cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n7b2q
title: Data from: Persistence of the effect of frugivore identity on post-dispersal seed fate: consequences for the assessment of functional redundancy

description: Large frugivores play an important role as seed dispersers and their
 extinction may affect plant regeneration. The consequences of such
 extinctions depend on the likelihood of other species being functionally
 redundant and on how post-dispersal events are affected. We assess the
 functional redundancy of two seed dispersers of the Atlantic Forest, the
 muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) and the tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
 through the comparison of their seed dispersal quality, taking into
 account post-dispersal events. We compare tapirs and muriquis for: (1) the
 dung beetle community associated with their feces; (2) the seed burial
 probability and burial depth by dung beetles; and (3) the seed mortality
 due to predators or other causes according to burial depth. We determine
 how seed burial affects seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) and compare the
 dispersal quality of four plant species dispersed by these frugivores.
 Muriqui feces attract 16-fold more dung beetles per gram of fecal matter
 and seeds experience 10.5-fold more burial than seeds in tapir feces. In
 both feces types, seed mortality due to predation decreases with burial
 depth but seed mortality due to other causes increases. Total seed
 mortality differ within plant species according to the primary disperser.
 Therefore, the effect of seed burial on SDE varies according to the plant
 species, burial depth, and primary disperser. As tapirs and muriquis
 differently affect the seed fate, they are not functionally redundant.
 Since the effect of the primary disperser persists into the post-dispersal
 events, we should consider the cascading effects of these processes when
 assessing functional redundancy.
description: Lugon_etal_DungBeetlesLugon_etal_SecDispLugon_etal_mortalityLugon_etal_sdeLugon_etal_phaseII
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c3p08
title: Data from: Heterospecific aggression and dominance in a guild of coral-feeding fishes: the roles of dietary ecology and phylogeny

description: Interspecific competition mediates biodiversity maintenance and is an
 important selective pressure for evolution. Competition is often
 conceptualized as being exploitative (indirect) or involving direct
 interference. However, most empirical studies are phenomenological,
 focusing on quantifying effects of density manipulations, and most
 competition theory has characterized exploitation competition systems. The
 effects on resource use of traits associated with direct, interference
 competition has received far less attention. Here we examine the
 relationships of dietary ecology and phylogeny to heterospecific
 aggression in a guild of corallivorous reef fishes. We find that, among
 chaetodontids (butterflyfishes), heterospecific aggression depends on a
 synergistic interaction of dietary overlap and specialization: aggression
 increases with dietary overlap for interactions between specialists but
 not for interactions involving generalists. Moreover, behavioral dominance
 is a monotonically increasing function of dietary specialization. The
 strong, positive relationship of dominance to specialization suggests that
 heterospecific aggression may contribute to the maintenance of
 biodiversity where it promotes resource partitioning. Additionally, we
 find strong phylogenetic signals in dietary overlap and specialization but
 not behavioral dominance. Our results support the use of phylogeny as a
 proxy for ecological similarity among butterflyfishes, but we find that
 direct measures of dietary overlap and specialization predict
 heterospecific agression much better than phylogeny.
description: Counts of all passive
 and aggressive interactionsCounts of all passive
 and aggressive interactions for all species pairsall_interactions_counts.csvaggression_analysisData for the analysis of heterospecific aggressiondominance_analysisData used for the analysis of behavioural dominance
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k39n8
title: Data from: The combined effects of pre- and postcopulatory processes are masking sexual conflict over mating rate in Gerris buenoi

