cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.11578/1562007
title: Calibrationless rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters for low flow rate applications

description: A 'weighted magnetic bearing' has been developed to improve the performance of rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters (RLFFs). Experiments have shown that the new bearing reduces frictional losses within a double-sided, disc-style RLFF to negligible levels. Operating such an RLFF under 'frictionless' conditions provides two major benefits. First, the steady-state velocity of the RLFF magnets matches the average velocity of the flowing liquid at low flow rates. This enables an RLFF to make accurate volumetric flow measurements without any calibration or prior knowledge of the fluid properties. Second, due to minimized frictional losses, an RLFF is able to measure low flow rates that cannot be detected when conventional, high-friction bearings are used. This paper provides a brief background on RLFFs, gives a detailed description of weighted magnetic bearings, and compares experimental RLFF data to measurements taken with a commercially available flowmeter.
DOI: 10.11578/1562008
title: Detection of an electron beam in a high density plasma via an electrostatic probe

description: An electron beam is detected by a 1D floating potential probe array in a relatively high density (10e12 - 10e13 cm-3) and low temperature (~ 5 eV) plasma of the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX). Clear perturbations in the floating potential profile by the electron beam are observed. Based on the floating potential profile and a current balance equation to the probe array tips, the effective width of the electron beam is determined, from which we determine the radial and toroidal beam current density profiles. After the profile of the electron beam is specified from the measured beam current, we demonstrate the consistency of the current balance equation and the location of the perturbation is also in agreement with field line mapping. No significant broadening of the electron beam is observed after the beam propagates for tens of centimeters through the high density plasma. These results prove that the field line mapping is, in principle, possible in high density plasmas.
DOI: 10.11578/1562009
title: Quantitative imaging of carbon dimer precursor for nanomaterial synthesis in the carbon arc

description: Delineating the dominant processes responsible for nanomaterial synthesis in a plasmaenvironment requires measurements of the precursor species contributing to the growth ofnanostructures. We performed comprehensive measurements of spatial and temporal profiles ofcarbon dimers in sub-atmospheric-pressure carbon arc by laser-induced fluorescence.Measured spatial profiles of carbon dimers coincide with the growth region of carbon nanotubes (Fang et al2016 Carbon 107 273-80) and vary depending on the arc operation mode, which is determinedby the discharge current and the ablation rate of the graphite anode. The carbon dimer density profileexhibits large spatial and time variations due to motion of the arc core. A comparison of theexperimental data with the 2D simulation results of self-consistent arc modeling shows a goodagreement. The model predicts well the main processes determining spatial profiles of carbondimers.
DOI: 10.11578/1562010
title: Design and measurement methods for a lithium vapor box similarity experiment

description: The lithium vapor box divertor is a concept for handling the extreme divertor heat fluxes in magnetic fusion devices. In a baffled slot divertor, plasma interacts with a dense cloud of Li vapor which radiates and cools the plasma, leading to recombination and detachment. Before testing on a tokamak the concept should be validated: we plan to study detachment and heat redistribution by a Li vapor cloud in laboratory experiments.Mass changes and temperatures are measured to validate a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo model of neutral Li.The initial experiment involves a 5 cm diameter steel box containing 10g of Li held at 650 degrees C as vapor flows out a wide nozzle into a similarly-sized box at a lower temperature. Diagnosis is made challenging by the required material compatibility with lithium vapor. Vapor pressure is a steep function of temperature, so to validate mass flow models to within 10%, absolute temperature to within 4.5K is required. The apparatus is designed to be used with an analytical balance to determine mass transport. Details of the apparatus and methods of temperature and mass flow measurements are presented.
DOI: 10.25919/yfqt-fn94
title: Parkes observations for project P1186 semester 2023APRS_01

