cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.o13ugj
title: Quantitative Validation of NASA ARIA Damage Proxy Maps for Detection of Ground Displacement from Surface Fault Rupture

description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Advanced Rapid Imaging Analysis Damage Proxy Maps (DPMs) are developed by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA JPL) to identify potentially damaged areas based on interferometric coherence loss in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. DPMs gather data from the Sentinal-1 satellite approximately every 12 days, meaning that results can generally be provided within 1-2 weeks of an event. Although DPMs have been qualitatively validated as being able to detect surface effects of earthquakes, quantitative validations of their ability to differentiate damaged from undamaged areas and different types and levels of surface effects are lacking. We propose a framework for quantitative validation and apply it to surface fault rupture data from the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake sequence. The quantitative analyses take two forms: (1) the statistical distribution of a DPM index (I_DPM) for different fault displacement ranges in the form of box and whisker plots, and (2) empirical fragility functions that relate I_DPM to probabilities of displacements exceeding certain thresholds. These relationships are developed for DPM1 (derived from one pre-event pair and one co-event pair of SAR images) and DPM2 (derived from multiple pre-event and co-event pairs of SAR images). We show that both DPM types perform similarly well for distinguishing between no surface displacement and some surface displacement. The predictive power of I_DPM metrics, as measured by a dispersion term in the fragility model, shows the best performance for low threshold displacements and DPM2-based indices. Recall and precision error metrics show favorable performance of fragility models for identifying locations of fault displacement, but increasing rates of false positives as fault displacement increases. These results demonstrate both the capabilities and limitations of I_DPM as a rapid, post-event predictive tool for identifying locations and severity of ground displacements in environments similar to those in the Ridgecrest area (flat terrain, limited vegetation).
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.fv1jgr
title: Statistical Analysis of PAHs as a Tracer of Anomalous Microwave Emission Using DIRBE Data

description: We use archival data from the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) to map the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 3.3 µm emission feature and analyze its correlation with AME in 98 compact sources identified by the Planck collaboration. We find that while FIR thermal dust emission continues to be a better tracer of AME in most of the considered regions, 17% of the AME sources are better correlated with emission from small PAHs as traced by DIRBE. Furthermore, of the 27 sources which were identified as highly significant AME detections in the Planck analysis, 37% prefer PAHs as an AME tracer. Further work is required to understand to what extent local interstellar conditions are affecting PAH emission mechanisms and to reveal the underlying carriers of AME.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.ii4tkk
title: CMB-S4: Foreground-Cleaning Pipeline Comparison for Measuring Primordial Gravitational Waves

description: We compare multiple foreground cleaning pipelines for estimating the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, using simulated maps of the planned CMB-S4 experiment within the context of the South Pole Deep Patch. To evaluate robustness, we analyze bias and uncertainty on r across various foreground suites using map-based simulations. The foreground cleaning methods include: a parametric maximum likelihood approach applied to auto- and cross-power spectra between frequency maps, a map-based parametric maximum likelihood method, and a harmonic-space internal linear combination using frequency maps. We summarize the conceptual basis of each method to highlight their similarities and differences. To better probe the impact of foreground residuals, we implement an iterative internal delensing step, leveraging a map-based pipeline to generate a lensing B-mode template from the Large Aperture Telescope frequency maps. Our results show that the performance of the three approaches is comparable for simple and intermediate-complexity foregrounds. However, biases at the 1 − 2σ level appear when analyzing more complex foreground emissions. By extending the baseline pipelines to marginalize over foreground residuals, we demonstrate that contamination can be reduced to within statistical uncertainties, albeit with a pipeline-dependent impact on σ(r). At these extremely low noise levels, consistency of results across multiple foreground cleaning pipelines must be demonstrated to ensure robustness of detections.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.34bky7
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 9 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Lepidium virginicum",
 "Country is Greece",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 9 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0011236-250914085247600/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.qwj9qc
title: Brightest Group Galaxies in COSMOS-Web: Evolution of the Size–Mass Relation Since z = 3.7

