DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15139634
title: Table 1 in New and revised taxa of Neotropical Diplotaxini (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae): do they change the existing relationships? Revisiting systematics with morphological and molecular data

description: Table 1. List of common synapomorphies for the main clades of Neotropical Diplotaxini analysis, comparing equal and implied weights to the characters.
CladeTransformationsSynapomorphic/ homoplasticImplied weights: present (P) or absent (A)Shared by all lineages: Yes (Y), No (N)Neotropical DiplotaxiniMaxilla, distal palpomere, sensorial surface in a fovea (character 16:0)HomoplasticPNLabium with two palpomeres (character 25:1)SynapomorphicPNPronotum, anterior angles not produced (character 45:1)HomoplasticPNPterothorax, prothorax constrained at the insertion level (character 57:0)HomoplasticPNElytra, basal margin without humeral carina (character 62:1)HomoplasticPYProcoxa, distal portion, scales present (character 69:0)HomoplasticANProcoxa, punctures or sculptures at 12 × magnification visible (character 71:0)HomoplasticPNMesotibia, pair of apical spurs even (character 86:0)HomoplasticPNAbdominal ventrites, lateral portion, bristles present (character 103:0)HomoplasticANPygidium, disc, surface smooth (character 121:0)HomoplasticPNMale, parameres, basal region (BR), midline groove, sides forming concavity (character 152:0)SynapomorphicPNPacuviaClypeus continuous, without frontoclypeal division (character 3:1)HomoplasticPYClypeus with anterior teeth (character 9:0)HomoplasticPYLabrum shorter than clypeus in ventral view (character 39:1)HomoplasticPYProtibia, apical tooth-like projection, parallel in relation to longitudinal axis of tibia (character 74:2)HomoplasticPYProtarsi, tarsomeres I, II and III combined equal or longer than head length (character 79:0)HomoplasticPYMetatarsi, tarsomere I more than one half shorter than tarsomere II (characterSynapomorphicPY99:2)Protibia, teeth, irregularly spaced (character 130:1)HomoplasticAYMetatibia, subapical level with constraint (character 140:0)HomoplasticPYHomalochilus + Clypeus, anterior margin, anterior teeth, (Pachrodema + ratio of distance between teeth to (Careocallus + Liogenys )) distance between eyes less than 0.5 (teeth close together) (character 11:0)SynapomorphicPNPronotum, lateral margin in anterior portion, slightly concave (character 42:0)HomoplasticPNHypomeron, bristles long, exceeding level of prothorax margin (character 51:0)HomoplasticPNMetaventrite, distance between mesocoxa and metacoxa equal or shorter than metacoxa length (character 54:2)HomoplasticPYElytra, first gap of ridges, equal or narrower than the second gap (character 67:1)HomoplasticPYProtibia inner margin, concave (character 73:0)HomoplasticPYMetacoxa, posterior margin, basal articular lobe produced posteriorly (character 90:0)HomoplasticPNPygidium, subquadrate in shape (character 116:1)Pygidium, width and length equal (character 118:1)HomoplasticPNMale, pygidium, apex quadrate or subquadrate in shape (character 149:1)Homoplastic HomoplasticP PN NHomalochilusMaxilla, mala, outer margin curved (character 14:1)HomoplasticPYLabium, anterior margin, lateral angles extended behind palp (character 29:0)HomoplasticPYLabium, ligula and labium fused (character 30:1)HomoplasticPYLabrum, frontal view, midline emargination deep (character 37:1)HomoplasticPYAntenna, antennomeres, nine (character 40:1)HomoplasticPYPronotum, scales and/or bristles present (character 50:0)HomoplasticPYMetaventrite, scales and/or bristles, distribution, dense (character 53:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, sutural ridge toward base, extension, along entire scutellar margin (character 65:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, first gap of ridges, less than two times the width of one ridge (character 66:1)HomoplasticPYProtarsomeres, sexual dimorphism absent (character 77:1)HomoplasticPYProtarsomeres, ventral view not covered with hairy pad (character 78:1)HomoplasticPYMesoleg, distance between coxae, separated (character 