DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9p8cz8ws1
title: Data from: Pollinator functional group abundance and floral heterogeneity in an agroecological context affect mating patterns in a self-incompatible wild plant

description: Premise: Restoration of semi-natural field margins can elevate
 pollinator activity. How they support wild plant gene flow through
 interactions between pollinators and spatio-temporal gradients in floral
 resources remains largely unknown.  Methods: Using a
 farm-scale experiment, we tested how mating outcomes (expected
 heterozygosity and paternity correlation) of the wild, self-incompatible
 plant Cyanus segetum transplanted into field margins (sown wildflower or
 grass-legume strips) were affected by the abundance of different
 pollinator functional groups (defined by species traits). We also
 investigated how the maternal plant attractiveness, conspecific pollen
 donor density and heterospecific floral richness and density interacted
 with pollinator functional group abundance to modulate C. segetum mating
 outcomes. Key Results: Multiple paternity increased (=lower
 paternity correlation) with greater local abundance of hoverflies
 (syrphids) and female medium-sized wild bees (albeit the latter’s effect
 diminished with decreasing maternal plant attractiveness), and the
 presence of male bumblebees (Bombus) under low local floral richness.
 Cyanus segetum progeny genetic diversity increased with male Bombus
 presence but decreased with greater abundance of syrphids and honeybees
 (Apis mellifera). Conclusions: Overall, field margins supported
 plant-pollinator interactions ensuring multiple paternity and conservation
 of allelic diversity in C. segetum progeny. The contribution to plant
 mating outcomes of different pollinator functional groups was dictated by
 their local abundance or specific floral preferences (i.e. male Bombus).
 The local floral richness or maternal plant attractiveness sometimes
 modulated these relationships. This complex response of wild plant mating
 patterns to community interactions has implications for the use of field
 margins to restore functional pollination systems in farmed landscapes.
description: The data were collected in May-July 2019 on a farm-scale
 agroecological experiment (INRAE CA-SYS platform) in Burgundy, France
 (47°19'06.7"N 5°04'17.6"E), with the aim of
 investigating how the abundance of different pollinator functional groups
 (defined by species traits) interacted with the local floral context
 (maternal plant attractiveness, conspecific pollen donor density,
 heterospecific floral richness and density) to modulate the mating
 outcomes (expected heterozygosity, multilocus paternity correlation) of
 the wild, self-incompatible plant <em>Cyanus segetum</em>
 transplanted in field margins (wildflower strips or grass-legume
 strips).                         144 focal <em>C.
 segetum</em> plants originating from seeds obtained from ARBIOTECH
 (Saint-Gilles, France) were germinated in controlled conditions before
 being transplanted at the rosette stage in 16 agroecological
 infrastructures (field margins) across the farm (10 wildflower strips and
 6 grass/legume strips). Each focal plant plot consisted of three triplets
 of focal <em>C. segetum</em>, for a total of nine focal plants
 per plot.                         From May to July
 2019, we monthly monitored the reproductive development of the focal
 <em>C. segetum</em> plants and the local floral assemblage of
 the field margin (6 quadrats of 2 m x 50 cm along a transect of 100 m x 2
 m centered on the focal plot; n = 16
 transects).                                          We
 also conducted bimonthly surveys of plant-pollinator interactions with the
 focal plants (plot-scale surveys, 15 minutes, n = 16 plots) and in the
 multispecies plant assemblage of the field margins (15 minutes of slow
 walk along a 100 m x 2 m transect, n = 16
 transects).                            The insect
 pollinator specimens from species observed visiting focal and non-focal
 <em>C. segetum</em> on the farm were classified into different
 pollinator functional groups based on species traits likely to play a role
 in the genetic component of pollination effectiveness (e.g. degree of
 life-cycle dependence on flowers, mobility, body size, sociality, sex,
 hairiness, foraging behaviour).                         
 33 focal maternal plants were randomly selected from the 144
 focal plants for genotyping the maternal plants and their progeny (17
 randomly selected offspring per maternal plant, out of which at least 15
 were successfully genotyped) at 8 loci (microsatellite markers).
