cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/lym9bn
title: Assortative mating in hybrid zones is remarkably ineffective in promoting speciation

description: AbstractPartial prezygotic isolation is often viewed as more important than partial postzygotic isolation (low fitness of hybrids) early in the process of speciation. I simulate secondary contact between two populations (‘species’) to examine effects of assortative mating and low hybrid fitness in preventing blending. A small reduction in hybrid fitness (e.g., by 10%) produces a narrower hybrid zone than a strong but imperfect mating preference (e.g., 10x stronger preference for conspecific over heterospecific mates). In the latter case, rare F1 hybrids find each other attractive (due to assortative mating), leading to the buildup of a continuum of intermediates. The weakness of assortative mating compared to reduced fitness of hybrids in preventing blending is robust to varying genetic bases of these traits. Assortative mating is most powerful in limiting blending when it is encoded by a single locus, is essentially complete, or when there is a large mate search cost. In these cases assortative mating is likely to cause hybrids to have low fitness, due to frequency-dependent mating disadvantage of individuals of rare mating types. These results prompt a questioning of the concept of partial prezygotic isolation, since it is not very isolating unless there is also postzygotic isolation.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/2iwqvi
title: Beyond seedlings: ectomycorrhizal fungal networks and growth of mature Pseudotsuga menziesii

description: Abstract1. Mycorrhizal networks are conduits for the transfer of resources between hosts. While ectomycorrhizal networks (EMN) are known to influence seedlings, their effect on adult tree growth remains unknown and may have important implications for forest responses to future climates. 2. We used annual basal area increment of trees and previously described Rhizopogon vesiculosus and Rhizopogon vinicolor EMNs to examine an association between the number of connections between trees through an EMN and the growth of adult interior Douglas-fir. We compared this relationship for the year the networks were mapped, in 2008, with eight years previous and eight years afterward. We also compared the variation in standardized growth (2000–2016) to examine the association between growth variability and EMN variables. 3. Greater growth was positively associated with 1) the number of connections to other trees via a Rhizopogon vinicolor EMN, and 2) the number of genets of Rhizopogon vesiculosis by which a tree was colonized. Variation of growth (2000–2016) was negatively associated with increasing number of connections to other trees via Rhizopogon vinicolor. Synthesis. These findings, for the first time, indicate that EMNs may positively influence the growth of adult trees. The difference in tree growth response between the sister fungal species highlights a novel avenue to identify interspecific and intraspecific differences between species occurring at different depths in the soil. Our study has important implications when considering the role of EMNs in influencing forest health and mitigating stress from environmental conditions.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/7pt8hl
title: Boreal predator co-occurrences reveal shared use of seismic lines in a working landscape

description: AbstractInterspecific interactions are an integral aspect of ecosystem functioning that may be disrupted in an increasingly anthropocentric world. Industrial landscape change creates a novel playing field on which these interactions take place, and a key question for wildlife managers is whether and how species are able to coexist in such working landscapes. Using camera traps deployed in northern Alberta, we surveyed boreal predators to determine whether interspecific interactions affected occurrences of black bears (Ursus americanus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and lynx (Lynx canadensis) within a landscape disturbed by networks of seismic lines (corridors cut for seismic exploration of oil and gas reserves). We tested hypotheses of species interactions across one spatial-only and two spatiotemporal (daily and weekly) scales. Specifically, we hypothesized that 1) predators avoid competition with the apex predator, grey wolf (Canis lupus), 2) they avoid competition with each other as intraguild competitors, and 3) they overlap with their prey. All three predators overlapped with wolves on at least one scale, although models at the daily and weekly scale had substantial unexplained variance. None of the predators showed avoidance of intraguild competitors or overlap with prey. These results show patterns in predator space use that are consistent with both facilitative interactions or shared responses to unmeasured ecological cues. Our study provides insight into how industrial linear features affect the use of boreal landscapes by multiple predator species, and highlights that predator management may indirectly influence multiple species through interactions.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/dyu9ef
title: Capture-mark-recapture of Calopteryx exul in 2011

