cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2547d7wqd
title: Revised taxonomy of the Arctotis Annual Clade (Arctotideae, Asteraceae) from Southern Africa: integration of molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence

description: Previous phylogenetic analysis of ITS nrDNA sequence data for Arctotidinae
 species resolved a highly supported clade containing all but one of the
 showy annual Arctotis species (informally designated the ‘Arctotis Annual
 Clade’). In the present study, phylogenetic relationships in the Arctotis
 Annual Clade were investigated by Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony
 analyses of cpDNA (trnT-trnL-trnF and trnH-psbA) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence
 data. The cpDNA and nrDNA phylogenies were notably incongruent. Arctotis
 venusta and a putative unnamed species (‘sp. B’) were highly supported as
 monophyletic by both datasets. The monophyly of A. leiocarpa was strongly
 supported by the ITS dataset, whereas the remaining accessions formed a
 poorly resolved complex (the ‘A. fastuosa complex’). Within the A.
 fastuosa complex, A. hirsuta was monophyletic with high support in the ITS
 phylogeny. A statistical parsimony-derived cpDNA haplotype network
 resolved five broad groups of haplotypes and showed no consistent
 geographical structure, but species-specific haplotype lineages for A.
 venusta and sp. B were resolved. Arctotis fastuosa accessions were
 distributed among four haplotype groups. Incongruence between the datasets
 and poor resolution within the A. fastuosa complex may reflect reticulate
 evolution, ancestral polymorphism, and incomplete lineage sorting, in
 tandem with the low information content of the datasets. The greatest
 phenotypic diversification in the clade is in cypsela morphology.
 Comparison of cypsela morphology with the phylogenies suggests a general
 trend for reduction in the sizes of the cypsela, abaxial wings, and pappus
 scales, and loss of pubescence during diversification. A revised taxonomy,
 integrating currently available evidence, accompanied by full descriptive
 accounts and a key to the taxa are presented. Eight species are
 recognized, including the nomenclatural novelties Arctotis chrysantha (sp.
 nov.) and Arctotis namibiensis (sp. nov.). The names Arctotis
 karasmontana, Venidium fugax, and Venidium macrocephalum are
 lectotypified.
description: This package contains the following data: The
 folder "alignments" contains all DNA alignments used for the
 phylogenetic analyses.<br> The folder "supplemental
 appendix" contains the supplemental appendix listing all herbarium
 specimens examined in the study.<br> The folder "supplemental
 figures" contains the supplemental figures cited in the
 paper.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.msbcc2fxv
title: Data from: Colour use by tiny predators: jumping spiders exhibit colour biases during foraging

description: The evolution of many animal colours is thought to be driven by selection
 from visually guided predators. Yet research has largely focused on
 large vertebrate predators such as birds while ignoring
 smaller, terrestrial invertebrate predators. This is despite clear
 evidence that small invertebrate predators are important regulators of
 prey densities in a variety of ecosystems. Jumping spiders are small
 voracious predators that feed on a wide variety of prey in the field. They
 are capable of colour discrimination, but little is known about whether
 they attend to the colour of their prey during foraging. We examined
 colour biases by offering Habronattus pyrrithrix jumping
 spiders arrays of artificially coloured juvenile crickets. We found that
 field-collected H. pyrrithrix showed
 populationwide colour biases; across age and sex categories, attack rates
 were lowest on red and yellow prey (colours commonly used as warning
 colours) and highest on blue prey. We retested the same individuals after
 they were housed for several weeks in the laboratory and found that their
 colour biases had weakened to statistically undetectable levels. We also
 found that colour preferences in individual spiders were not consistent
 over time, suggesting that the populationwide colour biases that we
 observed were not simply driven by consistent preferences of a subset of
 individuals. Finally, we tested colour preferences in a separate group of
 naïve, laboratory-raised spiders and found similar biases favouring blue
 prey, with low attack rates on red, yellow and green. Our study provides
 the first evidence that both experienced and naïve jumping spiders show
 colour biases when foraging and suggests that these biases may result from
 both innate and learned components. We argue that more attention to such
 understudied predators may provide a more holistic and accurate
 understanding of the suite of selective pressures that drive the evolution
 of prey colour patterns, particularly in small invertebrates.
description: These data are described in detail in the accompanying
 publication.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.98sf7m0hz
title: Application of turbulent diffusion term of aerosols in mesoscale model

