cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7n0
title: Comparative analysis of helminth infectivity: growth in intermediate hosts increases establishment rates in the next host

description: Parasitic worms (i.e. helminths) commonly infect multiple hosts in
 succession before reproducing. At each life cycle step, worms may fail to
 infect the next host, and this risk accumulates as life cycles include
 more successive hosts. Risk accumulation can be minimized by having high
 establishment success in the next host, but comparisons of establishment
 probabilities across parasite life stages are lacking. We compiled
 recovery rates (i.e. the proportion of parasites recovered from an
 administered dose) from experimental infections with acanthocephalans,
 cestodes, and nematodes. Our data covered 127 helminth species and 16,913
 exposed hosts. Recovery rates increased with life cycle progression (11,
 29, and 46% in first, second, and third hosts, respectively), because
 larger worm larvae had higher recovery, both within and across life
 stages. Recovery declined in bigger hosts but less than it increased with
 worm size. Higher doses were used in systems with lower recovery,
 suggesting that high doses are chosen when few worms are expected to
 establish infection. Our results indicate that growing in the small and
 short-lived hosts at the start of a complex life cycle, though dangerous,
 may substantially improve parasites’ chances of completing their life
 cycles.
description: We compiled data on helminth infectivity from literature sources.
 Specifically, we recorded parasite recovery rates from experimental
 infections (i.e. the number of worms recovered / the number of worms
 administered). Characteristics of each host-parasite system, such as
 larval worm size and host mass, were obtained from other databases. More
 details on how data were compiled, processed, and analysed can be found in
 our manuscript (Froelick et al. 2021. Comparative analysis of helminth
 infectivity: growth in intermediate hosts increases establishment rates in
 the next host. Proceedings B), in the metadata associated with the data
 files, and in this GitHub repository:
 https://github.com/dbenesh82/comparative_helminth_infectivity.
description: Helminth recovery rates are in two csvs
 ("<strong>recovery_rates_infection_level.csv</strong>" and "<strong>recovery_rates_condition_level.csv</strong>"). The first file contains recovery rates at the individual host level whenever possible, whereas the second file summarizes recovery rates at the condition level. In the latter case, individual hosts exposed under the same experimental conditions (i.e. same dose and time of dissection) were pooled to make recovery rates more comparable across studies. Taxonomic biases were explored by calculating the proportion of family-level species diversity included in our data. These proportions are in "<strong>taxonomic_representation.csv</strong>". Column names in all csv files are described in the accompanying <strong>metadata </strong>files. Finally, the phylogeny used for analyses has also been included ("<strong>parasite_tree.nex</strong>").
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8gtht76p1
title: Supplementary code for: Polygenic local adaptation in metapopulations: a stochastic eco-evolutionary model

description: This paper analyzes the conditions for local adaptation in a
 metapopulation with infinitely many islands under a model of hard
 selection, where population size depends on local fitness. Each island
 belongs to one of two distinct ecological niches or habitats. Fitness is
 influenced by an additive trait which is under habitat-dependent
 directional selection. Our analysis is based on the diffusion
 approximation and  accounts for both genetic drift and
 demographic stochasticity. By neglecting linkage disequilibria, it yields
 the joint distribution of allele frequencies and population size on each
 island. We find that under hard selection, the conditions for local
 adaptation in a rare habitat are more restrictive for more polygenic
 traits: even moderate migration load per locus at very many loci is
 sufficient for population sizes to decline. This further reduces the
 efficacy of selection at individual loci due to increased drift and
 because smaller populations are more prone to swamping due to migration,
 causing a positive feedback between increasing maladaptation and declining
 population sizes. Our analysis also highlights the importance of
 demographic stochasticity, which  exacerbates the decline in
 numbers of maladapted populations, leading to population collapse
 in the rare habitat at significantly lower migration than predicted by
 deterministic arguments.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cfxpnvx4k
title: Convex hull estimation of mammalian body segment parameters

