cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7r4p9
title: Data from: Choose your weapon: defensive behavior is associated with morphology and performance in scorpions

description: Morphology can be adaptive through its effect on performance of an
 organism. The effect of performance may, however, be modulated by
 behavior; an organism may choose a behavioral option that does not fully
 utilize its maximum performance. Behavior may therefore be decoupled from
 morphology and performance. To gain insight into the relationships between
 these levels of organization, we combined morphological data on defensive
 structures with measures of defensive performance, and their utilization
 in defensive behavior. Scorpion species show significant variation in the
 morphology and performance of their main defensive structures; their
 chelae (pincers) and the metasoma (“tail”) carrying the stinger. Our data
 show that size-corrected pinch force varies to almost two orders of
 magnitude among species, and is correlated with chela morphology. Chela
 and metasoma morphology are also correlated to the LD50 of the venom,
 corroborating the anecdotal rule that dangerously venomous scorpions can
 be recognized by their chelae and metasoma. Analyses of phylogenetic
 independent contrasts show that correlations between several aspects of
 chela and metasoma morphology, performance and behavior are present. These
 correlations suggest co-evolution of behavior with morphology and
 performance. Path analysis found a performance variable (pinch force) to
 partially mediate the relationship between morphology (chela aspect ratio)
 and behavior (defensive stinger usage). We also found a correlation
 between two aspects of morphology: pincer finger length correlates with
 the relative “thickness” (aspect ratio) of the metasoma. This suggests
 scorpions show a trade-off between their two main weapon complexes: the
 metasoma carrying the stinger, and the pedipalps carrying the chelae.
description: 16S Sequences scorpions
 181 bpThis file contains 16S
 sequences of 24 species of scorpions at a length of 181
 basepairs.Datadryad_16S_Scorpiones1.nex
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9cv7kg7
title: Data from: Molecular genetics unveiled unknown family relationships and hybrids in an ex-situ colony of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)

description: Genealogical relationships among colony members, inbreeding status, and
 presence of hybrids are crucial data that can assist zoo curators in
 captive colony management and decision-making on relocation for
 reproduction. This study employed molecular markers to study a large
 colony (n=56) of African Penguin hosted in an Italian biopark. A panel of
 15 STRs (single tandem repeats) was selected, and genotype data were
 analyzed using COLONY software to determine parentage relationships and
 compare the existing studbook information to a pedigree built from genetic
 analyses. The existence of extra-pair mating and the presence of hybrids
 were investigated: discrepancies in kinship relationships emerged
 following molecular parentage analysis and ten unknown genetic
 relationships were revealed. Infidelity of one member of the pair was
 observed in six cases and extra-pair copulation was assessed by genetic
 analysis in two episodes. One member of the colony was found to be a
 hybrid (S. demersus X S. humboldti); his progeny, derived by extra-pair
 copulation, was traced. Three other hidden hybrids were discovered and
 assessed using the identified candidate private alleles. Overall, our
 results demonstrate that molecular methods to confirm parentage and
 analyze relatedness among colony members are a valuable tool to complement
 studbook-based genetic management of African penguin captive populations.
 Because a variety of behavioral dynamics (e.g., extra-pair mating) can
 make observations ineffective in some species and because molecular
 markers outperform studbook in identifying the presence of hybrids,
 reliance on studbook information alone is not recommended.
description: Modesto et al 2018
 African penguins STRs dataThis file contains the
 microsatellite genotypes for each individual penguin presented here in a
 .txt file (a format that can be used directly in COLONY software). The 15
 microsatellite loci are labelled at the top of the
 file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n3q59
title: Data from: Genetic evidence for polygynandry in the black-striped pipefish Syngnathus abaster: a microsatellite-based parentage analysis

description: Sexual selection theory predicts that, in organisms with reversed sex
 roles, more polyandrous species exhibit higher levels of sexual
 dimorphism. In the family Syngnathidae (pipefish, seahorses, and
 seadragons), males provide all parental care by carrying developing
 embryos on their ventral surfaces, and females develop secondary sex
 characters. Syngnathids exhibit a variety of genetic mating patterns,
 making them an ideal group to test predictions of sexual selection theory.
 Here, we describe the mating system of the black-striped pipefish
 Syngnathus abaster, using 4 highly variable microsatellites to analyze
 parentage of 102 embryos. Results revealed that 1) both sexes mate
 multiple times over the course of a pregnancy (polygynandrous mating
 system), 2) eggs are spatially segregated by maternity within each brood
 pouch, and 3) larger females have higher mating success
 (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test; P &lt; 0.05). Together with similar studies
 of other syngnathid species, our results support the hypothesis that the
 mating system is related to the intensity of sexual dimorphism.
description: Genotypes of Syngnathus
 abaster individuals of Ria Formosa, PortugalCollected in the field
 in March 2012, genotyped at four microsatellite loci (28B3, 28E6, 28E8,
 and 28F3), allele scoring with STRand 2.4.59Sabaster_09052012.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4kg4c
title: Data from: Parmotrema internexum (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae): an overlooked macrolichen in southeastern North America highlights the value of basic biodiversity research

