cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.beeh.10000234
title: Monthly Means Of Daily Solar Radiation (Mj/M2/Day) August

description: These daily estimates of solar radiation were derived using modifications for South African conditions of the Bristow and Campbell (1984) equation. The daily values can be used as input in other equations such as the Penman-Monteith equation for potential crop evaporation.

The method of estimation of daily solar radiation loadings over South Africa and its verification are as follows: based on the premise that clear sky solar radiation is determined essentially by extraterrestrial solar radiation modulated by an atmospheric extinction function, and dependent on high maximum temperatures associated with a high diurnal range in temperature, while cloudy/rainy conditions are associated with a low diurnal temperature range, the Bristow and Campbell (1984) equation was modified for South African conditions by regionally optimised expressions of clear sky depletion for atmospheric water vapour content, and by month-by-month regionalised expressions for solar radiation extinction by cloudy/rainy conditions. Other than the optimised regional/monthly coefficients and the computation of extraterrestrial radiation, which is undertaken with trigonometrical geometry functions, the only other variables used were daily maximum and minimum temperatures. The latter were determined for the 50 year period 1950 - 1999 at each of 429 700 one arc minute (1.7 x 1.7 km) raster points over South Africa by techniques outlined in Schulze and Maharaj (2004).
DOI: 10.15493/saeon.fynbos.19b0912
title: 19B manual weekly rainfall January 2009 - June 2012

description: Weekly rainfall data collected by a Snowdon gauge fitted with a Nipher shield. Gauge orifice parallel to the slope, with orifice at 1.2 meters above ground in the Biesievlei catchment in the Jonkershoek valley, Western Cape, South Africa.
DOI: 10.15493/dea.carbon.10000134
title: South African Mean Annual Precipitation at a 1000m grid

description: The MAP (mm) characterises the long term quantity of water available to a region for hydrological and agricultural purposes. Under non-irrigated conditions the MAP gives an upper limit to a region`s sustainable agricultural potential in regard to biomass production if other factors (e.g. light, temperature, topography, soils) are not limiting. Not only is MAP important as a general statistic in its own right, but it is probably also the one climatic variable best known to hydrologists and agriculturists, and to which they can relate many other things. Mean annual precipitation was mapped using quality controlled and infilled daily rainfall values from over 9 600 stations each with ≥ 15 years of daily records, applied a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) approach with derivatives of altitude, latitude, longitude and slope to generate 1 arc minute (1` x 1` latitude/longitude, 1.7 km x 1.7 km) values of MAP Station residuals between simulated and observed rainfall were then superimposed over the generated surface of rainfall by interpolative techniques, akin to those used by Dent et al. (1989), to adjust the `global` surface to more local conditions. The MAP has been reprojected to the the following projection:+proj=aea +lat_1=-22 +lat_2=-38 +lat_0=-30 +lon_0=25 +x_0=1400000 +y_0=1300000 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs at a 1000m grid
DOI: 10.15493/bea.data.10000096
title: Settlement Type

description: *The dataset contains mesozones with the South African functional settlement typology. *The typology dataset was developed by the CSIR as part of the National Spatial Trends Overview project (2008-2009) commissioned by the South African Cities Network. The reasons for the development were: * To highlight the value & role of the social and economic role of the interconnected range/network of settlements within the country *To highlight the importance of the functional urban and rural concentrations (settlements within traditional urban and rural contexts)
DOI: 10.15493/dea.carbon.10000017
title: LADA Land Use Classes

description: In the context of the Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) project, the land use system approach for land degradation assessment has as guiding principle that land use is the major driving force of land degradation. Mapping of land 
 use systems has therefore becomes a major activity within the LADA project at global and national level where land use units are considered the basic units in which land degradation and land improvements are mapped. The following spatial layers were found to be reliable enough and at an acceptable level of detail to be used in the production of the LUS map for South Africa: 
 • National Land Cover 2000 (NLC Consortium);
 • Protected Areas in South Africa 2001 (Biodiversity GIS, South African Biodiversity Institute- SANBI);
 • VEGMAP 2006 (Mucina & Rutherford, SANBI); 
 • Local Municipalities 2005 (Demarcation Board of South Africa).
 The LADA Land Use Map for South Africa has 18 land use/cover classes as a result of combining the 4 spatial layers discussed above. In combination with administrative boundaries a total number of 2447 unique combinations (which were equal to the number of LADA-WOCAT Mapping Questionnaires (QM) to be completed) were derived by integrating the Local Municipality (LM) boundaries with the Land Use Systems data.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.csag.10000203
title: Minimum of Maximum Temperature for Current Climate (1950-1999)