description: We present the first comprehensive study of the structural evolution of Brightest Group Galaxies (BGGs) from redshift z ≃0.08 to z = 3.7 using the James Webb Space Telescope’s 255-hour COSMOS-Web program. This survey provides deep NIRCam imaging in four filters (F115W, F150W, F277W, F444W) in∼0.54 deg2, allowing robust size and morphological measurements for∼1700 BGGs spanning∼12 Gyr of cosmic history. High-resolution imaging enables consistent measurement of galaxy sizes in the rest-frame optical (red to near-infrared;∼6000–8000 Å) across cosmic time through redshift-dependent filter selection. We classify BGGs as star-forming and quiescent using both rest-frame NUV–r–J colors and redshift-dependent specific star formation rate (sSFR) thresholds. Our structural analysis reveals: (1) quiescent BGGs are systematically more compact than their star-forming counterparts across all redshifts, exhibiting steeper size–mass slopes (αQG∼0.6–1.2 vs. αSF∼0.0–0.3); (2) the eﬀective radius evolves as Re ∝(1 + z)−α, with α = 0.96 ±0.07 for star-forming BGGs and α = 1.24 ±0.09 for quiescent BGGs, indicating stronger size growth in quenched systems; the corresponding growth factor at fixed stellar mass (log M∗ = 10.7) from z = 3.7 to z = 0.08 is ∼4.4 for star-forming and∼6.6 for quiescent BGGs; (4) the intrinsic scatter in the size–mass relation increases toward higher redshift for both populations, reaching∼0.3–0.4 dex at z &gt; 2, reflecting greater structural diversity in the early universe. Compared to field galaxies, BGGs show systematically smaller sizes at fixed stellar mass, particularly among quiescent systems, highlighting environmental eﬀects on galaxy structure. We further compare the evolution of quiescent fraction, Sérsic index, and ellipticity with field galaxies, finding consistent trends that reinforce our main conclusions. These results establish the foundation for understanding how group-scale environments shape the structural evolution of central galaxies and provide crucial constraints for models of galaxy formation in intermediate-mass dark matter halos
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.ziwtgl
title: Resource Monitoring from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory Missions

description: For more than ten years, NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) missions have been observing the health of our nation’s natural and agricultural resources in two ways: first, as planned, through the observation of atmospheric carbon dioxide; and second, unexpectedly, by observing a faint signal directly related to plant photosynthesis. Together, the two OCO retrievals—atmospheric CO2 and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF)—substantially enhance the program’s scientific and operational worth. Continuous tracking of vegetation dynamics is critical for food security, ecosystem resilience, and economic stability, and it helps decision-makers anticipate and limit the impacts of wildfires, drought, and other extremes. Long-term, spatially resolved information on plant activity across diverse climates and management regimes is critical for sound resource stewardship. Photosynthesis—the planet’s primary biological engine—feeds most terrestrial life and removes about three gigatonnes of carbon from the atmosphere each year (Friedlingstein et al., 2025). The more precisely we can monitor its efficiency under human and climatic pressures, the better we can help guide adaptive crop, livestock, and forest management strategies. Despite these benefits, the Orbiting Carbon Observatory missions are amongst numerous NASA Earth Science missions proposed for termination in NASA’s FY2026 President’s Budget Request (https://www.nasa.gov/fy-2026-budget-request/). In the discussion that follows, we outline how OCO-2 and OCO-3 SIF data already support crop-yield forecasting, drought early warning, forest and rangeland management, and why keeping these satellites operational is essential for U.S. agriculture, national interests, and global food security.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.aqhilh
title: Worldwide detection of plastic from space with the EMIT imaging spectrometer

description: Since 1970, increased plastic use and waste mismanagement have contributed to environmental pollution leading to the proliferation microplastics and ocean contamination. Tackling this issue at its source requires assessing where plastics are located on land, and identifying which of those locations are sources contributing to ocean contamination. Using observations from the NASA’s Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT), we present continental-scale maps highlighting PVC and HDPE plastic hotspots, providing the basis for actionable monitoring of these plastics and the agricultural dependence.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.0uye8p
title: ITS_LIVE global glacier velocity data in near real time

description: Glaciers and ice sheets cover some 15 million square kilometres of the Earth’s surface, shaping continental landscapes and modifying climate on a global scale. Recent decades of atmospheric and oceanic warming have induced rapid glacier loss worldwide that has caused sea level rise, flooding, changes to Earth’s overall energy balance and changes in water resources. Accounting for the total impact of glacier change requires observations on a global scale, and planning for future change will require improved understanding of the physical controls that govern glacier change. One key factor that dictates glacier and ice sheet loss is changes in rates of ice flow, the physics of which remain poorly constrained. Our physical understanding of ice flow can be advanced with high resolution monitoring of glacier flow, in near real time. Automated tracking of glacier flow from space became possible with the launch of Landsat 4 in 1982. Since then, an increasing number of optical and radar satellite sensors have now provided a full decade of year-round, global data coverage. This recent plethora of data has introduced new challenges for efficiently processing such large and myriad data streams, in a standardized manner, with low latency. Here we present the NASA MEaSUREs Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation (ITS_LIVE) global glacier velocity dataset, which is freely available to the public and is currently on major release version 2.0. ITS_LIVE has computed surface velocities using every, excluding those with high cloud cover, available image from Landsat 4 through 9 and Sentinel 1 & 2, creating a global glacier velocity record of over 36 million image pairs dating back to 1982. The ITS_LIVE processing chain automatically performs feature tracking on more than 20,000 image pairs per day, within minutes of image availability, and will soon include data from Sentinel 1C and NISAR satellites. This paper describes the ITS_LIVE processing chain and provides guidance for working with the cloud-optimized velocity data it produces. All ITS_LIVE velocity data can now be accessed freely, without login credentials or any other barriers, through https://its-live.jpl.nasa.gov/.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.cizswe
title: Prediction of Ambient PM2.5 Chemical Components in Southern California Using Machine Learning

