DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6564718
title: Global Bee Interaction Data

description: Last modified: December 17, 2025

IntroductionThis dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collections, community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others.

Data DescriptionPlease see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data.

Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format.

Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields

Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data.

The counts and metrics include exact duplicates (found in the interactions.tsv file). globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz file removes exact duplicates and currently totals 1,868,619 records.

If you know of a missing dataset, or wish to share your dataset, please contact us!

 

Metrics




Date


Total bee records



07-17-2020
232,906


01-24-2021
257,738


11-17-2021
226,160


06-01-2022
286,818


11-07-2022
429,308


01-18-2024
842,819


07-03-2024
1,109,057


01-09-2025
1,223,768


11-25-2025
2,480,473


12-16-2025
3,030,355




 




Date
Andrenidae
Apidae
Colletidae
Halictidae


07-17-2020
73,463
106,222
20,821
58,880


01-24-2021
77,824
120,919
21,376
63,945


11-17-2021
25,535
134,517
10,568
43,070


06-01-2022
78,016
144,827
20,409
64,054


11-07-2022
84,172
171,378
30,792
79,155


01-18-2024
166,473
334,224
63,847
171,931


07-03-2024


289,400



371,953



83,337



190,562



01-09-2025


204,565



686,195



70,724



241,856



11-25-2025


269,191



1,509,768



129,763



386,203



12-16-2025


277,549



2,015,320



132,253



413,572





 




Date
Megachilidae
Melittidae
Stenotritidae


07-17-2020
44,449
2,511
23


01-24-2021
48,856
2,624
18


11-17-2021
37,001
995
9


06-01-2022
54,516
2,994
18


11-07-2022
61,391
2,396
24


01-18-2024
100,814
5,088
442


07-03-2024


162,587



4,964

438


01-09-2025


126,113



5,928

441


11-25-2025


174,935



9,764

849


12-16-2025


180,494



10,318

849




 

Included files

The counts and metrics include exact duplicates (found in the interactions.tsv file). globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz file removes exact duplicates and currently totals 1,868,619 records.



filter_and_count_bee_families.sh - script for separating bee records into family and counting number of records for each family

citation-count.sh - script for counting citations

unique_citations.tsv - data sources and citation counts for this dataset. Same information in the ReferenceCitation table below.

family_counts.tsv - counts by family

globi-bees-filtered_file.tsv.gz - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2025-Nov-25 produced by [filter_and_count_bee_families.sh].

interactions.tsv.gz - archive of the full Global Biotic Interaction dataset on November 25, 2025. Downloaded from https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org


 

Interaction Sources

Below is a list of sources that contributed to this dataset, along with raw counts of unique interactions and links to the corresponding digital archives and reviews. These datasets are indexed and reviewed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) using automated, reproducible workflows that extract species-interaction records, reconcile taxonomic names against authoritative catalogs, and summarize the findings. Each review produces a versioned digital archive to ensure long-term preservation and to document data provenance. For details, see the Methods section within each linked archive.




ReferenceCitation
Count


http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world.
287441


Reji Chacko, M., Albouy, C., Altermatt, F., Brändle, M., Casanelles Abella, J., Boussange, V., Campell, F., Ellis, W. N., Fopp, F., Gossner, M. M., Ho., H., Joss, A., Kipf, P., Neff, F., Petrović, A., Prié, V., Tomanović, Ž., Zimmerli, N., Pellissier, L. (2024). trophiCH v1 - a food web for Switzerland. EnviDat. https://www.doi.org/10.16904/envidat.467.
266611


USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT
258683


ecdysis - a portal for live-managing arthropod occurrence data
182755


Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI 0956388; PBI: Phytophagous Insects as a Model Group for Documenting Planetary Biodiversity (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae, Phylinae). Version: 08 Mar 2016. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0316495; Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 08 Mar 2016. http://tcn.amnh.org/. National Science Foundation grant(s) EF#1115081, EF#1115103, EF#1115080, EF#1115144, EF#1115191, EF#1115104, EF#1115115
113301


University of Kansas Natural History Museum - Snow Entomological Museum Collection
112041


Lanuza et al. (2025), EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 34: e70000. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70000
99024


Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN)
79213


Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University
62736


Balfour, N.J., Castellanos, M.C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A. and Johnson, C., 2022. DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103, e3801.
41298


PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au.
28517


Guzman, Laura Melissa; Kelly, Tyler; Elle, Elizabeth, 2022, "A dataset for pollinator diversity and their interactions with plants in the Pacific NorthWest", https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/WTEZNH, Borealis, V1
27114


University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner.
24564


Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867
23727


A. Thessen. 2014. Species associations extracted from EOL text data objects via text mining.
18770


Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit
18003


Dorey, J.B., Fischer, E.E., Chesshire, P.R. et al. A globally synthesised and flagged bee occurrence dataset and cleaning workflow. Sci Data 10, 747 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02626-w
17603


