cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326567
title: On the Deduction of the Carathéodory’s Axiom of the Second Law of Thermodynamics from the Clausius and Kelvin Principles

description: Carathéodory’s formalism for classical thermodynamics is a rich alternative approach to this theory, although unpopular with students and physics professors. This approach dispenses with the content of thermal machines for the presentation of the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we discuss Carathéodory’s formalism historically, and show how Carathéodory’s axiom of the second law of thermodynamics is derived, didactically, from the Clausius principle and the Kelvin principle. In addition, also providing an objective character for this paper, in the sense of seeking to popularize the teaching of Carathéodory’s formalism in disciplines of classical thermodynamics at undergraduate level, we guide the reader to obtain the entropy and mathematical content of the second law of thermodynamics through this formalism. Finally, considering the wide reviewed literature, the proof we gave for deducing the Carathéodory’s axiom of the second law of thermodynamics from the Clausius principle is new.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326567.v1
title: On the Deduction of the Carathéodory’s Axiom of the Second Law of Thermodynamics from the Clausius and Kelvin Principles

description: Carathéodory’s formalism for classical thermodynamics is a rich alternative approach to this theory, although unpopular with students and physics professors. This approach dispenses with the content of thermal machines for the presentation of the second law of thermodynamics. In this paper, we discuss Carathéodory’s formalism historically, and show how Carathéodory’s axiom of the second law of thermodynamics is derived, didactically, from the Clausius principle and the Kelvin principle. In addition, also providing an objective character for this paper, in the sense of seeking to popularize the teaching of Carathéodory’s formalism in disciplines of classical thermodynamics at undergraduate level, we guide the reader to obtain the entropy and mathematical content of the second law of thermodynamics through this formalism. Finally, considering the wide reviewed literature, the proof we gave for deducing the Carathéodory’s axiom of the second law of thermodynamics from the Clausius principle is new.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326568
title: On the necessity of photon concept

description: It is shown that, although Einstein and Compton’s arguments were fundamental for the acceptance of the corpuscular character of electromagnetic radiation, there are other approaches able to explain the photoelectric and Compton effects, without using the photon concept. In this context, radiation is treated as a classic electromagnetic wave that interacts with the electron.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326570
title: The Magnetic field for an n-cusped Epi-and Hypo-Cycloids loop current

description: We calculate the magnetic field generated by a steady current that takes the shape of two types of special curves: hypocycloids and epicycloids with n numbers of sides. The computation was performed in the center of the referred curves. For this purpose, we use the Biot-Savart law which is studied in every introductory-level electricity and magnetism course. The result is quite general because it is obtained as a function of the number of sides of the curve and in terms of a parameter ϵ that identifies the type of curve considered (ϵ = −1 hypocycloids and ϵ = + 1 epicycloids).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326570.v1
title: The Magnetic field for an n-cusped Epi-and Hypo-Cycloids loop current

description: We calculate the magnetic field generated by a steady current that takes the shape of two types of special curves: hypocycloids and epicycloids with n numbers of sides. The computation was performed in the center of the referred curves. For this purpose, we use the Biot-Savart law which is studied in every introductory-level electricity and magnetism course. The result is quite general because it is obtained as a function of the number of sides of the curve and in terms of a parameter ϵ that identifies the type of curve considered (ϵ = −1 hypocycloids and ϵ = + 1 epicycloids).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326573.v1
title: The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou problem: Equipartition of energy through computational simulations

description: Equipartion and conservation of energy are hard concepts to teach or exemplify. With this goal in mind, we implemented two computational experiments of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsigou. There is an experiment in which the equipartion happens and the other one not. The latter experiment leads to known Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou Paradox with great implications to development of Physics. The experiments are carried out through a home-made numerical implementation and a computational research tool available on internet and usually adopted by scientific community. There is a mathematical analysis, using normal modes, to support the computational experiments.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326573
title: The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou problem: Equipartition of energy through computational simulations

description: Equipartion and conservation of energy are hard concepts to teach or exemplify. With this goal in mind, we implemented two computational experiments of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsigou. There is an experiment in which the equipartion happens and the other one not. The latter experiment leads to known Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou Paradox with great implications to development of Physics. The experiments are carried out through a home-made numerical implementation and a computational research tool available on internet and usually adopted by scientific community. There is a mathematical analysis, using normal modes, to support the computational experiments.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326574.v1
title: Physics 1 at UFRJ during the Covid-19 pandemics in 2020: elaboration and evaluation of a remote course

