cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k6g40
title: Data from: Disentangling associational effects: both resource density and resource frequency affect search behaviour in complex environments

description: Neighbouring resources have been found to either decrease or increase the
 likelihood that a consumer organism attacks a focal resource. These
 phenomena are referred to as associational resistance (AR) and
 associational susceptibility (AS), respectively. While associational
 effects have been observed in various field studies, little is known on
 how resource heterogeneity can cause associational effects. We used a
 laboratory approach in which we studied the effects of resource density
 and frequency in the search behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster as a
 model organism for olfactory-guided behaviour in insects. We first
 determined whether D. melanogaster could discriminate between odour
 sources that differ quantitatively. Secondly, we determined what the
 effect of resource density and frequency was on the search behaviour of D.
 melanogaster by combining these resources into various patch arrangements.
 Finally, we used the outcome of our experiments to disentangle the role of
 resource density and frequency in associational effects. We found that D.
 melanogaster has the ability to discriminate between quantitatively
 different resources, but that the attraction to resource density is
 constrained by an optimum after which attraction decreases. Furthermore,
 in heterogeneous environments, flies showed a strong preference towards
 the more apparent resource, leading to AS for the more apparent resources
 and AR for the less apparent resource. The strength of this interaction
 increased with a decreasing frequency of the more apparent resource. These
 results imply that D. melanogaster mainly selects patches at the level of
 individual resources. Consequently, when a patch contains qualitatively
 different resources, the more apparent resource will attract a higher
 number of flies than the less apparent resource irrespective of the
 frequency of the apparent resource within the patch. Our study shows that
 associational effects can be explained by determining the hierarchical
 level at which a consumer selects its resources. When a consumer selects
 resources at the individual level rather than at the patch level, our
 results can be used to explain the population dynamics of host plants and
 their associated consumers under field conditions.
description: 1_detection_distanceData file contains the landing success for each fly per treatment (i.e. vinegar concentration) per distance (i.e. 50, 75, 100 cm) in a binomial format.2_two_choice_patchData file contains the landing each fly on a specific concentration in a treatment (i.e. two-odour point source patches) in a binomial format.3_four_choice_patchData file contains the landing each fly on a specific concentration in a treatment (i.e. four-odour point source patches) in a binomial format.4_resource_densityData file contains the landing success for each fly per resource density in the patch (i.e. vinegar concentration) in a binomial format.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ck501
title: Data from: Irisin, physical activity and fitness status in healthy humans: no association under resting conditions in a cross-sectional study

description: Regular physical activity and physical fitness are closely related to a
 positive health status in humans. In this context, the muscle becomes more
 important due to its function as an endocrine organ. Muscle tissue
 secretes "myokines" in response to physical activity and it is
 speculated that these myokines are involved in physical activity induced
 positive health effects. Recently, the newly discovered myokine Irisin
 thought to be secreted by the muscle in response to physical activity and
 might be related to the health inducing effect by inducing browning of
 white adipose tissue. Speculating that myokines at least partly mediate
 exercise related health effects one would assume that regular physical
 activity and physical fitness are associated with resting Irisin
 concentrations in healthy humans. To investigate the association between
 resting Irisin concentration and either short-term physical activity,
 habitual physical activity, or physical fitness, data of 300 healthy
 participants from the cross-sectional KarMeN-study were analyzed. By
 applying different activity measurements we determined short-term and
 habitual physical activity, as well as physical fitness. Fasting serum
 samples were collected to determine resting Irisin concentrations by
 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Multivariate linear regression analysis
 served to investigate associations of the individual physical activity
 parameters with Irisin concentrations. Therefore, lean body mass and total
 fat mass (both determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) as well as
 age and parameters of glucose metabolism were included as confounders in
 multivariate linear regression analysis. Results showed that Irisin serum
 concentrations were not related to measures of physical activity and
 physical fitness in healthy humans under resting conditions, irrespective
 of the applied methods. Therefore we assume that if physical activity
 related effects are partly induced by myokines, permanently increased
 Irisin serum concentration may not be necessary to induce health-related
 exercise effects.
description: dataset_irisin_PA
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v8324
title: Data from: Landscape genetic analyses reveal fine-scale effects of forest fragmentation in an insular tropical bird

