cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15154/1526460
title: Associations Between Resting State Functional Brain Connectivity and Childhood Anhedonia: A Reproduction and Replication Study 

description: Background: Previously, a study using a sample of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)® study from the earlier 1.0 release found differences in several resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) brain connectivity measures associated with children reporting anhedonia. Here, we aim to reproduce, replicate, and extend the previous findings using data from the later ABCD study 4.0 release, which includes a significantly larger sample.
Methods: To reproduce and replicate the previous authors’ findings, we analyzed data from the ABCD 1.0 release (n = 2437), from an independent subsample from the newer ABCD 4.0 release (excluding individuals from the 1.0 release) (n = 6456), and from the full ABCD 4.0 release sample (n = 8866). Additionally, we assessed whether using a multiple linear regression approach could improve replicability by controlling for the effects of comorbid psychiatric conditions and sociodemographic covariates.   
Results: While the previously reported associations were reproducible, effect sizes for most rsfMRI measures were drastically reduced in replication analyses (including for both t-tests and multiple linear regressions) using the ABCD 4.0 (excluding 1.0) sample. However, 2 new rsfMRI measures (the Auditory vs. Right Putamen and the Retrosplenial-Temporal vs. Right-Thalamus-Proper measures) exhibited replicable associations with anhedonia and stable, albeit small, effect sizes across the ABCD samples, even after accounting for sociodemographic covariates and comorbid psychiatric conditions using a multiple linear regression approach.
Conclusion: The most statistically significant associations between anhedonia and rsfMRI connectivity measures found in the ABCD 1.0 sample tended to be non-replicable and inflated. Contrastingly, replicable associations exhibited smaller effects with less statistical significance in the ABCD 1.0 sample. Multiple linear regressions helped assess the specificity of these findings and control the effects of confounding covariates.
DOI: 10.15154/1526468
title: Spatio-temporal directed acyclic graph learning with Attention Mechanisms on Brain Functional Time Series and Connectivity

description: We develop deep learning algorithms on brain morphology, brain functional and structural networks. We aim to employ these algorithms to predict cognitive ability in youth.
DOI: 10.15154/1526472
title: Early Path Dominance as a Principle for Neurodevelopment

description: We perform targeted attack, a systematic computational unlinking of the network, to analyze its effects on global communication across the network through its giant cluster. Across diffusion magnetic resonance images from individuals in the UK Biobank, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study and Developing Human Connectome Project, we find that targeted attack procedures on increasing white matter tract lengths and densities are remarkably invariant to aging and disease. Time-reversing the attack computation suggests a mechanism for how brains develop, for which we derive an analytical equation using percolation theory. Based on a close match between theory and experiment, our results demonstrate that tracts are limited to emanate from regions already in the giant cluster and tracts that appear earliest in neurodevelopment are those that become the longest and densest.
DOI: 10.15154/1526488
title: COVID-19-related financial strain and adolescent mental health

description: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has induced a host of crises worldwide, including an economic recession and a global mental health crisis. The specific effects of recession on youth mental health are understudied. We aimed to examine the mechanisms by which pandemic-related financial strain may affect mental health in a diverse sample of American adolescents.
Methods: We analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®), a large, longitudinal study of diverse US adolescents which collected data before and during the pandemic (N=9,720, mean age 12·9 years, 18·2% Black). Linear mixed-effects models tested associations of financial strain (household wage loss and youth-reported financial stress) with depressive symptomatology over time, covarying for multiple confounders including pre-pandemic socioeconomic status and pandemic-related environmental factors. Longitudinal mediation analyses examined potential mechanisms leading from wage loss to youth mental health.
Findings: Financial strain was highly prevalent, especially among low-income participants, with over >70% of the total sample reporting lost wages. Both wage loss and financial stress were positively and significantly associated with depressive symptomatology over time (Estimate=0·04, P=0·014; Estimate=0·17, P<0·001; respectively). The association between financial stress and depressive symptomatology was robust to the addition of multiple environmental confounders (Estimate=0·16, P<0·001). Both family-level (family conflict) and individual-level (financial stress) factors mediated the relationship between wage loss and depressive symptomatology.
Interpretation: The financial effects of COVID-19 have taken a significant toll on youth mental health, which seems to be driven mostly by youth-reported financial stress. In families that lost wages, financial stress and familial factors mediated the relationship between wage loss and mental health over time. Findings highlight financial stress as a key driver of youth mental health and identify familial factors as critical targets for intervention to mitigate mental health risk in periods of recession.
DOI: 10.15154/1527844
title: Decoupling Sleep and Brain Size in Childhood: An Investigation of Genetic Covariation in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study

