cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g043m
title: Data from: Perturbations in growth trajectory due to early diet affect age-related deterioration in performance

description: Fluctuations in early developmental conditions can cause changes in growth
 trajectories that subsequently affect the adult phenotype. Here, we
 investigated whether compensatory growth has long-term consequences for
 patterns of senescence. Using three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus
 aculeatus), we show that a brief period of dietary manipulation in early
 life affected skeletal growth rate not only during the manipulation
 itself, but also during a subsequent compensatory phase when fish caught
 up in size with controls. However, this growth acceleration influenced
 swimming endurance and its decline over the course of the breeding season,
 with a faster decline in fish that had undergone faster growth
 compensation. Similarly, accelerated growth led to a more pronounced
 reduction in the breeding period (as indicated by the duration of sexual
 ornamentation) over the following two breeding seasons, suggesting faster
 reproductive senescence. Parallel experiments showed a heightened effect
 of accelerated growth on these age-related declines in performance if the
 fish were under greater time stress to complete their compensation prior
 to the breeding season. Compensatory growth led to a reduction in median
 life span of 12% compared to steadily growing controls. While life span
 was independent of the eventual adult size attained, it was negatively
 correlated with the age-related decline in swimming endurance and sexual
 ornamentation. These results, complementary to those found when growth
 trajectories were altered by temperature rather than dietary
 manipulations, show that the costs of accelerated growth can last well
 beyond the time over which growth rates differ and are affected by the
 time available until an approaching life-history event such as
 reproduction.
description: Data file used in
 analysesData used in analyses of
 compensatory growth and lifespan in relation to Experiment (Winter or
 Spring), Food treatment (Restricted or Control) and Photoperiod (Ambient
 or Delayed).dataset.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1684v7t1
title: Data from: Robustness of the outcome of adult bumblebee infection with a trypanosome parasite after varied parasite exposures during larval development

description: The outcome of defence by the invertebrate immunity has recently been
 shown to be more complex than previously thought. In particular, the
 outcome is affected by biotic and abiotic environmental variation, host
 genotype, parasite genotype, and their interaction. Knowledge of
 conditions under which environmental variation affects the outcome of an
 infection is one important question that relates to this complexity. We
 here use the model system of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris infected by
 the trypanosome, Crithidia bombi, combined with a split-colony design to
 test the influence of the parasite environment during larval rearing on
 adult resistance. We find that genotype-specific interactions are
 maintained, and adult resistance is not influenced. This demonstrates that
 environmental dependence of bumblebee-trypanosome interactions is not
 ubiquitous, and yet unknown constraints will maintain standard
 co-evolutionary dynamics under such environmental deviations.
description: Infection loads of
 bumblebee workersInfection load of
 bumblebee workers. Data were obtained by quantitative
 PCR.data_summer2010_JEB.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7f55p
title: Data from: Developmental lead exposure has mixed effects on butterfly cognitive processes

description: While the effects of lead pollution have been well studied in vertebrates,
 it is unclear to what extent lead may negatively affect insect cognition.
 Lead pollution in soils can elevate lead in plant tissues, suggesting it
 could negatively affect neural development of insect herbivores. We used
 the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) as a model system to study the
 effect of lead pollution on insect cognitive processes, which play an
 important role in how insects locate and handle resources. Cabbage white
 butterfly larvae were reared on a 4-ppm lead diet, a concentration
 representative of vegetation in polluted sites; we measured eye size and
 performance on a foraging assay in adults. Relative to controls,
 lead-reared butterflies did not differ in time or ability to search for a
 food reward associated with a less preferred color. Indeed, lead-treated
 butterflies were more likely to participate in the behavioral assay
 itself. Lead exposure did not negatively affect survival or body size, and
 it actually sped up development time. The effects of lead on relative eye
 size varied with sex: lead tended to reduce eye size in males, but
 increase eye size in females. These results suggest that low levels of
 lead pollution may have mixed effects on butterfly vision, but only
 minimal impacts on performance in foraging tasks, although follow-up work
 is needed to test whether this result is specific to cabbage whites, which
 are often associated with disturbed areas.
description: Behavioral,
 developmental, and eye size dataThis excel sheet
 contains: 1) individual-level summary of performance in behavioral trials,
 2) raw data for individuals choosing correct colored sponges versus making
 mistakes in behavioral trials, 3) all individuals that attempted the
 behavioral trial (including those that did not participate), 4)
 development time and survival data for all individuals transferred onto
 control and lead diets, and 5) eye size and wing size data for individuals
 reared on control and lead diets.data for
 DRYAD.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mg1rr36
title: Data from: Reduced signal for polygenic adaptation of height in UK Biobank

