DOI: 10.5061/dryad.w6m905qx2
title: Trade-offs in habitat use and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons

description: Urbanization, occurring across a gradient from low- to high-density
 development, is a primary driver of landscape change that can affect
 biodiversity. Animals balance trade-offs in obtaining resources and
 avoiding anthropogenic disturbances across the gradient of urbanization to
 maximize their fitness. However, additional research is necessary to
 understand seasonal variations in how animals respond to urbanization,
 particularly in arid regions, where resource availability shifts
 drastically across seasons. Our objective was to evaluate the response of
 a suite of bat species to urbanization and whether species shift their
 response to urbanization across seasons. We predicted that the response of
 bats to urbanization would differ among species, with some species being
 more sensitive to urbanization than others. We also predicted that bat
 species would increase use of moderate and highly urbanized areas in the
 summer season, where food and water resources were assumed to be greater
 compared to wildland areas. To evaluate these predictions, we used a
 stratified random sampling design to sample 50 sites with stationary
 acoustic bat monitors across the gradient of urbanization in the Phoenix
 metropolitan area, Arizona, USA during four seasons. We identified a total
 of 14 bat species during 1000 survey nights. Consistent with predictions,
 bat species exhibited different responses to urbanization, with most
 species exhibiting a negative relationship with urbanization, and some
 species exhibiting a quadratic or positive relationship with urbanization.
 Counter to predictions, most species did not appear to shift their
 response to urbanization across seasons. Differences in the response of
 bat species to urbanization was likely related to species traits (e.g.,
 wing morphology and echolocation call characteristics) and behavioral
 strategies that influence a species’ susceptibility to anthropogenic
 disturbances and ability to access available resources in urbanized areas.
 Consistent with predications, plant productivity and water were important
 for some species in the summer season. Ultimately, to promote the
 management and conservation of bats, it is likely important to maintain
 resources in urbanized areas for bats that are more tolerant of
 urbanization and to conserve areas of undeveloped high-quality habitat
 with low anthropogenic disturbance in wildland areas for bats that are
 sensitive to urbanization.
description: Acoustic bat monitoring
description: \#########################################################################
   GENERAL INFORMATION   1\. Title of Dataset: Trade-offs in habitat use
 and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons.  
 2\. Author Information                 A. Principal Investigator Contact
 Information                  Name: Jesse Lewis               
                Institution: Arizona State University                
  Address: Mesa, Arizona USA                  Email: jslewi10@asu.edu  
                 B. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information
                    Name: Jessie Dwyer                                
  Institution: McDowell Sonoran Conservancy                                
  Address: Scottsdale, Arizona USA                                  Email:
 jessie@mcdowellsonoran.org   3\. Date of data collection (single date,
 range, approximate date): Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall 2019   4\.
 Geographic location of data collection: Phoenix metropolitan area,
 Arizona, USA   5\. Information about funding sources that supported the
 collection of the data: NSF-DEB-1832016   SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION   1\.
 Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0)
 Public Domain   2\. Links to publications that cite or use the data:  
 Dwyer, J. M., J. S. Lewis, M. S. Moore. (2024). Trade-offs in habitat use
 and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons.
 Ecosphere.   3\. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data:
 None   4\. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None   5\. Was data
 derived from another source? No                 A. If yes, list source(s):
 NA   6\. Recommended citation for this dataset:   Dwyer, J. M., J. S.
 Lewis, M. S. Moore. (2024). Trade-offs in habitat use and occupancy of
 bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons. Dryad Digital
 Repository. https://doi.org/..............  
