1 day before CNO injection * *Dur_post_CNO_2h*: The duration (s) of
 occupation in the warm spot test at 2 hours post-CNO injection *
 *Dur_post_CNO_2d*: The duration (s) of occupation in the warm spot test at
 2 days post-CNO injection * *Rank_pre_CNO_1d*： The ranking in the warm
 spot test at 1 day before CNO injection * *Rank_post_CNO_2h*： The ranking
 in the warm spot test at 2 hours post-CNO injection * *Rank_post_CNO_2d*：
 The ranking in the warm spot test at 2 days post-CNO injection #### File:
 S39_Data.Source_data_for_S10A_Fig.csv **Description:** Time (s) taken for
 hM4Di_EGFP and EYFP mice to transition from the head-up to head-down
 position under chemogenetic inhibition of SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables
 * *Virus/Animal ID*: hM4Di_EGFP refers to hM4Di-EGFP mice, while EYFP
 refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Injection*:
 Saline refers to saline injection, while CNO refers to CNO injection. *
 *Tturn*: time (s) taken for mice to transition from the head-up to
 head-down position in the ploe test. #### File:
 S40_Data.ource_data_for_S10B_Fig.csv **Description:** Total time (s) spend
 by hM4Di_EGFP and EYFP mice from head-up to descent at the bottom of the
 pole under chemogenetic inhibition of SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables *
 *Virus/Animal ID*: hM4Di_EGFP refers to hM4Di-EGFP mice, while EYFP refers
 to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Injection*: Saline
 refers to saline injection, while CNO refers to CNO injection. * *Ttotal*:
 Total time (s) from head-up to descent at the bottom of the pole. ####
 File: S41_Data.Source_data_for_S10C_Fig.csv **Description:** Latency (s)
 to fall from the rod in hM4Di_EGFP and EYFP mice during chemogenetic
 inhibition of SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*:
 hM4Di_EGFP refers to hM4Di-EGFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice.
 Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Injection*: Saline refers to
 saline injection, while CNO refers to CNO injection. * *Latency*: latency
 (s) to fall from the rod #### File: S42_Data.Source_data_for_S10D_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Distance (cm) traveled by hM4Di_EGFP and EYFP mice on the
 rotarod under chemogenetic inhibition of SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables
 * *Virus/Animal ID*: hM4Di_EGFP refers to hM4Di-EGFP mice, while EYFP
 refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Injection*:
 Saline refers to saline injection, while CNO refers to CNO injection. *
 *Distance*: distance (cm) traveled on the rotarod. #### File:
 S43_Data.Source_data_for_S10E_Fig.csv **Description:** Speed (rpm) at the
 moment of hM4Di_EGFP and EYFP mice falling from the rotarod during
 chemogenetic inhibition of SNr Glu neurons. ##### Variables *
 *Virus/Animal ID*: hM4Di_EGFP refers to hM4Di-EGFP mice, while EYFP refers
 to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Injection*: Saline
 refers to saline injection, while CNO refers to CNO injection. * *Speed*:
  Speed (rpm) at the moment of the mice falling from the rotarod #### File:
 S44_Data.Source_data_for_S12ABCDE_Fig.csv **Description:** Behavioral
 parameters of the EYFP mice in the tube test under optogenetic activation
 of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during light-on and light-off conditions. #####
 Variables * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers to
 light-on condition. * *Animal_ID*: animal ID * *PI_num*: the number of
 push initiation * *PI_du*: the duration (s) of push initiation * *PB_num*:
 the number of push back * *PB_du*: the duration (s) of push back *
 *Stii_num*: the number of stillness * *Stii_du*: the duration (s) of
 stillness * *Resistance*: percentage of time spent resisting * *Retreat*:
 percentage of time spent retreating #### File:
 S45_Data.Source_data_for_S13C_Fig.csv **Description:** Durations (s) of
 aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors of ChR2-EYFP and EYFP mice towards
 novel mice in the resident-intruder test during light-off and light-on
 alone the SNrGlu-DRN pathway. ##### Variables * *Group*: Group 1 refers to
 EYFP mice, while Group 2 refers to ChR2-EYFP mice. * *agg_off*: Duration
 (s) of aggressive behaviors during light-off condition * *agg_on*:
 Duration (s) of aggressive behaviors during light-on condition *
 *noagg_off*: Duration (s) of non-aggressive behaviors during light-off
 condition * *noagg_on*: Duration (s) of non-aggressive behaviors during
 light-on condition #### File: S46_Data.Source_data_for_S13D_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Number of entries into the central area per min in the
 open field test during light-off and light-on alone the SNrGlu-DRN
 pathway. ##### Variables * *ID*: animal ID * *CC_OFF*: Number of entries