description: AbstractWhile climate change severely affects some aquatic ecosystems, it may also interact with anthropogenic factors and exacerbate their impact. In dry climates, dams can cause hydrological drought during dry periods following a great reduction in dam water discharge. However, impact of these severe hydrological droughts on lotic fauna is poorly documented, despite climate change expected to increase drought duration and intensity. We document here how dam water discharge was affected by climate variability during 2011–2018 in a highly modified watershed in northeastern Algeria, and how an endemic endangered lotic damselfly, Calopteryx exul Selys, 1853 (Odonata: Calopterygidae), responded to hydrological drought episodes. Analysis was based on a compilation of data on climate (temperature, precipitation, and drought index), water dam management (water depth and discharge volume and frequency), survey data on C. exul occurrence, and capture–mark–recapture (CMR) of adults. The study period was characterized by a severe drought between 2014 and 2017, which led to a lowering of dam water depth and reduction of discharge into the river, with associated changes in water chemistry, particularly during 2017 and 2018. These events could have led to the extirpation of several populations of C. exul in the Seybouse River (Algeria). CMR surveys showed that the species was sensitive to water depth fluctuations, avoiding low and high water levels (drought and flooding). The study shows that climate change interacts with human water requirements and affects river flow regimes, water chemistry and aquatic fauna. As drought events are likely to increase in the future, the current study highlights the need for urgent new management plans for lotic habitats to maintain this species and possible others.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/wlzcwz
title: Cascading effects of algal warming in a freshwater community

description: Abstract1. Much of our research on the effects of ongoing climate warming on ecological communities is focused on how temperature affects resource quantity. However, resource quality is also affected by warming, and changes in resource quality can have meaningful effects on the productivity of higher trophic levels. 2. Aquatic communities in particular are likely to affected by temperature-mediated shifts in resource quality because the nutritional value of algae is highly sensitive to temperature. For example, the production of healthful omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) by algae often decreases with warming. 3. Documented decreases in algal PUFAs with warming have led to the hypothesis that global warming should lead to an overall decrease in productivity in aquatic communities. However, this hypothesis: a) potentially oversimplifies the relationship between algal PUFAs and temperature, and b) assumes that the nutritional requirements of consumers are not affected by temperature warming. Here we test these assumptions using a freshwater community (Scenedesmus algae, Daphnia zooplankton, Chaoborus insects). 4. We found that total algal PUFAs per unit cell size increased, but cell size decreased with warming, resulting no net effect of warming on PUFA per algal cell. We also found a negative relationship between algal neutral lipids and temperature. Daphnia fed 12˚C-reared algae maintained higher population sizes than those fed 20˚C or 28˚C-reared algae, but the effect of algal food type diminished with increasing Daphnia rearing temperature. The indirect effects of cold-reared algae on the growth rate of Chaoborus predators were minor. 5. These data highlight the importance of investigating the effects of temperature on both resource quality and on the nutritional needs of consumers. Our results suggest that at warmer temperatures, consumer nutritional requirements may be reduced. We caution against broad claims that the negative relationship between some algal PUFAs and temperature should result in overall declines in aquatic productivity with ongoing climate warming.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/pwdn6g
title: Changes in arthropod community but not plant quality benefit a specialist herbivore on plants under reduced water availability

description: AbstractPlants growing under reduced water availability can affect insect herbivores differently, in some instances benefitting them. However, the forces mediating these positive impacts remain mostly unclear. To identify how water availability impacts plant quality and multitrophic interactions, we conducted manipulative field studies with two populations of the specialist herbivore Pieris rapae, and its host plant, Rorippa indica. We found that P. rapae larvae experienced higher survival on R. indica growing under low water availability compared with plants grown under high water availability. Higher survival of eggs and larvae was related to the reduced abundance of other herbivores and natural enemies. Water availability had differential impacts on other members of the herbivore community by altering plant quality. Low water availability decreased the quality of R. indica to most herbivores, as indicated by reduced abundance in the field and decreased relative growth rate in laboratory feeding assays. In contrast, P. rapae larval performance was not affected by sympatric R. indica grown under different water availability. These results indicate that local P. rapae populations possess physiological adaptations to overcome fluctuations in host quality. Our findings illustrate that reduced water availability is beneficial to a specialist herbivore but detrimental to most other herbivores. Our work highlights the complex effects of the arthropod communities associated with plants in determining the impacts of water availability on insect herbivores.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/eqwprs
title: Changes in soil fungal communities following anthropogenic disturbance are linked to decreased lodgepole pine seedling performance

