DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0pbt
title: Microsatellite data from: Multiple colonizations and genetic differentiation from the mainland populations in insular populations of the perennial herb Solidago virgaurea complex (Asteraceae) on recently formed nearshore oceanic islands

description: Aim: Although the evolution of island endemic plants has long
 been investigated, the majority of such studies have focused on species
 with remarkable levels of morphological variation and on islands
 substantially far from the mainland. Except for a few examples such as the
 Canary Islands, endemic plants on nearshore oceanic islands have received
 less attention. In this study, we examined the Solidago virgaurea complex
 on the Japanese mainland Honshu and the adjacent Izu Islands to
 investigate the population genetic structure and dynamics in plants
 endemic to nearshore and recently formed oceanic islands.
 Location: Japanese mainland Honshu and the adjacent Izu Islands
 Taxon: Solidago virgaurea (Asteraceae) Methods: Sixteen
 and nine populations of S. virgaurea complex were sampled from the
 mainland and islands, respectively; phylogeographic and population
 genetics analyses were performed using plastid DNA and nuclear
 microsatellite DNA variations. Results: Phylogenetically close
 plastid DNA haplotypes were shared between the mainland and islands,
 although the populations of S. virgaurea from different islands tended to
 exhibit phylogenetically distinct haplotypes. Admixture analyses based on
 nuclear DNA variations revealed distinct genetic structures between the
 mainland and island populations. Gene flow among islands is restricted but
 may partially offset genetic drift on each island. Main
 conclusions: The genetic structure observed in this study may not
 have originated from a single dispersal event and successive expansion but
 rather from at least three colonization events and subsequent gene flow
 among island populations. Based on the nuclear DNA variations, the Izu
 Island populations of S. virgaurea are genetically distinct from the
 mainland ones. Repeated colonization events may have provided sufficient
 genetic diversity, which would generally be susceptible to founder effects
 and exert a driving force for evolutionary adaptation, to these oceanic
 island populations.
description: <strong>Microsatellite genotyping
 </strong> We used 10 expressed sequence tag-simple
 sequence repeat markers developed from <em>S. virgaurea
 </em>subsp<em>. asiatica</em> (Sakaguchi & Ito,
 2014) and three genomic simple sequence repeat markers developed from
 <em>S. altissima</em> (Sakata et al, 2013; Table S1). We
 conducted PCR amplification in multiplex reactions using the
 Type-it<sup>®</sup> Microsatellite PCR Kit (Qiagen, Venlo,
 Netherlands). The PCR reaction mixture contained 50–100 ng DNA, 1.5 μl of
 2 × Type-it Multiplex PCR Master Mix, and each primer at 10 μM, and was
 brought to a total volume of 3.0 μl with sterilized water. The PCR
 protocol was as follows: denaturation at 95°C for 1 min; 30 cycles of 95°C
 for 30 sec, 55°C for 90 sec, and 72°C for 90 sec; and a final extension at
 72°C for 10 min. To separate the PCR products, we used the ABI
 PRISM<sup>®</sup> 3130 Genetic Analyzer with Gene Scan 600 Liz
 Size Standard (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). To determine the
 length of the amplified fragment and the resultant genotypes, we used Gene
 Mapper v.4.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).
description: Microsatellite genotype of <em>Solidago
 virgaurea</em> (GenAlEx data format) 1. All
 samples 2. Populations with ≥ 10 individuals
 3. Populations with ≥ 10 individuals (Short sample
 name)