cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399ktn5
title: Correspondence, vol. I, 1991 Apr.-July (3 of 3)

description: Correspondence, volume I, 1991 April 3 - July 8 (3 of 3: 1991 May 8 - July 8). PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Pasek, fax, 1991-05-15, to Holliday2. McClelland, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher3. Cullen, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher4. Berkowitz, memo, 1991-05-16, to Holliday5. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Johnson6. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Kelley7. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-16, to Holliday8. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday9. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel10. Richards, memo, 1991-05-10, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file11. Gotlieb, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday12. Gotlieb, memo, [1991-05], to Spiegel13. Deputy General Counsel fax numbers, [1991]14. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council15. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council16. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council17. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council18. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday19. Richards, memo, 1991-05-17, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file20. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday21. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel22. McClelland, memo, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel23. Chaplick, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday24. Chaplick, memo, 1991-05-17, to all deputy general counsel25. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday26. Report by the Independent Commission on the LAPD. Table of contents, 1991-05-1727. Distribution list, 1991-05-2028. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday29. Brennan, letter, 1991-05-08, to Christopher30. Independent Commission witness interview list, 1991-07-08
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399ktkk
title: Holliday working papers, vol. I: Attorney notes, [1991]

description: Thomas E. Holliday working papers, vol. I: Attorney notes, [1991]. PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Note, [1991], to Holliday2. Address list, [1991]3. Notes, [1991]4. Notes, [1991]5. Holliday, notes, [1991]6. Notes, [1991]7. Notes, [1991]
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399ktn7
title: Correspondence, vol. I, 1991 Apr.-July (3 of 3)

description: Correspondence, volume I, 1991 April 3 - July 8 (3 of 3: 1991 May 8 - July 8). PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Pasek, fax, 1991-05-15, to Holliday2. McClelland, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher3. Cullen, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher4. Berkowitz, memo, 1991-05-16, to Holliday5. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Johnson6. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Kelley7. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-16, to Holliday8. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday9. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel10. Richards, memo, 1991-05-10, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file11. Gotlieb, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday12. Gotlieb, memo, [1991-05], to Spiegel13. Deputy General Counsel fax numbers, [1991]14. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council15. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council16. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council17. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council18. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday19. Richards, memo, 1991-05-17, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file20. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday21. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel22. McClelland, memo, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel23. Chaplick, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday24. Chaplick, memo, 1991-05-17, to all deputy general counsel25. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday26. Report by the Independent Commission on the LAPD. Table of contents, 1991-05-1727. Distribution list, 1991-05-2028. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday29. Brennan, letter, 1991-05-08, to Christopher30. Independent Commission witness interview list, 1991-07-08
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399ktn4
title: Correspondence, vol. I, 1991 Apr.-July (3 of 3)

description: Correspondence, volume I, 1991 April 3 - July 8 (3 of 3: 1991 May 8 - July 8). PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Pasek, fax, 1991-05-15, to Holliday2. McClelland, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher3. Cullen, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher4. Berkowitz, memo, 1991-05-16, to Holliday5. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Johnson6. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Kelley7. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-16, to Holliday8. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday9. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel10. Richards, memo, 1991-05-10, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file11. Gotlieb, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday12. Gotlieb, memo, [1991-05], to Spiegel13. Deputy General Counsel fax numbers, [1991]14. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council15. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council16. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council17. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council18. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday19. Richards, memo, 1991-05-17, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file20. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday21. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel22. McClelland, memo, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel23. Chaplick, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday24. Chaplick, memo, 1991-05-17, to all deputy general counsel25. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday26. Report by the Independent Commission on the LAPD. Table of contents, 1991-05-1727. Distribution list, 1991-05-2028. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday29. Brennan, letter, 1991-05-08, to Christopher30. Independent Commission witness interview list, 1991-07-08
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kwcv
title: Correspondence: support for Gates & LAPD, 1986 June - 1991 July

description: Correspondence: support for Gates and Los Angeles Police Department, 1986 June 17 - 1991 July 12. PART OF A SERIES: Materials in the series fall into one of several categories related to the Independent Commission's work product: (1) Commission meeting materials, which include meeting agendas, work plans, memoranda, and articles about police misconduct that were circulated and reviewed during the Commission's internal meetings; (2) public correspondence, which includes citizen complaints against the LAPD in the form of written testimony, articles, and an audio cassette tape, as well as letters drafted by citizens in support of the LAPD; (3) summaries of interviews held with LAPD officers regarding Departmental procedures and relations; (4) public meeting materials, which include transcripts, supplementary documents, and witness statements that were reviewed at the Commission's public meetings; (5) press releases related to the formation and work product of the Commission; and (6) miscellaneous materials reviewed by the Commission during its study, including LAPD personnel and training manuals, a memorandum of understanding, and messages from the LAPD's Mobile Digital Terminal (MDT) system.1. Christopher Commission, 1990-04-142. Los Angeles City Council resolution, 19883. Political correspondence, 1989-19904. Nunchakus (Orcutt Police control device), 1989-19905. Commander McKinley during Randall Terry trial, Aug. '89 explaining why the LAPD inflicts more pain to rescuers6. Newspaper clippings, 1989-19907. Johnson, memo, 1991-05-06, to Independent Commission; Interview notes8. Yamada, letter, 1991-05-12, to Independent Commission9. Letters between Wysocki & Independent Commission, 1991 Apr.-May10. Smith, letter, 1991-05-22, to Currey11. Letters between Schultz & Independent Commission, 1991-0512. Letters to/from CISCOP, Independent Commission & LA Times, 1991-0513. Letters between Hathaway & Independent Commission, 1991-0514. La Ley, 1986 June - 1991 May15. Letters between Siegel & Independent Commission, 1991 May-June16. Letters between Dominguez & Independent Commission, 1991-0617. Letters between Urrea & Independent Commission, 1991-0618. Letters between Stamper & Independent Commission, 1991-0619. 5 American Police State documents, 199120. Thompson, letter, 1991-07-12, to Los Angeles Times & Independent Commission
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kudd
title: Legal research regarding the history of the Los Angeles charter, 1830-1966 (2b of 3)

