DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3ffbg79x2
title: Data from: The evolution of pesticide resistance: A data-driven case study of chlorantraniliprole resistance in Chilo suppressalis and other lepidopteran pests in China

description: Pesticide resistance presents some of the best examples of evolution by
 natural selection in action. An exceptionally well-documented case from
 recent years is the evolution of resistance to the diamide
 chlorantraniliprole in the striped rice stem-borer Chilo
 suppressalis in China. Prior to the registration of
 chlorantraniliprole, C. suppressalis had evolved
 resistance to almost all other available pesticides. Using data from
 resistance monitoring and laboratory analysis, the quantitative dynamics
 of chlorantraniliprole resistance evolution in C.
 suppressalis and other lepidopteran pests in China are collated
 and analysed. The results reveal the rapid evolution of high levels of
 chlorantraniliprole resistance in C.
 suppressalis, causing control failure across China, primarily
 driven by the origin and spread of multiple identified major mutations of
 the target site. Some of the same mutations also drove the parallel
 evolution of chlorantraniliprole resistance in other lepidopteran pests.
 As well as providing an exceptional example of evolution by natural
 selection in action, the evolution of chlorantraniliprole resistance
 in C. suppressalis in China also provides a cautionary tale for
 resistance management.
description: # The evolution of pesticide resistance: A data-driven case study of
 chlorantraniliprole resistance in Chilo suppressalis and other
 lepidopteran pests in China Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.3ffbg79x2](10.5061/dryad.3ffbg79x2) ## Description of the
 data and file structure The data on the lethal doses of insecticides for
 field and laboratory populations of lepidopteran pests (and also mutation
 frequencies) were extracted from published scientific articles after an
 informal literature search. The unavailable data are represented as NA.
 ### Files and variables #### File:
 Datasets_Lepidopterans_ResistanceMonitoring.xlsx **Description:** A set of
 tables listing bioassay data on the lethal dose of an insecticide in a
 population that is sampled from a location in a particular year, reporting
 the absolute measure (LC50) and a measure that is relative to a baseline
 measurement (which is the resistance factor; RF) - and information about
 the reference that the information is taken from and the units of the LC50
 measurement. There are different sheets for different lepidopteran pests
 of China, with the species name given as the sheet name.  ##### Variables
 * Insecticide: the active ingredient name. * Location: the source
 population for the bioassay, given as province, county.  * Year: the year
 that the source population was sampled. * LC50: the lethal dose (or
 technically, concentration) that kills 50% of the sample population in the
 bioassay. * RF: the resistance factor, which is the lethal dose of the
 sample population divided by a reference lethal dose (usually taken from a
 baseline or laboratory population from before insecticide use). *
 Reference: the scientific article that the reference comes from (which can
 be tied to the references listed in the main text of the publication) in
 the form: Authors Year. * LC50 units: the measurement units of the LC50. 
 #### File: Datasets_Lepidopterans_LaboratorySelection.xlsx
 **Description:** A table listing bioassay data on the lethal dose of an
 insecticide in a population that is sampled from a laboratory experiment
 of resistance evolution, reporting the absolute measure (LC50) and a
 measure that is relative to a baseline measurement (which is the
 resistance factor; RF) - and information about the reference that the
 information is taken from, the units of the LC50 measurement and the
 intensity of the insecticide selection pressure that is applied. All
 lepidopteran pests are given together in a single sheet.  ##### Variables
 * Insecticide: the active ingredient name. * Species: the lepidopteran
 pest species binomial Latin name.  * Generation: the generation that the
 sampled population represents. * LC50: the lethal dose (or technically,
 concentration) that kills 50% of the sample population in the bioassay. *
 RF: the resistance factor, which is the lethal dose of the sample
 population divided by a reference lethal dose (usually taken from a
 baseline or reference population from before insecticide selection
 pressure is applied). * Reference: the scientific article that the
 reference comes from (which can be tied to the references listed in the
 main text of the publication) in the form: Authors Year. * LC50 units: the
 measurement units of the LC50.  * Notes: a description of the insecticide
 selection pressure that is applied, given in the form of the lethal dose
 (e.g., LC70; i.e, the dose is adjusted in each generation to provide 70%
 kill). #### File: Datasets_Lepidopterans_MutationFrequency.xlsx
 **Description:** A table listing mutation frequency data for a population
 that is sampled from a location in a particular year, reporting the
 absolute measure (LC50), a measure that is relative to a baseline
 measurement (which is the resistance factor; RF) and the frequency of
 identified target-site mutations across homozygous suceptible (SS),
 heterozygous resistant (SR) and homozygous resistant (RR) individuals -
 and information about the reference that the information is taken from,
 the units of the LC50 measurement and the number of samples used to obtain
 a mutation frequency estimate. All lepidopteran pests are given together
 in a single sheet.  ##### Variables * Insecticide: the active ingredient
 name. * Pest: the lepidopteran pest species binomial Latin name.  *
 Location: the source population for the bioassay, given as province,
 county.  * Province: the province of the source population.  * Year: the
 year that the source population was sampled. * LC50: the lethal dose (or
 technically, concentration) that kills 50% of the sample population in the
 bioassay. * RF: the resistance factor, which is the lethal dose of the
 sample population divided by a reference lethal dose (usually taken from a
 baseline or laboratory population from before insecticide use). *
 Reference: the scientific article that the reference comes from (which can
 be tied to the references listed in the main text of the publication) in
 the form: Authors Year. * LC50 units: the measurement units of the LC50. 
 * For each mutation, there are then repeated headings: * Number samples:
 the number of individuals in the sample population used to estimate
 mutation frequency.  * Mutation name (e.g., G4915E): a description of the
 wildtype and mutant nucleotide change (e.g, GGA to GAA refers to a GGA
 susceptible wildtype changing to a GAA resistant mutation).  * SS: the
 frequency of homozygous susceptible individuals. * SR: the frequency of
 heterozygous resistant individuals. * RR: the frequency of homozygous
 resistant individuals. * R: the resistant allele frequency.