cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7nn6p
title: Data from: The evolution of alternative developmental pathways: footprints of selection on life-history traits in a butterfly

description: Developmental pathways may evolve to optimize alternative phenotypes
 across environments. However, the maintenance of such adaptive plasticity
 under relaxed selection has received little study. We compare expression
 of life history traits across two developmental pathways in two
 populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria where both populations
 express a diapause pathway but one never expresses direct development in
 nature. In the population with ongoing selection on both pathways the
 difference between pathways in development time and growth rate was larger
 while the difference in body size was smaller compared with the population
 experiencing relaxed selection on one pathway. This indicates that relaxed
 selection on the direct pathway has allowed life history traits to drift
 towards values associated with lower fitness when following this pathway.
 Relaxed selection on direct development was also associated with a higher
 degree of genetic variation for protandry expressed as within-family
 sexual dimorphism in growth rate. Genetic correlations for larval growth
 rate across sexes and pathways were generally positive, with the notable
 exception of correlation estimates that involved directly developing males
 of the population that experienced relaxed selection on this pathway. We
 conclude that relaxed selection on one developmental pathway appears to
 have partly disrupted the developmental regulation life history trait
 expression. This in turn suggests that ongoing selection may be
 responsible for maintaining adaptive developmental regulation along
 alternative developmental pathways in these populations.
description: DataDryad
 JEB_2012Raw data for all
 analyses excluding individuals that died before pupation or did not follow
 the expected developmental pathway (see paper for
 details).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vn413
title: Data from: Ecological changes in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the Ice Age megafaunal extinctions

description: Coyotes (Canis latrans) are an important species in human-inhabited areas.
 They control pests and are the apex predators in many ecosystems. Because
 of their importance it is imperative to understand how environmental
 change will affect this species. The end of the Pleistocene Ice Age
 brought with it many ecological changes for coyotes and here we
 statistically determine the changes that occurred in coyotes, when these
 changes occurred, and what the ecological consequences were of these
 changes. We examined the mandibles of three coyote populations:
 Pleistocene Rancho La Brean (13–29 Ka), earliest Holocene Rancho La Brean
 (8–10 Ka), and Recent from North America, using 2D geometric morphometrics
 to determine the morphological differences among them. Our results show
 that these three populations were morphologically distinct. The
 Pleistocene coyotes had an overall robust mandible with an increased
 shearing arcade and a decreased grinding arcade, adapted for carnivory and
 killing larger prey; whereas the modern populations show a gracile
 morphology with a tendency toward omnivory or grinding. The earliest
 Holocene populations are intermediate in morphology and smallest in size.
 These findings indicate that a niche shift occurred in coyotes at the
 Pleistocene/Holocene boundary – from a hunter of large prey to a small
 prey/more omnivorous animal. Species interactions between Canis were the
 most likely cause of this transition. This study shows that the
 Pleistocene extinction event affected species that did not go extinct as
 well as those that did.
description: Coyote mandible 2D
 landmark dataThis is a .tps file (it
 can be opened in Notepad or a similar program) of the 2D landmark data
 used in this study. The images are not linked up to this file, but I left
 the image data in to be able to distinguish the mandible identification
 for each specimen. All image data contains subspecies and museum number
 (for recent) or pit number and museum number (for Rancho La
 Brea).ALLLandmarksCOMPLETE_2.tps
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7c9q7
title: Data from: Density of antennal sensilla influences efficacy of communication in a social insect

description: Effective communication requires reliable signals and competent receptors.
 Theoretical and empirical accounts of animal signaling focus
 overwhelmingly on the capacity of the signaler to convey the message.
 Nevertheless, the intended receiver’s ability to detect a signal depends
 on the condition of its receptor organs, as documented for humans. The
 impact of receptor organ condition on signal reception and its
 consequences for functional behavior are poorly understood. Social insects
 use antennae to detect chemical odors that distinguish between nestmates
 and enemies, reacting aggressively to the latter. We investigated the
 impact of antennal condition, determined by the density of sensilla, on
 the behavior of the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina. Worker aggression
 depended upon the condition of their antennae: workers with fewer sensilla
 on their antennae reacted less aggressively to nonnestmate enemies. These
 novel data highlight the largely unappreciated significance of receptor
 organ condition for animal communication and may have implications for
 coevolutionary processes in animal communication.
description: Relative sensilla
 number, mandible wear, and aggression index in green tree
 antsThese data describe the
 results of aggression bioassays conducted in the field (James Cook
 University, Townsville, Queensland) and subsequent morphological measures
 of the focal ant, including the number of sensilla on the antennae of the
 condition of the mandibleAggression and
 sensilla.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5tj57
title: Data from: State-dependent behavior alters endocrine-energy relationship: implications for conservation and management