description: Obtaining accurate values for body segment parameters (BSPs) is
 fundamental in many biomechanical studies, particularly for gait analysis.
 Convex hulling, where the smallest-possible convex object that surrounds a
 set of points is calculated, has been suggested as an effective and
 time-efficient method to estimate these parameters in extinct animals,
 where soft tissues are rarely preserved. We investigated the effectiveness
 of convex hull BSP estimation in a range of extant mammals, to inform the
 potential future usage of this technique with extinct taxa. Computed
 tomography scans of both the skeleton and skin of every species
 investigated were virtually segmented. BSPs (the mass, position of the
 centre of mass and inertial tensors of each segment) were calculated from
 the resultant soft tissue segments, while the bone segments were used as
 the basis for convex hull reconstructions. We performed phylogenetic
 generalised least squares and ordinary least squares regressions to
 compare the BSPs calculated from soft tissue segments with those estimated
 using convex hulls, finding consistent predictive relationships for each
 body segment. The resultant regression equations can therefore be used
 with confidence in future volumetric reconstruction and biomechanical
 analyses of mammals, in both extinct and extant species where such data
 may not be available.
description: A dataset of 35 extant mammal species was collected. Each
 specimen was CT-scanned, before each scan was processed and segmented in
 both skin and skeletal forms. These skeletal segments were used to
 calculate convex hulls surrounding all points on the segment. Body segment
 parameters (mass, centre of mass and inertial properties) were calculated
 for each skin and convex hull segment using GaitSym. Regressions were
 subsequently performed for each segment-BSP combination, to produce
 predictive equations converting BSP values estimated using convex hulls to
 those values calculated from skin segments. 
description: A ReadMe file is included.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6wwpzgmxw
title: Dataset, posterior summaries and posterior samples for quantifying fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence in European shags

description: This dataset is associated with the manuscript Episodes of opposing
 survival and reproductive selection cause strong fluctuating selection on
 seasonal migration versus residence. Quantifying temporal
 variation in sex-specific selection on key ecologically relevant traits,
 and quantifying how such variation arises through synergistic or opposing
 components of survival and reproductive selection, is central to
 understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics but rarely achieved. Seasonal
 migration versus residence is one key trait that directly shapes
 spatio-seasonal population dynamics in spatially- and temporally-varying
 environments, but temporal dynamics of sex-specific selection have not
 been fully quantified. We fitted multi-event capture-recapture models to
 year-round ring resightings and breeding success data from
 partially-migratory European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to quantify
 temporal variation in annual sex-specific selection on seasonal migration
 versus residence arising through adult survival, reproduction, and the
 combination of both (i.e. annual fitness). We demonstrate episodes of
 strong, and strongly fluctuating, selection through annual fitness that
 were broadly synchronised across females and males. These overall
 fluctuations arose because strong reproductive selection against migration
 in several years contrasted with strong survival selection against
 residence in years with extreme climatic events. These results indicate
 how substantial phenotypic and genetic variation in migration versus
 residence could be maintained, and highlight that biologically important
 fluctuations in selection may not be detected unless both survival
 selection and reproductive selection are appropriately quantified and
 combined.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbrzt
title: Juvenile survival of a burned forest specialist in response to variation in fire characteristics