 Each experimental unit is a focal <em>C. segetum</em>
 maternal plant (n = 33). The related study was based on
 data from column A to column R. Columns S to AC were not used in the
 analyses, but are provided in case they would be needed in further
 analyses.
description: # Data from: Pollinator functional group abundance and floral
 heterogeneity in an agroecological context affect mating patterns in a
 self-incompatible wild plant The data were collected in May-July 2019 on a
 farm-scale agroecological experiment (INRAE CA-SYS platform) in Burgundy,
 France (47°19'06.7"N 5°04'17.6"E), with the aim of
 investigating how the abundance of different pollinator functional groups
 (defined by species traits) interacted with the local floral context
 (maternal plant attractiveness, conspecific pollen donor density,
 heterospecific floral richness and density) to modulate the mating
 outcomes (expected heterozygosity, multilocus paternity correlation) of
 the wild, self-incompatible plant *Cyanus segetum* transplanted in field
 margins (wildflower strips or grass-legume strips). 144 focal *C. segetum*
 plants originating from seeds obtained from ARBIOTECH (Saint-Gilles,
 France) were germinated in controlled conditions before being transplanted
 at the rosette stage in 16 agroecological infrastructures (field margins)
 across the farm (10 wildflower strips and 6 grass/legume strips). Each
 focal plant plot consisted of three triplets of focal *C. segetum*, for a
 total of nine focal plants per plot. From May to July 2019, we monthly
 monitored the reproductive development of the focal C. segetum plants and
 the local floral assemblage of the field margin (6 quadrats of 2 m x 50 cm
 along a transect of 100 m x 2 m centered on the focal plot; n = 16
 transects). We also conducted bimonthly surveys of plant-pollinator
 interactions with the focal plants (plot-scale surveys, 15 minutes, n = 16
 plots) and in the multispecies plant assemblage of the field margins (15
 minutes of slow walk along a 100 m x 2 m transect, n = 16 transects). The
 insect pollinator specimens from species observed visiting focal and
 non-focal *C. segetum* on the farm were classified into different
 pollinator functional groups based on species traits likely to play a role
 in the genetic component of pollination effectiveness (e.g. degree of
 life-cycle dependence on flowers, mobility, body size, sociality, sex,
 hairiness, foraging behaviour). 33 focal maternal plants were randomly
 selected from the 144 focal plants for genotyping the maternal plants and
 their progeny (17 randomly selected offspring per maternal plant, out of
 which at least 15 were successfully genotyped) at 8 loci (microsatellite
 markers). Each experimental unit is a focal *C. segetum* maternal plant (n
 = 33). The related study was based on data from column A to column R.
 Columns S to AC were not used in the analyses, but are provided in case
 they would be needed in further analyses. All data in the dataset match
 exactly the flowering period of each focal plant individual. There is no
 missing data in the dataset. The related study was based on data from
 column A to column R (headers in bold). Columns S to AC were not used in
 the analyses, but are provided in case they would be needed in further
 analyses. ## Description of the data and file structure The dataset
 describes: * the unique identifier (column A) and total number of alleles
 summed across 8 loci (column B) of the 33 focal maternal plants, * their
 mating outcomes: expected heterozygosity Hs (column C), multilocus
 correlation of paternity rpm (column D), * the floral context to which
 each focal maternal plant was exposed during its flowering period: * the
 relative maternal plant attractiveness (column E), see in the detailed
 description of the variable, * the local multispecies assemblage: local
 density of potential pollen donors per m² (column F), local floral species
 richness (column G), local floral density (column H), * the community of
 C. segetum insect visitors (at the functional group level) active in the
 neighbourhood (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies
 assemblage of the surrounding field margin) of each focal maternal plant
 during its flowering period: * the local abundance of male Bombus
 (bumblebees) (column I) * the local abundance of male large-sized wild
 bees (column J) * the local abundance of male medium-sized wild bees
 (column K) * the local abundance of male small-sized wild bees (column L)
 * the local abundance of Apis mellifera workers (honeybees) (column M) *
 the local abundance of female Bombus (bumblebees) (column N) * the local
 abundance of female large-sized wild bees (column O) * the local abundance
 of female medium-sized wild bees (column P) * the local abundance of
 female small-sized wild bees (column Q) * the local abundance of male and
 female syrphids (hoverflies) (column R) * the local abundance of other
 Hymenoptera (column S) * the local abundance of other Diptera (column T) *
 the local abundance of Lepidoptera (column U) * the situation of the 33
 focal maternal plants in the experimental design: plot identifier (column
 V), type of strip (column W), * for each focal maternal plant, the total
 number of offspring successfully genotyped (column X) * the vegetative
 fitness of the 33 focal maternal plants: the whole plant dry biomass at
 harvest (column Y) * other reproductive outcomes of the 33 focal maternal
 plants: * the total number of capitula produced (column Z) * the total