description: Glucocorticoids (GC) and triiodothyronine (T3) are two endocrine markers
 commonly used to quantify resource limitation, yet the relationships
 between these markers and the energetic state of animals has been studied
 primarily in small-bodied species in captivity. Free-ranging animals,
 however, adjust energy intake in accordance with their energy reserves, a
 behavior known as state-dependent foraging. Further, links between
 life-history strategies and metabolic allometries cause energy intake and
 energy reserves to be more strongly coupled in small animals relative to
 large animals. Because GC and T3 may reflect energy intake or energy
 reserves, state-dependent foraging and body size may cause
 endocrine-energy relationships to vary among taxa and environments. To
 extend the utility of endocrine markers to large-bodied, free-ranging
 animals, we evaluated how state-dependent foraging, energy reserves, and
 energy intake influenced fecal GC and fecal T3 concentrations in
 free-ranging moose (Alces alces). Compared with individuals possessing
 abundant energy reserves, individuals with few energy reserves had higher
 energy intake and high fecal T3 concentrations, thereby supporting
 state-dependent foraging. Although fecal GC did not vary strongly with
 energy reserves, individuals with higher fecal GC tended to have fewer
 energy reserves and substantially greater energy intake than those with
 low fecal GC. Consequently, individuals with greater energy intake had
 both high fecal T3 and high fecal GC concentrations, a pattern
 inconsistent with previous documentation from captive animal studies. We
 posit that a positive relationship between GC and T3 may be expected in
 animals exhibiting state-dependent foraging if GC is associated with
 increased foraging and energy intake. Thus, we recommend that additional
 investigations of GC- and T3-energy relationships be conducted in
 free-ranging animals across a diversity of body size and life-history
 strategies before these endocrine markers are applied broadly to wildlife
 conservation and management.
description: Alces_energy_endocrine
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s5s3s
title: Data from: The geography of morphological convergence in the radiations of Pacific Sebastes rockfishes

description: The evolution of convergent phenotypes in lineages subject to similar
 selective pressures is a common feature of adaptive radiation. In
 geographically replicated radiations, repeated convergence occurs between
 clades occupying distinct regions or islands. Alternatively, a clade may
 repeatedly reach the same adaptive peaks in broadscale sympatry, resulting
 in extensive convergence within a region. Rockfish (Sebastes sp.) have
 radiated in both the northeast and northwest Pacific, allowing tests of
 the extent and geographic pattern of convergence in a marine environment.
 We used a suite of phylogenetically informed methods to test for
 morphological convergence in rockfish. We examined patterns of faunal
 similarity using nearest neighbor distances in morphospace and the
 frequency of morphologically similar yet distantly related species pairs.
 The extent of convergence both between regions and within the northeast
 Pacific exceeds the expectation under a Brownian motion null model,
 although constraints on trait space could account for the similarity. We
 then used a recently developed method (SURFACE) to identify adaptive peak
 shifts in Sebastes evolutionary history. We found that the majority of
 convergent peak shifts occur within the northeast Pacific rather than
 between regions and that the signal of peak shifts is strongest for traits
 related to trophic morphology. Pacific rockfish thus demonstrate a
 tendency toward morphological convergence within one of the two broad
 geographic regions in which they have diversified.
description: IngramKai2014SebastesDataContains three data files: one with raw individual-level morphological data for Sebastes rockfishes, one with species mean size-corrected data, and one with the phylogenetic principal component scores used to construct the morphospace. Each file is accompanied by a README .txt file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.13nj6
title: Data from: A new barcheek darter species from Buck Creek (Cumberland River System), Kentucky (Percidae: Etheostomatinae: Catonotus: Oopareia)

