cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:zvm46wdqt5a53f4sg4csogfiea
title: Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data 1994

description: Data for 1994
This dataset is the Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) collection archive for Switzerland, generated by USGS (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-surface-reflectance).

Detailed description about the Landsat 5 mission can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=226.

The Landsat archive is extremely interesting because this is the longest EO program, initiated in 1972, it has provided continual and consistent observations for almost 50 years. Since 2008, the complete data archive has been provided under a free and open access policy. This has enabled dense time-series analysis, moving beyond simple diachronic comparison of a set of images, therefore dramatically improving capabilities to monitor environmental changes. To cover the whole of Switzerland, it requires eight Landsat 5 scenes (Path/Row: 193/027, 194/027, 195/027, 196/027, 193/028, 194/028, 195/028, 196/028) representing an area of latitude 44.9 to 48.7 and longitude 4.1 to 12.8. Data are downloaded as Collection 1/Tier 1 – Level 2 Surface Reflectance encompassing a surface of approximately 185km by 180km. Collection 1/Tier 1 scenes are data with the highest available data quality (e.g., geometric and radiometric corrections) and considered suitable for time-series analysis (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1). Level 2 corresponds to surface reflectance (i.e., the estimate based on Landsat sensor observations of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from Earth’s surface). These data are corrected for atmospheric perturbations (e.g., aerosol scattering, thin clouds) enabling direct comparison between multiple images and dates. This corresponds to the ARD level.

Landsat data are provided by USGS with Quality Assessment (QA) information to help users to determine their suitability for specific applications. An 8-bit LandsatLook Quality Image and 16-bit Quality Assessment Band40 are also included. Details on each file are described at: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1-level-1-quality-assessment-band. Level 2 products are generated by the USGS from level 1 product and using the official LEDAPS/LASRC algorithm. "A Pixel Quality Assurance (pixel_qa) band is provided with all Landsat Surface Reflectance-derived Spectral Indices. The band is in unsigned 16-bit format, values are bit-packed and provide information pertaining to a pixel condition of fill, clear, water, cloud shadow, snow, cloud (yes/no), cloud confidence and cirrus cloud confidence (Landsat 8 only)" https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-sr-derived-spectral-indices-pixel-quality-band.
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:4xjxlvozyfegnfci4g5llzvzci
title: Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data 2003

description: Data for 2003
This dataset is the Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) collection archive for Switzerland, generated by USGS (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-surface-reflectance).

Detailed description about the Landsat 5 mission can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=226.

The Landsat archive is extremely interesting because this is the longest EO program, initiated in 1972, it has provided continual and consistent observations for almost 50 years. Since 2008, the complete data archive has been provided under a free and open access policy. This has enabled dense time-series analysis, moving beyond simple diachronic comparison of a set of images, therefore dramatically improving capabilities to monitor environmental changes. To cover the whole of Switzerland, it requires eight Landsat 5 scenes (Path/Row: 193/027, 194/027, 195/027, 196/027, 193/028, 194/028, 195/028, 196/028) representing an area of latitude 44.9 to 48.7 and longitude 4.1 to 12.8. Data are downloaded as Collection 1/Tier 1 – Level 2 Surface Reflectance encompassing a surface of approximately 185km by 180km. Collection 1/Tier 1 scenes are data with the highest available data quality (e.g., geometric and radiometric corrections) and considered suitable for time-series analysis (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1). Level 2 corresponds to surface reflectance (i.e., the estimate based on Landsat sensor observations of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from Earth’s surface). These data are corrected for atmospheric perturbations (e.g., aerosol scattering, thin clouds) enabling direct comparison between multiple images and dates. This corresponds to the ARD level.

Landsat data are provided by USGS with Quality Assessment (QA) information to help users to determine their suitability for specific applications. An 8-bit LandsatLook Quality Image and 16-bit Quality Assessment Band40 are also included. Details on each file are described at: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1-level-1-quality-assessment-band. Level 2 products are generated by the USGS from level 1 product and using the official LEDAPS/LASRC algorithm. "A Pixel Quality Assurance (pixel_qa) band is provided with all Landsat Surface Reflectance-derived Spectral Indices. The band is in unsigned 16-bit format, values are bit-packed and provide information pertaining to a pixel condition of fill, clear, water, cloud shadow, snow, cloud (yes/no), cloud confidence and cirrus cloud confidence (Landsat 8 only)" https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-sr-derived-spectral-indices-pixel-quality-band.
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:5575rk33s5ddnapmiq3ctkaqpq
title: Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) - Seasonal Standard Deviation - Switzerland

