DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h61v0
title: Data from: Does relaxed predation drive phenotypic divergence among insular populations?

description: The evolution of striking phenotypes on islands is a well-known
 phenomenon, and there has been a long-standing debate on the patterns of
 body size evolution on islands. The ecological causes driving divergence
 in insular populations are, however, poorly understood. Reduced predator
 fauna is expected to lower escape propensity, increase body size and relax
 selection for crypsis in small-bodied, insular prey species. Here, we
 investigated if escape behaviour, body size and dorsal coloration have
 diverged as predicted under predation release in spatially replicated
 islet- and mainland populations of the lizard species Podarcis gaigeae. We
 show that islet lizards escape approaching observers at shorter distances
 and are larger than mainland lizards. Additionally, we found evidence for
 larger between-population variation in body size among the islet
 populations than mainland populations. Moreover, islet populations are
 significantly more divergent in dorsal coloration and match their
 respective habitats poorer than mainland lizards. These results strongly
 suggest that predation release on islets has driven population divergence
 in phenotypic and behavioural traits and that selective release has
 affected both trait means and variances. Relaxed predation pressure is
 therefore likely to be one of the major ecological factors driving body
 size divergence on these islands.
description: DataDescriptionRunemark
 et alThis file describes the
 contents of the other files associated with this manuscript uploaded to
 Dryad. It also contains general information about the
 manuscript.FIDFlight initiation
 distances (measured in meters) per habitat (island I or mainland M) and
 population (location).PC1sizeBody size (measured as the first Principal Component, PC1) per habitat (I island or M mainland), sex, and location (population). Higher values of PC1 reflect larger body sizes.GreennessGreenness (measured as mean (Green-Red)/(Green+Red))) of the lizard dorsal area per habitat (I island and M mainland), sex (M male and F female) and location (population).SizeRawDataPCAScoresRaw size measurements (in millimeters for length characters and grams for weight) of the morphological characters the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of size is based on, as well as the factor scores for PC1-9 per individual, per habitat (I: island, M: mainland), sex and population.ColorPCAscoresFactor scores for PC1-20 for dorsal coloration per individual, per habitat (I: island, M:mainland), Population/Location (e.g. the Pop column) and sex (M: male, F: female). The PCA is based on 2D-histograms of the pixels in RGB-space, see (Brydegaard, M., A. Runemark, and R. Bro. 2012. Chemometric Approach to Chromatic Spatial Variance. Case study: Patchiness of the Skyros Wall Lizard. J.Chemometr. 26: 246-255) for a description of how these are obtained from raw images. These are the PCs the correlations between populations as well as between populations and habitats are based on. A subset of the PCs are also included in the variance component analysis and for preparing figure 3.PopulationCorrelationColorPair-wise correlation between two populations (Population_1 and Population_2) per habitat category (M: two mainland populations, IM: one mainland and one islet population, I: two islet populations).PopulationHabitatCorrelationColorPair-wise correlations reflecting multivariate colour similarity between populations (e.g. lizard dorsal coloration)- and habitat squares (1 square meter areas photographed from above). Data is divided into Own-or-Not where 1 reflects that the lizards and the habitat are the same, whereas 0 reflects that lizards come from a different location than the habitat squares. Habitat category reflects if the pair are both from an islet population (I), both from a mainland population (M) or from one islet- and one mainland population (IM).FSTPair-wise FST-values based on the 16 microsatellite markers: Lv 319, Pb10, B4, C9, Lv 472, Pod1B, B6, Pb73, Lv 4alfa, Pod 2, Po47, Po56, Po55, Po22, Po43 and Po51 used in Runemark, A., B. Hansson, P. Pafilis, E. Valakos, and E. Svensson. 2010. Island biology and morphological divergence of the Skyros wall lizard Podarcis gaigeae: a combined role for local selection and genetic drift on color morph frequency divergence? BMC Evol. Biol. 10:269. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-269. and originally published in Runemark, A., Gabirot, M., Bensch, S., Svensson, E.I., Martín, J., Pafilis, P., Valakos, E.D. & Hansson, B. Cross-species testing of 27 pre-existing microsatellites in Podarcis gaigeae and P. hispanica (Squamata: Lacertidae) Mol. Ecol. Recourses 8(6):1367-1370. and Wellenreuther, M., Runemark, A., Svensson, E. & Hansson, B. 2009. Ten variable polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Skyros Wall Lizard Podarcis gaigeae (Squamata: Lacertidae). Mol. Ecol. Recourses 9(3):1005-1008.