DOI: 10.5061/dryad.905qftthj
title: Data from: A resurrection study reveals limited evolution of thermal performance in response to recent climate change across the geographic range of the scarlet monkeyflower

description: Evolutionary rescue can prevent populations from declining under climate
 change, and should be more likely at high-latitude, “leading” edges of
 species’ ranges due to greater temperature anomalies and gene flow from
 warm-adapted populations. Using a resurrection study with seeds collected
 before and after a seven-year period of record warming, we tested for
 thermal adaptation in the scarlet monkeyflower Mimulus cardinalis. We grew
 ancestors and descendants from northern-edge, central, and southern-edge
 populations across eight temperatures. Despite recent climate anomalies,
 populations showed limited evolution of thermal performance curves.
 However, one southern population evolved a narrower thermal performance
 breadth by 1.31 °C, which matches the direction and magnitude of the
 average decrease in seasonality experienced. Consistent with the climate
 variability hypothesis, thermal performance breadth increased with
 temperature seasonality across the species’ geographic range. Inconsistent
 with performance trade-offs between low and high temperatures across
 populations, we did not detect a positive relationship between thermal
 optimum and mean temperature. These findings fail to support the
 hypothesis that evolutionary response to climate change is greatest at the
 leading edge, and suggest that the evolution of thermal performance is
 unlikely to rescue most populations from the detrimental effects of
 rapidly changing climate.
description: Refresher generation For a refresher
 generation, we germinated field-collected seeds in pots filled with Fafard
 4P Mix (Sun Gro Horticulture, Agawam, MA, USA) and topped with a thin
 layer of Sunshine Grow Mix (Sun Gro Horticulture, Agawam, MA, USA) in May
 2018. Pots were placed into sub-irrigated trays in a greenhouse at North
 Carolina State University, watered daily, and fertilized weekly with
 Blossom Booster fertilizer (JR Peters Inc., Allentown, PA, USA) or Cal-Mag
 fertilizer (Everris, Dublin, OH, USA). Starting at ~4 months after
 planting, we performed crosses to produce experimental seed families,
 which were subsequently harvested in September 2018 through January
 2019. Resurrection experiment
 Beginning in February 2019, we planted seeds into plug trays.
 Within 24 hours prior to planting, plug trays were filled with Fafard 4P
 Mix (Sun Gro Horticulture, Agawam, MA, USA), topped with a thin layer of
 Sunshine Grow Mix (Sun Gro Horticulture, Agawam, MA, USA), and thoroughly
 misted with water. We planted each family into a separate cell, such that
 each plug tray contained all ancestral and descendent families of one
 region (northern, central, or southern) to minimize competition due to
 size differences among regions. Each set of six trays that eventually went
 into each growth chamber run contained two representative trays for each
 region. Due to space limitations, we staggered planting, which occurred
 through May 2019. Because a previous trial showed that northern
 populations germinate slower than central and southern populations, we
 planted the two northern trays in each chamber run one week earlier than
 the two central and two southern trays to standardize plant size prior to
 growth chamber runs. Trays were sub-irrigated with a general nutrient
 solution (containing NPK + micronutrients) once daily. We rotated trays
 three times per week to reduce positional effects, and emptied water out
 of trays three times per week to reduce growth of fungus gnat larvae and
 algae in the soil. Growth chamber runs occurred from
 April through July of 2019. After five (for central and southern
 populations) to six (for northern populations) weeks in the grow room, we
 put each tray set into growth chambers, with 16 chamber runs total. We
 randomized the order of temperature regimes and randomly assigned regimes
 to one of the four growth chambers. During all growth chamber runs, we
 sub-irrigated trays with reverse osmosis water (as opposed to nutrient
 solution, which may have confounded any effect of temperature if higher
 temperatures increased plant water use) twice daily, and randomized trays
 within each growth chamber twice per week to minimize positional
 effects. 
description: Column name Unit or allowable values Description FamID GH_XXXX Unique identifier for the seed families used in the thermal performance experiment; crosses were performed from the refresher generation in the greenhouse MomID SITE OR COLLECTOR CODE, INDIVIDUAL NUMBER Dam of the seed family (FamID); this identifier came from the Sheth lab accession number assigned during collection of plants in the field DadID SITE OR COLLECTOR CODE, INDIVIDUAL NUMBER Sire of the seed family (FamID); this identifier came from the Sheth lab accession number assigned during collection of plants in the field Fam.ord Integer from 1 to 216 Integer for ordered FamID Pop N1, N2, C1, C2, S1, or S2 Population collected Pop.ord Integer from 1 to 6 Integer for ordered Pop Year 2010 or 2017 Year of collection Group POP, YEAR Population code and Year Group.ord Integer from 1 to 12 Integer for ordered Group Reg N (North), C (Central), or S (South) Region of collection Reg.ord Integer from 1 to 3 Integer for ordered Reg Temp 10.-5, 15.0, 20.5, 25.1, 30.15, 35.2, 40.25, 45.3 Temperature regime (daytime temperature.nighttime temperature) Temp.ord Integer from 0 to 7 Integer for ordered temp Temp.rep 1, 2 Replication of temperature run in growth chamber Tray.set Integer from 1 to 17 Number for each set of six trays going into each chamber run Tray Integer from 1 to 102 Tray number Rep .NUMBER Replication of each FamID Cell COL, ROW Location of seedling within tray (COL: Letter from A to F, ROW: Integer from 1 to 12) TagID FAMID, REP Identifier for each seedling Planting.date M/DD/YY Date seed planted Percival I-31, I-32, I-33, I-34 Percival (growth chamber) seedling was grown in Leaf.number.going.in Positive integer, 0 (only cotyledons present), or NA (no seedling present) Number of leaves on the seedling when it went into the chamber Leaf.number.coming.out..green. Positive integer, 0 (only green cotyledons present), or NA (no seedling present) Number of green leaves on the seedling when it came out of the chamber Leaf.number.coming.out..brown. Positive integer, 0 (only brown cotyledons present), or NA (no brown leaves present) Number of brown leaves on the seedling when it came out of the chamber Notes   Anything important observed during data collection