DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tf25c
title: Data from: Long-branch attraction and the phylogeny of true water bugs (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha) as estimated from mitochondrial genomes

description: Background: Most previous studies of morphological and molecular data have
 consistently supported the monophyly of the true water bugs (Hemiptera:
 Nepomorpha). An exception is a recent study by Hua et al. (2009; BMC Evol
 Biol 9: 134) based on nine nepomorphan mitochondrial genomes. In the
 analysis of Hua et al. (2009), the water bugs in the group Pleoidea formed
 the sister group to a clade that consisted of Nepomorpha (the remaining
 true water bugs) + Leptopodomorpha (shore bugs) + Cimicomorpha (assassin
 bugs and relatives) + Pentatomomorpha (stink bugs and relatives), thereby
 suggesting that fully aquatic hemipterans evolved independently at least
 twice. Based on these results, Hua et al. (2009) elevated the Pleoidea to
 a new infraorder, the Plemorpha. Results: Our reanalysis suggests that the
 lack of support for the monophyly of the true water bugs (including
 Pleoidea) by Hua et al. (2009) likely resulted from inadequate taxon
 sampling. In particular, long-branch attraction (LBA) between the distant
 outgroup taxa and Pleoidea, as well as LBA among taxa in the ingroup, made
 Nepomorpha appear to be polyphyletic. We used three complementary
 strategies to test and alleviate the effects of LBA: (1) the removal of
 distant outgroups from the analysis; (2) the addition of closely related
 outgroups; and (3) the addition of a mitochondrial genome from a second
 family of Pleoidea. We also performed likelihood-ratio tests to examine
 the support for monophyly of Nepomorpha with different combinations of
 taxa included in the analysis. Furthermore, we found that specimens of
 Helotrephes sp. were misidentified as Paraplea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) by
 Hua et al. (2009). Conclusions: All analyses that included the addition of
 more taxa significantly and consistently supported the placement of
 Pleoidea within the Nepomorpha (i.e., supported the monophyly of the
 traditional true water bugs). Our analyses further support a close
 relationship between Notonectoidea and Pleoidea within Nepomorpha, and the
 superfamilies Nepoidea, Ochteroidea, Naucoroidea, and Pleoidea are
 resolved as monophyletic in all trees with strong support. Our results
 also confirmed that monophyly of Nepomorpha clearly is not refuted by the
 mitochondrial genome data.
description: Fig2_ingroup_only_PCG12Ingroup taxa only of PCG12 in Figure 2Fig2_ingroup_only_PCG12RTIngroup taxa only of PCG12RT in Figure 2Fig2_ingroup_only_PCG123Ingroup taxa only of PCG123 in Figure 2Fig2_ingroup_only_PCG123RTIngroup taxa only of PCG123RT in Figure 2Fig3A_additional_outgroupsAdd additional closely related outgroups including the distant outgroup in Figure 3AFig3B_additional_outgroups_exclude_LycomaAdd additional closely related outgroups excluding the distant outgroup in Figure 3BFig4_16(PCG12)Add new mitochondrial genome of Paraplea frontalis in Figure4Fig4_16(PCG123)Add new mitochondrial genome of Paraplea frontalis in Figure 4Fig4_16(PCG123RT)Add new mitochondrial genome of Paraplea frontalis in Figure 4Fig4_16(PCG12RT)Add new mitochondrial genome of Paraplea frontalis in Figure 4