cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13362971
title: Analysis of Sediment Phosphorus Pools in Shallow Lakes

description: These data sets summarize the results of a project to quantify and explain spatial variation in sediment phosphorus (P) pools in seven shallow lakes in NW Iowa, USA.1. "Cores_ALLDATA_2018.csv" is the primary data set. It contains sediment core data for all study lakes. Variables include sediment physical characteristics (moisture content, organic matter content, bulk density), sediment total P concentrations, and sediment P speciation (concentrations of loosely-bound, redox-sensitive, aluminum-bound, calcium-bound, and labile organic P). The file "Cores_ALLDATA_2018_README.csv" provides detailed meta-data.2. "Chla_MobileP_Regression.csv" provides additional data on the long-term concentrations of the algal pigment chlorophyll a in the study lakes. We used these data to analyze the relationship between long term lake productivity and mobile sediment P fractions in the sediments. The file "Chla_MobileP_Regression_README.csv" provides detailed meta-data.3. "Swan_macrophytes_2018.csv" summarizes the distribution of aquatic plants (macrophytes) in one study lake (Swan Lake), and "Swan_SedP_2018.csv" summarizes sediment P data for that lake. We used these datasets to analyze spatial relationships between macrophyte beds and sediment P pools. Detailed meta-data can be found in "Swan_macrophytes_2018_README.csv" and "Swan_SedP_2018_README.csv"<br><br>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13362971.v1
title: Analysis of Sediment Phosphorus Pools in Shallow Lakes

description: These data sets summarize the results of a project to quantify and explain spatial variation in sediment phosphorus (P) pools in seven shallow lakes in NW Iowa, USA.1. "Cores_ALLDATA_2018.csv" is the primary data set. It contains sediment core data for all study lakes. Variables include sediment physical characteristics (moisture content, organic matter content, bulk density), sediment total P concentrations, and sediment P speciation (concentrations of loosely-bound, redox-sensitive, aluminum-bound, calcium-bound, and labile organic P). The file "Cores_ALLDATA_2018_README.csv" provides detailed meta-data.2. "Chla_MobileP_Regression.csv" provides additional data on the long-term concentrations of the algal pigment chlorophyll a in the study lakes. We used these data to analyze the relationship between long term lake productivity and mobile sediment P fractions in the sediments. The file "Chla_MobileP_Regression_README.csv" provides detailed meta-data.3. "Swan_macrophytes_2018.csv" summarizes the distribution of aquatic plants (macrophytes) in one study lake (Swan Lake), and "Swan_SedP_2018.csv" summarizes sediment P data for that lake. We used these datasets to analyze spatial relationships between macrophyte beds and sediment P pools. Detailed meta-data can be found in "Swan_macrophytes_2018_README.csv" and "Swan_SedP_2018_README.csv"<br><br>
DOI: 10.26188/5da553562c7fa
title: EPiC database - Dimension stone

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Dimension stone is the common term used for finished blocks or slabs of stone used in construction. There are a variety of rock types used to create dimension stone, including: marble, granite, slate, travertine and others. These have different properties, and can vary in strength, hardness, durability, texture, colour, size and cost.<br><br>Dimension stone is mined from quarries, using precision saws, burners and blasting. Slabs are then graded, cut to size, and finished using a variety of techniques, including: sandblasting, polishing, honing, and saw cutting; each technique providing a different finish and texture. Resin can be used to fill imperfections in the stone. <br><br>Dimension stones are commonly used for bathroom vanities, countertops, flooring and cladding. Granite is used for external and flooring applications due to its hardness, and ability to withstand weathering. Marble and travertine is commonly used for benchtops and interior applications.
DOI: 10.26188/5da551b3248d5
title: EPiC database - Aluminium extruded

