DOI: 10.5061/dryad.47d7wm3j5
title: Evolution of female song and duetting in the chaffinch (Fringilla) species complex

description: Female song is ancestral to songbirds and shows considerable phylogenetic
 signal, but its presence also appears to be labile and correlated with
 life-history and ecology. While previous studies have examined the
 evolution of female song across species-rich families, here we studied
 female song in island populations of a recently diverged species-complex,
 the chaffinches (genus Fringilla). We show this behaviour has recently
 evolved in these populations, and probably on two independent occasions.
 In F. teydea, female song is performed in loose duets with males, while in
 F. coelebs, female song is produced solo. Populations with singing females
 showed year-round territoriality and were found in regions with low
 seasonality – both factors previously connected with high rates of female
 singing. To determine the relative saliency of female songs to
 conspecifics, and the degree to which they instigate territorial defence
 behaviours, we performed a series of speaker playback experiments. In F.
 c. canariensis, female song could induce comparable responses to male
 song, whilst duetting F. teydea playback produced similar responses to
 solo songs, and therefore may relate to within-pair communication instead.
 Our results suggest female song can be a highly labile trait that can
 evolve over short evolutionary timescales.
description: This is the data repository for the 2023 paper: Evolution of
 female song and duetting in the chaffinch (<em>Fringilla</em>)
 species complex. Data were collected between February
 2016 – May 2018.    ##### Acoustic
 Analysis ###### The Luscinia database
 (Dryad_JAB_Female) containing the recordings used in the bioacoustics
 analysis. Luscinia is an open-source biaocoustics software freely
 available, here: https://github.com/rflachlan/Luscinia/releases:   To read the database following Luscinia installation, create a folder named JAB_female_Fringilla.luscdb, and place the JAB_female_Fringilla.h2.db file in it.  Next open Luscinia, and locate the Folder. Press the log in button (without changing username or adding password) and you should be able to access the database.   The Luscinia database contains the song recordings used for the analysis. Follow instructions found here: https://rflachlan.github.io/Luscinia/ to derive the acoustic properties of each song.  The acoustic measures for the exemplar songs (F.c.canariensis) are reported in raw_acoustics.csv.  Analysis of these measures are reported in the R script FemaleSong.R. Other song outputs (used in the figures) are produced directly from Luscinia (NMDS plots, DTW song comparison), following different types of analysis as instructed in the paper. Female_Song_Data.xlsx contains 4 sheets of additional data to aid analysis of recordings and add further context Recordings: Contains information regarding which song-files were analysed Population - The species/population recorded Individual - Unique individual ID Exemplar - The sound recording file analysed Sex - The sex of the individual Syllables - The number of syllables in the song Songs recorded (F.coelebs only), The number of songs recorded per bird Syllables: The average amount of syllables produced per song  Sex - Male or Females of the species Population - The species/population recorded Average per - Average number of syllables from exemplar recordings SD per - Standard deviation of the syllables in exemplar recordings  Timesheet: The dates of sampling female songs in different populations: Date- Day of fieldwork Population - The species/population recorded Mins - Minutes of sampling taken Start - Time (local) when sampling started  End - Time (local) when sampling ended Hours - Conversion of minutes to hours  Songs Recorded: Contains further song recorded dates (primarily from 2017 & 2018 data collection) Population - The species/population recorded Individual - Unique individual ID Songs recorded - The number of songs recorded per bird F.c.canariensis F_vs_Sunrise: The time relative to sunrise when females were recorded Name - Unique individual ID Sunrise - Sunrise time that day (local time) Time - Time of recording Time difference - Difference between sunrise and time of recording Date - Date of recording ##### Playback ###### Data derived from playback experiments are recorded in duet_playback.csv & f_c_c_playback. Analysis of the playback experiments are reported in the R script code/FemaleSong.R f_c_c_playback.csv: Playback data from trials involving <em>Fringilla coelebs canariensis</em> Individual - The individual bird responding to the trial Experiment - The type of experiment being performed (FcoeMF = Male vs Female, FcoeSF = Swamp Sparrow vs Female) Sex - The sex of the individual responding Pair - A unique number for the territory on which the experiment is performed FLatency - The latency (seconds) to approach the speaker broadcasting female song FClosest - The closest distance approached to the speaker broadcasting female song FTimein2m - The time (seconds) spent within 2m of the speaker broadcasting female song FTimein2to4 - The latency (seconds) to approach the speaker broadcasting female song FPlaybackScore - The score attributed to the speaker broadcasting female song (see score calculations in the paper) FProportional - The proportion of the score attributed to the speaker broadcasting female song OLatency - The latency (seconds) to approach the speaker broadcasting non-female song Oclosest - The closest distance approached to the speaker broadcasting non-female song OTimein2m - The time (seconds) spent within 2m of the speaker broadcasting non-female song OTimein2to4 - The latency (seconds) to approach the speaker broadcasting non-female song OPlaybackScore - The score attributed to the speaker broadcasting non-female song (see score calculations in the paper) OProportional - The proportion of the score attributed to the speaker broadcasting non-female song duet_playback.csv: Playback data from trials involving <em>Fringilla teydea</em> Individual - The individual bird responding to the trial Sex - The sex of the individual responding Stim - The type of stimuli heard (male only, female only or duet) Order - Whether the trial is the 1st 2nd or 3rd presented at this territory Pair - Unique territory identifying number Time - The time of the experiment Latency - The time taken to approach the speaker (x 6 seconds) Approach - The closest distance a bird approached the speaker Time_2  - The time spent within 2m of the speaker (x 6 seconds) Time_2_4 - The time spent within 2-4m of the speaker 
description: R & R Studio Luscinia