DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pg4f4qs2k
title: Relationship between testosterone and movement patterns in male Asian black bear (<em>Ursus thibetanus</em>)

description: In male mammals, reproduction and reproductive behavior are strongly
 influenced by testosterone. While some species exhibit roaming behavior to
 encounter receptive females, and show consorting behavior with females,
 however, the relationship between sex hormone and those behaviors remains
 unclear. To clarify testosterone’s influence on behavior, we examined
 fecal testosterone metabolites (FTM) and behaviors in male Asian black
 bears (Ursus thibetanus) using collars equipped with GPS transmitters,
 activity sensors, and animal-borne cameras. We assessed four behavioral
 variables (daily movement speed, net movement distance, turning angle,
 activity level), and mating behavior in five males over a cumulative eight
 years. Fresh fecal samples, collected at GPS locations of collared
 individuals, were analyzed for FTM. In total, 111 feces were collected in
 2022–2023 across 58 locations. The FTM values and the four behavioral
 variables were compared between the breeding (May–July) and post-breeding
 season (August–November) using the Brunner–Munzel test. Overall, FTM were
 higher, while movement speed and activity levels were lower during the
 breeding season than in the post-breeding season. These results suggest
 that some males may engage in consorting associated with elevated
 testosterone. We further examined the relationships between FTM and the
 four behavioral variables, using Spearman’s correlation tests. The
 correlation between FTM and behaviors varied among males. For example, the
 relationship between FTM and net movement distance was negative in two
 males, but positive in three males. These interindividual differences in
 testosterone–behavior correlations were possibly the result of incomplete
 sampling during mating and consorting, as well as variation in breeding
 strategies. The negative relationships may indicate mate guarding or
 consorting, whereas positive relationships may reflect roaming. Our result
 suggested that the behavior of male Asian black bears may be influenced by
 increased testosterone, and monitoring testosterone allows to gain
 insights into male bear behavior.
description: # Relationship between testosterone and movement patterns in male Asian
 black bear (*Ursus thibetanus*) Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.pg4f4qs2k](10.5061/dryad.pg4f4qs2k) ## Description of the
 data and file structure The data to conduct analyses in the paper provide
 insight into the relationships between testosterone and behavior in male
 Asian black bears. ### Files and variables #### File: Base_data_frame.csv
 **Description:** This data frame is linked to the behavior variables for
 the fecal sample information. ##### Variables * Area: Study area *
 Bear_ID:  Identification of male bears that we studied * BID: Renamed
 “Bear_ID” as numeric * Point_ID: The location ID where we collected fecal
 samples * Scat_ID: The fecal sample ID * Year: Survey year *
 Month: Renamed months as numeric (May=5, June=6, July=7,
 August=8,September=9, October=10, November=11) * Duration: The duration is
 categorized for BS (Breeding season; May-1 to July-31), and NBS
 (Non-breeding season, as it is post-breeding season; from August-1 to
 November-31) * Testosterone: Fecal testosterone metabolites concentrations
 (ng/g) * DNA_identity_ID: The bear ID identified by DNA analysis *
 Age_yrs: Age of each bear corresponding to the year of survey year (years
 old) * Date_dd: The date on the day of defecation (DD) * Date_1bd: The
 date of 1 day before defecation (1BD) * Date_2bd: The date of 2 days
 before defecation (2BD) * meanStep_dd: Daily mean movement speed on DD
 (m/h) * netStep_dd: Daily net movement distance on DD (m) *
 meancosAngle_dd: Daily mean cosine turning angle on DD * meanAct_dd: Daily
 mean activity on DD ([x-axis+y-axis]/ 5 min) * meanStep_1bd: Daily mean
 movement speed on 1BD (m/h) * netStep_1bd: Daily net movement distance on
 1BD (m) * meancosAngle_1bd: Daily mean cosine turning angle on 1BD *
 meanAct_1bd: Daily mean activity on 1BD ([x-axis+y-axis]/ 5 min) *
 meanStep_2bd: Daily mean movement speed on 2BD (m/h) * netStep_2bd: Daily
 net movement distance on 2BD (m) * meancosAngle_2bd: Daily mean cosine
 turning angle on 2BD  * meanAct_2bd: Daily mean activity on 2BD
 ([x-axis+y-axis]/ 5 min) #### File: Script_for_analyses_using_R.txt
 **Description:** The script for statistical analyses on Kruscal-Wallis
 test, Spearman's correlation coefficients, and Brunner-Munzel test
 with R. #### File: Daily_SAA_all.csv **Description:** All behavioral
 variables are integrated into the daily scale.  ##### Variables *
 Bear_ID: Identification of male bears that we studied * Date: The date of
 recorded GPS locations and activity * meanStep: Daily mean movement speed
 (m/h) * netStep: Daily net movement distance (m) * meancosAngle: Daily
 mean cosine turning angle * Year: Survey year * meanAct: Daily mean
 activity ([x-axis+y-axis]/ 5 min) * Month: Renamed months as numeric
 (May=5, June=6, July=7, August=8,September=9, October=10, November=11) *
 Duration: The duration is categorized for BS (Breeding season; from May-1
 to July-31), and NBS (Non-breeding season, as it is said post breeding
 season; from August-1 to November-31) ## Code/software We used statistical
 analysis using R version 4.4.2. All of the scripts, including loaded
 packages, are written for the submitted files
 "Script_for_analyses_using_R.txt". In addition, two submitted
 CSV files are necessary for running the script.