cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14270317.v1
title: Dawn of metazoans: to what extent was this influenced by the onset of “modern-type plate tectonics”?

description: Abstract The appearance of complex megascopic multicellular eukaryotes in the Ediacaran occurred just when the dynamics of a cooling Earth allowed establishment of a new style of global tectonics that continues to the present as “modern-type plate tectonics”. The advent of this style was first registered in 620 Ma-old coesite-bearing Ultra-High Pressure eclogites within the Transbrasiliano-Kandi mega-shear zone along the site of the West Gondwana Orogeny (WGO). These eclogites comprise the oldest evidence of slab-pull deep subduction capable of inducing continental collisions and producing high-relief Himalayan-type mega-mountains. Life, prior to this time, was essentially microscopic. Yet with increasing Neoproterozoic oxygenation and intensified influx of nutrients to Ediacaran oceans, resulting from the erosion of these mountains, complex macroscopic heterotrophic eukaryotes arose and diversified, taking the biosphere to a new evolutionary threshold. The repeated elevation of Himalayan-type mega-mountains ever since then has continued to play a fundamental role in nutrient supply and biosphere evolution. Other authors have alluded to the influence of Gondwana mountain-building upon Ediacaran evolution, however we claim here to have identified when and where it began.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7509464
title: Peak rate factor for tringular synthetic unit-graphs

description: ABSTRACT In most cases when unit-graphs are used as rainfall-runoff operators there is a need for synthetic ones, which are constructed synthetically from measurable watershed physical information. Since the development of the first synthetic unit-graph by Snyder (1938) several attempts have been made to generalize them, emphasizing a variety of dimensionless unit-graphs proposals, a very popular one being that of the old United States Soil Conservation Service (SCS,1972). Its simplified triangular version (triangular unit-graph) virtually assumed the role of a generalized dimensionless unit-graph. However, further studies of peak rate factors (PRF) have shown that the SCS triangular unit-graph has a constant PRF, which is not appropriate to represent the hydrologic behavior of all watersheds. The peak rate factor is done in metric or English units, but it is essentiality a dimensionless factor, in this paper represented by the symbol β, which is equivalent to 1.09Cp, Cp being the well-known peak parameter of Snyder’s unit graph. Using this relationship between β and Cp, this paper analyzes and discusses the peak rate factor as an element of synthetic dimensionless unit-graph generalization. On the basis of the experience of obtaining β and Cp, very often related to basin slopes, the possibility of obtaining more realistic triangular synthetic unit-graphs is assessed.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7509464.v1
title: Peak rate factor for tringular synthetic unit-graphs

description: ABSTRACT In most cases when unit-graphs are used as rainfall-runoff operators there is a need for synthetic ones, which are constructed synthetically from measurable watershed physical information. Since the development of the first synthetic unit-graph by Snyder (1938) several attempts have been made to generalize them, emphasizing a variety of dimensionless unit-graphs proposals, a very popular one being that of the old United States Soil Conservation Service (SCS,1972). Its simplified triangular version (triangular unit-graph) virtually assumed the role of a generalized dimensionless unit-graph. However, further studies of peak rate factors (PRF) have shown that the SCS triangular unit-graph has a constant PRF, which is not appropriate to represent the hydrologic behavior of all watersheds. The peak rate factor is done in metric or English units, but it is essentiality a dimensionless factor, in this paper represented by the symbol β, which is equivalent to 1.09Cp, Cp being the well-known peak parameter of Snyder’s unit graph. Using this relationship between β and Cp, this paper analyzes and discusses the peak rate factor as an element of synthetic dimensionless unit-graph generalization. On the basis of the experience of obtaining β and Cp, very often related to basin slopes, the possibility of obtaining more realistic triangular synthetic unit-graphs is assessed.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7514597
title: Aquifers with flow controlled simultaneously by intergranular and planar porosity applied to metasedimentary rocks of the Alto Paraguay Region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

description: ABSTRACT Groundwater reservoirs with flow controlled simultaneously by intergranular and planar porosity are popularly known as double porosity aquifers. Research studies on these aquifers are important to understand the hydraulic behavior of reservoirs with this type of flow. The Raizama and Diamantino aquifers consist of deformed, low grade metamorphic sediments, distributed along a northeast-southwest belt with southeast concavity. Saturated zones flow is controlled by anisotropy, with low permeability, and the storage is conditioned by fracture and intergranular porosity. In double porosity aquifers the predominance of one or another type of porosity can be observed. When compared to fractured aquifers, double porosity systems present lower drawdown and higher specific capacity values. The transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity hydrodynamic parameters are respectively on the order of 10-5 m2/s and 10-7 m/s for the the Raizama Aquifer, and 10-6 m2/s and 10-7 m/s for the Diamantino Aquifer.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7514597.v1
title: Aquifers with flow controlled simultaneously by intergranular and planar porosity applied to metasedimentary rocks of the Alto Paraguay Region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

