cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9z7eje
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Scirpus triqueter macrostachys, Scirpus triqueter monostachys, Scirpus triqueter pallidus, Scirpus triqueter conglomeratus, Scirpus triqueter hoppei, Scirpus triqueter lejeunei, Scirpus triqueter macrostachys, Scirpus triqueter monostachys, Scirpus triqueter pallidus, Scirpus triqueter segregatus)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Machine Observation)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Continent is Europe",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1980",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2024"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043533-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.74k6ft
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Zosterops flavilateralis",
 "Country is China",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043532-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.tffepy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 22982 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Mexico",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-86.81015 21.02897,-86.85167 21.04088,-86.85917 20.99148,-86.8775 20.91351,-86.87885 20.90869,-86.8507 20.9002,-86.84679 20.90454,-86.84651 20.90528,-86.84617 20.91109,-86.84559 20.9158,-86.84511 20.91827,-86.84348 20.92279,-86.83992 20.92797,-86.8386 20.929,-86.83842 20.93597,-86.83774 20.94037,-86.83746 20.94276,-86.83733 20.94515,-86.83662 20.94726,-86.83582 20.94989,-86.83564 20.95268,-86.8349 20.95661,-86.83409 20.95923,-86.83287 20.96192,-86.83081 20.96548,-86.83117 20.97215,-86.83016 20.97938,-86.82528 20.99232,-86.82243 21.00358,-86.81789 21.01417,-86.81015 21.02897))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 22982 records from 41 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043534-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ejrzjc
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 18899 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Marrubium vulgare",
 "Country is United States of America",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 18899 records from 146 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043535-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29983258
title: The Core Hypothesis: Towards a Structural Understanding of P⊆NPP \subseteq NP

description: The relationship between the complexity classes PP and NPNP represents one of the most fundamental open problems in theoretical computer science. It is well established thatP⊆NP,P \subseteq NP,meaning that every problem that can be solved in polynomial time (PP) can also be verified in polynomial time (NPNP). However, whether this containment is strict or collapses into equality remains unresolved.In this paper, I propose a structural perspective, introducing what I call the <b>Core Hypothesis</b>: the idea that every computational problem in NPNP contains an essential substructure, or "core," which dictates its inherent difficulty. By isolating this core, one may reduce the exponential search space to a polynomially bounded process.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29983258.v1
title: The Core Hypothesis: Towards a Structural Understanding of P⊆NPP \subseteq NP

description: The relationship between the complexity classes PP and NPNP represents one of the most fundamental open problems in theoretical computer science. It is well established thatP⊆NP,P \subseteq NP,meaning that every problem that can be solved in polynomial time (PP) can also be verified in polynomial time (NPNP). However, whether this containment is strict or collapses into equality remains unresolved.In this paper, I propose a structural perspective, introducing what I call the <b>Core Hypothesis</b>: the idea that every computational problem in NPNP contains an essential substructure, or "core," which dictates its inherent difficulty. By isolating this core, one may reduce the exponential search space to a polynomially bounded process.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.5q62ke
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Zosterops mbuluensis",
 "Country is China",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043538-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4metrr
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 285 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Bromus secalinus rhenanthus, Bromus secalinus secalinus, Bromus secalinus submuticus, Bromus secalinus submuticus, Bromus secalinus submuticus, Bromus secalinus vitiosus, Bromus secalinus vulgaris, Bromus segetalis, Bromus segetalis, Bromus segetalis)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Machine Observation)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Continent is Europe",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1980",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2024"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 285 records from 25 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043536-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29191334.v2
title: Data for "Vocal convergence during formation of cooperative relationships in vampire bats"