description: The presence of unfavorable meteorological conditions triggers pollution,
 and then further weakens turbulence, especially in the stable boundary
 layer (SBL), which is a frequent situation in heavy pollution episodes in
 China. The inapplicability of the classical Monin-Obukhov similarity
 theory (MOST) and the uncertainty of the planetary boundary layer height
 can lead to large deviation of turbulent diffusion in the SBL in numerical
 simulations. However, in current mesoscale models, no term has been used
 to accurately describe the turbulent diffusion of aerosols. Therefore, we
 use the Mixing-Length theory to obtain the turbulent diffusion term of
 aerosols based on high-resolution observational data, and, for the first
 time, embed this term into a mesoscale model, which makes the turbulent
 diffusion process of aerosols more truly depicted. Results from a two-way
 coupled atmospheric-chemistry mesoscale model demonstrate that the
 turbulent diffusion term of aerosols can improve the problem of
 overestimated PM2.5 concentration in Eastern China.
description: Hourly averaged concentrations of surface
 PM<sub>2.5</sub> can be found on the official website of the
 China National Environmental Monitoring Center. The
 PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration data comes from 308 stations of
 74 cities in Eastern China. The observational turbulence data used in this
 study is obtained from the Pingyuan County Meteorological Bureau (37.15°N,
 116.47°E), Shandong Province, from 27 December 2018 to 8 January 2019.
 Datasets of the horizontal wind speed, potential temperature and moisture
 are obtained with a frequency of 10 Hz by an integrated three-dimensional
 sonic anemometer-thermometer (IRGASON, Campbell Scientific, USA) and
 CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O open-path gas
 analyzer (LI7500, LI-COR, USA). The turbulence data was divided into
 30-min segments and then processed with several procedures.
DOI: 10.6078/d1f13s
title: The Ant Who Cried Wolf? Short-Term Repeated Exposure to Alarm Pheromone Reduces Behavioral Response in Argentine Ants

description: In this study we test whether Argentine ants (Linepithema humile)
 progressively reduce their response to a salient stimulus (alarm
 pheromone) with increased exposure over time. First, we used a two-chamber
 olfactometer to demonstrate three focal behaviors of Argentine ants that
 indicate an alarmed state in response to conspecific alarm pheromone and
 pure synthetic iridomyrmecin (a dominant component of L. humile alarm
 pheromone). We then measured how these behaviors changed after repeated
 exposure to conspecific alarm pheromone from live ants. In addition, we
 investigate whether there is a difference in the ants’ behavioral response
 after “short” (3 min) versus “long” (6 min) intervals between treatments.
 Our results show that Argentine ants do exhibit reduced responses to their
 own alarm pheromone, temporarily ceasing their response to it after four
 or five exposures, and this pattern holds whether exposure is repeated
 after “short” or “long” intervals. We suggest alarm pheromones may be
 perceived as false alarms unless threatening stimuli warrant a continued
 state of alarm. These results should be kept in mind while developing
 pheromone-based integrated pest management strategies.
description: Methods of data collection are described in the manuscript, which
 is open-access. 
description: Each number in the behavior columns (Moving, Grooming, etc.) is
 the number of ants demonstrating that behavior at a certain time (Time /
 TimePoint) for a certain replicate (Trial).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18374398
title: Dataset for "Li+ Transport in Ca-Substituted beta-Li3PS4: Role of PS43- Vibrations and Rotations from Machine-Learning Molecular Dynamics"
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18374399
title: Dataset for "Li+ Transport in Ca-Substituted beta-Li3PS4: Role of PS43- Vibrations and Rotations from Machine-Learning Molecular Dynamics"
DOI: 10.15468/dl.exzxkx
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "Geometry" : [
 "POLYGON ((150.653409 -35.089833, 150.653431 -35.090281, 150.654225 -35.09018, 150.654091 -35.089789, 150.653409 -35.089833))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002855-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8cz8w9gpz
title: Altered food habits? Understanding the feeding preference of free-ranging Grey langurs within an urban settlement