description: The COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out globally in early 2020, surprised the world and surely one of the most affected areas was Education. Universities, schools and even daycare centers, among others, abruptly interrupted their face-to-face activities, marking a generation that witnessed an event that hadn’t happened in a hundred years, since the Spanish flu. Educators from all countries were impelled to adopt remote education as a way to continue their essential activities, in an unprecedented challenge for the vast majority. The Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, and more specifically, the Instituto de Física boldly responded to the challenge: not only did it migrate to remote education, but also took the opportunity to put into practice new active teaching methodologies active in one of the courses with the greatest contingent of students: Physics 1. The purpose of this article is to detail how the discipline was restructured to the remote form and how it developed over the first period through statistical assessments of various aspects including opinions of the students involved.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326574
title: Physics 1 at UFRJ during the Covid-19 pandemics in 2020: elaboration and evaluation of a remote course

description: The COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out globally in early 2020, surprised the world and surely one of the most affected areas was Education. Universities, schools and even daycare centers, among others, abruptly interrupted their face-to-face activities, marking a generation that witnessed an event that hadn’t happened in a hundred years, since the Spanish flu. Educators from all countries were impelled to adopt remote education as a way to continue their essential activities, in an unprecedented challenge for the vast majority. The Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, and more specifically, the Instituto de Física boldly responded to the challenge: not only did it migrate to remote education, but also took the opportunity to put into practice new active teaching methodologies active in one of the courses with the greatest contingent of students: Physics 1. The purpose of this article is to detail how the discipline was restructured to the remote form and how it developed over the first period through statistical assessments of various aspects including opinions of the students involved.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326576.v1
title: Use of couples of forces to express torque in situations of static equilibrium

description: A rigid body is in static equilibrium if the following two conditions are met: the sum of external forces is zero, and the sum of external torsion moments (or torques) is zero. The condition for torques turns out to be difficult for some students, because it involves a vector product. In this work we discuss an easier alternative to apply that condition, by using just scalar elements. We show some examples of a bar in static equilibrium, where we use the equilibrium of forces in order to find out the couples of forces producing torques.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14268568.v1
title: Rotation induced in a coil moving in an electric field

description: The integral form of the fourth Maxwell’s equation is often written in two different ways: in the first, the partial derivative of Electric field appears, while the second contains a time derivative of electric flux integral. It would be useful, from a didactic point of view, to discriminate between the two different interpretations. In this paper, starting from a previous work about Faraday’s law, we analyze the derivative of the flux of the electric field and we shed light on the right way to write the Maxwell equations. We introduce a “magnetomotive force” and we find, from the corresponding generalization of the second Laplace’s law, the effect of a rotation induced in a coil embedded in an electric field.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14268568
title: Rotation induced in a coil moving in an electric field

description: The integral form of the fourth Maxwell’s equation is often written in two different ways: in the first, the partial derivative of Electric field appears, while the second contains a time derivative of electric flux integral. It would be useful, from a didactic point of view, to discriminate between the two different interpretations. In this paper, starting from a previous work about Faraday’s law, we analyze the derivative of the flux of the electric field and we shed light on the right way to write the Maxwell equations. We introduce a “magnetomotive force” and we find, from the corresponding generalization of the second Laplace’s law, the effect of a rotation induced in a coil embedded in an electric field.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326576
title: Use of couples of forces to express torque in situations of static equilibrium

description: A rigid body is in static equilibrium if the following two conditions are met: the sum of external forces is zero, and the sum of external torsion moments (or torques) is zero. The condition for torques turns out to be difficult for some students, because it involves a vector product. In this work we discuss an easier alternative to apply that condition, by using just scalar elements. We show some examples of a bar in static equilibrium, where we use the equilibrium of forces in order to find out the couples of forces producing torques.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326579
title: Confinement of a charged particle subjected to an oscillating magnetic field in a plane (xy) and uniform in the perpendicular direction (z)

description: In this paper we used a magnetic field of the form ℬ → = ℬ 1 [ cos ( ω t ) i ^ + sin ( ω t ) j ^ ] + ℬ 0 k ^ as the zero order of an expansion, arising from a parabolic magnetic field, to describe the confined motion of an electrically charged particle subjected to a Lorentz force, with a dynamics valid for a specific region of space. The equations of motion obtained are nonlinear and a particular solution can be extracted, in which the particle performs a periodic motion. Moreover, through Poincaré sections and Lyapunov exponents, we find that the system is chaotic, and therefore admits different forms of quasi closed trajectories obtained by varying slightly the parameters and initial conditions, from a numerical solution.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326579.v1
title: Confinement of a charged particle subjected to an oscillating magnetic field in a plane (xy) and uniform in the perpendicular direction (z)