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Aluminium is a ductile non-ferrous metal. It is a lightweight metal with an average density of 2.7 t/m³. It is durable, corrosion resistant, a good reflector of both visible and infrared radiation, and highly recyclable. Aluminium alloys are used in the construction industry as raw aluminium typically lacks the strength required for most of its applications.<br><br>Aluminium is extracted from bauxite, its common ore, through an extensive process. Bauxite is converted to aluminium oxide through the Bayer process. Aluminium oxide (or Alumina) is then converted to aluminium billets by the electricity-intensive Hall-Héroult process, made of 99% aluminium, which can be further purified if needed. Aluminium billets are then thermoformed into the relevant shape. Powdercoating provides additional durability, custom colour and improved performance.<br><br>Aluminium is commonly used as a construction material, notably as cladding, structural and window framing, and as a thermal reflector. Extruded aluminium is commonly used for window frames, profiles for tracks, frames and rails, and mullions.
DOI: 10.26188/5da556dde71cd
title: EPiC database - Polyurethane (PU) flexible foam

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer with a low density, low thermal conductivity and high durability.<br><br>PU is produced by mixing a stream of isocyanate and a stream of polyol, including any other additives. The proportion of each stream in the mix is often used to alter the material properties. The resulting mixture is poured into a mould or onto a surface. Once cured, the PU is demoulded.<br><br>In construction, flexible PU foam consists of thin flexible foam rolls that are typically used as floor underlay.
DOI: 10.26188/5da555b3e3bf9
title: EPiC database - MDF sheet

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Medium density fibreboard (MDF), is a manufactured timber product made from reconstituted wood fibres. It is denser than particleboard or plywood, and has a smooth finish. MDF is commonly covered with timber veneer, vinyl, or a melamine paper coating, providing increased durability, water resistance and aesthetic qualities. MDF is cost-effective when compared with other sheet materials, and is typically stronger than particleboard. <br><br>MDF is created by combining residual wood fibres with a resin binder and wax, and pressing at a high temperature. Urea-formaldehyde is commonly used for non-waterproof applications, and melamine urea formaldehyde for increased water resistance. <br><br>MDF is commonly used for joinery and interior purposes. Depending on the resin used, it can have a moderate resistance to water, and is generally not suited to exterior applications.
DOI: 10.26188/5da551ed753b9
title: EPiC database - Asphalt

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Asphalt is made by combining bitumen and aggregates. It is also commonly known as asphaltic concrete or bituminous concrete. Bitumen is a petroleum-based product made by extracting components of crude oil. Crude bitumen obtained from oil sands can also be used, which is a naturally occurring bitumen. Bitumen is used as a binder and generally represents around 5% of the asphalt mix.<br><br>Typical aggregates used are crushed rock, sand or gravel and these make up approximately 95% of the volume of asphalt. The maximum aggregate size is generally 10 mm. Polymers and other additives are often added to control the properties of asphalt. Due to its high viscosity, asphalt is heated prior to being mixed with the aggregate materials. <br><br>Asphalt is used mainly as a road construction material, but also commonly used for path and carpark surfacing as well as waterproofing of roofs.
DOI: 10.26188/5da55571d9d31
title: EPiC database - Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a manufactured timber product made from thin veneers of timber bonded together under heat and pressure. Unlike plywood, the grain is oriented in the same direction. LVL is stronger and can span further than traditional timber members. It has excellent dimensional stability, reliability and strength. <br><br>LVL can be made from smaller varieties of trees, usually unsuitable for large structural members. Veneers are bonded together using bonding agents that cure at high temperatures, such as phenol formaldehyde. <br><br>LVL members are excellent for long spanning structural purposes, and are commonly used for lintels, beams, purlins and trusses.
DOI: 10.26188/5da55308b9bbe
title: EPiC database - Copper sheet

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Copper is a soft and malleable non-ferrous metal and has been used in construction for hundreds of years. It has high thermal and electric conduction properties.<br><br>Copper is made by crushing mined copper ores and flash smelting them. The resulting copper sulphite is further heated with oxygen to obtain copper oxide. The latter is heated to obtain blister copper, which is used to cast anodes that are turned into pure copper cathodes through electroplating.<br><br>Copper has multiple uses in construction. Copper sheets are often used to manufacture roofing, cladding, gutters, antimicrobial finished surfaces and others.
DOI: 10.26188/5da550538b369
title: EPiC database - Concrete 32 MPa

