cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17469
title: Drawing of Mission San Juan Capistrano by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Juan Capistrano by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The right portion of the dilapidated mission is deteriorating. Parts of the walls have collapsed. Several people are lounging around under the arcade (at left). The arcade appears to be in good condition.; "Mission San Juan Capistrano is the seventh mission founded November 1, 1776 by Fr. Junipero Serra. Previously established by Fr. Fermin Lasuen October 30, 1775, but abandoned because of Indian unrest at Mission San Diego. Named for St. John of Capistrano, Italy, a theologian and inquisitor of the 14th century. The Great Stone Church begun 1796; competed 1806; destroyed by earthquake 1812. Mission secularized 1833, sold 1845, and returned to Church 1865. Mission San Juan Capistrano was founded twice. In October of 1775, Father Lasuen left San Diego with eleven soldiers to establish a mission roughly halfway between the San Diego Mission and San Gabriel Mission. On October 30, 1775, a large cross was set up and Fr. Lasuen took formal possession of the land in the name of the crown and dedicated the ground. A number of Indians watched and helped to haul timber for the building of a temporary chapel and dwellings. The work went on for eight days, but came to a halt when word reached the Spaniards that the San Diego Mission had suffered an Indian attack. The bells were hastily buried and the small party hurried south to take shelter in the Mission at San Diego. After a year's delay, an expedition led by Father Junipero Serra, arrived at the same site October 31, 1776, with two padres and an escort of soldiers. The following day, November 1, 1776, the mission was officially dedicated. Once established, the mission prospered almost from the start. Between the founding and 1797 a number of adobe buildings were erected. In 1777, the first little church was built, a modest structure that is still in use today. Considered the oldest church in California, it is called the 'Serra Chapel' because it is the only building still standing where Fr. Serra had said Mass." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17470
title: Drawing of Mission San Buenaventura by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Buenaventura by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. A woman is walking towards the entrance of the two-story church. A set of stairs leads up to the large arched entrance. To the right of the church stand a tower with multi-level decks and a dome roof. Attached to the church and extending towards the right is an arcade.  A large cross stands on top of a hill behind the mission.; "It was on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1782, that Father Serra founded the mission, San Buenaventura, which proved to be the last he established personally. The Spanish King had changed his position again, claiming that a few white settlers were of greater value than any number of Indians. Father Serra argued that the money to found the missions came from the privately collected Pious Fund. The King replied that by law he administered the Pious Fund. New missions would be churches only, without usual industries supported by Indian labor. Serra ignored the new rules at Ventura, which temporarily halted further expansion. Even so, under the old rules, Ventura was quickly most prosperous. A reservoir and aqueduct system seven miles long supplied fields stretching to the very shore of the blue Pacific, growing, according to one record, 'astounding' varieties of agricultural products. Of course, with secularization, those rules originally ignored were completely enforced. By 1845 all the lands and even the church itself had been confiscated, although the church and a few bits of other property were eventually returned. The sleepy village beside the mission suddenly blossomed in 1887 with the arrival of the railroad. Now located on the main street of the city of Ventura, and hemmed in by the business community, it might be difficult to imagine that the old church was once surrounded by orchards, vineyards, and grain fields which made it a garden spot of the missions, thanks to the aqueduct. Two huge Norfolk Island pines in the garden between the church and little museum are 100 years old, reputedly planted by a sailing captain who hoped to grow a forest for use as masts. In the museum are two old wooden bells, the only ones of their type known in California." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m3865
title: Los Angeles Mission Plaza Church interior, ca.1878-1898

description: Photograph of the interior of the Los Angeles Mission Plaza Church from the back towards the altar, ca.1878-1898. Visible are pews, the altar, pictures on side walls, crucifix at right foreground, polished beam ceiling, two chandeliers.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17471
title: Drawing of Mission San Fernando Rey de Espana by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Fernando Rey de Espana by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The mission consists of several adjoining buildings and a long arcade. The buildings appear to be in a state of disrepair. Stucco is chipping off of the adobe walls. Cracks are clearly depicted and are evident at many parts of the building.; "Henry C. Ford was best known for his paintings of the entire chain of twenty-one California missions. He was born in Livonia, New York in 1828, but he pursued his studies in Paris and Florence during the late 1850's. He was a Civil War illustrator and veteran, and as soon as he was discharged from service, he settled in Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, Ford became an accomplished landscapist, and was one of the founders of the Chicago Academy of Design in 1873. The studio that Ford kept in Chicago burned down in 1871. Due to his failing health, Ford moved to a milder climate, settling in Santa Barbara, California. In the summers of 1880 and 1881, he traveled by horse and buggy to each mission site south of Santa Barbara. On the mission grounds, Ford made pencil drawings and painted sketches. He was the first artist to make a set of mission images in two media, oil and etching. He went to New York to turn his renditions into etchings, which were inexpensive and could be easily duplicated. In 1893, he exhibited his mission etchings at the Chicago World's Fair. Later in his life, Ford taught and continued to paint from his Santa Barbara home. He died in 1894, leaving behind the important historical contribution of his California mission paintings." -- unknown author.; "The