description: AbstractSummary 1. Disturbances are frequent events across the Canadian boreal forest and can affect both below and above ground ecosystem processes. How disturbances change belowground soil fungal communities and in-turn affect pine establishment and performance is poorly understood. Such understanding has become increasingly important in-light-of observed changes in disturbance regimes in recent years due to climate change. 2. We used a greenhouse experiment to determine how soil inoculum collected from lodgepole pine stands undisturbed (control) or disturbed by fire, mountain pine beetle outbreak, logging, and salvage-logging affect pine seedling performance in western Canada. We first characterized whether fungal communities of seedling roots change as a function of inoculum source, and then determined whether changes in fungal community composition impact pine seedling performance (biomass and height). 3. Root fungal communities of pine seedlings from logged and salvage-logged disturbances differed from their respective paired controls, while soils from natural disturbances (fire and beetle outbreak) did not. Among disturbances, the pine root fungal communities of fire and salvage-logged disturbances differed. 4. In parallel to the root fungal communities, seedling performance also decreased when comparing logging and salvage-logging disturbances to paired controls. Among disturbance treatments, seedlings from the salvage-logged disturbance did not grow as big as seedlings inoculated with soils from burned forests. Synthesis and Application. These findings indicate that anthropogenic disturbances (logging and salvage-logging) can have cross-generational impacts on pine seedling performance, through functional shifts in seedling root fungal community structure. Furthermore, the impacts of soil fungi on pine seedlings appear to be pronounced following salvage-logging, stressing the importance of compound disturbance events. These findings may be of importance to land managers considering clear-cut logging or salvage logging in pine forests, particularly where soil biotic communities are likely to be one of the predominate factors in pine establishment.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/9unjku
title: Clinician-researcher’s perspectives on clinical research during the COVID-19 pandemic

description: AbstractObjectives: The outcome of well-performed clinical research is essential for evidence-based patient management during pandemics. However, conducting clinical research amidst a pandemic requires researchers to balance clinical and research demands. We seek to understand the values, experiences, and beliefs of physicians working at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to inform clinical research planning. We aim to understand whether pandemic settings affect physician comfort with research practices, and how physician experiences shape their understanding of research in a pandemic setting. Methods: A survey tool was adapted to evaluate familiarity and comfort with research during a pandemic. A cross-sectional, online questionnaire was distributed across Canadian research networks early in the COVID-19 outbreak. The survey was administered between March 11th and 17th, 2020, during a time of local transmission but prior to the surge of cases. We aimed to recruit into the survey physicians in infectious disease and critical care research networks across Canada. Results: Of the 133 physician respondents, 131 (98%) considered it important to conduct clinical research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents were more accepting of adaptations to the research process during a pandemic compared to in a non-pandemic setting, including conducting research with deferred consent (χ2 = 8.941, 95% CI: -0.264, -0.085, p = 0.003), using non-identifiable observational data with a waiver of consent with a median score of 97 out of 100 (IQR: 79.25–100) vs median 87 out of 100 (IQR: 63–79) (95% CI: -12.43, 0.054, p = 0.052). The majority felt that research quality is not compromised during pandemics. Conclusions: Physicians consider it important to conduct research during a pandemic, highlighting the need to expedite research activities in pandemic settings. Respondents were more accepting of adaptations to the research process for research conducted during a pandemic, compared to that conducted in its absence of a pandemic.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/lhpg5m
title: Comparative gene expression analysis reveals mechanism of Pinus contorta response to the fungal pathogen Dothistroma septosporum

description: AbstractMany conifers have distributions that span wide ranges in both biotic and abiotic conditions, but the basis of response to biotic stress has received much less attention than response to abiotic stress. In this study, we investigated the gene expression response of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) to attack by the fungal pathogen Dothistroma septosporum, which causes Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), a disease that has caused severe climate-related outbreaks in northwestern British Columbia. We inoculated tolerant and susceptible pines with two D. septosporum isolates and analyzed the differentially expressed genes, differential exon usage, and co-expressed gene modules using RNA-seq data. We found a rapid and strong transcriptomic response in tolerant lodgepole pine samples inoculated with one D. septosporum isolate, and a late and weak response in susceptible samples inoculated with another isolate. We mapped 43 of the DEG- or gene-module-identified genes to the reference plant-pathogen interaction pathway deposited in KEGG database. These genes are present in PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered immunity pathways, including genes encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase and disease resistance protein. Genes comprising pathways and gene modules had signatures of strong selective constraint, while the highly expressed genes in tolerant samples appear to have been favored by selection to counterattack the pathogen. We identified candidate resistance genes that may respond to D. septosporum effectors. Taken together, our results show that gene expression response to D. septosporum infection in lodgepole pine varies both among tree genotypes and pathogen strains, and involves both known candidate genes and a number of genes with previously unknown functions.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/vzgvjf
title: COVID-19 clinician moral injury survey