description: Parmotrema internexum is shown to be a morphologically, chemically and
 phylogenetically distinct species whose occurrence in North America has
 been previously overlooked and largely based on misidentifications. Prior
 accounts of the species being similar to P. crinitum but differing in
 having an adnate thallus, few marginal cilia, and in producing
 norlobaridone in addition to the stictic acid complex, are confirmed. An
 extensive review of the taxon, including the use of the name P. internexum
 in the literature, is provided. Taxonomic treatments of P. crinitum and P.
 internexum are also provided and both species are illustrated.
description: internexum_data_depositThis is a zipped folder that contains the input files for molecular analyses conducted as part of this study.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gr5hc09
title: Data from: Sexual cannibalism and population viability

description: Some behaviours that typically increase fitness at the individual level,
 may reduce population persistence, particularly in the face of
 environmental changes. Sexual cannibalism is an extreme mating behaviour
 which typically involves a male being devoured by the female immediately
 before, during or after copulation, and is widespread amongst predatory
 invertebrates. Although the individual-level effects of sexual cannibalism
 are reasonably well understood, very little is known about the
 population-level effects. We constructed both a mathematical model and an
 individual-based model to predict how sexual cannibalism might affect
 population growth rate and extinction risk. We found that in the absence
 of any cannibalism-derived fecundity benefit, sexual cannibalism is always
 detrimental to population growth rate and leads to a higher population
 extinction risk. Increasing the fecundity benefits of sexual cannibalism
 leads to a consistently higher population growth rate and likely a lower
 extinction risk. However, even if cannibalism-derived fecundity benefits
 are large, very high rates of sexual cannibalism (&gt;70%) can still
 drive the population to negative growth and potential extinction.
 Pre-copulatory cannibalism was particularly damaging for population growth
 rates and was the main predictor of growth declining below the replacement
 rate. Surprisingly, post-copulatory cannibalism had a largely positive
 effect on population growth rate when fecundity benefits were present.
 This study is the first to formally estimate the population-level effects
 of sexual cannibalism. We highlight the detrimental effect sexual
 cannibalism may have on population viability if a) cannibalism rates
 become high, and/or b) cannibalism-derived fecundity benefits become low.
 Decreased food availability could plausibly both increase the frequency of
 cannibalism, and reduce the fecundity benefit of cannibalism, suggesting
 that sexual cannibalism may increase the risk of population collapse in
 the face of environmental change.
description: R code for Fisher et al
 2018 Sexual cannibalism and population viabilityThis is the R code used
 to produce the two models in the MSdryadDeterministicModelAndStochasticSimulation.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qd2483b
title: Data from: Forebrain activation during social exposure in wild-type guppies

description: The neural mechanisms regulating social behaviour have received extensive
 attention in recent years, with much focus on 'complex' forms of
 sociality. Comparatively little research has addressed fundamental social
 behaviour, such as grouping, which impacts multiple determinants of
 fitness, such as foraging and avoiding predation. We are interested in the
 degree to which brain areas that regulate other forms of sociality are
 also involved in grouping behaviour, and so we investigated shoal-elicited
 activation of the brain in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Guppies are
 small, social fish that live in the rivers of Trinidad and, like many
 social fish, exhibit preferences for larger shoals. We first confirmed
 that our study population of wild-type guppies preferred to join a larger
 shoal, and then investigated the activation of four brain regions proposed
 to be involved in social behaviour and reward (the preoptic area, the
 dorsal part of the ventral telencephalon, the ventral part of the ventral
 telencephalon, and the supracommissural part of the ventral pallium).
 Subjects were exposed to a large shoal, a small shoal, or to a tank empty
 of conspecifics, and we used immediate early gene expression (egr-1) to
 assess neuronal activation. We found increased activation in the preoptic
 area when fish were exposed to a large shoal compared to controls that had
 no social exposure. There were no significant differences in activation
 within the other brain areas examined, possibly because these brain areas
 are not key regulators of grouping behaviour or have only a secondary
 role. The higher activation of the preoptic area during social exposure
 suggests functional homology in this highly-conserved region across all
 vertebrates.
description: NeuralData_Cabrera-AlvarezSwaneyReader_2017_ForebrainActivationDuringSocialExposureInWild-typeGuppies_PhysiologyAndBehaviourBehaviouralData_Cabrera-AlvarezSwaneyReader_2017_ForebrainActivationDuringSocialExposureInWild-typeGuppies_PhysiologyAndBehaviourREADMEThis file explains all of the variables in each of the datasets that accompany: Cabrera-Álvarez, María J., Swaney, William T., Reader, Simon M. (2017) Forebrain activation during social exposure in wild-type guppies. Physiology & Behaviour 182, 107-113.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3tf10120
title: Data from: Genetic analysis of life-history constraint and evolution in a wild ungulate population

