DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pzgmsbd12
title: A non-surgical brain implant enabled through cell-electronics hybrid for focal neuromodulation

description: Bioelectronic implants for brain stimulation are used to treat brain
 disorders but require invasive surgery. To provide a non-invasive
 alternative, we report non-surgical implants consisting of immune
 cell–electronics hybrids, an approach we call Circulatronics. The devices
 can be delivered intravenously and traffic autonomously to regions of
 inflammation in brain, where they implant and affect neuromodulation,
 circumventing the need for surgery. To achieve suitable electronics, we
 designed and built subcellular-sized, wireless, photovoltaic electronic
 devices (SWEDs) that harvest optical energy with high power conversion
 efficiency. In mice, we demonstrate non-surgical implantation in inflamed
 brain region as an example of therapeutic target for several neural
 diseases, by employing monocytes as cells, covalently attaching them to
 the SWEDs and administering the resulting hybrids intravenously. We also
 demonstrate neural stimulation with 30 µm precision around the inflamed
 region. Thus, by fusing electronic functionality with the biological
 transport and targeting capabilities of living cells, this technology can
 form the foundation for autonomously implanting bioelectronics.
description: # A non-surgical brain implant enabled through cell-electronics hybrid for
 focal neuromodulation Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.pzgmsbd12](10.5061/dryad.pzgmsbd12) ## Description of the
 data and file structure This dataset contains all files required to
 reproduce the results in the publication “Non-surgical Bioelectronic
 Implant for Targeted Focal Brain Stimulation.” ### Files and variables
 #### File: Data.xlsx **Description:** Source data for figures in the main
 text, extended data, and supplementary figures ##### Variables * The
 following sheets are present in the data.xlsx file - each named and
 corresponding to the source data for the figures * Fig. 2d-h * Fig. 3c,
 Fig. 3g-i * Fig. 4f-g * Fig. 5a-f * Fig. E1 * Fig. E2 * Fig. E3 * Fig. E5
 * Fig. E7 * Fig. E9 * Fig. E10 * Fig. S5 * Fig. S6 * Fig. S9 * Fig. S11
 #### File: Fig2b.zip **Description:** Raw SEM images corresponding to the
 figure #### File: FigE3.zip **Description:** Raw SEM images corresponding
 to the figure #### File: FigE5.zip **Description:** contains raw images
 for Fig. E5d. Additionally, corresponding processed images can be found in
 the following sub-folders: * NCB0184_22_014_crop-MaxIP_crop - processed
 .tiff images for Fig. E5d * NCB0184_22_014_crop-MaxIPcrop_noDAPI
 - processed .tiff images for Fig. E5d #### File: FigE9.zip
 **Description:** Raw data/image as well as processed data/image to
 reproduce the figure  #### File: FigS10.zip **Description:** Raw data in
 text format, matlab code to analyze the data and a processed image
 corresponding to the figure  #### File: FigS13.zip **Description:** matlab
 code used to produce the figure and the associated processed figures
 generated using the code #### File: FigE6.zip **Description:** raw
 data/processed images corresponding to regression analysis (including the
 raw unprocessed images) #### File: FigS12.zip **Description:** raw data in
 .doric fomat (matlab code to process it is present in Fig. E8, or Fig.
 4h), corresponding processed .mat files for direct usage and the plots
 associated with the figure #### File: FigE8.zip **Description:** raw data
 for the two control datasets in .doric fomat (and an associated matlab
 code to process it), corresponding processed .mat files for direct usage
 and the plots associated with the figure #### File: Fig3.zip
 **Description:** Contains data corresponding to sub-figure panels * Fig.
 3a - FIB/SEM raw images to reproduce the figure  * Fig. 3b - raw and
 processed images to reproduce the figure  * Fig. 3d-f - contains raw
 images for Fig. 3d, 3e, and 3f. Additionally, processed images can be
 found in the following sub-folders: * Fig. 3d * Fig. 3e * Fig. 3f * Fig.
 3h - processed figures panels can be found. Additionally, the data
 corresponding to regression analysis (including the raw unprocessed
 images) can be found in the following sub-folder * regressional_analysis *
 Fig. 3i - processed figures panels can be found. Raw/unprocessed data can
 be found in Fig. 3h folder #### File: Fig4.zip **Description:** Contains
 data corresponding to sub-figure panels * Fig. 4b-e - contains folders
 with raw/processed images for Fig. 4b, 4c, 4d, and 4e * Fig. 4b - raw and
 processed images to reproduce the figure  * Fig. 4c - raw and processed
 images to reproduce the figure  * Fig. 4d - raw and processed images to
 reproduce the figure  * Fig. 4e - raw and processed images to reproduce
 the figure  * Fig. 4h - raw data in .doric fomat (and an associated matlab
 code to process it), corresponding processed .mat file and the plots
 associated with the figure #### File: Fig5.zip **Description:** Contains
 data corresponding to sub-figure panels * Fig. 5a - processed figures and
 a sub-folder containing the raw data * Data - contains the video
 recordings, matlab scripts to process the data for the experimental and
 control groups (SY127-131 - 3d control, SY132-136 - 3d expt; SY117-121 -
 12d control, SY122-126 - 12d expt) * Fig. 5b - processed figures. Raw data
 can be found in Fig. 5a subfolder "Data" ## Code/software The
 analyses were performed using MATLAB 2023. All codes and functions are
 provided within the dataset to ensure reproducibility.