cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sxksn031p
title: Morphoecological characteristics of grasses used to restore degraded semi-arid African rangelands

description: Progressive loss of productivity and plant diversity has been a major
 concern for land managers of global arid and semi-arid rangelands. This is
 often attributed to heavy grazing by large livestock herds and wildlife
 leading to land degradation threatening millions of livelihoods that rely
 on rangeland resources. Consequently, combating land degradation has
 increasingly become important global agenda. Active restoration
 technologies such as indigenous grass reseeding has been identified as a
 viable ecological solution for restoring degraded rangeland landscapes and
 providing forage for sustainable livestock production. Grass species
 indigenous to African rangelands Cenchrus ciliaris L. (African foxtail
 grass), Eragrostis superba Peyr. (Maasai love grass), Enteropogon
 macrostachyus (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) Monro ex Benth. (Bush rye grass),
 Chloris roxburghiana Schult. (Horsetail grass) and Chloris gayana Kunth.
 cv Boma (Rhodes grass) were established in an African semi-arid rangeland
 landscape under natural conditions to compare their morphoecological
 characteristics and suitability for ecological restoration. Seed
 viability, seedling emergence, biomass dry matter yields, plant densities,
 basal cover, seed production, tiller densities and plant height were
 determined. Chloris gayana cv Boma and E. superba produced significantly
 higher dry matter biomass yields and seed production. High biomass and
 seed production demonstrate their suitability to support livestock
 production and replenish depleted soil seed banks, respectively.
 Enteropogon macrostachyus and C. ciliaris displayed significantly higher
 values for plant densities, tiller densities and basal cover, also used to
 measure establishment and ecological restoration success. Chloris
 roxburghiana ranked lowest in all the measured morphoecological
 characteristics. This could be a strong indicator of ecological
 site-specific characteristic of C. roxburghiana. Active restoration of
 degraded African semi-arid rangelands and forage provision for herbivores
 using indigenous grass reseeding can best be achieved through careful
 selection of grass species to take advantage on their specific multiple
 morphoecological characteristics. Furthermore, selection of the grass
 species to use should primarily be informed by the intended use of the
 rangeland.
description: Plant densities (plants m<sup>-2</sup>) and average
 tiller densities per plant species were estimated in three 0.25
 m<sup>2 </sup>quadrats within each plot (Cox, 1990). Seed
 production was estimated from the biomass harvested and was separated from
 the stem and leaf biomass by hand stripping and weighed separately. Plant
 height (the tip of the top leaf) was determined using a 2 m ruler to the
 nearest centimetre.  Percentage basal cover was estimated using the
 step-point method (Evans and Love, 1957).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tdz08kpz5
title: Data from: Differing impacts of two major plant invaders on urban plant-dwelling spiders (Araneae) during flowering season

description: The dataset contains spider (Araneae) specimen numbers collected from
 flowering invasive American goldenrod (Solidago canadensis/gigantea) and
 invasive Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) stands occuring
 naturally in urban areas of the city of Karlsruhe, Germany. Corresponding
 plots with native ruderalized vegetation in direct vicinity of each
 invaded plot were used as a comparison plot, resulting in a fully paired
 design for each plant invader study. An additional column represents
 potential non-araneae prey items collected together with the spiders from
 each stand. Spider specimens were determined to the family level as well
 as classified into web builders and hunters without a web.
description: 18 American goldenrod and 20 Himalayan balsam plots as “invaded”
 sites were selected, all with a high invader dominance of over 90% and at
 least 20 stems of the invader plant. All plots are located in urban
 habitats of Karlsruhe. Native corresponding plots in direct vicinity of
 each invading plot (10-20m) were selected based on structural similarity
 (high, ruderalized vegetation with coverage over 90%), resulting in 36 and
 40 plots per plant invader study. A sweep net was used to collect spiders
 from each stand. 20 sweeps per plot were conducted by one of the authors
 in late August/beginning of September 2018 (FK). Only flowers and the
 upper parts of the plants were targeted by the sweep net. The material was
 determined by TB following Nentwig et al. (2019;
 https://araneae.nmbe.ch/). Classification of families into web builders
 (web) and hunters without a web (no_web) follows Cardoso et al. 2011
 (PlosOne 6: e21710, supplementary material).
description: Over 90% of the collected spider specimens were juveniles.
 Therefore, it was decided to determine them only to family level. All
 material is deposited at the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe,
 Germany (SMNK). The ReadMe-file explains used
 abbreviations in the tables.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.tbsvx4
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 52 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Colutea orientalis",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 52 records from 18 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002654-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gtht76hk6
title: The large old ginkgos in Jiangsu province, East China