description: Within the framework of landscape genetics, resistance surface modelling
 is particularly relevant to explicitly test competing hypotheses about
 landscape effects on gene flow. To investigate how fragmentation of
 tropical forest affects population connectivity in a forest specialist
 bird species, we optimized resistance surfaces without a priori
 specification, using least-cost (LCP) or resistance (IBR) distances. We
 implemented a two-step procedure in order (i) to objectively define the
 landscape thematic resolution (level of detail in classification scheme to
 describe landscape variables) and spatial extent (area within the
 landscape boundaries) and then (ii) to test the relative role of several
 landscape features (elevation, roads, land cover) in genetic
 differentiation in the Plumbeous Warbler (Setophaga plumbea). We detected
 a small-scale reduction of gene flow mainly driven by land cover, with a
 negative impact of the nonforest matrix on landscape functional
 connectivity. However, matrix components did not equally constrain gene
 flow, as their conductivity increased with increasing structural
 similarity with forest habitat: urban areas and meadows had the highest
 resistance values whereas agricultural areas had intermediate resistance
 values. Our results revealed a higher performance of IBR compared to LCP
 in explaining gene flow, reflecting suboptimal movements across this
 human-modified landscape, challenging the common use of LCP to design
 habitat corridors and advocating for a broader use of circuit theory
 modelling. Finally, our results emphasize the need for an objective
 definition of landscape scales (landscape extent and thematic resolution)
 and highlight potential pitfalls associated with parameterization of
 resistance surfaces.
description: Khimoun et
 al_microsatellite dataMicrosatellite
 genotyping
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m01qr
title: Data from: Environment-dependent sexual selection: Bateman's parameters under varying levels of food availability

description: Sexual selection is a potent evolutionary force that has been shown to
 vary in strength and direction depending on demographic factors such as
 density and sex ratio. However, the effect of other environmental factors
 on the mode of sexual selection remains largely unexplored. Here, we
 tested experimentally how food restriction affects the potential for
 sexual selection in the male and the female sex function of the
 simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta. We manipulated
 food availability and compared Bateman’s metrics of sexual selection
 between groups of five well-fed and five food-restricted snails.
 Food-restricted individuals had a reduced female reproductive output,
 suggesting that we successfully manipulated the reproductive resources.
 Importantly, food restriction reduced the male opportunity for sexual
 selection (in terms of a lowered variance in male mating success) and led
 to diminishing returns of mating in both sexes (in terms of nonsignificant
 Bateman gradients). Furthermore, we observed significant changes in the
 relative contribution of different fitness components, suggesting stronger
 postcopulatory selection in the male sex role and stronger fecundity
 selection in the female sex role under restricted food conditions. This
 study highlights the need to incorporate ecological factors to better
 understand how sexual selection operates in the wild.
description: Data
 FileBody weights and fitness
 components of well-fed (HIGH) and food-restricted (LOW) focal individuals.
 For column headings please check "Legend" data sheet in Excel
 file.Janicke_et_al_2015_Am_Nat_DATA.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4dg60
title: Data from: Indirect human impacts reverse centuries of carbon sequestration and salt marsh accretion

description: Direct and indirect human impacts on coastal ecosystems have increased
 over the last several centuries, leading to unprecedented degradation of
 coastal habitats and loss of ecological services. Here we document a two
 century temporal disparity between salt marsh accretion and subsequent
 loss to indirect human impacts. Field surveys, manipulative experiments
 and GIS analyses reveal that crab burrowing weakens the marsh peat base
 and facilitates further burrowing, leading to bank calving, disruption of
 marsh accretion, and a loss of over two centuries of sequestered carbon
 from the marsh edge in only three decades. Analogous temporal disparities
 exist in other systems and are a largely unrecognized obstacle in
 attaining sustainable ecosystem services in an increasingly human impacted
 world. In light of the growing threat of indirect impacts worldwide and
 despite uncertainties in the fate of lost carbon, we suggest that
 estimates of carbon emissions based only on direct human impacts may
 significantly underestimate total anthropogenic carbon emissions.
description: Coverdale et al 2014
 DataThis file contains raw
 data described in Coverdale et al. (2014) "Indirect human impacts
 reverse centuries of carbon sequestration and salt marsh accretion".
 Please contact the authors with any questions.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4q7m6
title: Data from: Experimental evolution: assortative mating and sexual selection, independent of local adaptation, lead to reproductive isolation in the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei

