cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.3886/e113751v1
title: Replication data for: Ability, Gender, and Performance Standards: Evidence from Academic Probation

description: We use a regression discontinuity design to examine students' responses to being placed on academic probation. Consistent with a model of introducing performance standards, we find that being placed on probation at the end of the first year discourages some students from returning to school while improving the GPAs of those who do. We find heterogeneous responses across prior academic performance, gender, and native language, and discuss these results within the context of the model. We also find negative effects on graduation rates, particularly for students with the highest high school grades. (JEL I23, J16)
DOI: 10.3886/e113752
title: Replication data for: Why Have College Completion Rates Declined? An Analysis of Changing Student Preparation and Collegiate Resources

description: Rising college enrollment over the last quarter century has not been met with a proportional increase in college completion. Comparing the high school classes of 1972 and 1992, we show declines in college completion rates have been most pronounced for men who first enroll in less selective public universities and community colleges. We decompose the decline into the components due to changes in preparedness of entering students and due to changes in collegiate characteristics, including type of institution and resources per student. While both factors play some role, the supply-side characteristics are most important in explaining changes in college completion. (JEL I23)
DOI: 10.3886/e113752v1
title: Replication data for: Why Have College Completion Rates Declined? An Analysis of Changing Student Preparation and Collegiate Resources

description: Rising college enrollment over the last quarter century has not been met with a proportional increase in college completion. Comparing the high school classes of 1972 and 1992, we show declines in college completion rates have been most pronounced for men who first enroll in less selective public universities and community colleges. We decompose the decline into the components due to changes in preparedness of entering students and due to changes in collegiate characteristics, including type of institution and resources per student. While both factors play some role, the supply-side characteristics are most important in explaining changes in college completion. (JEL I23)
DOI: 10.3886/e113753
title: Replication data for: Service Delivery and Corruption in Public Services: How Does History Matter?

description: This paper provides microlevel evidence of how past institutions impact present economic outcomes. It looks at the impact of colonial land tenure institutions on local governance and education outcomes in northern India. Outcomes are worse in villages that belong to areas with a history of concentration of power with the elites. Such areas continue to retain a greater political presence of socially and economically dominant classes. Future research should examine the success of policies that attempt to break such persistence through empowerment of nonelite groups. (JEL D02, H70, I20, N35, N45, O15, O18)
DOI: 10.3886/e113753v1
title: Replication data for: Service Delivery and Corruption in Public Services: How Does History Matter?

description: This paper provides microlevel evidence of how past institutions impact present economic outcomes. It looks at the impact of colonial land tenure institutions on local governance and education outcomes in northern India. Outcomes are worse in villages that belong to areas with a history of concentration of power with the elites. Such areas continue to retain a greater political presence of socially and economically dominant classes. Future research should examine the success of policies that attempt to break such persistence through empowerment of nonelite groups. (JEL D02, H70, I20, N35, N45, O15, O18)
DOI: 10.3886/e114079
title: Replication data for: Offshoring and Directed Technical Change

description: We study the implications of offshoring on innovation, technology, and wage inequality in a Ricardian model with directed technical change. Profit maximization determines both the extent of offshoring and the direction of technological progress. A fall in the offshoring cost induces technical change with an ambiguous factor bias. When the initial cost of offshoring is high, an increase in offshoring opportunities causes a fall in the real wages of unskilled workers in industrial countries, skill-biased technical change and rising skill premia. When the offshoring cost is sufficiently low, instead, offshoring induces technical change biased in favor of the unskilled workers. (JEL J24, J31, L24, O33)
DOI: 10.3886/e114080
title: Replication data for: Is the Phillips Curve Alive and Well after All? Inflation Expectations and the Missing Disinflation

description: We evaluate explanations for the absence of disinflation during the Great Recession and find popular explanations to be insufficient. We propose a new explanation for this puzzle within the context of a standard Phillips curve. If firms' inflation expectations track those of households, then the missing disinflation can be explained by the rise in their inflation expectations between 2009 and 2011. We present new econometric and survey evidence consistent with firms having similar expectations as households. The rise in household inflation expectations from 2009 to 2011 can be explained by the increase in oil prices over this time period. (JEL D84, E24, E32, E52, E58, Q35)
DOI: 10.3886/e114080v1
title: Replication data for: Is the Phillips Curve Alive and Well after All? Inflation Expectations and the Missing Disinflation