description: In polygynandrous animals, postcopulatory processes likely interfere with
 precopulatory sexual selection. In water striders, sexual conflict over
 mating rate and postcopulatory processes are well-documented but their
 combined effect on reproductive success has seldom been investigated. We
 combine genetic parentage analyses and behavioural observations conducted
 in a competitive reproductive environment to investigate how pre- and
 postcopulatory processes influence reproductive success in Gerris buenoi
 Kirkaldy. Precopulatory struggles had antagonistic effects on male and
 female reproductive success: efficiently gaining copulations was
 beneficial for males while efficiently avoiding copulations was profitable
 for females. Also, high mating rates and an intermediate optimal
 resistance level of females supported the hypothesis of convenience
 polyandry. Contrary to formal predictions, high mating rates (i.e. the
 number of copulations) did not increase reproductive success in males or
 decrease reproductive success in females. Instead, the reproductive
 success of both sexes was higher when offspring were produced with several
 partners and when there were few unnecessary matings. Thus, male and
 female G. buenoi displayed different interests in reproduction, but
 postcopulatory processes were masking the effects of copulatory mating
 success on reproductive success. Given the high mating rates observed,
 sperm competition could easily counter the effect of mating rates, perhaps
 in interaction with cryptic female choice and/or fecundity selection. Our
 study presents a complex but realistic overview of sexual selection forces
 at work in a model organism for the study of sexual conflict, confirming
 that insights are gained from investigating all episodes in the
 reproduction cycle of polygynandrous animals.
description: DevostTurgeon_JEB2015_DataThis Excel file contains the data necessary to redo the analyses presented in Devost and Turgeon 2015 (Journal of Evolutionary Biology), namely: the microsatellite genotypes of parents and offspring, parental allocation results, mating success (copulatory, partner, genetic), reproductive success, number of struggles, and number of unsuccessful matings
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qb2c7
title: Data from: Postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with accelerated evolution of sperm morphology

description: Rapid diversification of sexual traits is frequently attributed to sexual
 selection, though explicit tests of this hypothesis remain limited.
 Spermatozoa exhibit remarkable variability in size and shape, and studies
 report a correlation between sperm morphology (sperm length and shape) and
 sperm competition risk or female reproductive tract morphology. However,
 whether postcopulatory processes (e.g. sperm competition and cryptic
 female choice) influence the speed of evolutionary diversification in
 sperm form is unknown. Using passerine birds, we quantified evolutionary
 rates of sperm length divergence among lineages (i.e. species pairs) and
 determined whether these rates varied with the level of sperm competition
 (estimated as relative testes mass). We found that relative testes mass
 was significantly and positively associated with more rapid phenotypic
 divergence in sperm midpiece and flagellum lengths, as well as total sperm
 length. In contrast, there was no association between relative testes mass
 and rates of evolutionary divergence in sperm head size, and models
 suggested that head length is evolutionarily constrained. Our results are
 the first to show an association between the strength of sperm competition
 and the speed of sperm evolution, and suggest that postcopulatory sexual
 selection promotes rapid evolutionary diversification of sperm morphology.
description: Rowe et al. sperm
 morphology dataData on sperm morphology
 (i.e. sperm length) for males used in the comparative study of sperm
 evolutionary ratesRowe et al. Evolution 2015
 sperm data.docx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7hg56
title: Data from: The relative importance of predation risk and water temperature in maintaining Bergmann's rule in a marine ectotherm

