cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d5d6b
title: Data from: An experimental test of the testosterone mediated oxidation handicap hypothesis in a wild bird

description: The oxidation handicap hypothesis (OHH) proposed that honesty in sexual
 signals is maintained when testosterone simultaneously promotes the
 development of elaborate signals and imposes an oxidative cost. Although
 there is evidence that testosterone enhances display traits in some cases,
 relatively few studies have tested the prediction that testosterone
 generates oxidative costs. We tested this prediction experimentally by
 administering testosterone (n = 14) and control (n = 14) implants to
 free-living common yellowthroat warblers (Geothlypis trichas) and
 quantifying testosterone and oxidative state before and 35 ± 15 days after
 implantation. We interpreted our experimental results in the context of a
 larger database of 83 unmanipulated males observed over five breeding
 seasons. In our observational data, testosterone was related to aspects of
 the carotenoid-based bib, but these relationships were age-dependent. Bib
 coloration was related to testosterone only for first time breeders, while
 bib size was positively and negatively associated with testosterone among
 experienced and inexperienced breeders, respectively. Two measures of
 oxidative metabolism—damage to DNA and total antioxidant capacity
 (TAC)—were unrelated to endogenous testosterone. Despite the correlation
 between endogenous testosterone and plumage, our experimental results
 failed to support the key prediction of the OHH. Testosterone treated
 males had higher levels of TAC upon recapture, but oxidative damage to DNA
 did not differ from controls. Because antioxidants can protect against the
 harmful effects of oxidative stress, one interpretation of our results is
 that males physiologically compensated for elevated testosterone, avoiding
 the honesty enforcing mechanism of the OHH. Taken together, our results
 suggest that testosterone is not a direct mediator of honest signaling in
 yellowthroats via its effects on oxidative stress.
description: Taff_DataThis file contains all of the data used in analyses presented in this paper. Please see the included readme file for detailed descriptions of each column header and additional information.Taff_RCodeThis is the r script file used to perform all analysis and generate all figures presented in the associated paper. Should be used in conjunction with the associated data file. Note that appropriate packages will need to be installed before running this script. A list of required packages can be found within the script file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h1289
title: Data from: Age and sex-selective predation as moderators of the overall impact of predation

description: Currently, there is no general agreement about the extent to which
 predators’ impact prey population dynamics, as it is often poorly
 predicted by predation rates and species abundances. This could in part be
 caused by variation in the type of selective predation occurring. Notably,
 if predation is selective on categories of individuals that contribute
 little to future generations, it may moderate the impact of predation on
 prey population dynamics. However, despite its prevalence, selective
 predation has seldom been studied in this context. Using recoveries of
 ringed tawny owls (Strix aluco) predated by ‘superpredators’, northern
 goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) as they colonised the area, we investigated
 the extent to which predation was sex and age-selective. Predation of
 juvenile owls was disproportionately high. Amongst adults, predation was
 strongly biased towards females and predation risk appeared to increase
 with age. This implies age-selective predation may shape the decline in
 survival with age, observed in tawny owls. To determine whether selective
 predation can modulate the overall impact of predation, age-based
 population matrix models were used to simulate the overall impact of five
 different patterns of age-selective predation, including the pattern
 actually observed in the study site. The impact on owl population size
 varied by up to 50%, depending on the pattern of selective predation. The
 simulation of the observed pattern of predation had a relatively small
 impact on population size, close to the least harmful scenario, predation
 on juveniles only. The actual changes in owl population size and
 structure, observed during goshawk colonisation were also analysed. Owl
 population size and immigration were unrelated to goshawk abundance.
 However, goshawk abundance appeared to interact with owl food availability
 to have a delayed effect on recruitment into the population. This study
 provides strong evidence to suggest that predation of other predators is
 both age and sex-selective and that selective predation of individuals
 with a low reproductive value may mitigate the overall impact of predators
 on prey population dynamics. Consequently, our results highlight how
 accounting for the type of selective predation occurring is likely to
 improve future predictions of the overall impact of predation.
description: Estimated age at death
 for owl ring recoveries, and recruitment of breeders into the owl
 populationData were collected in
 the field using methods described in the manuscript. No abbreviations
 used.data
 storage for dryad.pdf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c9s55
title: Data from: Vervet monkeys use paths consistent with context-specific spatial movement heuristics

