cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fq3d127
title: Data from: Potential of a no-take marine reserve to protect home ranges of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta)

description: 1. The extent to which no‐take marine reserves can benefit anadromous
 species requires examination. 2. Here, we used acoustic telemetry to
 investigate the spatial behavior of anadromous brown trout (sea trout,
 Salmo trutta) in relation to a small marine reserve(~1.5 km2) located
 inside a fjord on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. 3. On average, sea trout
 spent 42.3 % (±5.0% SE) of their time in the fjord within the reserve, a
 proportion similar to the area of the reserve relative to that of the
 fjord. 4. On average, sea trout tagged inside the reserve received the
 most protection, although the level of protection decreased marginally
 with increasing home range size. Furthermore, individuals tagged outside
 the reserve received more protection with increasing home range size,
 potentially opposing selection toward smaller home range sizes inflicted
 on fish residing within reserves, or through selective fishing methods
 like angling. 5. Monthly sea trout home ranges in the marine environment
 were on average smaller than the reserve, with a mean of 0.430 (±0.0265
 SE) km2. Hence, the reserve is large enough to protect the full home range
 of some individuals residing in the reserve. 6. Synthesis and
 applications: In general, the reserve protects sea trout to a varying
 degree depending on their individual behavior. These findings highlight
 evolutionary implications of spatial protection and can guide managers in
 the design of marine reserves and networks that preserve variation in
 target species’ home range size and movement behavior.
description: Monthly variables
 related to MPA useThis data file has
 variables averaged per month for each fish. Variables include zone use,
 home range size, season, standardized length and capture
 location.Monthly
 variables.csvZone use per
 fishZone use per fish, with
 zones being defined in the paper. Also contains number of months of
 presence per fish, capture location and standardized
 length.Excursions from
 reserveDirection and number of
 excursions between the different zones, as described in the paper. Also
 includes average number of excursions per day, length, weight and
 gender.Excursions.csvExcursions day and nightGives number of excursions from different zones, divided between day and night. Definition of zones are given in the paper.Time spent at sea totalMinutes and days spent at sea per fish, also divided by season. Also contains length, weight, gender and status. Status is awarded to the fish as described in the paper.Time spent at sea per excursionTime spent at sea per excursion.Time spent in river totalTime spent in the river per fish, also related to season.Time spent in river per excursionTime in river per excursion.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7g20t1k
title: Data from: Demography and social dynamics of an African elephant population 35 years after reintroduction as juveniles

description: 1. Given their vulnerability to local extinction, the reintroduction of
 megafauna species (often long-lived, ecologically-influential and
 highly-social) is an increasingly relevant conservation intervention.
 Studies that evaluate past megafauna reintroductions are both critical and
 rare. 2. Between 1981 and 1996, 12 cohorts of a total of 200 juvenile
 (&lt;5 years old) African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana
 africana) were re-introduced to Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP), South
 Africa, after 100 years of absence. Here we model the population’s long
 term growth. We also present data on the current (2016) age class
 distribution and social dynamics of the population based on a year of
 intensive vehicle-based monitoring of 16 collared adult females and their
 family groups. 3. Exponential population growth (7.1% annual increase)
 between 1996 and 2014 suggests reintroduction success but has created
 concerns about overpopulation (with contraception implemented since 2014
 to suppress reproduction). The age class distribution has normalised as
 the juveniles have aged; reproductive females (&gt;10 years old)
 composed 30% of the population in 2016. The population remains relatively
 young and forecasts suggest high potential for sustained growth over the
 next decade. 4. The first calf was born to a reintroduced female in 1990
 and since then mother-calf units have gradually developed into
 semi-independent multi-generation families (7-15 individuals in size in
 2016). The size of observed cow-calf groups was highly variable (mean=21.4
 individuals, range: 7-109), with repeat observation of individual collared
 females revealing fusion and fission among different family groups through
 time, as is typical of more natural elephant populations. 5. Synthesis and
 applications: The development of normal elephant demography and sociality
 from an irregular founder population may be an encouragement for the
 reintroduction of other megaherbivores. The potential for rapid population
 growth must however be carefully considered, especially when
 ecologically-influential species are introduced to closed systems. The
 observed age class distribution and the estimated potential for future
 growth over the next decade have implications for the park’s contraception
 strategy. Finally, our study provides key long-term insights for elephant
 translocations, which are becoming an increasingly common and necessary
 management intervention (due to overpopulation in some areas and local
 extinction in others).04-Jun-2018
description: Kuiper_Raw_Data_JAE_HiP_ElephamtsRaw data for vehicle based field observations of elephant individuals and groups
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7f4m96c3
title: Data from: Wright's shifting balance theory and the diversification of aposematic signals