Mission San Fernando, Rey de Espana, was established by Fray Fermin Francisco De Lasuen on September 8, 1797 as one of a chain of missions which were built to convert the native peoples to Christianity and to consolidate Spanish power along the coast of California. The walls of the church are seven feet thick at the base and five feet thick at the top. The material used was adobe brick and the people who built it were primarily the native peoples, who were called the Gabrielinos (Spanish name) or the Tongva. The establishment of the missions in California was traumatic for the native peoples. It brought about a forced change in their lifestyle, beliefs and culture. In addition, the Spanish unwittingly brought diseases for which the native peoples had not developed resistance, thus causing the death of a large percentage of the population. At one time the mission was a huge ranch with 121,542 acres of land. It had 21,745 cattle, sheep and horses and it produced corn, wheat, tallow, soap, hides, shoes, cloth, wine, olive oil and ironwork. Woodwork, saddles and weaving were made in some of the workshops that can be seen there. The Convento, where the priests lived was completed in 1822." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17472
title: Drawing of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The mission consists of the main church, a tower (at right), an arcade (at left) and adjoined smaller buildings. The façade of the church feature multicurved parapets and buttresses. The tower has several decks and a dome roof. Adjacent to the church is an area (courtyard?) enclosed by a short wall.; Mission San Luis Rey de Francia was the eighteenth mission, founded on June 13, 1798 by Father Fermin Lasuen. It was named for Louis IX, King of France (1215-1270). Nicknamed 'King of the missions', Mission San Luis Rey was the largest and most populous of all the California missions. Its buildings covered 6 acres of land, and its Native American population reached 2,700 at its peak. Its important location filled the critical gap between San Diego and San Juan Capistrano. It was the ninth and last mission founded by Father-President Lasuen before his death in 1803. The quick success of this mission is owed to Father Antonio Peyri, who staved with the mission for 34 years. Not wanting to see the destruction he believed secularization would bring, he retired two years earlier and returned to Spain. Within 2 years most of the buildings were up and covered with tile roofs and work had begun on the big church that would be able to accommodate up to a thousand worshipers. Eventually even this was replaced with an even larger church with a single tower used as a lookout. With two people always stationed there, they were able to quickly announce the arrival of visitors, friendly or otherwise, and with flags were able to signal messages to the workers in the fields. Within the quadrangle was planted the first pepper tree in California, and in a sunken garden in front of the mission were many exotic plants and fruit trees." -- unknown author, January 2002 (part 1 of 2).; "The mission's open-air laundry was also located in the sunken garden where water flowed from the mouth of a stone gargoyle. The water then flowed down the tiles to be reclaimed for other uses. The mission's extensive water irrigation even had a charcoal filter purification system for drinking water. Mission San Luis Rey also had the largest herd of livestock of any of the missions. In addition to the greater than 50,000 cattle and sheep, they had 1,300 goats, 300 pigs, and almost 2,000 horses. After the loss of the revered Father Peyri the mission's decline began. The Native Americans attempted to maintain the mission for several years after secularization, but eventually, in 1846, all the buildings were sold. For a time the site was occupied by the United States Army. Though the mission was returned to the Church in 1865, it was mostly ignored until 1893, when it was rededicated. By then most of the quadrangle walls had collapsed, and much of the church was destroyed. Major reconstruction was begun immediately, and continues today." -- unknown author, January 2002 (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m8001
title: Drawing of Mission San Gabriel Archangel by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission San Gabriel Archangel by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. Four bells are visible in the six niches of the bell tower atop of which is perched a cross at left. A line of ten buttresses support the tall thick walls of the church at right.; "The fourth of the California missions, San Gabriel Arcángel, had three sites. The place proposed originally was well inland from the ocean on the river now called Santa Ana. After arriving there, the founders decided to look for a better location. Moving overland, they crossed the San Gabriel River, and on September 8, 1771, founded the mission near the present city of Montebello. Five years later they had found an even better site five miles closer to the mountains, and moved the mission to its present location in 1776. On that fertile plain San Gabriel became the wealthiest of all the early missions. Construction of the buildings seen today began in 1796. An event of great importance occurred in 1781, when a little party of two padres, several Indian acolytes, and eleven families marched nine miles westward to found El Pueblo de Nuestra la Reina de Los Angeles (the City of our Lady Queen of the Angels) Los Angeles, magic city of the Southland. San Gabriel suffered through the usual problems with greedy politicians and land-hungry colonists in this most favored of all southern California locations." -- unknown author (part 1 of 2).; "With the Mexican decrees of secularization, the civilians had won. Mission San Gabriel was turned over to a civil administrator in 1834. Within ten years everything of any value had been removed. As usual, the ubiquitous Pio Pico was involved, but his sale of mission property to a friend was halted by the arrival of U. S. troops. The church at old Mission San Gabriel was heavily damaged by the Whittier earthquake. Now the damage has been repaired and the entire structure strengthened. Other areas are continually being restored. The church is open to the public, and the ancient cemetery, the cactus garden, and much of historical interest may be seen on the grounds. Today San Gabriel possesses perhaps the finest collection of mission relics in existence. Its hammered copper baptismal font was the gift of King Carlos III of Spain in 1771. The six priceless altar statues were brought around the Horn (Cape Horn) from Spain in 1791." -- unknown author (part 2 of 2).