description: Model Run: Control - Current Climate (Observed/current climate as modelled by climate model). The Self-Organizing Map Downscaling (SOMD) was developed at the Climate Systems Analysis Group (CSAG)[1], University of Cape Town. This is a leading empirical downscaled technique and provides meteorological station level response to global climate change forcing (See Hewitson and Crane (2006) for methodological details and Wilby et al. (2004) for a review of this and other statistical downscaling methodologies). Downscaling of a General Circulation Model (GCM) is accomplished by deriving the normative local response from the atmospheric state on a given day, as defined from historical observed data.  [1] http://www.csag.uct.ac.za/
DOI: 10.15493/saeon.tierberg.10000017
title: Site Data: Tierberg Weather 1988-1993, 1994-1999, 2006-2008; Tierberg Waypoints; Prince Albert Rainfall 1990-2007

description: Data on temperature (maximum and time of maximum, minimum and time of minimum), relative humidity (maximum and time of maximum, minimum and time of minimum), wind direction (daily average), wind speed (maximum and time of maximum, minimum and time of minimum) and rainfall at the Tierberg study site (TKRC).
DOI: 10.15493/saeon.tierberg.10000007
title: Messor capensis

description: Data on the size and dispersion of nest mounds of the granivorous harvester ant Messor capensis, including nearest neigbour distances, nearest heuweltjies, and the number, size and seed production of plants associated with the nest mounds.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.saws.10000212
title: Root Mean Square Difference between the nine ensemble member change anomalies of the seasonal total rainfall for the 90% percentile for 2036 - 2065 relative to 1976-2005, for the SON season, under the RCP 8.5 pathway

description: Root Mean Square Difference for seasonal (SON) rainfall (mm per month) change from the 90% percentile projected for 2036-2065, relative to present (1976 - 2005), under the RCP 8.5 pathway for the southern African region. To generate the image, nine coarse General Circulation Models (GCM) are downscaled to a finer spatial resolution (0.44°x 0.44°) using the Rossby Centre regional model (RCA4) forcing its lateral boundaries. The model simulated daily rainfall averages, which are used to generate projections of seasonal change. The projections are generated using the high (RCP8.5) pathway which associates CO2 concentrations of approximately 950ppm by the year 2100. The associated RMSD it calculated and shows the uncertainty range of the projected model simulated residual values, and gives a relative perspective of spatial areas associated with higher and lower projection uncertainties.
DOI: 10.15493/saeon.egagasini.05142022
title: Prince Edward Islands Sediment Data 2019

description: Sediment data collected from 12 stations around the Prince Edward Islands in April 2019 on the Marion Island Relief cruise on the SA Agulhas II 036 Voyage. Analyses were done through the Council for Geoscience (CGS). Additional information including the sediment analysis reports and tow log for the cruise are available on request.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.beeh.10000065
title: Monthly Rainfall and its Inter-Annual Variability (August)

description: Monthly rainfall totals are necessary to many water resources as well as agricultural problems and decisions for which MAPs, or even wet/dry season precipitation totals be they high or low, are of relatively little consequence, because an intra-year distribution of rainfall is required (Schulze, 1997). Monthly rainfall values then serve as an important tool in describing such an intra-year distribution. It should, however, be borne in mind that the use of the calendar month is but a time step of convenience for describing temporal patterns of rainfall, in that it breaks up annual precipitation into components of time long enough to smooth out many of the irregularities of daily rainfalls (Schulze, 1997). Nevertheless, large differences in rainfall can exist from one month to the next. Some of these differences result from major rainfall generating mechanisms changing from one month to the next.

