cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279572
title: Surgery course load in Brazilian medical schools

description: Abstract: Introduction: Surgery is an important curricular component of undergraduate medical courses. This study was conducted because the surgery course load in Brazilian medical has not been systematically explored at the national level. Objective: To analyze the surgery course load in Brazilian medical schools. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out with Brazilian medical schools acknowledged by the Ministry of Education, which had begun their activities prior to December 31, 2017 and, as of September 2018, had their curriculum matrix and/or political-pedagogical project with the surgery course load available on the internet. The variables studied were total medical curriculum course load and surgery course load before and during clerkship, as well as the schools’ geographic region and fee status. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistic Student t-test, analysis of variance, and Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with the null hypothesis rejected for p &lt; .05. Results: The study included 205 of the country’s 323 existing medical schools, of which 175 had available information on the surgery course load during the clerkship, 157 before the clerkship, and 129 had information on course load before and after the clerkship. The median total surgery course load in hours was 815.0 (P25 - 75 = 677.5 - 992.0; minimum = 340.0 h; maximum =1,665.0), while the mean surgery course load before clerkship in hours was 268.7 (SD = 140.3; minimum = 32.0; maximum = 780.0), with no difference between geographic regions or fee status. During the clerkship, the median course load was 540.0 hours (P25 - 75 = 400.0 - 712.0; minimum = 170.0 h; maximum = 1,410.0), with no difference between geographic regions, but with higher values in medical schools with no tuition fees. Regarding the total curriculum course load, the mean percentage of the surgery course load before clerkship was 3.2% (SD = 1.7), the median percentage during the clerkship was 6.4% (P25 - 75 = 5.0 - 8.2), the median percentage of the total surgery course load was 6.4% (P25 - 75 = 5.0 - 8.2%, and the median percentage of surgery course load (both periods) was 9.7% (P25 - 75 = 8.3 - 11.8%). Conclusions: Despite the considerable variation in the surgery course load limits, the median of total surgery and the mean of surgery course load before clerkship were similar across geographic regions and fee statuses. The median surgery course load during clerkship was also similar across regions but higher in tuition-free medical schools. The values found in this study can help schools’ administrators to assess and plan the surgery course load in their institutions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279573
title: Inclusion of acupuncture in medical education: systematic review of Brazilian experiences

description: Abstract: Introduction: Acupuncture aims to ensure energetic balance by means of skin stimulation with the insertion of needles at specific points. It is part of the theoretical-practical knowledge set of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The World Health Organization has been supporting acupuncture educational, research, and knowledge exchange actions all over the world. This study seeks to answer the following research question: “What evidence is there of acupuncture being included in Brazilian medical training?” Objective: To present a systematic review to answer the research question. Method: Systematic review conducted in February 2020, involving a search in the databases PubMed/Medline, Medline/BVS, Lilacs, Homeoindex, Scopus e Scielo for combinations of the following terms in English, Portuguese and Spanish: “complementary and alternative medicine teaching”, “Acupuncture medicine teaching” and “Brazil”. The manuscripts returned by the search were fully evaluated by two researchers to identify relevant discussion themes: acupuncture in Brazil: challenges and perspectives; acupuncture in undergraduate medical training: experiences, perceptions, and challenges; acupuncture medical specialization/residency; scientific publication: importance in Medical Education. Results: The sixteen selected papers were classified according to their objectives, method, results, and conclusions, and discussed based on the identified themes. Conclusion: The study data show that acupuncture is growing in Brazil, with greater publicity and latu sense teaching, with summary participation during undergraduate medical training. It is hoped that public policies focused on the Unified Health System can encourage more investment in teaching for undergraduate training.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279572.v1
title: Surgery course load in Brazilian medical schools