description: Despite accumulating evidence for selection within natural systems, the
 importance of random genetic drift opposing Wright's and
 Fisher's views of evolution continue to be a subject of controversy.
 The geographical diversification of aposematic signals appears to be a
 suitable system to assess the factors involved in the process of
 adaptation since both theories were independently proposed to explain this
 phenomenon. In the present study, the effects of drift and selection were
 assessed from population genetics and predation experiments on poison-dart
 frogs, Ranitomaya imitator, of Northern Peru. We specifically focus on the
 transient zone between two distinct aposematic signals. In contrast to
 regions where high predation maintains a monomorphic aposematic signal,
 the transient zones are characterized by lowered selection and a high
 phenotypic diversity. As a result, the diversification of phenotypes may
 occur via genetic drift without a significant loss of fitness. These new
 phenotypes may then colonize alternative habitats if successfully
 recognized and avoided by predators. This study highlights the interplay
 between drift and selection as determinant processes in the adaptive
 diversification of aposematic signals. Results are consistent with the
 expectations of the Wright's shifting balance theory and represent,
 to our knowledge, the first empirical demonstration of this highly
 contested theory in a natural system.
description: Dryad ecological
 data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.554f3
title: Data from: The oldest notostracan (Upper Devonian Strud locality, Belgium)

description: A new notostracan crustacean, Strudops goldenbergi gen. et sp. nov., is
 described from the well-preserved terrestrial arthropod fauna of the Upper
 Devonian of Strud, Belgium. The fossil notostracan bears a close
 resemblance to modern notostracans in possessing a large, simple head
 shield covering almost half of the whole body, a set of phyllopodous
 thoracic appendages and a legless posterior abdomen with a telson bearing
 a caudal furca. The differentiation and relative size of mouthparts and
 limbs suggest that these specimens are all adults. The notostracans
 described herein are the earliest clear members of the total group
 Notostraca.
description: Character
 matrixCharacter matrix in TNT
 format.branch_matrix.TNTOptimal treesTrees from the phylogenetic analysis.Optimal_trees.treStrudops_char.listList of characters and character states used for the phylogenetic analysis.Lagebro_appS1_char.list.doc
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.590jh
title: Data from: Measurement artefacts lead to false positives in the study of birdsong in noise

description: 1: Numerous studies over the past decade have reported correlations
 between elevated levels of anthropogenic noise and a rise in the minimum
 frequency of acoustic signals of animals living in noisy habitats. This
 pattern appears to be occurring globally, and higher pitched signals have
 been hypothesized to be adaptive changes that reduce masking by
 low-frequency traffic noise. However, the sound analysis methods most
 often used in these studies are prone to measurement errors that can
 result in false positives. In addition, the commonly used method of
 measuring frequencies visually from spectrograms might also lead to
 observer-expectancy biases that could exacerbate measurement errors. 2: We
 conducted an experiment to (a) quantify the size and type of errors that
 result from “eye-balling” frequency measurements with cursors placed
 manually on spectrograms of signals recorded in noise and no-noise
 conditions, and (b) to test whether observer expectations lead to
 significant errors in frequency measurements. We asked 54 volunteers,
 blind to the true intention of our study, to visually measure the minimum
 frequency of a variety of natural and synthesized bird sounds, recorded
 either in noise, or no-noise conditions. Test subjects were either
 informed or uninformed about the hypothesized results of the measurements.
 3: Our results demonstrate that inappropriate methodology in acoustic
 analysis can yield false positives with effect sizes as large, or even
 larger, than those reported in published studies. In addition to these
 measurement artefacts, psychological observer biases also led to false
 positives – when observers expected signals to have higher minimum
 frequencies in noise, they measured significantly higher minimum
 frequencies than uninformed observers, who had not been primed with any
 expectation. 4: The use of improper analysis methods in bioacoustics can
 lead to the publication of spurious results. We discuss alternative
 methods that yield unbiased frequency measures and we caution that it is
 imperative for researchers to familiarize themselves both with the
 functions and limitations of their sound analysis programs.. In addition,
 observer expectancy biases are a potential source of error not only in the
 field of bioacoustics, but in any situation where measurements can be
 influenced by human subjectivity.
description: Raw
 dataRaw data related to
 Brumm, Zollinger, Niemelä, Sprau (2017) Measurement artefacts lead to
 false positives in the study of birdsong in noise. Methods in Ecology and
 Evolution.MeasuringArtefactsData.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n4v0c
title: Data from: Spatial variability in plant predation determines the strength of stochastic community assembly