description: Several recent papers have reported strong signals of selection on
 European polygenic height scores. These analyses used height effect
 estimates from the GIANT consortium and replication studies. Here, we
 describe a new analysis based on the the UK Biobank (UKB), a large,
 independent dataset. We find that the signals of selection using UKB
 effect estimates are strongly attenuated or absent. We also provide
 evidence that previous analyses were confounded by population
 stratification. Therefore, the conclusion of strong polygenic adaptation
 now lacks support. Moreover, these discrepancies highlight (1) that
 methods for correcting for population stratification in GWAS may not
 always be sufficient for polygenic trait analyses, and (2) that claims of
 differences in polygenic scores between populations should be treated with
 caution until these issues are better understood.
description: UKBB_noPCsA GWAS for human height in the UK Biobank. Linear regression without any structure correction---with only genotype, age, sex and sequencing array as covariates (unrelated British ancestry individuals only). See the paper for the plink command and more details.UKBB_sib_gwasA GWAS for human height in the UK Biobank sibs. Family-based sib-pair analysis. See the paper for the plink command and more details.IRL-GBR allele frequency differencesLogistic regression using self-identified as "White British" or "White Irish" in the UK Biobank were compared with distinct phenotype labels. See paper for plink command line and more details.BvI.nocovar.Irish.glm.logistic.gzGBR-TSI allele frequency differencesIndividuals from the GBR and TSI populations from 1000G Phase 3 were assigned binary phenotype labels and a chi square test was performed for allele frequency differences. See paper for the plink command line and more details.gwas.hwe1e6.geno05.nocovar.chisq.British.assoc.gzUK Biobank Acknowledgement
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ns7v7
title: Data from: Sexual dimorphism in shells of Cochlostoma septemspirale (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoroidea, Diplommatinidae, Cochlostomatinae)

description: Sexual dimorphisms in shell-bearing snails expressed by characteristic
 traits of their respective shells would offer the possibility for a lot of
 studies about gender distribution in populations, species, etc. In this
 study, the seven main shell characters of the snail Cochlostoma
 septemspirale were measured in both sexes: (1) height and (2) width of the
 shell, (3) height and (4) width of the aperture, (5) width of the last
 whorl, (6) rib density on the last whorl, and (7) intensity of the reddish
 or brown pigments forming three bands over the shell. The variation of
 size and shape was explored with statistical methods adapted to principal
 components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). In
 particular, we applied some multivariate morphometric tools for the
 analysis of ratios that have been developed only recently, that is, the
 PCA ratio spectrum, allometry ratio spectrum, and LDA ratio extractor. The
 overall separation of the two sexes was tested with LDA cross validation.
 The results show that there is a sexual dimorphism in the size and shape
 of shells. Females are more slender than males and are characterised by
 larger size, a slightly reduced aperture height but larger shell height
 and whorl width. Therefore they have a considerable larger shell volume
 (about one fifth) in the part above the aperture. Furthermore, the last
 whorl of females is slightly less strongly pigmented and mean rib density
 slightly higher. All characters overlap quite considerably between sexes.
 However, by using cross validation based on the 5 continuous shell
 characters more than 90% of the shells can be correctly assigned to each
 sex.
description: Reichenbach_etal_Cochlostoma_supplemetary_datafileDatafile used for quantitative analyses of males and females Cochlostoma septemspirale. It contains the measurements for each individual. The file is saved in a tabbed text format. The readme file contains abbreviations used in the datafile. Datafile as well as read me file should best be opened with spread sheet program such as Excel.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d460505
title: Data from: Rewilding in the English Uplands: policy and practice

description: Rewilding is gaining momentum as a new approach to restore and conserve
 biodiversity and ecosystem services, despite being imprecisely defined,
 controversial, and with limited explicit empirical supporting evidence
 (Lorimer et al., 2015; Pettorelli et al., 2018; Svenning et al., 2016). In
 a case study region (the English uplands), we discuss what rewilding means
 to practitioners and policy makers; the risks, opportunities, and barriers
 to implementation, and potential paths for policy and practice.
description: Sandom_2018_Rewilding_Risks_and_Opportunities AssessmentRewilding in the English Uplands Workshop (02/05/2017) attendees' perspectives of the ecosystem service and dis-service risks and opportunities presented by different forms of rewilding in the English uplands. 32 attendees included conservation practitioners (NGOs, government, business, independent), professional bodies, academics (conservation, ecology, social science, geography), and students. Attendees were placed into 1 of 5 groups. Risk/Opportunity column gives attendees' perspectives on whether each outcome can be considered a risk or opportunity. Each group could give a range of scores leading to a MinScore and MaxScore.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p73g8
title: Data from: A metabolic syndrome in terrestrial ectotherms with different elevational and distribution patterns

