DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nj1bp
title: Data from: Lineage diversity and size disparity in Musteloidea: testing patterns of adaptive radiation using molecular and fossil-based methods

description: Adaptive radiation is hypothesized to be a primary mechanism that drives
 the remarkable species diversity and morphological disparity across the
 Tree of Life. Tests for adaptive radiation in extant taxa are
 traditionally estimated from calibrated molecular phylogenies with little
 input from extinct taxa. With 85 putative species in 33 genera and over
 400 described extinct species, the carnivoran superfamily Musteloidea is a
 prime candidate to investigate patterns of adaptive radiation using both
 extant- and fossil-based macroevolutionary methods. The species diversity
 and equally impressive ecological and phenotypic diversity found across
 Musteloidea is often attributed to 2 adaptive radiations coinciding with 2
 major climate events, the Eocene-Oligocene transition and the Mid-Miocene
 Climate Transition. Here, we compiled a novel time-scaled phylogeny for
 88% of extant musteloids and used it as a framework for testing the
 predictions of adaptive radiation hypotheses with respect to rates of
 lineage diversification and phenotypic evolution. Contrary to
 expectations, we found no evidence for rapid bursts of lineage
 diversification at the origin of Musteloidea, and further analyses of
 lineage diversification rates using molecular and fossil-based methods did
 not find associations between rates of lineage diversification and the
 Eocene-Oligocene transition or Mid-Miocene Climate Transition as
 previously hypothesized. Rather, we found support for decoupled
 diversification dynamics driven by increased clade carrying capacity in
 the branches leading to a subclade of elongate mustelids. Supporting
 decoupled diversification dynamics between the subclade of elongate
 mustelids and the ancestral musteloid regime is our finding of increased
 rates of body length evolution, but not body mass evolution, within the
 decoupled mustelid subclade. The lack of correspondence in rates of body
 mass and length evolution suggest that phenotypic evolutionary rates under
 a single morphological metric, even one as influential as mass, may not
 capture the evolution of diversity in clades that exhibit elongate body
 shapes. The discordance in evolutionary rates between body length and body
 mass along with evidence of decoupled diversification dynamics suggests
 that body elongation might be an innovation for the exploitation of novel
 Mid-Miocene resources, resulting in the radiation of some musteloids.
description: Supplementary Table
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 S7Appendix1_FossilsforBeastAppendix2_PhyloAppendix3SFigS1_SuperTreeSupplementary Figure S1. Musteloid supertree using the MRP (matrix representation with parsimony) matrix implemented in Clann.SFigS2_BEAST_Tree_PASupplementary Figure S2. Time-calibrated phylogenetic tree (“pruned-after”) of Musteloidea. Mean divergence times estimated using a relaxed molecular clock model on the complete 46 gene dataset with 74 fossil priors. Blue bars across nodes indicate 95% confidence intervals around the mean divergence time estimates. Posterior estimates of mean and 95% HPD of divergence times are presented in Supplementary Table S7. Nodes are numbered (1–74, same as Figure 1). Outgroup taxa were pruned from the tree, and geological time scale is shown below the tree.SFigS3_DivRate_PASFigS4_Length_Phylorate_PASupplementary Figure S4. Phylorate plot of phenotypic (body length) evolution rates through time using the “pruned-after” MCC tree. (a) Phylorate plot of the mean phenotypic evolutionary rate of body length across all shift configurations based the MCC phylogeny. (b–d) Phylorate plots of 4 distinct shift configurations with the highest posterior probability. Rate shifts, shown as red circles with sizes proportional to the marginal probability of the shift, demonstrate significant increase in evolutionary rate. 3 distinct shift configurations account for the majority of the posterior probability of the data but result in conflicting rate configurations. The most frequent shift configuration (f = 0.35) signifies no rate shift (b) whereas the second most frequent shift configuration (f = 0.33) indicates an increase in evolutionary rate at the node leading to the divergence of Ictonychinae, Mustelinae, and Lutrinae (c). Conversely, the third most frequent shift configuration (f = 0.16) reveals a rate shift at the root of Mustelidae (d).SFigS5_BMrate_PBSupplementary Figure S5. Phylorate plot of phenotypic evolution rates through time based on body mass.