description: ABSTRACT Groundwater reservoirs with flow controlled simultaneously by intergranular and planar porosity are popularly known as double porosity aquifers. Research studies on these aquifers are important to understand the hydraulic behavior of reservoirs with this type of flow. The Raizama and Diamantino aquifers consist of deformed, low grade metamorphic sediments, distributed along a northeast-southwest belt with southeast concavity. Saturated zones flow is controlled by anisotropy, with low permeability, and the storage is conditioned by fracture and intergranular porosity. In double porosity aquifers the predominance of one or another type of porosity can be observed. When compared to fractured aquifers, double porosity systems present lower drawdown and higher specific capacity values. The transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity hydrodynamic parameters are respectively on the order of 10-5 m2/s and 10-7 m/s for the the Raizama Aquifer, and 10-6 m2/s and 10-7 m/s for the Diamantino Aquifer.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7514399
title: Accuracy of the Hydrus Model to Predict Nitrate Leaching as a Result of Applying Treated Sewage Sludge to Soils of Different Textures

description: ABSTRACT Due to its organic matter and nutrient content, sewage sludge presents a good potential for use in reforestation and reclamation of degraded lands. However, its application poses water contamination risks, due to the high mobility of compounds such as nitrate (carcinogenic). On the other hand, mathematical modeling is becoming an important tool for the evaluation of risks of water contamination by nutrients and pesticides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the global accuracy of the Hydrus 1-D model (version 3.0) to predict nitrate leaching within the soil profile. For this purpose, experimental data from a laboratory leaching study, considering three different soils and submitted to four doses of sewage sludge, were fed into the Hydrus model, after calibrating the parameters of the Van Genuchten-Mualen equation, using the percolated volumes from the experiment as the objective function. Mean nitrate concentrations in the leachate, collected at the bottom of the experimental columns, were then compared with nitrate concentrations predicted by the Hydrus model. The mean relative error between the observed (experiment) and calculated (model) values was -1.97%, and the R2 was 0.96. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was E=0.95, indicating a very high model accuracy in the prediction of nitrate leaching, under the studied conditions
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7514399.v1
title: Accuracy of the Hydrus Model to Predict Nitrate Leaching as a Result of Applying Treated Sewage Sludge to Soils of Different Textures

description: ABSTRACT Due to its organic matter and nutrient content, sewage sludge presents a good potential for use in reforestation and reclamation of degraded lands. However, its application poses water contamination risks, due to the high mobility of compounds such as nitrate (carcinogenic). On the other hand, mathematical modeling is becoming an important tool for the evaluation of risks of water contamination by nutrients and pesticides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the global accuracy of the Hydrus 1-D model (version 3.0) to predict nitrate leaching within the soil profile. For this purpose, experimental data from a laboratory leaching study, considering three different soils and submitted to four doses of sewage sludge, were fed into the Hydrus model, after calibrating the parameters of the Van Genuchten-Mualen equation, using the percolated volumes from the experiment as the objective function. Mean nitrate concentrations in the leachate, collected at the bottom of the experimental columns, were then compared with nitrate concentrations predicted by the Hydrus model. The mean relative error between the observed (experiment) and calculated (model) values was -1.97%, and the R2 was 0.96. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was E=0.95, indicating a very high model accuracy in the prediction of nitrate leaching, under the studied conditions
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7518623.v1
title: Hierarchical Calibration of SWAT model for a watershed in southern Brazil

description: ABSTRACT One of the main challenges of hydrological modeling is the effective calibration of model parameters. The aim of this study was to test a hierarchical calibration scheme for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model by considering land use and climate changes. The study area was the Rio Negrinho watershed, located in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Model calibration was performed with the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI2) Algorithm through increasing complexity tests. The observed discharge data were first divided into calibration and validation periods(Split Sample Test) wherein the predicted monthly flow matched the measured values, with a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) ≥0.5 and Pbias
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7518623
title: Hierarchical Calibration of SWAT model for a watershed in southern Brazil

description: ABSTRACT One of the main challenges of hydrological modeling is the effective calibration of model parameters. The aim of this study was to test a hierarchical calibration scheme for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model by considering land use and climate changes. The study area was the Rio Negrinho watershed, located in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Model calibration was performed with the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI2) Algorithm through increasing complexity tests. The observed discharge data were first divided into calibration and validation periods(Split Sample Test) wherein the predicted monthly flow matched the measured values, with a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) ≥0.5 and Pbias
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7518452
title: Impact of ethanol spill on groundwater – Field test

