DOI: 10.5061/dryad.573n5tb94
title: Female countertactics to male feticide and infanticide in a multilevel primate society

description: We observed 19 male replacement events involving 17 OMUs and 16 adult
 males. The dataset (presented as a table) includes detailed information of
 social circumstances during male takeover events occurred, such as new
 male name, name of dependent offspring in the social unit, individual
 number in that social unit, Residency of the mother, and fate of fetal or
 unweaned infant. Furthermore, the dataset also included other information
 which would be useful for evaluate female counter-strategies against
 infanticide. For example, when male takeover events occur if the females
 in the social unit were pregnant; if new male attacked the pregnant female
 or unweaned infant after male takeover. These data might be important for
 the readers who hope to know the context of the male takeover except the
 interest were mentioned in the manuscript.
description: These data were collected on a daily basis at distances 5
 - 50 m from 0800 to 1800 in winter-spring or 0700-1900 in summer-autumn
 between January 2006 and April 2021. The data were collected when we
 conducted a long-term study for a population of golden snub-nosed monkeys
 (<em>Rhinopithecus roxellana</em>). Golden snub-nosed monkeys
 (<em>Rhinopithecus roxellana</em>) are Asian colobines endemic to China
 living in a multi-level society, in which females reside in core social
 units consisting primarily of one male unit (OMU) with multiple females,
 and multiple such OMUs associate and forage together as one larger social
 band. All adult members were individually identifiable based on a unique
 set of physical features, such as body size, pelage color, evidence of
 injuries or scars, the shape and size of a female’s nipples, and the
 shapes of granulomatous ﬂanges which are present of fleshy nodules on both
 sides of the upper lip in adult males. The monkeys are strictly seasonal breeders with
 most conceptions occurring between late August and early November and
 births occurring between March and May. However, male takeover events
 occurred around year. We recorded all social circumstance during and after
 male replacement till the end of mating season. All instances of births,
 abortions, copulations and male takeovers were observed using
 all-occurrence sampling. Once a male takeover event had taken place, male
 attacks on pregnant females, infants or mothers with infants, as well as
 any abortions, infanticide events were observed in a focal animal
 sampling. This focal animal sampling extended to the end of the mating
 (potential conception) season (late November) of the year of the takeover.
 All events were recorded via continuous all-occurrence sampling once an
 event began. Detailed social circumstances in the file are listed as:
 Events: sequence list according to its
 occurred; New male ID: Name of the male who replace the (old)
 resident male in the social unit (one male, multifemale unit, OMU) where
 male takeover events occur;
 ID of dependent offspring:
 Name of unweaned infant when male takeover events
 occur. Is the mother pregnant
 during the takeover event: ‘Yes’ means that female is pregnant when male
 takeover event occurred; ‘No’ means that female is not
 pregnant. OMU size that except infant: Number means the individuals
 (except infants) in that OMU when male takeover events
 occurred. Male attack on pregnant female: ‘Yes’ means new male had
 attacked pregnant after male replacement. ‘-’ means no observation; ‘/’
 means unrelated. Male attack on infant: ‘Yes’ means new male had attacked
 unweaned infant after male replacement. ‘No’ means not. ‘-’ means no
 observation. Female's coalition: The number of adult females
 involved collective defense are presented in brackets which are not
 included the repeatedly attack in #1, #6 and #9. "a", means the
 mother is the initiator of collective defense; "b" means the
 other females except the mother are the initiator of collective defense;
 "c" means that the initiator of collective defense is
 unclear. Residency of the mother following male replacement:
 "New male" means the mother and unweaned infant stay with;
 "Old male" means the ousted male; "Transfer" means the
 mother and unweaned infant transfer to other OMU; A, the mother and
 unweaned infant initially stay with new male and return to stay with old
 male; B, the pregnant female initially stay with new male, she returned to
 stay with old male after giving
 birth. Fate of the fetal or unweaned infant: ‘Abortion’ means the
 pregnant female terminates pregnancy after male takeover events.
 ‘Infanticide’ means the unweaned infant was killed by new male. ‘-’ means
 unrelated. ‘Survive’ means the unweaned infant at least survive to
 weaned.
description: Please refer to ReadMe
 file.