Vandame R, Mérida J, Sagot P, Madrigal González D, Bedolla García B Y, González-Vanegas P A, Cultid-Medina C A, Barrios J M (2023). Potential host plant records recovered from ECOAB wild bee collection, Mexico. Version 1.10. Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad.
17088


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15763


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10211


American Museum of Natural History Hymenoptera
9104


Web of Life. http://www.web-of-life.es .
8681


Aubouin, L., Genoud, D., Givord-Coupeau, B. et al. BeeFunc, a comprehensive trait database for French bees. Sci Data 12, 1302 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05626-0
8670


University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Division of Insects
6600


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6329


Purdue Entomological Research Collection
6290


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6178


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5620


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5535


Clint Otto, Russ Bryant, and Ned H. Euliss Jr., 2020, The U.S. Geological Survey Pollinator Library Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DSS3VL
5316


University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Entomology Collection
4688


National Database Plant Pollinators. Center for Plant Conservation at San Diego Zoo Global. Accessed via https://saveplants.org/national-collection/pollinator-search/ on 2020-06-05.
4663


Seltmann, K., Van Wagner, J., Behm, R., Brown, Z., Tan, E., & Liu, K. (2020). BID: A project to share biotic interaction and ecological trait data about bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). UC Santa Barbara: Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g21k7bf
4284


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4176


Arizona State University Hasbrouck Insect Collection
3709


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3697


Maiorano, L., Montemaggiori, A., Ficetola, G.F., O’Connor, L. & Thuiller, W. (2020), Data from: Tetra-EU 1.0: a species-level trophic meta-web of European tetrapods, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jm63xsj7b hash://md5/40b3d2de829d5f6d98ab71b0b5aa87fd
3619


University of New Hampshire Donald S. Chandler Entomological Collection
3140


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3124


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3120


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2831


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2777


Giselle Muschett & Francisco E. Fontúrbel. 2021. A comprehensive catalogue of plant – pollinator interactions for Chile
2252


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2068


Sarah E. Miller. 07/06/2017. Information extracted from dataset https://www.idigbio.org/portal/recordsets/db4bb0df-8539-4617-ab5f-eb118aa3126b.
2038


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1884


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1815


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1812


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1766


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1654


Grundler MC (2020) SquamataBase: a natural history database and R package for comparative biology of snake feeding habits. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49943. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49943
1619


Brose, U. (2018). GlobAL daTabasE of traits and food Web Architecture (GATEWAy) version 1.0 [Data set]. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig. https://doi.org/10.25829/IDIV.283-3-756
1510


Florida State Collection of Arthropods
1502


Sarah E Miller. 6/19/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.
1431


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1351


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1091


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1057


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1057


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958


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945


Ed Baker; Ian J. Kitching; George W. Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker et al. (2016). Dataset: NHM Interactions Bank. Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk). https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767
873


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459


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437


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409


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296


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290


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263


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261


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248


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246


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230


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229


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204


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179


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169


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Faulwetter S, Markantonatou V, Pavloudi C, Papageorgiou N, Keklikoglou K, Chatzinikolaou E, Pafilis E, Chatzigeorgiou G, Vasileiadou K, Dailianis T, Fanini L, Koulouri P, Arvanitidis C (2014) Polytraits: A database on biological traits of marine polychaetes. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1024. doi:10.3897/BDJ.2.e1024 . Available at http://polytraits.lifewatchgreece.eu.
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48


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45


Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah
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Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2017. Species associations manually extracted from Benesh, D. P., Lafferty, K. D. and Kuris, A. (2017), A life cycle database for parasitic acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes. Ecology, 98: 882. doi:10.1002/ecy.1680
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Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Species interactions of species on the List of invasive alien species of Union concern
36


Sarah E Miller. 6/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.
34


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Sarah E Miller. 5/17/2016. Wenzel, Rupert L., and Vernon J. Tipton. Appendix: Classified List of Hosts and Parasites. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1966.
27


Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection
27


Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2016. Species associations extracted from Graystock, P., Blane, E.J., McFrederick, Q.S., Goulson, D. and Hughes, W.O., 2016. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5(1), pp.64-75.
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23


Sherman, Aja C.; Geiselman, Cullen; Simons, Nancy B.; Upham, Nathan S.; Poelen, Jorrit H.; Reeder, DeeAnn M.; Bertolino, Sandro; Groom, Quentin; Phelps, Kendra; Agosti, Donat; Willoughby, Anna R. In Preparation. Bat-Co-Roosting Database develop by the Biodiversity-related knowledge hub on COVID-19.
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Seltzer, Carrie; Wysocki, William; Palacios, Melissa; Eickhoff, Anna; Pilla, Hannah; Aungst, Jordan; Mercer, Aaron; Quicho, Jamie; Voss, Neil; Xu, Man; J. Ndangalasi, Henry; C. Lovett, Jon; J. Cordeiro, Norbert (2015): Plant-animal interactions from Africa. figshare. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1526128
19