description: Abstract: Introduction: Surgery is an important curricular component of undergraduate medical courses. This study was conducted because the surgery course load in Brazilian medical has not been systematically explored at the national level. Objective: To analyze the surgery course load in Brazilian medical schools. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out with Brazilian medical schools acknowledged by the Ministry of Education, which had begun their activities prior to December 31, 2017 and, as of September 2018, had their curriculum matrix and/or political-pedagogical project with the surgery course load available on the internet. The variables studied were total medical curriculum course load and surgery course load before and during clerkship, as well as the schools’ geographic region and fee status. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistic Student t-test, analysis of variance, and Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with the null hypothesis rejected for p &lt; .05. Results: The study included 205 of the country’s 323 existing medical schools, of which 175 had available information on the surgery course load during the clerkship, 157 before the clerkship, and 129 had information on course load before and after the clerkship. The median total surgery course load in hours was 815.0 (P25 - 75 = 677.5 - 992.0; minimum = 340.0 h; maximum =1,665.0), while the mean surgery course load before clerkship in hours was 268.7 (SD = 140.3; minimum = 32.0; maximum = 780.0), with no difference between geographic regions or fee status. During the clerkship, the median course load was 540.0 hours (P25 - 75 = 400.0 - 712.0; minimum = 170.0 h; maximum = 1,410.0), with no difference between geographic regions, but with higher values in medical schools with no tuition fees. Regarding the total curriculum course load, the mean percentage of the surgery course load before clerkship was 3.2% (SD = 1.7), the median percentage during the clerkship was 6.4% (P25 - 75 = 5.0 - 8.2), the median percentage of the total surgery course load was 6.4% (P25 - 75 = 5.0 - 8.2%, and the median percentage of surgery course load (both periods) was 9.7% (P25 - 75 = 8.3 - 11.8%). Conclusions: Despite the considerable variation in the surgery course load limits, the median of total surgery and the mean of surgery course load before clerkship were similar across geographic regions and fee statuses. The median surgery course load during clerkship was also similar across regions but higher in tuition-free medical schools. The values found in this study can help schools’ administrators to assess and plan the surgery course load in their institutions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279573.v1
title: Inclusion of acupuncture in medical education: systematic review of Brazilian experiences

description: Abstract: Introduction: Acupuncture aims to ensure energetic balance by means of skin stimulation with the insertion of needles at specific points. It is part of the theoretical-practical knowledge set of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The World Health Organization has been supporting acupuncture educational, research, and knowledge exchange actions all over the world. This study seeks to answer the following research question: “What evidence is there of acupuncture being included in Brazilian medical training?” Objective: To present a systematic review to answer the research question. Method: Systematic review conducted in February 2020, involving a search in the databases PubMed/Medline, Medline/BVS, Lilacs, Homeoindex, Scopus e Scielo for combinations of the following terms in English, Portuguese and Spanish: “complementary and alternative medicine teaching”, “Acupuncture medicine teaching” and “Brazil”. The manuscripts returned by the search were fully evaluated by two researchers to identify relevant discussion themes: acupuncture in Brazil: challenges and perspectives; acupuncture in undergraduate medical training: experiences, perceptions, and challenges; acupuncture medical specialization/residency; scientific publication: importance in Medical Education. Results: The sixteen selected papers were classified according to their objectives, method, results, and conclusions, and discussed based on the identified themes. Conclusion: The study data show that acupuncture is growing in Brazil, with greater publicity and latu sense teaching, with summary participation during undergraduate medical training. It is hoped that public policies focused on the Unified Health System can encourage more investment in teaching for undergraduate training.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279575
title: Factors behind burnout increase in medical students. Are the criteria so important?

description: Abstract: Introduction: Medical students’ mental health has been a concern to the scientific community, especially as a result of the epidemic of mental comorbidities that have become commonplace among the various social groups in modern society. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of Burnout among first- to fourth- year medical students and compare different criteria to define the syndrome. Methods: A total of 511 students from three universities in Brazil answered validated instruments to assess burnout (The Maslach Burnout Inventory) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), and a questionnaire prepared by the authors to assess sociodemographic data Results: There was a prevalence of 31.1% of three-dimensional burnout, 37% of two-dimensional burnout and 44,8% of one-dimensional burnout. There were worse levels of emotional exhaustion among students with two-dimensional burnout, compared to those with only one-dimensional criterion, and worse levels of depersonalization among students with three-dimensional burnout, compared to those with two-dimensional criterion only. The same assessed variables showed correlation with all three criteria. Considering the four domains of quality of life - psychological, physical, environment and social relationships, the psychological and physical domains were the ones that correlated the most to all three aspects of the three-dimensional criteria. Emotional exhaustion was the dimension with the strongest association with three of the four quality of life domains. Conclusions: We question whether the three-dimensional criterion should really be the gold standard to define Burnout.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279575.v1
title: Factors behind burnout increase in medical students. Are the criteria so important?

