cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cvdncjt6f
title: Understanding how diel and seasonal rhythms affect the movements of a small non-migratory bird

description: Diel and seasonal rhythms affect an animal’s environment and life history.
 Understanding how these rhythms influence movement increases our knowledge
 on how animals adjust to changing resources, environmental conditions, and
 risk to their survival. To better understand how diel and seasonal rhythms
 affect animals, we evaluated movements of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus
 virginianus); hereafter, bobwhite. Because bobwhite are a small
 non-migratory species that must cope with daily and seasonal changes in
 their environment year-around, they are a model species to study how diel
 and seasonal rhythms influence animal movement of a non-migratory species.
 Global positioning system data from transmitters attached to bobwhite at
 four wildlife management sites across Oklahoma were collected during
 2019–2021. We parsed the diel data as daytime (7:00–19:00 Central Daylight
 Savings Time [CDT]) and nighttime (19:00–7:00 CDT), and diurnal
 (sunrise–sunset) and nocturnal (sunset–sunrise) as well as by astronomical
 season. We calculated three movement metrics: net displacement (Euclidean
 distance from the starting fix to the ending fix of a path which
 encompasses consecutive relocations in a time series of geographic fixes),
 cumulative distance (sum of all Euclidean distances between each
 consecutive fix along the path), and hourly movement. We modeled the data
 using a generalized linear mixed-modeling approach. Across season, model
 predictions showed that net displacement was highest during spring, and
 daytime cumulative distance slowly increased as the year progressed.
 Bobwhite had two movement peaks during the diurnal period, one during
 9:00–10:00 and the other during 17:00–20:00 depending on the season.
 Despite being diurnal, bobwhite occasionally made nocturnal movements,
 likely in response to a disturbance by a predator, inclement weather, or
 energetic demands. Movement peaks during the diurnal period may reflect
 changes in behavior in response to energy requirements, predator risk, and
 changes in air temperature. Life history events, likely cause seasonal
 differences in movement. This study furthers our understanding on how
 animals move daily and seasonally suggesting the importance of analyzing
 movement across the entire year because animals move differently across
 the day and year.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3n5tb2rks
title: Eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity in plants: a meta-analysis

description: Species differ dramatically in their prevalence in the natural world, with
 many species characterized as rare due to restricted geographic
 distribution, low local abundance, and/or habitat specialization. We
 investigated eco-evolutionary causes and consequences of rarity with
 phylogenetically-controlled meta-analyses of population genetic diversity,
 fitness, and functional traits in rare and common congeneric plant
 species. Our syntheses included 252 rare species and 267 common congeners
 reported in 153 peer-reviewed articles published from 1978-2020 and one
 manuscript in press. Rare species have reduced population genetic
 diversity, depressed fitness, and smaller reproductive structures than
 common congeners. Rare species also could suffer from inbreeding
 depression and reduced fertilization efficiency. By limiting their
 capacity to adapt and migrate, these characteristics could influence
 contemporary patterns of rarity and increase the susceptibility of rare
 species to rapid environmental change. We recommend that future studies
 present more nuanced data on the extent of rarity in focal species, expose
 rare and common species to ecologically-relevant treatments, including
 reciprocal transplants, and conduct quantitative genetic and population
 genomic analyses across a greater array of systems. This research could
 elucidate the processes that contribute to rarity and generate robust
 predictions of extinction risks under global change.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bk3j9kdfg
title: Natural history and community science records confirm rapid geographic shifts in the distribution of Bachman’s Sparrow (Peucaea aestivalis) since 1850