description: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) poses major public health and environmental risks, but understanding the toxicity of its components remains limited due to sparse chemical speciation data. This study applies machine learning (XGBoost) to predict key PM2.5 components (organic carbon, elemental carbon, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, and metals) using readily available predictors, including total PM2.5 mass concentrations, meteorological data, trace gas measurements, and records of exceptional events (e.g., wildfires, fireworks). Drawing on a decade of observations from two Southern California monitoring sites (Los Angeles and Rubidoux), the models demonstrate strong predictive performance for key components, including nitrate, ammonium, and organic carbon. Total PM2.5 concentration, relative humidity, and boundary layer height emerged as important predictors. This approach has potential applications in informing satellite remote sensing missions, improving chemical transport models, and providing cost-effective estimates of PM2.5 chemical components during sampling gaps and in regions lacking frequent monitoring. Further research is needed to extend applicability across varied geographic and climatic settings.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.vxmooe
title: A Hot Jupiter with a Retrograde Orbit around a Sun-like Star and a Toy Model of Hot Jupiters in Wide Binary Star Systems

description: We report an observation of a transit of the hot Jupiter (HJ) KELT-23A b with the Keck Planet Finder spectrograph and a measurement of the sky-projected obliquity (λ) of its Sun-like (Teff ≈ 5900 K) host star. We measured a projected stellar obliquity of λ ≈ 180◦ , indicating that the orbit of the HJ is retrograde relative to the direction of the stellar spin. Due to the slow sky-projected rotational velocity of the host star (v sin i⋆ ≈ 0.5 km s−1 ), the true orbit of the HJ could be closer to polar. HJs around stars with effective temperatures below the Kraft break – such as KELT-23A – are generally found to have prograde orbits that are well-aligned with the equatorial planes of their host stars (i.e., λ ∼ 0 ◦ ), most likely due to spin-orbit realignment driven by stellar tidal dissipation. This system is therefore a unique outlier that strains migration and tidal theories. The fact that the HJ has a highly misaligned orbit may suggest that the planet arrived at its close-in orbit relatively recently, possibly via interactions with the wide-separation (570 AU) M-dwarf companion in the system, or that it has stalled near an antialigned or polar orientation while realigning. Using Gaia DR3, we determined the orbit of the stellar companion to be moderately face-on (γ = 60 ± 4 ◦ ). We show that the distribution of observed systems in the γ − λ plane can be broadly reproduced using a toy model in which the orbits of the planetary and stellar companions begin aligned with the equatorial plane of the primary star and, upon migrating inwards, the planet preferentially obtains either an aligned or polar orbit.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.usdlxp
title: Infrared-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the Kepler Fields

description: We utilized the Edelson & Malkan (2012) and Stern et al. (2012) selection techniques and other methods to identify AGN candidates that were monitored during the Kepler prime and K2 missions. Subsequent to those observations, we obtained 125 long-slit optical spectra with the Lick 3-m telescope, 58 spectra with the Palomar 5-m telescope, and three with the Keck 10-m telescope to test these identifications. Of these 186 AGN candidates, 105 were confirmed as Type 1 AGN and 35 as Type 2 AGN, while the remaining 46 were found to have other identifications (e.g., stars and normal galaxies). This indicated an overall reliability of ∼75%, while the two main methods had much higher reliability, 87%-96%. The spectra indicated redshifts out to z = 3.4. Then, we examined the AGN sample properties through the Baldwin, Phillips & Terlevich diagram and compared the AGN’s spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with those from the literature. We found that our sample yielded the same AGN population as those identified through other methods, such as optical spectroscopy.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.kv5xxk
title: The Diurnal Susceptibility of Subtropical Clouds to Aerosols