description: We evaluate explanations for the absence of disinflation during the Great Recession and find popular explanations to be insufficient. We propose a new explanation for this puzzle within the context of a standard Phillips curve. If firms' inflation expectations track those of households, then the missing disinflation can be explained by the rise in their inflation expectations between 2009 and 2011. We present new econometric and survey evidence consistent with firms having similar expectations as households. The rise in household inflation expectations from 2009 to 2011 can be explained by the increase in oil prices over this time period. (JEL D84, E24, E32, E52, E58, Q35)
DOI: 10.3886/e114241
title: Replication data for: Real Wages and the Business Cycle: Accounting for Worker, Firm, and Job Title Heterogeneity

description: Using a longitudinal matched employer-employee dataset for Portugal over the 1986-2007 period, this study analyzes the wage responses to aggregate labor market conditions for newly hired workers and existing workers within the same firm. Accounting for worker, firm, and job title heterogeneity, the data support the hypothesis that entry wages are more procyclical than wages of stayers. A one point increase in the unemployment rate decreases wages of newly hired workers within a given firm-job title by around 2.7 percent and by 2.2 percent for stayers within the same firm-job title. Finally, the results reveal a one-for-one wage response to changes in labor productivity. (JEL: E24, E32, J64)
DOI: 10.3886/e114241v1
title: Replication data for: Real Wages and the Business Cycle: Accounting for Worker, Firm, and Job Title Heterogeneity

description: Using a longitudinal matched employer-employee dataset for Portugal over the 1986-2007 period, this study analyzes the wage responses to aggregate labor market conditions for newly hired workers and existing workers within the same firm. Accounting for worker, firm, and job title heterogeneity, the data support the hypothesis that entry wages are more procyclical than wages of stayers. A one point increase in the unemployment rate decreases wages of newly hired workers within a given firm-job title by around 2.7 percent and by 2.2 percent for stayers within the same firm-job title. Finally, the results reveal a one-for-one wage response to changes in labor productivity. (JEL: E24, E32, J64)
DOI: 10.3886/e114242
title: Replication data for: Rebalancing Frequency and the Welfare Cost of Inflation

description: Cash-in-advance models usually require agents to reallocate money and bonds in fixed periods. Every month or quarter, for example. I show that fixed periods underestimate the welfare cost of inflation. I use a model in which agents choose how often they exchange bonds for money. In the benchmark specification, the welfare cost of 10 percent instead of 0 inflation increases from 0.1 percent of income with fixed periods to 1 percent with optimal periods. The results are robust to different preferences, to different compositions of income in bonds or money, and to the introduction of capital and labor. (JEL: E30, E40, E50)
DOI: 10.3886/e114242v1
title: Replication data for: Rebalancing Frequency and the Welfare Cost of Inflation

description: Cash-in-advance models usually require agents to reallocate money and bonds in fixed periods. Every month or quarter, for example. I show that fixed periods underestimate the welfare cost of inflation. I use a model in which agents choose how often they exchange bonds for money. In the benchmark specification, the welfare cost of 10 percent instead of 0 inflation increases from 0.1 percent of income with fixed periods to 1 percent with optimal periods. The results are robust to different preferences, to different compositions of income in bonds or money, and to the introduction of capital and labor. (JEL: E30, E40, E50)
DOI: 10.3886/e114243
title: Replication data for: Are the Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks Big or Small?

description: This paper studies the small estimated effects of monetary policy shocks from standard VARs versus the large effects from the Romer and Romer (2004) approach. The differences are driven by three factors: the different contractionary impetus, the period of reserves targeting, and lag length selection. Accounting for these factors, the real effects of policy shocks are consistent across approaches and most likely medium. Alternative monetary policy shock measures from estimated Taylor rules also yield medium-sized real effects and indicate that the historical contribution of monetary policy shocks to real fluctuations has been significant, particularly during the 1970s and early 1980s. (JEL E32, E43, E52)
DOI: 10.3886/e114243v1
title: Replication data for: Are the Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks Big or Small?

description: This paper studies the small estimated effects of monetary policy shocks from standard VARs versus the large effects from the Romer and Romer (2004) approach. The differences are driven by three factors: the different contractionary impetus, the period of reserves targeting, and lag length selection. Accounting for these factors, the real effects of policy shocks are consistent across approaches and most likely medium. Alternative monetary policy shock measures from estimated Taylor rules also yield medium-sized real effects and indicate that the historical contribution of monetary policy shocks to real fluctuations has been significant, particularly during the 1970s and early 1980s. (JEL E32, E43, E52)
DOI: 10.3886/e114513
title: Replication data for: The Evolution of the Online Platform Economy: Evidence from Five Years of Banking Data