description: North American grassland birds colonized emerging habitat created by
 expanding agriculture in a pattern of eastward expansions from the
 mid-1800s to mid-1900s. These birds have been declining, since at least
 the mid1900s, largely as result of anthropogenic landscape change. Only
 one bird that now breeds predominantly in southeastern pine savannas is
 thought to have experienced a concurrent range expansion into this region:
 Peucaea aestivalis (Bachman’s Sparrow). However, our understanding of the
 P. aestivalis expansion, and subsequent retraction to the southeastern
 United States, is largely based on a contemporaneous review of only a
 subset of historical records from beyond its modern, northern limit. We
 suggest an alternative explanation for these historical records is that P.
 aestivalis historically occurred more broadly than was recognized in
 contemporaneous literature. To evaluate these hypotheses, we reviewed
 field observations from literature, natural history collections, and eBird
 to show how P. aestivalis presence throughout eastern North America has
 shifted since the mid-1800s. To confirm that these findings were not the
 result of detection bias, we repeated our analysis on a common sparrow
 species (Spizella pusilla) with a largely overlapping breeding range, but
 no history of expansion and retraction. We confirm that P. aestivalis
 expanded its range, but add that prior to that expansion, its historical
 distribution was broader than commonly acknowledged today. As a result, we
 identify the northwestern historical limit of P. aestivalis, the Ouachita
 and Ozark highlands, as a potential source region for an eastward
 expansion that is consistent with those of other North American grassland
 birds of the era. We discuss the potential evolutionary and conservation
 implications of this range expansion on P. aestivalis given our more
 nuanced understanding of it. Anthropogenic landscape change initially
 provided additional habitat for P. aestivalis but has ultimately resulted
 in a reduction of the P. aestivalis distribution.
description: Dataset collection and processing is described in the methods
 section of the associated publication.
description: To generate the final dataset of eBird records, download all
 Peucaea aestivalis and Spizella pusilla records from the eBird Basic
 dataset Version: EBD_relFeb-2018 and use the R code in
 "nhc-ebird-data-processing-19-Jun-2021.R".
 Use the csv files of geographic coordinates in the directory maps
 to recreate the maps in Figure 2.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j0zpc86h6
title: Data from: Impact of explainable artificial intelligence assistance on clinical decision making of novice dental clinicians

description: Objective: Despite artificial intelligence (AI) is being used increasingly
 in healthcare, implementation challenges exist leading to potential biases
 during the clinical decision process of the practitioner. The interaction
 of AI with a novice clinician was investigated through an identification
 task, an important component of diagnosis, in dental radiography. The
 study evaluated the performance, efficiency, and confidence level of
 dental students on radiographic identification of FI, with and without AI
 assistance. Materials and Methods: 22 third- and 19 fourth-year dental
 students (DS3 and DS4, respectively) completed remotely administered
 surveys to identify FI lesions on a series of dental radiographs. The
 control group received radiographs without AI assistance while the test
 group received the same radiographs and AI-labeled radiographs. Data was
 appropriately analyzed using the Chi-square, Fischer’s exact, ANOVA or
 Kruskal-Wallis tests.  Results: Performance between groups with
 and without AI assistance was not statistically significant except for one
 question where tendency was to err with AI generated answer
 (p&lt;0.05). The efficiency of task completion and confidence levels
 were not statistically significant between groups. However, both groups
 with and without AI assistance believed the use of AI would improve the
 clinical decision-making.  Discussion: Dental students detecting
 FI in radiographs with AI assistance had a tendency towards over-reliance
 on AI. Conclusion: AI input impacts clinical decision-making, which might
 be particularly exaggerated in novice clinicians. As it is integrated into
 routine clinical practice, caution must be taken to prevent over-reliance
 on AI-generated information.
description: # Data from: Impact of explainable artificial intelligence assistance on
 clinical decision making of novice dental clinicians
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.j0zpc86h6](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.j0zpc86h6) ## Description of the data and file structure #### File: DryadData.csv **Description:** Data category description presented in row 2. All time in seconds.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b5mkkwhg1
title: The role of spatial structure in multi-deme models of evolutionary rescue

description: Genetic variation and population sizes are critical factors for successful
 adaptation to novel environmental conditions. Gene flow between
 sub-populations is a potent mechanism to provide such variation and can
 hence facilitate adaptation, for instance by increasing genetic variation
 or via the introduction of beneficial variants. On the other hand, if gene
 flow between different habitats is too strong, locally beneficial alleles
 may not be able to establish permanently. In the context of evolutionary
 rescue, intermediate levels of gene flow are therefore often optimal for
 maximizing a species' chance for survival in metapopulations without
 spatial structure. To which extent and under which conditions gene flow
 facilitates or hinders evolutionary rescue in spatially structured
 populations remains unresolved. We address this question by studying the
 differences between evolutionary rescue in the island model and in the
 stepping stone model in a gradually deteriorating habitat. We show that
 evolutionary rescue is modulated by the rate of gene flow between
 different habitats, which in turn depends strongly on the spatial
 structure and the pattern of environmental deterioration. We use these
 insights to show that in many cases spatially structured models can be
 translated into a simpler island model using an appropriately scaled
 effective migration rate.
description: The software for the simulations was written in python, and the
 figures in the paper were written in R.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n2z34tmzr
title: Data from: Ecological adaptation and birdsong: how body and bill sizes affect passerine sound frequencies