description: Urbanization affects concurrent human-animal interactions as a result of
 altered resource availability and land use pattern, which leads to
 considerable ecological consequences. While some animals have lost their
 habitat due to urban encroachment, few of them managed to survive within
 the urban ecosystem by altering their natural behavioural patterns. The
 feeding repertoire of folivorous colobines, such as grey langur, largely
 consists of plant parts. However, these free-ranging langurs tend to be
 attuned to the processed high-calorie food sources to attain maximum
 benefits within the concrete jungle having insignificant greenery.
 Therefore, besides understanding their population dynamics, the effective
 management of these urbanized, free-ranging, non-human primate populations
 also depends on their altered feeding habits. Here, we have used a
 field-based experimental setup that allows grey langurs to choose between
 processed and unprocessed food options, being independent of any
 inter-specific conflicts over resources due to food scarcity. The
 multinomial logit model reveals the choice-based decision-making of these
 free-ranging grey langurs in an urban settlement of West Bengal, India,
 where they have not only learned to recognize the human-provisioned
 processed food items as an alternative food source but also shown a keen
 interest in it. However, such a mismatch between the generalized feeding
 behaviour of folivorous colobines and their specialized gut physiology
 reminds us of Liem’s paradox and demands considerable scientific
 attention. While urbanization imposes tremendous survival challenges to
 these animals, it also opens up for various alternative options for
 surviving in close proximity to humans which is reflected in this study,
 and could guide us for the establishment of a sustainable urban ecosystem
 in the future.
description: Kindly refer to the manuscript titled "<b>Altered food
 habits? Understanding the feeding preference of free-ranging Grey langurs
 within an urban settlement" </b>for further details.
description: "Experiment ID" (EID), “attempt” (FA), “choice” (FC),
 “delay,” “rejection” (RJ), and “aggression” (AG)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4xgxd258r
title: Novel Tests of the Key Innovation Hypothesis: Adhesive Toepads in Arboreal Lizards

description: Abstract The evolution of key innovations—unique features that enable a
 lineage to interact with the environment in a novel way—may drive broad
 patterns of adaptive diversity. However, traditional tests of the key
 innovation hypothesis, those which attempt to identify the evolutionary
 effect of a purported key innovation by comparing patterns of diversity
 between lineages with and without the key trait, have been challenged on
 both conceptual and statistical grounds. Here, we explore alternative,
 untested hypotheses of the key innovation framework. In lizards, adhesive
 toepad structures increase grip strength on vertical and smooth surfaces
 such as tree trunks and leaves and have independently evolved multiple
 times. As such, toepads have been posited as a key innovation for the
 evolution of arboreality. Leveraging a habitat use dataset applied to a
 global phylogeny of 2692 lizard species, we estimated multiple origins of
 toepads in three major clades and more than 100 origins of arboreality
 widely across the phylogeny. Our results suggest that toepads arise
 adaptively in arboreal lineages and are subsequently rarely lost while
 maintaining arboreal ecologies. Padless lineages transition away from
 arboreality at a higher rate than those with toepads, and high rates of
 invasion of arboreal niches by non-arboreal padbearing lineages provides
 further evidence that toepads may be a key to unlocking evolutionary
 access to the arboreal zone. Our results and analytical framework provide
 novel insights to understand and evaluate the ecological and evolutionary
 consequences of key innovations.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z34tmpgd3
title: Data supporting Water flow and temperature interact to determine oxidative status, swimming performance, and dispersal of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)