description: This dataset is the background survey data for our article which contains
 two parts in Excel. One is about "Large old ginkgo individuals",
 and the other is about "Large old ginkgo groves". In
 the first sheet, site, GPS, DBH, protection category, growth status and
 tree-habitat type of each ginkgo individual were included. In the
 second sheet, site,  GPS, mean DBH, growth status and
 tree-habitat type of each ginkgo grove were included.
description: This dataset contains two parts in Excel. One is about
 "Large old ginkgo individuals", and the other is about
 "Large old ginkgo groves".
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqf2
title: Finding treatment effects in Alzheimer’s trials in the face of disease progression heterogeneity

description: Objective: To investigate the influence of heterogeneity in disease
 progression for detecting treatment effects in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
 trials, using a simulation study. Methods: Individuals with an abnormal
 amyloid PET scan, diagnosis of MCI or dementia, baseline MMSE ≥ 24, global
 CDR of 0.5, and ≥ 1 follow-up cognitive assessment were selected from the
 ADNI database (N=302, age 73±6.7; 44% female; 16.1±2.7 years of education;
 69% APOE-e4 carrier). We simulated a clinical trial by randomly assigning
 individuals to a ‘placebo’ and ‘treatment’ group and subsequently computed
 group differences on the CDR-SB, ADAS-Cog-13 and MMSE after 18 months
 follow-up. We repeated this simulation 10.000 times to determine the 95%
 range of effect-sizes. We further studied the influence of known AD risk
 factors (age, sex, education, APOE-e4 status, CSF total tau levels) on the
 variability in effect-sizes. Results: Individual trajectories on all
 cognitive outcomes were highly variable, and the 95% ranges of possible
 effect-sizes at 18 months were broad, e.g. ranging from 0.35 improvement
 to 0.35 decline on the CDR-SB. Results of recent anti-amyloid trials
 mostly fell within these 95% ranges of effect-sizes. APOE-e4 carriers and
 individuals with abnormal baseline tau levels showed faster decline at
 group level, but also greater within-group variability as illustrated by
 broader 95% effect-size ranges (e.g. ±0.70 points for the CDR-SB).
 Conclusions: Individuals with early AD show heterogeneity in disease
 progression, which increases when stratifying on risk factors associated
 with progression. We provide guidance for a-priori effect-sizes on
 cognitive outcomes for detecting true change, which is crucial for future
 AD trials.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z612jm69w
title: Data for: Effects of fire on ground-dwelling arthropods in a shrub-dominated grassland

description: Arthropods are abundant and diverse animals in many terrestrial food webs.
 In western Oklahoma, some shrublands are interspersed with discrete, dense
 thickets of tall, woody vegetation, known as mottes. Some of these
 shrublands are managed with prescribed burning. The goal of this
 study was to examine if prescribed burning interacted with habitat type
 (i.e., shrubland vs. mottes) to affect ground-dwelling arthropod
 communities. Arthropods were collected in pitfall traps at four sampling
 locations in relation to mottes; in the center of mottes, and three plot
 location in shrublands; 1m, 15m, and 50m away from the edge of the motte.
 There were three treatment levels for burning: one-year post burn (burned
 in dormant months of 2017), two-years post burn (burned in dormant months
 of 2016), and unburned (burned in dormant season of 2014 and
 prior). There were no significant interactions between prescribed
 burning and habitat type. Mottes had a different community of arthropods
 compared to the surrounding shrubland. Mottes also had lower overall
 abundance, but a higher diversity of arthropods. In terms of fires,
 arthropod communities one year after burning were different from those two
 or more years after burning. There was no effect of burning on overall
 arthropod abundance, but plots that were one year since burning had
 significantly lower diversity compared to plots that were two or more
 years post-burn. The results of this study suggest that both fire and
 mottes can independently facilitate heterogeneity in arthropod
 communities, but they do not appear to interact with one
 another.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b4c
title: Evolutionary biomechanics: hard tissues and soft evidence?

