DOI: 10.7910/dvn/lyslcd
title: TDE - Teoria da Degeração das Espécies

description: "Given that the genomic mutation rate of E. coli is approximately 3 × 10^3 mutations per replication (Drake, 1991), it can be inferred that the proportion of beneficial mutations is approximately one in a million" - Philip J. Gerrish & Richard E. Lenski. Highlights: • The evolutionary drivers (drift, selection/elimination, mutation) lead to the depletion of the gene pool, confirming Mayr's prediction of depletion in the "dangerous" process of sub-speciation. • Due to the discovery of new functional proteins, which now number around 6 million in humans, many mutations that were once considered neutral are now recognized as deleterious because they impair protein and enzymatic functionality, leading to deficiencies and diseases in living organisms. This includes aging, which can be measured by the accumulation of mutations. • The evolutionary drivers of natural selection, genetic drift, and mutations are depleters of the gene pool. • The term "natural selection" is imprecise because it implies a positive aspect (selection) as if nature were actively selecting, but in most cases, this idea is not reflected in survival, which is more contingent (neutralism). What survives could be better described as natural escape, and it is worth noting that there is a strong degenerative tendency (simplification, size reduction, loss of functions, etc.) that is often more conducive to survival. This indicates degeneration rather than selection, even when considering neutralism. • The forces that hold billions of DNA bases together are extremely fragile and constantly in need of repair. Due to their high organization, they are proportionally more vulnerable to becoming disordered, resulting in high mutation rates. In humans, the average measured number of deleterious mutations per generation is 152 (cited below), which indicates a short half-life of DNA. It is highly unlikely that DNA would have the capacity to last millions of years, especially considering that there have been catastrophic events with peaks of deleterious mutation accumulation. • In recent years, the overall health of people worldwide has declined by 11% (Study cited below from Lancet, which monitored global health for a decade). Despite advances in medicine and agriculture that slightly increase our lifespan, humanity is increasingly struggling to survive. • All species and individuals are marked by the accumulation of deleterious mutations, and no individual or population carries a coordinated set of positive mutations for the construction of a new system (CMCCNS). This challenges the theory of evolution, which assumes the construction of new archetypes and life systems, an event that has never been observed in the genetics that precedes phenotype or the supposed process of evolution (exaptation). • The human mtDNA, which contains 37 genes and 16,500 base pairs within its 33,000 nucleotides, has recorded more than 20,000 deleterious mutations in the www.mitomap.org database. 93.5% of these mutations are in the form of SNPs or SNVs (single nucleotide mutations), indicating that crossbreeding will become increasingly dangerous, reminiscent of the science fiction film "Gattaca." This reveals that there is little time left before we enter the process of extinction. • Calculations have indicated a peak of deleterious mutation accumulation in humanity between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago, specifically between 2,000 and 6,000 years ago. Due to high mutation rates per generation, this process likely began around 5,115 years BC according to Akey. When we examine the first three maternal Ls descending from mitochondrial Eve, we observe a large number of different SNP or SNV mutations among them. They are understood to be the three daughters-in-law of Noah who likely experienced radiation in their eggs, as well as their partners in their sperm, during a major catastrophe on Earth. This model would explain why these three individuals have such a high number of different SNPs among them. • Recent global catastrophes on the planet increase the accumulation and frequency of mutations in the surviving impoverished individuals. Consequently, they further decrease the already short half-life of DNA as they lead to spikes in mutation accumulation. This brings mitochondrial clocks and their attributed ages closer. Abstract: In 1858, despite subsequent support, the Royal Society decided to publish Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, and for more than a century this fact has been highlighted in scientific articles, congresses and events. Darwin changed the scientific way of reading reality because, mainly since his publication, which satisfied the skeptical and anticlerical wave of modernism, the entire existence of the cosmos and life began to be understood in science as something evolved by blind forces spontaneously. However, science itself, in its advancement, has resisted this idea; since Louis Pasteur, who refuted the hypothesis of generated generation, demonstrating the law of biogenesis, that life only proves life, until today, when we are faced with publications by astronomers such as Guillermo González, mentioning millions of conditions for life could exist[1], we can also see that the photos from the James Webb telescope, contrary to what was expected, which was to see galaxies evolving at the distances/ages attributed to the beginning of the universe in the Big Bang model, the proposals and already made . In this way, a vision of entropy that was attributed to the created universe (Paley's clock) that wears out and does not evolve, began to haunt the naturalists and confront an epistemology loaded with Darwinist and anti-supernatural prejudice [2][3] ] [4]. Likewise, genetic science has introduced the concept of entropy with numerous scientific publications, which reveal that all species are marked by a process of damage due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations, and that all individuals on earth carry a constant historical accumulation of deleterious mutations and no individual carries a set of specific positive mutations for the construction of a new system (CMCCNS)[5][6][7][8]; which refers to the idea of ​​created life that has been eroding like the cosmological vision mentioned previously. In this article we argue that the Royal Societ is correct.