 \#########################################################################
   DATA & FILE OVERVIEW   1\. File List:   A) 40MY_S2Spring_input B)
 40MY_S3Summer_input C) ANPA_S2Spring.txt D) ANPA_S3Summer_input.txt E)
 COTO_S2Spring.txt F) COTO_S3Summer_input.txt G) COTO_S4Fall_input.txt H)
 EPFU_S2Spring.txt I) EPFU_S3Summer_input.txt J) EUPE_S1Winter.txt K)
 EUPE_S2Spring.txt L) EUPE_S3Summer_input.txt M) EUPE_S4Fall_input.txt N)
 LABL_S1Winter.txt O) LABL_S2Spring.txt P) LABL_S3Summer_input.txt Q)
 LABL_S4Fall_input.txt R) LACI_S1Winter.txt S) LACI_S2Spring.txt T)
 LACI_S3Summer_input.txt U) LANO_S2Spring.txt V) LANO_S3Summer_input.txt W)
 LANO_S4Fall_input.txt X) LAXA_S1Winter.txt Y) LAXA_S2Spring.txt Z)
 LAXA_S3Summer_input.txt AA) LAXA_S4Fall_input.txt AB) MYCA_S2Spring.txt
 AC) MYCA_S3Summer_input.txt AD) MYCA_S4Fall_input.txt AE)
 MYYU_S1Winter.txt AF) MYYU_S2Spring.txt AG) MYYU_S3Summer_input.txt AH)
 MYYU_S4Fall_input.txt AI) NSYP_S1Winter.txt AJ) NYSP_S2Spring.txt AK)
 NYSP_S3Summer_input.txt AL) NYSP_S4Fall_input.txt AM) PAHE_S1Winter.txt
 AN) PAHE_S2Spring.txt AO) PAHE_S3Summer_input.txt AP)
 PAHE_S4Fall_input.txt AQ) TABR_S1Winter.txt AR) TABR_S2Spring.txt AS)
 TABR_S3Summer_input.txt AT) TABR_S4Fall_input.txt  
 \#########################################################################
   INFORMATION IN ALL INPUT FILES   Variable List:       * ch: species
 detected (1) or not detected (0) during each of the five occasions (survey
 nights)       * Site: survey location (1-50)         * Week: week of the
 season that the site was surveyed (1-8)         * UrbanCat: category of
 urbanization: low (1), moderate (2), and high (3) urbanization based on
 NAIP land cover      Urb variables are proportion of urbanization (ranging
 from 0 – 1) within specified radius buffers         * Urb125: proportion
 of urbanization within 125-m buffer based on NAIP imagery         *
 UrbS125: standardized "Urb125" variable       * UrbQ125:
 quadratic "Urb125" variable         * Urb250: proportion of
 urbanization within 250-m buffer based on NAIP imagery         * UrbS250:
 standardized "Urb125" variable       * UrbQ250: quadratic
 "Urb125" variable         * Urb500: proportion of urbanization
 within 500-m buffer based on NAIP imagery         * UrbS500: standardized
 "Urb500" variable       * UrbQ500: quadratic "Urb500"
 variable         * Urb1000: proportion of urbanization within 1000-m
 buffer based on NAIP imagery         * UrbS1000: standardized
 "Urb1000" variable       * UrbQ1000: quadratic
 "Urb1000" variable         * Urb2000: proportion of urbanization
 within 2000-m buffer based on NAIP imagery         * UrbS2000:
 standardized "Urb2000" variable       * UrbQ2000: quadratic
 "Urb2000" variable             NDVI variables are mean values of
 NDVI (ranging from 0 – 1) within specified radius buffers       * NDVI125:
 normalized difference in vegetation index within 125-m buffer based on
 Landsat 8 imagery         * NDVIS125: standardized "NDVI125"
 variable         * NDVI250: normalized difference in vegetation index
 within 250-m buffer based on Landsat 8 imagery         * NDVIS1250:
 standardized "NDVI250" variable         * NDVI500: normalized
 difference in vegetation index within 500-m buffer based on Landsat 8
 imagery         * NDVIS500: standardized "NDVI500" variable    
     * NDVI1000: normalized difference in vegetation index within 1000-m
 buffer based on Landsat 8 imagery         * NDVIS1000: standardized
 "NDVI1000" variable         * NDVI2000: normalized difference in
 vegetation index within 2000-m buffer based on Landsat 8 imagery         *
 NDVIS2000: standardized "NDVI2000" variable       * Water:
 distance (meters) to nearest water source (&gt;7 meters in length or
 width, including swimming pools)       * WaterS: standardized
 "Water" variable      Detection covariates         *MinTemp1:
 minimum temperature (Celsius) of survey night 1 based on Daymet weather
 data         *MinTemp2: minimum temperature (Celsius) of survey night 2
 based on Daymet weather data         *MinTemp3: minimum temperature
 (Celsius) of survey night 3 based on Daymet weather data        
 *MinTemp4: minimum temperature (Celsius) of survey night 4 based on Daymet
 weather data          *MinTemp5: minimum temperature (Celsius) of survey
 night 5 based on Daymet weather data         *AvgMinTemp: average minimum
 temperature (Celsius) across the 5 survey nights         *AvSMinTemp:
 standardized "AvgMinTemp" variable         *Moon1: percent lunar
 illumination of survey night 1 based on NASA moon data         *Moon2:
 percent lunar illumination of survey night 2 based on NASA moon data    
     *Moon3: percent lunar illumination of survey night 3 based on NASA
 moon data         *Moon4: percent lunar illumination of survey night 4
 based on NASA moon data         *Moon5: percent lunar illumination of
 survey night 5 based on NASA moon data         *AvgMoon: average lunar
 illumination across the 5 survey nights         *AvSMoon: standardized
