DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6hdr7srf6
title: Data from: Projecting the new body: How body image evolves during learning to walk with a wearable robot

description: Advances in wearable robotics challenge the traditional definition of
 human motor systems, as wearable robots redefine body structure, movement
 capability, and perception of their bodies. While these devices can
 empower the wearer’s motor performance, there is limited understanding of
 how wearers update perception of body image (a conscious, subjective
 experience of one’s own body), especially the image in dynamic movements,
 while learning to use these devices. This study aimed to fill the gap by
 examining changes in body image as individuals learned to walk with a
 robotic leg over multi-day training. We measured gait performance and
 perceived body image via Selected Coefficient of Perceived Motion (SCoMo)
 after each training session. Based on human motor learning theory extended
 to wearer-robot systems, we hypothesized that learning the perceived body
 image when walking with a robotic leg co-evolves with the actual gait
 improvement and becomes more certain and more accurate to actual motion.
 Our result confirmed that motor learning improved both physical and
 perceived gait patterns towards normal, indicating that via practice the
 wearers incorporated the robotic leg into their sensorimotor systems to
 enable wearer-robot movement coordination. However, a persistent
 discrepancy between perceived and actual motion remained, likely due to
 the absence of direct sensation/control of the prosthesis. Additionally,
 the perceptual overestimation at later training sessions might limit
 further motor improvement. These findings suggest that enhancing the human
 sense of wearable robots and frequent calibrating perception of body image
 are essential for effective training with wearable robots and for
 developing embodied assistive technologies. In this shared database, we
 included several key features, which we analyzed in the paper, 1) walking
 speeds in different training trials; 2) sum of principal angles, which
 represents the similarity among the gait of participants and normal gait;
 3) mean and standard deviation of the SCoMo; 4) participants' own
 confidence about their own gait interpretion; 5) mutltiple gait features,
 which are used to define the gait performance, such as stance duration on
 both legs, symmetry index based on stance time and step length.
description: # **Projecting the new body: How body image evolves during learning to
 walk with a wearable robot** #### Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.6hdr7srf6](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6hdr7srf6) ##
 **Description of the data and file structure** Two types of data sets are
 included:  SP_Mean_SCoMo.csv and SP_STD_SCoMo.csv are data included in the
 supplementary part and the others are in the main manuscript. **Files and
 variables** **File: SP_Mean_SCoMo.csv** **Description:** the mean of
 measured SCoMo is reported each participant. The column indicates the
 view, in which the SCoMo is estimated, and the rows indicate the
 participant indicator SP1-SP12. **Variables** * Mean_SCoMo (no unit)
 Averaged across three repeated measurements **File: SP_STD_SCoMo.csv**
 **Description:** the standard deviation of measured SCoMo is reported by
 each participant. The column indicates the view, in which the SCoMo is
 estimated, and the rows indicate the participant indicator SP1-SP12.
 **Variables** * STD_SCoMo (no unit) Averaged across three repeated
 measurements **File: Mean_SCoMo_Frontal.csv** **Description:** the mean of
 measured SCoMo estimated in the frontal plan is reported by each
 participant in each test session. The column indicates the testing
 session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in
 which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions
 in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the
 data was based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9. **Variables** * Mean_SCoMo
 (no unit) Averaged across three repeated measurements **File:
 STD_SCoMo_Frontal.csv** **Description:** the standard deviation of
 measured SCoMo estimated in the frontal plan is reported by each
 participant in each test session. The column indicates the testing
 session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in
 which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions
 in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the
 data was based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** * STD_SCoMo
 (no unit) Averaged across three repeated measurements **File:
 Mean_SCoMo_Prosthetic_Side.csv** **Description:** the mean of measured
 ScoMo estimated from the prosthetic side of view is reported by each
 participant in each test session. The column indicates the testing
 session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in
 which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions
 in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the
 data was based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9. **Variables** * Mean_SCoMo
 (no unit) Averaged across three repeated measurements **File:
 STD_SCoMo_Prosthetic_Side.csv** **Description:** the standard deviation of
 measured SCoMo estimated in the Prosthetic side of view is reported by
 each participant in each test session. The column indicates the testing
 session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in
 which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions
 in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the
 data was based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9. **Variables** * STD_SCoMo
 (no unit) Averaged across three repeated measurements **File:
 Mean_SCoMo_Contralateral_Side.csv** **Description:** the mean of measured
 SCoMo estimated from the contralateral side of view is reported by each
 participant in each test session. The column indicates the testing
 session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in
 which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions
 in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the
 data was based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9. **Variables** * Mean_SCoMo
 (no unit) Averaged across three repeated measurements **File:
 STD_SCoMo_Contralateral_Side.csv** **Description:** the standard deviation
 of measured SCoMo estimated in the Contralateral side of view is reported
 by each participant in each test session. The column indicates the testing
 session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in
 which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions
 in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the
 data was based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9. **Variables** * STD_SCoMo
 (no unit) Averaged across three repeated measurements **File:
 sum_of_principle_angles.csv** **Description:** the sum of principle angles