description: 1. Pyrodiversity, defined as variation in fire history and
 characteristics, has been shown to catalyze post-fire biodiversity in a
 variety of systems. However, the demographic and behavioral mechanisms
 driving the responses of individual species to pyrodiversity remain
 largely unexplored. 2. We used a model post-fire specialist, the
 black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus), to examine the relationship
 between fire characteristics and juvenile survival while controlling for
 confounding factors. 3. We radio-tracked fledgling black-backed
 woodpeckers in burned forests of California and Washington, USA, and
 derived information on habitat characteristics using ground surveys and
 satellite data. We used hierarchical Bayesian mixed-effects models to
 determine the factors that influence both fledgling and annual juvenile
 survival, and we tested for effects of fledgling age on movement rates. 4.
 Burn severity strongly affected fledgling survival, with lower survival in
 patches created by high-severity fire compared to patches burned at medium
 to low severity or left unburned. Time since leaving the nest was also a
 strong predictor of fledgling survival, annual juvenile survival, and
 fledgling movement rates. 5. Our results support the role of habitat
 complementation in generating species-specific benefits from variation in
 spatial fire characteristics – one axis of pyrodiversity – and highlight
 the importance of this variation under shifting fire regimes.
 High-severity fire provides foraging and nesting sites that support the
 needs of adult black-backed woodpeckers, but fledgling survival is greater
 in areas burned at lower severity. By linking breeding and foraging
 habitat with neighboring areas of reduced predation risk, pyrodiversity
 may enhance the survival and persistence of animals that thrive in
 post-fire habitat. 
description: This data package includes several components:
 (1) Text files of JAGS model code. (2) .RData
 files with input data to run models. (3) Two .csv files
 with data on woodpecker movement rates and interval-formatted survival
 data. (4) A README file with definitions of
 variables.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ffbg79ctn
title: Swallowtail butterfly wing and tail measurements

description: The European swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon) is so named, because
 of the long and narrow prominences extending from the trailing edge of
 their hindwings and, although not a true tail, they are referred to as
 such. Despite being a defining feature, an unequivocal function for the
 tails is yet to be determined, with predator avoidance (diverting an
 attack from the rest of the body), and enhancement of aerodynamic
 performance suggested. The swallowtail, however, is sexually size
 dimorphic with females larger than males, but whether the tail is also
 sexually dimorphic is unknown. Here, museum specimens were used to
 determine whether sexual selection has played a role in the evolution of
 the swallowtail butterfly tails in a similar way to that seen in the tail
 streamers of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), where the males have
 longer streamers than those of the females. Previously identified sexual
 dimorphism in swallowtail butterfly size was replicated, but no evidence
 for dimorphism in tail length was found. If evolved to mimic antennae and
 a head to divert a predatory attack, and if an absolute tail size was the
 most effective for this, then the tail would probably be invariant with
 butterfly hindwing size. The slope of the relationship between tail length
 and size, however, although close to zero, was nonetheless statistically
 significantly above (tail length µ hindwing area 0.107 ± 0.011). The slope
 also did not equate to that expected for geometric similarity (tail length
 µ hindwing area 1/2) suggesting that tail morphology is not solely driven
 by aerodynamics. It seems likely then, that tail morphology is primarily
 determined by, and perhaps a compromise of several, factors associated
 with predator avoidance (e.g. false head mimicry and a startling
 function). Of course, experimental data are required to confirm this.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3n5tb2rgp
title: Organic fertilization suppresses aphid growth via carabids in the absence of specialist predators

description: Biological control by natural enemies is a valuable ecosystem service. The
 predator community in a crop field is a combination of predators dwelling
 in the field and those moving into it from the surrounding landscape. The
 former is mainly affected by field management, the latter more by the
 composition of the surrounding landscape. Yet, separate and combined
 effects of local and landscape management on pest suppression have seldom
 been investigated. We set-up mesocosms within an existing long-term
 agricultural field experiment to investigate the effects of local
 management of organic manure or inorganic mineral fertilisation and
 simulated the spillover from the surrounding landscape of different
 predator types: no predators, generalist predators (wolf spiders) and
 specialist predators (ladybirds). We examined whether aphid density was
 driven by top-down or bottom-up processes under different fertilisation
 treatments, and how the magnitude of pest suppression was affected by
 predator community composition. We found positive synergistic effects
 between manure fertilisation and predator spillover on the suppression of
 aphid growth. Top-down suppression of aphids was more effective under
 manure fertilisation and in presence of specialist predators (ladybirds).
 Bottom-up effects on the plant biomass growth dominated in inorganically
 fertilised plots. Organic and inorganic fertilisation gave the same seed
 yield, but through different mechanisms. The abundance of locally emerging
 predators in the manure treatment increased top-down pest suppression
 yielding plant biomass levels comparable with inorganically fertilised
 plants, being the latter driven by bottom-up effects. Synthesis and
 applications. Organic fertilisation enhanced local emergence of predators
 increasing top-down pest suppression. In contrast, local predator
 communities were unable to suppress aphid populations in inorganic and
 no-fertilisation treatments. Here, predator inflow from outside the crop
 field was essential for lowering aphid population growth. Managing
 landscapes to promote mobile predators emerges as particularly important
 for crop fields without manure amendments. We advise the active promotion
 of both local predators in the crop field and mobile predators in the
 landscape to secure the conservation of biological insect pest
 suppression.
description: This data was collected in a field experiment.
description: We attached a txt file containing the information regarding the
 type of data and units used in this dataset.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7h44j0zt7
title: Genetic mechanisms and correlational selection structure trait variation in a coral snake mimic