description: 1. The health of running freshwater systems depends to a large extent on
 flow rates, which can co-vary with other environmental variables such as
 temperature. Water flow and temperature can influence oxidative status of
 individual animals, thereby impacting muscle function and locomotion.
 Consequently, ecologically important behaviours such as dispersal may be
 disrupted. 2. Our aim was to determine whether the interactions between
 acclimation to flowing water (three weeks at 0.06 ms-1 or still water),
 thermal acclimation (three weeks at 18 and 28oC), and acute test
 temperatures (18-32oC) determine oxidative status, locomotor performance
 and dispersal in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). 3. We show that
 swimming capacity was greater in fish living in flowing water compared to
 those in still water, and that this difference was greater in warm
 acclimated fish. However, dispersal was not dependent on maximal locomotor
 capacities. Fish initiated dispersal to a greater extent when acclimated
 to flowing water and cool temperature, although there were interactions
 with acute test temperature. Dispersal speed was not affected by flow
 acclimation, but it was greater at cool test temperatures in cool
 acclimated fish, and vice versa for warm acclimated fish. Also, fish
 acclimated to flowing and cool water made a greater number of dispersal
 decisions. Oxidative damage to membranes and proteins did not change with
 flow or temperature treatments, but antioxidant capacities were greater in
 animals acclimated to flow and cool temperatures. 4. Trait-specific
 approaches used to assess fish responses to altered flow regimes typically
 consider a range of morphological and life-history traits to characterise
 species and predict the impact of environmental change. Physiological
 traits and responses like those we describe here can be a useful addition
 to life-history traits in predicting the impact of environmental change on
 movement. Consideration of the impacts of physiological traits on
 dispersal can increase the efficacy of management and restoration
 projects.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ngf1vhhtf
title: New Sclerocephalus species and temnospondyl braincase evolution

description: The late Paleozoic temnospondyl Sclerocephalus formed an
 aquatic top predator in various Central European lakes of the Late
 Carboniferous and early Permian. Despite hundreds of specimens spanning a
 wide range of sizes, knowledge of the endocranium (braincase and
 palatoquadrate) remained very insufficient
 in Sclerocephalus and other stereospondylomorphs,
 because even large skulls had unossified endocrania. A new specimen from a
 stratigraphically ancient deposit is recognized as representing a new
 taxon, S. concordiae n. sp., and reveals a completely
 ossified endocranium. The sphenethmoid was completely ossified from the
 basisphenoid to the anterior ethmoid region, co-ossified with the
 parasphenoid, and the basipterygoid joint was fully established. The
 pterygoid bears an a slender, S-shaped epipterygoid, which formed a robust
 pillar lateral to the braincase. The massive stapes was firmly sutured to
 the parasphenoid. In the temnospondyl endocranium, character evolution
 involved various changes in the epipterygoid region, which evolved
 distinct morphologies in each of the major clades.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6djh9w117
title: Data from: Tree species rather than type of mycorrhizal association drives inorganic and organic nitrogen acquisition in tree-tree interactions

description: A field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of associated
 mycorrhization type on tree-tree interactions using the framework of the
 MyDiv tree diversity experiment established at the Bad Lauchstädt
 Experimental Research Station of the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
 Research (UFZ) (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). Inorganic and organic net N
 uptake capacity was quantified in fine roots of AM (i.e. Acer
 pseudoplatanus L., Fraxinus excelsior L., and Prunus avium L.) as well as
 EM associated tree species (i.e. Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L.,
 and Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) using 15N/13C isotopes. Trees grew either in
 monocultures or 2-species mixtures, either only ectomycorrhizal, only
 arbuscular mycorrhizal, or in combination. Generally, ammonium was
 preferred over glutamine and glutamine over nitrate. Inorganic and organic
 N sources were not used complementarily depending on a species´
 mycorrhizal association, but their uptake rather depended on the
 competitor indicating species-specific effects. At the species level,
 inorganic and organic N acquisition differed among the studied tree
 species. N acquisition within tree species changed N source-specific
 depending on the competitor.
description: see publication in Tree
 Physiology for full description of methods
description: Missing data are denoted by "NA".
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bk3j9kdbr
title: Tree diversity reduces risk of bark beetle infestation for preferred conifer species, but increases risk for less preferred hosts