description: Background: Childhood sleep problems are common and among the most frequent and impairing comorbidities of childhood psychiatric disorders. In adults, sleep disturbances are heritable and show strong genetic associations with brain morphology; however, little is known about the genetic architecture of childhood sleep and potential etiological links between sleep, brain development, and pediatric-onset psychiatric symptoms. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (nPhenotype = 4428 for discovery/replication, nGenetics = 4728; age 9–10 years), we assessed phenotypic relationships, heritability, and genetic correlations between childhood sleep disturbances (insomnia, arousal, breathing, somnolence, hyperhidrosis, sleep-wake transitions), brain size (surface area, cortical thickness, volume), and dimensional psychopathology. Results: Sleep disturbances showed widespread positive associations with multiple domains of childhood psychopathology; however, only insomnia showed replicable associations with smaller brain surface area. Among the sleep disturbances assessed, only insomnia showed significant heritability (h2SNP = 0.15, p < .05) and showed substantial genetic correlations with externalizing and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology (rGs > 0.80, ps < .05). We found no evidence of genetic correlation between childhood insomnia and brain size. Furthermore, polygenic risk scores calculated from genome-wide association studies of adult insomnia and adult brain size did not predict childhood insomnia; instead, polygenic risk scores trained using attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder genome-wide association studies predicted decreased surface area at baseline as well as insomnia and externalizing symptoms longitudinally. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate a distinct genetic architecture underlying childhood insomnia and brain size and suggest genetic overlap between childhood insomnia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology. Additional research is needed to examine how genetic risk manifests in altered developmental trajectories and comorbid sleep/psychiatric symptoms across adolescence.
DOI: 10.15154/1527974
title: The bias of parameters in Inverse-Intensity Weighted GEEs when excluding subjects with no follow-up visits

description: Longitudinal data can be used to study disease progression and often features irregular visit times. Traditional methods such as generalized estimating equations (GEEs) and mixed effect models lead to biased estimates when visit and outcome processes are related. Inverse-intensity weighed GEEs (IIW-GEEs) account for \textcolor{blue}{dependency} between the visit and outcome processes. A common issue is that subjects with no visits are excluded from the dataset in practice. We \textcolor{blue}{aim} to examine the bias of regression parameters in IIW-GEEs when subjects without a visit are excluded.

We show analytically that there is bias when subjects with no visits are excluded, and verify this in a simulation study. Moreover, we show that decreasing visit frequency, decreasing maximum follow-up time, increasing proportion of subjects with no visits lead to \textcolor{blue}{increase} in bias on omitting subjects with no visits. We recommend that everyone should be included in the dataset when analyzing, regardless of whether there is follow-up visit.
DOI: 10.15154/1528046
title: Comparison Between Gradients and Parcellations for Functional Connectivity Prediction of Behavior

description: Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is widely used to predict behavioral measures. To predict behavioral measures, representing RSFC with parcellations and gradients are the two most popular approaches. Here, we compare parcellation and gradient approaches for RSFC-based prediction of a broad range of behavioral measures in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) datasets. Among the parcellation approaches, we consider group-average “hard” parcellations (Schaefer et al., 2018), individual-specific “hard” parcellations (Kong et al., 2021a), and an individual-specific “soft” parcellation (spatial independent component analysis with dual regression; Beckmann et al., 2009). For gradient approaches, we consider the well-known principal gradients (Margulies et al., 2016) and the local gradient approach that detects local RSFC changes (Laumann et al., 2015). Across two regression algorithms, individual-specific hard-parcellation performs the best in the HCP dataset, while the principal gradients, spatial independent component analysis and group-average “hard” parcellations exhibit similar performance. On the other hand, principal gradients and all parcellation approaches perform similarly in the ABCD dataset. Across both datasets, local gradients perform the worst. Finally, we find that the principal gradient approach requires at least 40 to 60 gradients to perform as well as parcellation approaches. While most principal gradient studies utilize a single gradient, our results suggest that incorporating higher order gradients can provide significant behaviorally relevant information. Future work will consider the inclusion of additional parcellation and gradient approaches for comparison.
DOI: 10.15154/1528094
title: Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies in Adolescent Recreational Screen Time Reporting During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