description: Animal foraging routes are analogous to the computationally demanding
 “traveling salesman problem” (TSP), where individuals must find the
 shortest path among several locations before returning to the start.
 Humans approximate solutions to TSPs using simple heuristics or “rules of
 thumb,” but our knowledge of how other animals solve multidestination
 routing problems is incomplete. Most nonhuman primate species have shown
 limited ability to route plan. However, captive vervets were shown to
 solve a TSP for six sites. These results were consistent with either
 planning three steps ahead or a risk-avoidance strategy. I investigated
 how wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) solved a path problem
 with six, equally rewarding food sites; where site arrangement allowed
 assessment of whether vervets found the shortest route and/or used paths
 consistent with one of three simple heuristics to navigate. Single vervets
 took the shortest possible path in fewer than half of the trials, usually
 in ways consistent with the most efficient heuristic (the convex hull).
 When in competition, vervets' paths were consistent with different,
 more efficient heuristics dependent on their dominance rank (a cluster
 strategy for dominants and the nearest neighbor rule for subordinates).
 These results suggest that, like humans, vervets may solve
 multidestination routing problems by applying simple, adaptive,
 context-specific “rules of thumb.” The heuristics that were consistent
 with vervet paths in this study are the same as some of those asserted to
 be used by humans. These spatial movement strategies may have common
 evolutionary roots and be part of a universal mental navigational toolkit.
 Alternatively, they may have emerged through convergent evolution as the
 optimal way to solve multidestination routing problems.
description: Teichroeb Vervet
 HeuristicsVervet paths taken
 through six baited sites while alone and while in
 competition.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b997r
title: Data from: Behavioral adaptations imply a direct link between ecological specialization and reproductive isolation in a sympatrically diverging ground beetle

description: Adaptation to a previously unoccupied niche within a single population is
 one of the most contentious topics in evolutionary biology as it assumes
 the simultaneous evolution of ecologically selected and preference traits.
 Here, we demonstrate behavioral adaptation to contrasting hydrological
 regimes in a sympatric mosaic of Pogonus chalceus beetle populations, and
 argue that this adaptation may result in nonrandom gene flow. When exposed
 to experimental inundations, individuals from tidal marshes, which are
 naturally subjected to frequent but short floods, showed a higher
 propensity to remain submerged compared to individuals from seasonal
 marshes that are inundated for several months. This adaptive behavior is
 expected to decrease the probability that individuals will settle in the
 alternative habitat, resulting in spatial sorting and reproductive
 isolation of both ecotypes. Additionally, we show that this difference in
 behavior is induced by the environmental conditions experienced by the
 beetles during their nondispersive larval stages. Hence, accidental or
 forced ovipositioning in the alternative habitat may induce both an
 increased performance and preference to the natal habitat type. Such
 plastic traits could play an important role in the most incipient stages
 of divergence with gene flow.
description: Data_and_SAS_code1. Raw data for escape behavior of field captured adults to inundation. 2. Raw data for adult escape behavior to inundation following tidal/seasonal treatment of larvae and pupae
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c1d3s1c
title: Data from: Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD) with Doppler arterial identification versus classic hemorrhoidectomy: a retrospective analysis of 270 patients

description: Purpose: Despite the minimally invasive nature of transanal hemorrhoidal
 dearterialization (THD) with Doppler arterial identification procedures,
 hemorrhoidectomy is still considered the gold standard procedure for
 hemorrhoidal disease. However, the classical techniques of
 hemorrhoidectomy have a high rate of postoperative complications. The main
 purpose of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy and complications of
 these techniques used for grades II and III hemorrhoids. Methods: A
 retrospective (case-control) study was carried out from January 2009 to
 May 2014, and all patients undergoing surgical procedures for hemorrhoidal
 disease in two French clinics were considered. Application of inclusion
 and exclusion criteria identified 270 eligible patients (163 undergoing
 Doppler THD and 107 treated with Milligan Morgan hemorrhoidectomy).
 Statistical analysis was calculated considering immediate postoperative
 complications, functional results, chronic complications, and recurrences.
 Results: Analysis of primary outcomes showed a significant difference
 between the 2 groups concerning postoperative pain, which had a lower rate
 in THD (P = 0.0001) and in postoperative bleeding (P = 0.02) than
 hemorrhoidectomy. However, long-term follow-up at three years showed a
 superior rate of recurrence in the THD group (P = 0.009). Conclusion: The
 THD technique is a safe and effective procedure for grades II and III
 hemorrhoids, has lower rates of post-operative pain and bleeding, and
 allows faster hospital discharge; however, it also shows a higher rate of
 recurrence at three years of follow-up.
description: Data hemorrhoid
 treatment: milligan morgan vs thdAnalysis of data
 comparing Milligan Morgan techniques vs THD techniquedati.pdf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c1q38
title: Data from: Habitat differences influence genetic impacts of human land use on the American beech (Fagus grandifolia)