description: Measuring the gig economy has been challenging. Drawing on anonymized administrative banking data, we measure supply-side participation in the online platform economy between 2013 and 2018. We find 2.3 million account holders who received payments from 128 transportation, non-transport work, selling, and leasing platforms. Participation grew rapidly, particularly in the transportation sector. Average monthly revenues declined among drivers and increased among lessors even within metro areas. At least a third—and likely more—of the decline in transportation revenues is driven by decreases in hours worked. These findings raise important policy questions and motivate promising directions for future work.
DOI: 10.3886/e114514
title: Replication data for: Profit Shifting in a Globalized World

description: This paper briefly reviews the measurement of the magnitude of profit shifting by multinational firms. Highlighting differences between estimates using microeconomic and macroeconomic approaches, it sketches a conceptual framework that can help explain these divergent estimates. In particular, these approaches arguably differ in their conceptualization of the boundary between tax avoidance and behavioral responses to taxes. The paper also discusses the future of profit shifting, drawing on a data set that codes anti-avoidance measures undertaken by OECD countries over the period of 2000-2014. Governments have significantly strengthened these rules over this period, despite collective action problems that potentially inhibit their implementation.
DOI: 10.3886/e114514v1
title: Replication data for: Profit Shifting in a Globalized World

description: This paper briefly reviews the measurement of the magnitude of profit shifting by multinational firms. Highlighting differences between estimates using microeconomic and macroeconomic approaches, it sketches a conceptual framework that can help explain these divergent estimates. In particular, these approaches arguably differ in their conceptualization of the boundary between tax avoidance and behavioral responses to taxes. The paper also discusses the future of profit shifting, drawing on a data set that codes anti-avoidance measures undertaken by OECD countries over the period of 2000-2014. Governments have significantly strengthened these rules over this period, despite collective action problems that potentially inhibit their implementation.
DOI: 10.3886/e114515
title: Replication data for: How Elastic is the Demand for Tax Havens? Evidence from the US Possessions Corporations Tax Credit

description: Why do some firms adopt certain tax havens, and how sensitive is the demand for tax havens? We address these questions by studying how the repeal of section 936 tax credits affected firms with affiliates in Puerto Rico. We first describe the characteristics of US multinationals that were exposed to section 936. We then show that the market value of exposed firms decreased after losing access to section 936, implying that firms could not perfectly substitute to other tax havens. Finally, we find that firms exposed to section 936 did not respond by expanding their network of tax havens.
DOI: 10.3886/e114515v1
title: Replication data for: How Elastic is the Demand for Tax Havens? Evidence from the US Possessions Corporations Tax Credit

description: Why do some firms adopt certain tax havens, and how sensitive is the demand for tax havens? We address these questions by studying how the repeal of section 936 tax credits affected firms with affiliates in Puerto Rico. We first describe the characteristics of US multinationals that were exposed to section 936. We then show that the market value of exposed firms decreased after losing access to section 936, implying that firms could not perfectly substitute to other tax havens. Finally, we find that firms exposed to section 936 did not respond by expanding their network of tax havens.
DOI: 10.3886/e114516
title: Replication data for: Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States

description: This paper evaluates the impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions four years after implementation using data from the 2010-2017 National Health Interview Survey. We find that low-income adults in states that implemented the Medicaid expansions experienced increases in insurance and Medicaid coverage and improvements in access to health care across several measures.
DOI: 10.3886/e114516v1
title: Replication data for: Four Years Later: Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Continue to Diverge between ACA Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States

description: This paper evaluates the impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansions four years after implementation using data from the 2010-2017 National Health Interview Survey. We find that low-income adults in states that implemented the Medicaid expansions experienced increases in insurance and Medicaid coverage and improvements in access to health care across several measures.
DOI: 10.3886/e114517v1
title: Replication data for: Emotional Tagging and Belief Formation: The Long-Lasting Effects of Experiencing Communism

description: Growing evidence in macrofinance suggests long-lasting effects of personally experienced outcomes on beliefs. To understand the underlying mechanism we turn to the neurological foundations of memory formation. We propose that emotional tagging plays a crucial role in assigning weights in the belief formation process. We use exposure to communism as well as variation in its emotional tagging to predict long-run beliefs. We show that living under communism has long-term effects on beliefs about its benefits. In addition, positive and negative emotional tags strongly affect the (pro- or anti-communist) direction of beliefs, providing anchors to memory that seem hard to reverse.
DOI: 10.3886/e114705
title: Replication data for: The Role of Information in Disability Insurance Application: An Analysis of the Social Security Statement Phase-In

