DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16919911
title: HORAE-LSv2. Layout Segmentation Dataset for Medieval Books of Hours (Version 2)

description: HORAE_LSv2 is an updated and corrected version of the HORAE_LS dataset originally published in 2019 for automatic layout analysis of medieval Books of Hours. This carefully curated dataset contains 555 fully annotated images from 334 different manuscripts and printed books, providing comprehensive page layout segmentation including text zones, decorative elements, and structural features.

Why Version 2?

The original HORAE_LS (2019) referenced images via IIIF URLs, which became obsolete over time due to institutional changes. HORAE_LSv2 addresses this fragility by:



Downloading all images as JPEG files for long-term preservation

Correcting annotations: missing elements added, erroneous labels fixed

Updating coordinates for images that were resized by institutions

Migrating format from XML PAGE to accessible CSV format

Preserving traceability with original IIIF URLs in metadata


Dataset Overview



555 images at maximum IIIF resolution (downloaded)

22,964 annotations across 7 element types

334 source manuscripts from 13th-16th centuries

Complete layout segmentation: pages, text zones, text lines, decorative elements

Multiple formats: CSV (primary), YOLO-compatible labels, HTML visualizations


Annotation Types




Type
Count
Description




Text lines
13,879
Individual lines, often with transcription


Initials
3,542
Simple (600), decorated (2,917), historiated (25)


Decoration
2,412
Line fillers, borders, ornaments, music notation


Text zones
896
Text blocks and marginal text


Pages
852
Page boundaries, including calendars (52)


Rubrication
1,224
Colored text headers (red, blue, gold)


Miniatures
159
Narrative scenes in text field




Key Features

Comprehensive layout analysis: Unlike focused decorative element datasets, HORAE_LSv2 captures complete page structure including text, decoration, and paratextual elements.

Quality control: All annotations were created by three annotators and systematically verified by a fourth person, ensuring high consistency.

IIIF traceability: Each image includes original IIIF URLs, manifest references, and canvas identifiers, enabling users to access source contexts and higher resolution versions when available.

Format flexibility: Annotations provided in both CSV (with polygon coordinates) and YOLO format for immediate use with modern detection frameworks.

Data Sources

Images originate from major IIIF-compliant digital libraries:



Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gallica)

Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes (BVMM/Arca)

The Walters Art Museum, Cambridge University Library, and 30+ other institutions


Use Cases

Digital Humanities:



Page layout analysis and document understanding

Text zone detection for OCR/HTR pipelines

Structural analysis of manuscript organization


Computer Vision:



Historical document segmentation

Multi-class object detection in complex layouts

Transfer learning for manuscript analysis


Heritage Applications:



Automated manuscript indexing

Digital edition preparation

Comparative codicological studies


Relationship to HORAE_Minit

HORAE_LSv2 represents an earlier, broader annotation approach focused on complete layout segmentation. For projects specifically targeting decorative elements (miniatures, initials, marginal decorations), we recommend the successor dataset HORAE_Minit (14,225 images, refined ontology, larger scale).

A subset of 530 images from HORAE_LSv2 was adapted to the HORAE_Minit ontology and is included in that dataset as HORAE_Minit_E, providing continuity between approaches.

Contents

HORAE_LSv2/
├── images/           # 555 JPEG images (max IIIF resolution)
├── labels/           # YOLO format annotations
├── metadata/         # CSV files with complete annotation data
│   ├── HORAE_LSv2_elements.csv      # All 22,964 annotations exported from Arkindex
│   ├── HORAE_LSv2_image_data.csv    # Image metadata & IIIF URLs
│   └── train/val/test.csv           # Recommended splits
├── extras/           # HTML visualizations
└── README.md


Technical Specifications



Annotation format: Polygon coordinates (CSV primary format)

Coordinate system: Absolute pixel coordinates

Image format: JPEG, maximum IIIF resolution

Secondary format: YOLO-compatible labels (normalized coordinates)

Annotation tool: Originally created in Transkribus, migrated via Arkindex


Known Limitations



Heterogeneous application: Annotation ontology evolved during creation; not all elements uniformly applied

Image variations: Some images differ from 2019 versions due to institutional changes

Text line quality: Automatically detected then manually corrected; may contain residual errors

Decorative element classification: Less refined than HORAE_Minit; use successor dataset for fine-grained analysis


Version History

Version 1.0 (June 2019)



Original HORAE_LS publication on GitHub

XML PAGE format with IIIF URL references

Published with Boillet et al. (2019) at HIP'19


Version 2.0 (2024)