description: The metabolic performance of ectotherms is expected to be driven by the
 environment in which they live. Ecologically similar species with
 contrasting elevation distributions occurring in sympatry at
 mid-elevations, provide good models for studying how physiological
 responses to temperature vary as a function of adaptation to different
 elevations.. Under sympatry, at middle elevations, where divergent species
 ranges overlap, sympatric populations are expected to have similar thermal
 responses, suggesting similar local acclimation or adaptation, while
 observed differences would suggest adaptation to each species’ core range.
 We analysed the metabolic traits of sympatric species pairs from three
 ectotherm groups: reptiles (Reptilia: Lacertidae), amphibians (Amphibia:
 Salamandridae) and beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), living at different
 elevations, in order to test how adaptation to different elevations
 affects metabolic responses to temperature. We experimentally tested the
 thermal response of respiration rate (RR) and estimated potential
 metabolic activity (PMA) at three temperature regimes surrounding the
 groups’ optimal activity body temperatures. RR was relatively similar
 among groups and showed a positive response to increasing temperature,
 which was more pronounced in the high-elevation species of reptiles and
 beetles. Relative to RR, PMA displayed a stronger and more consistent
 positive response to increased temperature in all three groups. For all
 three groups, the average biochemical capacity for metabolism (PMA) was
 higher in the range-restricted, high-elevation species, and this
 difference increased at higher temperatures in a consistent manner. These
 results, indicating consistent pattern in three independently evolved
 animal groups, suggest a ubiquitous adaptive syndrome and represent a
 novel understanding of the mechanisms shaping spatial biodiversity
 patterns. Our results also highlight the importance of geographic patterns
 for the mechanistic understanding of adaptations in physiological traits,
 including species’ potential to respond/adapt to global climate changes.
description: Data sets used for
 analysisThe data package
 includes the data used to create plots and perform analysis of metabolic
 traits. Each row represents values of one individual. Legend of
 abbreviations is available in the README file.data.7z
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gb182
title: Data from: Fossil lemurs from Egypt and Kenya suggest an African origin for Madagascar’s aye-aye

description: In 1967 G.G. Simpson described three partial mandibles from early Miocene
 deposits in Kenya that he interpreted as belonging to a new strepsirrhine
 primate, Propotto. This interpretation was quickly challenged, with the
 assertion that Propotto was not a primate, but rather a pteropodid fruit
 bat. The latter interpretation has not been questioned for almost half a
 century. Here we re-evaluate the affinities of Propotto, drawing upon
 diverse lines of evidence to establish that this strange mammal is a
 strepsirrhine primate as originally suggested by Simpson. Moreover, our
 phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of Propotto, together with
 late Eocene Plesiopithecus from Egypt, as African stem chiromyiform lemurs
 that are exclusively related to the extant aye-aye (Daubentonia) from
 Madagascar. Our results challenge the long-held view that all lemurs are
 descended from a single ancient colonization of Madagascar, and present an
 intriguing alternative scenario in which two lemur lineages dispersed from
 Africa to Madagascar independently, possibly during the later Cenozoic.
description: Gunnell.et.al.2018_Fossil.Lemurs.from.Egypt.and.KenyaData files, settings, and results from the phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses presented in Gunnell et al. (2018).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kj6j1
title: Data from: Adaptation to climate change: trade-offs among responses to multiple stressors in an intertidal crustacean