description: Trade-offs among life-history traits are central to evolutionary theory.
 In quantitative genetic terms, trade-offs may be manifested as negative
 genetic covariances relative to the direction of selection on phenotypic
 traits. Although the expression and selection of ecologically important
 phenotypic variation are fundamentally multivariate phenomena, the in situ
 quantification of genetic covariances is challenging. Even for
 life-history traits, where well-developed theory exists with which to
 relate phenotypic variation to fitness variation, little evidence exists
 from in situ studies that negative genetic covariances are an important
 aspect of the genetic architecture of life-history traits. In fact, the
 majority of reported estimates of genetic covariances among life-history
 traits are positive. Here we apply theory of the genetics and selection of
 life histories in organisms with complex life cycles to provide a
 framework for quantifying the contribution of multivariate genetically
 based relationships among traits to evolutionary constraint. We use a
 Bayesian framework to link pedigree-based inference of the genetic basis
 of variation in life-history traits to evolutionary demography theory
 regarding how life histories are selected. Our results suggest that
 genetic covariances may be acting to constrain the evolution of female
 life-history traits in a wild population of red deer Cervus elaphus:
 genetic covariances are estimated to reduce the rate of adaptation by
 about 40%, relative to predicted evolutionary change in the absence of
 genetic covariances. Furthermore, multivariate phenotypic (rather than
 genetic) relationships among female life-history traits do not reveal this
 constraint.
description: Morrissey.et.al.2012.Am.NatR data object. List with two elements. First element is phenotypic data and covariates. Second element is pedigree in a standard three column format. The pedigree is pruned to contain only individuals with data included in this study and their ancestors that are informative with respect to the inheritance of the modelled traits.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sc682
title: Data from: A crush on small fungi: an efficient and quick method for obtaining DNA from minute ascomycetes

description: 1. We have developed a reliable technique for extracting DNA from single
 microscopic fungal thalli, including efficient cell disruption and
 transfer of cell content for subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
 The technique was primarily developed for members of the ascomycete order
 Laboulbeniales, which are minute fungi with tough cell walls that are
 exceedingly difficult to disrupt with standard extraction techniques. 2.
 Our method makes routine amplification of DNA from single thalli possible,
 even from small species or poorly developed individuals. DNA release is
 accomplished in an entirely mechanical manner using an arbor press fitted
 with custom-made components. This approach has eliminated additional
 treatment such as laborious freeze-thaw cycles, enzymes, or lysing agents.
 3. The overall PCR success rate of 89% is comparable to or better than
 alternative protocols that make use of substantially larger amounts of
 fungal tissue. From 97% of the successful PCRs a total of 156 sequences
 from four gene regions were produced. 4. Being able to restrict DNA
 extractions to a single thallus is critical to all genetic studies
 requiring data at the level of individual, e.g., population genetics.
 Since all researchers working with minute uncultivable organisms in many
 respects face the same problems (effective handling of the material, small
 quantities of DNA etc.), the methodology described here has a potential to
 be widely applicable. Necessary custom-made components can be manufactured
 at fairly low cost by any precision-tool workshop using our detail
 drawings.
description: Host
 metadataTable contains
 information on the host specimens of the Laboulbeniales included in the
 study.Dryad.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.62512
title: Data from: The role of species traits in mediating functional recovery during matrix restoration