description: The avian bill is finely adjusted to foraging ecology and, as part of the
 vocal tract, it may also affect sexual signals such as songs. Acoustic
 theory predicts that larger bills lower the resonant frequency of vocal
 tracts, allowing larger-billed species to emphasize lower sound
 frequencies. Theory also predicts that larger-billed species can change
 bill gape so as to sing over a wider frequency bandwidth. We tested these
 associations between bill size and sound frequencies of song across ca.
 1000 taxonomically-diverse passerines. Phylogenetically informed analyses
 indicated that both bill and body sizes are negatively related to the
 sound frequency of songs, with additive effects of similar strength.
 Analyses of reduced datasets, to decrease bill-body size associations,
 indicated that the effect of bill size it is not an artefact of its
 covariation with body size. Sound frequency bandwidth was only related to
 body size but not bill size, perhaps because large bills may allow greater
 modulation of frequency but also hinder fast bill movement. Since the bill
 has a major role explaining species differences in birdsong sound
 frequency, it can be a magic trait that promotes reproductive isolation as
 a consequence of ecological divergence.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v41ns1rzt
title: Range-wide habitat use of the Harpy Eagle indicates four major tropical forest gaps in the Key Biodiversity Area network

description: Quantifying habitat use is important for understanding how animals meet
 their requirements for survival and provides information for conservation
 planning. Currently, assessments of range-wide habitat use that delimit
 species distributions are incomplete for many taxa. The Harpy Eagle
 (Harpia harpyja) is a raptor of conservation concern, widely distributed
 across Neotropical lowland forests, that currently faces threats from
 habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we use penalized logistic regression
 to identify species-habitat associations and predict habitat suitability
 based on a new International Union for the Conservation of Nature range
 metric, termed Area of Habitat. From the species-habitat model, we
 performed a gap analysis to identify areas of high habitat suitability in
 regions with limited coverage in the Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) network.
 Range-wide habitat use indicated that Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70-75%
 evergreen forest cover, low elevation, and high vegetation species
 richness. Conversely, Harpy Eagles avoid areas of &gt;10% cultivated
 landcover and mosaic forest, and topographically complex areas. Our
 species-habitat model identified a large continuous area of potential
 habitat across the pan-Amazonia region, and a habitat corridor from the
 Chocó-Darién ecoregion of Colombia running north along the Caribbean coast
 of Central America. Little habitat was predicted across the Atlantic
 Forest biome, which is now severely degraded. The current KBA network
 covered 18% of medium to high Harpy Eagle habitat exceeding a target
 biodiversity area representation of 10%, based on species range size. Four
 major areas of high suitability habitat lacking coverage in the KBA
 network were identified in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and
 north-west Brazil. We recommend these multiple gaps of habitat as new KBAs
 for strengthening the current KBA network. Modelled area of habitat
 estimates as described here are a useful tool for large-scale conservation
 planning and can be readily applied to many taxa.
description: Environmental data available from:
 EarthEnv: www.earthenv.org ENVIREM: http://envirem.github.io/#downloads Occurrence data available from: GBIF: https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6ikhnj eBird: https://ebird.org/data/download/ebd Miranda et al. (2019) database: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0216323#sec011
description: R code to run the analyses is available on request from the
 corresponding author.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r4xgxd2fr
title: Mechanical energy fluctuation in lower limbs during walking in participants with and without total hip replacement

description: Mechanical energy fluctuation of the segments in the lower limbs during
 walking has not been fully investigated. It was hypothesised that the
 segments of the lower limbs may work as a pendulum, i.e., the kinetic and
 potential energies exchanged out of phase. This study aimed to investigate
 energy changes and recovery during gait in hip replacement patients. The
 gait data for 12 participants with total hip replacement and 12
 age-matched controls were compared. The kinetic, potential, and rotative
 energies for the whole lower limb and thigh, calf, and foot, were
 calculated. The effectiveness of a pendulum effect was analysed. Gait
 parameters, e.g., walking speeds, cadence, and stride length were
 calculated. The results showed that the thigh had significant
 effectiveness as a pendulum during gait with an energy recovery
 coefficient of approximately 40% while the calf and foot were less like a
 pendulum during gait. In comparison, energy recoveries of the lower limbs
 in the two groups were not significantly different. If the centre of the
 pelvis was considered as approximate to the centre of mass, however, the
 control group had a higher energy recovery than the total hip replacement
 group by roughly 10%. This study concluded that the mechanical energy
 recovery mechanism in the lower limbs during walking exists for two
 groups.
description: The original data were collected using Vicon motion capture
 system. The data processing was carried out using Vicon Nexus and Matlab.
 The statistical analysis was carried out using Spss v 28.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.66t1g1k4b
title: Dispersal ability and its consequences for population genetic differentiation and diversification

