DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18302024
title: A machine-learning reference dataset for SO2 plumes observed by TROPOMI: uncertainties and emission estimates

description: This dataset relates to the SO2 plume detection dataset decribed in this paper (currenly in the discussion phase):

https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2025-5900/#discussion

 

File Description:

Each CSV file contains all plumes of sulfur dioxide detected in TROPOMI level-2 data for each year using the machine learning algirothm described in the associated paper. The variables included in each file are:




Variable
Description
Units or Format


datetime
The date and time of the beginning of the TROPOMI swath (same as the date and time provided in the TROPOMI level-2 files
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS


species
The species of the plumes found (in this case, always SO2)
string ('SO2')


max_latitude
The latitude of the maximum SO2 detection within the plume boundary
degrees north


max_longitude
The longitude of the maximum SO2 detection within the plume boundary
degrees east


max_latitude_index
The latitude array index relating to the assocaited TROPOMI file of the maximum SO2 detection within the plume boundary 
integer


max_longitude_index
The longitude array index relating to the assocaited TROPOMI file of the maximum SO2 detection within the plume boundary 
integer


bbox_top
The array index relating to the assocaited TROPOMI file of the top of the plume bounding box
integer


bbox_bottom
The array index relating to the assocaited TROPOMI file of the bottom of the plume bounding box
integer


bbox_left
The array index relating to the assocaited TROPOMI file of the left of the plume bounding box
integer


bbox_right
The array index relating to the assocaited TROPOMI file of the right of the plume bounding box
integer


plume_max_val
The maximum observation SO2 total vertical column within the plume boundary
mol/m2


plume_mass
Estimated mass of the detected plume
kg


plume_poly_50
The coordinates of the plume boundary
degrees (array in json format)


plume_poly_50_index
The index of the coordinates of the plume boundary relating to the assocaited TROPOMI file
integer array in json format


ellipse_data
Information to recreate the fitted ellipse around the plume. Information given refers to the bounding box of the plume
(xc,yc),(d1,d2),angle


file_wind
Flag to indicate if wind data is provided in the level-2 TROPOMI file
0/1 False/True


median_windspeed
The median windspeed within the plume bounding box
m/s


min_windspeed
The minimum windspeed within the plume bounding box
m/s


max_windspeed
The maximum windspeed within the plume bounding box
m/s


std_windspeed
The standard deviation of the windspeed within the plume bounding box
m/s


stderr_windspeed
The standard error of the  windspeed within the plume bounding box
m/s


plume_wd
Wind direction within the plume
degrees


plume_length
Estimated length of the primary axis of the detected plume
meters


plume_emission_estimate
Estimated emission flux from the plume (based on the calculations presented in the associated paper)
kg/hr


bbox_pixel_areas
Array of area of each pixel within the bounding box
float array (m2)


bbox_wind_v
Array of the V wind vectors at for each pixel within the bounding box
float array (m/s)


bbox_wind_u
Array of the U wind vectors at for each pixel within the bounding box
float array (m/s)


orig_file
Name of the level-2 TROPOMI file used to detect the SO2 plume
string