description: Bergmann's rule - an increase in body size with latitude - correlates
 with latitudinal declines in ambient temperature and predation risk, but
 relatively few studies simultaneously explore the relative importance of
 these factors. Along temperate Atlantic shorelines, the isopod Idotea
 balthica from high latitudes are 53% longer on average than are isopods
 from low latitudes. When reared at 6°- 24°C, juveniles increased growth
 and development rates with temperature. Because the increase in growth
 rate with temperature outstripped increases in development rate, female
 size at maturity increased with temperature. This thermal sensitivity of
 growth cannot account for the latitudinal pattern in body size. Within
 temperature treatments, females from low latitudes reached sexual maturity
 at younger ages and at a smaller size than did females from higher
 latitudes. This shift in life-history strategy is predicted by latitudinal
 declines in predation pressure, which we tested using field-tethering
 experiments. Overall, isopods at low latitudes had a 44% greater mortality
 risk from daytime predators relative to isopods at higher latitudes. We
 conclude that a latitudinal gradient in predation risk, and not
 temperature, is principally responsible for Bergmann's rule in I.
 balthica. Increases in body size during future warming of oceans may be
 constrained by local patterns of predation risk.
description: Field and lab experiment
 data on Idotea balthicaFile contains all data
 from field and lab experiments on Idotea balthica. Specific tabs: Field
 Collections: Body size of isopods collected from field, Lab Cultures: Body
 size of isopods raised in common garden environment, Egg Data: Data on egg
 numbers dissected from field collected females vs. female length and dry
 weight, Egg Size: Data on sizes of eggs dissected from field collected
 females vs. female length, Survivorship Data: Survivorship of isopods
 raised across a range of temperatures, Growth Data: Growth of isopods
 across a range of temperatures, Reproductive Data: Time to and size at
 maturity data for isopods raised at 18 and 24 degrees, June Predation:
 Predation rates from field tethering experiments conducted in June, August
 Predation: Predation rates from field tethering experiments conducted in
 August.ManyakBellSotka_AmNat_AllData.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.84dp4
title: Data from: Family based guilds in the ant Pachycondyla inversa

description: High relatedness promotes the evolution of sociality because potentially
 costly cooperative behaviours are directed towards kin. However,
 societies, such as those of social insects, also benefit from genetic
 diversity, e.g. through enhanced disease resistance and division of
 labour. Effects of genetic diversity have been investigated in a few
 complex eusocial species. Here, we show that genetically based division of
 labour may also be important in ‘simple societies’, with fewer individuals
 and limited morphological caste differentiation. The ponerine ant
 Pachycondyla inversa has small colonies, headed by several unrelated
 queens. We show that nest-mate workers from different matrilines engage in
 different tasks, have distinct chemical profiles and associate
 preferentially with kin in the nest, while queens and brood stay together.
 This suggests that genetically based division of labour may precede the
 evolution of complex eusociality and facilitate the existence of low
 relatedness societies functioning as associations of distinct families
 that mutually benefit from group living.
description: RSBL-2013-0125-BehaviourBehavioural profiles of Pachycondyla inversa workers obtained through scan samplingRSBL-2013-0125-ChemistryGC-MS profiles of Pachycondyla inversa workersRSBL-2013-0125-GenotypesGenotypes of Pachycondyla inversa workers and queens on 5 microsatellite loci
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8tr8b48
title: Data from: Post‐independence mortality of juveniles is driven by anthropogenic hazards for two passerines in an urban landscape

description: Urban environments impose novel selection pressures with varying impacts
 across species and life history stages. The post‐fledging stage for
 migratory passerines, defined as the period of time from when hatch‐year
 birds fledge until their first migration, is a poorly understood component
 of annual productivity that potentially limits population growth. We
 studied two migratory passerines with positive and negative population
 responses to urbanization, respectively: Gray Catbird (Dumetella
 carolinensis) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Our goals were to
 estimate post‐fledging survival rates for urban bird populations and
 determine which features of the urban landscape impact mortality risk
 during the post‐fledging stage. From 2012–2014, we tracked 127 fledglings
 (60 Gray Catbirds and 67 Wood Thrushes). Over 55 days after fledging,
 cumulative survival of Gray Catbirds (0.32 [95% CI: 0.22–0.47]) was
 approximately half that of Wood Thrushes (0.63 [95% CI: 0.52–0.75]). Thus,
 survival rates during the post‐fledging stage, taken in isolation, do not
 explain differential trajectories of Gray Catbird and Wood Thrush
 populations in urban environments. Most mortality (86%) for both species
 was due to predation. However, after reaching independence from parental
 care, 6 birds (9.4% of mortalities) died of anthropogenic causes (e.g.
 building, car strikes). Crossing roads significantly increased mortality
 risk, but increasing daily movement distance decreased mortality risk. Our
 results raise the question of whether anthropogenic sources of mortality
 are compensatory or additive to natural mortality; we emphasize the need
 to monitor fledgling survival beyond the parental‐dependence stage in
 order to fully understand the impacts of anthropogenic hazards on juvenile
 birds.
description: Fledgling survival
 dataThis file contains
 survival and daily tracking data for each of the 127 individual fledglings
 in the study. On separate tabs are time-independent (e.g., nest distance
 to edge) and time-dependent (e.g., step length) metrics. See metadata tab
 for descriptions of each data field.survival data and movement
 metrics.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dc770
title: Data from: Revised time scales of RNA virus evolution based on spatial information