description: Etheostoma nebra, the Buck Darter, is described as a new species endemic
 to the Buck Creek system of the Cumberland River drainage in Kentucky,
 USA. The earliest collection records of Etheostoma nebra date to 1955 and
 were considered a population of Etheostoma virgatum. Etheostoma nebra is
 delimited through morphological comparisons with Etheostoma virgatum and
 phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from a mitochondrial gene and
 five nuclear genes. Etheostoma nebra is distinguished from Etheostoma
 virgatum by a lower number of total lateral scales, fewer pored lateral
 scales and modally 13 compared with 12 pectoral fin rays. The two species
 also differ in patterns of pigmentation and nuptial male coloration. In
 the molecular phylogenies, Etheostoma nebra is not resolved as the sister
 species of Etheostoma virgatum. A review of all museum collection records
 of Etheostoma nebra and extensive field surveys in the Buck Creek system
 demonstrate a dramatic decline of the species over the past 30 years.
 Collections made from 1955 to 1981 show that Etheostoma nebra was
 widespread throughout the Buck Creek system, but the species is currently
 restricted to a small portion of Flat Lick Creek. Etheostoma nebra is
 critically imperiled based on its restricted geographic distribution and
 documented disappearance of populations within the Buck Creek system
 during the past three decades.
description: Data from: A new
 barcheek darter species from Buck Creek (Cumberland River System),
 Kentucky (Percidae: Etheostomatinae: Catonotus:
 Oopareia)Morphological and
 molecular data from species description of Etheostoma nebra Near &
 ThomasE_nebra.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d6r22
title: Data from: Rethinking niche evolution: experiments with natural communities of protozoa in pitcher plants

description: Classic niche theory predicts that competing species will evolve to use
 different resources and interact less, whereas recent niche-converge ideas
 predict that species evolve to use similar resources and interact more.
 Most data supporting niche evolution are based on observations of
 contemporary niche use, whereas experimental support is quite sparse. We
 followed the evolution of four species of Protozoa during succession in
 the water-filled leaves of the pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, and
 found that evolution in multispecies systems follows a surprising pattern.
 Over several hundred generations, weak competitors evolved to be stronger
 while strong competitors evolved to become weaker, which does not conform
 to expectations of either niche divergence or convergence. Evolution in
 this system appears to occur in response to characteristics of a suite of
 several competitors in the community, rather than pairwise interactions.
 Ecologists may need to rethink the roles of competition and evolution in
 structuring communities.
description: Day3_data_dryadFour different protozoa species were obtained from the water-filled leaves of natural pitcher plants in the Apalachicola Forest. Each species was rapidly isolated from leaves that were 2, 7, or 12 weeks old, then grown in monoculture and all possible species pair combinations in a growth chamber. The data here represent cell counts after three days of growth from three replications of each treatment. Species abbreviations can be found in the publication. For each line of data, "week" is the age of the pitcher", "responder" is the species whose abundance was determined, "effecter" was the species it was growth with,"competition" is the log(cell count per 0.1 mL) of the responder species in two-species competition, "mono" is the log(cell count per 0.1 mL) of the responder species in monoculture, and CI is a "competitive index" representing how much the growth of the effecter species is suppressed by the presence of the effecter species.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7b11m
title: Data from: Heterochrony and postnatal growth in mammals – an examination of growth plates in limbs

description: Mammals display a broad spectrum of limb specialisations coupled with
 different locomotor strategies and habitat occupation. This anatomical
 diversity reflects different patterns of development and growth, including
 the timing of epiphyseal growth plate closure in the long bones of the
 skeleton. We investigated the sequence of union in 15 growth plates in the
 limbs of about 400 specimens, representing 58 mammalian species: 34
 placentals, 23 marsupials, and one monotreme. We found a common general
 pattern of growth plate closure sequence, but one that is universal
 neither among species nor in higher order taxa. Locomotor habitat has no
 detectable correlation with the growth plate closure sequence, but
 observed patterns indicate that growth plate closure sequence is
 determined more strongly through phylogenetic factors. For example, the
 girdle elements (acetabulum and coracoid process) ossify always first in
 marsupials whereas the distal humerus is fused before the girdle elements
 in some placentals. We also found that heterochronic shifts (changes in
 timing) in the growth plate closure sequence of marsupials occur with a
 higher rate than in placentals. This presents a contrast with the more
 limited variation in timing and morphospace occupation typical for the
 marsupial development. Moreover, unlike placentals, marsupials maintain
 many epiphyses separated throughout life. However, as complete union of
 all epiphyseal growth plates is recorded in monotremes, the marsupial
 condition might represent the derived state.
description: Epiphyseal closure
 stages in limb bones of mammalsEpiphysealClosureScores&IDAS_GeigerEtAl_2013.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gt76v
title: Data from: Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections to meet patient expectations: a mixed methods study