How the maps of median monthly rainfall were derived since time series of monthly rainfall are more variable than those of annual rainfall, the raster surfaces of median monthly rainfall at 1 arc minute spatial resolution (i.e. at 1` x 1` latitude/longitude spacing; 1.7 x 1.7 km; with 429 700 raster points making up South Africa) were calculated by expressing the median rainfall value of a given month at each qualifying rainfall station as a ratio of the MAP surface which was generated by Lynch (2004) using Geographically Weighted Regression. These ratios were then interpolated by Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) onto the rectangular raster of 1 arc minute. This interpolated raster was then multiplied by the raster of MAP values to give 1` x 1` values of that month's median rainfall. The procedure was then repeated for each of the 12 months of the year (Lynch, 2004).
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.saws.10000108
title: Root Mean Square Difference between the nine ensemble member change anomalies of the seasonal total rainfall for the 10% percentile for 2066-2095 relative to 1976-2005, for the MAM season, under the RCP 4.5 pathway

description: Root Mean Square Difference for seasonal (MAM) rainfall (mm per month) change from the 10% percentile projected for 2066-2095, relative to present (1976 - 2005), under the RCP 4.5 pathway for the southern African region. To generate the image, nine coarse General Circulation Models (GCM) are downscaled to a finer spatial resolution (0.44°x 0.44°) using the Rossby Centre regional model (RCA4) forcing its lateral boundaries. The model simulated daily rainfall averages, which are used to generate projections of seasonal change. The projections are generated using the medium to low (RCP4.5) pathway which associates CO2 concentrations of approximately 560ppm by the year 2100. The associated RMSD it calculated and shows the uncertainty range of the projected model simulated residual values, and gives a relative perspective of spatial areas associated with higher and lower projection uncertainties.
DOI: 10.15493/saeon.fynbos.21b9108
title: 21B manual monthly rainfall November 1991 - February 2008

description: Monthly rainfall data collected by a Snowdon gauge fitted with a Nipher shield. Gauge orifice parallel to the slope, 1.2 meters above ground at Dasbos in the Jonkershoek valley, Western Cape, South Africa.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.beeh.10000361
title: Standard Deviation (C) Of Daily Minimum Temperature December

description: Minimum (Night-Time) temperatures, there is abundant evidence for the climatic limitation of crop distributions to be described by minimum temperatures, from a perspective of crop survival (on Frost for tolerance levels of crops). Many subtropical crops may be killed at 5 degree Celsius already through chilling injury, even in the absence of frost (Chang, 1968). High minima increase respiration loss, thereby decreasing net photosynthesis.

Daily minimum temperature time series were derived from over 970 qualifying temperature stations` quality controlled daily records for the 50 year period 1950 - 1999. From these time series, 50 years of daily values of minimum temperatures were generated at each of 429 700 one arc minute (i.e. 1.7 km x 1.7 km) raster points covering South Africa, using regional and seasonal lapse rate and infilling/data extension techniques developed by Schulze and Maharaj (2004). Note that in the generation of daily minimum temperatures no account could be taken of cold air drainage into hollows or valleys, which can take place from surrounding higher-lying areas through radiative cooling during calm, stable clear night conditions. Reasons for this are provided in Schulze and Maharaj (2004). From these daily values, monthly means of daily minimum temperatures, as well as standard deviation of daily minimum temperatures for each month of the year, could be computed for purposes of mapping and production of statistics which are tabulated for Swaziland, Lesotho and for each of the nine provinces of the RSA. This approach to mapping minimum temperatures is thus fundamentally different to that used in the previous `South African Atlas of Agrohydrology and Climatology` (Schulze, 1997), in being much more physically based.
DOI: 10.15493/saeon.fynbos.5b1517
title: 5B event rainfall February 2015 - October 2017

description: Event rainfall data collected by Davis Instruments tipping bucket gauge installed at 1.2m above ground at 653 masl in the Bosboukloof catchment of the Jonkershoek valley in the Western Cape of South Africa. Data recorded by a Pendant Event logger (UA-003-64, Onset, Massachusetts, U.S.A). Tipping bucket calibrated to 0.2 mm increments.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.csag.10000209
title: Rainfall days per month for Near Future (2046-2065)