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Concrete is a composite material combining sand or other fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, a binder and water. Portland cement is the most commonly used binder, however other binders, such as polymers, may also be used. Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) such as Fly Ash and Ground, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS), are also commonly used as a part replacement for Portland cement. Additives, such as plasticisers can be added to the mix to control concrete properties, such as workability. Concrete is usually combined with steel reinforcement to improve tensile strength.<br><br>Concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials. It is highly durable and is thus typically used for structural elements in buildings and infrastructure projects. Concrete can be manufactured to meet a variety of strength grades. Concrete 32 MPa is commonly used in commercial and civil construction, for structural piling, floor slabs, external walls, paths and roads, where increased durability, weather-resistance and load-bearing capacity are required.<br><br>
DOI: 10.26188/5da5589913df4
title: EPiC database - Toughened glass

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Toughened, or tempered glass is made from flat glass that has been strengthened. Flat glass is made from a combination of silica, soda, lime, dolomite and aluminium oxide. The raw materials are melted at high temperature and the molten glass is then formed into flat glass using a variety of processes. A floating process, where the molten glass is floated on a bed of tin, is most common for manufacturing window glass. The glass is then gradually cooled (annealed) and cut to size.<br><br>To produce toughened glass, the flat glass is then heated and rapidly cooled, increasing compressive stress on the outer surfaces of the glass. This produces glass that is 5 times stronger than standard flat glass.<br><br>Toughened glass is commonly used for windows, glass doors, balustrades, shower screens and pool fences. It provides added safety over flat glass as when broken, the glass shatters into small even pieces.
DOI: 10.26188/5da5575bb1595
title: EPiC database - Sanitary ceramic

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Sanitary ceramics are a high quality ceramic product that is durable, water proof, stain and mould resistant. Materials used in sanitary ceramics are generally denser and less porous than other ceramic products.<br><br>Sanitary ceramics are commonly made from silica, sand, feldspar and clays such as kaolinite that are used to make china and porcelain. The raw materials are pulverised into fine particles and mixed together, before being formed into the desired size and shape. The product is then dried, glazed with a waterproof coating and fired in a high temperature oven/kiln. <br><br>Sanitary ceramics are commonly used for washbasins, toilets, bathroom accessories and sanitary ware. They are generally more expensive than other ceramic products, due to their high-quality waterproof and stain resistant finish.
DOI: 10.26188/5da558f73d913
title: EPiC database - Wood glue (PVA)

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), also known as wood glue, is clear drying, non-toxic, water-based adhesive commonly used as a binding agent for timber, paper, cloth and other natural fibres. It provides a flexible and strong bond that dries quickly at room temperature. <br><br>There are different grades of PVA glue, used for different purposes. 'White glue' or 'craft glue' is used for interior applications only. 'Yellow glue' or 'carpenters glue' is water-resistant, but not suitable for full exterior use. There are also exterior grade, fully waterproof variations, that are suitable for not-structural exterior purposes. These are generally slower drying, and cure at a lower temperature. <br><br>In addition to being used as a wood binding agent, PVA can also be used as a sealer, primer and filler.
DOI: 10.26188/5da556ef90771
title: EPiC database - Polyurethane (PU) rigid foam insulation

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer with a low density, low thermal conductivity and high durability.<br><br>PU is produced by mixing a stream of isocyanate and a stream of polyol, including any other additives. The proportion of each stream in the mix is often used to alter the material properties. The resulting mixture is poured into a mould or onto a surface. Once cured, the PU is demoulded.<br><br>PU insulation consists of rigid foam panels that are used for high-performance insulation.
DOI: 10.26188/5da553f3e04ff
title: EPiC database - Double glazing - toughened glass