description: If you are interested in analyzing these data, please contact Gerald Carter, socialbat.org, gc1511@princeton.edu.The R code for analyzing these data is available on github here: https://github.com/jkvrtilek/call-convergence-2025 Data are measures of contact calls from 94 individually isolated common vampire bats"acoustic data/ds_completespecan_2023-10-02.RDS" is 27 acoustic measures from the R package warblr"acoustic data/ds_fundfreq_summary_2023-11-06.RDS" is other acoustic measures of fundamental frequency"vampire_call_measures.csv" is the compiled and cleaned dataset that coverts seconds to ms and removes sounds that are not calls by selecting calls where these criteria were true: duration is &gt; 3 and &lt; 50 ms, peakf &gt;10 and &lt; 30, time.Q25, time.median, time.Q75 and time.IQR must all be greater than zero."vampire_call_measures_transformed.csv" is the same dataset with transformed measures. See github for more informationTo record contact calls with high signal-to-noise ratios, we isolated an individual bat inside a plastic storage bin (about 75 to 200 liters in volume) lined with acoustic foam and/or soft fabric to dampen echoes. To keep the bat within 10 to 30 cm of the microphone, we placed it inside a small soft-mesh butterfly cage or a tube of plastic mesh. Calls were recorded with an Avisoft CM16 ultrasound condenser microphone (frequency range 10-200kHz, Avisoft Bioacoustics, Berlin, Germany). Sound was digitized with 16-bit resolution at sampling rates ranging between 250-500 kHz through an Avisoft UltraSoundGate (one-channel or four-channel) to a laptop running the program Avisoft Recorder. To remove any effects of digitization rate on subsequent call measures, recordings digitized at a rate above 250 kHz were downsampled to 250 kHz using the seewave R package. We identified start and end times of individual calls with a custom R script that uses both amplitude and spectral density to segment audio recordings into calls. The script excludes calls which exceed the maximum amplitude of the microphone. This automated method was tested and validated with 1535 manually labeled recordings containing ~7000 call selections. Using these start and end times, we then measured 35 features of each call. We used the R package warbleR to measure 27 spectral and temporal parameters and the R package soundgen to estimate 8 additional measurements from the fundamental: maximum slope, minimum slope, and absolute minimum slope; the number of positive slopes and of negative slopes; the number of turns; the mean slope; and the number of segments. All scripts were run using the Ohio Supercomputer.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.x8ztp3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 15 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Scirpus triqueter conglomeratus, Scirpus triqueter foliaceus, Scirpus triqueter hoppei, Scirpus triqueter lejeunei, Scirpus triqueter segregatus, Scirpus triquetrus, Scirpus trisetosus, Trichophorum germanicum, Kyllinga squamulata)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Machine Observation)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Continent is Europe",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1980",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2024"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 15 records from 11 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043537-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.6qyzet
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Bromus segetalis secalinus, Bromus segetalis secalinus, Bromus submuticus, Bromus vitiosus, Festuca secalina, Forasaccus secalinus, Serrafalcus divaricatus, Serrafalcus gmelinii, Serrafalcus secalinus, Serrafalcus secalinus elongatus)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Machine Observation)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Continent is Europe",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1980",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2024"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043540-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2m1swc
title: CCDC 2414803: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Hang Lia, Ming-Zhu Xie, Li-Na Zheng, NingXue, Jing Zhao, Bin Liu, Tao Ding|2025|J.Mol.Struct.|1349|143679|doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.143679
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4ng7q8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 182948100 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Anseriformes"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 182948100 records from 6711 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0043452-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.dk64bk
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 17546 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "TaxonKey is Oreopanax Decne. & Planch."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 17546 records from 463 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0008636-250515123054153/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15297953
title: NEMIS VA O'ZBEK TILIDAGI AYRIM SO'ZLARNING O'ZARO TARJIMASI VA ULARNING LEKSIKOGRAFIK TALQINI ("GEISTIGKEIT" VA O'ZBEK TILIDAGI "MA'NAVIYAT" SO'ZLARINI  O'RGANISH MISOLIDA)
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15297954
title: NEMIS VA O'ZBEK TILIDAGI AYRIM SO'ZLARNING O'ZARO TARJIMASI VA ULARNING LEKSIKOGRAFIK TALQINI ("GEISTIGKEIT" VA O'ZBEK TILIDAGI "MA'NAVIYAT" SO'ZLARINI  O'RGANISH MISOLIDA)
DOI: 10.3535/a4t-tml-tfe
title: †Siderolites calcitrapoides Lamarck, 1801