description: High diversity is often poorly explained by trait-based deterministic
 models, in part because stochastic processes also influence community
 assembly. Testing how deterministic and stochastic processes combine to
 regulate diversity, however, has been limited by the spatial complexity of
 these interactions. Here, we demonstrate how spatial variability in
 small-mammal predation on plants, mostly by granivory, results in
 fine-scale switching between deterministically and stochastically
 regulated plant community assembly in an otherwise environmentally
 homogeneous tallgrass prairie. We initiated assembly with the uniform
 application of a 24-species mixture of prairie grasses and forbs, thereby
 setting the maximum level of diversity (γ-diversity). In field edges with
 higher densities of small mammals, traits reducing seed palatability
 deterministically produced homogeneous subsets of less palatable plant
 species within the first few months after planting (low α and β
 diversity). As small-mammal densities decreased in more open areas,
 assembly unfolded stochastically on the basis of which planted species
 happened to land at a given location (high α and β diversity). We used
 randomization models to validate that this higher β diversity was
 explained by true differences in community structure among plots rather
 than by the hidden effects of increasing α diversity. The net effect at
 the site level was a spatially structured array of prairie species,
 including a positive relationship between diversity and environmental
 suitability relating to reduced predator intensity.
description: Germain et al
 datafield
 data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8dp00
title: Data from: Testing for a genetic response to sexual selection in a wild Drosophila population

description: In accordance with the consensus that sexual selection is responsible for
 the rapid evolution of display traits on macroevolutionary scales,
 microevolutionary studies suggest sexual selection is a widespread and
 often strong form of directional selection in nature. However, empirical
 evidence for the contemporary evolution of sexually selected traits
 remains weak. In this study we used a novel application of quantitative
 genetic breeding designs to test for a genetic response to sexual
 selection on eight chemical display traits in a field population of the
 fly, Drosophila serrata. Using our quantitative genetic approach, we were
 able to detect a genetically-based difference in means between groups of
 males descended from either successful or random wild males for one of
 these display traits, the diene (Z,Z)-5,9-C27:2. Our experimental results,
 in combination with previous lab studies on this system, suggest that both
 natural selection and sexual selection may be influencing the evolutionary
 trajectories of these traits in nature, limiting the capacity for a
 contemporary evolutionary response.
description: Testing for a genetic
 response to sexual selection in a wild Drosophila
 populationData from "Testing
 for a genetic response to sexual selection in a wild Drosophila
 population". Includes treatment, sire, dam and chi values for 8
 traitsdryad.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gf036
title: Data from: Woodstoich III: integrating tools of nutritional geometry and ecological stoichiometry to advance nutrient budgeting and the prediction of consumer-driven nutrient recycling