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17473
title: Drawing of Mission Asistencia of San Antonio at Pala, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission Asistencia of San Antonio at Pala, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. Situated near the base of a mountain range, the majority of the mission is flat except for the bell tower (right). The tower stands within an enclosed courtyard. A group of trees are visible to the left of the mission.; "Mission San Antonio De Pala was founded by Father Antonio Peyri OFM on June 13th, 1816. It is the only one of the original Spanish California Missions to survive in its purpose of service to the Native American Indians. The Mission at Pala was built as an "assistencia" to the larger Mission at San Luis Ray - (west of Pala on Highway 76). After Mexico received independence from Spain in 1834, the California Missions continued to be ad-ministered by the founders, the Franciscan Friars. Because the Mission lands were among the most valuable in California, they were secularized and confiscated by the Mexican Government in 1835. Many Mexican landowners acquired the Mission lands for themselves. The Indian population refused to be exploited and the Mission 'ranchos' generally fell into decay." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m2926
title: Drawing of Mission Santa Barbara by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission Santa Barbara by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The Mission, situated near the base of a mountain range, is about three-stories tall. It features two Moorish-style towers flanking the façade. A long arcade extends to the left.; "Santa Barbara Mission was founded December 4, 1786. Portions of five units of its extensive water works, built by Indian labor, are preserved in this park, a filter house, Spanish gristmill, sections of aqueducts, and two reservoirs. The larger reservoir, built in 1806, is used today as part of the city water system. Ruins of the pottery kiln and tanning vats are here, also. The fountain and lavadero are nearby in front of the Old Mission. A dam, built in 1807, is located in the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, one and one-half miles up Mission Canyon." -- The California State Historic Landmark Plaque #309.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17474
title: Drawing of San Francisco Solano de Sonoma Mission, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of San Francisco Solano de Sonoma Mission, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The mission, situated near the base of a mountain range, features an arcade (at right), plain walls with arched windows, and a cross sitting on the peak of the inclined roof. Several building are visible in the background.; "Discouraged by declining opportunity at Dolores, a zealous young padre founded Mission San Francisco de Solano, at Sonoma, on July 4, 1823, without the knowledge of his superiors. He was encouraged by the governor, who wanted a buffer between the prosperous Bay Area settlements and the Russians, who had advanced down the California coast as far as Fort Ross. Actually, the Russian fur traders turned out to be quite friendly, donating many useful things to the new mission including the bells. Several hundred Indian neophytes from Dolores followed the Franciscans to Sonoma, but the mission prospered only briefly. The ambitious padre intended to dismantle Mission Dolores and move everything to the new San Francisco of the North. After acrimonious debate, a compromise was reached which allowed both the new mission and Dolores to continue in their separate courses. But the copious gifts from sister missions which usually arrived to start a new mission on its way failed to reach Sonoma. Help came from an unexpected source. The Russian fur traders proved to be friendly, sharing their supplies and donating Russian-designed bells. General Mariano Vallejo plundered Sonoma after secularization, along with San Rafael. He stated publicly that he was acting for the benefit of the Indians, but he never allowed the official appraiser to enter the property. After serving many years as a parish church the old mission finally was abandoned. Today the mission and a part of the town square at Sonoma have been restored as a California State Historic Park." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17475
title: Drawing of San Antonio de Padua Mission, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of San Antonio de Padua Mission, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. The mission stands about two to three-stories tall. The façade features three arched openings made to look like a belfry. A bell sits in each of the openings. To the left of the façade is an arcade. Several smaller buildings are located to the right of the mission. Photoprint reads "Ford etching as of 1870".; "Due to the location of the rugged Santa Lucia Mountains, which tumble down to the sea in central California, the overland route between San Diego and the second mission at Carmel turned inland the latter half of the journey. Thus Father Serra chose an oak-studded valley east of the mountains