description: Covariation among traits shapes both phenotypic evolution and ecological
 interactions across space and time. However, rampant geographic variation
 in the strength and direction of such correlations can be particularly
 difficult to explain through generalized mechanisms. By integrating
 population genomics, surveys of natural history collections, and
 spatially-explicit analyses, we tested multiple drivers of trait
 correlations in a coral snake mimic that exhibits remarkable polymorphism
 in mimetic and non-mimetic color traits. We found that although such
 traits co-occur extensively across space, correlations were best explained
 by a mixture of genetic architecture and correlational selection, rather
 than by any single mechanism. Our findings suggest that spatially-complex
 trait distributions may be driven more by the simple interaction between
 multiple processes than by complex variation in one mechanism alone. These
 interactions are particularly important in mimicry systems, which
 frequently generate striking geographic variation and genetic correlations
 among color pattern traits.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sbcc2fr61
title: Refractivity inversions from point-to-point X-Band radar propagation measurements

description: Dynamic refractive environments within the marine atmospheric boundary
 layer (MABL) pose difficulties in the prediction of super high frequency
 (SHF), specifically X-band, radar wave propagation due to natural
 phenomena such as evaporation ducts (ED). This study utilizes a unique
 dataset collected during the CASPER-East field campaign, including
 multiple refractivity estimation methods and twelve point-to-point (PTP)
 electromagnetic datasets, to assess the efficacy of PTP inversion
 techniques for remote sensing of atmospheric refractivity within the MABL.
 Comparison of refractivity between the inverse and other refractivity
 methods show reasonable evaporation duct height estimates by the
 inversion, and inverse-based propagation predictions are also shown to be
 more accurate than propagation based on other refractivity prediction
 methods – numerical weather prediction, theory, and in-situ atmospheric
 measurements. These results propose the effectiveness of a PTP
 metaheuristic radar inversion to remotely sense refractive environments
 from radar propagation measurements in stable and unstable atmospheric
 conditions.
description: This document describes
 "InversionDataStructure.mat"  The structure
 is broken down over 8 days, times, and method of environmental estimation.
 Days and times correspond to the Table 1 in the manuscript. Only the best
 environmental estimates are included. The last field indicates the method
 which is one of the following options: MAPS - measured met data, COARE -
 MO Theory estimates, COAMPS - numerical weather prediction estimates,
 Inversion - inversion solutions, MeasuredRF - measured RF data.
 Example: "InvStructure.Day3.Time2.COAMPS" contains the
 5 variables listed below for the best environmental estimation (lowest MSE
 - see manuscript) with the method COAMPS on 10/15/2015 at 18:53
 EST. Each method field contains the following 5
 variables:<br>     1) Mprof - modified refractivity profiles
 (M-units) *multiple profiles indicates range dependent profiles see Table
 1 in manuscript for profile        ranges<br>     2) Alt - altitude
 vector for the modified refracivity profile (meters)<br>     3) PL -
 simulated propagation loss for the included modified refractivity profile
 (dB)<br>     4) range - the range (km) of the PL data<br>   
  5) altitudePL - altitude vector corresponding to the PL data
 (meters) Measured RF data are included for each of the
 days under the field name "MeasuredRF", for example
 "InvStructure.Day3.Time2.MeasuredRF" would supply the measured
 RF data for 10/15/2015 at 18:53 EST.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hqbzkh1fm
title: Data from: Accelerated diversification explains the exceptional species richness of tropical characoid fishes

