DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r7sqv9spc
title: Patterns of change in floral color and odor of Lonicera calcarata are in relation to pollinator behavior

description: Floral color and odor serve as attractants for pollinators. It remains
 unclear how changes in these traits in color-change species interact with
 pollinators and impact plants’ reproductive success. Lonicera calcarata
 flowers change from white (night 1, day 1) through yellow and orange
 (night 2, day 2) to orange-red (night 3, day 3). Our research showed that
 floral characters, stigma activity, nectar production and floral spectral
 reflectance decreased through flowering phases. Floral odor mainly
 comprised fatty acids, aldehydes, monoterpenes and alcohols, especially
 n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanal and 3-carene. Total response intensity of
 floral odor was significantly higher on nights 1 and 3 than in other
 flowering phases, largely due to presence of fatty acids. The emission of
 n-hexadecanoic acid was higher on nights 1 and 3 compared to other phases,
 while hexadecanal emission remained constant throughout the flowering
 stages. The emission of 3-carene was highest on night 1. L. calcarata was
 mainly pollinated by the moth Chorodna strixaria, the butterfly Acosmeryx
 naga and three bumblebees (Bombus melanurus, B. eximius, B. sonani) and
 they all preferred to visit white (younger) flowers. Moths had a
 preference for 3-carene and no significant preference for n-hexadecanoic
 acid and hexadecanal. Seed sets of nocturnal pollination and control
 treatments were not significantly different. L. calcarata could produce
 seeds by self-pollination, and cross-pollination significantly increased
 seed set. Floral color guides pollinators to visit younger flowers with
 more floral rewards and higher stigma activity. Different chemical
 compounds in floral odor may not only attract pollinators but also avoid
 herbivore damage.
description: All these data were collected in the field population in Yunnan
 province and analyzed in the lab.
description: # Patterns of change in floral color and odor of Lonicera calcarata are in
 relation to pollinator behavior This README file was generated on 2025-3-6
 by Xiaoyue Wang. GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of Dataset: Patterns of
 change in floral color and odor of *Lonicera calcarata* are in relation to
 pollinator behavior 2. Author Information A. Principal Investigator
 Contact Information Name: Xiaoyue Wang Institution: Guizhou Normal
 University Address: Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China Email:
 [Wang.xiaoyue1989@163.com](mailto:Wang.xiaoyue1989@163.com) B. Associate
 or Co-investigator Contact Information Name:Shunyu Wang Institution:
 Guizhou Normal University Address: Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
 Email:[shunyu_wang1@126.com](mailto:shunyu_wang1@126.com) Name: Yang Li
 Institution: Guizhou Normal University Address: Guiyang, Guizhou Province,
 China Email: [liyang__2001@163.com](mailto:liyang__2001@163.com) Name: Xin
 Li Institution:Guizhou Normal University Address: Guiyang, Guizhou
 Province, China Email: [2298732879@qq.com](mailto:2298732879@qq.com) Name:
 Quanxiu Fan Institution: Guizhou Normal University Address: Guiyang,
 Guizhou Province, China Email:
 [2027879142@qq.com](mailto:2027879142@qq.com) Name: Yin Yi Institution:
 Guizhou Normal University Address: Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China Email:
 [gzklppdr@gznu.edu.cn](mailto:gzklppdr@gznu.edu.cn) Name: Xiaoxin Tang
 Institution: Guizhou Normal University Address: Guiyang, Guizhou Province,
 China Email:
 [tangxiaoxin@mail.gznu.edu.cn](mailto:tangxiaoxin@mail.gznu.edu.cn) 3.
 Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): 2022-2024
 4. Geographic location of data collection: Malipo county, Yunnan province,
 China. 5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection
 of the data: This research was funded by National Natural Science
 Foundation of China (number 32360262; 31901208), Guizhou Provincial
 Program on Commercialization of Scientific and Technological Achievements
 (number [2022] 010); Water-Fertilizer Coupling and Biodiversity
 Restoration in Karst Rocky Desertification (number QianJiaoJi [2023] 004);
 Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Alpine Rhododendron
 Diseases and Pests of Institutions of Higher Learning in Guizhou Province
 (number [2022] 044). SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1. Licenses/restrictions
 placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain 2. Links to
 publications that cite or use the data: Wang, Xiaoyue et al. (Forthcoming
 2025). Patterns of change in floral color and odor of *Lonicera calcarata*
 are in relation to pollinator behavior. Journal of Systematics and
 Evolution. 3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data:
 None 4. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None 5. Was data
 derived from another source? No A. If yes, list source(s): NA DATA &
 FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: 1_floral_traits_of_Lonicera_calcarata\_
 2_stigma_activity 3_nectar_traits 4_spectral_reflectance_of_flowers
 5_floral_odor 6_Y-tube_olfactometer_tests 7_visit_rate
 8_pollination_treatments 2. Relationship between files, if important: None
 3. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current
 data package: None 4. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? No A. If
 yes, name of file(s) that was updated: NA i. Why was the file updated? NA
 ii. When was the file updated? NA
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 1_floral_traits_of_Lonicera_calcarata\_
 these data was used to compare the compare morphological characters among
 white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. 1. Number of
 variables: 17 2. Number of cases/rows: 180 3. Variable List: * Upper lip
 length (mm): the upper lip length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers
 of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Upper lip width (mm): the upper lip width of
 white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Lower lip
 length (mm): the lower lip length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers
 of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Lower lip width (mm): the lower lip width of
 white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Opening
 length (mm): the opening length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers of
 *Lonicera calcarata*. * Opening diameter (mm): the opening diameter of
 white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Tube
 length (mm): the tube length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers of
 *Lonicera calcarata*. * Tube diameter (mm): the tube diameter of white,
 yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Spur length (mm):
 the spur length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera
 calcarata*. * Spur diameter (mm): the spur diameter of white, yellow and
 orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Pistil length (mm): the
 pistil length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera
 calcarata*. * Stigma thickness (mm): the stigma thickness of white, yellow
 and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Stigma length (mm): the
 stigma length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera
 calcarata*. * Stamen length (mm): the stamen length of white, yellow and
 orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Anther length (mm): the
 anther length of white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera
 calcarata*. * Anther width (mm): the anther width of white, yellow and
 orange-red flowers of *Lonicera calcarata*. * Anther thickness (mm): the
 anther thickness of white, yellow and orange-red flowers of *Lonicera
 calcarata*. * flower color: white, yellow and orange-red flowers of
 *Lonicera calcarata*. 4. Missing data codes: None 5. Specialized formats
 or other abbreviations used: None
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 2_stigma_activity.csv these data was used
 to compare the temporal patterns of stigma activity of *Lonicera
 calcarata*. 1. Number of variables: 2 2. Number of cases/rows: 90 3.
 Variable List: * the number of bubbles: the number of bubbles on the
 stigma indicating the stigma activity. * flowering phases: night 1, day 1,
 night 2, day 2, night 3 and day 3. 4. Missing data codes: None 5.
 Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 3_nectar_traits.csv These are the data used
 to compare the temporal patterns of nectar availability of *Lonicera
 calcarata*. 1. Number of variables: 3 2. Number of cases/rows: 115 3.
 Variable List: * nectar standing crop (mL): the nectar standing crop of
 *Lonicera calcarata*. * sugar concentration (%): the nectar sugar
 concentration of *Lonicera calcarata*. * flowering stages: night 1, day 1,
 night 2, day 2, night 3 and day 3. 4. Missing data codes: None 5.
 Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None.
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 4_spectral_reflectance_of_flowers.csv these
 data the corolla color change of *Lonicera calcarata* during night 1, day
 1 night 2, day 2, night 3 and day 3. 1. Number of variables: 8 2. Number
 of cases/rows: 926 3. Variable List: * wavelength (nm): the wavelength of
 spectral reflectance. * Night 1: the spectral reflectance (%) of the
 floral odor sample at night 1. * Day 1: the spectral reflectance (%) of
 the floral odor sample at day 1. * Day 2: the spectral reflectance (%) of
 the floral odor sample at day 2. * Night 2: the spectral reflectance (%)
 of the floral odor sample at night 2. * Night 3: the spectral reflectance
 (%) of the floral odor sample at night 3. * Day 3: the spectral
 reflectance (%) of the floral odor sample at day 3. * Stigma : the
 spectral reflectance (%) of the floral odor sample of stigma. 4. Missing
 data codes: None 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 5_floral_odor.csv the data characterize
 floral scent composition and content of *Lonicera calcarata* on night 1,
 day 1, night 2, day 2, night 3 and day 3 of flowering. 1. Number of
 variables: 22 2. Number of cases/rows: 42 3. Variable List: * chemical
 compounds: the chemical compounds in floral odor of *Lonicera calcarata*.