description: To describe the relationship between parent and adolescent reports of adolescent recreational screen time and to determine sociodemographic predictors of recreational screen time reporting differences during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

We analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 5335, ages 10-14) a national prospective cohort study in the United States collected in May 2020. We compared parent-reported, adolescent-reported, and a parent-adolescent differences in recreational screen time hours per day across 5 screen categories.

Adolescents' total recreational screen time per day was reported as 4.46 hours by parents and 3.87 hours by adolescents. Parents reported higher levels of their child's texting, video chatting, and total recreational screen time, while adolescents reported higher multiplayer gaming and social media use. Larger discrepancies in total recreational screen time were found in older, Black, and Latino/Hispanic adolescents. Larger discrepancies in total recreational screen time were also found among unmarried/unpartnered parents.

Given discrepancies in parent-adolescent recreational screen time reporting during the pandemic, a period of high screen use, pediatricians should encourage family discussions about adolescent media use through the development of a Family Media Use Plan. The digital media industry could provide more opportunities for parental monitoring of recreational screen time within product designs.
DOI: 10.15154/1528099
title: Concordance in child-parent reporting of social victimization experiences in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study

description: Objective: To investigate child-parent concordance in reporting social victimization experiences and whether concordance was associated with child behavioral symptoms.
Methods: This was an observational study with data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The analytic sample was 11235 9- or 10-year-old children from the United States. Exposure variables were demographic and protective factors (child perceptions of parental relationships, school protective factors, neighborhood safety). The outcome was parent-child concordance on six domains of child social victimization: conventional crime, peer victimization, witnessing violence, internet victimization, school victimization, and gun violence. Child behavior symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist. 
Results: Exposure to social victimization was low (9% of the sample). Concordance ranged from 18-50%. The highest levels of concordance were observed for conventional crime (k=0.48, P<.001) and witnessing violence (k=0.48, P<.001). Parents’ perceptions of greater neighborhood safety was associated with lower odds of concordant conventional crime (OR= 0.92, 95% CI=0.86–0.99) and witnessing violence (OR=0.92, 95% CI-0.84–0.99). Concordance was associated with more internalizing/externalizing behaviors. 
Conclusions: Parents under-report social victimization in relation to children. Concordance in reporting social victimization may be an indicator of the severity of experiences, underscoring the need to consider child reports when screening for adversity.
DOI: 10.15154/1528100
title: Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent Screen Time and Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

description: OBJECTIVE:
To determine the associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), adolescent screen time, and physical activity during the early COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS:
Data (2016-2020) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were analyzed. Linear regression analyses estimated associations between ACE score and screen time and physical activity in May 2020, adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS:
Of the 6749 adolescent respondents primarily aged 12-13, 81.6% reported a history of one ACE or more. In adjusted models, a higher ACE score was significantly associated with greater hours per day of screen time, with youth with ≥4 ACEs associated with 2.3 more hours of screen time per day compared to youth with 0 ACEs. In addition, the adjusted models found that a higher ACE score was associated with lower physical activity; youth with ≥4 ACEs averaged 0.8 fewer hours per week of physical activity and 0.5 fewer days per week of 60 minutes of physical activity compared to youth with 0 ACEs. Gender and race were also significantly associated with changes in screen time and physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS:
ACEs are associated with higher adolescent sedentary behaviors, particularly greater screen time, during the early COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020). Clinicians caring for youth exposed to trauma in the postpandemic environment should explore screen time and physical activity behaviors.
DOI: 10.15154/1528101
title: Parent-adolescent agreement in reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

description: To describe the agreement between parent- and adolescent- reports of adolescent moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and to determine sociodemographic factors associated with MVPA reporting differences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

We analyzed data collected in May 2020 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD, N = 4841), a U.S. prospective cohort study. We quantified past weekly adolescent MVPA levels as reported by the parent and adolescent (referent). Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were used to examine the degree of agreement between parent- and adolescent- reports.