description: 1. In recent decades, European temperate forests have repeatedly suffered
 from severe droughts. Drought-weakened forests have often become more
 susceptible to pest outbreaks such as bark-beetle infestations.
 Tree-species diversity is expected to increase resistance to drought and
 pests, but evidence for a positive tree diversity effect on insect pest
 reduction is largely circumstantial. 2. Here we tested the effects of tree
 diversity and biogeographic origin of tree species on bark-beetle
 infestation in a large, young tree-diversity experiment, with six
 broadleaved and six conifer species from Europe and North America. Lower
 infestation risk was expected for the exotic tree species in each
 congeneric pair (spruce, larch and pine) and for mixtures with higher
 species richness and higher broadleaf proportion. Following a severe
 drought in summer 2018, the conifer trees were attacked by the six-toothed
 spruce bark beetle (Pityogenes chalcographus). Bark-beetle boreholes were
 recorded in winter 2018/19 on all conifer species. 3. Norway spruce (Picea
 abies) and European larch (Larix decidua) were the most infested species
 and thus considered main hosts of the bark beetle. For these two species,
 probability of infestation decreased with increasing tree diversity
 (although this was only significant for Larix). In contrast, Pinus, which
 were less infested overall, were more likely to be infested in plots with
 high tree diversity. Exotic trees tended to be less infested, with
 clearest support for enemy release found at the level of infestation
 intensity when considering pure conifer stands. Overall, effects of tree
 diversity and tree-species origin were not as strong as the effect of
 position within the experimental site, where higher rates of infestation
 were observed at the edge than in the centre. 4. Synthesis. Increasing
 tree diversity may reduce the risk of bark-beetle infestation for genera
 prone to high infestation rates (Picea and Larix), but risk for less
 preferred genera (Pinus, and to some extent the exotic tree species) may
 increase with tree diversity due to spill-over from preferred hosts. In
 mixed forests, risk of infestation, even by relatively specialized insect
 pests, may be re-distributed among tree species rather than reduced for
 all.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bk3j9kdbs
title: Flagellate grazing morphometrics, particle tracking, prey-handling behavior, clearance rates and forces

description: Heterotrophic nanoflagellates are the main consumers of bacteria and
 picophytoplankton in the ocean. In their micro-scale world, viscosity
 impedes predator-prey contact, and the mechanisms that allow flagellates
 to daily clear a volume of water for prey corresponding to 106 times their
 own volume is unclear. It is also unclear what limits the observed maximum
 ingestion rates of about 104 bacterial prey per day. We used
 high-speed video-microscopy to describe feeding flows, flagellum
 kinematics, and prey searching, capture, and handling in four species with
 different foraging strategies. In three species, prey-handling times limit
 ingestion rates and account well for their reported maximum values.
 Similarly, observed feeding flows match reported clearance rates. Simple
 point-force models allowed us to estimate the forces required to generate
 the feeding flows, between 4-13 pN, and consistent with the force produced
 by the hairy (hispid) flagellum, as estimated using resistive force
 theory. Hispid flagella can produce a force that is much higher than the
 force produced by a naked flagellum with similar kinematics, and the hairy
 flagellum is therefore key to foraging in most nanoflagellates. Our
 findings provide a mechanistic underpinning of observed functional
 responses of prey ingestion rates in nanoflagellates.