 * night 1-1: the first sample of floral odor at night 1. * night 1-2: the
 secondary sample of floral odor at night 1. * night 1-3: the third sample
 of floral odor at night 1. * day 1-1: the first sample of floral odor at
 day 1. * day 1-2: the secondary sample of floral odor at day 1. * day 1-3:
 the third sample of floral odor at day 1. * day 1-4: the fourth sample of
 floral odor at day 1. * night 2-1: the first sample of floral odor at
 night 2. * night 2-2: the secondary sample of floral odor at night 2. *
 night 2-3: the third sample of floral odor at night 2. * night 2-4: the
 fourth sample of floral odor at night 2. * day 2-1: the first sample of
 floral odor at day 2. * day 2-2: the secondary sample of floral odor at
 day 2. * day 2-3: the third sample of floral odor at day 2. * day 2-4: the
 fourth sample of floral odor at day 2. * night 3-1: the first sample of
 floral odor at night 3. * night 3-2: the secondary sample of floral odor
 at night 3. * night 3-3: the third sample of floral odor at night 3. * day
 3-1: the first sample of floral odor at day 3. * day 3-2: the secondary
 sample of floral odor at day 3. * day 3-3: the third sample of floral odor
 at day 3. 4. Missing data codes: None 5. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: None
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 6_Y-tube_olfactometer_tests.csv The data
 examine whether the nocturnal pollinators of *Lonicera calcarata* have a
 preference for the main floral scent component. 1. Number of variables: 4
 2. Number of cases/rows: 3 3. Variable List: * chemicals of main floral
 odor: the chemicals of main floral odor including 3-carene, n-hexadecanoic
 acid and hexadecanal. * number of moths flying to treated end: the number
 of moths flying to treated end in the Y-tube olfactometer tests. * number
 of moths flying to control end: the number of moths flying to control end
 in the Y-tube olfactometer tests. * no choice: the number of moths making
 no choices in the Y-tube olfactometer tests. 4. Missing data codes: None
 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 7_visit_rate.csv the data showed the visit
 rates of different visitors and probability of pre-change/post-change
 flowers being visited by different visitors. 1. Number of variables: 12 2.
 Number of cases/rows: 277 3. Variable List: * visit rates: the visit rates
 of different visitors * visitor types: *Aporia agathon; Chorodna
 strixaria; B. eximuius; B. melanurus; B. sonani*. * probability of flower
 being visited by *Aporia agathon*: the probability of flower being visited
 by *Aporia agathon*. * flower types: pre-change flowers and post-change
 flowers. * probability of flower being visited by *Bombus melanurus*: the
 probability of flower being visited by *Bombus melanurus*. * flower types:
 pre-change flowers and post-change flowers. * probability of flower being
 visited by *B. sonani*: the probability of flower being visited by *B.
 sonani*. * flower types : pre-change flowers and post-change flowers. *
 probability of flower being visited by *Chorodna strixaria*: the
 probability of flower being visited by *Chorodna strixaria*. * flower
 types: pre-change flowers and post-change flowers. 4. Missing data codes:
 None 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
 \#########################################################################
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 8_pollination_treatments.csv the data
 showed the relative pollination contribution of diurnal and nocturnal
 pollinators of *Lonicera calcarata* and test the plant’s reproductive
 system. 1. Number of variables: 3 2. Number of cases/rows: 232 3. Variable
 List: * the number of fertilized seeds: the number of fertilized seeds in
 the pollination treatments. * the total number of fertilized and
 unfertilized ovules: the number of fertilized and unfertilized seeds in
 the pollination treatments. * treatments: the pollination treatments
 including control, diurnal, nocturnal pollination treatment,
 cross-pollination, self-pollination, bagged and apomixis pollination
 treatments. 4. Missing data codes: None 5. Specialized formats or other
 abbreviations used: None