DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2f1k3
title: Data from: A parapatric propensity for breeding precludes the completion of speciation in common teal (Anas crecca, sensu lato)

description: Speciation is a process in which genetic drift and selection cause
 divergence over tSpeciation is a process in which genetic drift and
 selection cause divergence over time. However, there is no rule dictating
 the time required for speciation, and even low levels of gene flow hinder
 divergence, so that taxa may be poised at the threshold of speciation for
 long periods of evolutionary time. We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
 and eight nuclear introns (nuDNA) to estimate genomic levels of
 differentiation and gene flow between the Eurasian common teal (Anas
 crecca crecca) and the North American green-winged teal (A. c.
 carolinensis). These ducks come into contact in Beringia (northeastern
 Asia and northwestern North America) and have likely done so, perhaps
 cyclically, since the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition, ~2.6 Ma, when they
 apparently began diverging. They have diagnosable differences in male
 plumage and are 6.9% divergent in the mtDNA control region, with only 1 of
 58 crecca and 2 of 86 carolinensis having haplotypes grouping with the
 other. Two nuclear loci were likewise strongly structured between these
 teal (ΦST &gt; 0.35), but six loci were undifferentiated or only
 weakly structured (ΦST = 0.0–0.06). Gene flow between crecca and
 carolinensis was ~1 individual per generation in both directions in mtDNA,
 but was asymmetrical in nuDNA, with ~1 and ~20 individuals per generation
 immigrating into crecca and carolinensis, respectively. This study
 illustrates that species delimitation using a single marker oversimplifies
 the complexity of the speciation process, and it suggests that even with
 divergent selection, moderate levels of gene flow may stall the speciation
 process short of completion.
description: Anas crecca mtDNA
 control region sequences.fasFASTA file containing
 144 mtDNA control region sequences (987 aligned sites) sampled from Common
 (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 58 sequences were sampled
 from Eurasia, and the next 86 sequences were sampled from North
 America.TEAL.mtDNA-CR.final.fasAnas crecca CHD1Z alleles.fasFASTA file containing 78 resolved alleles from intron 19 of the chromo-helicase DNA binding (CHD1Z) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 45 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 33 were sampled from North America. Note that CHD1Z is located on the Z-chromosome, and therefore, females only have a single copy.Teal.CHD1Z.final.fasAnas crecca CRYAB alleles.fasFASTA file containing 78 resolved alleles from intron 1 of the alpha-B crystallin (CRYAB) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 50 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 50 were sampled from North America.TEAL.CRYAB.final.fasAnas crecca ENO1 alleles.fasFASTA file containing 100 resolved alleles from intron 8 of the alpha enolase (ENO1) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 50 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 50 were sampled from North America.TEAL.ENO1.final.fasAnas crecca FGB alleles.fasFASTA file containing 100 resolved alleles from intron 7 of the beta fibrinogen (FGB) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 50 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 50 were sampled from North America.TEAL.FGB.final.fasAnas crecca GRIN1 alleles.fasFASTA file containing 100 resolved alleles from intron 11 of the N-methyl D-aspartate 1 glutamate receptor (GRIN1) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 50 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 50 were sampled from North America.TEAL.GRIN1.final.fasAnas crecca LDHB alleles.fasFASTA file containing 100 resolved alleles from intron 3 of the lactate dehydrogenase B(LDHB) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 50 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 50 were sampled from North America.TEAL.LDHB.final.fasAnas crecca ODC1 alleles.fasFASTA file containing 100 resolved alleles from intron 5 of the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 50 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 50 were sampled from North America.TEAL.ODC1.final.fasAnas crecca PCK1 alleles.fasFASTA file containing 100 resolved alleles from intron 8 of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) gene sampled from 50 Common (Green-winged) Teal (Anas crecca). The first 50 alleles were sampled from Eurasia, and the next 50 were sampled from North America.TEAL.PCK1.final.fasAnas crecca nuDNA for IM.infileInput file for analysis of population history in the program IM. The input contains 8 loci sampled from 50 individuals of Anas crecca (25 from Eurasia, population 1; 25 from North America, population 2). Note that the data have been filtered for recombination, and therefore, some loci have fewer than 100 alleles sampled. The command line for running IM was: -i infile -q1 25 -m1 20 -m2 20 -t 1 -b 500000 -l 12.0 -a 50 -fg -g1 0.9 -g2 0.85 -k 30 -n 30 -q2 25 -qA 5 -s 105976 -p13 -j1 -e 24.0 -o outfile.txtinfileAnas crecca mtDNA for IM.infileInput file for analysis of population history from mtDNA control region (986 aligned nucleotides) in the program IM. The input contains 144 individuals of Anas crecca (58 from Eurasia, population 1; 86 from North America, population 2). The command line for running IM was: -i infile -q1 200 -m1 0.2 -m2 0.2 -t 40 -b 500000 -l 12.0 -fg -g1 0.9 -g2 0.9 -k 10 -n 10 -q2 200 -qA 40 -s 3156714860 -p13 -j1 -e 24.0 -o outfile.txtinfileAnas crecca LAMARC.menuMenu file for performing LAMARC analyses using the 8 nuclear introns sampled from Eurasian Common Teal.TEALow-8loci.menuAnas crecca Structure infile.txtFile containing genotypic information for 8 nuclear loci sampled from 25 Anas crecca crecca and 25 Anas crecca carolinensis. This file is formatted for STRUCTURE analyses.Teal_8loci.txtAnas crecca CRYAB.arpResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 50)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 50) for intron 1 of the CRYAB gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.TEAL-ABC.arpTEAL-CHD1ZResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 42)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 36) for intron 19 of the CHD1Z gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.Anas crecca ENO1.arpResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 50)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 50) for intron 8 of the ENO1 gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin, and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.TEAL-ENO.arpAnas crecca FGB.arpResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 50)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 50) for intron 7 of the FGB gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin, and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.TEAL-BF7.arpAnas crecca GRIN1.arpResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 50)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 50) for intron 13 of the GRIN1 gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin, and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.TEAL-MDAR.arpAnas crecca LDHB.arpResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 50)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 50) for intron 3 of the LDHB gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin, and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.TEAL-LDH.arpAnas crecca ODC1.arpResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 50)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 50) for intron 5 of the ODC1 gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin, and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.TEAL-ODC.arpAnas crecca PCK1.arpResolved alleles for Anas crecca crecca (n = 50)and Anas crecca carolinensis (n = 50) for intron 8 of the PCK1 gene. This file is formatted for analyses in Arlequin, and sequences are sorted between OW (A. c. crecca) and NW (A. c. carolinensis) samples.TEAL-PCK.arpGenbank accession numbers.docxTable of genbank accession numbers for each sample used in this study. Sampling location is provided (Old World, OW, for Eurasian Anas crecca crecca; New World, NW, for North American Anas crecca carolinensis). NA = not applicable (nuclear loci were not sequenced for 94 individuals).genbank accession numbers.docx