cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7734950.v2
title: Drag forces and coefficients from the CFD simulations from Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs.

description: Ichthyosaurs are an extinct group of fully marine tetrapods that were well adapted to aquatic locomotion. During their approximately 160 Myr existence, they evolved from elongate and serpentine forms into stockier, fish-like animals, convergent with sharks and dolphins. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify the impact of this transition on the energy demands of ichthyosaur swimming, to our knowledge for the first time. We run computational simulations of water flow using three-dimensional digital models of nine ichthyosaurs and an extant functional analogue, a bottlenose dolphin, providing, to our knowledge, the first quantitative evaluation of ichthyosaur hydrodynamics across phylogeny. Our results show that morphology did not have a major effect on the drag coefficient or the energy cost of steady swimming through geological time. We show that even the early ichthyosaurs produced low levels of drag for a given volume, comparable to those of a modern dolphin, and that deep ‘torpedo-shaped’ bodies did not reduce the cost of locomotion. Our analysis also provides important insight into the choice of scaling parameters for CFD applied to swimming mechanics, and underlines the great influence of body size evolution on ichthyosaur locomotion. A combination of large bodies and efficient swimming modes lowered the cost of steady swimming as ichthyosaurs became increasingly adapted to a pelagic existence.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7734956
title: Net cost of locomotion calculations from Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs.

description: Ichthyosaurs are an extinct group of fully marine tetrapods that were well adapted to aquatic locomotion. During their approximately 160 Myr existence, they evolved from elongate and serpentine forms into stockier, fish-like animals, convergent with sharks and dolphins. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify the impact of this transition on the energy demands of ichthyosaur swimming, to our knowledge for the first time. We run computational simulations of water flow using three-dimensional digital models of nine ichthyosaurs and an extant functional analogue, a bottlenose dolphin, providing, to our knowledge, the first quantitative evaluation of ichthyosaur hydrodynamics across phylogeny. Our results show that morphology did not have a major effect on the drag coefficient or the energy cost of steady swimming through geological time. We show that even the early ichthyosaurs produced low levels of drag for a given volume, comparable to those of a modern dolphin, and that deep ‘torpedo-shaped’ bodies did not reduce the cost of locomotion. Our analysis also provides important insight into the choice of scaling parameters for CFD applied to swimming mechanics, and underlines the great influence of body size evolution on ichthyosaur locomotion. A combination of large bodies and efficient swimming modes lowered the cost of steady swimming as ichthyosaurs became increasingly adapted to a pelagic existence.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7734950.v1
title: Drag forces and coefficients from the CFD simulations from Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs

description: Ichthyosaurs are an extinct group of fully marine tetrapods that were well adapted to aquatic locomotion. During their approximately 160-Myr existence, they evolved from elongate and serpentine forms into stockier, fish-like animals, convergent with sharks and dolphins. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify the impact of this transition on the energy demands of ichthyosaur swimming for the first time. We run computational simulations of water flow using three-dimensional digital models of nine ichthyosaurs and an extant functional analogue, a bottlenose dolphin, providing the first comparison of ichthyosaur hydrodynamics across phylogeny. Our results show that morphology did not have a major effect on the drag coefficient or the energy cost of steady swimming through geological time. We show that even the early ichthyosaurs produced low levels of drag for a given volume, comparable to those of a modern dolphin, and that deep ‘torpedo-shaped’ bodies did not reduce the cost of locomotion. Our analysis also provides important insight into the choice of scaling parameters for CFD applied to swimming mechanics and underlines the great influence of body size evolution on ichthyosaur locomotion. A combination of large bodies and efficient swimming modes lowered the cost of steady swimming as ichthyosaurs became increasingly adapted to a pelagic existence.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7734956.v2
title: Net cost of locomotion calculations from Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs.