) was 2.17 (0.00, 6.00) as reported by adolescents and 1.52 (0.29, 4.75) by parents with a mean difference of 4.89. Statistically significant differences in reports of MVPA were found in households with income > $75,000: on average, adolescents reported higher MVPA levels than their parents. Bland-Altman plots illustrated that, among adolescents reporting no or little MVPA, there was higher parent-adolescent agreement. However, among adolescents reporting high levels of MVPA, there was less agreement between the parent- and adolescent- reports.

Despite more time spent together at home during the pandemic, there was generally low agreement between parent- and adolescent- reports of adolescent MVPA. Future research could examine parent-adolescent agreement of MVPA within the context of device-based measures (e.g., accelerometers), determine reasons for differences in parent-adolescent reporting of MVPA, and inform interventions for improved parental involvement and monitoring of MVPA.
DOI: 10.15154/1528108
title: Screen Time Use Among US Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

description: Excessive screen use in adolescents has been associated with physical and mental health risks,(1) and there are known disparities in screen use across sex, race and ethnicity, and income in adolescents.(2) The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent stay-at-home mandates, online learning, and social distancing requirements have led to an increasing reliance on digital media (ie, screens) for nearly all facets of adolescents’ lives (eg, entertainment, socialization, education). Although studies conducted worldwide have suggested an increase in screen time among children and teens during the pandemic,(3,4) this has not yet been explored using national US data. The aims of this study were to evaluate adolescents’ self-reported screen use during the pandemic across 7 modalities by sociodemographic categories and to assess mental health and resiliency factors associated with screen use among a demographically diverse, national sample of children and adolescents aged 10 to 14 years.
DOI: 10.15154/1528142
title: Associations of polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with general and specific dimensions of childhood psychological problems and facets of impulsivity

description: A polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been found to be associated with ADHD in multiple studies, but also with many other dimensions of problems. Little is known, however, about the processes underlying these transdiagnostic associations. Using data from the baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments of 9- to 10-year-old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, associations were assessed between an ADHD PRS and both general and specific factors of psychological problems defined in bifactor modeling. Additionally, prospective mediated paths were tested from the ADHD PRS to dimensions of problems in the follow-up assessment through baseline measures of executive functioning (EF) and two facets of impulsivity: lower perseverance and greater impulsiveness in the presence of surgent positive emotions. Previous findings of modest but significant direct associations of the ADHD PRS with the general factor of psychological problems were replicated in both assessments in 4,483 children of European ancestry. In addition, significant statistical mediation was found from the ADHD PRS to the general factor, specific ADHD, and conduct problems in the follow-up assessment through each of the two facets of impulsivity. In contrast, EF did not statistically mediate associations between the ADHD PRS and psychological problems. These results suggest that polygenic risk transdiagnostically influences both psychological problems and facets of impulsivity, perhaps partly through indirect pathways via facets of impulsivity.
DOI: 10.15154/1528154
title: Frontal asymmetry assessed in infancy using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy is associated with emotional and behavioral problems in early childhood

description: Frontal asymmetry (FA), the difference in brain activity between the left vs. right frontal areas, is thought to reflect approach versus avoidance motivation. This study (2012-2021) used functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to investigate if infant (Mage = 7.63 months; N=90; n = 48 male; n = 75 White) FA in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relates to psychopathology in later childhood (Mage = 62.05 months). Greater right FA to happy faces was associated with increased internalizing (η2 = .09) and externalizing (η2 = .06) problems at age 5-years. Greater right FA to both happy and fearful faces was associated with an increased likelihood of a lifetime anxiety diagnosis (R2 > .13). FA may be an informative and early-emerging marker for psychopathology.