81:0)HomoplasticPYMesotibia, spine-like bristles on transverse carinae shorter than or equal to the apical setae (character 84:1)HomoplasticPYMetacoxa, basal coxal plate, facing femur (character 91:1)HomoplasticPYMetafemur, disc, stout rigid bristles present (character 92:0)HomoplasticPYAbdominal ventrites, penultimate ventrite, longer than last ventrite (character 105:0)HomoplasticPYPropygidium, disc, without bristles (character 113:1)HomoplasticPYMale, antenna, club, as long as funicle (character 128:1)HomoplasticAYMale, protarsomeres, cylindrical (character 133:1)HomoplasticMale, parameres fused at basal region (BR), fusion point (FP) in apical third of BR (character 153:2)HomoplasticAYMale, parameres, inner margins, straight (character 155:0)HomoplasticPYPachrodema + (Careoc allus + Liogenys)Clypeus, frontoclypeal division, incomplete (character 5:1)HomoplasticPNMaxilla, distal palpomere, dorsal view, medial width more than two times the width of apex (character 15:0)HomoplasticPNLabium, lateral margins widened (character 22:0)HomoplasticPYLabium, mentum, concave excavated (character 32:0)HomoplasticPYMesotarsomeres and metatarsomeres, bifid claw, superior tooth wider than inferior tooth (character 100:0)HomoplasticANMale, metatibia, apex, inner margin, produced (character 142:0)HomoplasticPNPachrodemaPronotum, anterior margin, transverse flange distinct and wide (character 43:1)HomoplasticPYProthorax-pterothorax insertion, constraint, intensity, strong (character 58:0)HomoplasticPYMesotibia, inner margin concave (character 82:0)SynapomorphicPYMetatibia, apex, lower surface, convexly elevated (character 98:0)HomoplasticPYPygidium, basal width exceeds distance between spiracles on propygidium (character 119:0)HomoplasticPYMale, protibia, basal tooth, more than one half the size of middle tooth (character 131:0)HomoplasticPYCareocallus + LiogenysMetaventrite, distance between mesocoxa and metacoxa up to two times the metacoxa length (character 54:1)HomoplasticPNPygidium, disc, surface rough (character 121:1)HomoplasticPNMale, metatibia, apex, inner margin projection straight (character 143:0)HomoplasticPNMale, metatibia, apex, inner face, setose (character 144:0)HomoplasticPNCareocallusScutellum, punctures only at base and/or sides (character 55:1)HomoplasticPYElytra, apex, lateral view, depressed posteriorly (character 59:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, punctures, oblong (character 61:1)HomoplasticPYElytra, sutural ridge toward base, extended along the entire scutellar margin (character 65:0)HomoplasticPYElytra, first gap of ridges, less than two times the width of one ridge (character 66:1)HomoplasticPYMetatarsomere I as long as or longer than tarsomere II (character 99:0)HomoplasticPYDiplotaxiniMandible, mola, surface, not multi-grooved (character 20:1)HomoplasticAYMetaventrite, distance between mesocoxa and metacoxa more than two times the length of metacoxa (character 54:0)HomoplasticPNElytra, first gap of ridges, more than two times wider than one ridge (character 66:0)SynapomorphicPNProcoxa, conical in shape (character 68:0)HomoplasticPYProtarsomeres, ventral view, covered with hairy pad (character 78:0)HomoplasticPNAbdominal ventrites, penultimate ventrite, as long as or shorter than the last ventrite (character 105:1)HomoplasticPNAbdominal ventrites, ventrite VI, retracted within V (character 108:1)HomoplasticAYPropygidium, disc with bristles (character 113:0)HomoplasticPNMale, protarsomeres enlarged (character 133:0)SynapomorphicAN
description: Published as part of Cherman, Mariana A., Basílio, Daniel S., Clarkson, Bruno, Agostinis, André O., Smith, Andrew B. T., Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z. & Almeida, Lúcia M., 2024, New and revised taxa of Neotropical Diplotaxini (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae): do they change the existing relationships? Revisiting systematics with morphological and molecular data, pp. 104-108 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (1) on page 104, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad115, http://zenodo.org/record/11241094