description: The multi-frequency observation of the subpulse drifting of PSR J0934-5249 with Parkers. the PSR J0934-5249 was observed at a single frequency (325 MHz) using the GMRT. Its single pulse sequence shows clear coherent drifting with some short nulls. 2DFS plot also shows a clear feature confirming that this pulsar is a coherent drifter. The number of nulls were small for us to study any null induced drift rate changes in this pulsar. Arun Naidu et al. 2017 Estimated the drifting and nulling parameters for the first time in this pulsar. The observations using the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope for PSR J0934-5249, but there was no further explanation of the pulsar (Basu et al. 2021). Both observations were made at low broadband. We propose using the ultra wideband reciver of Parkes to observe these pulsars for a long time, so that to give a detailed analysis of these pulsar on the wide bandwidth.
DOI: 10.11578/1562012
title: Experimental calibration procedures for rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters

description: Rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters are a novel and useful technology with a range ofapplications in a variety of different industries. However, calibrating these flowmeters canbe challenging, time-consuming, and expensive. In this paper, simple calibration proceduresfor rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters are presented. These procedures eliminate the need forexpensive equipment, numerical modeling, redundant flowmeters, and system down-time.The calibration processes are explained in a step-by-step manner and compared to experimental results.
DOI: 10.11578/1562013
title: Experimental demonstration of hydraulic jump control in liquid metal channel flow using Lorentz force

description: In this paper, hydraulic jump control using electromagnetic force in a liquid metal flow is presented. The control methods used give insight into the hydraulic jump behavior in the presence of magnetic fields and electrical currents. Flowing liquid metals is a proposed solution to heat flux challenges posed in fusion reactors, specifically the tokamak. Unfortunately, thin, fast-flowing liquid metal divertor concepts for fusion reactors are susceptible to hydraulic jumps that drastically reduce the liquid metal flow speed, leading to potential problems such as excessive evaporation, unsteady power removal, and possible plasma disruption. Highly electrically conductive flows within the magnetic fields do not exhibit traditional hydraulic jump behavior. There is very little research investigating the use of externally injected electrical currents and magnetic fields to control liquid metal hydraulic jumps. By using externally injected electrical currents and a magnetic field, a Lorentz force (also referred to as j × B force) may be generated to control the liquid metal jump behavior. In this work, a free-surface liquid metal—GaInSn eutectic or “galinstan”—flow through an electrically insulating rectangular duct was investigated. It was shown that applying a Lorentz force has a repeatable and predictable impact on the hydraulic jump, which can be used for liquid metal control within next-generation fusion reactors.
DOI: 10.11578/1562020
title: Blob Structure and Motion in the Edge and SOL of NSTX

description: Blob analysis dataset
DOI: 10.11578/1562021
title: Blob-hole correlation model for edge turbulence and comparisons with NSTX GPI data

description: Gas puff imaging (GPI) observations made in NSTX [Zweben S J, et al., 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 102509] have revealed two-point spatial correlations of edge and scrape-off layer turbulence in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. A common feature is the occurrence of dipole-like patterns with significant regions of negative correlation. In this paper, we explore the possibility that these dipole patterns may be due to blob-hole pairs. Statistical methods are applied to determine the two-point spatial correlation that results from a model of blob-hole pair formation. It is shown that the model produces dipole correlation patterns that are qualitatively similar to the GPI data in several respects. Effects of the reference location (confined surfaces or scrape-off layer), a superimposed random background, hole velocity and lifetime, and background sheared flows are explored and discussed with respect to experimental observations. Additional analysis of the experimental GPI dataset is performed to further test this blob-hole correlation model. A time delay two-point spatial correlation study did not reveal inward propagation of the negative correlation structures that were postulated to correspond to holes in the data nor did it suggest that the negative correlation structures are due to neutral shadowing. However, tracing of the highest and lowest values (extrema) of the normalized GPI fluctuations shows strong evidence for mean inward propagation of minima and outward propagation of maxima, in qualitative agreement with theoretical expectations. Other properties of the experimentally observed extrema are discussed.
DOI: 10.11578/1562022
title: A multi-machine scaling of halo current rotation

