cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78991
title: Gate, Wazirabad, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “One of the gates of Wazirabad.” External view of large stone gateway. The mission in Wazirabad was established with the arrival of Mohammed Ismail (-1873) who took over the government school in 1863. The town of Wazirabad was founded in 1636 by Shah Jahan (1592-1658) on the banks of the Chenab River and is 45 Kilometres west of Sialkot.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79046
title: Women at Work, ca.1910

description: View of several European women standing outside in front of garden.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79658
title: Kahoho's Intermediate School, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Kahoho's Intermediate School. Rev Benjamin and Rev Stevenson." Group portrait of school children and Reverend Stevenson seated outside school building. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. In April of 1900, the first day-school was opened for children. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78935
title: Dow Memorial Hospital Interior, Gujrat, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: Interior of Dow Memorial Hospital showing desk, table and small plaque on wall. The plaque reads, “In grateful and affectionate memory of Mary Dow of Montreal, Canada who departed this life August 2, 1892, aged 75 years. This hospital is erected by her daughters Mary and Jessie Dow October 1899.” The Women’s Association for Foreign Missions operated several medical facilities in the Punjab region, including a hospital in both Sialkot, opened in 1901, and Gujrat, opened in 1899. The Dow Memorial Hospital staff consisted of Dr. Annie Smith and Dr. Charlotte Park, and specialised in the needs of women and children.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79008
title: Missionaries, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: Group portrait of several missionaries in front of what is most likely one of the mission houses.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78933
title: Fortification, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: Exterior view of a compound with brick built buildings and walls and beyond spreads a city. This is possibly the cantonment at Sialkot that was established in 1849 [opened 1852] when the area was annexed by the British after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The Punjab Mission was inaugurated in 1857 under Thomas Hunter (1827-1857), who was murdered during the Sepoy Rebellion of the same year, and is the largest of the Church of Scotland’s Missions in India. There are nine principal stations; Sialkot and District, Gujrat, Wazirabad, Daska, Youngsonabad, Jalalpur, Shadiwal, Jammu and Chamba, the latter two in what were independent princely states.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78939
title: Murray College Staff, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1920

description: “Staff of Murray College. (L to R back row) 1. [Muh Abin Batt] B.A. (maths) 2. Anditto (economics) 3. [?] 4. Ref. Davla (history) 5. Deva Datta (philosophy) (L to R middle row) 6. Pandit (sanskrit) 7. Scott (anything) 8. [Arabre Maver] 9. Paterson (Eng.) 10. Garrett (Eng. Poetry) (L to R front row) 11. Parmehand [maths senior] 12. Dean M. Se. (science). Nos. 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12 are Christians.” Group portrait of several professors at Murray College in Sialkot. Some of the names of the professors are illegible or difficult to read. Murray College was first established as the Scottish Mission College in 1889 by Rev. Youngson. It was nationalised by the Pakistan Government in 1972. Some of those pictured here include Rev. Robert McCheyne Paterson, ordained 1885, and Rev. John Garrett, appointed professor in 1913.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79015
title: Jalalpur Hospital, Jalalpur, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Jalalpur Hosp.” External view of Jalalpur hospital building. Jalalpur Jattan is located approximately 10 miles northeast of Gujrat. Dr. Herbert Francis Lechmere Taylor (1872-1954), was a medical missionary in the Punjab region, specifically Jalalpur. This photo is likely the hospital that Dr. Taylor helped establish. He later returned to Edinburgh, where he was superintendent of the Edinburgh Medical Mission Society. He also published a book, In the Land of the Five Rivers, about his time in the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79522
title: Mission buildings, Tanna, ca.1890

description: “Kwamera, Tanna. View from the hill behind.” Exterior view of a building complex from the hillside. An indigenous man is seated facing the buildings. Kwamera is also the language spoken in the southeast of the island.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78898
title: Chaff being removed by a cart, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1890

description: “Bullock cart of chaff.” View of a two wheeled cart loaded with sheaves and husks, pulled by two oxen. ❧ This is one of a series of images showing scenes of farming life in the Punjab. ❧ The Church of Scotland first established a mission in Sialkot in 1857 with the arrival of the Reverend Thomas Hunter (1827-1857). He, his wife and child were killed during the Sepoy Rebellion when they had failed to take refuge at the Fort of Lahore. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson , would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Siallkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79052
title: Church of Scotland Presbytery, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Church of Scotland Presbytery of the Panjab [Punjab] & N.W. Provinces.” Group portrait of seven ministers of the Church of Scotland.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79032
title: Temples, Jammu, India, ca.1910