description: The time scales of pathogen evolution are of major concern in the context
 of public and veterinary health, epidemiology and evolutionary biology.
 Dating the emergence of a pathogen often relies on estimates of
 evolutionary rates derived from nucleotide sequence data. For many
 viruses, this has yielded estimates of evolutionary origins only a few
 hundred years in the past. Here we demonstrate through the incorporation
 of geographic information from virus sampling that evolutionary age
 estimates of two European hantaviruses are severely underestimated because
 of pervasive mutational saturation of nucleotide sequences. We detected
 very strong relationships between spatial distance and genetic divergence
 for both Puumala and Tula hantavirus – irrespective whether nucleotide or
 derived amino acid sequences were analyzed. Extrapolations from these
 relationships dated the emergence of these viruses most conservatively to
 at least 3,700 and 2,500 years ago, respectively. Our minimum estimates
 for the age of these hantaviruses are ten to a hundred times older than
 results from current non-spatial methods and in much better accordance
 with the biogeography of these viruses and their respective hosts. Spatial
 information can thus provide valuable insights on the deeper time scales
 of pathogen evolution and improve our understanding of disease emergence.
description: PUUV_SPartial Puumala virus
 S-segment sequence alignment. Sequence names contain GenBank accession
 number, individual sample name, year of sample collection, latitude and
 longitude coordinates in this order. Coordinates of eponymous settlements
 were used when not stated in the original articles.TULV_SPartial Tula virus
 S-segment sequence alignment. Sequence names contain GenBank accession
 number, individual sample name, year of sample collection, latitude and
 longitude coordinates in this order. Coordinates of eponymous settlements
 were used when not stated in the original articles.PUUVConcatenated Puumala
 virus full coding sequence alignment. Sequence names contain GenBank
 accession numbers for all three segments, individual sample name, latitude
 and longitude coordinates in this order. Coordinates of eponymous
 settlements were used when not stated in the original
 articles.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.86pf8
title: Data from: Interactive effects of productivity and predation on zooplankton diversity

description: Recent studies suggest the necessity of understanding the interactive
 effects of predation and productivity on species coexistence and prey
 diversity. Models predict that coexistence of prey species with different
 competitive abilities can be achieved if inferior resource competitors are
 less susceptible to predation and if productivity and/or predation
 pressure are at intermediate levels. Hence, predator effects on prey
 diversity are predicted to be highly context dependent: enhancing
 diversity from low to intermediate levels of productivity or predation and
 reducing diversity of prey at high levels of productivity or predation.
 While several studies have examined the interactive effects of herbivory
 and productivity on primary producer diversity, experimental studies of
 such effects in predator-prey systems are rare. We tested these
 predictions using an aquatic field mesocosm experiment in which initial
 density of the zooplankton predator Notonecta undulata and productivity
 were manipulated to test their interactive effects on diversity of seven
 zooplankton, cladoceran species that were common in surrounding ponds. Two
 productivity levels were imposed via phosphorus enrichment at levels
 comparable to low and intermediate levels found within neighboring natural
 ponds. We used open systems to allow for natural dispersal and
 behaviorally-mediated numerical responses by the flight-capable predator.
 Effects of predators on zooplankton diversity depended on productivity
 level. At low and high productivity, prey species richness declined while
 at high productivity it showed a unimodal relationship with increasing the
 predator density. Effects of treatments were weaker when using
 Pielou's evenness index or the inverse Simpson index as measures of
 prey diversity. Our findings are generally consistent with model
 predictions in which predators can facilitate prey coexistence and
 diversity at intermediate levels of productivity and predation intensity.
 Our work also shows that the functional form of the relationship between
 prey diversity and predation intensity can be complex and highly dependent
 on environmental context.
description: Zooplankton density and
 diversity dataData used to analyze the
 effect of predator density and productivity on the zooplankton diversity
 indices.Asgari_Steiner_zooplankton_responses.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.493jh
title: Data from: High degree of genetic differentiation in marine three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