Jakovos Demetriou and Quentin Groom 2014. Species associations of Sceliphron manually extracted from literature.
18


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17


Geiselman, Cullen K. & Sarah Younger. 2020. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batbase.org
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Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. (2023). SCAR Southern Ocean Diet and Energetics Database (2023-04-04) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7796465 hash://md5/e41e29d8fb3c2d731f292ec08798cf6b hash://md5/05abf23c0b9e5f4bc721ff407455af0a hash://sha256/7a344b858ab8d1daeca1da49843e8bf957f1116ff9e10a29176ab5c02cb49bef
14


Fabricia Sousa Paz, Carlos Eduardo Pinto, Rafael Melo de Brito, Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca, Tereza Cristina Giannini, Edible Fruit Plant Species in the Amazon Forest Rely Mostly on Bees and Beetles as Pollinators, Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 114, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 710–722, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa284
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Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology
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Lee, Leshon; Tan, David J. X.; Oboňa, Jozef; Gustafsson, Daniel R.; Ang, Yuchen; Meier, Rudolf (2021). Phoresy Records Appendix.xlsx. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12671711.v1
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C. Anela Choy, Steven H. D. Haddock, Bruce H. Robison. 2017. Deep pelagic food web structure as revealed by in situ feeding observations. Proc. R. Soc. B 2017 284 20172116; DOI:10.1098/rspb.2017.2116.
9


Sarah E Miller. 7/6/2016. Arctos collection.
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Põlme, S., Abarenkov, K., Henrik Nilsson, R. et al. FungalTraits: a user-friendly traits database of fungi and fungus-like stramenopiles. Fungal Diversity 105, 1–16 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2
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NEON Biorepository Portal at Arizona State University (ASU)
5


University of California Santa Barbara Herbarium
4


Sarah E Miller. 7/7/2016. Text gathered from Wirta, H.K., Vesterinen, E.J., Hambäck, P.A., Weingartner, E., Rasmussen, C., Reneerkens, J., Schmidt, N.M., Gilg, O. and Roslin, T., 2015. Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web. Ecology and evolution, 5(17), pp.3842-3856.
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Sarah E Miller. 5/28/2015. Arnaud, Paul Henri. A Host-parasite Catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, 1978.
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Sarah E Miller. 4/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from various papers and articles from site https://repository.si.edu
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Schriml, L. M., Arze, C., Nadendla, S., Ganapathy, A., Felix, V., Mahurkar, A., … Hall, N. (2009). GeMInA, Genomic Metadata for Infectious Agents, a geospatial surveillance pathogen database. Nucleic Acids Research, 38(Database), D754–D764. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp832
3


Sarah E Miller. 9/3/2015. Species associations manually extracted from JSTOR.
3


Sarah E Miller. 9/15/2016. Species associations extracted from http://parasiticplants.siu.edu/index.html.
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Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica de Ecuador - MAATE.
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Jorrit H. Poelen. 2017. Species interactions associated with known species interaction datasets.
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Strona, G., Palomares, M. L. D., Bailly, N., Galli, P., & Lafferty, K. D. (2013). Host range, host ecology, and distribution of more than 11 800 fish parasite species. Ecology, 94(2), 544–544. doi:10.1890/12-1419.1
2


Sarah E. Miller. 04/14/2015. Extracted from literature Scott, J.A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
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Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Bat interation data manually extracted from literature.
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Paleo Digitization Working Group. Biological associations extracted from fossil specimens.
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2


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Carnegie Invertebrate Zoology Collection
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Zeke Marshall. 2021. Species interactions manually extracted from literature.
1


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Vanderweyen A, Fraiture A, Groom Q, Desmet P, Reyserhove L (2019). Catalogue of the Rust Fungi of Belgium. Botanic Garden Meise.
1


Sarah E Miller. 5/21/2015. Text gathered from http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
1


Sarah E Miller. 3/4/2015. Species associations manually extracted from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2009.00907.x/suppinfo.
1


HiveTracks WorldFAIR Test Data.
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1


Camargo-Sanabria, A.A., Fernández, J.A., Hernández-Quiroz, N.S., Buitrago-Torres, D.L. and Álvarez-Córdova, F. (2025), Ecological Interactions of Terrestrial Mammals in the Chihuahuan Desert: A Systematic Map. Mam Rev e70001. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70001
1


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1




 

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Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: DBI:2102006, DBI:2101929, DBI:2101908, DBI:2101876, DBI:2101875, DBI:2101851, DBI:2101345, DBI:2101913, DBI:2101891 and DBI:2101850