DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fbg79cp6t
title: COSINE-100: Full dataset challenges the annual modulation signal of DAMA/LIBRA

description: For over 25 years, the DAMA/LIBRA collaboration has claimed to observe an
 annual modulation signal, suggesting the existence of dark matter
 interactions. However, no experiment employing different target materials
 has observed a dark matter signal consistent with their result. To address
 this puzzle, the COSINE-100 collaboration conducted a model-independent
 test using sodium iodide crystal detectors, the same target material as
 DAMA/LIBRA. Analyzing data collected over 6.4 years by the effective mass
 of 61.3 kg, with improved energy calibration and time-dependent background
 modeling, we found no evidence of an annual modulation signal, challenging
 the DAMA/LIBRA result with a confidence level greater than 3σ. This
 finding represents a substantial step toward resolving the long-standing
 debate surrounding DAMA/LIBRA’s dark matter claim, indicating that the
 observed modulation is unlikely to be caused by dark matter interactions.
description: # Six-year annual modulation signal search * The data used in the
 "COSINE-100 Full Dataset Challenges the Annual Modulation Signal of
 DAMA/LIBRA" paper are available in this folder. * If you use data in
 this folder, please cite
 [arXiv:2409.13226](https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.13226). * The notebooks in
 `visualizer` folder will help you to read the data and reproduce the plots
 in the paper. See the [Visualizers
 section](https://github.com/CUPCOSINE/PublicData/tree/main/COSINE100-6YearsModulation/visualizer) for details, especially for the environment. * `figure` The [folder contains](https://github.com/CUPCOSINE/PublicData/tree/main/COSINE100-6YearsModulation/figure) the plots drawn by the notebooks in `visualizer` a folder, in `.pdf` a format. Take a look at it! ## Notation * `erc`, `nrc`, and `irc` in the file names indicate the calibration policy adopted. * `erc` stands for `electron-recoil-compatible` with the DAMA experiment. It adopted the linear calibration pivoted at 60 keV gamma-ray. It is identical to $\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$ in the paper. * `nrc` stands for `(sodium)-nuclear-recoil-compatible` with the DAMA experiment. It calibrates considering the different quenching factors (for Na-recoil) of two experiments, DAMA and COSINE-100. Dividing them by 0.3 gives the energy in $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$ in the paper. * `irc` stands for `iodine-(nuclear)-recoil-compatible` with the DAMA experiment. It calibrates considering the different quenching factors (for I-recoil) of two experiments, DAMA and COSINE-100. Dividing them by 0.09 gives the energy in $\mathrm{keV_{nr,~I}}$ in the paper. * Examples * `erc1-3` indicates 1-3 $\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$ (linearly-calibrated energy unit). * `erc2-6` indicates 2-6 $\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$ (linearly-calibrated energy unit). * `nrc2-6` indicates 6.7-20 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$ ($2 \div 0.3$ gives 6.7, $6 \div 0.3$ gives 20). It corresponds to 2-6 keV in the DAMA detectors. * `irc2-6` indicates 22.2-66.7 $\mathrm{keV_{nr,~I}}$ ($2 \div 0.09$ gives 22.2). It corresponds to 2-6 keV in the DAMA detectors. * Event rate unit * For `erc` calibration, the event rates, and modulation amplitudes are represented in the unit of "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$". It corresponds to the so-called DRU, daily rate unit. * For `nrc` calibration, the event rates, and modulation amplitudes are represented in the unit of "counts/day/kg/units of (3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$)". The weird constant 3.3 makes the resulting numbers to be identical to the numbers in DRU. * For `irc` calibration, the event rates, and modulation amplitudes are represented in the unit of "counts/day/kg/units of (11 $\mathrm{keV_{nr, ~~I }~~}$)". The weird constant 11 makes the resulting numbers to be identical to the numbers in DRU. ## Data Description * `BackgroundRate_.csv`: best-fit total background event rates in the ``. * `day_centers`: days after 2016.01.01-00:00. * `background_crystal#`: the background event rate for the crystal in "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$" (for `erc` calibration) or "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" (for `nrc` calibration) unit. * `EventRate_.csv`: 15-day-bin event rates of the COSINE-100 full dataset in the ``. * `day_centers`: days after 2016.01.01-00:00. * `event_rate_crystal#`: the event rate for the crystal in "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$" (for `erc` calibration) or "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" (for `nrc` calibration) unit. * `event_rate_error_crystal#`: the 1$\sigma$ error for `event_rate_crystal#`. * `residual_crystal#`: `event_rate_crystal#` - `background_crystal#` from `BackgroundRate_.csv`. * `residual_error_crystal#`: the 1$\sigma$ error for `residual_crystal#`. * `mean_residual`: the average residual event rate. Averaged over `residual_crystal#` for all crystals considering `residual_error_crystal#`. * `mean_residual_error`: the 1$\sigma$ error for `mean_residual`. * `livetime_efficiency_crystal#`The time efficiency of the crystal collecting good-quality data during the time bin. * `counts_crystal#`: the number of events collected in the time bin. * Note that not only the `livetime_efficiency` but also the event selection efficiency must be considered to convert `counts` into `event_rate`. * `AmplitudePosterior_.csv`: the phase-fixed annual modulation amplitude posterior distribution obtained through the MCMC technique. * `amplitude`: the modulation amplitude in "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$" (for `erc` calibration), "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" (for `nrc` calibration), or "counts/day/kg/11 $\mathrm{keV_{nr,~I}}$" (for `irc` calibration) unit. * `mcmc_samples`: the number of MCMC samples sampled from the COSINE-100 full dataset. * `PseudoUnderDama_.csv`The expected distribution of the best fits under the assumption of DAMA's claim to be true. * `amplitude_median`: the best-fit obtained from the pseudo-experiments in "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$" (for `erc` calibration), "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" (for `nrc` calibration), or "counts/day/kg/11 $\mathrm{keV_{nr,~I}}$" (for `irc` calibration) unit. * `pseudo_experiments`: the number of pseudo-experiments yielded the `amplitude_median`. * `TwoDimensionalPosterior__histogram.csv`: the phase-floated annual modulation amplitude and phase posterior distribution obtained through the MCMC technique. * `amplitude`: the modulation amplitude in "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$" (for `erc` calibration) or "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" (for `nrc` calibration) unit. * `phase`The modulation phase in the day unit. * `mcmc_samples`: the number of MCMC samples sampled from the COSINE-100 full dataset. * `TwoDimensionalPosterior__pdf.csv`: probability density function of `TwoDimensionalPosterior__histogram.csv`, smoothed using Gaussian kernel density estimation. * `amplitude`: the modulation amplitude in "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$" (for `erc` calibration) or "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" (for `nrc` calibration) unit. * `phase`The modulation phase in the day unit. * `pdf`: the probability density. * `AmplitudeSpectrum.csv`The spectrum of the phase-fixed annual modulation amplitude obtained from the COSINE-100 full dataset. * `energy_min`, `energy_max`: minimum/maximum energy for the bin in "counts/day/kg/$\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$" (for `erc` calibration) or "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" (for `nrc` calibration) unit. * `dama_amplitude`: the modulation amplitudes reported by DAMA/LIBRA. * `dama_amplitude_error`: corresponding 1$\sigma$ error. * `cosine___amplitude`: the modulation amplitude obtained from the COSINE-100 full dataset `` data, with `` calibration policy. * Example: `cosine_nrc_single_amplitude`: the modulation amplitude obtained from the COSINE-100 full dataset single-hit data, with `nrc` calibration policy, in "counts/day/kg/3.3 $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$" unit. * `cosine___amplitude_upper/lower_error`: corresponding 1$\sigma$ errors. * `SelectionEfficiency.csv`: event selection efficiency as a function of energy. * `energy_kevee_#`: the energy for crystal`#` in $\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$ unit. * `efficiency_#`: the event selection efficiency for crystal`#`. * `efficiency_upper/lower_bound_#`: corresponding 1$\sigma$ credible interval. * `CosineNaQF.csv`: the quenching factor for the Na-quenching, measured by the COSINE collaboration. * `nuclear_recoil_energy`: the original nuclear recoil energy in $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$ unit. * `qf`: the quenching factor in %. * `qf_err`: corresponding 1$\sigma$ error in %. * `CosineIQF.csv`: the quenching factor for the I-quenching, measured by the COSINE collaboration. * `nuclear_recoil_energy`: the original nuclear recoil energy in $\mathrm{keV_{nr,~I}}$ unit. * `qf`: the quenching factor in %. * `qf_err`: corresponding 1$\sigma$ error in %. ## Appendix: Visualizer * The Python notebooks helping visualuzation are available at the GitHub repository: [https://github.com/CUPCOSINE/PublicData](https://github.com/CUPCOSINE/PublicData) * Check the `COSINE100-6YearsModulation/visualizer` folder there.