description: Natural reforestation after regional forest clearance is a globally common
 land-use sequence. The genetic recovery of tree populations in these
 recolonized forests may depend on the biogeographic setting of the
 landscape, for instance whether they are in the core or in the marginal
 part of the species’ range. Using data from 501 individuals genotyped
 across 7 microsatellites, we investigated whether regional differences in
 habitat quality affected the recovery of genetic variation in a
 wind-pollinated tree species, American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in
 Massachusetts. We compared populations in forests that were recolonized
 following agricultural abandonment to those in remnant forests that have
 only been logged in both central inland and marginal coastal regions.
 Across all populations in our entire study region, recolonized forests
 showed limited reduction of genetic diversity as only observed
 heterozygosity was significantly reduced in these forests (H O = 0.520 and
 0.590, respectively). Within inland region, this pattern was observed,
 whereas in the coast, recolonized populations exhibited no reduction in
 all genetic diversity estimates. However, genetic differentiation among
 recolonized populations in marginal coastal habitat increased (F st logged
 = 0.072; F st secondary = 0.249), with populations showing strong genetic
 structure, in contrast to inland region. These results indicate that the
 magnitude of recovery of genetic variation in recolonized populations can
 vary at different habitats.
description: Lumibao_F_grandifolia_mirosatellitedataLumibao_F_grandifolia_data.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sp0ts0hc
title: Data from: Are they half as strong as they used to be? An experiment testing whether age-related social comparisons impair older people's hand grip strength and persistence

description: OBJECTIVE: To assess how age-related social comparisons, which are likely
 to arise inadvertently or deliberately during assessments, may affect
 older people's performance on tests that are used to assess their
 needs and capability. DESIGN: The study randomly assigned participants to
 a comparison with younger people or a no comparison condition and assessed
 hand grip strength and persistence. Gender, education, type of residence,
 arthritis and age were also recorded. SETTING: Age UK centres and
 senior's lunches in the South of England. PARTICIPANTS: An
 opportunity sample of 56 adults, with a mean age of 82.25 years. MAIN
 OUTCOMES MEASURES: Hand grip strength measured using a manual hand
 dynamometer and persistence of grip measured using a stopwatch. RESULTS:
 Comparison caused significantly worse performance measured by both
 strength (comparison =6.85 kg, 95% CI 4.19 kg to 9.5 kg, control group
 =11.07 kg, 95% CI 8.47 kg to 13.68 kg, OR =0.51, p=0.027) and persistence
 (comparison =8.36 s, 95% CI 5.44 s to 11.29 s; control group =12.57 s, 95%
 CI 9.7 s to 15.45 s, OR =0.49, p=0.045). These effects remained
 significant after accounting for differences in arthritis, gender,
 education and adjusting for population age norms. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the
 potential for age comparisons and negative stereotype activation during
 assessment of older people, such assessments may underestimate physical
 capability by up to 50%. Because age comparisons are endemic, this means
 that assessment tests may sometimes seriously underestimate older
 people's capacity and prognosis, which has implications for the way
 healthcare professionals treat them in terms of autonomy and dependency.
description: Swift_etal_2012_AgeComp_Grip_DataSPSSSPSS Data file with variable labels and details of participants, experimental condition, demographics, self-report arthritis and measures of grip strength and persistenceSwift_etal_2012_AgeComp_Grip_DataExcelData in Microsoft Excel formatSwift_etal_2012_AgeComp_Grip_DataASCIIData in ASCII text format
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p0j5k
title: Data from: Additive genetic variance in polyandry enables its evolution, but polyandry is unlikely to evolve through sexy or good sperm processes

description: Polyandry is widespread despite its costs. The sexually selected sperm
 hypotheses (‘sexy’ and ‘good’ sperm) posit that sperm competition plays a
 role in the evolution of polyandry. Two poorly studied assumptions of
 these hypotheses are the presence of additive genetic variance in
 polyandry and sperm competitiveness. Using a quantitative genetic breeding
 design in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster, we first
 established the potential for polyandry to respond to selection. We then
 investigated whether polyandry can evolve through sexually selected sperm
 processes. We measured lifetime polyandry and offensive sperm
 competitiveness (P2) while controlling for sampling variance due to male x
 male x female interactions. We also measured additive genetic variance in
 egg-to-adult viability and controlled for its effect on P2 estimates.
 Female lifetime polyandry showed significant and substantial additive
 genetic variance and evolvability. In contrast, we found little genetic
 variance or evolvability in P2 or egg-to-adult viability. Additive genetic
 variance in polyandry highlights its potential to respond to selection.
 However, the low levels of genetic variance in sperm competitiveness
 suggest the evolution of polyandry may not be driven by sexy sperm or good
 sperm processes.
description: Female mating frequency,
 P2 and Egg-adult Viability dataSheet 1: Female lifetime
 mating frequency, Sheet 2: Description of variables contained in Sheet 1.
 Sheet 3: Focal male P2 and egg-to adult viability data, Sheet 4:
 Description of variables contained in Sheet 3.sexy-good
 sperm.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.74kb1
title: Data from: Wolbachia effects in natural populations of Chorthippus parallelus from the Pyrenean hybrid zone.