description: AbstractBackground Moral injury is an emerging explanation of burnout and suicidality, but remains poorly quantified in at-risk practitioners. We hypothesized that COVID-19 pandemic-related moral injury differs between frontline clinicians, genders, age, and country of practice. Methods We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of international physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, paramedics and respiratory therapists between April and June 2020. We included the adapted version of the Expressions of Moral Injury Scale (EMIS). The primary outcome was differences in moral injury scores between clinician roles. Results Three hundred and two clinicians participated, including physicians (61% [n=184]), nurses (28% [n=85]), and nurse practitioners (5% [n=14]). The median age was 39 (IQR 32-76), females comprised 54% of the respondents, and the majority resided in Canada (n =183 [61%]) or the United States (US; n = 106 [35%]). Emergency medicine (88% [n=265]), and intensive care (6% [n=17]) were the main specialties responding. Median moral injury scores across multiple domains were higher for nurses compared to physicians, as well as for younger, and female respondents. Moral injury scores were also significantly higher for respondents from the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, compared to Canada. Conclusions Our research suggests that during COVID-19, measures of moral injury differ across roles, gender and place of work. Future research is warranted to better understand the impact of moral injury on clinicians’ psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/pieq2u
title: Data and code for: Infected juvenile salmon can experience increased predation during freshwater migration

description: AbstractThis submission constitutes the data and code for the manuscript titled "Infected juvenile salmon can experience increased predation during freshwater migration" submitted by Furey et al. It includes R code for conducting analyses, a custom-built R package (authored by Bass) for conducting analyses, data files, R objects for predicting fish lengths, and sample metadata on juvenile sockeye salmon smolts that were sampled. Please see the file "DryadData_titles_and_captions_RSOS_Furey_et_al" for list of file names included.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/wo3tbl
title: Data: Avian cultural services peak in tropical wet forests

description: AbstractThe current biodiversity crisis involves major shifts in biological communities at local and regional scales. The consequences for Earth’s life-support systems are increasingly well-studied, but knowledge of how community shifts affect cultural services associated with wildlife lags behind. We integrated bird census data (three years across 150 point-count locations) with questionnaire surveys (&gt;400 people) to evaluate changes in culturally important species across climate and land-use gradients in Costa Rica. For farmers, urbanites, and birdwatchers alike, species valued for identity, bequest, birdwatching, acoustic aesthetics, and education were more likely to occupy wetter regions and forested sites, whereas disliked species tended to occupy drier and deforested sites. These results suggest that regional climate drying and habitat conversion in the Neotropics are likely to threaten the most culturally important bird species. This study provides a novel and generalizable pathway for assessing the effects of environmental changes on cultural services and integrating the socio-cultural and ecological dimensions of biodiversity.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/8stfej
title: Data for: Coevolution fails to maintain genetic variation in a host-parasite model with constant finite population size

description: AbstractCoevolutionary negative frequency-dependent selection has been hypothesized to maintain genetic variation in host and parasites. Despite the extensive literature pertaining to host-parasite coevolution, the dynamics of genetic variation has not been examined in a matching-alleles model (MAM) with a finite population size relative to the expectation under neutral genetic drift alone. The dynamics of the MA coevolution in an infinite population, in fact, suggests that genetic variation in these coevolving populations behaves neutrally. By comparing host heterozygosity to the expectation in a single-species model of neutral genetic drift we find that while this is also largely true in finite populations two additional phenomena arise. First, reciprocal natural selection acting on stochastic perturbations in host and pathogen allele frequencies results in a slight increase or decrease in genetic variation depending on the parameter conditions. Second, following the fixation of an allele in the parasite, selection in the MAM becomes directional, which then rapidly erodes genetic variation in the host. Hence, rather than maintain it, we find that, on average, matching-alleles coevolution depletes genetic variation.
DOI: 10.5683/sp2/4pilyu
title: Data for: Feedback between coevolution and epidemiology can help or hinder the maintenance of genetic variation in host-parasite models

description: AbstractAntagonistic coevolution has long been suggested to help maintain host genetic variation. While, ecological and epidemiological feedbacks are known to have important consequences on coevolutionary allele frequency dynamics, their effects on the maintenance of genetic variation remains poorly understood.Here, we extend our previous work on the maintenance of genetic variation in a classic matching-alleles coevolutionary model by exploring the effects of ecological and epidemiological feedbacks, where both allele frequencies and population sizes are allowed to vary over time. We find that coevolution rarely maintains more host genetic variation than expected under neutral genetic drift alone. When and if coevolution maintains or depletes genetic variation relative to neutral drift is determined, predominantly, by two factors: the deterministic stability of the Red Queen allele frequency cycles and the chance of allele fixation in the pathogen, as this results in directional selection and depletion of genetic variation in the host. Compared to purely coevolutionary models with constant host and pathogen population sizes, ecological and epidemiological feedbacks stabilize Red Queen cycles deterministically, but population fluctuations in the pathogen increase the rate of allele fixation in the pathogen, especially in epidemiological models. Our results illustrate the importance of considering the ecological and epidemiological context in which coevolution occurs when examining the impact of Red Queen cycles on genetic variation.