description: Dispersal ability is known to influence geographic structuring of genetic
 variation within species, with a direct relationship between low vagility
 and population genetic structure, which can potentially give rise to
 allopatric speciation. However, our general understanding of the
 relationship between dispersal ability, population differentiation and
 lineage diversification is limited. To address this issue, we sampled
 mitochondrial DNA variation within lineages of beetles and spiders across
 the Canary Islands to explore the relationships between dispersal ability,
 differentiation within lineages and diversification. We found positive
 relationships between population genetic structure and diversification for
 both beetles and spiders. Comparisons between dispersive and
 non-dispersive lineages revealed significant differences for both lineage
 differentiation and diversification. For both taxa, non-dispersive
 lineages had stronger population genetic structure. Genus-level endemic
 species richness and proxies for diversification rate within genera were
 higher in non-dispersive taxa for both beetles and spiders. Comparisons of
 average and maximum node divergences within genera suggest that species
 turnover may be higher in non-dispersive genera. Our results reveal a
 model where dispersal limitation may shape the diversity of lineages
 across evolutionary time scales by positively influencing intraspecific
 and species diversity, moderated by higher extinction rates compared to
 more dispersive lineages.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jq2bvq8bp
title: Data for: Phenotypic senescence in a natural insect population

description: Senescence seems to be universal in living organisms and plays a major
 role in life-history strategies. Phenotypic senescence, the decline of
 body condition and/or performance with age, is a largely understudied
 component of senescence in natural insect populations, although it would
 be important to understand how and why insects age under natural
 conditions. We aimed (i) to investigate how body mass and thorax width
 change with age in a natural population of the univoltine Clouded Apollo
 butterfly (Parnassius mnemosyne, Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and (ii) to
 assess the relationship of this change with sex and wing length. We
 studied a population between 2014 and 2020 using mark-recapture during the
 whole flight period each year. Repeated measurements of body mass and
 thorax width and single measurements of wing length were performed on
 marked individuals. We analysed body mass and thorax width change with age
 (days since marking), wing length and the date of the first capture. Both
 body mass and thorax width declined non-linearly with age. Individuals
 appearing earlier in the flight period had significantly higher initial
 body mass and thorax width and their body mass declined faster than later
 ones. Initial body sizes of females were higher, but males’ body sizes
 decreased slower. Initial thorax width showed higher annual variation than
 body mass. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that revealed
 phenotypic senescence in a natural butterfly population, using in vivo
 measurements. We found sexual differences in the rate of phenotypic
 senescence. Despite the annual variation of initial body sizes, the rate
 of senescence did not vary considerably across the years.
description: - single univoltine population of Clouded Apollo
 (<em>Parnassius mnemosyne</em>) -
 2014–2020, Europe, Hungary,Visegrádi-hegység -
 mark-release-recapture - <em>in situ
 </em>measurements on the field:    - body
 mass (analytical scale)    - thorax width
 (calipers)    - wing length (ruler)
   age: no. of days since an individual’s
 1st measurement time: no. of days since the first
 day of the flight period mean(age): average of all
 age data at the time of measurements of an individual
 first capture: the day of the flight period when an individual
 was captured for the first time ‘mean(first
 capture)’: the annual average of the days of first captures
 mean(age) and mean(age2): the averages of all age and age2,
 respectively, data at the time of measurements of an individual. These
 ‘mean variables’ enabled us to distinguish the within-subject and
 between-subject effects. log(body mass) or thorax
 width ~ sex*(age + mean age + age2 + mean_age2 + first capture + mean
 first capture + wing) + (age:wing) + (age:first capture) | individual
 ID/year  both random intercept & random
 slope; LMM, R 3.6.1   N/A
 values in the input files mean that we could not measure every butterfly
 the same number of times.
description: Data files can be accessed using Microsoft Excel or LibreOffice
 Calc.
DOI: 10.26165/juelich-data/ych2oy
title: ETHOS.ActivityAssure Dataset

description: The ETHOS.ActivityAssure dataset is an aggregated activity dataset derived from the HETUS 2010 time use survey. It is intended to enable reusable and reproducible validation of various behavior models. The ETHOS.ActivityAssure software framework belongs to this dataset, and together they can be used to validate activity profiles, e.g. the results of an occupant behavior model. It provides modules for preprocessing and categorising activity profiles, and comparing them to the statistics in this dataset using indicators and plots. It also contains the code that was used to create this dataset out of the HETUS 2010 data, so that the generation of this dataset is fully reproducible.