description: In this paper we used a magnetic field of the form ℬ → = ℬ 1 [ cos ( ω t ) i ^ + sin ( ω t ) j ^ ] + ℬ 0 k ^ as the zero order of an expansion, arising from a parabolic magnetic field, to describe the confined motion of an electrically charged particle subjected to a Lorentz force, with a dynamics valid for a specific region of space. The equations of motion obtained are nonlinear and a particular solution can be extracted, in which the particle performs a periodic motion. Moreover, through Poincaré sections and Lyapunov exponents, we find that the system is chaotic, and therefore admits different forms of quasi closed trajectories obtained by varying slightly the parameters and initial conditions, from a numerical solution.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14268162
title: Adiabatic Quantum Computation: From Adiabatic Theorem to D-Wave Computer

description: In this paper we describe the fundamentals of the adiabatic quantum computing, which consists of the interpolation of different Hamiltonians, from an initial Hamiltonian, with known eigenstates and eigenenergies, to a final Hamiltonian, in which the solution to a given problem is encoded. In particular, we discuss the quantum annealing method, which is used by the Canadian company D-Wave, a pioneer in this area. Firstly, we present the proof of the quantum adiabatic theorem and an adiabaticity condition for the evolution of quantum systems. To exemplify, we describe the implementation of the Grover algorithm via adiabatic quantum computing, discussing the impacts of the choice of the interpolation form of the initial and final Hamiltonians on the complexity of the algorithm. In the following, we show an algorithm for the travelling salesman problem executable on the D-Wave platform. Finally, we present important physical aspects of D-Wave’s quantum computer technology, exposing its advantages and disadvantages, in addition to qualitatively describing the engineering of its quantum processor.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14268272.v1
title: Ice Models and phase transitions

description: In this work we consider one-dimensional statistical models, in particular the six and eight vertex ice models, whose partition functions can be written in terms of a transfer matrix, and which exhibit the transition phenomenon of phases.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14268272
title: Ice Models and phase transitions

description: In this work we consider one-dimensional statistical models, in particular the six and eight vertex ice models, whose partition functions can be written in terms of a transfer matrix, and which exhibit the transition phenomenon of phases.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326580
title: Excitation of a Bose-Einstein condensate: A Pedagogical Experiment on quantum states change

description: In this work, we have used a 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate to study the effects of electrical noise, embedded into the magnetic trap field, on the atomic population distribution spread over different quantum states of the confining potential. The noisy external field comes from unwanted fluctuations taking place in the electronic stabilization control circuit for the electric current flowing through the magnetic trap coils, which operate at frequencies close to that of the trapping potential. We will show that these small electric fluctuations are able to couple adjacent vibrational levels of the potential resulting in the population spread, which was initially pure, over a manifold of nearby states. This reduces the lifetime of the trapped condensate and also increase the average temperature of the system, as the population diffuses towards the upper energy levels. The results were modeled via ladder transitions, and directly compared to the experimental results, and were found to be in good agreement. We believe that this theoretical-experimental study is didactic, as it allows for the freshmen students to observe macroscopic quantum effects taking place on experimental physical systems.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326580.v1
title: Excitation of a Bose-Einstein condensate: A Pedagogical Experiment on quantum states change

description: In this work, we have used a 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate to study the effects of electrical noise, embedded into the magnetic trap field, on the atomic population distribution spread over different quantum states of the confining potential. The noisy external field comes from unwanted fluctuations taking place in the electronic stabilization control circuit for the electric current flowing through the magnetic trap coils, which operate at frequencies close to that of the trapping potential. We will show that these small electric fluctuations are able to couple adjacent vibrational levels of the potential resulting in the population spread, which was initially pure, over a manifold of nearby states. This reduces the lifetime of the trapped condensate and also increase the average temperature of the system, as the population diffuses towards the upper energy levels. The results were modeled via ladder transitions, and directly compared to the experimental results, and were found to be in good agreement. We believe that this theoretical-experimental study is didactic, as it allows for the freshmen students to observe macroscopic quantum effects taking place on experimental physical systems.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326585
title: Structure of the Scientific Theories

