DOI: 10.5061/dryad.10nf934
title: Data from: Performance in three shell functions predicts the phenotypic distribution of hard-shelled turtles

description: Adaptive landscapes have served as fruitful guides to evolutionary
 research for nearly a century. Current methods guided by landscape
 frameworks mostly utilize evolutionary modelling (for example, fitting
 data to Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models) to make inferences about adaptive
 peaks. Recent alternative methods utilize known relationships between
 phenotypes and functional performance to derive information about adaptive
 landscapes; this information can then help explain the distribution of
 species in phenotypic space and help infer the relative importance of
 various functions for guiding diversification. Here, data on performance
 for three turtle shell functions – strength, hydrodynamic efficiency, and
 self-righting ability – are used to develop a set of predicted performance
 optima in shell shape space. The distribution of performance optima shows
 significant similarity to the distribution of existing turtle species and
 helps explain the absence of shells in otherwise anomalously-empty regions
 of morphospace. The method outperforms modelling-based approaches in
 inferring the location of reasonable adaptive peaks and in explaining the
 shape of the phenotypic distributions of turtle shells. Performance
 surface-based methods allow researchers to more directly connect
 functional performance with macroevolutionary diversification, and to
 explain the distribution of species (including presences and absences)
 across phenotypic space.
description: Supplementary File 1 -
 PhylogenySupplementary File 1 –
 Phylogeny used for evolutionary analyses; taken from Stayton et al.
 2018.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile01.nexusSupplementary File 2 - Full-shell morphospaceSupplementary File 2 – Morphospace plot of all hard-shelled species utilized in this study, calculated from full shell data generated by reflecting all non-midsagittal landmarks across the midsagittal plane. Data are color-coded by Family. Wireframe images outside of the corners of plots indicate shapes associated with those regions of morphospace (e.g., images outside the upper right corner indicate shapes associated with high PC1 and PC2 scores). The matrix correlation between species’ scores on the first two PCs of the half-shell analysis and species’ scores on the first two PCs of the whole-shell analysis was 0.926. The matrix correlation between Procrustes distance matrices for the half-shell and whole-shell analyses (with distances in each matrix calculated between species) was 0.982.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile02.pdfSupplementary File 3 - Phylogenetic MANOVA results on shape-ecology relationshipsSupplementary File 3 – Results of phylogenetic MANOVAs on increasingly-restricted sets of the first 12 PC axes for turtle shell shape, with species grouped by ecology.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile03.docxSupplementary File 4 – Phylogenetic ANOVA results on shape-ecology relationshipsSupplementary File 4 – Results of phylogenetic ANOVAs on each of the first 12 PC axes for turtle shell shape, with species grouped by ecology.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile04.docxSupplementary File 5 – Phylogenetic discriminant function results for ecologySupplementary File 5 – Loadings for each of the first 12 PCs in the equation produced by a phylogenetic discriminant function analysis to differentiate aquatic and terrestrial species.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile05.docxSupplementary File 6 – Base finite element modelSupplementary File 6 – Glyptemys muhlenbergii finite element model used as a base for transformations and mechanical strength assessment, in Strand7 (Strand7 2007) text format.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile06.txtSupplementary File 7 – All loading schemes used in mechanical analysesSupplementary File 7 – Locations of all loads (“x” symbols) and restraints (“+” symbols) used in finite element analyses illustrated on the base Glyptemys muhlenbergii model in dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile07.pdfSupplementary File 8 – Closed surface used as a base for hydrodynamics testingSupplementary File 8 – Closed Glyptemys muhlenbergii model used as a base for transformations and analyses of drag, in .stl format.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile08.stlSupplementary File 9 – All drag measurementsSupplementary File 9 – Drag coefficient measurements and locations along shape PC axes 1 and 2 of 20 3D printed models used to assess hydrodynamic performance.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile09.xlsxSupplementary File 10 – Performance data used to build performance surfacesSupplementary File 10 – All performance data for shell strength (average maximum von Mises stress assessed across 12 load cases), hydrodynamics (interpolated drag coefficient) and self-righting (F-index) for all combinations of 17 PC1 and 15 PC2 scores evenly distributed across turtle shell shape space.Stayton2018_SupplementaryFile10.xlsx