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/dc5-s5j-h4p
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/y3y-rp3-vg9
title: †Sirtina orbitoidiformis Brönnimann & Wirz, 1962

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/z5f-rr8-y8d
title: Plantae

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/gh4-c33-8v7
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/9l3-dqv-cjh
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/pap-28r-g19
title: †Bolivina velascoensis Cushman, 1926

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/psh-px5-5h1
title: Eucytherura (Eucytherura) Müller, 1894

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/r4j-kv8-jhm
title: Nummulitidae Blainville, 1827

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/fhk-afx-g7s
title: Nummulitidae Blainville, 1827

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/mah-mew-pkl
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/tp7-6eh-ls6
title: Nummulitidae Blainville, 1827

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/cxd-r0j-7x8
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/gm7-3h2-v4q
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/t08-rn1-lj7
title: Anthozoa

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/8ah-ah0-1ts
title: Nummulitidae Blainville, 1827

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/yy9-sn1-zk7
title: †Fusulinidae Möller, 1878

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/0cz-dtg-ftc
title: Cycloclypeus W.B. Carpenter, 1856

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/w3h-4qv-ep7
title: Crinoidea Miller, 1821

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/z0t-w4e-d25
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/483-e1v-2r7
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/pea-vvb-9s0
title: †Pseudosiderolites vidali (Douvillé, 1907)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/0vq-wef-kr3
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/bne-qmm-3cr
title: Operculina d'Orbigny, 1826

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/lf0-rqb-snw
title: Cycloclypeus W.B. Carpenter, 1856

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/3nm-wpm-94c
title: Foraminifera d'Orbigny, 1826

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/xcc-7p9-9py
title: Nummulitidae Blainville, 1827

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/hce-l2y-j56
title: Cancris Montfort, 1808

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/j4z-d3r-ec7
title: Porifera Grant, 1836

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/8v5-8mp-tjb
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/lch-e9k-71x
title: Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/29g-l0l-194
title: Globigerina d'Orbigny, 1826

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/ylm-w69-bx9
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/gr5-pq2-7hf
title: Nummulitidae Blainville, 1827

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/k46-jj1-h22
title: †Lepidorbitoides socialis (Leymerie, 1851)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/vn1-5gw-19z
title: Foraminifera d'Orbigny, 1826

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/4st-ewt-tj7
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/vjg-008-vdg
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/htq-331-07q
title: Nummulitidae Blainville, 1827

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110826921
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 2293.105, Fort 2293.105

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 2293.105 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Upper section of tablet is broken off. Cracks on obverse, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110826916
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 2293.105, Fort 2293.105

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 2293.105 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Upper section of tablet is broken off. Cracks on obverse, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110826846
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 2293.105, Fort 2293.105

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 2293.105 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Upper section of tablet is broken off. Cracks on obverse, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110826827
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 2293.105, Fort 2293.105

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 2293.105 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Upper section of tablet is broken off. Cracks on obverse, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110826344
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 2293.105, Fort 2293.105

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 2293.105 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Upper section of tablet is broken off. Cracks on obverse, reverse.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110826341
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 2293.105, Fort 2293.105

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Fort 2293.105 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impression on upper edge? ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Upper section of tablet is broken off. Cracks on obverse, reverse.
DOI: 10.1285/i20705948v10n3p629
title: Modelling Penalty Cards in Football with Applications

description: A compound Poisson distribution is used to study factors which can aﬀect the showing of yellow and red cards in a football competition such as a national league, the FIFA World Cup or the UEFA Champi-ons League. The resulting model is applied to outcomes in the Spanish Football League during the season 2013–14, studying the partial and total eﬀects on the home and away teams. It is shown that various factors, such as the victory of the away team, the goal diﬀerence be-tween the teams, the total number of fouls committed, the attacking play of the home team, whether the match is a derby or not, the stage reached in the league competition, the level of fair play, the age of the referee and his international experience or lack of it, can all inﬂuence the use of cards. The model works well, providing a simple tool which can be applied in this and other sports settings.