DOI: 10.17603/ds2-gtbq-p011
title: Historical and 2023 LiDAR, Photogrammetry, and Multispectral Data of the Dike-in-Dune and Berkheide Dune in Katwijk, NL, in Geomorphological Study of Dune Development in the Netherlands 

description: In the Netherlands, extratropical storm events in the North Sea can reach wind speeds that exceed the threshold speed that defines a hurricane, last a few days, cover a large area, and accompany large fluctuations in tide (mean tide range is 1.7 m in Hoek van Holland) (Ebersole et al., 2022). These storms and areas below sea level in the country are significant contributors to the country's increased flood risk. With extreme weather increasing precipitation, nature-based solutions to flood protection that are resilient to excessive rain, provide a defense to wave and tidal action, and increase slope stability along dikes and dunes, are often sought (Diaz, 2019). One climate-resilient solution is to vegetate dunes with plants and grasses that enhance the functions of the earthen infrastructure. This solution has been widely adopted in the Netherlands and in coastal communities in the United States, including those on the Gulf Coast (Figlus, 2022; Kothius et al., 2018). Like all infrastructure used in flood protection, earthen infrastructure must also be regularly monitored and maintained. Utilizing historical survey data and accounts from authorities responsible for managing the dunes, the current state of vegetated dunes can be assessed. Another method for determining the state of vegetated dunes is to conduct field monitoring and investigations. By utilizing a land-based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system, and an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) with a multispectral lens, the current topography of the engineered dike-in-dune at Katwik was compared to the natural southern neighboring Berkheide dune, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) of each dune were calculated to determine the health of the vegetation (Zdebski & Grilliot, 2023).  Plants such as marram grass (Calamagrostis arenaria) are used to build and stabilize dune systems in the Netherlands. The dike-in-the dune received marram grass transplanted from other Natura 2000 dunes in the area.  An analysis of the geomorphological changes to the dike-in-dune and Berkheide dune in Katwijk, since the completion of Kustwerk Katwijk, was conducted with an emphasis on the role of vegetation in these changes. Since there have been no coastal storms that have impacted the dike-in-dune since its construction, the article focuses on dune development for protection against future coastal storms. The research problem addresses the accretion and vegetation health of the dike-in-dune since its construction and how it compares to that of the Berkheide dune for the same period.

Researchers of nature-based solutions in coastal settings can benefit from this data, as can geospatial researchers who work with coastal infrastructure. This data can be used to generate new studies and investigate other aspects that contribute to dune development. 

description: This dataset consists of historical and field data of the dike-in-dune and Berkheide dune in Katwijk, NL. Ground-based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data collected in June 2023 were used to develop a bare ground topography, using field equipment and satellite data. A Maptek I-Site XR3 was utilized for LiDAR laser scanning. A Leica GS18 T GNSS RTK Rover was used to collect ground points for registering the point cloud. The Wingtra WingtraOne with MicaSense RedEdge-P was used for multispectral scanning. Publicly available satellite data were used to obtain historical multispectral data. The bare ground topography is referred to as the digital terrain model (DTM), and all other surveyed features were included in the digital surface model (DSM).

DTMs and DSMs were developed in QT Modeler by staff at the NHERI Rapid Facility, who instructed the researcher on completing the survey, processing the point clouds, and utilizing QT Modeler and ArcGIS Pro for data analysis. DSMs from the dike-in-dune and the Berkheide dunes were used to compare the foredune elevations. A multispectral camera on an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) collected imagery for the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).

Digital terrain models from the June 2023 topography of the dike-in-dune and the Berkheide dunes were obtained to compare the physical geometry of each foredune system. The DTM and DSM resolution was 25 cm (9.8 in). A real-time kinematic (RTK) antenna was used to collect additional ground points. The EPSG 28992 project coordinate system and the EPSG 4289 geographic coordinate system (Amersfoort/RD New) were used in the field to correlate with annual data, with Normaal Amsterdam Peil (NAP) as the vertical datum. A UAV with a multispectral lens was used to obtain NDVIs to compare the health of the vegetation at the dike-in-dune and the Berkheide dune for the June 2023 field investigation. The geotiff raster of the multispectral data has a resolution of 4 cm (1.6 in). ArcGIS Pro was used to develop the maps. The results of the field data were combined with historical data to determine the changes that had occurred since the construction of the dike-in-dune.

Historical DTMs were provided by Rijkswaterstaat, the Dutch Government, by selecting the “hootge_ […]” hyperlink for each respective year, and subsequently selecting the TIFF file that includes Katwijk "kust_[...]."The Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland DTM (AHN) was used to provide some DTMs due to the JarKus files not being available during the time of analysis. All JarKus files for the time period of the historical data are now available, although AHN files used in this study have been added to the project folder.

Some of the data that support the findings of this study are available from the Netherlands Satelite Portal but
restrictions apply to the availability of these data and they are not publicly available. Data are however available from the
authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Grove BV helpdesk. Location, date, and resolution can be specified. Direct requests may be made to Airbus for Pleaides NEO, Spot-6/7, and SuperView-1 satellite data. Direct requests for TripleSat satellite data may be made to 21AT.