description: Ichthyosaurs are an extinct group of fully marine tetrapods that were well adapted to aquatic locomotion. During their approximately 160 Myr existence, they evolved from elongate and serpentine forms into stockier, fish-like animals, convergent with sharks and dolphins. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify the impact of this transition on the energy demands of ichthyosaur swimming, to our knowledge for the first time. We run computational simulations of water flow using three-dimensional digital models of nine ichthyosaurs and an extant functional analogue, a bottlenose dolphin, providing, to our knowledge, the first quantitative evaluation of ichthyosaur hydrodynamics across phylogeny. Our results show that morphology did not have a major effect on the drag coefficient or the energy cost of steady swimming through geological time. We show that even the early ichthyosaurs produced low levels of drag for a given volume, comparable to those of a modern dolphin, and that deep ‘torpedo-shaped’ bodies did not reduce the cost of locomotion. Our analysis also provides important insight into the choice of scaling parameters for CFD applied to swimming mechanics, and underlines the great influence of body size evolution on ichthyosaur locomotion. A combination of large bodies and efficient swimming modes lowered the cost of steady swimming as ichthyosaurs became increasingly adapted to a pelagic existence.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7734956.v1
title: Net cost of locomotion calculations from Effects of body plan evolution on the hydrodynamic drag and energy requirements of swimming in ichthyosaurs

description: Ichthyosaurs are an extinct group of fully marine tetrapods that were well adapted to aquatic locomotion. During their approximately 160-Myr existence, they evolved from elongate and serpentine forms into stockier, fish-like animals, convergent with sharks and dolphins. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to quantify the impact of this transition on the energy demands of ichthyosaur swimming for the first time. We run computational simulations of water flow using three-dimensional digital models of nine ichthyosaurs and an extant functional analogue, a bottlenose dolphin, providing the first comparison of ichthyosaur hydrodynamics across phylogeny. Our results show that morphology did not have a major effect on the drag coefficient or the energy cost of steady swimming through geological time. We show that even the early ichthyosaurs produced low levels of drag for a given volume, comparable to those of a modern dolphin, and that deep ‘torpedo-shaped’ bodies did not reduce the cost of locomotion. Our analysis also provides important insight into the choice of scaling parameters for CFD applied to swimming mechanics and underlines the great influence of body size evolution on ichthyosaur locomotion. A combination of large bodies and efficient swimming modes lowered the cost of steady swimming as ichthyosaurs became increasingly adapted to a pelagic existence.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7769921
title: Supplementary_Material_Data from Magnetic storms disrupt nocturnal migratory activity in songbirds.

description: Raw data as tab-separated text file
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7769921.v2
title: Supplementary_Material_Data from Magnetic storms disrupt nocturnal migratory activity in songbirds.

description: Raw data as tab-separated text file
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776257
title: Suppl. File 7 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation.

description: Detailed information on “Plate 1-4”, which contain field-collected females from different geographic locations, collected in 2005–2008 as larvae, after which pheromone glands were analysed in 2–5 day-old virgin females (see Groot et al. 2014 for more information).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7769921.v1
title: Supplementary_Material_Data from Magnetic storms disrupt nocturnal migratory activity in songbirds

description: Raw data as tab-separated text file
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776248
title: Suppl. File 8 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation.

description: Fertility of the selection lines
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776257.v2
title: Suppl. File 7 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation.

description: Detailed information on “Plate 1-4”, which contain field-collected females from different geographic locations, collected in 2005–2008 as larvae, after which pheromone glands were analysed in 2–5 day-old virgin females (see Groot et al. 2014 for more information).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776263
title: Suppl. File 1 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation.

description: Numbers of single pair matings and females phenotyped per generation in the selection lines of 2007 and of those in 2012.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776248.v2
title: Suppl. File 8 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation.

description: Fertility of the selection lines
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776257.v1
title: Suppl. File 7 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation

description: Detailed information on “Plate 1-4”, which contain field-collected females from different geographic locations, collected in 2005–2008 as larvae, after which pheromone glands were analysed in 2–5 day-old virgin females (see Groot et al. 2014 for more information).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776263.v2
title: Suppl. File 1 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation.

description: Numbers of single pair matings and females phenotyped per generation in the selection lines of 2007 and of those in 2012.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776248.v1
title: Suppl. File 8 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation

description: Fertility of the selection lines
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7776263.v1
title: Suppl. File 1 from Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation

description: Numbers of single pair matings and females phenotyped per generation in the selection lines of 2007 and of those in 2012.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7785140
title: R data from Fighting and mating success in giant Australian cuttlefish is influenced by behavioural lateralization.