description: Populations of widespread marine organisms are typically characterized by
 a low degree of genetic differentiation in neutral genetic markers, but
 much less is known about differentiation in genes whose functional roles
 are associated with specific selection regimes. To uncover possible
 adaptive population divergence and heterogeneous genomic differentiation
 in marine three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), we used a
 candidate gene-based genome-scan approach to analyse variability in 138
 microsatellite loci located within/close to (&lt;6 kb) functionally
 important genes in samples collected from ten geographic locations. The
 degree of genetic differentiation in markers classified as neutral or
 under balancing selection—as determined with several outlier detection
 methods—was low (FST = 0.033 or 0.011, respectively), whereas average FST
 for directionally selected markers was significantly higher (FST = 0.097).
 Clustering analyses provided support for genomic and geographic
 heterogeneity in selection: six genetic clusters were identified based on
 allele frequency differences in the directionally selected loci, whereas
 four were identified with the neutral loci. Allelic variation in several
 loci exhibited significant associations with environmental variables,
 supporting the conjecture that temperature and salinity, but not optic
 conditions, are important drivers of adaptive divergence among
 populations. In general, these results suggest that in spite of the high
 degree of physical connectivity and gene flow as inferred from neutral
 marker genes, marine stickleback populations are strongly genetically
 structured in loci associated with functionally relevant genes.
description: Genotypes for threespine
 sticklebacksFSTAT format; genotypes
 for 138 microsatellite markers used in DeFaveri et al. "High degree
 of genetic differentiation in marine three-spined sticklebacks
 (Gasterosteus aculeatus)". Population codes and sampling information
 can be found in Table 1.138.dat
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.812t1
title: Data from: Variation in body shape across species and populations in a radiation of Diaptomid copepods

description: Inter and intra-population variation in morphological traits, such as body
 size and shape, provides important insights into the ecological importance
 of individual natural populations. The radiation of Diaptomid species
 (~400 species) has apparently produced little morphological
 differentiation other than those in secondary sexual characteristics,
 suggesting sexual, rather than ecological, selection has driven
 speciation. This evolutionary history suggests that species, and
 conspecific populations, would be ecologically redundant but recent work
 found contrasting ecosystem effects among both species and populations.
 This study provides the first quantification of shape variation among
 species, populations, and/or sexes (beyond taxonomic illustrations and
 body size measurements) to gain insight into the ecological
 differentiation of Diaptomids. Here we quantify the shape of five
 Diaptomid species (family Diaptomidae) from four populations each, using
 morphometric landmarks on the prosome, urosome, and antennae. We partition
 morphological variation among species, populations, and sexes, and test
 for phenotype-by-environment correlations to reveal possible functional
 consequences of shape variation. We found that intraspecific variation was
 18-35% as large as interspecific variation across all measured traits.
 Interspecific variation in body size and relative antennae length, the two
 traits showing significant sexual dimorphism, were correlated with lake
 size and geographic location suggesting some niche differentiation between
 species. Observed relationships between intraspecific morphological
 variation and the environment suggest that divergent selection in
 contrasting lakes might contribute to shape differences among local
 populations, but confirming this requires further analyses. Our results
 show that although Diaptomid species differ in their reproductive traits,
 they also differ in other morphological traits that might indicate
 ecological differences among species and populations.
description: Raw data, processing
 code, processed data and analysis code + repeatability
 filesHausch
 2013 PlosOne.zip