 into the central area per min during light-off condition * *CC_ON*: Number
 of entries into the central area per min during light-on condition ####
 File: S47_Data.Source_data_for_S13D_Fig.csv **Description:** Mean duration
 of stay in the central zone (center time) per min in the open field test
 during light-off and light-on alone the SNrGlu-DRN pathway. #####
 Variables * *ID*: animal ID * *CT_OFF*: Center time (s) per min during
 light-off condition * *CT_ON*: Center time (s) per min during light-on
 condition #### File: S48_Data.Source_data_for_S13D_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Average distance (cm) per min in the open field test
 during light-off and light-on alone the SNrGlu-DRN pathway. #####
 Variables * *ID*: animal ID * *Tracking_OFF*: Average distance (cm) per
 min during light-off condition * *Tracking_ON*: Average distance (cm) per
 min during light-on condition #### File:
 S49_Data.Source_data_for_S13E_Fig.csv **Description:** Difference in
 forelimb grip strength (N) in ChR2-EYFP mice under optogenetic activation
 of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during light-off and light-on conditions. #####
 Variables * *Num*: animal ID * *LightON*: light-on condition * *LightOFF*:
 light-off condition #### File: S50_Data.Source_data_for_S13F_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Duration (s) of active pushes in the push ball test under
 optogenetic activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during light-off and light-on
 conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to
 ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of
 the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers
 to light-on condition. * *Duration*: duration (s) of active pushes in the
 push ball test. #### File: S51_Data.Source_data_for_S13F_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Avergae number of active pushes per trial in the push
 ball test under optogenetic activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during
 light-off and light-on conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*:
 ChR2_EYFP refers to ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal
 ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off
 condition, while ON refers to light-on condition. * *Number of
 push/trial*: Avergae number of active pushes per trial in the push ball
 test. #### File: S52_Data.Source_data_for_S13G_Fig.csv
 **Description:** Duration (s) of voluntary approach behavior in the social
 interaction test under optogenetic activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during
 light-off and light-on conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*:
 ChR2_EYFP refers to ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal
 ID refers to ID of the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off
 condition, while ON refers to light-on condition. * *Duration*: duration
 (s) of voluntary approach behavior in the social interaction test. ####
 File: S53_Data.Source_data_for_S13G_Fig.csv **Description:** Duration (s)
 of effortful social interaction in the social interaction test under
 optogenetic activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during light-off and light-on
 conditions. ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to
 ChR2-EYFP mice, while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of
 the subject. * *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers
 to light-on condition. * *Duration*: Average duration (s) of effortful
 social interaction in the social interaction test. #### File:
 S54_Data.Source_data_for_S13G_Fig.csv **Description:** Duration (s) of
 non-social exploration in the social interaction test under optogenetic
 activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during light-off and light-on conditions.
 ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to ChR2-EYFP mice,
 while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. *
 *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers to light-on
 condition. * *Duration*: Average duration (s) of non-social exploration in
 the social interaction test. #### File:
 S55_Data.Source_data_for_S13G_Fig.csv **Description:** Duration (s) of
 total social interaction in the social interaction test under optogenetic
 activation of SNrGlu-DRN pathway during light-off and light-on conditions.
 ##### Variables * *Virus/Animal ID*: ChR2_EYFP refers to ChR2-EYFP mice,
 while EYFP refers to EYFP mice. Animal ID refers to ID of the subject. *
 *Light*: OFF refers to light-off condition, while ON refers to light-on
 condition. * *Duration*: Average duration (s) of total social interaction
 in the social interaction test. ## Code/software All data can be viewed
 using *Microsoft Office* or *R* software.