description: Biomechanical modelling is a powerful tool for quantifying the evolution
 of functional performance in extinct animals to understand key anatomical
 innovations and selective pressures driving major evolutionary radiations.
 However, the fossil record is composed predominantly of hard parts,
 forcing palaeontologists to reconstruct soft tissue properties in such
 models. Rarely are these reconstruction approaches validated on extant
 animals, despite soft tissue properties being highly determinant of
 functional performance. The extent to which soft tissue reconstructions
 and biomechanical models accurately predict quantitative or even
 qualitative patterns in macroevolutionary studies is therefore unknown.
 Here, we modelled the masticatory system in extant rodents to objectively
 test the ability of current muscle reconstruction methods to correctly
 identify quantitative and qualitative differences between
 macroevolutionary morphotypes. Baseline models generated using measured
 soft tissue properties yielded differences in muscle proportions, bite
 force and bone stress expected between extant sciuromorph, myomorph and
 hystricomorph rodents. However, predictions from models generated using
 reconstruction methods typically used in fossil studies varied widely from
 high levels of quantitative accuracy to a failure to correctly capture
 even relative differences between macroevolutionary morphotypes. Our novel
 experiment emphasises that correctly reconstructing even qualitative
 differences between taxa in a macroevolutionary radiation is challenging
 using current methods. Future studies of fossil taxa should incorporate
 systematic assessments of reconstruction error into their hypothesis
 testing and, moreover, seek to expand primary data sets on muscle
 properties in extant taxa to better inform soft tissue reconstructions in
 macroevolutionary studies.
description: ANSYS Mechanical APDL – https://www.ansys.com/<br> ANSYS Viewer – https://www.ansys.com/products/platform/ansys-viewer
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.cnp5hqc3d
title: Rethinking Gloger’s Rule: climate, light environments and color in a large family of tropical birds (Furnariidae)

description: Ecogeographic rules provide a framework within which to test evolutionary
 hypotheses of adaptation. Gloger’s rule predicts endothermic animals
 should have darker colors in warm and rainy climates. This rule also
 predicts animals should be redder in warm and dry climates, the so-called
 “complex Gloger’s rule.” Empirical studies frequently demonstrate that
 animals are darker in cool and wet rather than warm and wet climates.
 Further, sensory ecology predicts that, to enhance crypsis, animals should
 be darker in darker light environments. We aimed to disentangle the
 effects of climate and light environments on plumage brightness and
 redness in the large Neotropical passerine family Furnariidae. Birds in
 cooler and rainier climates had darker plumage, even after controlling for
 habitat type. Birds in darker habitats had darker plumage, even after
 controlling for climate. The effects of temperature and brightness
 interact so that the negative effect of precipitation on brightness is
 strongest in cool temperatures. Finally, birds tended to be redder in warm
 and dry habitats but also, surprisingly, in cool and wet locales. We
 suggest Gloger’s rule results from complementary selective pressures
 arising from myriad ecological factors, including crypsis,
 thermoregulation, parasite deterrence and resistance to feather abrasion.
description: We gathered 23,588 georeferenced locality records (mean = 79.4
 records/species, range = 1:786) representing all furnariid species. We
 obtained the locality records from three general sources: specimens, audio
 recordings, and observational records. Specimen records were obtained from
 ORNIS (www.ornisnet.org).
 Audio records were obtained from Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds
 (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) and Xeno‐Canto (www.xeno-canto.org). The coordinates of all documented records (both specimens and audio recordings) included in this study were vetted for accuracy using gazetteers. The third group of records came from observational data gathered by the eBird citizen science initiative (May 2013 release; Sullivan et al. 2009), which are extensively vetted by expert review (www.ebird.org). To further ensure accuracy, we applied additional filters to the observational records. For each species, we then thinned all localities so that no two localities occurred within 1 km of each other, the resolution of the climatic data, except for species represented by 10 or fewer localities. For each locality record, we extracted elevation and 19 bioclimatic variables from the BioClim database of present‐day climatic conditions (Hijmans et al. 2005) and obtained each variable's mean value for all species.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kh1893245
title: A large wild salmon stock shows genetic and life history differentiation within, but not between, rivers