description: ABSTRACT The increased use of ethanol as pure fuel or blended with gasoline has been causing concerns regarding possible impacts in case of spills. One of the most discussed points is associated with the infiltration of ethanol and its subsurface distribution. A field experiment with the controlled release of 200 L of a mixture containing 85% (v/v) ethanol and 15% (v/v) gasoline (E85) in the unsaturated zone, 1.60 m above water table, was performed in Florianopolis in order to investigate ethanol transfer to the saturated zone, in a region with high rainfall and water table fluctuations. Ethanol, bromide (used as a tracer), acetate and methane samples were collected at depths from 2 to 6 m during a period of 3 years. The elevated rainfall and the frequent fluctuations of the water table level directly affected the migration of ethanol and bromide from the vadose zone to the groundwater. During 3 years, the presence of ethanol and its metabolite byproducts until 18 m away from the source, and at the depths evaluated showed that it migrated vertically and horizontally, respectively. These results indicate that in regions with elevated rainfalls and significant fluctuation in water table level, ethanol can be drained to the groundwater, and reach zones far from the source through advective and dispersive transport. Thus, in subsurface spills, the possible presence of ethanol in the plume with aromatic compounds of gasoline, can have a different environmental impact on groundwater from that observed in regions with lower rainfall.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7518452.v1
title: Impact of ethanol spill on groundwater – Field test

description: ABSTRACT The increased use of ethanol as pure fuel or blended with gasoline has been causing concerns regarding possible impacts in case of spills. One of the most discussed points is associated with the infiltration of ethanol and its subsurface distribution. A field experiment with the controlled release of 200 L of a mixture containing 85% (v/v) ethanol and 15% (v/v) gasoline (E85) in the unsaturated zone, 1.60 m above water table, was performed in Florianopolis in order to investigate ethanol transfer to the saturated zone, in a region with high rainfall and water table fluctuations. Ethanol, bromide (used as a tracer), acetate and methane samples were collected at depths from 2 to 6 m during a period of 3 years. The elevated rainfall and the frequent fluctuations of the water table level directly affected the migration of ethanol and bromide from the vadose zone to the groundwater. During 3 years, the presence of ethanol and its metabolite byproducts until 18 m away from the source, and at the depths evaluated showed that it migrated vertically and horizontally, respectively. These results indicate that in regions with elevated rainfalls and significant fluctuation in water table level, ethanol can be drained to the groundwater, and reach zones far from the source through advective and dispersive transport. Thus, in subsurface spills, the possible presence of ethanol in the plume with aromatic compounds of gasoline, can have a different environmental impact on groundwater from that observed in regions with lower rainfall.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7512608
title: Characteristics of pressure fluctuations downstream from clamshell-type hydraulic energy dissipators with a 45° angle

description: ABSTRACT This paper presents the distribution of pressure fluctuations measured downstream from 12 different clamshell-type hydraulic energy dissipators. Data were collected resulting in a battery of 78 tests with Froude numbers varying from 3.2 to 7.6 at the device inlets (Ft), under different water level conditions above the clamshell. These tests provided the basis for the analysis of the minimum conditions required to initiate a submerged flow (acting as a roller bucket device), and also to develop equations to predict where the maximum pressure fluctuation occurs, its value and estimates of the pressure fluctuation at the device outlets.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7512608.v1
title: Characteristics of pressure fluctuations downstream from clamshell-type hydraulic energy dissipators with a 45° angle

description: ABSTRACT This paper presents the distribution of pressure fluctuations measured downstream from 12 different clamshell-type hydraulic energy dissipators. Data were collected resulting in a battery of 78 tests with Froude numbers varying from 3.2 to 7.6 at the device inlets (Ft), under different water level conditions above the clamshell. These tests provided the basis for the analysis of the minimum conditions required to initiate a submerged flow (acting as a roller bucket device), and also to develop equations to predict where the maximum pressure fluctuation occurs, its value and estimates of the pressure fluctuation at the device outlets.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7514312
title: Performance of the HAND model in mapping the areas susceptible to flooding using high-resolution spatial data

description: ABSTRACT Mapping areas susceptible to flooding is an important step to minimize the damage caused by floods, especially in urban areas. This mapping is used to establish guidelines for use and occupation of the soil and in the formulation of civil defense plans. In the municipalities of Blumenau and Brusque, flood stricken areas were mapped, from surveys carried out after the events. From the topography represented in digital terrain models (DTM), the HAND model had been preliminarily applied to predict potential flood areas. Recently a new concept was introduced in contours above the nearest drainage (HAND contours), demonstrating the specific ability of this method for use in hydrological risk area assessment. This study aimed to evaluate more widely the performance of the HAND contour method in mapping areas susceptible to flooding, based on topographic surveys available for the municipalities of Blumenau and Brusque. The evaluation used the variables accuracy, omission and commission, and the parameters F statistic, overall accuracy, Fit (%), false alarm rate (FAR) and the trend rate (BIAS). The results showed that for floods of small magnitude, the HAND model overestimates the area susceptible to flooding. As the flood level increases, the HAND model performance improves. For the largest simulated flood of Brusque and Blumenau, the omission (missing area) was of 7.5 and 4.7%, respectively. The commission (surplus area) was 35.3 and 42.2%, respectively. Comparison with other studies shows that the performance of the HAND model is similar to those obtained by other authors with hydrodynamic models, which have a high demand for data input.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7514312.v1
title: Performance of the HAND model in mapping the areas susceptible to flooding using high-resolution spatial data