 "AvgMoon" variable    
 \#########################################################################      INFORMATION SPECIFIC TO EACH INPUT FILE   Additional Variables:   A) 40MY_S2Spring_input     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables     B) 40MY_S3Summer_input     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables      C) ANPA_S2Spring.txt     *U500N2000 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS2000" variables     *U1000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS2000" variables     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables   D) ANPA_S3Summer_input.txt     *U1000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS2000" variables     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables     E) COTO_S2Spring.txt     *U2000N500 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS500" variables     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables   F) COTO_S3Summer_input.txt     *U125N1000 - interaction between "UrbS125" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U2000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U2000N250 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS250" variables   G) COTO_S4Fall_input.txt     *U2000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS1000" variables     H) EPFU_S2Spring.txt     *U250N2000 - interaction between "UrbS250" and "NDVIS2000" variables     *UQ250N2000 - interaction between "UrbQ250" and "NDVIS2000" variables     I) EPFU_S3Summer_input.txt     *U125N125 - interaction between "UrbS125" and "NDVIS125" variables     *U500N125 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS125" variables   K) EUPE_S2Spring.txt    *U2000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS1000" variables    *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables      L) EUPE_S3Summer_input.txt    *U2000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS1000" variables   M) EUPE_S4Fall_input.txt     *U500N1000 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U1000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS2000" variables   P) LABL_S3Summer_input.txt     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables   S) LACI_S2Spring.txt     *U125N125 - interaction between "UrbS125" and "NDVIS125" variables     *U1000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS2000" variables   U) LANO_S2Spring.txt     *U125N1000 - interaction between "UrbS125" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U500N1000 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U1000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS1000" variables   V) LANO_S3Summer_input.txt     *U500N125 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS125" variables   W) LANO_S4Fall_input.txt     *U500N2000 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS2000" variables     *U1000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS1000" variables      Z) LAXA_S3Summer_input.txt     *U125N1000 - interaction between "UrbS125" and "NDVIS1000" variables     AA) LAXA_S4Fall_input.txt     *U2000N125 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS125" variables     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables   AD) MYCA_S4Fall_input.txt     *U125N125 - interaction between "UrbS125" and "NDVIS125" variables   AF) MYYU_S2Spring.txt     *U125N1000 - interaction between "UrbS125" and "NDVIS1000" variables     AH) MYYU_S4Fall_input.txt     *U250N2000 - interaction between "UrbS250" and "NDVIS2000" variables   AJ) NYSP_S2Spring.txt     *U2000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables     AK) NYSP_S3Summer_input.txt     *U500N2000 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS2000" variables     *U1000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U1000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS2000" variables     AL) NYSP_S4Fall_input.txt     *U1000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS1000" variables     *U2000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS1000" variables   AN) PAHE_S2Spring.txt     *U1000N125 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS125" variables     *U1000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS1000" variables     AO) PAHE_S3Summer_input.txt     *U2000N500 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS500" variables     *U2000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS2000" and "NDVIS2000" variables         AP) PAHE_S4Fall_input.txt     *U1000N2000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS2000" variables   AR) TABR_S2Spring.txt     *U500N2000 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS2000" variables     *U1000N1000 - interaction between "UrbS1000" and "NDVIS1000" variables      AT) TABR_S4Fall_input.txt     *U250N500 - interaction between "UrbS250" and "NDVIS500" variables     *U500N500 - interaction between "UrbS500" and "NDVIS500" variables     \#########################################################################