description: Using experimental evolution, we investigated the contributions of
 ecological divergence, sexual selection, and genetic drift to the
 evolution of reproductive isolation in Caenorhabditis remanei. The
 nematodes were reared on two different environments for 100 generations.
 They were assayed for fitness on both environments after 30, 64, and 100
 generations, and hybrid fitnesses were analyzed after 64 and 100
 generations. Mating propensity within and between populations was also
 analyzed. The design allowed us to determine whether local adaptation was
 synchronous with pre- and post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Pre-zygotic
 isolation evolved quickly but was unconnected with adaptation to the
 divergent environments. Instead, pre-zygotic isolation was driven by mate
 preferences favoring individuals from the same replicate population. A
 bottleneck treatment, meant to enhance the opportunity for genetic drift,
 had no effect on pre-zygotic isolation. Post-zygotic isolation occurred in
 crosses where at least one population had a large fitness advantage in its
 'home' environment. Taken together, our results suggest that
 pre-zygotic isolation did not depend on drift or adaptation to divergent
 environments, but instead resulted from differences in sexual interactions
 within individual replicates. Furthermore, our results suggest that
 post-zygotic isolation can occur between populations even when only one
 population has greater fitness in its home environment.
description: Reciprocal Transplant
 Generation 30Reciprocal Transplant
 Generation 100Assortative Mating
 Generation 100Assortative Mating
 Generation 30Assortative Mating
 Generation 64Reciprocal Transplant
 Generation 64Line Cross Generation
 64Line Cross Generation
 100
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.560ch
title: Data from: Herbivory enhances the diversity of primary producers in pond ecosystems

description: Diversity of primary producer is often surprisingly high, despite few
 limiting factors such as nutrients and light to facilitate species
 coexistence. In theory, the presence of herbivores could increase the
 diversity of primary producers, resolving this “paradox of the plankton”.
 Little experimental evidence supports this natural enemies hypothesis, but
 previous tests suffer from several deficiencies. Previous experiments
 often did not allow for multigeneration effects; utilized low diversity
 assemblages of herbivores; and limited opportunities for new primary
 producer and herbivore species to colonize and undergo species sorting
 that favors some species over others. Using pond plankton, we designed a
 mesocosm experiment that overcame these problems by allowing more time for
 interactions over multiple generations, openness to allow new colonists,
 and manipulated higher diversity of primary producers and grazers than
 have previous studies. With this design, the presence of zooplankton
 grazers doubled phytoplankton richness. The additional phytoplankton
 species in grazed mesocosms were larger, and therefore likely more
 grazer-resistant. Furthermore, phytoplankton richness in grazed mesocosms
 was similar to that observed in natural ponds whereas it was much lower in
 mesocosms without grazers. However, stoichiometric imbalance caused by
 variation in nitrogen:phosphorus ratios and light supply did not alter
 phytoplankton richness. Therefore, grazers enhanced primary producer
 richness more strongly than ratios of nutrient supply (even though both
 grazing and ratios of resource supply altered composition of primary
 producer assemblages). Taken together, these experimental and field data
 show that grazing from a diverse assemblage of herbivores greatly elevated
 richness of phytoplankton producers in pond ecosystems.
description: Diversity in pond
 mesocosmsThis data set gives Chao
 1 estimates for each mesocosm for zooplankton and phytoplankton. Each
 mesocosm is identified by a number and by the treatments
 imposed.SummaryDataforDryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tk41q
title: Data from: Genetic colour polymorphism is associated with avian malarial infections

description: Individual genetic diversity is predicted to influence host–parasite
 interactions. Together with the genes directly associated with immune
 responses, variation in genes regulating vertebrate melanin-based
 pigmentation may play an important role in these interactions, mainly
 through the pleiotropic effects that affect colour-specific physiology,
 behaviour and immunity. Here, we test the hypothesis that the prevalence
 of avian malarial parasites differs between phenotypes in a raptor species
 in which the genetic basis of colour polymorphism and its pleiotropic
 effects over immune functions are known. We found that dark morphs had a
 higher prevalence of Plasmodium parasites than pale ones but detected no
 such association for Haemoproteus. This pattern may be associated with
 unequal exposure to vectors or, as suggested by our circumstantial
 evidence, to a differential ability to mount an immune response against
 blood parasites.
description: Prevalence of blood
 parasites in Eleonora's falconData on infection status
 by Plasmodium and Haemoproteus of adult Eleonora’s falcons (Falco
 eleonorae) from the Canary Islands. The first column (Recaptures)
 indicates birds that were recaptured in successive years. The year of
 capture, sex, color morph, body condition and the ring number (ID) of each
 bird are provided.Dataset.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.18pk7
title: Data from: Rapid evolution of the inter-sexual genetic correlation for fitness in Drosophila melanogaster

