DOI: 10.5061/dryad.th547
title: Data from: Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)

description: Background: The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is widely distributed
 throughout many parts of Asia. This study aims to investigate the
 complexity of Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh) venom for a better
 understanding of king cobra venom variation and its envenoming
 pathophysiology. The venom gland transcriptome was investigated using the
 Illumina HiSeq™ platform, while the venom proteome was profiled by
 1D-SDS-PAGE-nano-ESI-LCMS/MS. Results: Transcriptomic results reveal high
 redundancy of toxin transcripts (3357.36 FPKM/transcript) despite small
 cluster numbers, implying gene duplication and diversification within
 restricted protein families. Among the 23 toxin families identified,
 three-finger toxins (3FTxs) and snake-venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) have
 the most diverse isoforms. These 2 toxin families are also the most
 abundantly transcribed, followed in descending order by phospholipases A 2
 (PLA 2 s), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), Kunitz-type
 inhibitors (KUNs), and L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs). Seventeen toxin
 families exhibited low mRNA expression, including hyaluronidase, DPP-IV
 and 5’-nucleotidase that were not previously reported in the venom-gland
 transcriptome of a Balinese O. hannah. On the other hand, the MOh proteome
 includes 3FTxs, the most abundantly expressed proteins in the venom (43 %
 toxin sbundance). Within this toxin family, there are 6 long-chain, 5
 short-chain and 2 non-conventional 3FTx. Neurotoxins comprise the major
 3FTxs in the MOh venom, consistent with rapid neuromuscular paralysis
 reported in systemic envenoming. The presence of toxic enzymes such as
 LAAOs, SVMPs and PLA 2 would explain tissue inflammation and necrotising
 destruction in local envenoming. Dissimilarities in the subtypes and
 sequences between the neurotoxins of MOh and Naja kaouthia (monocled
 cobra) are in agreement with the poor cross-neutralization activity of N.
 kaouthia antivenom used against MOh venom. Besides, the presence of cobra
 venom factor, nerve growth factors, phosphodiesterase, 5’-nucleotidase,
 and DPP-IV in the venom proteome suggests its probable hypotensive action
 in subduing prey. Conclusion: This study reports the diversity and
 abundance of toxins in the venom of the Malaysian king cobra (MOh). The
 results correlate with the pathophysiological actions of MOh venom, and
 dispute the use of Naja cobra antivenoms to treat MOh envenomation. The
 findings also provide a deeper insight into venom variations due to
 geography, which is crucial for the development of a useful pan-regional
 antivenom.
description: Additional file
 1_Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah transcriptome transcripts (FPKM
 &gt;1)The sequenced reads were
 annotated and filtered in the analyses. The annotated reads were further
 classified into toxin, non-toxin and unidentified, together with the
 redundancy calculated in subsequent data sheets.Additional File
 1_MOh_annotations.xlsxMalaysian Ophiophagus
 hannah Venom-gland Transcriptome Toxins Annotations (Updated
 1/2/2015)The annotated toxins
 with its FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase Of Exon Per Million Fragments
 Mapped) were sorted according to the protein family. The number of protein
 identified and the expression profiles were shown in the attached
 file.Additional File
 2_MOh_Transcriptome.xlsxMalaysian Ophiophagus
 hannah 1D-SDS-PAGE-nano-ESI-LCMS/MS venom proteomeThe file contains the
 shotgun analyses results of Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah using the
 combination approaches of 1D-SDS-PAGE and nano-LCMS. The number of toxins
 identified and its relative abundance in every gel section were integrated
 and reported in the analyses.Additional File
 3_MOh_Proteome.xlsxSequence comparision of
 Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh; current study) with Balinese species
 (BOh; Vonk et al. [20]) and other reported O. hannah toxins deposited in
 public databaseSequence comparision of
 Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh; current study) with Balinese species
 (BOh; Vonk et al. 2013) and other reported O. hannah toxins deposited in
 public database was carried out in the analyses.Additional File
 4_MOh_BOh_sequence
 comparison.xlsxFig.5a_3FTx_All_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.5a (All MOh 3FTxs) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.5b_3FTx_LNTX_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.5b (LNTX) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.5c_3FTx_SNTX_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.5c (SNTX) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.6_3FTxs_phylo_alignment_Mega6Primary multiple sequence alignment file of Fig.6 performed with MUSCLE program using Mega6 software.Fig.6_3FTxs_phylo_FigTreePrimary file of phylogenetic tree constructed with Mega 6 using the Maximum Likelihood method and FigTree 1.4 used to produce the phylogenetic tree figures.Fig.7_SVMP_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.7 (SVMP) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.8_CRISP_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.8 (CRISP) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.9_LAAO_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.9 (LAAO) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.10_Vespryn_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.10 (Vespryn) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.11_PLA2_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.11 (PLA2) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.Fig.12_CVF_JalviewPrimary multiple sequence alignment of Fig.12 (CVF) performed with MUSCLE program using Jalview software.