DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vq83bk3zz
title: Data for: Predictable local adaptation in butterfly photoperiodism but not thermal performance along a latitudinal cline

description: In seasonal environments, organisms must synchronize their life cycles to
 conditions favorable for growth and reproduction. Because season length
 varies geographically, local adaptation should arise in traits that
 regulate phenological responses. Geographic photoperiodism clines are
 well-known, but comparable studies on thermal performance are equivocal
 and often overlook non-linear responses. Therefore, we examined local
 adaptation in plastic responses to both photoperiod and temperature along
 a 752 km latitudinal cline, by comparing four Swedish populations of the
 butterfly Pieris napi. Using a common garden design, we estimated (1)
 photoperiod response curves for diapause induction and (2) thermal
 performance curves for development and growth rates. We show that
 differences in photoperiodism follow the expected geographical pattern,
 where diapause is induced at longer daylengths in northern populations
 (where growth seasons are short and summer days long). However, population
 differences in thermal performance curves were small and seemingly
 idiosyncratic, without clear clinal patterns. Photoperiodic responses
 appear to evolve more readily than thermal responses, highlighting
 photoperiodism as a key driver of local life cycle synchronization.
description: # Data for: Predictable local adaptation in butterfly photoperiodism but
 not thermal performance along a latitudinal cline We collected data on
 development, growth, and diapause parameters in four different populations
 of the Swedish butterfly, *Pieris napi*, in different temperature and
 photoperiod treatments. We find clear patterns of local adaptation in
 photoperiodic responses but not in thermal responses. Data for the thermal
 treatments for development and growth are combined in
 "development_data.txt", and data for photoperiod treatments can
 be found in "diapause_data.txt". We also provide data on
 population observations ("skane_obs.txt",
 "stockholm_obs.txt", "dalarna_obs.txt",
 "vasternorrland_obs.txt"); on temperature data recorded by
 Swedish weather stations ("ws_horby.txt",
 "ws_stockholm.txt", "ws_mora.txt",
 "ws_lungo.txt"); and our sampling locations
 ("sampling_weatherstation_location.txt") that were used to
 produce Figure 1. ## Description of the data and file structure The two
 main datasets "**development_data.txt**" (1) and
 "**diapause_data.txt**" (2) are to be interpreted as follows:
 ### DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH DATA (1); "**development
 \_data.txt**": **ID** = ID to identify the individual **life.stage**
 = one of three life stages ("egg", "larva",
 "pupa") **tmt** = treatment, i.e., the temperature (°C) the
 climate cabinet was set to **temp** = actual mean temperature (°C) that
 individual experienced during the treatment time as measured by
 temperature loggers **pop** = one of four populations ("SK",
 "ST", "VNL", "DAL") as in Skåne, Stockholm,
 Västernorrland and Dalarna **fam** = family (for family structure see
 Supporting Information) **container** = container ID (only for larval
 stage), because 5 larvae were pooled together and we account for potential
 container effects **sex** = binary, male or female (was only determined
 for larval and pupal stage) **pup.mass** = pupal mass (g), measured 24h
 after pupation **adu.mass** = adult mass (g), measured immediately after
 eclosion, not used in analysis (usually quite noisy) **dead** = mortality,
 0 for surviving individuals, 1 for dead individuals, and 3 for diapausing
 individuals (the latter was omitted for analysis) **f.e.** = failed
 eclosion, omitted in analysis (not relevant for pupal development time)
 **outbred** = only for eggs, determines which treatment round the eggs
 belonged two (see manuscript and the supporting information for details)
 **tmt.bg** = treatment background, only for pupae, determines whether
 pupae where in the same temperature treatment as larvae (see manuscript
 and supporting information for details) **dev.time** = development time,
 days it took to complete that specific life stage **notes** = notes ###
 additionally for DIAPAUSE DATA (2) "**diapause \_data.txt**":
 **batch** = which experimental round,(see manuscript and supporting
 information for details) **ind** = individual, not relevant for analysis
 **treatment** = which photoperiod treatment (in h of light) **start.date**
 = date when larvae were put into treatment **pup.date** = date of pupation
 **mass** = mass at pupation (g) **eclosion.date** = date of eclosion
 **diapause** = binary, whether that individual entered diapause (1) or not
 (0) **comments** = comments ### TO PRODUCE FIGURE 1 showing sampling
 locations, observation patterns of adult *P. napi* flying, and climatic
 conditions in the respective regions we used the following data files:
 SAMPLING LOCATIONS: "sampling_weatherstation_location.txt" shows
 different locations (in latitude and longitude) of either the weather
 stations or where wild females were caught to procure the offspring used
 in the experiment for each respective population (columns are named
 accordingly). OBSERVATIONS: "skane_obs.txt",
 "stockholm_obs.txt", "dalarna_obs.txt", and
 "vasternorrland_obs.txt" ---&gt; columns represent region and
 the date where one observation of an adult Pieris napi was reported. Data
 was retrieved from Artportalen, the Swedish species observation system
 ([www.artportalen.se/ViewSighting/SearchSighting](http://www.artportalen.se/ViewSighting/SearchSighting)). WEATHER STATIONS: "ws_horby.txt" (weather station in Skåne), "ws_stockholm.txt" (weather station in Stockholm), "ws_mora.txt" (weather station in Dalarna), and "ws_lungo.txt" (weather station in Västernorrland ---&gt; The two columns in each file represent temperature recordings in °C (temp) at the respective date and time (date.time). Long term temperature recordings from these weather stations was retrieved from SMHI ([www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=core](http://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=core)). ## Sharing/Access information Data for Figure 1 was derived from the following sources: [www.artportalen.se/ViewSighting/SearchSighting ](http://www.artportalen.se/ViewSighting/SearchSighting) [www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=core](http://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=core)) ## Code/Software All scripts and analyses were run in R, Version 2023.03.0+386, and all packages and functions used are stored in the script "**packages_and_functions.R**". It needs to be run first, but it is incorporated in the other scripts for a smooth workflow. "**development_growth_script.R**" prepares data, runs models for TPCs for both development rate and growth rate, and extracts the posteriors and TPC parameters into separate files to be used for subsequent figure generation. "**diapause_script.R**" prepares data, run the model for the photoperiodic reaction norm, extracts the posteriors and TPC parameters into separate files to be used for subsequent figure generation. Run "**figure_script.R**" last to generate all the figures used in the main manuscript. Note that final pictures were post edited in Inkscape.