cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78480
title: Woman Preparing Salt Near Okposi, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a young, bare-chested woman preparing salt in front of a thatched hut in Okposi. Okposi is the site of a salt lake, and salt production began in the area from its first habitation. Women traditionally prepare salt, and are initiated into the industry following marriage. Salt is prepared in a specially constructed thatched hut (the Ewe), before which this lady works. She prepares the salt on a hillock (Okperede) constructed from brine, pouring fresh brine onto it to dry in the sun before it is boiled up to extract the salt. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78481
title: Tribal Patterns, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Image of what may be a folded out picture representing the tribal patterns made on the back of an Ibo (Igbo) woman. These elaborate designs are called "uli", and were painted with dye made from the seeds of uli plants. These designs were traditionally painted onto young women before marriage, when they visited a "fattening room." Since body fat represents health, wealth and fertility in Igbo culture, women were fed fat-rich foods in these rooms for around three months, and were instructed in the arts of being a good wife and mother by older women in the community. The young women then returned to their community, painted with uli designs, presented at the height of their beauty. By the 1930s and 1940, women were painted with uli for both festivals and everyday occasions. Missionaries discouraged the practice of body painting, asking artists to record their designs on paper (which this slide may represent) so that embroidery patterns could be made. Patterns often were themed around nature: this design features leaves and birds, for example, although other symbols were also used. Designs were also strongly linear. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/k9hrla/bwsf5j
title: Puccinia coronata Corda F-4433.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/k9hrla
title: Puccinia coronata Corda, 4433

description: Herbarium
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78482
title: Some Designs used for Patterns on Girls' Bodies, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide of drawings made of uli, traditional patterns made on the bodies of Igbo women with dye from the uli plant before marriage and on other special occasions. By the 1930s and 1940, women were painted with uli for both festivals and everyday occasions. Missionaries discouraged the practice of body painting, asking artists to record their designs on paper so that embroidery patterns could be made. This image shows such drawings laid onto a floor. Designs were linear (though not symmetrical) and featured symbols from nature and everyday life. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78483
title: Itu Leper Colony, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing two patients in Itu Leper Colony. The men sit in a shelter and seem to hold wooden tools. The colony was founded by the Calabar Mission after a leper visited the mission general hospital and dispensary at Itu in 1926. Spreading the news that he had been offered help by a Dr Andrew Buchanan Macdonald, sufferers came for help, first camping on a sandbank in the Cross River. After a flood, land was leased from an Ibu chief and the colony began to be built by the mission, with a hospital, housing, treatment rooms, amenities, a church, a school and leisure facilities. There was also a home farm, and industries were set up in order that the colony could be self-supporting. Dr and Mrs Macdonald were to move from the general hospital to devote themselves to work amongst people suffering from leprosy. In recognition of this work, Dr Macdonald became a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M.B.E) in 1934. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78484
title: Pontoon for Car or Lorries, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a wooden pontoon floating along a river powered by four men with long wooden poles. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78485
title: New Road to Elu, Ohafia District, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing two European missionaries and three Calabar men standing in front of a car on a new road to Elu, in the Ohafia area. One missionary is male, whilst his companion is female. Ohafia is an Igbo district, and its ancestral capital is Elu village. The Ohafia people have a strong warrior tradition, central to their sense of identity. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/mnwve9/gjpbak
title: Puccinia coronata Corda F-4379.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78486
title: Bread Fruit Tree Ikorofiong, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1900-1910

description: Black and white lantern slide picturing a bread fruit tree with a fruit clearly visible in the foreground. The tree is in a courtyard of brick buildings with corrugated iron roofs, and men and boys stand below the tree. Other men can be seen entering a rear building. Missionary Zerub Baillie set up a mission station at Ikorofiong after the death of King Eyo of Creek Town in 1858. Ikorofiong was an Efik outpost on Ibibio land. The breadfruit tree is a member of the Moraceae (fig) family. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/mnwve9
title: Puccinia coronata Corda, 4379