 capitula biomass (column AA) * the total number of seeds produced (column
 AB) * the total seed biomass (column AC) **DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
 VARIABLES:** VARIABLE NAME UNIT COLUMN DESCRIPTION *
 Maternal_plant_identifier / A Unique identifier allowing to identify each
 focal maternal plant. * N_alleles_maternal_plant_n (count) B Total number
 of alleles of the maternal plant summed over the 8 surveyed loci,
 calculated using the R package 'adegenet' (Jombart, 2008). *
 Hs_progeny / C Expected heterozygosity (Hs) in the progeny of the focal
 maternal plant, calculated using the R package 'adegenet'
 (Jombart, 2008) on the software "R" (version 4.2.0), implemented
 in Rstudio (R Core Team, 2022). * rpm_progeny / D Multilocus correlation
 of paternity (rpm) in the progeny of the focal maternal plant, calculated
 using the software "MLTR" (Ritland, 2022). *
 Relative_MPA_n_visits_per_15_minutes Number of insect visits per maternal
 plant per 15 minutes E Relative maternal plant attractiveness, calculated
 as the plot-scale visitation rate per 15 minutes during the maternal
 plant's flowering period, weighted by the size of the maternal plant
 floral display (number of floral heads produced by the maternal plant)
 relative to the total plot-level floral display summed across all nine
 focal C. segetum of the plot (total number of floral heads produced by the
 nine focal conspecific individuals of the same plot during the maternal
 plant's flowering period). The relative maternal plant attractiveness
 is expressed as the number of insect visits per maternal plant per 15
 minutes. * Local_density_potential_pollen_donors_per_m2 Number of
 non-focal C. segetum plants per square meter (/m²) F The local density of
 potential pollen donors per square meter, calculated as the mean number of
 non-focal flowering C. segetum individuals per m² in the local plant
 assemblage (transect) of the field margin surrounding the focal maternal
 plant during its flowering period. The local density of potential pollen
 donors was calculated from monthly floral surveys (6 quadrats of 2m x 50
 cm along a 100x2 m transect). * Local_floral_richness_n (count) G Local
 floral species richness, calculated as the number of plant species that
 were flowering in the local plant assemblage (transect) of the field
 margin surrounding the focal maternal plant during its flowering period.
 The local floral species richness was calculated from monthly floral
 surveys (6 quadrats of 2m x 50 cm along a 100x2 m transect). *
 Local_floral_density_per_m2 Number of flowers per square meter (/m²) H
 Local floral density per square meter, calculated as the mean number of
 floral units (all plant species included) per m² in the local plant
 assemblage (transect) of the field margin surrounding the focal maternal
 plant during its flowering period. The local floral density was calculated
 from monthly floral surveys (6 quadrats of 2m x 50 cm along a 100x2 m
 transect). * Local_abundance_male_Bombus_n (count) I Local abundance of
 male Bombus, calculated as the total number of male Bombus (bumblebees)
 specimens (belonging to species observed visiting focal or non focal C.
 segetum on the experimental farm during the study period), which were
 observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the maternal plant
 (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies assemblage of the
 field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_male_large_wild_bees_n (count) J Local abundance of male
 large-sized wild bees, calculated as the total number of male large-sized
 wild bee specimens (belonging to species observed visiting focal or non
 focal C. segetum on the experimental farm during the study period), which
 were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the maternal plant
 (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies assemblage of the
 field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_male_medium_wild_bees_n (count) K Local abundance of male
 medium-sized wild bees, calculated as the total number of male
 medium-sized wild bee specimens (belonging to species observed visiting
 focal or non focal C. segetum on the experimental farm during the study
 period), which were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the
 maternal plant (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies
 assemblage of the field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_male_small_wild_bees_n (count) L Local abundance of male
 small-sized wild bees, calculated as the total number of male small-sized
 wild bee specimens (belonging to species observed visiting focal or non
 focal C. segetum on the experimental farm during the study period), which
 were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the maternal plant
 (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies assemblage of the
 field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_Apis_mellifera_workers_n (count) M Local abundance of Apis
 mellifera, calculated as the total number of Apis mellifera (honeybee)
 worker specimens which were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood
 of the maternal plant (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies
 assemblage of the field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_female_Bombus_n (count) N Local abundance of female
 Bombus, calculated as the total number of female Bombus (bumblebees)
 specimens (belonging to species observed visiting focal or non focal C.