description: This paper exploits a natural experiment in information provision on US Disability Insurance (DI) applications: the Social Security statement. Although the effect of the statement on DI application was negligible in the general health and retirement study population, among those previously reporting a work limitation, biennial DI application rates approximately doubled. This effect was driven by previously uninformed individuals. Additional analyses show these were new applicants and were no less likely to be accepted onto DI, accounting for a substantial fraction of the rise in DI rolls from 1994 to 2004 and indicating the importance of informational frictions in disability policymaking.
DOI: 10.3886/e114706
title: Replication data for: Correcting for Misreporting of Government Benefits

description: Data linkage studies often document, but do not remedy, severe survey errors. To improve survey estimates despite restricted linked data access, this paper develops a convenient and general estimation method that combines public use data with conditional distribution parameters estimated from linked data. Analyses using linked SNAP data show that this method sharply improves estimates and consistently outperforms corrections that mainly rely on survey data. Yet, some univariate corrections perform well when linked data do not exist. For SNAP, extrapolating from linked data across time and geography still improves upon estimates using survey data only, even after survey-based corrections.
DOI: 10.3886/e114706v1
title: Replication data for: Correcting for Misreporting of Government Benefits

description: Data linkage studies often document, but do not remedy, severe survey errors. To improve survey estimates despite restricted linked data access, this paper develops a convenient and general estimation method that combines public use data with conditional distribution parameters estimated from linked data. Analyses using linked SNAP data show that this method sharply improves estimates and consistently outperforms corrections that mainly rely on survey data. Yet, some univariate corrections perform well when linked data do not exist. For SNAP, extrapolating from linked data across time and geography still improves upon estimates using survey data only, even after survey-based corrections.
DOI: 10.3886/e114707
title: Replication data for: Multimarket Contact in the Hospital Industry

description: Hospitals in the United States increasingly belong to multihospital systems that operate in numerous geographic markets. A large literature in management and economics suggests that competition between firms may be softened as a result of multimarket contact—ie., firms competing with one another in multiple markets simultaneously. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in multimarket contact generated by out-of-market consolidation, I find that increases in multimarket contact over the 2000–2010 period led to higher hospital prices. These results suggest that continued hospital consolidation may produce higher prices even if that consolidation only minimally affects within-market concentration.
DOI: 10.3886/e114707v1
title: Replication data for: Multimarket Contact in the Hospital Industry

description: Hospitals in the United States increasingly belong to multihospital systems that operate in numerous geographic markets. A large literature in management and economics suggests that competition between firms may be softened as a result of multimarket contact—ie., firms competing with one another in multiple markets simultaneously. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in multimarket contact generated by out-of-market consolidation, I find that increases in multimarket contact over the 2000–2010 period led to higher hospital prices. These results suggest that continued hospital consolidation may produce higher prices even if that consolidation only minimally affects within-market concentration.
DOI: 10.3886/e113754
title: Replication data for: Does Wage Persistence Matter for Employment Fluctuations? Evidence from Displaced Workers

description: Previous literature has found that tight labor market conditions during a job raise wages. Using the Displaced Worker Survey from 1984 to 2006, we show that wage gains associated with good labor market conditions disappear at job loss. We also find that workers with higher wages due to tight past labor market conditions face higher risk of layoff. These findings suggest an important role of persistent rigidities in the wage setting process that are related to layoff decisions. This supports the notion that downward rigid employment contracts help explain the Shimer (2005) "puzzle" of low wage relative to employment fluctuations. (JEL J31, J41, J63)
DOI: 10.3886/e113754v1
title: Replication data for: Does Wage Persistence Matter for Employment Fluctuations? Evidence from Displaced Workers

description: Previous literature has found that tight labor market conditions during a job raise wages. Using the Displaced Worker Survey from 1984 to 2006, we show that wage gains associated with good labor market conditions disappear at job loss. We also find that workers with higher wages due to tight past labor market conditions face higher risk of layoff. These findings suggest an important role of persistent rigidities in the wage setting process that are related to layoff decisions. This supports the notion that downward rigid employment contracts help explain the Shimer (2005) "puzzle" of low wage relative to employment fluctuations. (JEL J31, J41, J63)
DOI: 10.3886/e113755
title: Replication data for: Teacher Incentives

description: We analyze a randomized trial of a program that rewarded Kenyan primary school teachers based on student test scores, with penalties for students not taking the exams. Scores increased on the formula used to reward teachers, and program school students scored higher on the exams linked to teacher incentives. Yet most of the gains were focused on the teacher reward formula. The dropout rate was unchanged. Instead, exam participation increased among enrolled students. Test scores increased on exams linked to the incentives, but not on other, unrelated exams. Teacher attendance and homework assignment were unaffected, but test preparation sessions increased. (JEL I21, I28, J13, O15)