description: Reversing anthropogenic impacts on habitat structure is frequently
 successful through restoration, but the mechanisms linking habitat change,
 community reassembly and recovery of ecosystem functioning remain unknown.
 We test for the influence of edge effects and matrix habitat restoration
 on the reassembly of dung beetle communities and consequent recovery of
 dung removal rates across tropical forest edges. Using path modelling, we
 disentangle the relative importance of community-weighted trait means and
 functional trait dispersion from total biomass effects on rates of dung
 removal. Community trait composition and biomass of dung beetle
 communities responded divergently to edge effects and matrix habitat
 restoration, yielding opposing effects on dung removal. However,
 functional dispersion—used in this study as a measure of niche
 complementarity—did not explain a significant amount of variation in dung
 removal rates across habitat edges. Instead, we demonstrate that the path
 to functional recovery of these altered ecosystems depends on the
 trait-mean composition of reassembling communities, over and above purely
 biomass-dependent processes that would be expected under neutral theory.
 These results suggest that any ability to manage functional recovery of
 ecosystems during habitat restoration will demand knowledge of
 species' roles in ecosystem processes.
description: dung beetle
 response-effect trait dataThis is the data set
 used to fit the edge response function in Figure 2, and to develop the
 path model testing the trait dependence of functional recovery of dung
 removal across regenerating habitat edges. The column heading
 "site" indicates the edge gradient sampling site,
 "restoration" is a binary variable coding whether the adjacent
 matrix underwent habitat restoration, and "edge.distance"
 indicates the sampling point's distance from the habitat edge,
 whereby positive numbers are located in the matrix and negative numbers
 are located in the adjacent forest habitat. "Biomass" gives the
 total community biomass (mg) for each sample, "FDis" is the
 calculated functional dispersion of each community, "body.mass"
 is the arithmetic community mean body mass (mg), "BSI" gives the
 community mean pronotum width/body mass ratio, "wing.loading" is
 the community mean wing area/body mass ratio, "wing.area" gives
 the community mean wing area (mm^2), "pronotum" provides the
 community mean pronotum width (mm), and "dung.removal" gives the
 proportion of dung removed at each sampling point.dung beetle response effect
 trait data.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.77bv0
title: Data from: Siderophore cooperation of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in soil

description: While social interactions play an important role for the evolution of
 bacterial siderophore production in vitro, the extent to which siderophore
 production is a social trait in natural populations is less clear. Here,
 we demonstrate that siderophores act as public goods in a natural physical
 environment of Pseudomonas fluorescens: soil-based compost. We show that
 monocultures of siderophore producers grow better than non-producers in
 soil, but non-producers can exploit others' siderophores, as shown by
 non-producers' ability to invade populations of producers when rare.
 Despite this rare advantage, non-producers were unable to outcompete
 producers, suggesting that producers and non-producers may stably coexist
 in soil. Such coexistence is predicted to arise from the spatial structure
 associated with soil, and this is supported by increased fitness of
 non-producers when grown in a shaken soil–water mix. Our results suggest
 that both producers and non-producers should be observed in soil, as has
 been observed in marine environments and in clinical populations.
description: Lujan_et_al_dataProducers and non-producers growth rates and non-producer´s relative fitness in soil microcosms. Data from the Electronic Supplementary Material is also included
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sp54s
title: Data from: Social structure of the harem-forming promiscuous fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx, is the harem truly important?

description: Bats are social animals and display a diverse variety of mating and social
 systems, with most species exhibiting some form of polygyny. Their social
 organization is fluid and individuals frequently switch partners and
 roosting sites. While harem-like social organization is observed in
 multiple tropical species, its importance is contested in many of them. In
 this study, we investigated the role of harems in the social organization
 of the old world fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx. Based on regular behavioural
 observations over a period of 20 months and genetic data from
 microsatellite markers, we observed that the social organization is
 flexible, individuals regularly shift between roosts and the social
 organization resembles a fission–fusion society. Behavioural and genetic
 analyses suggest that the harems are not strict units of social structure,
 and the colony does not show signatures of subdivision with harems as
 behavioural units. We also observed that there was no correlation between
 individuals with high association index and pairwise relatedness. Our
 findings indicate that similar to the mating system, the social
 organization of C. sphinx can also be categorized as a fission–fusion
 society, and hence the term ‘harem’ is a misnomer. We conclude that the
 social system of C. sphinx is flexible, with multi-male multi-female
 organization, and individuals tend to be loyal to a given area rather than
 a roost.
description: Genotypes_adultsGenotypes of adult individuals.significant association indexList of significant association index
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.20536
title: Data from: Overdispersed spatial patterning of dominant bunchgrasses in southeastern pine savannas

description: Spatial patterning is a key natural history attribute of sessile organisms
 that frequently emerges from and dictates potential for interactions among
 organisms. We tested whether bunchgrasses, the dominant plant functional
 group in longleaf pine savanna groundcover communities, are non-randomly
 patterned by characterizing the spatial dispersion of three bunchgrass
 species across six sites in Louisiana and Florida. We mapped bunchgrass
 tussocks &gt; 5.0-cm basal diameter in three 3×3-m plots in each site.
 We modeled tussocks as two-dimensional objects to analyze their spatial
 relationships while preserving sizes and shapes of individual tussocks.
 Tussocks were overdispersed (more regularly spaced than random) for all
 species and sites at the local interaction scale (&lt; 0.3 m). This
 general pattern likely arises from a tussock-centered, distance-dependent
 mechanism e.g., inter-tussock competition. Non-random spatial patterns of
 dominant species have implications for community assembly and ecosystem
 function in tussock-dominated grasslands and savannas, including those
 characterized by extreme biodiversity.
description: Data and Species
 CodesGridmaps of each plot
 with cells coded with numbers corresponding to the species that occupy
 them.