DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hmgqnk9qj
title: Data from: Temporal patterns in multiple stressors shape the vulnerability of overwintering Arctic zooplankton

description: Our study investigates the winter survival of the Arctic copepod C.
 glacialis under multiple stressors, exploring stressor temporal dynamics
 and exposure duration. We conducted experiments with pulse (intermittent)
 and press (continuous) exposure temporal scenarios, involving
 microplastics, pyrene, and warming in a fully factorial design. We
 observed significant effects on copepod survival, with pronounced impacts
 during later stressor phases. Two-way interactions between microplastics
 and pyrene, as well as pyrene and warming, showed significant effects,
 further intensified with the presence of a third stressor. Continuous
 stressor exposure for 9 days (press temporal scenario) led to greater
 reductions in copepod survival compared to the pulse scenario,
 characterised by two 3-day stressor exposure phases. Notably, the
 inclusion of recovery phases, free from stressor exposure, positively
 influenced copepod survival, highlighting the importance of temporal
 dynamics. Our findings underscore the intricate interactions among
 multiple stressors and their temporal patterns in shaping overwintering
 Arctic copepod responses. This study has crucial implications for managing
 Arctic aquatic ecosystems in the context of ongoing climate change,
 highlighting the need to predict and mitigate combined stressor effects in
 these environments.
description: In January 2023, copepods were sampled
 near Billefjorden in the Arctic using a Zooplankton Net from the RV Helmer
 Hanssen. Collected copepods, specifically in the main diapausing and CIV,
 CV stages of <em>Calanus glacialis</em>, were transported to a
 controlled-temperature room at the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)
 within a day. After sorting, selected specimens were sent to the
 University of Oslo for an experiment in February 2023.
 The experiment, conducted at the Department of Biosciences,
 involved exposing <em>C. glacialis</em> to three stressors
 (warming, microplastics, and pyrene) in a fully crossed design. Three
 temporal regimes were examined: pulse (stressors applied twice for 3 days
 each with recovery phases), press (continuous exposure for 9 days with a
 single 5-day recovery phase), and a control group with no stressor
 exposure. The pulse treatment spanned 14 days, and the press treatment
 lasted for 14 days as well. 
 
     
  
 
  
description: This README file was generated by Dr. Dania Albini ## GENERAL INFORMATION:
 1a. Title of the paper Temporal patterns in multiple stressors shape the
 vulnerability of overwintering Arctic zooplankton 1b: Title of the dataset
 1: dataset 1c. Title of the dataset 2:behaviour_Albini et al. 2023 1.
 Authors: Albini Dania*, Mathieu Lutier, Martin P. Heimböck, Jan Heuschele,
 Janne E. Søreide, Michelle C. Jackson, Khuong Van Dinh. *Corresponding
 authors: Albini Dania:
 [dania.albini@biology.ox.ac.uk](mailto:dania.albini@biology.ox.ac.uk)/
 [dania.albini@gmail.com](mailto:dania.albini@gmail.com) , Department of
 Biology, University of Oxford, England, UK 1. Data of Collection and
 location: Sampling was conducted on 15th January 2023, near Billefjorden,
 in the Arctic, from the RV Helmer Hanssen. ## SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION:
 1. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None 2.
 Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None 3. Journal of
 publication: not published yet 4. Was data derived from another source? No
 ## DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1a. File List: Title of the dataset 1: dataset
 Title of the dataset 2:behaviour_Albini et al. 2023 1. Additional related
 data collected that was not included in the current data package: None ###
 DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR dataset.csv: In this dataset there are
 listed all the variables used for the paper, for the statistical analysis
 performed and for the graphs created 1. Number of variables: 5 2. Number
 of rows (including titles): 450 3. Variable List: * bottle: number of the
 bottles used for the different treatments * sampling_day: D means Day.
 There are the following sampling days: D3,D6,D9,15, for a total of 4
 sampling days. * treatment: is the treatment applied to the copepods. W =
 warming, PYR = pyrene and MP - microplastics. * stressor_type: indicates
 the temporal stressor temporal dynamics: pulse (2 stress phases and 2
 recovery phases), press (1 stress phase and 1 recovery phase) and control
 (no stress), for a total of 3 stressor temporal dynamics * raw_n_death:
 number of deaths in each bottle CODE/SOFTWARE: -All statistical analyses
 performed using R studio version 12.0. 353 (R Core Team, 2021). To
 evaluate how individual and combined stressors affected copepod survival
 under different temporal dynamics and across various stress and recovery
 phases: generalized linear model (GLM) analysis with a Poisson
 distribution. number of survivors: dependent variable; treatments: fixed
 effects. We examined how the presence of a recovery influenced the
 copepods, using the survival data during the final stressor phases: a
 linear regression analysis, with previous recovery and treatment as fixed
 factors and the weighted survival of the copepods, accounting for exposure
 time, as the dependent variable. The weighted survival was calculated by
 dividing the number of survivors in each replicate by the corresponding
 exposure time. Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene's Test to assess the
 normality of residuals and the homogeneity of variance, respectively. The
 tests confirmed that the assumptions of normality and equal variance were
 satisfied. Two-sided t-test to compare how copepods responded to each of
 the three stressors individually, either with or without prior recovery,
 using the exposure length-weighted survival calculated as described above.
 Visualisations of results: package “ggplot2” (version 3.4.2, Wickham
 2016). ### DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR behaviour_Albini_et_al._2023.csv:
 In this dataset there are listed all the variables used for the paper, for
 the statistical analysis performed and for the graphs created 1. Number of
 variables: 8 2. Number of rows (including titles): 177 3. Variable List: *
 w = warming (first stressor) * pyr = pyrene (second stressor) * MP =
 microplastics (third stressor) * StressRec: indicates the phase: stressor
 phase (stressor exposure) or recovery phase (no stress exposure) *
 delivery: indicates the temporal stressor temporal dynamics: pulse (2
 stress phases and 2 recovery phases), constant (1 stress phase and 1
 recovery phase) * Grossdistancetravelledmm: indicates the gross distance
 travelled by each copepod, in each treatment and sampling time, in mm *
 ProportionofTimeSwimming: indicates the proportion of time (in seconds)
 spent swimming for each copepod, in each treatment and sampling time, in
 mm * sampling_time: D means Day. There are the following sampling days:
 D3,D6,D9,15, for a total of 4 sampling days. CODE/SOFTWARE: -All
 statistical analyses performed using R studio version 12.0. 353 (R Core
 Team, 2021). To test if copepods are more active when subject to
 stressors, we used a GLM analysis with a Gamma (link = "log")
 distribution, with the stressor treatments and the temporal exposure as
 fixed effects and the gross distance travelled (mm) and the proportion of
 time spent swimming (seconds) as a dependent factors.