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Double glazing - toughened glass is a glazing system that combines two sheets of toughened glass separated by a sealed gas-filled cavity. These systems are also commonly referred to as insulated glass units (IGU). An aluminium spacer is used to separate the glass panes, attached to the glass with an adhesive. The cavity is then filled with an inert gas. Argon, xenon and krypton are the most commonly used gases. <br><br>The double glazed system is typically used to improve the acoustic or thermal performance of a window. The thickness of each glass pane generally ranges from 3 to 10 mm and the gas-filled cavity typically ranges from 6 to 12 mm. <br><br>The same glass thickness is usually used for both panes, but in some circumstances the thickness may vary. Laminated or flat glass can also be used in place of toughened glass. Toughened glass is used where additional strength is required or there is increased risk of damage. Various coatings (such as low-e) can also be applied to the glass surfaces to improve its thermal, acoustic or privacy characteristics.
DOI: 10.26188/5da554a55f5a5
title: EPiC database - Glued laminated timber (glulam)

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Glued laminated timber or glulam is a structurally engineered timber product produced from large strips of graded timber that are bonded together. Glulam has a high degree of dimensional stability, and a high strength to weight ratio compared to steel. <br><br>Timber members are individually selected for lamination, to maximise strength and performance. Because of this, glulam can be manufactured with increased strength in particular areas, to compensate for areas of high stress in a structure. Synthetic resin glues are typically used as a binding agent, commonly in conjunction with finger joints to increase joint performance. <br><br>Glulam can be used for long structural members, which exceed the capabilities of standard timber. It is also used for columns, rafters, trusses and curved beams.
DOI: 10.26188/5da55317e50fc
title: EPiC database - Copper pipe

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Copper is a soft and malleable non-ferrous metal and has been used in construction for hundreds of years. It has high thermal and electric conduction properties.<br><br>Copper is made by crushing mined copper ores and flash smelting them. The resulting copper sulphite is further heated with oxygen to obtain copper oxide. The latter is heated to obtain blister copper, which is used to cast anodes that are turned into pure copper cathodes through electroplating. These are then heated and extruded into pipes.<br><br>Copper has multiple uses in construction. Copper pipes are used for building services, including for gas and in heating, cooling and ventilation systems.
DOI: 10.26188/5da5561c22195
title: EPiC database - OSB sheet

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Oriented strand board (OSB) is a manufactured timber product similar to particleboard. It is made from timber fibres that are bonded together in a particular orientation. The orientation varies across the inner and outer layers, to provide increased dimensional stability. It has superior structural capabilities compared with particleboard, and is more cost-effective than plywood. Boards can be manufactured to have a high strength and rigidity, depending on the required application.<br><br>Strands of timber are bonded together using thermal compression. Adhesive resins such as urea-formaldehyde (non-waterproof) or melamine-formaldehyde (water resistant) are used to bond the strands together, often combined with wax. OSB boards can utilise timber offcuts and have very low timber wastage.<br><br>OSB boards are commonly used as an alternative for plywood sheet products.
DOI: 10.26188/5da556cc242c5
title: EPiC database - Polystyrene (EPS/XPS) insulation

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic polymer and thermoplastic. Polystyrene insulation is made from Expanded (EPS) or Extruded Polystyrene (XPS). It has a low thermal conductivity (0.03-0.038 W/(m·K)) and is a lightweight material.<br><br>PS insulation is made by polymerising styrene monomers in polystyrene before moulding it (EPS) or extruding it (XPS) into rigid foam panels.<br><br>PS insulation is widely used in the construction industry. EPS is used in walls and on roofs that do not require stepping onto. XPS, with its increased compressive strengths, can be stepped upon and is therefore more common on roofs.
DOI: 10.26188/5da551d0640fa
title: EPiC database - Aluminium foil insulation

description: This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Aluminium is a ductile non-ferrous metal. It is a lightweight metal with an average density of 2 700 kg/m³. It is durable, corrosion resistant, a good reflector of both visible and infrared radiation, and highly recyclable. Aluminium insulation foils provide a barrier to light, infrared radiation and sometimes air, moisture and bacteria, depending on perforation and treatment.<br><br>Aluminium insulation foil is manufactured by rolling aluminium slabs cast from molten aluminium into a mill for a desired thickness. It is produced into rolls of specific widths and lengths.<br><br>Aluminium insulation foil is commonly installed in cavities to reflect infrared radiation and trap heat inside or outside of a building (depending on its placement).