DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16745514
title: GloPINE dataset: model-ready measurements of INP concentrations using PINE instruments

description: Summary

GloPINE: dataset of Ice Nucleating Particle (INP) measurements from campaigns using PINE (Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment) instruments. PINE is an expansion chamber that reproduces the conditions of cloud formation and subsequent supercooling over the period of several minutes. More information on the PINE instrument can be found here.

This version (v1) of the GloPINE global INP database includes Level 1 data (measurements per expansion) from twenty field campaigns undertaken between Januray 2018 and December 2023. All INP measurements were made at or above water saturation and are relevant for immersion-mode freezing of cloud droplets. The Level 1 data (information in Section 3) has been collated and binned (6-hour periods and 2 K temperature bins) to provide 'model-ready' datasets that can be readily used for model evaluation and/or application with reanalysis data.

More information can be found in the accompanying paper that is currently under review in ESSD. The manuscript is publicly accessible at https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-41/.

1. File details

The dataset is available for each campaign (in the GloPINE_INP_dataset_individual_campaigns_v1.tar.gz or .zip folder) and as a concatenated file (GloPINE_INP_dataset_v1.nc).

Each netcdf file (.nc) provides INP concentrations averaged over regular time intervals of 6-hour and temperature intervals of 2 K. Each file contains the following:



latitude_6h: latitude of PINE instrument for each time interval (degrees N)

longitude_6h: longitude of PINE instrument for each time interval (degrees E)

altitude_6h: altitude of PINE instrument for each time interval (m ASL)

time_6h: mid time of binned INP concentration for each time interval (days since 01-01-1900)

INP_6h2K: mean INP concentration for each time/temperature interval (m-3)

INP_uncertainty_6h2K: uncertainty in mean INP concentration for each time/temperature interval (+/- m-3)

temperature_6h2K: mean PINE freezing temperature for each time/temperature interval (K)

CV_6h2K: Coefficient of variation (as decimal value) for ice crystal number concentration for each time/temperature interval (-)


The concatenated dataset (GloPINE_INP_dataset_v1.nc) contains all variables with dimensions of 'N averaging intervals' (39,843) and only includes intervals when at least one PINE expansion was performed.

For the individual campaign datasets in the GloPINE_INP_dataset_individual_campaigns_v1.tar.gz or .zip folder, INP_6h2K, temperature_6h2K, and CV_6h2K are in dimensions of nT_bins x ntime_bins. All other variables have dimensions of ntime_bins. Intervals that did not include a PINE expansion are filled with a value (fill_value) of -999. Intervals where at least one expansion was performed but zero ice crystals detected are included as a value of 0.

CV_6h2K is based on Poisson statistics of the total number of ice crystals detected during each interval (time and temperature) period.

2. JupyterLab scripts

The script Zenodo_GloPINE_INP_dataset_examples.ipynb provides examples of how to extract data from the dataset and apply a Coefficient of Variation threshold to the data. The JupyterLab script Zenodo_GloPINE_INP_dataset_scripts.ipynb provides the scripts used to convert the Level 1 PINE data from each campaign into the averaged Level 2 dataset presented here.

3. Raw Level 1 PINE data

The Level 1 PINE output that has been collated to produce this dataset is publicly accessible. Some campaign data (BEIJING and WAO) are included as .csv files in the Level1_datasets_for_zenodo folder, whilst the others are accessible from other repositories. See below for details.




Name of campaign
Location of Level 1 data


HyICE2018
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10469663


PICNIC
doi: 10.35097/7gt99xqnh6k8sw42 


ExINP-SGP
http://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/sgp2019exinpsgp


ExINP-ENA
http://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/ena2020exinpena


CORONA-PINE04
doi: 10.35097/j823gv823jbwy7b0


CORONA-PINE01
doi: 10.35097/m61r3c6tn0t3qk1y


CountIce-pt1
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17451020


SBO21
doi: 10.35097/g828m8z2det94691, 10.35097/dxcsmnvfunkx76vx


SPL01
doi: 10.35097/rmfxfbr6jegua5cv


CALISHTO
doi: 10.35097/jxwbwycbyu64n2p0, 10.35097/4xawjaqwteyvx4fr


ExINP-NSA
http://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/nsa2021exinpnsa


BEIJING
this repository


M-Phase
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17378346


PaCE22
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.13889647


PUY
https://www.opgc.fr/DOI/10.25519/sh8r-f866


CountIce-pt2
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17451024


ExINP-GVB
doi: 10.35097/dc0vhg052pzx95wx


LIFE-FROSTDEFEND
doi: 10.35097/mdxcqd7p646cwc0u


ExINP-ZEP
doi: 10.35097/tdwrwzd5z7nakajv


WAO
this repository