description: This dataset is a seasonal standard deviation time-series of Landsat Analysis Ready Data (ARD)-derived Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) computed from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8 Opeational Land Imager (OLI). It complements the seasonal mean dataset. To ensure a consistent dataset, Landsat 7 has not been used because the Scan Line Correct (SLC) failure creates gaps into the data.
NDWI quantifies plant water content by measuring the difference between Near-Infrared (NIR) and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) (or Green) channels using this generic formula:
(NIR - SWIR) / (NIR + SWIR)
For Landsat sensors, this corresponds to the following bands:
Landsat 5, NDVI = (Band 4 – Band 2) / (Band 4 + Band 2).
Landsat 8, NDVI = (Band 5 – Band 3) / (Band 5 + Band 3).
NDWI values ranges from -1 to +1.
NDWI is a good proxy for plant water stress and therefore useful for drought monitoring and early warning.
NDWI is sometimes alos refered as Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)

Spring: March-April_May (_MAM)
Summer: June-July-August (_JJA)
Autumn: September-October-November (_SON)
Winter: December-January-February (_DJF)

Data format: GeoTiff

This dataset has been generated with the Swiss Data Cube (http://www.swissdatacube.ch)
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:5g6gnblfnbfc7fndlp4ijntxdy
title: Open Data to “Raman spectroscopic evidence for multiferroicity in rare earth nickelate single crystals”

description: Data set corresponding to a published paper  
Journal:   Phys. Rev. Research 3, 033007 (2021), DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.3.033007
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:5u7jq4srtnd4vdg2muacujfo6a
title: Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data 2001

description: Data for 2001
This dataset is the Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) collection archive for Switzerland, generated by USGS (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-surface-reflectance).

Detailed description about the Landsat 5 mission can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=226.

The Landsat archive is extremely interesting because this is the longest EO program, initiated in 1972, it has provided continual and consistent observations for almost 50 years. Since 2008, the complete data archive has been provided under a free and open access policy. This has enabled dense time-series analysis, moving beyond simple diachronic comparison of a set of images, therefore dramatically improving capabilities to monitor environmental changes. To cover the whole of Switzerland, it requires eight Landsat 5 scenes (Path/Row: 193/027, 194/027, 195/027, 196/027, 193/028, 194/028, 195/028, 196/028) representing an area of latitude 44.9 to 48.7 and longitude 4.1 to 12.8. Data are downloaded as Collection 1/Tier 1 – Level 2 Surface Reflectance encompassing a surface of approximately 185km by 180km. Collection 1/Tier 1 scenes are data with the highest available data quality (e.g., geometric and radiometric corrections) and considered suitable for time-series analysis (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1). Level 2 corresponds to surface reflectance (i.e., the estimate based on Landsat sensor observations of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from Earth’s surface). These data are corrected for atmospheric perturbations (e.g., aerosol scattering, thin clouds) enabling direct comparison between multiple images and dates. This corresponds to the ARD level.

Landsat data are provided by USGS with Quality Assessment (QA) information to help users to determine their suitability for specific applications. An 8-bit LandsatLook Quality Image and 16-bit Quality Assessment Band40 are also included. Details on each file are described at: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1-level-1-quality-assessment-band. Level 2 products are generated by the USGS from level 1 product and using the official LEDAPS/LASRC algorithm. "A Pixel Quality Assurance (pixel_qa) band is provided with all Landsat Surface Reflectance-derived Spectral Indices. The band is in unsigned 16-bit format, values are bit-packed and provide information pertaining to a pixel condition of fill, clear, water, cloud shadow, snow, cloud (yes/no), cloud confidence and cirrus cloud confidence (Landsat 8 only)" https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-sr-derived-spectral-indices-pixel-quality-band.
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:6dxoe7ima5ecxpl23pxtjptl4y
title: Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data 1997

description: Data for 1997
This dataset is the Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) collection archive for Switzerland, generated by USGS (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-surface-reflectance).

Detailed description about the Landsat 5 mission can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=226.

The Landsat archive is extremely interesting because this is the longest EO program, initiated in 1972, it has provided continual and consistent observations for almost 50 years. Since 2008, the complete data archive has been provided under a free and open access policy. This has enabled dense time-series analysis, moving beyond simple diachronic comparison of a set of images, therefore dramatically improving capabilities to monitor environmental changes. To cover the whole of Switzerland, it requires eight Landsat 5 scenes (Path/Row: 193/027, 194/027, 195/027, 196/027, 193/028, 194/028, 195/028, 196/028) representing an area of latitude 44.9 to 48.7 and longitude 4.1 to 12.8. Data are downloaded as Collection 1/Tier 1 – Level 2 Surface Reflectance encompassing a surface of approximately 185km by 180km. Collection 1/Tier 1 scenes are data with the highest available data quality (e.g., geometric and radiometric corrections) and considered suitable for time-series analysis (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1). Level 2 corresponds to surface reflectance (i.e., the estimate based on Landsat sensor observations of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from Earth’s surface). These data are corrected for atmospheric perturbations (e.g., aerosol scattering, thin clouds) enabling direct comparison between multiple images and dates. This corresponds to the ARD level.