description: Model Run: Near future (2046 - 2065) (Near future (2046 - 2065)). The Self-Organizing Map Downscaling (SOMD) was developed at the Climate Systems Analysis Group (CSAG)[1], University of Cape Town. This is a leading empirical downscaled technique and provides meteorological station level response to global climate change forcing (See Hewitson and Crane (2006) for methodological details and Wilby et al. (2004) for a review of this and other statistical downscaling methodologies). Downscaling of a General Circulation Model (GCM) is accomplished by deriving the normative local response from the atmospheric state on a given day, as defined from historical observed data.  [1] http://www.csag.uct.ac.za/
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.beeh.10000298
title: Standard Deviation (C) Of Daily Maximum Temperature November

description: High daytime maximum temperatures, up to 30 – 35 degree Celsius, generally increase rates of photosynthesis (i.e. the process by which `food` is manufactured in a plant), and thereby the rate of organic matter production. High maxima can be critical for some plants in both a negative context (e.g. the potential for grain production is reduced in maize when temperatures are too high during the flowering period) and a positive context (e.g. strawberries need high daytime temperatures to develop flavour). However, the rate of respiration (i.e. the processes by which `food` is used by a plant) also increases with temperature. As maximum temperatures reach the upper limits for a given crop, the rate of respiration (`food` used) may exceed that of photosynthesis (`food` manufactured). Thus, for example, for tomatoes growth peaks at 36 degree Celsius (Whiting et al., 2004). 

Time series of daily maximum temperatures from over 970 qualifying temperature stations were generated from quality controlled data for common 50 year period 1950 - 1999 using infilling and record extension techniques developed by Schulze and Maharaj (2004). From these time series at point locations, 50 years of daily maximum temperature values were generated at each of 429 700 one arc minute (1.7 km x 1.7 km) raster points covering South Africa, using regionally and seasonally determined lapse rates and other physically appropriate spatial interpolation approaches. These are given in detail in Schulze and Maharaj (2004). From these daily values, monthly means of daily minimum temperatures, as well as standard deviations of daily values for each month of the year, could be computed for purposes of mapping and production of tables of statistics for Swaziland, Lesotho and for each of the nine provinces of the RSA.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.beeh.10000193
title: January Means Of Reference Crop Evaporation (mm) Fao Penman-Monteith Equivalent

description: The FAO (1992) definition of Penman-Monteith derived reference crop evaporation (Erpm) is `The rate of evapotranspiration from a hypothetical crop with an assumed crop height of 0.12 m, a fixed canopy resistance of 70 s.m-1 and albedo of 0.23, which would closely resemble evapotranspiration from an extensive surface of green grass cover of uniform height, actively growing, completely shading the ground and not short of water`. 

The first detailed maps for South Africa of Penman-Monteith equivalent reference crop, Erpm, were derived from monthly ratios of Erpm: A-pan using data at 174 sites (Crosby and Crosby, 1996). From these ratios, Schulze (1997) identified 14 `regions` of similar ratio patterns which were then used to map Erpm from gridded A-pan values. The maps in the present Atlas are based on a much more deterministic and more fundamental approach with daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and hence daily saturated vapour pressures, generated over South Africa on a 1` x 1` (1.7 x 1.7 km) raster for 50 years, based on research by Schulze and Maharaj (2004). Empirically determined month-by-month gridded values of actual vapour pressure for South Africa.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.csag.10000309
title: Mean of Minimum Temperature for Current Climate (1950-1999)

description: Model Run: Control - Current Climate (Observed/current climate as modelled by climate model). The Self-Organizing Map Downscaling (SOMD) was developed at the Climate Systems Analysis Group (CSAG)[1], University of Cape Town. This is a leading empirical downscaled technique and provides meteorological station level response to global climate change forcing (See Hewitson and Crane (2006) for methodological details and Wilby et al. (2004) for a review of this and other statistical downscaling methodologies). Downscaling of a General Circulation Model (GCM) is accomplished by deriving the normative local response from the atmospheric state on a given day, as defined from historical observed data.  [1] http://www.csag.uct.ac.za/
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.beeh.10000400
title: Banana Yield Estimation (Irrigated Plant Crop)