description: “Group of Jammu Temples.” View of several temple spires with parts of town surrounding. Jammu is known as ‘the city of temples’ and is the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Access to the capital was restricted until talks ensued with Prince Amar Singh and the Maharaja which allowed for the opening of a public school. Hari Singh was superintendent of the mission and John F W Youngson (1852-1920) was the Church of Scotland minister.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78952
title: Mr. and Mrs. Hassein and Mr. and Mrs. Bose, Dinga, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Mr. and Mrs. Mohammed Hassein & Mr. and Mrs. Bose, Dingah [Dinga].” Group portrait of Mohammed Hassein and his wife and Bose Dingah and his wife.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79067
title: Gahna Mal, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Gahna Mal.” View of Gahna Mal standing behind pulpit in front of what is probably the Hunter Memorial Church in Sialkot. Gahna Mal was a native Christian minister from the Punjab region. Native evangelists were often at the forefront of the mission expansion and also part of the original group establishing the field.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79061
title: Gahna Mal and Wife, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Gahna Mal and Esther his wife.” Portrait of indigenous man and women sitting outside on a bench. Gahna Mal was a native Christian minister from the Punjab region.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79064
title: Grain Seller, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Grain seller.” View of men tending piles of grain in street bazaar.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79071
title: Punjabi Riders, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Panjabi [Punjabi] Riders.” View of man and boy riding a horse in a field while another horse walks in front.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79063
title: Vegetable Seller, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Vegetable Seller, Sialkot.” View of men and boys in a marketplace surrounded by baskets of vegetables.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78984
title: Village Christian Women, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Village Christian Women.” Group portrait of several women and girls seated outside a building. The Church of Scotland Women’s Association for Foreign Missions’ main remit was the education of women in India and involved setting up girls’ schools and teaching in zenanas.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79056
title: Youngsonabad Church, Youngsonabad, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Youngsonabad Church on the occasion of its visit by the Bishop of Madras [Chennai] when acting as Metropolitan Bishop of all India. The distinguished visitor is seen in the forefront of this picture. William Dalgetty” Group portrait of several men, both indigenous and European, standing in front of the Youngsonabad church building. Youngsonabad was settled in 1898 by Christians and was named after Dr. John F W Youngson (1852-1920). The Bishop of Madras [Chennai], India, at the time was probably the Rt. Rev. Henry Whitehead (1863-1947).
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79014
title: Temple Square, Jammu and Kashmir, India, ca.1900

description: “Temple Square, Jammu.” View of part of the city of Jammu with temple spires visible above rooftops. Jammu is known as ‘the city of temples’ and is the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Access to the capital was restricted until talks ensued with Prince Amar Singh and the Maharaja which allowed for the opening of a public school. Hari Singh was superintendent of the mission and John F W Youngson (1852-1920) was the Church of Scotland minister.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78938
title: Jammu School, Jammu and Kashmir, India, ca.1900

description: “Jammu School, at work in the open air.” View of several young boys sitting outside on benches and being taught by teacher. Access to the Jammu was restricted until talks ensued with Prince Amar Singh and the Maharaja which allowed for the opening of a public school. Hari Singh was superintendent of the mission and opened the school in Jammu.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79057
title: Vegetable Seller, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Vegetable seller.” View of people standing in front of baskets of fruits and vegetables in marketplace.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79075
title: Street Scene, Manchuria, China, ca.1900

description: Rooftop view of people walking in narrow street. The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland attempted to establish a mission in China in 1862 but it was not until the arrival of Dr John Ross in 1872 that real in roads were made into Manchuria. Stations were established at Moukden [Shenyang], Liaoyang, Haicheng and Newchwang, stretching from the coast to the far interior.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79076
title: Famine Sufferers, Manchuria, China, ca.1900