 segetum on the experimental farm during the study period), which were
 observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the maternal plant
 (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies assemblage of the
 field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_female_large_wild_bees_n (count) O Local abundance of
 female large-sized wild bees, calculated as the total number of female
 large-sized wild bee specimens (belonging to species observed visiting
 focal or non focal C. segetum on the experimental farm during the study
 period), which were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the
 maternal plant (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies
 assemblage of the field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_female_medium_wild_bees_n (count) P Local abundance of
 female medium-sized wild bees, calculated as the total number of female
 medium-sized wild bee specimens (belonging to species observed visiting
 focal or non focal C. segetum on the experimental farm during the study
 period), which were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the
 maternal plant (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies
 assemblage of the field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_female_small_wild_bees_n (count) Q Local abundance of
 female small-sized wild bees, calculated as the total number of female
 small-sized wild bee specimens (belonging to species observed visiting
 focal or non focal C. segetum on the experimental farm during the study
 period), which were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the
 maternal plant (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies
 assemblage of the field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_Syrphids_n (count) R Local abundance of Syrphids,
 calculated as the total number of male or female Syrphid (hoverflies)
 specimens (belonging to species observed visiting focal or non focal C.
 segetum on the experimental farm during the study period), which were
 observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the maternal plant
 (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies assemblage of the
 field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_other_Hymenoptera_n (count) S Local abundance of other
 Hymenoptera, calculated as the total number of non-bee Hymenoptera
 specimens (belonging to species observed visiting focal or non focal C.
 segetum on the experimental farm during the study period), which were
 observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the maternal plant
 (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies assemblage of the
 field margin) during its flowering period. *
 Local_abundance_other_Diptera_n (count) T Local abundance of other
 Diptera, calculated as the total number of non-syrphid Diptera specimens
 (belonging to morphospecies observed visiting focal or non focal C.
 segetum on the experimental farm during the study period), which were
 observed actively foraging in the neighborhood of the maternal plant
 (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies assemblage of the
 field margin) during its flowering period. * Local_abundance_Lepidoptera_n
 (count) U Local abundance of Lepidoptera, calculated as the total number
 of Lepidoptera (butterflies) specimens (belonging to species observed
 visiting focal or non focal C. segetum on the experimental farm during the
 study period), which were observed actively foraging in the neighborhood
 of the maternal plant (including the focal plant plot and the multispecies
 assemblage of the field margin) during its flowering period. * Plot / V
 Identifier of the plot of focal C. segetum plants (n = 9 focal individuals
 per plot) to which the focal maternal plant belonged : F1 to F10 = plots
 located in wildflower strips; G1 to G6 = plots located in grass-legume
 strips. * Strip_type / W Type of strip in which the focal maternal plant
 was transplanted (wildflower strip or grass/legume strip).
 N_offspring_genotyped_n (count) X Total number of offspring from the focal
 maternal plant that were successfully genotyped (15, 16 or 17 out of 17
 that were initially randomly selected). * Maternal_plant_biomass_g Gram
 (g) Y Total dry biomass of the whole maternal plant, including vegetative
 parts (except roots), fruits and seeds. The maternal plant dry biomass was
 measured in the lab after harvest and is given in grams (g). * N_fruits_n
 (count) Z Total number of fruits produced by the focal maternal plant
 between the start of its flowering period and harvest. *
 Total_fruit_biomass_g Gram (g) AA Total dry biomass of fruits (including
 seeds) produced by the focal maternal plant during the experiment
 duration. The total dry biomass of fruits was measured in the lab after
 harvest and is given in grams (g). * N_seeds_n (count) AB Total number of
 seeds produced by the focal maternal plant between the start of its
 flowering period and harvest. Total_seed_biomass_g Gram (g) AC Total dry
 biomass of seeds produced by the focal maternal plant during the
 experiment duration. The total dry biomass of seeds was measured in the
 lab after harvest and is given in grams (g).