description: Anadromous salmonid fishes frequently exhibit strong geographic population
 structuring. However, population genetic differentiation of Atlantic
 salmon (Salmo salar) at fine geographic scales differs across equivalent
 spatial extents in different regions. So far, fine-scale genetic
 differentiation has not been assessed in rivers of the Baltic Sea, a
 region that contains an evolutionarily distinct Atlantic salmon lineage.
 Thus, Baltic salmon are currently managed on the river level, without
 focus on potential genetic structure and diversity within rivers. Here, we
 used microsatellites to characterize the genetic structure of wild
 juvenile salmon sampled throughout the interconnected, northern Baltic
 Tornio and Kalix Rivers. We found genetic differentiation within the two
 rivers, but not between them: salmon in the upper reaches differed from
 individuals in the lower reaches, regardless of river system. Further,
 examining smolts migrating from the river to the sea and adults returning
 from the sea to spawn, we found an association between the genetic
 structure and seasonal migration timing. Out-migrating smolts genetically
 assigned to upper river reaches were older and tended to reach the sea
 later in the season than smolts from the lower reaches. In contrast,
 mature adults originating from the upper reaches returned to the river
 early in the season. Our observation of genetic population structuring
 between downstream and upstream reaches of the large Tornio and Kalix
 rivers, and its association with migration timing, implies that careful
 temporal management of the northern Baltic fisheries would help to
 preserve the diversity and sustainability of the wild salmon stocks of
 these rivers.
description: This archive "TornioKalix_Msat_Dryad" contains R code
 and data files necessary to perform the analyses detailed in the article
 "A large wild salmon stock shows genetic and life history
 differentiation within, but not between, rivers" (Miettinen et al.
 2020, published in Conservation Genetics). The archive contains the
 following folders and content:
 <strong>TornioKalix_Msat_Data (Input
 data)</strong><br> Genotypes (18 microsatellite loci) for
 Baltic salmon from the Tornio-Kalix River system (1,232
 individuals). <strong>TornioKalix_Msat_Data (Data
 for R)</strong><br> Data needed for mixed stock analyses
 (using R package <em>rubias</em>), and output from those
 analyses used for statistical tests. Includes individual information about
 sex, smolt age, sea age and migration date used for statistical
 analyses.
 <strong>TornioKalix_Msat_R_Codes</strong><br> R
 files containing commented code used for running statistical
 analyses.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4mw6m908c
title: Data from: Improving predictions of tropical tree survival and growth by incorporating measurements of whole leaf allocation