description: “Famine sufferers – sole survivors in a family of thirteen.” View of man, woman, and child in ragged clothing. Famines, often as a result of a drought or flood, happened periodically in Manchuria. The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland attempted to establish a mission in China in 1862 but it was not until the arrival of Dr John Ross in 1872 that real in roads were made into Manchuria. Stations were established at Moukden [Shenyang], Liaoyang, Haicheng and Newchwang, stretching from the coast to the far interior.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79068
title: Dow Memorial Hospital, Gujrat, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Dow Memorial Hospital, Gujrat.” Exterior view of the Dow Memorial Hospital, possibly while under construction as there are bricks strewn about in the foreground. The Women’s Association for Foreign Missions operated several medical facilities in the Punjab region, including a hospital in both Sialkot, opened in 1901, and Gujrat, opened in 1899. The Dow Memorial Hospital, in Gujrat, was named after Mary Dow, of Montreal, who funded the construction. This hospital specialised in the care of women and children, and also served as a training location for nurses.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79085
title: Catechist, Keylong, India, ca.1910

description: “Catechist Kyelang [Keylong].” Portrait of indigenous man sitting in chair with snow covered hillside in background. Keylong was a principle outpost of the Moravian Mission. The Moravian Mission, under the direction of the Moravian Church, was one of the first large scale Protestant missionary efforts, with missions established throughout much of the world. Moravian missionary efforts were admired by Church of Scotland missionaries, although the two often worked in different parts of Himachal Pradesh. Moravian missionary efforts in the area were centred in Keylong in the Lahoul district, with their eventual goal being to expand into Chinese Tibet. It is unclear whether this man is a Moravian catechist or a Church of Scotland catechist.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78902
title: Grain market in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1890

description: “The grain-market, Sialkot.” Street scene with market traders standing next to numerous sacks of grain. ❧ This is one of a series of images showing scenes of farming life in the Punjab. ❧ The Church of Scotland first established a mission in Sialkot in 1857 with the arrival of the Reverend Thomas Hunter (1827-1857). He, his wife and child were killed during the Sepoy Rebellion when they had failed to take refuge at the Fort of Lahore. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson , would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Siallkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79051
title: Divinity Students, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Divinity students, Sialkot.To illustrate ‘Panjab’ (under ‘from the outposts’)” Group portrait of seven indigenous men seated on rug. Native evangelists were often at the forefront of the mission expansion and also part of the original group establishing the field. They often received instruction in one of the mission schools, like the one located in Sialkot.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79652
title: Kahoho's Intermediate School, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Welcome to Rev Mr Stevenson at Kahoho's Intermediate School, Monday, 17th August 1926". Exterior view showing indigenous peoples lined up on either side of track road waiting to welcome the arrival of Reverend Mr Stevenson.The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The Hunter Memorial Hospital was opened in January 1908, making it the first permanent building erected at Kikuyu and by the 6th of January, patients were beginning to be admitted. Smallpox and cases of famine were the most common illnesses. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. In April of the same year, the first day-school was opened for children. By March 1926, The Alliance High School for older boys was established, principled by Mr G.A. Grieve. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79899
title: Steamer anchored in bay, Rano, Vanuatu, 1903

description: “Inter island steamer anchored off Rano. Walla Island in back ground to right, Malekula to left.” Seascape showing a steam ship surrounded by small canoes. This is possibly one of the vessels that Burns, Philp & Co. ran to the New Hebrides.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79002
title: Christian Cemetery, Chamba, India, 1904

description: “The Christian Cemetery, Chamba 1904.” View of cemetery surrounded by low stone wall with hills rising in background. ❧ The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture after the committee of the India Mission turned down his offer of work. When Ferguson retired he handed the mission over to the Church of Scotland. Dr Hutchison took over the running of the Chamba district, in 1873, from William Ferguson and remained there until his death in 1936. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments. ❧ Chamba was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79062
title: Sawing and Bed Making, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Panjabi [Punjabi] Industry – Sawing & Bed making.” View of four men constructing beds outside.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79059
title: Punjabi Ploughman, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Punjabi Ploughman.” View of two yoked oxen pulling indigenous man with plough.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79073
title: Serving Refreshments, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Serving refreshments Sialkot.” View of several men seated on the ground passing food amongst each other.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79016
title: In-Patients, Jalalpur, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Dressings – In-patients.” View of several men and women both seated and lying on hospital beds outside. Jalalpur Jattan is located approximately 10 miles northeast of Gujrat. Dr. Herbert Francis Lechmere Taylor (1872-1954), was a medical missionary in the Punjab region, specifically Jalalpur. This photo is likely the hospital that Dr. Taylor helped establish. He later returned to Edinburgh, where he was superintendent of the Edinburgh Medical Mission Society. He also published a book, In the Land of the Five Rivers, about his time in the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79024
title: Mission House, Chamba, India, ca.1900