 between the measured gait and normal gait is reported by each participant
 in each test session. The column indicates the testing session, which is
 named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in which the
 estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions in which
 the estimation is conducted. For an example, D3S2 means that the data was
 based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The rows
 indicate the participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** * Sum of
 Principle Angles (Radius) **File: Trunk_ML.csv** **Description:** the
 range of motion for trunk in the medialateral direction each test session
 for each participant. The column indicates the testing session, which is
 named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in which the
 estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions in which
 the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the data was
 based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The rows
 indicate the participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** * Trunk_ML (mm)
 **File: trunk_lean.csv** **Description:** the range of motion for trunk in
 the anteroposterior direction each test session for each participant. The
 column indicates the testing session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ...,
 4 and indicates the days in which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3
 and indicates the sessions in which the estimation is conducted. For
 example, D3S2 means that the data was based on the results measured on the
 second session in day 3. The rows indicate the participant indicator
 P1-P9.  **Variables** * Trunk_Lean (mm) **File: SL_SI.csv**
 **Description:** the symmetry index estimated based on step length each
 test session for each participant. The column indicates the testing
 session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in
 which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions
 in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the
 data was based on the results measured on the second session in day 3. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** * SL_SI
 (percentage) **File: ST_SI.csv** **Description:** the symmetry index
 estimated based on stance duration in each test session for each
 participant. The column indicates the testing session, which is named as:
 DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in which the estimation is
 conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions in which the estimation
 is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the data was based on the
 results measured on the second session in day 3. The rows indicate the
 participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** * ST_SI (percentage) **File:
 contralateral_SL.csv** **Description:** the average step length measured
 in the contralateral leg in each test session for each participant. The
 column indicates the testing session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ...,
 4 and indicates the days in which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3
 and indicates the sessions in which the estimation is conducted. For
 example, D3S2 means that the data was based on the results measured on the
 second session in day 3. The rows indicate the participant indicator
 P1-P9.  **Variables** * Contralateral_SL(m) **File: Contralateral_ST.csv**
 **Description:** the average stance duration measured in the contralateral
 leg in each test session for each participant. The column indicates the
 testing session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the
 days in which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the
 sessions in which the estimation is conducted. For example, D3S2 means
 that the data was based on the results measured on the second session in
 day 3. The rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** *
 Contralateral_ST(10ms) **File: Robotic_SL.csv** **Description:** the
 average step length measured in the robotic leg in each test session for
 each participant. The column indicates the testing session, which is named
 as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and indicates the days in which the estimation is
 conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and indicates the sessions in which the estimation
 is conducted. For example, D3S2 means that the data was based on the
 results measured on the second session in day 3. The rows indicate the
 participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** * Robotic_SL(m) **File:
 Robotic_ST.csv** **Description:** the average stance duration measured in
 the robotic leg in each test session for each participant. The column
 indicates the testing session, which is named as: DXSY. X = 1, ..., 4 and
 indicates the days in which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and
 indicates the sessions in which the estimation is conducted. For an
 example, D3S2 means that the data was based on the results measured on the
 second session in day 3. The rows indicate the participant indicator
 P1-P9.  **Variables** * Robotic_ST(10ms) **File: Confident_level.csv**
 **Description:** the reported confident levle for each participant on each
 test day. The column indicates the testing day, which is among 1-4. The
 rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** * Condident
 Level(percentage) **File: walking_speed.csv** **Description:** the
 selected walking speed in each trial for each participant. The column
 indicates the testing trial, which is named as: DXSYZ. X = 1, ..., 4 and
 indicates the days in which the estimation is conducted. Y = 1, ..,3 and
 indicates the sessions in which the estimation is conducted. Z = E or T. T
 indicates training trial and E indicates estimation trial, which is
 conducted following the training trial. Each session includes one training
 trial and one estimation one. For example, D3S2E means that the data was
 based on the results measured on estimation trial in the second session in
 day 3. The rows indicate the participant indicator P1-P9.  **Variables** *
 walking_speed(m/s) **File: Survey_result.csv** **Description:** the
 reported gait features used by participants on each test day. The column
 indicates the testing time in the format PXDY. X = 1, ..., 8 and indicates
 the indicator of the participants, who are surveyed for this issue. Y = 1,
 ..,4 and indicates the test day, in which the survey is conducted. For
 example, P3D2 means that the survey is conducted on the participant P3 on
 the second day. The rows indicate the gait features which are mentioned.
 If there is a star, the corresponding features are mentioned by the
 participant to make SCoMo selection.  **Variables** * Gait feature survey
 **Code/software** The data can be read using Microsoft excel or Google
 forms. ## Human subjects data The data was collected based on the protocol
 approved by NCSU IRB. Only de-identified data are included in the dataset.