description: Within the last two decades, ecological stoichiometry (ES) and nutritional
 geometry (NG, also known as geometric framework for nutrition) have
 delivered novel insights into core questions of nutritional ecology. These
 two nutritionally explicit frameworks differ in the ‘nutrient currency’
 used and the focus of their past research; behavioural feeding strategies
 in NG, mainly investigating terrestrial organisms, and trophic ecology in
 ES, mainly in aquatic settings. However, both NG and ES have developed in
 explaining patterns across various scales of biological organization.
 Integrating specific tools of these frameworks could advance the field of
 nutritional ecology by unifying theoretical and empirical approaches from
 the organismal to ecosystem level processes. Toward this integration, we
 identified 1) nutrient/element budgets as a shared concept of both
 frameworks that encompass nutrient intake, retention, and release, 2)
 response surface plots of NG as powerful tools to illustrate processes at
 the organismal level and 3) the concept of consumer-driven nutrient
 recycling (CNR) of ES as a useful tool bridging organism and ecosystem
 scales. We applied response surface plots to element budget data from an
 ES study to show how this approach can deliver new insights at the
 organismal level, e.g. by showing the interplay between egestion and
 excretion depending simultaneously on the consumed amount of carbon and
 phosphorus based on variation across individuals. By integrating concepts
 of ES and NG to model microbial uptake and mineralization of nitrogenous
 wastes reported in a NG study, we also demonstrate that considering
 biochemically explicit mineralization rates of organic wastes can improve
 predictions of CNR by reducing over- or underestimation of mineralization
 depending on the quality of the consumer's diet. Our presented tools
 and approaches can help to bridge the organismal and ecosystem level,
 advancing the predictive power of studies in nutritional ecology at
 multiple ecological scales.
description: Data of nutrient budget
 sectionData used in Figs 2-4 in
 the nutrient budget section of the paper. See notes in data file for
 variable description.NutrientBudgetSection_Figs2-4.xlsData of consumer-driven nutrient recycling sectionData used in Figs 5-8 in the consumer-driven nutrient recycling section of the paper. See notes in data file for variable description.CNRSection_Figs5-8.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sd60p
title: Data from: Multiple cases of asymmetric introgression among horseshoe bats detected by phylogenetic conflicts across loci

description: Phylogenetic discordance among taxa can provide powerful insights into
 past episodes of introgressive hybridization, as well as lineage sorting.
 Previously, we showed that the taxonomically distinct taxon Rhinolophus
 sinicus septentrionalis has undergone historical introgression with its
 sympatric sister subspecies Rhinolophus sinicus sinicus. To examine in
 more detail the extent of gene flow between these two taxa, and also
 between these and their sister species Rhinolophus thomasi, we obtained
 new samples from China, Myanmar, and Vietnam, and combined new and
 published genetic data from these, Rhinolophus rouxii, and Rhinolophus
 indorouxii from India. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three separate cases
 of discordance: between R. s. septentrionalis and adjacent populations of
 R. s. sinicus, between R. s. septentrionalis and R. thomasi and between
 eastern populations of R. s. sinicus and a newly-identified lineage. In
 both former cases, the mitochondrial DNA introgression appears to be
 asymmetric, which is likely to have resulted from mating between R. s.
 septentrionalis females with smaller R. s. sinicus and R. thomasi males,
 although we cannot rule out other scenarios completely. Further conflicts
 between genetic data and accepted species arrangements across the genus,
 with paraphyly of members of the rouxii-group, suggest the need for a
 thorough systematic revision of relationships within this group.
description: morphological
 dataMorphological data for
 R. s. sinicus, R. s. septentrionalis, R. thomasi and R.s.ssp include
 specimen ID, Sex, Body mass and Forearm.mtDNA, ncDNA genes and
 microsatellite dataThe accession numbers
 for Cytb, Chd1 and SWs1, as well as 8 microsatellite loci for individuals
 from R. s. ssp and R. thomasi used in this study.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qb550
title: Data from: Characterization of the placoderm (Gnathostomata) assemblage from the tetrapod-bearing locality of Strud (Belgium, Upper Famennian)