description: Sexual antagonism (SA) arises when male and female phenotypes are under
 opposing selection, yet genetically correlated. Until resolved, antagonism
 limits evolution towards optimal sex-specific phenotypes. Despite its
 importance for sex-specific adaptation and existing theory, the dynamics
 of SA resolution are not well understood empirically. Here, we present
 data from Drosophila melanogaster, compatible with a resolution of SA. We
 compared two independent replicates of the 'LHM' population in
 which SA had previously been described. Both had been maintained under
 identical, controlled conditions, and separated for around 200
 generations. Although heritabilities of male and female fitness were
 similar, the inter-sexual genetic correlation differed significantly,
 being negative in one replicate (indicating SA) but close to zero in the
 other. Using population sequencing, we show that phenotypic differences
 were associated with population divergence in allele frequencies at
 non-random loci across the genome. Large frequency changes were more
 prevalent in the population without SA and were enriched at loci mapping
 to genes previously shown to have sexually antagonistic relationships
 between expression and fitness. Our data suggest that rapid evolution
 towards SA resolution has occurred in one of the populations and open
 avenues towards studying the genetics of SA and its resolution.
description: standardized fitness
 scores in males and females in UU and UCLStandardized fitness
 scores in males and in females in two populations of LHm Drosophila
 melanogaster: UU and UCL
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kr076
title: Data from: Honey bee colonies headed by hyperpolyandrous queens have improved brood rearing efficiency and lower infestation rates of parasitic Varroa mites

description: A honey bee queen mates on wing with an average of 12 males and stores
 their sperm to produce progeny of mixed paternity. The degree of a queen’s
 polyandry is positively associated with measures of her colony’s fitness,
 and observed distributions of mating number are evolutionary optima
 balancing risks of mating flights against benefits to the colony.
 Effective mating numbers as high as 40 have been documented, begging the
 question of the upper bounds of this behavior that can be expected to
 confer colony benefit. In this study we used instrumental insemination to
 create three classes of queens with exaggerated range of polyandry– 15,
 30, or 60 drones. Colonies headed by queens inseminated with 30 or 60
 drones produced more brood per bee and had a lower proportion of samples
 positive for Varroa destructor mites than colonies whose queens were
 inseminated with 15 drones, suggesting benefits of polyandry at rates
 higher than those normally obtaining in nature. Our results are consistent
 with two hypotheses that posit conditions that reward such high
 expressions of polyandry: (1) a queen may mate with many males in order to
 promote beneficial non-additive genetic interactions among subfamilies,
 and (2) a queen may mate with many males in order to capture a large
 number of rare alleles that regulate resistance to pathogens and parasites
 in a breeding population. Our results are unique for identifying the
 highest levels of polyandry yet detected that confer colony-level benefit
 and for showing a benefit of polyandry in particular toward the parasitic
 mite V. destructor.
description: Data for Delaplane et
 al."block" is
 independent replication of experiment; "1" was set up in 2012
 and "2" in 2013. "col" is unique bee colony within
 block. "tmt" is experimental colony treatment, ie., insemination
 dose: 15, 30, or 60 males. "date" is sample date. "time
 point" mirrors date and was used in the REML analysis to define a
 uniform correlation across all time points for each colony.
 "population" is raw colony population of adult bees.
 "combs" is area of foundation drawn into natural comb (cm2) by
 bees over two days. "brood" is area of worker brood, all life
 stages (cm2) on that sampling date. "mites" is number of Varroa
 mites recovered per 100 adult bees. In all cases, missing data are
 indicated by a period ".".
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.32tg8
title: Data from: Migration highways and migration barriers created by host-parasite interactions

description: Coevolving parasites may play a key role in host migration and population
 structure. Using coevolving bacteria and viruses, we test general
 hypotheses as to how coevolving parasites affect the success of passive
 host migration between habitats that can support different intensities of
 host-parasite interactions. First, we show that parasites aid migration
 from areas of intense to weak coevolutionary interactions and impede
 migration in the opposite direction, as a result of intraspecific apparent
 competition mediated via parasites. Second, when habitats show qualitative
 difference such that some environments support parasite persistence while
 others do not, different population regulation forces (either parasitism
 or competitive exclusion) will reduce the success of migration in both
 directions. Our study shows that coevolution with parasites can
 predictably homogenizes or isolates host populations, depending on
 heterogeneity of abiotic conditions, with the second scenario constituting
 a novel type of “isolation by adaptation”.
description: raw.data.ELE-01046-2016