Landsat data are provided by USGS with Quality Assessment (QA) information to help users to determine their suitability for specific applications. An 8-bit LandsatLook Quality Image and 16-bit Quality Assessment Band40 are also included. Details on each file are described at: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1-level-1-quality-assessment-band. Level 2 products are generated by the USGS from level 1 product and using the official LEDAPS/LASRC algorithm. "A Pixel Quality Assurance (pixel_qa) band is provided with all Landsat Surface Reflectance-derived Spectral Indices. The band is in unsigned 16-bit format, values are bit-packed and provide information pertaining to a pixel condition of fill, clear, water, cloud shadow, snow, cloud (yes/no), cloud confidence and cirrus cloud confidence (Landsat 8 only)" https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-sr-derived-spectral-indices-pixel-quality-band.
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:bcxcmm53rjfbznxzat6nivqi3m
title: Sentinel-1 GAMMA0 12 day backscatter Analysis Ready Data Collection

description: This dataset is the Sentinel-1 GAMMA0 12 day backscatter archive for Switzerland, generated by David Small from UZH (https://www.geo.uzh.ch/~daves/).

Detailed description about the Sentinel-1 missions can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook: Sentinel-1A (http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=575) and Sentinel-1B (http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=576).

To produce Sentinel-1 Analysis Ready Radiometrically Terrain Corrected (RTC) products, ground range detected (GRD) products are downloaded from the EU scihub.copernicus.eu. A digital elevation model (DEM) is then used to generate an image simulation of the local contributing area within each image sample. That area is used to normalise the backscatter (rather than the ellipsoid model otherwise typically used) in ground range geometry. Then that normalized backscatter is terrain-geocoded (orthorectified) into the chosen map coordinates, producing a level-1 RTC product. Sets of multiple RTC products acquired from different orbit tracks within a tight temporal window are then combined using local resolution weighting into level-3 multitemporal backscatter composite products. The region covered is latitude 44.5 to 48.5N, longitude 5.5-11E, at 90m spatial resolution and 6 day temporal spacing.

The geometry of Sentinel-1 data is well calibrated: data can be geocoded without any tiepoints to an accuracy of a few centimeters , far better than is possible with optical sensors. Sentinel-1 radiometric stability is monitored and calibrated within the Sentinel-1 Mission Performance Centre. A broad review of the quality of multiple implementations of radiometric terrain correction (RTC) processing was provided in. The quality of the terrain correction and radiometric corrections depends on the quality of the input DEM made available. Participants in the Copernicus programme (currently not including Switzerland) are able to access a world-wide high-quality DEM with 30m resolution, with 10m models available in some regions.
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:c3ydqisv5rexfh2vu7pizrvxnm
title: Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data 2013

description: Data for 2013
This dataset is the Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) collection archive for Switzerland, generated by USGS (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-surface-reflectance).

Detailed description about the Landsat 8 mission can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=547.

The Landsat archive is extremely interesting because this is the longest EO program, initiated in 1972, it has provided continual and consistent observations for almost 50 years. Since 2008, the complete data archive has been provided under a free and open access policy. This has enabled dense time-series analysis, moving beyond simple diachronic comparison of a set of images, therefore dramatically improving capabilities to monitor environmental changes. To cover the whole of Switzerland, it requires eight Landsat 8 scenes (Path/Row: 193/027, 194/027, 195/027, 196/027, 193/028, 194/028, 195/028, 196/028) representing an area of latitude 44.9 to 48.7 and longitude 4.1 to 12.8. Data are downloaded as Collection 1/Tier 1 – Level 2 Surface Reflectance encompassing a surface of approximately 185km by 180km. Collection 1/Tier 1 scenes are data with the highest available data quality (e.g., geometric and radiometric corrections) and considered suitable for time-series analysis (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1). Level 2 corresponds to surface reflectance (i.e., the estimate based on Landsat sensor observations of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from Earth’s surface). These data are corrected for atmospheric perturbations (e.g., aerosol scattering, thin clouds) enabling direct comparison between multiple images and dates. This corresponds to the ARD level.