description: Modern bananas originated in the southeast Asian and western Pacific regions, with earliest records of cultivation in India about 2 500 years ago (ARC, 2005). Bananas are stress sensitive plants which grow satisfactorily with a MAP of 1 200 mm, ideally well distributed throughout the year (Smith, 1998). Dry spells of more than 7 days are detrimental to yields. Preferring a relative humidity > 60 percent (especially during fruit setting), the mid-day RH should generally exceed 50 percent. The optimum mean monthly temperatures for bananas are 25 - 28 degree Celsius, with a range of 20 - 35 degree Celsius. Growth ceases below 12 degree Celsius and the July mean of daily minima should be at least 8 degree Celsius. Of the 1 200 ha under bananas, 64 percent are in Mpumalanga, 18 percent are in KwaZulu-Natal and a further 18 percent in Limpopo (Statistics SA, 2002). Highest average yields, around 26 t/ha/an, are attained in Mpumalanga, while those in KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo are 20 t/ha/an, i.e. on the low side by international standards (Statistics SA, 2002).

Determination of banana yield estimates, based on Smith`s climatic criteria. Areas considered climatically unsuitable for banana production and thus eliminated from further analysis were those with MAP < 900 mm (for dryland production), MAT < 16 degree Celsius, July means of daily minimum temperatures < 8 degree Celsius, the averages of the 12 monthly means of daily maximum temperatures < 22 degree Celsius and of minimum temperatures < 10 degree Celsius, as well as areas where the mean of the 12 monthly values of daily minimum RH was < 50 percent.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva3.data.10000043
title: Swelling Clays
DOI: 10.15493/saeon.egagasini.10000029
title: The ASCA January 2018 raw Thermosalinograph data

description: The Agulhas System Climate Array (ACSA) is a mooring array and is designed to provide long-term observations of the Agulhas Current`s volume, heat and salt transport and its variability from mesoscale (eddies), through seasonal to interannual timescales. The ASCA shelf and tall moorings extend 200 km offshore along decending TOPEX/Jason satellite ground track # 96, through the core of the Agulhas Current, with CPIES measurements extending the array to 300 km offshore of Port Elizabeth. The data collected during this project have been obtained from various oceanographic instrumentation. This raw data was collected by shipborne underway Thermosalinograph (TSG).
DOI: 10.15493/sarva.saws.10000085
title: Seasonal total rainfall (mm per 3-month season) change from the 90% percentile projected for 2036-2065, relative to present (1976 - 2005), for JJA season under the RCP 4.5 pathway

description: Seasonal (JJA) rainfall (mm per month) change from the 90% percentile projected for 2036-2065, relative to present (1976 - 2005), under the RCP 4.5 pathway for the southern African region. To generate the image, nine coarse General Circulation Models (GCM) are downscaled to a finer spatial resolution (0.44°x 0.44°) using the Rossby Centre regional model (RCA4) forcing its lateral boundaries. The model simulated daily rainfall averages, which are used to generate projections of seasonal change. The projections are generated using the medium to low (RCP4.5) pathway which associates CO2 concentrations of approximately 560ppm by the year 2100. The associated RMSD it calculated and shows the uncertainty range of the projected model simulated residual values, and gives a relative perspective of spatial areas associated with higher and lower projection uncertainties.
DOI: 10.15493/bea.data.250320-15
title: Sugarcane growth regions

description: A spatial dataset of the sugarcane growth regions within South Africa.
DOI: 10.15493/sarva3.data.10000008
title: Percentage of Households with no Rubbish Disposal

description: The data was derived from the 2011 national census. 

The number of households with no rubbish disposal were obtained from the census small area layer data.

A 500m grid was used to map the dwelling frame distribution for South Africa. The resulting dataset was then intersected with the small area layer for the purpose of esmating the area percentages of dwellings within each grid cell. The area percentages for the grid cells were multiplied with the corresponding census count for each small area in order to map households with no rubbish disposal.