description: 1. Individual-level demographic outcomes should be predictable upon the
 basis of traits. However, linking traits to tree performance has proven
 challenging likely due to a failure to consider physiological traits
 (i.e., hard-traits) and the failure to integrate organ-level and whole
 plant-level trait information.  2. Here, we modeled the survival
 rate and relative growth rate of trees while considering crown allocation,
 hard-traits, and local-scale biotic interactions, and compared these
 models to more traditional trait-based models of tree
 performance.  3. We found that an integrative trait, total
 tree-level photosynthetic mass (estimated by multiplying specific leaf
 area and crown area) results in superior models of tree survival and
 growth. These models had a lower AIC than those including the effect of
 initial tree size or any other combination of the traits considered.
 Survival rates were positively related to higher values of crown area and
 photosynthetic mass, while relative growth rates were negatively related
 to the photosynthetic mass. Relative growth rates were negatively related
 to a neighbourhood crowding index. Furthermore, none of the hard-traits
 used in this study provided an improvement in tree performance
 models.  4. Synthesis. Overall, our results highlight
 that models of tree performance can be greatly improved by including crown
 area information to generate a better understanding of plant responses to
 their environment. Additionally, the role of the hard-traits in improving
 models of tree performance is likely dependent upon the level of stress
 (e.g. drought stress), micro-environmental conditions, or short-term
 climatic variations that a particular forest experiences.
description: Functional hard-trait data collected from adult trees in the El
 Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico. Species names are given as species
 codes used by the Luquillo LTER.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dv41ns1wg
title: Does genetic diversity protect host populations from parasites? A meta-analysis across natural and agricultural systems

description: If parasites transmit more readily between closely related hosts, then
 parasite burdens should decrease with increased genetic diversity of host
 populations. This important hypothesis is often accepted at face value -
 notorious epidemics of crop monocultures testify to the vulnerability of
 host populations that have been purged of diversity. Yet the relationship
 between genetic diversity and parasitism likely varies across contexts,
 differing between crop and non-crop hosts and between experimental and
 natural host populations. Here, we used a meta-analytic approach to ask if
 host diversity confers protection against parasites over the range of
 contexts in which it has been tested. We synthesized the results of 102
 studies, comprising 2,004 effect sizes representing a diversity of
 approaches and host-parasite systems. Our results validate a protective
 effect of genetic diversity, while revealing significant variation in its
 strength across biological and empirical contexts. In experimental host
 populations, genetic diversity reduces parasitism by ~20% for non-crop
 hosts and by ~50% for crop hosts. In contrast, observational studies of
 natural host populations show no consistent relationship between genetic
 diversity and parasitism, with both strong negative and positive
 correlations reported. This result supports the idea that, if parasites
 preferentially attack close relatives, the correlation of genetic
 diversity with parasitism could be positive or negative depending upon the
 potential for host populations to evolve in response to parasite
 selection. Taken together, these results reinforce genetic diversity as a
 priority for both conservation and agriculture and emphasize the
 challenges inherent to drawing comparisons between controlled experimental
 populations and dynamic natural populations.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.x3ffbg7h8
title: Spatial variation in early-winter snow cover determines local dynamics in a network of alpine butterfly populations

description: Snow cover is an extremely variable but critical component of alpine
 environments. We use long term population data on multiple small
 populations of the alpine butterfly Parnassius smintheus, combined with
 high-resolution satellite imagery of meadows, to show a strong link
 between fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in early-winter snow
 cover and annual change in butterfly population size, accounting for up to
 80 percent of the variation in annual population change. Snow cover in
 early winter for each meadow is the best predictor of annual adult
 population change, despite being estimated for a relatively short
 time-window in late November. We identify a means by which subpopulation
 response to a local, short-term weather variable can be assessed over a
 large spatial extent, but also at a resolution relevant to the biology and
 local dynamics of this alpine species.
description: List of variables: meadow         
 identifying letter for the meadow year                
 year (t) in which population is estimated and weather variables are
 recorded. Rt                    annual rate of
 population growth in a meadow from year t to year t+1
 Nt                    population size of the meadow in year
 t logNt               log<sub>10</sub> of
 population size (plus 0.5)* of the meadow in year t
 percent            percent snow cover in meadow from satellite
 imagery in November size                  size of
 meadow in hectares meant              mean daily
 temperature (°C) for the month of November in year t
 extmint           extreme minimum temperature (°C) in November of
 year t extmaxt           extreme maximum temperature
 (°C) in November of year t   *Note:
 0.5 was added to population size (Nt) prior to taking the log.