description: “Mission House Chamba.” External view of two story European style mission house. ❧ The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture after the committee of the India Mission turned down his offer of work. When Ferguson retired he handed the mission over to the Church of Scotland. Dr Hutchison took over the running of the Chamba district, in 1873, from William Ferguson and remained there until his death in 1936. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79029
title: Spinning Cotton, Chamba, India, ca.1900

description: “Spinning Cotton Chamba.” View of three people on porch spinning cotton thread. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture, and was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79065
title: Making Sweets, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Making Sweets.” View of men standing or sitting outside around trays of sweets being made.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79072
title: Cotton Spinners, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Cotton Spinners Sialkot.” View of several women walking between rows of cotton wrapped around small stakes planted in the ground.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79050
title: Mosque, Wazirabad, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Wazirabad Mosque.” External view of front of mosque structure. The mission in Wazirabad was established with the arrival of Mohammed Ismail (-1873) who took over the government school in 1863. The town of Wazirabad was founded in 1636 by Shah Jahan (1592-1658) on the banks of the Chenab River and is 45 Kilometres west of Sialkot.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78906
title: Laundry, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1890

description: “The Sialkot ‘Steam Laundry’.” Exterior view of workers, men and children, hand washing laundry at open air troughs. This is one of several photographs showing industries and workers. ❧ The Church of Scotland first established a mission in Sialkot in 1857 with the arrival of the Reverend Thomas Hunter (1827-1857). He, his wife and child were killed during the Sepoy Rebellion when they had failed to take refuge at the Fort of Lahore. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson , would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Siallkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78951
title: Soldier's graves, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: "Graves of British Officers & soldiers." various graves behind a stone wall possibly of soldiers who died in the Battle of Chillianwallah. The Battle of Chillianwallah, fought as part of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, occurred on 13 January 1849. While the battle did not result in a significant military victory for either side, it was considered a victory to Sikh morale that they could withstand a more numerous British forc
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78899
title: Potato harvest, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1890

description: “Digging potatoes.” View showing agricultural workers; including men, women and children, digging out potatoes. ❧ This is one of a series of images showing scenes of farming life in the Punjab. ❧ The Church of Scotland first established a mission in Sialkot in 1857 with the arrival of the Reverend Thomas Hunter (1827-1857). He, his wife and child were killed during the Sepoy Rebellion when they had failed to take refuge at the Fort of Lahore. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson , would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Siallkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78923
title: Magic Lantern, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Magic Lantern in Panjab [Punjab] Rev. W. Dalgetty.” View of several men seated and standing watching magic lantern show. Rev. William Dalgetty (1868-1935), ordained in 1899 and transferred to Sailkot in 1902, is operating the machine. The magic lantern was a projector like device invented in the 17th century. A glass slide was placed in front of the aperture. A light source behind the slide projects the image through a lens and onto a screen. The magic lantern is considered a forerunner to motion pictures.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79060
title: Punjab soldiers, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: "Soldiers of Panjab Infantry in undress." Group portrait of three soldiers out of uniform.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78943
title: Didar Singh’s House, Gujrat, Pakistan ca.1900

description: “Didar Singh’s House.” External view of large brick house. Didar Singh was the first Sikh convert in Gujrat. His conversion caused some controversy among his fellow Sikhs, and he was almost carried off into Jammu territory as a result. He was ultimately rescued and became one of the principal evangelists in Gujrat.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78988
title: Village Church, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Village Church, Daska district.” External view of church building with sign above door. Several men are pictured in front. One of them men is probably Rev. William Scott (1866-1936), ordained in 1891, who spent the greater part of his career in daska and was Principal of the Christian Boys’ Training School. Daska is situated twenty miles South West of Sialkot and was the main station from which itineration could be carried out in the surrounding district and from early on had a permanent catechist.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78986
title: Street scene, Wazirabad, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: "Chief street Wazirabad, Mission school gate." Street scene showing the entrance to the mission school. The mission in Wazirabad was established with the arrival of Mohammed Ismail (-1873) who took over the government school in 1863. The town of Wazirabad was founded in 1636 by Shah Jahan (1592-1658) on the banks of the Chenab River and is 45 Kilometres west of Sialkot.