description: The Neotropics harbor the most species-rich freshwater fish fauna on the
 planet, but the timing of that exceptional diversification
 remains unclear. Did the Neotropics accumulate species steadily throughout
 their long history, or attain their remarkable diversity
 recently? Biologists have long debated the relative support for these
 museum and cradle hypotheses, but few phylogenies of megadiverse
 tropical clades have included sufficient taxa to distinguish between them.
 We used 1288 ultraconserved element loci spanning 293 species,
 211 genera, and 21 families of characoid fishes to reconstruct a
 new, fossil-calibrated phylogeny and infer the most likely
 diversification scenario for a clade that includes a third of
 Neotropical fish diversity. This phylogeny implies paraphyly of
 the traditional delimitation of Characiformes because it resolves
 the largely Neotropical Characoidei as the sister lineage of
 Siluriformes (catfishes), rather than the African Citharinodei.
 Time-calibrated phylogenies indicate an ancient origin of major
 characoid lineages and reveal a much more recent emergence
 of most characoid species. Diversification rate analyses infer
 increased speciation and decreased extinction rates during
 the Oligocene at around 30 Ma during a period of mega-wetland
 formation in the proto-Orinoco-Amazonas. Three species rich and
 ecomorphologically diverse lineages (Anostomidae, Serrasalmidae, and
 Characidae) that originated more than 60 Ma in the Paleocene
 experienced particularly notable bursts of Oligocene diversification and
 now account collectively for 68% of the approximately 2150
 species of Characoidei. In addition to paleogeographic changes, we discuss
 potential accelerants of diversification in these three lineages.
 While the Neotropics accumulated a museum of
 ecomorphologically diverse characoid lineages long ago, this
 geologically dynamic region also cradled a much more recent birth of
 remarkable species-level diversity.
description: The dataset was collected with funding of FAPESP-São Paulo-Brazil
 with the FAPESP grant 14/26508-3. Sequences were obtained in Arbor
 Biosciences, and analyses done at GRID-UNESP and Brycon/Zungaro servers at
 Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, Brazil.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffgp
title: Dataset for finger motion and contact by a second finger influence the tactile perception of electrovibration

description: Electrovibration holds great potential for creating vivid and realistic
 haptic sensations on touchscreens. Ideally, a designer should be able to
 control what users feel independent of the number of fingers they use, the
 movements they make, and how hard they press. We sought to understand the
 perception and physics of such interactions by determining the smallest
 125 Hz electrovibration voltage that fifteen participants could reliably
 feel when performing four different touch interactions at two normal
 forces. The results proved for the first time that both finger motion and
 contact by a second finger significantly affect what the user feels. At a
 given voltage, a single moving finger experiences much larger fluctuating
 electrovibration forces than a single stationary finger, making
 electrovibration much easier to feel during interactions involving finger
 movement. Indeed, only about 30% of participants could detect the stimulus
 without motion. Part of this difference comes from the fact that relative
 motion greatly increases the electrical impedance between a finger and the
 screen, as shown via detailed measurements from one individual. In
 contrast, threshold-level electrovibration did not significantly affect
 the coefficient of kinetic friction in any conditions. These findings help
 lay the groundwork for delivering consistent haptic feedback via
 electrovibration.
description: The Methods section of the manuscript gives detailed explanations
 of the data collection and process. The dataset includes raw and processed
 data, all the relevant codes, and a text file explaining code and
 data.