description: Fungarium Micromycetes
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78448
title: Duke Town Church, , Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a view of the church at Duke Town, Calabar, with Nigerian worshippers in the foreground in traditional and Western dress. Duke Town Presbyterian Church was built in 1846 under the auspices of Reverend Hope Masterton Waddell. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78487
title: Mission Hospital, Itu,, Men's Wards, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing the building of the men's ward at the mission hospital at Itu. There was both a general hospital and a hospital within the leper colony that was built under Dr Andrew Buchanan Macdonald in the late 1920s. After Mary Mitchell Slessor (1848-1915) first visited Itu on invitation in January 1903, a request was made for a hospital and dispensary. In September 1905, Rev. Dr David Robertson was sent from Braid Church, Edinburgh, to carry out medical work. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78488
title: Female Missionary and Calabar Boy, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing an unidentified female European missionary holding a Calabar boy, around two years old. A man stands next to his bicycle in the background in front of thatched buildings. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78489
title: Doctor's Bungalow,, Leper Colony, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing two European missionary doctors standing before their bungalow in the leper colony at Itu. It is possible that one man may be Dr Andrew Buchanan Macdonald, who set up the colony after his first encounter with a leper in the Itu Calabar Mission hospital and dispensary in 1926. After the patient spread the news that he had been offered help, sufferers came for treatment, first camping on a sandbank in the Cross River. After a flood, land was leased from an Ibo chief and the colony began to be built by the mission, with a hospital,, housing, treatment rooms, amenities, a church, a school and leisure facilities. There was also a home farm, and industries were set up in order that the colony could be self-supporting. Dr and Mrs Macdonald were to move from the general hospital to devote themselves to work amongst people suffering from leprosy. In recognition of this work, Dr Macdonald became a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M.B.E) in 1934. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78490
title: Hut for Two, Leper Colony, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a hut designed for two people in the leper colony built by the Calabar Mission at Itu. A man sits outside the hut whilst a woman leans against the wall of the outer porch to the house. The hut is thatched. The colony was founded by the Calabar Mission after a leper visited the mission general hospital and dispensary at Itu in 1926. After the patient spread the news that he had been offered help by a Dr Andrew Buchanan Macdonald, sufferers came for help, first camping on a sandbank in the Cross River. After a flood, land was leased from an Ibo chief and the colony began to be built by the mission, with a hospital, housing, treatment rooms, amenities, a church, a school and leisure facilities. There was also a home farm, and industries were set up in order that the colony could be self-supporting. Dr and Mrs Macdonald were to move from the general hospital to devote themselves to work amongst people suffering from leprosy. In recognition of this work, Dr Macdonald became a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (M.B.E) in 1934. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78491
title: Leper Colony, Huts and Tall Oil Palms, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a path through the huts of the Calabar Mission leper colony at Itu. Oil palms can be seen in the background. The huts are thatched and have low walls creating a small private garden or porch area in front of each building. Paths are bordered with plants in an orderly manner. The colony was founded by the Calabar Mission after a leper visited the mission general hospital and dispensary at Itu in 1926. When the patient spread the news that he had been offered help by a Dr Andrew Buchanan Macdonald, sufferers came for treatment, first camping on a sandbank in the Cross River. After a flood, land was leased from an Ibo chief and the colony began to be built by the mission, with a hospital,, housing, treatment rooms, amenities, a church, a school and leisure facilities. There was also a home farm, and industries were set up in order that the colony could be self-supporting. The colony was divided into distinct areas, with four 'towns' making up the large settlement. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78492
title: The Church, Leper Colony, Itu, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide picturing the church in the leper colony run by the Calabar Mission at Itu. The cruciform church was built from mud, and seated 2500 people. Valedictory services were performed there for those leaving the colony. A witness for the valedictory service of a mother witnessed that: 'After the address, they were asked to stand while they received the blessing of the Church. At this solemn moment in the service the mother was handed her child who had been cared for in the babies' home while she herself was being restored to heath.' (From: Donald M McFarlan, Calabar: The Church of Scotland Mission 1846-1946 (Thomas Nelson & Sons: London, 1946), p. 158.) This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78493
title: Calabar Boys and Young Men, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Black and white lantern slide featuring boys and young men sitting inside a thatched building with wooden roof supports, possibly in a school for boys run by the Calabar Mission. Some boys are bare chested, and others wear short sleeved shirts. One boy to the foreground of the picture is wearing a particularly ragged shirt. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78494
title: Pole Vaulting, Abiriba School, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a group of six boys pole vaulting at Abiriba School. The boys wear a uniform of khaki shorts and a khaki or white shirt in the image. The crossbar is made from wood. Missionaries first entered Abiriba, an Igbo iron-working area, in the early twentieth century. Agwu Otisi, a priest of the witch-doctors' society, was keen to set up a school in the village and to learn about the new faith of Christianity, eventually becoming a Church Elder. The school was under the charge of Rev. R Collins. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78495
title: Boy Performers in Masked Play, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing ten boy performers in a masked play. Three of the boys in the back row wear palm or straw costumes and cover their faces with masks. Boys on the front row hold up masks. Epke (meaning "leopard") masquerade has a long history in Nigeria, and is a cultural play popular among Ekik and Ibibio groups. Traditional masks were made with animal skin. Epke mimics the movements of animals, and was traditionally used in order to enforce laws, and is also practised on festival days. Taking part in epke masquerades was traditionally and is for men only, and women are barred from seeing certain masquerades. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78496
title: Calabar Family, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a Christian family in front of a thatched dwelling in Calabar. The father wears trousers, a smart shirt and holds a pith helmet (there also seems to be a pith helmet on the roof). His wife sits with a young child on her knee, and wears a smart dress, pearls and a hat. Two young girls stand in shifts at the front of the picture. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78445
title: Ibo Church Leader and Family at Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide featuring a church leader from the Ibo nationality, his wife, two sons and baby. The church leader is holding the baby in his arms. All wear smart European style clothes - the sons wear suits, the leader wears a shirt and tie and his wife is seen in a smart patterned dress and hat. Before the colonial period, Ibo people were fragmented, but became more united with the introduction of kings by colonial administrator Frederick Lugard (1858-1945), who was eventually to became the Governor-General of Nigeria. With economic colonialism, the Ibo people also were to convert to Christianity in large numbers with the arrival of missionaries into Calabar. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78497
title: Akaniobio Church, Old Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1900-1910