description: Behavioural lateralization is widespread. Yet, a fundamental question remains, how can lateralization be evolutionary stable when individuals lateralized in one direction often significantly outnumber individuals lateralized in the opposite direction? A recently developed game theory model predicts that fitness consequences which occur during intraspecific interactions may be driving population-level lateralization as an evolutionary stable strategy. This model predicts that: (i) minority-type individuals exist because they are more likely to adopt unpredictable fighting behaviours during competitive interactions (e.g. fighting); and (ii) majority-type individuals exist because there is a fitness advantage in having their biases synchronized with other conspecifics during interactions that require coordination (e.g. mating). We tested these predictions by investigating biases in giant Australian cuttlefish during fighting and mating interactions. During fighting, most male cuttlefish favoured the left eye and these males showed higher contest escalation; but minority-type individuals with a right-eye bias achieved higher fighting success. During mating interactions, most male cuttlefish favoured the left eye to inspect females. Furthermore, most male cuttlefish approached the female's right side during a mating attempt and these males achieved higher mating success. Our data support the hypothesis that population-level biases are an evolutionary consequence of the fitness advantages involved in intraspecific interactions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7785140.v2
title: R data from Fighting and mating success in giant Australian cuttlefish is influenced by behavioural lateralization.

description: Behavioural lateralization is widespread. Yet, a fundamental question remains, how can lateralization be evolutionary stable when individuals lateralized in one direction often significantly outnumber individuals lateralized in the opposite direction? A recently developed game theory model predicts that fitness consequences which occur during intraspecific interactions may be driving population-level lateralization as an evolutionary stable strategy. This model predicts that: (i) minority-type individuals exist because they are more likely to adopt unpredictable fighting behaviours during competitive interactions (e.g. fighting); and (ii) majority-type individuals exist because there is a fitness advantage in having their biases synchronized with other conspecifics during interactions that require coordination (e.g. mating). We tested these predictions by investigating biases in giant Australian cuttlefish during fighting and mating interactions. During fighting, most male cuttlefish favoured the left eye and these males showed higher contest escalation; but minority-type individuals with a right-eye bias achieved higher fighting success. During mating interactions, most male cuttlefish favoured the left eye to inspect females. Furthermore, most male cuttlefish approached the female's right side during a mating attempt and these males achieved higher mating success. Our data support the hypothesis that population-level biases are an evolutionary consequence of the fitness advantages involved in intraspecific interactions.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7785140.v1
title: R data from Fighting and mating success in giant Australian cuttlefish is influenced by behavioural lateralization

description: Behavioural lateralization is widespread. Yet, a fundamental question remains, how can lateralization be evolutionary stable when individuals lateralized in one direction often significantly outnumber individuals lateralized in the opposite direction? A recently developed game theory model predicts that fitness consequences that occur during intraspecific interactions may be driving population-level lateralization as an evolutionary stable strategy. This model predicts that (i) minority-type individuals exist because they are more likely to adopt unpredictable fighting behaviours during competitive interactions (e.g. fighting); and (ii) majority-type individuals exist because there is a fitness advantage in having their biases synchronized with other conspecifics during interactions that require coordination (e.g. mating). We tested these predictions by investigating biases in giant Australian cuttlefish during fighting and mating interactions. During fighting, most male cuttlefish favoured the left eye and these males showed higher contest escalation; but minority-type individuals with a right-eye bias achieved higher fighting success. During mating interactions, most male cuttlefish favoured the left eye to inspect females. Furthermore, most male cuttlefish approached the female's right side during a mating attempt and these males achieved higher mating success. Our data support the hypothesis that population-level biases are an evolutionary consequence of the fitness advantages involved in intraspecific interactions.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4090934
title: Development and evaluation of a test setup to investigate distance differences in immersive virtual environments