description: Halo currents generated during unmitigated tokamak disruptions are known to develop rotating asymmetric features that are of great concern to ITER because they can dynamically amplify the mechanical stresses on the machine. This paper presents a multi-machine analysis of these phenomena. More specifically, data from C-Mod, NSTX, ASDEX Upgrade, DIII-D, and JET are used to develop empirical scalings of three key quantities: (1) the machine-specific minimum current quench time, tauCQ; (2) the halo current rotation duration, trot; and (3) the average halo current rotation frequency, . These data reveal that the normalized rotation duration, trot/tauCQ, and the average rotation velocity, , are surprisingly consistent from machine to machine. Furthermore, comparisons between carbon and metal wall machines show that metal walls have minimal impact on the behavior of rotating halo currents. Finally, upon projecting to ITER, the empirical scalings indicate that substantial halo current rotation above = 20 Hz is to be expected. More importantly, depending on the projected value of tauCQ in ITER, substantial rotation could also occur in the resonant frequency range of 6-20 Hz. As such, the possibility of damaging halo current rotation during unmitigated disruptions in ITER cannot be ruled out.
DOI: 10.11578/1562024
title: Mitigation of Alfven activity by 3D magnetic perturbations on NSTX

description: Observations on the National Spherical Torus eXperiment (NSTX) indicatethat externally applied non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations (MP) canreduce the amplitude of Toroidal Alfven Eigenmodes (TAE) and Global AlfvenEigenmodes (GAE) in response to pulsed n=3 non-resonant fields. Fromfull-orbit following Monte Carlo simulations with the 1- and 2-fluidresistive MHD plasma response to the magnetic perturbation included,it was found that in response to MP pulses the fast-ion losses increasedand the fast-ion drive for the GAEs was reduced. The MP did not affectthe fast-ion drive for the TAEs significantly but the Alfven continuumat the plasma edge was found to be altered due to the toroidal symmetrybreaking which leads to coupling of different toroidal harmonics. TheTAE gap was reduced at the edge creating enhanced continuum damping ofthe global TAEs, which is consistent with the observations. The resultssuggest that optimized non-axisymmetric MP might be exploited to controland mitigate Alfven instabilities by tailoring the fast-ion distributionfunction and/or continuum structure.
DOI: 10.11578/1562031
title: Nonlinear simulations of beam-driven Compressional Alfén Eigenmodes in NSTX

description: Results of 3D nonlinear simulations of neutral-beam-driven compressional Alfvén eigenmodes (CAEs) in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) are presented. Hybrid MHD-particle simulations for the H-mode NSTX discharge (shot 141398) using the HYM code show unstable CAE modes for a range of toroidal mode numbers, n=4-9, and frequencies below the ion cyclotron frequency. It is found that the essential feature of CAEs is their coupling to kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) that occurs on the high-field side at the Alfvén resonance location. High-frequency Alfvén eigenmodes are frequently observed in beam-heated NSTX plasmas, and have been linked to flattening of the electron temperature profiles at high beam power. Coupling between CAE and KAW suggests an energy channeling mechanism to explain these observations, in which beam-driven CAEs dissipate their energy at the resonance location,therefore significantly modifying the energy deposition profile. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate that CAEs can channel the energy of the beam ions from the injection region near the magnetic axis to the location of the resonant mode conversion at the edge of the beam density profile. A set of nonlinear simulations show that the CAE instability saturates due to nonlinear particle trapping, and a large fraction of beam energy can be transferred to several unstable CAEs of relatively large amplitudes and absorbed at the resonant location. Absorption rate shows a strong scaling with the beam power.
DOI: 10.11578/1562032
title: Modeling of Lithium Granule Injection in NSTX with M3D-C1