description: Tinted lantern slide showing the church at Akaniobio in Old Calabar and its large congregation of men, women and children. Some individuals wear European dress, whilst others wear traditional Calabar styles. A church was originally built in 1905 by Onoyom Iya Nya, a wealthy trader who became a Christian under the work of Mary Mitchell Slessor (1848-1915). However, the original church was flooded in 1906. Onoyam Iya Nya built a new church as the centre of a new settlement on higher ground, naming the area Obio Usiere, or "Town of the Dawn." It is unclear which church is represented in this image. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78498
title: Interior of Creek Town Church, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1900-1910

description: Tinted lantern slide showing the interior of the church building at Creek Town, Calabar. Creek Town Church is the oldest Presbyterian church hall in Nigeria, and was built in 1850. After renovations, the church was rededicated in 1884. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78499
title: Calabar, C of S Stations, ca. 1900-1910

description: Tinted lantern slide showing Church of Scotland mission stations in Calabar. In 1929, the United Free Church joined the Church of Scotland. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78443
title: The Beach Market, Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a row of stalls at the beach market in Calabar. Male stallholders stand by their stalls whilst other male customers browse. The photographer has focussed on stalls selling steel or aluminium buckets, bowls and shoes. The market may be the Henshaw Town Beach Market. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78440
title: Missionary, Apprentices and Machine Parts,, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide showing a European missionary standing with six young (teenage) male apprentices. The group poses next to metal machine parts (car parts). The missionary's suit and hat have been tinted white whilst the boys wear oil stained clothes. The image may have been taken at the Hope Waddell Training Institute, a vocational school run by the Calabar Mission that taught boys and girls in subjects such as mechanics, engineering and needlework. The school opened in 1895. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/zzyadl
title: Crucibulum laeve (Huds.) Kambly, 1872

description: Fungarium Macromycetes
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/vzcsbh/enzjzz
title: Puccinia coronata Corda F-2321.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78447
title: Canoe Carrying Barrels of Palm Oil, Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide taken from a river vessel showing a wooden cargo canoe carrying barrels of palm oil. Whilst one man stands on the deck, three other crew members propel the canoe with long wooden poles. Following the waning of the slave trade in the mid 19th century, the trade in palm oil and palm kernels became a major industry for the people of Calabar, and in the late 19th century, the region became the capital of the Niger Coast Protectorate. With the opening of Port Harcourt as a rail transport centre after 1916, the importance of Calabar as a trading port lessened, but the area continued to export palm products. European missionaries in Calabar, most famously Mary Mitchell Slessor (1848-1915) sought to open up the palm oil and kernel trade to Calabar tribes people in order to encourage self sufficiency, and to reduce inter-tribal warfare and practices such as human sacrifice and poisoning ordeals. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78446
title: Elder Dempster Lines "Mary Slessor", Calabar, Nigeria, ca. 1930-1940

description: Tinted lantern slide featuring the British diesel cargo ship, "Mary Slessor", a vessel built in 1930 in Dumbarton, United Kingdom by Mcmillan A & Son  and named after Mary Mitchell Slessor (1848-1915), the pioneering Scottish missionary who devoted her life to work with indigenous Calabar peoples. The Mary Slessor was owned by Elder Dempster Lines (misspelled as "Elder Dympster" on the slide's original caption), and was sank on 02 February 1943 after she hit a mine. This slide comes from a set on mission, culture and industry in Calabar, southeast Nigeria generated by the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland (which was incorporated with the Church of Scotland in 1929.)
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/vzcsbh
title: Puccinia coronata Corda, 2321

description: Fungarium Micromycetes