description: Abstract: Introduction: Medical students’ mental health has been a concern to the scientific community, especially as a result of the epidemic of mental comorbidities that have become commonplace among the various social groups in modern society. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of Burnout among first- to fourth- year medical students and compare different criteria to define the syndrome. Methods: A total of 511 students from three universities in Brazil answered validated instruments to assess burnout (The Maslach Burnout Inventory) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), and a questionnaire prepared by the authors to assess sociodemographic data Results: There was a prevalence of 31.1% of three-dimensional burnout, 37% of two-dimensional burnout and 44,8% of one-dimensional burnout. There were worse levels of emotional exhaustion among students with two-dimensional burnout, compared to those with only one-dimensional criterion, and worse levels of depersonalization among students with three-dimensional burnout, compared to those with two-dimensional criterion only. The same assessed variables showed correlation with all three criteria. Considering the four domains of quality of life - psychological, physical, environment and social relationships, the psychological and physical domains were the ones that correlated the most to all three aspects of the three-dimensional criteria. Emotional exhaustion was the dimension with the strongest association with three of the four quality of life domains. Conclusions: We question whether the three-dimensional criterion should really be the gold standard to define Burnout.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279581
title: Supervaluar o Revisar

description: ABSTRACT Los intentos de solucionar la paradoja de Sorites han generado una multiplicidad muy grande de propuestas. Tantas, que es importante detenerse a reflexionar acerca de qué criterios deberíamos usar para compararlas. En el presente trabajo voy a, en primer lugar, ofrecer una taxonomía gruesa de las teorías de la vaguedad que clasifica a las propuestas en dos grandes grupos: aquellas que consideran que Sorites se trata de un problema lógico y aquellas que no. Luego, voy a proponer un criterio general de comparación entre las teorías que pertenecen al primer grupo. Por último, voy a aplicar ese criterio a la comparación de dos casos particulares: una versión del Supervaluacionismo y una de la Teoría de la revisión aplicada a términos vagos. There are already too many attempts to solve the Sorites paradox. So many, that it becomes crucial to stop and reflect on which criteria should we use to compare them. On the present paper, I will offer, on the first place, a coarse taxonomy of theories of vagueness, that classifies them into two big groups: those which consider Sorites to be a logical problem, and those which do not. Then, I will propose a general criterion for comparing theories of the first type. Lastly, I will show how it applies to two particular cases: one version of Supervaluationism and a Revision Theory for vague terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279581.v1
title: Supervaluar o Revisar

description: ABSTRACT Los intentos de solucionar la paradoja de Sorites han generado una multiplicidad muy grande de propuestas. Tantas, que es importante detenerse a reflexionar acerca de qué criterios deberíamos usar para compararlas. En el presente trabajo voy a, en primer lugar, ofrecer una taxonomía gruesa de las teorías de la vaguedad que clasifica a las propuestas en dos grandes grupos: aquellas que consideran que Sorites se trata de un problema lógico y aquellas que no. Luego, voy a proponer un criterio general de comparación entre las teorías que pertenecen al primer grupo. Por último, voy a aplicar ese criterio a la comparación de dos casos particulares: una versión del Supervaluacionismo y una de la Teoría de la revisión aplicada a términos vagos. There are already too many attempts to solve the Sorites paradox. So many, that it becomes crucial to stop and reflect on which criteria should we use to compare them. On the present paper, I will offer, on the first place, a coarse taxonomy of theories of vagueness, that classifies them into two big groups: those which consider Sorites to be a logical problem, and those which do not. Then, I will propose a general criterion for comparing theories of the first type. Lastly, I will show how it applies to two particular cases: one version of Supervaluationism and a Revision Theory for vague terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279584
title: Aspects and the Alteration of Temporal Simples

description: ABSTRACT According to David Lewis, alteration is "qualitative difference between temporal parts of something." It follows that moments, since they are simple and lack temporal parts, cannot alter from future to present to past. Here then is another way to put McTaggart's paradox about change in tense. I will appeal to my theory of Aspects to rebut the thought behind this rendition of McTaggart. On my theory, it is possible that qualitatively differing things be numerically identical. I call these differing, numerically identical things "aspects." I will argue that alteration can be a qualitative difference between temporal aspects of something that lacks temporal parts. So a moment can alter in tense. By rejecting Lewis's assumption my theory can solve this version of McTaggart's paradox.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11267831
title: ARISTOTLE ON PREDICATION AND DEMONSTRATION

description: Abstract I argue against the standard interpretation of Aristotle’s account of ‘natural predication’ in Posterior Analytics 1.19 and 1.22 according to which only substances can serve as subjects in such predications. I argue that this interpretation cannot accommodate a number of demonstrations Aristotle sanctions. I propose a new interpretation that can accommodate them.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279584.v1
title: Aspects and the Alteration of Temporal Simples

description: ABSTRACT According to David Lewis, alteration is "qualitative difference between temporal parts of something." It follows that moments, since they are simple and lack temporal parts, cannot alter from future to present to past. Here then is another way to put McTaggart's paradox about change in tense. I will appeal to my theory of Aspects to rebut the thought behind this rendition of McTaggart. On my theory, it is possible that qualitatively differing things be numerically identical. I call these differing, numerically identical things "aspects." I will argue that alteration can be a qualitative difference between temporal aspects of something that lacks temporal parts. So a moment can alter in tense. By rejecting Lewis's assumption my theory can solve this version of McTaggart's paradox.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279586
title: Temporal Experience and Metaphysics