Landsat data are provided by USGS with Quality Assessment (QA) information to help users to determine their suitability for specific applications. An 8-bit LandsatLook Quality Image and 16-bit Quality Assessment Band40 are also included. Details on each file are described at: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1-level-1-quality-assessment-band. Level 2 products are generated by the USGS from level 1 product and using the official LEDAPS/LASRC algorithm. "A Pixel Quality Assurance (pixel_qa) band is provided with all Landsat Surface Reflectance-derived Spectral Indices. The band is in unsigned 16-bit format, values are bit-packed and provide information pertaining to a pixel condition of fill, clear, water, cloud shadow, snow, cloud (yes/no), cloud confidence and cirrus cloud confidence (Landsat 8 only)" https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-sr-derived-spectral-indices-pixel-quality-band.
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:eqqdnjhtabarbayjjsih6vy5ua
title: Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data 2008

description: Data for 2008
This dataset is the Landsat 5 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) collection archive for Switzerland, generated by USGS (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-surface-reflectance).

Detailed description about the Landsat 5 mission can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook: http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=226.

The Landsat archive is extremely interesting because this is the longest EO program, initiated in 1972, it has provided continual and consistent observations for almost 50 years. Since 2008, the complete data archive has been provided under a free and open access policy. This has enabled dense time-series analysis, moving beyond simple diachronic comparison of a set of images, therefore dramatically improving capabilities to monitor environmental changes. To cover the whole of Switzerland, it requires eight Landsat 5 scenes (Path/Row: 193/027, 194/027, 195/027, 196/027, 193/028, 194/028, 195/028, 196/028) representing an area of latitude 44.9 to 48.7 and longitude 4.1 to 12.8. Data are downloaded as Collection 1/Tier 1 – Level 2 Surface Reflectance encompassing a surface of approximately 185km by 180km. Collection 1/Tier 1 scenes are data with the highest available data quality (e.g., geometric and radiometric corrections) and considered suitable for time-series analysis (https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1). Level 2 corresponds to surface reflectance (i.e., the estimate based on Landsat sensor observations of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected from Earth’s surface). These data are corrected for atmospheric perturbations (e.g., aerosol scattering, thin clouds) enabling direct comparison between multiple images and dates. This corresponds to the ARD level.

Landsat data are provided by USGS with Quality Assessment (QA) information to help users to determine their suitability for specific applications. An 8-bit LandsatLook Quality Image and 16-bit Quality Assessment Band40 are also included. Details on each file are described at: https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-collection-1-level-1-quality-assessment-band. Level 2 products are generated by the USGS from level 1 product and using the official LEDAPS/LASRC algorithm. "A Pixel Quality Assurance (pixel_qa) band is provided with all Landsat Surface Reflectance-derived Spectral Indices. The band is in unsigned 16-bit format, values are bit-packed and provide information pertaining to a pixel condition of fill, clear, water, cloud shadow, snow, cloud (yes/no), cloud confidence and cirrus cloud confidence (Landsat 8 only)" https://www.usgs.gov/land-resources/nli/landsat/landsat-sr-derived-spectral-indices-pixel-quality-band.
DOI: 10.26037/yareta:eztu4dlsljg47bcmhgujzooc5u
title: Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data 2018-Q1

description: Data for 2018-Q1
This dataset is the Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Analysis Ready Data (ARD) archive for Switzerland, generated sen2cor 2.5 (http://step.esa.int/main/third-party-plugins-2/sen2cor/).

Detailed description about the Sentinel-2 A & B missions can be found in the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook:
http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=552 
http://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=553 

Sentinel-2 (S2) is a constellation of two sun-synchronous satellites operated by ESA respectively from 2015 to 2022 (Sentinel-2A) and 2017-2024 (Sentinel-2B). Switzerland is covered by twelve Sentinel-2 scenes (ID: 31TGM, 31TGN, 32TLR, 32TLS, 32TLT, 32TMR, 32TMS, 32TMT, 32TNS, 32TNT, 32TPS, 32TPT). This corresponds to a spatial extent of latitude 45.0 to 47.9N, longitude 5.5 to 11.8E. Data are downloaded as L1C products corresponding to 100x100km2 geometrically corrected Top Of the Atmosphere (TOA) tiles.It supports land monitoring related services, including generation of generic land cover maps, risk mapping and fast images for disaster relief, generation of leaf coverage leaf chlorophyll content and leaf water content42,43. Both satellites carry the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI).

Sentinel-2 processed to level 2A with Sen2Cor comes with a scene classification (similar to the pixel_qa band provided by USGS for Landsat data) with 12 classes as described at: https://earth.esa.int/web/sentinel/technical-guides/sentinel-2-msi/level-2a/algorithm. It helps identifying pixels that are saturated or defective as well as cloud and cloud shadows that may affect the quality of the images. In addition, ESA provides a monthly status of the quality of Sentinel-2 data through Data Quality Reports (DQR). These reports document geometric and radiometric performances against initial sensor specifications together with observed anomalies and issues. DQR are available at: https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/data-product-quality-reports.