description: Nowadays, with recent advances in virtual reality technology, it is easily possible to integrate real objects into<br> virtual environments by creating an exact virtual replication and enabling interaction with them by mapping the obtained tracking<br> data of the real to the virtual objects. The primary goal of our study is to develop a system to investigate distance differences for<br> near-field interaction in immersive virtual environments. In this context, the term distance difference refers to the shift between<br> a real object and the respective replication of the real object in the virtual environment of the same size. This could occur<br> for a number of reasons e.g. due to errors in motion tracking or mistakes in designing the virtual environment. Our virtual<br> environment is developed using the Unity3D game engine, while the immersive contents were displayed on an HTC Vive Pro headmounted display. The virtual room shown to the user includes a replication of the real testing lab environment, while one of<br> the two real objects is tracked and mirrored to the virtual world using an HTC Vive Tracker. Both objects are present<br> in the real as well as in the virtual world. To find perceivable distance differences in the near-field, the actual task in the<br> subjective test was to pick up one object and place it into another object. The position of the static object in the virtual<br> world is shifted by values between 0 and 4 cm, while the position of the real object is kept constant. The system is evaluated by<br> conducting a subjective proof-of-concept test with 18 test subjects. The distance difference is evaluated by the subjects through<br> estimating perceived confusion on a modified 5-point absolute category rating scale. The study provides quantitative insights<br> into allowable real-world vs. virtual-world mismatch boundaries for near-field interactions, with a threshold value of around 1 cm.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4090933
title: Development and evaluation of a test setup to investigate distance differences in immersive virtual environments

description: Nowadays, with recent advances in virtual reality technology, it is easily possible to integrate real objects into<br> virtual environments by creating an exact virtual replication and enabling interaction with them by mapping the obtained tracking<br> data of the real to the virtual objects. The primary goal of our study is to develop a system to investigate distance differences for<br> near-field interaction in immersive virtual environments. In this context, the term distance difference refers to the shift between<br> a real object and the respective replication of the real object in the virtual environment of the same size. This could occur<br> for a number of reasons e.g. due to errors in motion tracking or mistakes in designing the virtual environment. Our virtual<br> environment is developed using the Unity3D game engine, while the immersive contents were displayed on an HTC Vive Pro headmounted display. The virtual room shown to the user includes a replication of the real testing lab environment, while one of<br> the two real objects is tracked and mirrored to the virtual world using an HTC Vive Tracker. Both objects are present<br> in the real as well as in the virtual world. To find perceivable distance differences in the near-field, the actual task in the<br> subjective test was to pick up one object and place it into another object. The position of the static object in the virtual<br> world is shifted by values between 0 and 4 cm, while the position of the real object is kept constant. The system is evaluated by<br> conducting a subjective proof-of-concept test with 18 test subjects. The distance difference is evaluated by the subjects through<br> estimating perceived confusion on a modified 5-point absolute category rating scale. The study provides quantitative insights<br> into allowable real-world vs. virtual-world mismatch boundaries for near-field interactions, with a threshold value of around 1 cm.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801964
title: Gender differences data 2 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Variance-covariance matrix for females, from Booth and Irwing 2011
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801970
title: Gender differences data 3 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Variance-covariance matrix for males, from Booth and Irwing 2011
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801964.v2
title: Gender differences data 2 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Variance-covariance matrix for females, from Booth and Irwing 2011
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801961
title: RIP data from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Data from the Reproducibility Initiative in Psychology
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801964.v1
title: Gender differences data 2 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge

description: Variance-covariance matrix for females, from Booth and Irwing 2011
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801970.v2
title: Gender differences data 3 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Variance-covariance matrix for males, from Booth and Irwing 2011
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801958
title: Gender differences data 1 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Data from Del Giudice et al. 2012
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801970.v1
title: Gender differences data 3 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge

description: Variance-covariance matrix for males, from Booth and Irwing 2011
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801967
title: R code from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: R code used to generate all figures and analyses
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801961.v2
title: RIP data from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Data from the Reproducibility Initiative in Psychology
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801958.v2
title: Gender differences data 1 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: Data from Del Giudice et al. 2012
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801961.v1
title: RIP data from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge

description: Data from the Reproducibility Initiative in Psychology
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801958.v1
title: Gender differences data 1 from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge

description: Data from Del Giudice et al. 2012
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801967.v2
title: R code from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge.

description: R code used to generate all figures and analyses
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.7801967.v1
title: R code from A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge

description: R code used to generate all figures and analyses