description: ABSTRACT The well-known phenomenological argument draws metaphysical conclusions about time, specifically about change through time and the resulting passage or flow of time, from our temporal experience. The argument begins with the phenomenological premise that there is a class of properties which underlies our experience of time and change through time, and its conclusion is that these properties are not merely experienced but exemplified. I argue that the phenomenological argument is best served by the adoption of a representational theory of perception. I then present a representational theory of temporal experience.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14279586.v1
title: Temporal Experience and Metaphysics

description: ABSTRACT The well-known phenomenological argument draws metaphysical conclusions about time, specifically about change through time and the resulting passage or flow of time, from our temporal experience. The argument begins with the phenomenological premise that there is a class of properties which underlies our experience of time and change through time, and its conclusion is that these properties are not merely experienced but exemplified. I argue that the phenomenological argument is best served by the adoption of a representational theory of perception. I then present a representational theory of temporal experience.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8092226
title: VARIETIES OF DIFFERENCE-MAKERS: CONSIDERATIONS ON CHIRIMUUTA’S APPROACH TO NON-CAUSAL EXPLANATION IN NEUROSCIENCE

description: Abstract Causal approaches to explanation often assume that a model explains by describing features that make a difference regarding the phenomenon. Chirimuuta claims that this idea can be also used to understand non-causal explanation in computational neuroscience. She argues that mathematical principles that figure in efficient coding explanations are non-causal difference-makers. Although these principles cannot be causally altered, efficient coding models can be used to show how would the phenomenon change if the principles were modified in counterpossible situations. The problem is that efficient coding models also involve difference-makers that, prima facie, cannot be characterized as non-causal in this sense. Mathematical principles always involve variables which have counterfactual (instead of counterpossible) relations between them. However, we cannot simply assume that these difference-makers are causal. They can also be found in paradigmatic non-causal explanations and therefore they must be characterized as non-causal in some sense. I argue that, despite appearances, Chirimuuta's view can be applied to these cases. The mentioned counterfactual relations presuppose the counterpossible conditionals that describe the modification of a relevant mathematical principle. If these conditionals are the hallmark of non-causal relations, then Chirimuuta’s criterion has the desired implication that variables in mathematical principles are non-causal difference-makers.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8092226.v1
title: VARIETIES OF DIFFERENCE-MAKERS: CONSIDERATIONS ON CHIRIMUUTA’S APPROACH TO NON-CAUSAL EXPLANATION IN NEUROSCIENCE

description: Abstract Causal approaches to explanation often assume that a model explains by describing features that make a difference regarding the phenomenon. Chirimuuta claims that this idea can be also used to understand non-causal explanation in computational neuroscience. She argues that mathematical principles that figure in efficient coding explanations are non-causal difference-makers. Although these principles cannot be causally altered, efficient coding models can be used to show how would the phenomenon change if the principles were modified in counterpossible situations. The problem is that efficient coding models also involve difference-makers that, prima facie, cannot be characterized as non-causal in this sense. Mathematical principles always involve variables which have counterfactual (instead of counterpossible) relations between them. However, we cannot simply assume that these difference-makers are causal. They can also be found in paradigmatic non-causal explanations and therefore they must be characterized as non-causal in some sense. I argue that, despite appearances, Chirimuuta's view can be applied to these cases. The mentioned counterfactual relations presuppose the counterpossible conditionals that describe the modification of a relevant mathematical principle. If these conditionals are the hallmark of non-causal relations, then Chirimuuta’s criterion has the desired implication that variables in mathematical principles are non-causal difference-makers.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11266457
title: MATERIAL CAUSE AND SYLLOGISTIC NECESSITY IN POSTERIOR ANALYTICS II 11

description: Abstract The paper examines Posterior Analytics II 11, 94a20-36 and makes three points. (1) The confusing formula ‘given what things, is it necessary for this to be’ [τίνων ὄντων ἀνάγκη τοῦτ᾿ εἶναι] at a21-22 introduces material cause, not syllogistic necessity. (2) When biological material necessitation is the only causal factor, Aristotle is reluctant to formalize it in syllogistic terms, and this helps to explain why, in II 11, he turns to geometry in order to illustrate a kind of material cause that can be expressed as the middle term of an explanatory syllogism. (3) If geometrical proof is viewed as a complex construction built on simpler constructions, it can in effect be described as a case of purely material constitution.