description: The placoderm fauna of the late Famennian tetrapod-bearing locality of
 Strud, Belgium, is studied on the basis of historical and newly collected
 material. It includes the previously described antiarch Grossilepis
 rikiki, the groenlandaspidid Turrisaspis strudensis sp. nov. and the
 actinolepidoideid Phyllolepis undulata. P. undulata is thoroughly
 described and joins the list of the valid Phyllolepis species confidently
 diagnosed. A morphometrical analysis performed on the centronuchal and
 anterior ventrolateral plates of the Phyllolepis material demonstrates
 that there is only one species of Phyllolepis in Belgium (thus,
 Phyllolepis konincki becomes a junior synonym of P. undulata), that P.
 rossimontina (Pennsylvania) is a synonym of P. undulata and that the unity
 of the genus Phyllolepis is strongly supported, although the
 characterization of several species within this genus is blurred. The
 strong resemblance between the faunal compositions in Strud and Red Hill
 (Pennsylvania, USA) suggests important faunal exchanges between these
 regions of the Euramerica landmass.
description: Appendix
 1APPENDIX 1. Measurement
 table of the Phyllolepis centronuchal plates. The taxon names are those
 attributed before the present study.Appendix
 2APPENDIX S2. Measurement
 table of the Phyllolepis anterior ventrolateral plates. The taxon names
 are those attributed before the present study.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8974
title: Data from: Transgenes for insect resistance reduce herbivory and enhance fecundity in advanced generations of crop-weed hybrids of rice

description: Gene flow from transgenic crops allows novel traits to spread to sexually
 compatible weeds. Traits such as resistance to insects may enhance the
 fitness of weeds, but few studies have tested for these effects under
 natural field conditions. We created F2 and F3 crop-weed hybrid lineages
 of genetically engineered rice (Oryza sativa) using lines with two
 transgene constructs, cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) and a Bt transgene
 linked to CpTI (Bt/CpTI). Experiments conducted in Fuzhou, China,
 demonstrated that CpTI alone did not significantly affect fecundity,
 although it reduced herbivory. In contrast, under certain conditions
 Bt/CpTI conferred up to 79% less insect damage and 47% greater fecundity
 relative to non-transgenic controls, and a 44% increase in fecundity
 relative to the weedy parent. A small fitness cost was detected in F3
 progeny with Bt/CpTI when grown under low insect pressure and direct
 competition with transgene-negative controls. We conclude that Bt/CpTI
 transgenes may introgress into co-occurring weedy rice populations and
 contribute to greater seed production when target insects are abundant.
 However, the net fitness benefits that are associated with Bt/CpTI could
 be ephemeral if insect pressure is lacking, for example, due to widespread
 planting of Bt cultivars that suppress target insect populations.
description: Detailed morphological
 data and insect indexThe three sheets in this
 file describe the morphological data and insect index from all the
 experimental plots (N=4) in F2 and F3 generations: Sheet-1 describes the
 relevant data from wa strain in F2 generation; Sheet-2 describes the
 relevant data from wb strain in F2 generation; and Sheet-3 describes the
 relevant data in F3 generation. The morphological traits include plant
 height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant,
 number of seeds per plant, seed set (%), and 1000-seed weight under low
 vs. natural insect pressure, as well as pure vs. mixed
 cultivation.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f1j384s
title: Data from: Cortisol advantage of neighbouring the opposite sex in utero

description: Population sex ratios naturally fluctuate around equality. It is argued
 that the production of an equal number of male and female offspring by
 individual parents should be favoured by selection, if all costs and
 benefits are equal. Theoretically, an even-sex ratio should yield the
 highest probability for a fetus to be adjacent to a fetus of the opposite
 sex in utero. This may cause developmental costs or benefits that have
 been overlooked. We examined the physiological and developmental
 parameters associated with in utero sex ratios in the nutria (Myocastor
 coypus), an invasive wildlife species with a strong reproductive output.
 Using hair-testing, we found that litters with even-sex ratios had the
 highest average cortisol levels. Fetuses neighbouring the opposite sex
 exhibited longer trunks than those neighbouring the same sex, which might
 imply better lung development. Our results are the first to link
 intra-utero sex ratios and fetal cortisol and suggest that fetal cortisol
 might be a mechanism by which even-sex ratios are maintained via
 developmental advantages.
description: individual fetuses
 2013-2015Data for individual
 fetuses.pups averages
 2013-2015Data for litters,
 including averages.