Republished on Zenodo with persistent DOI

Downloaded images for long-term preservation

Corrected annotations and updated coordinates

CSV format for broader accessibility

Enhanced metadata and documentation


Citation

@dataset{stutzmann2024horae_lsv2,
  author       = {Stutzmann, Dominique and Bernard-Leterme, Lise and 
                  Boillet, Mélodie and Bonhomme, Marie-Laurence and 
                  Kermorvant, Christopher},
  title        = {{HORAE\_LSv2: Layout Segmentation Dataset for 
                   Medieval Books of Hours (Version 2)}},
  year         = 2024,
  publisher    = {Zenodo},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.16919911},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16919911}
}


Please also cite the original publication:

@inproceedings{boillet2019horae,
  title        = {{HORAE: an annotated dataset of books of hours}},
  author       = {Boillet, Mélodie and Bonhomme, Marie-Laurence and 
                  Stutzmann, Dominique and Kermorvant, Christopher},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on 
                  Historical Document Imaging and Processing (HIP'19)},
  pages        = {7--12},
  year         = 2019,
  doi          = {10.1145/3352631.3352633}
}


Related Publications



HORAE_Minit (successor dataset): https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17279364

HORAE Detection Models: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17279775

Bernard & Stutzmann (2025): "Detection of Miniatures and Initials in Medieval Books of Hours" (submitted)


License

Annotations: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Images: Retain original institutional licenses. Most are from public domain manuscripts; verify specific rights via provided IIIF URLs.

Funding & Acknowledgments

Version 2 (2025):



Biblissima+ (ANR-21-ESRE-0005)

Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes (CNRS)


Original Version (2019):



HORAE project funding

Teklia (Arkindex platform)

3 annotators + 1 validator


 

Communities (suggested)



Digital Humanities

Medieval Studies

Computer Vision

Document Analysis

Cultural Heritage

IIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework)

Biblissima+


Related Identifiers

Is new version of:



HORAE_LS (2019): https://github.com/oriflamms/HORAE


Is cited by:



HORAE_Minit: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17279364

HORAE Detection Models: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17279775


Is supplement to:



Boillet et al. (2019): https://doi.org/10.1145/3352631.3352633


Is described by:



Bernard & Stutzmann (2025): (DOI to be added upon publication)


Grants

ANR-21-ESRE-0005 (Biblissima+)

Contributors

Dominique Stutzmann (Creator, Contact person)



Affiliation: Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes, CNRS

Role: Project direction, Version 2 preparation


Lise Bernard-Leterme (Creator)



Affiliation: Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes, CNRS

Role: Version 2 preparation, corrections, documentation


Mélodie Boillet (Creator - Original version)



Role: Original annotation and technical implementation (2019)


Marie-Laurence Bonhomme (Creator - Original version)



Role: Original annotation coordination and quality control (2019)


Christopher Kermorvant (Creator - Original version)



Affiliation: Teklia

Role: Original technical supervision (2019)


Notes (Additional Information)

Differences from Original HORAE_LS (2019)

Major improvements:



All images downloaded and stored as JPEG files (original used IIIF URLs only)

Format migrated from XML PAGE to CSV for broader accessibility

Corrected missing annotations and label errors

Updated coordinates for 10 images affected by institutional resizing

Added comprehensive metadata and IIIF traceability documentation

Generated YOLO-compatible labels for modern frameworks


Minor changes:



Some annotation type renaming during Arkindex migration

Enhanced documentation and usage examples

Added visualization files (HTML)


Recommended Use

Best suited for:



Complete page layout analysis

Text zone detection for OCR/HTR preparation

Training general manuscript segmentation models

Studying manuscript structure and organization


Less suited for:



Fine-grained decorative element classification → Use HORAE_Minit instead

Large-scale iconographic analysis → Use HORAE_Minit instead

Projects requiring only decorative elements → Use HORAE_Minit instead


Integration with Modern Workflows

The dataset includes train/validation/test splits for reproducible experiments. YOLO-format labels enable immediate use with Ultralytics framework and other modern detection tools. CSV format allows easy integration with custom pipelines and annotation tools like Label Studio or CVAT.

Preservation Rationale

This republication was motivated by the fragility of web references in digital humanities. The original HORAE_LS dataset demonstrated that even well-established IIIF infrastructure can change, breaking research reproducibility. By downloading and archiving actual images alongside persistent metadata, HORAE_LSv2 ensures long-term accessibility while maintaining links to source contexts.