description: Trade-offs may influence both physiological and evolutionary responses to
 co-occurring stressors, but their effects on both plastic and adaptive
 responses to climate change are poorly understood. To test for genetic and
 physiological trade-offs incurred in tolerating multiple stressors, we
 hybridized two populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus
 californicus that were divergent for both heat and salinity tolerance.
 Starting in the F2 generation, we selected for increased tolerance of
 heat, low salinity, and high salinity in replicate lines. After five
 generations of selection, heat-selected lines had greater heat tolerance
 but lower fecundity, indicating an energetic cost to tolerance. Lines
 selected for increased salinity tolerance did not show evidence of
 adaptation to their respective environments; however, hypo-osmotic
 selection lines showed substantial loss of tolerance to hyperosmotic
 stress. Neither of the salinity selection regimes resulted in diminished
 heat tolerance at ambient salinity; however, simultaneous exposure to heat
 and hypo-osmotic stress led to decreased heat tolerance, implying a
 physiological trade-off in tolerance to the two stressors. When we
 quantified the transcriptomic response to heat and salinity stress via RNA
 sequencing, we observed little overlap in the stress responses, suggesting
 the observed synergistic effects of heat and salinity stress were driven
 by competing energetic demands, rather than shared stress response
 pathways.
description: Figure 2: Mortality data
 for selected lines and controlsMortality as a function
 of temperature for Tigriopus californicus lines selected for increased
 heat tolerance (Treatment = SEL) and Controls (Treatment =
 U)Figure2_dryad.txtFigure 3 data: effects of selection treatment and ambient salinity on heat toleranceData used to generate figure 3. Mortality as a function of temperature for three selection treatmnts (HS= high salinity, LS = low salinity, U = control) at three ambient salinities (low= 15ppt, med = 35 ppt, high = 70 ppt).Figure3_dryad.txtFigure 4 data: Fecundity(larvae per day) from each of four selection treatments at each of three exposure salinitiesFigure4_dryad.txtFigure 5 data: survival under starvation conditions for four selection treatments at three salinitiesFigure 5 data: number of surviving copepods (out of 10 adult females) under starvation conditions for four selection treatments (HS = high salinity, LS = low salinity, TS = selection for increased heat tolerance, U = control) at three exposure salinities (low=5ppt, med=35ppt, high=90ppt)Figure5_dryad.txt
DOI: 10.15468/cy4xm6
title: Mycobiota of Myotis myotis in the maternity bat colony in Lipy, Poland

description: This study reports the fungal diversity on wing and tail membranes of Myotis myotis, during reproductive season, focusing on age, sex, forearm length, and weight.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j7581
title: Data from: Population-level consequences of risky dispersal

description: Achieving sufficient connectivity between populations is essential for
 persistence, but costs of dispersal may select against individual traits
 or behaviours that, if present, would improve connectivity. Existing
 dispersal models tend to ignore the multitude of risks to individuals:
 while many assess the effect of mortality costs, there is also a risk of
 failing to find new habitat, especially when the entire inhabitable area
 remains both small and fragmented. There are few known rules governing
 whether individuals evolve to disperse more, or less, than what is ideal
 for population connectivity and persistence. Here we aim to fill this gap,
 while also noting that evolution might not only produce suboptimal
 dispersal behaviour: it also influences individual heterogeneity in
 dispersal. Intuitively, we might expect heterogeneity to improve
 connectivity, as some individuals will travel far. However, we show that
 this is only true if dispersal distances on average are quite short;
 heterogeneity can also lead to reduced connectivity because it can reduce
 the proportion of the most profitable (‘safest’) intermediate dispersal
 distances. In general, our results show that conditions typically
 associated with conservation concerns (small and fragmented habitats
 inhabited by a species with a low birth rate) are also ones that are most
 likely to lead to suboptimal dispersal traits. This prompts the question
 of assisted dispersal in cases of urgent conservation concern.
description: readme: instructions for
 using code and simulation data heremodel simulation data
 and Matlab code for generating paper figuresfiles_plotcode.zipMatlab code for running model simulationsfiles_runcode.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r1n2r
title: Data from: Acquired versus innate prey capturing skills in super-precocial live-bearing fish

description: Live-bearing fish start hunting for mobile prey within hours after birth,
 an example of extreme precociality. Because prenatal, in utero,
 development of this behaviour is constrained by the lack of free-swimming
 sensory-motor interactions, immediate success after birth depends on
 innate, evolutionarily acquired patterns. Optimal performance however
 requires flexible adjustment to an unpredictable environment. To
 distinguish innate from postnatally developing patterns we analysed over
 2000 prey capture events for 28 metallic livebearers (Girardinus
 metallicus; Poeciliidae), during their first 3 days after birth. We show
 that the use of synchronous pectoral fin beats for final acceleration and
 ingestion is fixed and presumably innate. It allows for direct,
 symmetrical control of swimming speed and direction, while avoiding head
 yaw. Eye movements and body curvatures, however, change considerably in
 the first few days, showing that eye-tail coordination requires postnatal
 development. The results show how successful prey captures for newborn,
 live-bearing fish are based on a combination of fixed motor programmes and
 rapid, postnatal development.
description: zipped
 datafilesOne folder with a .mat
 data file for each movieFISHmatfiles.zip