description: In this paper we present initial simulations of pedestal control by Lithium Granule Injection (LGI) in NSTX. A model for small granule ablation has been implemented in the M3D-C1 code [1], allowing the simulation of realistic Lithium granule injections. 2D simulations in NSTX L-mode and H-mode plasmas are done and the effect of granule size, injection angle and velocity on the pedestal gradient increase are studied. For H-mode cases, the amplitude of the local pressure perturbation caused by the granules is highly dependent on the solid granule size. In our simulations, reducing the granule injection velocity allows one to inject more particles at the pedestal top.
DOI: 10.11578/1562033
title: Kinetic neoclassical calculations of impurity radiation profiles

description: Modifications of the drift-kinetic transport code XGC0 to include thetransport, ionization, and recombination of individual charge states,as well as the associated radiation, are described. The code is firstapplied to a simulation of an NSTX H-mode discharge with carbonimpurity to demonstrate the approach to coronal equilibrium. Theeffects of neoclassical phenomena on the radiated power profile areexamined sequentially through the activation of individual physicsmodules in the code. Orbit squeezing and the neoclassical inwardpinch result in increased radiation for temperatures above a fewhundred eV and changes to the ratios of charge state emissions at agiven electron temperature. Analogous simulations with a neonimpurity yield qualitatively similar results.
DOI: 10.11578/1562038
title: Electron-density-sensitive Line Ratios of Fe XIII--XVI from Laboratory Sources Compared to CHIANTI

description: We present electron-density-sensitive line ratios for Fe XIII–XVI measured in the spectral wavelength range of 200–440 Å and an electron density range of (1–4)×10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>. The results provide a test at the high-density limit of density-sensitive line ratios useful for astrophysical studies. The measurements were performed on the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade, where electron densities were measured independently by the laser Thomson scattering diagnostic. Spectra were collected with a flat-field grazing-incidence spectrometer, which provided a spectral resolution of up to 0.3 Å, i.e., high resolution across the broad wavelength range. The response of the instrument was relatively calibrated using spectroscopic techniques in order to improve accuracy. The line ratios are compared to other laboratory sources and the latest version of CHIANTI (8.0.2), and an agreement within 30% is found.
DOI: 10.11578/1562046
title: A Riccati Solution for the Ideal MHD Plasma Response with Applications to Real-time Stability Control

description: To effectuate near real-time feedback control of ideal MHD instabilities in a tokamak geometry, a rapid solution for stability analysis is a prerequisite. Toward this end, we reformulate the δW stability method with a Hamilton-Jacobi theory, elucidating analytical and numerical features of the generic tokamak ideal MHD stability problem. The plasma response matrix is demonstrated to be the solution of an ideal MHD matrix Riccati differential equation (MRDE). Since Riccati equations are prevalent in the control theory literature, such a shift in perspective brings to bear a range of numerical methods that are well-suited to the robust, fast solution of control problems. We discuss the usefulness of Riccati techniques in solving the stiff ODEs often encountered in ideal MHD stability analyses-—for example, in tokamak edge and stellarator physics. We then demonstrate the applicability of such methods to an existing 2D ideal MHD stability code—DCON—enabling its parallel operation in near real-time. Output is shown to match with high accuracy, and with wall-clock time &NestedLessLess; 1s. Such speed may help enable active feedback ideal MHD stability control, especially in tokamak plasmas whose ideal MHD equilibria evolve with inductive timescale τ &gt; 1s-—as in ITER.
DOI: 10.11578/1562052
title: Scenario Development During Commissioning Operations on the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade

description: The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) will advance the physics basis required for achieving steady-state, high-beta, and high-confinement conditions in a tokamak by accessing high toroidal field (1 T) and plasma current (1.0 - 2.0 MA) in a low aspect ratio geometry (A = 1.6 - 1.8) with flexible auxiliary heating systems (12 MW NBI, 6 MW HHFW). This paper describes progress in the development of L- and H-mode discharge scenarios and the commissioning of operational tools in the first ten weeks of operation that enable the scientific mission of NSTX-U. Vacuum field calculations completed prior to operations supported the rapid development and optimization of inductive breakdown at different values of ohmic solenoid current. The toroidal magnetic field (B_T0 = 0.65 T) exceeded the maximum values achieved on NSTX and novel long-pulse L-mode discharges with regular sawtooth activity exceeded the longest pulses produced on NSTX (tpulse &gt; 1.8s). The increased flux of the central solenoid facilitated the development of stationary L-mode discharges over a range of density and plasma current (Ip). H-mode discharges achieved similar levels of stored energy, confinement (H98y,2 &gt; 1) and stability (beta_N/beta_N-nowall &gt; 1) compared to NSTX discharges for Ip &lt; 1 MA. High-performance H-mode scenarios require an L-H transition early in the Ip ramp-up phase in order to obtain low internal inductance (li) throughout the discharge, which is conducive to maintaining vertical stability at high elongation (kappa &gt; 2.2) and achieving long periods of MHD quiescent operations. The rapid progress in developing L- and H-mode scenarios in support of the scientific program was enabled by advances in real-time plasma control, efficient error field identification and correction, effective conditioning of the graphite wall and excellent diagnostic availability.
DOI: 10.11578/1562054
title: Regarding the optimization of O1-mode ECRH and the feasibility of EBW startup on NSTX-U

description: Recently published scenarios for fully non-inductive startup and operation on the National SphericalTorus eXperiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) (Menard et al 2012 Nucl. Fusion 52 083015) show ElectronCyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) as an important component in preparing a target plasma forefficient High Harmonic Fast Wave and Neutral Beam heating. The modeling of the propagation andabsorption of EC waves in the evolving plasma is required to define the most effective window ofoperation, and to optimize the launcher geometry for maximal heating and current drive during thiswindow. Here, we extend a previous optimization of O1-mode ECRH on NSTX-U to account for thefull time-dependent performance of the ECRH using simulations performed with TRANSP. We findthat the evolution of the density profile has a prominent role in the optimization by defining the timewindow of operation, which in certain cases may be a more important metric to compare launcherperformance than the average power absorption. This feature cannot be captured by analysis on staticprofiles, and should be accounted for when optimizing ECRH on any device that operates near thecutoff density. Additionally, the utility of the electron Bernstein wave (EBW) in driving current andgenerating closed flux surfaces in the early startup phase has been demonstrated on a number ofdevices. Using standalone GENRAY simulations, we find that efficient EBW current drive ispossible on NSTX-U if the injection angle is shifted below the midplane and aimed towards the tophalf of the vacuum vessel. However, collisional damping of the EBW is projected to be significant, insome cases accounting for up to 97% of the absorbed EBW power
DOI: 10.11578/1562065
title: On the scattering correction of fast-ion D-alpha signal on NSTX-U

description: Analysis of fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) data on National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) shows that the cold Dα line contaminates the FIDA baseline. The scattered light is comparable to the FIDA emission. A scattering correction is required to extract the FIDA signal. Two methods that relate the scattered light contamination to the intensity of the cold Dα line are employed. One method uses laboratory measurements with a calibration lamp; the other method uses data acquired during plasma operation and singular value decomposition analysis. After correction, both the FIDA spectra and spatial profile are in better agreement with theoretical predictions.
DOI: 10.11578/1562067
title: Parallel electron force balance and the L-H transition

description: In one popular description of the L-H transition, energy transfer to the mean flows directly depletes turbulence fluctuation energy, resulting in suppression of the turbulence and a corresponding transport bifurcation. However, electron parallel force balance couples nonzonal velocity fluctuations with electron pressure fluctuations on rapid timescales, comparable with the electron transit time. For this reason, energy in the nonzonal velocity stays in a fairly fixed ratio to the free energy in electron density fluctuations, at least for frequency scales much slower than electron transit. In order for direct depletion of the energy in turbulent fluctuations to cause the L-H transition, energy transfer via Reynolds stress must therefore drain enough energy to significantly reduce the sum of the free energy in nonzonal velocities and electron pressure fluctuations. At low k, the electron thermal free energy is much larger than the energy in nonzonal velocities, posing a stark challenge for this model of the L-H transition.