description: The influence of boundary-layer aerosols on low-level clouds is studied in the context of the transition from subtropical stratocumulus to cumulus cloud regimes. Specifically, a six-day evolution of an air mass originating from the region off the coast of Peru and propagating towards the equator along an observed 3800-km-long trajectory is investigated using large-eddy simulation. Pristine and polluted scenarios are simulated along the trajectory with forcing imposed from weather reanalysis. The focus is on estimating the diurnal susceptibility of cloud properties and cloud albedo to cloud droplet number concentration. Overall, the polluted scenario undergoes significantly stronger diurnal changes of the cloud water path, cloud fraction, and albedo, with much larger entrainment rates and a delayed cloud breakup as compared to the pristine scenario. The cloud water path and cloud fraction adjustments (or sensitivity to number concentration) tend to be negative during the afternoon and positive overnight into the early morning. The diurnal cycle of the cloud adjustments is driven by the competition between precipitation suppression and entertainment drying where the positive adjustments are dominant at night into the morning and the negative adjustments dominate in the afternoon hours. This diurnal pattern results from a significant enhancement of the cloud top entrainment and deepening of the boundary layer in the polluted scenarios, which leads to a dryer more decoupled boundary layer that cannot be sustained by surface fluxes through the afternoon. The enhanced entrainment in the polluted scenario is mediated by the sedimentation of both cloud and precipitation water out of the cloud top entrainment zone. The diurnal average albedo response is dominated by the Twomey effect, while a diurnal variation in the sign of the cloud adjustments leads to a near neutral effect on the average albedo.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.yhrcfd
title: Gaussian Process Sequential Filtering for Small Body SLAM with Silhouette-Based Measurements

description: A Gaussian Process Sequential Filter (GPSF) is developed for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). The small bodies are modeled using a Gaussian Process (GP), where multiple basis nodes and radii are used to predict the entire shape, greatly reducing computation time for onboard, autonomous implementation. The GPSF processes silhouette-based measurements and associates the data to the estimated GP model. The GPSF simultaneously estimates the body’s shape, orientation, and spin, along with the spacecraft’s relative position and velocity. The formulation of the GPSF is provided, including the root-solved analytic partials, measurement underweighting techniques, and covariance inflation methods. The performance of the GPSF is highlighted with a Monte Carlo study about multiple small bodies, including Lutetia, Eros, Toutatis, and Bennu.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.kh0jyi
title: Mineralogically Diverse and Salt-rich Regolith in Jezero Crater Characterized using X-ray Spectroscopy

description: The Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) onboard the Perseverance rover has characterized the composition of Martian regolith at a scale of hundreds of microns using micro-focus X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. PIXL data reveal a diverse population of regolith grains with distinct spectral, chemical, and crystallographic properties, through which we identified the mineralogy of individual regolith components. Olivine, phyllosilicate, carbonate-bearing phases, Cr-Ti-spinel, plagioclase, and Fe-sulfate are all inferred from the data, and potential local and regional bedrock sources are proposed for each. PIXL also inspected dust and soil components, which are found to be geochemically similar to analogous components characterized elsewhere by preceding missions. Unlike other sites, regolith on the western fan front of Jezero crater contains fewer sulfates, but is highly enriched in Cl (up to 2.0 ± 0.5 wt. %), which likely includes chlorides, chlorates, and/or perchlorates. PIXL also finds evidence of hydration in the regolith, potentially carried by salts, as interstitial water, and/or in adsorbed phases. PIXL’s observations of diverse amorphous and crystalline components, multiple styles of aqueous alteration, and enrichments of brine-forming salts provide exciting new justification for the return of a Martian regolith sample to Earth for further study.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17144001
title: Monthly Number of Grants and Funding Amount per PI from US Federal Funding Agencies (2008-2020)

description: The raw data collected for this study contains descriptive metadata about grant awards from seven federal agencies from 2008 through 2020 and was collected through the Federal RePORTER database. The data was collected in February 2021 just prior to the retirement of the platform in March 2021. The agencies for which funding data was collected include the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of Education (ED), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Health and Human Services (HHS), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Veterans Association (VA). Within the grant data for HHS are research projects funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).This dataset includes a total of 1,251,492 grants. Some federal agencies did not have complete data reported in Federal RePORTER to cover the whole period. To complete the dataset, archived award data from each agency’s individual public access portals were collected where accessible. Supplemental data was deemed appropriate for use if it included at a minimum the PI name(s), institution, grant starting and ending years, and award amount.