description: Objectives To describe the role patient expectations play in general
 practitioners (GPs) antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract
 infections. Methods Concurrent explanatory mixed methods approach using a
 cross sectional survey and semi structured interviews Settings Primary
 care general practitioners in Australia Participants 584 general
 practitioners (response rate of 23.6%) completed the cross sectional
 survey. 32 general practitioners were interviewed individually. Outcome
 measure: Prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection
 Results More than half of the GPs in Australia self-reported that they
 would prescribe antibiotics for an upper respiratory tract infection
 (URTI) to meet patient expectations. Our qualitative findings suggest that
 ‘patient expectations’ may be the main reason given for inappropriate
 prescribing but it is an all-encompassing phrase that includes other
 reasons. These include limited time, poor doctor-patient communication,
 and diagnostic uncertainty. We have identified three role archetypes to
 explain the behaviour of GPs in reference to antibiotic prescribing for
 URTIs. The main themes emerging from the qualitative component was that
 many GPs did not think that antibiotic prescribing in primary care was
 responsible for the development of antibiotic resistance nor that their
 individual prescribing would make any difference in light of other bigger
 issues like hospital prescribing or veterinary use. For them, there were
 negligible negative consequences from their inappropriate prescribing.
 Conclusions There is a need to increase awareness of the scope and
 magnitude of antibiotic resistance and the role primary care prescribing
 plays, and of the contribution of individual prescribing decisions to the
 problem of antibiotic resistance.
description: INTERVIEW
 GUIDEComplete interview guide
 used for the semi structured interviews
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jd068
title: Data from: Differentiating the evolution of female song and male-female duets in the New World blackbirds: can tropical natural history traits explain duet evolution?

description: Female bird song and combined vocal duets of mated pairs are both
 frequently associated with tropical, monogamous, sedentary natural
 histories. Little is known, however, about what selects for duetting
 behavior versus female song. Female song likely preceded duet evolution
 and could drive apparent relationships between duets and these natural
 histories. We compared the evolution of female song and male-female duets
 in the New World blackbirds (Icteridae) by investigating patterns of gains
 and losses of both traits and their relationships with breeding latitude,
 mating system, nesting pattern, and migratory behavior. We found that
 duets evolved only in lineages in which female song was likely ancestral.
 Both female song and duets were correlated with tropical breeding, social
 monogamy, territorial nesting, and sedentary behavior when all taxa were
 included; however, correlations between duets and these natural history
 traits disappeared when comparisons were limited to taxa with female song.
 Also, likelihood values supported stronger relationships between the
 natural history traits and female song than between these traits and
 duets. Our results suggest that the natural histories thought to favor the
 evolution of duetting may in fact be associated with female song and that
 additional selection pressures are responsible for the evolution of duets.
description: NWBB_FemaleSong&DuetDatasetFemale song, duetting, and several natural history traits scored for 65 species of New World blackbird (family Icteridae). These data were used in publications by Price et al. 2009, Price 2009, and Odom et al. 2015.Description_NWBB_FemaleSong&DuetDataset_ForDryad.rtf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gc6dm
title: Data from: Plant-disperser mutualisms in a semi-arid habitat invaded by Lantana camara L.

description: Dispersal is an important ecological process that affects plant population
 structure and community composition. Invasive plants with fleshy fruits
 rapidly form associations with native and invasive dispersers, and may
 affect existing native plant-disperser associations. We asked whether
 frugivore visitation rate and fruit removal was associated with plant
 characteristics in a community of fleshy-fruited plants and whether an
 invasive plant receives more visitation and greater fruit removal than
 native plants in a semi-arid habitat of Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Tree-watches were undertaken at individuals of nine native and one
 invasive shrub species to assess the identity, number and fruit removal by
 avian frugivores. Network analyses and generalised linear mixed effects
 models were used to understand species and community-level patterns. All
 plants received most number of visits from abundant, generalist avian
 frugivores. Number of frugivore visits and time spent by frugivores at
 individual plants, was positively associated with fruit crop-size while
 fruit removal was positively associated with number of frugivore visits
 and their mean foraging time at individual plants. The invasive shrub,
 Lantana camara L. (Lantana), had lower average frugivore visit rate than
 the community of fleshy fruited plants and received similar average
 frugivore visits but greater average per-hour fruit removal than two other
 concurrently fruiting native species. Based on the results of our study,
 we infer that there is little evidence of competition between native
 plants and Lantana for the dispersal services of native frugivores and
 that more data are required to assess the nature of these interactions
 over the long term. We speculate that plant associations with generalist
 frugivores may increase the functional redundancy of this frugivory
 network, buffering it against loss of participating species.
description: Data and script for
 VEGE-D-17-00147This folder contains a
 copy of the data files as used for this paper, as well as a script file to
 run statistical analyses and generate the figures in this
 paper.Plant
 Ecol files.zip