description: A scientific theory consists of a symbolic framework containing laws and concepts that are derived by deductive reasoning from fundamental laws and primitive concepts, and complemented by the correspondence or the relation between the symbolic concepts and the real objects. The symbolic framework is understood as a representation of the real, constructed by our minds like a realistic painting. In accordance with this point of view, scientific laws are not discovered but conceived or created by our minds. We show how this approach is organized by rational thinking, which is understood as an innate ability of the mind that emerges between childhood and adolescence. We also examine with some detail the structure of the past scientific theories, pointing out their postulates, or fundamental laws, and the primitive concepts. We will restrict ourselves to some of the physical theories, starting with those that emerged in the Hellenistic period, and then proceed to examine other theories until the end of the seventeenth century.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326586
title: Analysis of a blended experience on Physics 1 teaching

description: This paper presents an analysis of the students’ perception of a blended learning experience, designed, and applied in the basic disciplines of Physics 1 of 18 different courses at the University of Brasilia. An opinion survey, using a Likert-type scale, was designed, and used to assess the students’ agreement degree with affirmative propositions related to the organization, learning potential, and quality of the evaluation system. The results showed good agreement with the presented propositions, and the importance of the positive role of the online forums in the learning process by promote student-student and student-monitor dialogic interaction. However, it also pointed out some needs, such as (a) interventions that can stimulate the inclusion of less proficient students; (b) activities that can influence this students on developing learning motivation; and (c) reflections on the rules of formative and summative assessments, transforming their punitive aspect into a mediation form in the composition of students’ final grades.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326586.v1
title: Analysis of a blended experience on Physics 1 teaching

description: This paper presents an analysis of the students’ perception of a blended learning experience, designed, and applied in the basic disciplines of Physics 1 of 18 different courses at the University of Brasilia. An opinion survey, using a Likert-type scale, was designed, and used to assess the students’ agreement degree with affirmative propositions related to the organization, learning potential, and quality of the evaluation system. The results showed good agreement with the presented propositions, and the importance of the positive role of the online forums in the learning process by promote student-student and student-monitor dialogic interaction. However, it also pointed out some needs, such as (a) interventions that can stimulate the inclusion of less proficient students; (b) activities that can influence this students on developing learning motivation; and (c) reflections on the rules of formative and summative assessments, transforming their punitive aspect into a mediation form in the composition of students’ final grades.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326588.v1
title: An overview of the degrees in Physics in Brazil: Descriptive analysis of microdata from the Census of Higher Education of INEP

description: The results of a research that aimed to present an overview of the undergraduate courses in Physics in the country are presented from an analysis of the Microdata of the Census of Higher Education of National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP). The study is justified by its potential contribution by generating theoretical subsidies that can support the public and academic debate about the emergence of actions aimed at improving Physics education in Basic Education. Different information on the characterization of the courses was descriptively analyzed. As results, it can be verified the existence of 263 physics degrees (teacher training) offered by 153 Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), as well as, it was perceived, among other things, that: the distribution of courses does not occur uniformly throughout Brazil, focusing on the Southeast and Northeast regions; 73% of the currently active degrees were created after the 2000s; a possible association was identified between quality indicators of the INEP and the performance of graduates in exams such as National Student Performance Exam. It is suggested that in future studies the curriculum of physics courses be explored in greater detail in order to analyze points of convergence between them.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14326588
title: An overview of the degrees in Physics in Brazil: Descriptive analysis of microdata from the Census of Higher Education of INEP

description: The results of a research that aimed to present an overview of the undergraduate courses in Physics in the country are presented from an analysis of the Microdata of the Census of Higher Education of National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP). The study is justified by its potential contribution by generating theoretical subsidies that can support the public and academic debate about the emergence of actions aimed at improving Physics education in Basic Education. Different information on the characterization of the courses was descriptively analyzed. As results, it can be verified the existence of 263 physics degrees (teacher training) offered by 153 Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), as well as, it was perceived, among other things, that: the distribution of courses does not occur uniformly throughout Brazil, focusing on the Southeast and Northeast regions; 73% of the currently active degrees were created after the 2000s; a possible association was identified between quality indicators of the INEP and the performance of graduates in exams such as National Student Performance Exam. It is suggested that in future studies the curriculum of physics courses be explored in greater detail in order to analyze points of convergence between them.