for the site of his third mission. A bronze bell carried by a mule to that beautiful place was hung from a tree branch and Serra tolled it with vigor while shouting for the "gentiles" to come and receive the faith. When reminded that not a single gentile was in sight, Serra replied he hoped the bell could be heard around the world. So it was that the San Antonio Mission was founded on July 14, 1771. The mission grew slowly but steadily. In addition to the church and a huge quadrangle there was a gristmill and an extensive irrigation system, along with many other evidences of prosperity. Yet the Indian population dwindled because of disease even before secularization. Eventually the mission was abandoned. An antique dealer stripped off the roof tiles, which after were used on a railroad station. An earthquake left standing only the walls and brick facade of the church, plus a few lonely arches. San Antonio is unique in that its locale remains as it was originally. The Franciscans returned and began to rebuild in the 1940s, working by hand as did the first builders. Now San Antonio lives again." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17476
title: Drawing of Mission Santa Inez, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission Santa Inez, by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1883. To the right of the main building is a belfry wall with three arched openings in which bells are hung. The wall features a multi-curved parapet and a cross at the peak. To the left and attached to the main building is a long arcade featuring approximately 18 arches. Two people stand in the yard in front of the mission, tending to their flock of sheep(?). Trees and mountains are visible in the distance.; "Santa Inéz was the last mission built in Southern California. The only mission founded by Padre Estevan Tapes, it was dedicated to St. Agnes, a 13 year-old martyr who died in the fourth century. The mission was built too far from El Camino Real to become popular and too close to earthquake fault lines to last very long. After its destruction in the quake of 1812, a new church was finally dedicated in 1817 and the mission soon became home to California's first seminary. The mission fell into disrepair during secularization, but was never completely abandoned or parceled off." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17477
title: Drawing of Mission Carmel (San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo) by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1884

description: Photograph of a drawing of Mission Carmel (San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo) by Henry Chapman Ford, ca.1884. The three-story mission church features two Moorish-style towers with domes flanking an arched gable. Parts of the wall enclosing the courtyard appear in disrepair. Some of the walls have cracks in them. Two bulls are lounging or grazing in the area in front of the mission. Hills and trees are visible in the distance.; "Henry C. Ford was best known for his paintings of the entire chain of twenty-one California missions. He was born in Livonia, New York in 1828, but he pursued his studies in Paris and Florence during the late 1850's. He was a Civil War illustrator and veteran, and as soon as he was discharged from service, he settled in Chicago, Illinois. In Chicago, Ford became an accomplished landscapist, and was one of the founders of the Chicago Academy of Design in 1873. The studio that Ford kept in Chicago burned down in 1871. Due to his failing health, Ford moved to a milder climate, settling in Santa Barbara, California. In the summers of 1880 and 1881, he traveled by horse and buggy to each mission site south of Santa Barbara. On the mission grounds, Ford made pencil drawings and painted sketches. He was the first artist to make a set of mission images in two media, oil and etching. He went to New York to turn his renditions into etchings, which were inexpensive and could be easily duplicated. In 1893, he exhibited his mission etchings at the Chicago World's Fair. Later in his life, Ford taught and continued to paint from his Santa Barbara home. He died in 1894, leaving behind the important historical contribution of his California mission paintings." -- unknown author.; "The stone church at Carmel is different from all others in the chain, in that the walls taper inward forming a catenary arch, rather than the usual flat ceiling. On the exterior, the unique bell tower, with its outside stairway, shows definite Moorish influence. The great church was four years in the building, being dedicated in 1797. The Carmel Mission was Father Serra's (founder) favorite, and he lies buried under the altar in his beautiful church, the second founded in the California chain. On its splendid site at the mouth of the Carmel Valley and overlooking the sea, the old mission has survived years of neglect and is now one of the outstanding historic landmarks in California. Much of the stateliness of its early days has been recaptured in the careful restoration of the buildings, while the beauty of its gardens is unsurpassed. The Moorish influence in the architecture of the church is unique." -- unknown author.