DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p7d7c
title: Data from: The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

description: A phylogenetic analysis of the two-clawed spiders grouped in Dionycha is
 presented, with 166 representative species of 49 araneomorph families,
 scored for 393 characters documented through standardized imaging
 protocols. The study includes 44 outgroup representatives of the main
 clades of Araneomorphae, and a revision of the main morphological
 character systems. Novel terminology is proposed for stereotyped
 structures on the chelicerae, and the main types of setae and silk spigots
 are reviewed, summarizing their characteristics. Clear homologs of
 posterior book lungs are described for early instars of Filistatidae, and
 a novel type of respiratory structure, the epigastric median tracheae, is
 described for some terminals probably related with Anyphaenidae or
 Eutichuridae. A new type of crypsis mechanism is described for a clade of
 thomisids, which in addition to retaining soil particles, grow fungi on
 their cuticle. Generalized patterns of cheliceral setae and macrosetae are
 proposed as synapomorphies of the Divided Cribellum and RTA clades.
 Dionycha is here proposed as a member of the Oval Calamistrum clade among
 the lycosoid lineages, and Liocranoides, with three claws and claw tufts,
 is obtained as a plausible sister group of the dionychan lineage. The
 morphology of the claw tuft and scopula is examined in detail and scored
 for 14 characters highly informative for relationships. A kind of seta
 intermediate between tenent and plumose setae (the pseudotenent type) is
 found in several spider families, more often reconstructed as a derivation
 from true tenent setae rather than as a phylogenetic intermediate.
 Corinnidae is retrieved in a restricted sense, including only the
 subfamilies Corinninae and Castianeirinae, while the "corinnid"
 genera retaining the median apophysis in the copulatory bulb are not
 clearly affiliated to any of the established families. Miturgidae is
 redefined, including Zoridae as a junior synonym. The Eutichuridae is
 raised to family status, as well as the Trachelidae and Phrurolithidae.
 New synapomorphies are provided for Sparassidae, Philodromidae, and
 Trachelidae. Philodromidae is presented as a plausible sister group of
 Salticidae, and these sister to Thomisidae; an alternative resolution
 placing thomisids in Lycosoidea is also examined. The Oblique Median
 Tapetum (OMT) clade is proposed for a large group of families including
 gnaphosoids, trachelids, liocranids, and phrurolithids, all having the
 posterior median eye tapeta forming a 90u angle, used for navigation by
 means of the polarized light in the sky as an optical compass;
 prodidomines seem to have further enhanced the mechanism by incorporating
 the posterior lateral eyes to the system. The Teutamus group is recognized
 for members of the OMT clade that are usually included in Liocranidae, but
 not closely related to Liocranum or phrurolithids. The Claw Tuft Clasper
 (CTC) clade is proposed for a group of families within the OMT clade, all
 having a peculiar mechanism grasping the folded base of the claw tuft
 setae with a hook on the superior claws. The CTC clade includes
 Trachelidae, Phrurolithidae, and several gnaphosoids such as Ammoxenidae,
 Cithaeronidae, Gnaphosidae, and Prodidomidae. A remarkable syndrome
 involving the expansion of the anterior lateral spinnerets, often sexually
 dimorphic, is here reported for some Miturgidae and several members of the
 CTC clade, in addition to the known cases in Clubionidae and
 "Liocranidae." The following genera are transferred from
 Miturgidae to Eutichuridae: Calamoneta, Calamopus, Cheiracanthium,
 Cheiramiona, Ericaella, Eutichurus, Macerio, Radulphius, Strotarchus,
 Summacanthium, and Tecution; Lessertina is transferred from Corinnidae to
 Eutichuridae. The following genera are transferred to Miturgidae:
 Argoctenus, Elassoctenus, Hestimodema, Hoedillus, Israzorides, Odomasta,
 Simonus, Thasyraea, Tuxoctenus, Voraptus, Xenoctenus, Zora, and Zoroides,
 from Zoridae; Odo and Paravulsor, from Ctenidae; Pseudoceto from
 Corinnidae. The following genera are transferred from Corinnidae to
 Trachelidae: Afroceto, Cetonana, Fuchiba, Fuchibotulus, Meriola,
 Metatrachelas, Paccius, Paratrachelas, Patelloceto, Planochelas,
 Poachelas, Spinotrachelas, Thysanina, Trachelas, Trachelopachys, and
 Utivarachna. The following genera are transferred from Corinnidae to
 Phrurolithidae: Abdosetae, Drassinella, Liophrurillus, Plynnon, Orthobula,
 Otacilia, Phonotimpus, Phrurolinillus, Phrurolithus, Phruronellus,
 Phrurotimpus, Piabuna, and Scotinella. Dorymetaecus is transferred from
 Clubionidae to Phrurolithidae. Oedignatha and Koppe are transferred from
 Corinnidae to Liocranidae. Ciniflella is transferred from Amaurobiidae to
 Tengellidae.
description: Data from: The
 morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae:
 Araneomorphae)ramirez_dionycha_suppl_files.zip