description: We evaluate for the first time the effect of Wolbachia infection,
 involving two different supergoups, on the structure and dynamics of the
 hybrid zone between two subspecies of Chorthippus parallelus (Orthoptera)
 in the Pyrenees. Wolbachia infection showed no effects on female fecundity
 or a slight increment in females infected by F supergroup although in the
 last case it has to be well-established. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI)
 is confirmed in crosses carried out in the field between individuals from
 a natural hybrid population. This CI, registered as the relative reduction
 in embryo production (sh), was of sh = 0.355 and sh = 0.286 in
 unidirectional crosses involving B and F supergroups, respectively. CI
 also occurred in bidirectional crosses (sh = 0.147) but with a weaker
 intensity. The transmission rates of the two Wolbachia strains (B and F)
 were estimated by the optimization of a theoretical model in order to
 reach the infection frequencies observed in certain population. To fit
 this scenario both supergroups should present transmission rates close to
 1. Further, we have simulated the infection dynamics, and hence the
 capacity of Wolbachia to structure the population of the host insects, and
 to affect to reproduction and genetic introgression in the hybrid zone.
 This represents a first example of the influence of Wolbachia in an insect
 natural hybrid zone.
description: rawdataexperimental data from the crosses performed
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.14q31
title: Data from: Inferring individual-level processes from population-level patterns in cultural evolution

description: Our species is characterized by a great degree of cultural variation, both
 within and between populations. Understanding how group-level patterns of
 culture emerge from individual-level behaviour is a long-standing question
 in the biological and social sciences. We develop a simulation model
 capturing demographic and cultural dynamics relevant to human cultural
 evolution, focusing on the interface between population-level patterns and
 individual-level processes. The model tracks the distribution of variants
 of cultural traits across individuals in a population over time,
 conditioned on different pathways for the transmission of information
 between individuals. From these data, we obtain theoretical expectations
 for a range of statistics commonly used to capture population-level
 characteristics (e.g. the degree of cultural diversity). Consistent with
 previous theoretical work, our results show that the patterns observed at
 the level of groups are rooted in the interplay between the transmission
 pathways and the age structure of the population. We also explore whether,
 and under what conditions, the different pathways can be distinguished
 based on their group-level signatures, in an effort to establish
 theoretical limits to inference. Our results show that the temporal
 dynamic of cultural change over time retains a stronger signature than the
 cultural composition of the population at a specific point in time.
 Overall, the results suggest a shift in focus from identifying the one
 individual-level process that likely produced the observed data to
 excluding those that likely did not. We conclude by discussing the
 implications for empirical studies of human cultural evolution.
description: Cultural evolution
 simulation codeThis code implements the
 simulation of cultural evolution for the paper “Inferring individual-level
 processes in cultural evolution from population-level
 patterns".cultural-evolution.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n90hg
title: Data from: Evaluating noninvasive genetic sampling techniques to estimate large carnivore abundance

description: Monitoring large carnivores is difficult because of intrinsically low
 densities and can be dangerous if physical capture is required.
 Noninvasive genetic sampling (NGS) is a safe and cost-effective
 alternative to physical capture. We evaluated the utility of two NGS
 methods (scat detection dogs and hair sampling) to obtain genetic samples
 for abundance estimation of coyotes, black bears and Canada lynx in three
 areas of Newfoundland, Canada. We calculated abundance estimates using
 program capwire, compared sampling costs, and the cost/sample for each
 method relative to species and study site, and performed simulations to
 determine the sampling intensity necessary to achieve abundance estimates
 with coefficients of variation (CV) of &lt;10%. Scat sampling was
 effective for both coyotes and bears and hair snags effectively sampled
 bears in two of three study sites. Rub pads were ineffective in sampling
 coyotes and lynx. The precision of abundance estimates was dependent upon
 the number of captures/individual. Our simulations suggested that ~3.4
 captures/individual will result in a &lt; 10% CV for abundance
 estimates when populations are small (23–39), but fewer
 captures/individual may be sufficient for larger populations. We found
 scat sampling was more cost-effective for sampling multiple species, but
 suggest that hair sampling may be less expensive at study sites with
 limited road access for bears. Given the dependence of sampling scheme on
 species and study site, the optimal sampling scheme is likely to be
 study-specific warranting pilot studies in most circumstances.
description: Genotypes and Capture
 HistoriesThis file contains all
 genotypes of individuals captured using hair and scat sampling, along with
 the number of times each individual was captured and associated study
 site.CAPWIRE Simulation
 CodeThis file contains
 CAPWIRE code and the code required to perform simulations to evaluate the
 precision of abundance estimates at different sample
 sizes.