DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kh466
title: Data from: Using genetic variation to infer associations with climate in the common frog, Rana temporaria

description: Recent and historical species' associations with climate can be
 inferred using molecular markers. This knowledge of population and
 species-level responses to climatic variables can then be used to predict
 the potential consequences of ongoing climate change. The aim of this
 study was to predict responses of Rana temporaria to environmental change
 in Scotland by inferring historical and contemporary patterns of gene flow
 in relation to current variation in local thermal conditions. We first
 inferred colonization patterns within Europe following the last glacial
 maximum by combining new and previously published mitochondrial DNA
 sequences. We found that sequences from our Scottish samples were
 identical to (92%), or clustered with, the common haplotype previously
 identified from Western Europe. This clade showed very low mitochondrial
 variation, which did not allow inference of historical colonization routes
 but did allow interpretation of patterns of current fine-scale population
 structure without consideration of confounding historical variation.
 Second, we assessed fine-scale microsatellite-based patterns of genetic
 variation in relation to current altitudinal temperature gradients. No
 population structure was found within altitudinal gradients (average FST =
 0.02), despite a mean annual temperature difference of 4.5 °C between low-
 and high-altitude sites. Levels of genetic diversity were considerable and
 did not vary between sites. The panmictic population structure observed,
 even along temperature gradients, is a potentially positive sign for R.
 temporaria persistence in Scotland in the face of a changing climate. This
 study demonstrates that within taxonomic groups, thought to be at high
 risk from environmental change, levels of vulnerability can vary, even
 within species.
description: Contemporary population
 structure site location fileName (mountain
 name_low/high altitude), location (latitude and longitude) and altitude of
 sites included in the contemporary population structure
 analyses.Microsatellite data
 fileMicrosatellite data by
 individual as used in the contemporary population structure analysis.
 IndividualID: individual identifier. Site: mountain name_low/high
 altitude. Latitude, longitude: sampling location for individual.
 Altitude(m): altitude of sampling location. BFG(number): genotype at named
 locus. NA: data not available.R script file,
 contemporary population structureR script used in the
 contemporary population structure analyses (general linear
 models).R
 script file.txtSTRUCTURE input
 fileInput file for STRUCTURE
 analysisTemperature data
 fileAir temperature data
 collected every two hours, by site used for the contemporary population
 structure analysis. Date, Time: when air temperature was recorded.
 Temperature in degrees centigrade by site. Site names: mountain
 name_low/high altitudePhylogeography site
 location fileLocations of sample
 collection within Scotland for the phylogeographic analyses including site
 name, latitude and longitudeMtDNA sequences
 informationMitochondrial DNA
 sequence information including sample collection date, samples collected
 by, sample collection location (latitude and longitude) and genbank
 accession numbers for sequences used for the phylogeographic
 analyses.MtDNA sequences sample
 info.txt