description: ABSTRACT Mapping areas susceptible to flooding is an important step to minimize the damage caused by floods, especially in urban areas. This mapping is used to establish guidelines for use and occupation of the soil and in the formulation of civil defense plans. In the municipalities of Blumenau and Brusque, flood stricken areas were mapped, from surveys carried out after the events. From the topography represented in digital terrain models (DTM), the HAND model had been preliminarily applied to predict potential flood areas. Recently a new concept was introduced in contours above the nearest drainage (HAND contours), demonstrating the specific ability of this method for use in hydrological risk area assessment. This study aimed to evaluate more widely the performance of the HAND contour method in mapping areas susceptible to flooding, based on topographic surveys available for the municipalities of Blumenau and Brusque. The evaluation used the variables accuracy, omission and commission, and the parameters F statistic, overall accuracy, Fit (%), false alarm rate (FAR) and the trend rate (BIAS). The results showed that for floods of small magnitude, the HAND model overestimates the area susceptible to flooding. As the flood level increases, the HAND model performance improves. For the largest simulated flood of Brusque and Blumenau, the omission (missing area) was of 7.5 and 4.7%, respectively. The commission (surplus area) was 35.3 and 42.2%, respectively. Comparison with other studies shows that the performance of the HAND model is similar to those obtained by other authors with hydrodynamic models, which have a high demand for data input.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7508447
title: Hydrological and hydraulic modelling applied to the mapping of flood-prone areas

description: ABSTRACT Overbank flooding caused by historically high flows, such as that in the Rio Mundaú watershed (lying between the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco) in 2010, has been the cause of widespread damage. The purpose of work described in this paper was to propose a mapping of areas liable to flooding in the township of Rio Largo (Alagoas) in the Rio Mundaú watershed by means of an “off-line” coupling of the hydrological/hydraulic models (MGB-IPH/HEC-RAS), through consideration of extreme floods with different return periods for discharge. The hydrological model had a parameterization appropriate for extreme floods, using as input rainfall data with different return periods. Calibration and validation of the hydrological model were adequate in drainage areas larger than 1500 km2, but were less acceptable in headwater drainage areas where different geology and soil cover gave rise to surface runoff. The hydraulic model showed good agreement with point observations of flood levels in 2010 in both rural and urban areas along the water-course (R2 = 0.99; RMSE = 1.41 m and CV (RMSE) = 0.04). In urban areas distant from the river, however, flood levels were over-estimated, indicating a need to use more detailed Digital Elevation Models. Flood events with return period greater than 50 years have the potential to cause great damage (floods exceeding 0.46 km2 in the urban area). The study showed that the use of coupled models was a viable approach for mapping areas liable to flooding, when it is not possible to analyse local flow frequencies in support of a hydraulic model.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7508447.v1
title: Hydrological and hydraulic modelling applied to the mapping of flood-prone areas

description: ABSTRACT Overbank flooding caused by historically high flows, such as that in the Rio Mundaú watershed (lying between the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco) in 2010, has been the cause of widespread damage. The purpose of work described in this paper was to propose a mapping of areas liable to flooding in the township of Rio Largo (Alagoas) in the Rio Mundaú watershed by means of an “off-line” coupling of the hydrological/hydraulic models (MGB-IPH/HEC-RAS), through consideration of extreme floods with different return periods for discharge. The hydrological model had a parameterization appropriate for extreme floods, using as input rainfall data with different return periods. Calibration and validation of the hydrological model were adequate in drainage areas larger than 1500 km2, but were less acceptable in headwater drainage areas where different geology and soil cover gave rise to surface runoff. The hydraulic model showed good agreement with point observations of flood levels in 2010 in both rural and urban areas along the water-course (R2 = 0.99; RMSE = 1.41 m and CV (RMSE) = 0.04). In urban areas distant from the river, however, flood levels were over-estimated, indicating a need to use more detailed Digital Elevation Models. Flood events with return period greater than 50 years have the potential to cause great damage (floods exceeding 0.46 km2 in the urban area). The study showed that the use of coupled models was a viable approach for mapping areas liable to flooding, when it is not possible to analyse local flow frequencies in support of a hydraulic model.