DOI: 10.13130/rd_unimi/ff0abq
title: ResPOnsE COVID-19. Cumulative file: Wave 1 to Wave 4 (Italian version)

description: What impact has the COVID-19 pandemic had on Italians' attitudes, opinions, and behaviors? From this question, the ResPOnsE COVID-19 project (Response of Italian Public Opinion to the COVID-19 Emergency) was developed starting in March 2020, with the aim of building a research infrastructure for the daily monitoring of public opinion during the COVID-19 emergency.
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The collection of daily information through online interviews (CAWI) to a sample reflecting the distribution of the Italian population by gender and area of residence was divided into four surveys that took place between April 2020 and December 2021, for a total of more than 30,000 interviews. 
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The infrastructure was designed by the spsTREND "Hans Schadee" laboratory in collaboration with the SWG institute, as part of the "Departments of Excellence 2018-2022" project promoted by the Ministry of University and Research and is supported by funding from the Cariplo Foundation.
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&lt;b&gt;Overall Research Design &lt;/b&gt;
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The research design included four surveys (waves) following a repeated cross-sectional design, consistent with the dynamic nature of the pandemic phenomenon.
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The four waves of ResPOnsE COVID-19 are distributed as follows.
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First wave: from April 6 to July 6, 2020 (~15000 cases, RR=46,6%) &lt;br&gt;
Second wave: from December 21, 2020 to January 2, 2021 (~3000 cases, RR=47%) &lt;br&gt;
Third wave: from March 17 to June 16, 2021 (~9300 cases, RR=76.9%) &lt;br&gt;
Fourth wave: from November 10 to December 22, 2021 (~3000 cases, RR=67.1%) &lt;br&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Rolling Cross-Section and Panel Design&lt;/b&gt;
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The first, third, and fourth waves collect interviews through a Rolling Cross-Section (RCS) design, that is consecutive daily samples for a relatively long period (in this case 2 to 3 months). In addition, about 60% of subjects were interviewed twice between the first and third or fourth wave, thus allowing longitudinal analysis of intra-individual variations that occurred between 2020 and 2021.
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An RCS survey can be viewed as a cross-sectional survey of a single sample that is, however, "sliced" into many equivalent small subgroups that are released on consecutive days. On the day of release, individuals belonging to a particular sub-group are invited to participate in the survey.
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The distinguishing feature of the RCS design, however, is that these individuals can also respond in the days following the delivery of the invitation. Hence comes the term "rolling" meaning that the overall sample "rolls" through the days of the survey, making time (days) a random variable. The daily samples are mutually independent and the estimates derived for each are comparable. In this way, the RCS design is optimal for studying trends in the case of time-varying phenomena. For details, see the articles by Vezzoni et al. (2020) and Biolcati et al. (2021).
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&lt;b&gt;Questionnaire structure&lt;/b&gt;
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The questionnaire administered in the ResPOnsE COVID-19 survey consists of a main questionnaire, containing a core set of questions repeated in each of the four surveys, and one or more thematic modules that may change with each survey.
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The main questionnaire consists of eleven thematic sections covering the entire survey period. Most of the questions in the questionnaire were repeated in the four surveys, while some questions were eliminated/changed or new ones were introduced in the transition to a new survey. 
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Covering the entire survey period, the basic module is particularly suitable for diachronic analysis, while the structure of the thematic modules, usually collected over a few weeks, suggests an analysis of them with a cross-sectional approach. Source questionnaires in Italian are available for download.
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&lt;b&gt;The sample&lt;/b&gt;
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The target population consists of Italian residents aged 18 years and older.
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In the RCS waves, on average, between 100 and 150 interviews were conducted each day, corresponding to about 1,000 interviews per week for the first survey and about 700 for the third and fourth surveys (the interviews in the second survey were actually concentrated in a single week), for a total of 31,122 interviews.
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Given time and resource constraints, probabilistic sampling could not be used. Instead, the samples are drawn from an online community of a commercial research institute (SWG SpA). To correct against expected bias, the sample is stratified by ISTAT macro-area of residence and composed of quotas defined by gender and age. Weights have also been created for carryover to the population. Detailed instructions on using the weights can be downloaded together with the data files.
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The survey also includes a panel component: about 60 percent of subjects were interviewed twice between the first, third, and fourth waves.
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Over-sampling was also conducted for the Lombardy region, for which 1124 additional cases are available in the third wave
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&lt;b&gt;Macro level data&lt;/b&gt;
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The cumulative data file also includes official macro-level variables capturing daily information on the health emergency, such as the number of people infected by COVID-19 and the number of deaths due to COVID-19 at the national and regional level on the day of the interview. 
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The macro-level variables were extracted here: 
https://github.com/pcm-dpc/COVID-19/tree/master/dati-andamento-nazionale
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&lt;b&gt; Team &lt;/b&gt;
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The research team is coordinated by Cristiano Vezzoni and Antonio Chiesi and includes all members of the spsTREND Laboratory, who contributed in various ways to the successful outcome of the survey.
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The questionnaire is the result of a discussion among all research team members.
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As for the thematic modules, the design was entrusted to one or more members of the team based on expertise on the topic: Gender inequalities (Giulia Dotti Sani), Religion (Ferruccio Biolcati, Francesco Molteni, Riccardo Ladini), Political-electoral (Paolo Segatti, Nicola Maggini), Transformations of democracy (Marco Maraffi, Andrea Pedrazzani), State and market (Antonio Chiesi, Paolo Segatti, Cristiano Vezzoni), Europe and solidarity between countries (Simona Guglielmi, Paolo Segatti), Vaccines (Cristiano Vezzoni, Riccardo Ladini and Ferruccio Biolcati), Schooling (Giulia Dotti Sani, Simona Guglielmi, Nicola Maggini), Social capital (Antonio Chiesi).
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The management and validation of the dataset, as well as the preparation of the graphs for the periodic reports, were taken care of by Francesco Molteni, with contributions from Giulia Dotti Sani and Marta Moroni. Giulia Dotti Sani, Nicola Maggini, and Riccardo Ladini contributed to the construction of the weights for reporting to the population.