description: Marvin Abrahams. Functioning of boards and commissions in the Los Angeles city government. Los Angeles, California: University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D., Political science), 1967. PART OF A SERIES: A critical component of the Commission's investigation centered on the idea that governance of the LAPD was shared between the Office of the Chief of Police, an administrative body, and the Board of Police Commissioners, a citizen body. To better understand the dynamic between these two entities, the staff of Heller, Ehrman, White, & McAuliffe researched the history of the Los Angeles City Charter, focusing primarily on its provisions regarding the distribution of power and the structure and organization of the LAPD. Included in the series are reproductions of reports, dissertations, article clippings, excerpts from city documents, and charter amendments related to the charter's conception and development over time. The series also includes several summaries of expert witness interviews regarding the effectiveness of this structure.
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kud3
title: Rock, Sergeant David, [1991]

description: Rock, Sergeant David, [1991]. PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Rock, Sergeant David, [1991]2. David Rock business card3. Rock, letter, [1991], to [Silverman]4. Commanding officer, Operations, South Bureau, (ch. 5.1, pp. 11-12); Patrol division5. The asshole, 1987
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kubx
title: Attorney work product, [1991]

description: Attorney work product, [1991]. PART OF A SERIES: Graham & James researched two issues: the role of gender in the use of excessive force, and instances of gender discrimination within the LAPD. Research toward this end was derived from a wide variety of sources, including published literature, theses and dissertations, studies and statistics, police ride-alongs, and personal interviews. The series includes a memorandum issued by Graham & James discussing the reasons why female officers are less inclined to use excessive force, as well as many of the firm's interview notes.1. Johnson, memo, [s.d.], to Perluss2. Percy Anderson notes3. Katherine Spillar notes4. Katherine Spillar notes5. Sheila Kuhl notes6. Bernadette Palumbo notes7. Brewer notes8. Johnson, memo, 1991-06-129. Robin Greene notes10. Study of litigation cases notes11. 83 case study notes12. Women officers in the LAPD notes13. Top ten percent of LAPD officers ranked (1986-1990) notes14. Greene study notes15. Attrition for female candidates (1976-1980) notes16. And 10 were accidents notes17. Officers & suspects listed on UOF reports by sex, descent & injury (1989-01-31 - 1991-03-31)18. Lisa Bjazevich et al. notes19. Jeff Dasteel notes20. John Shenill notes21. 1983 notes22. Recommendations notes23. Johnson, fax, [s.d.], to Belknap24. Notes to Joanne Belknap25. Joanne Belknap notes
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399ktj1
title: Correspondence, vol. I, 1991 Apr.-July (3 of 3)

description: Correspondence, volume I, 1991 April 3 - July 8 (3 of 3: 1991 May 8 - July 8). PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Pasek, fax, 1991-05-15, to Holliday2. McClelland, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher3. Cullen, letter, 1991-05-15, to Christopher4. Berkowitz, memo, 1991-05-16, to Holliday5. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Johnson6. Holliday, memo, 1991-05-16, to Kelley7. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-16, to Holliday8. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday9. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel10. Richards, memo, 1991-05-10, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file11. Gotlieb, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday12. Gotlieb, memo, [1991-05], to Spiegel13. Deputy General Counsel fax numbers, [1991]14. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council15. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council16. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council17. Picus, motion, 1991-05-14, to Los Angeles City Council18. Corbin, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday19. Richards, memo, 1991-05-17, to Independent Commission on the LAPD file20. Epstein, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday21. Richards, fax, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel22. McClelland, memo, 1991-05-17, to Spiegel23. Chaplick, fax, 1991-05-17, to Holliday24. Chaplick, memo, 1991-05-17, to all deputy general counsel25. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday26. Report by the Independent Commission on the LAPD. Table of contents, 1991-05-1727. Distribution list, 1991-05-2028. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-20, to Holliday29. Brennan, letter, 1991-05-08, to Christopher30. Independent Commission witness interview list, 1991-07-08
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kubv
title: Attorney work product, [1991]

description: Attorney work product, [1991]. PART OF A SERIES: Graham & James researched two issues: the role of gender in the use of excessive force, and instances of gender discrimination within the LAPD. Research toward this end was derived from a wide variety of sources, including published literature, theses and dissertations, studies and statistics, police ride-alongs, and personal interviews. The series includes a memorandum issued by Graham & James discussing the reasons why female officers are less inclined to use excessive force, as well as many of the firm's interview notes.1. Johnson, memo, [s.d.], to Perluss2. Percy Anderson notes3. Katherine Spillar notes4. Katherine Spillar notes5. Sheila Kuhl notes6. Bernadette Palumbo notes7. Brewer notes8. Johnson, memo, 1991-06-129. Robin Greene notes10. Study of litigation cases notes11. 83 case study notes12. Women officers in the LAPD notes13. Top ten percent of LAPD officers ranked (1986-1990) notes14. Greene study notes15. Attrition for female candidates (1976-1980) notes16. And 10 were accidents notes17. Officers & suspects listed on UOF reports by sex, descent & injury (1989-01-31 - 1991-03-31)18. Lisa Bjazevich et al. notes19. Jeff Dasteel notes20. John Shenill notes21. 1983 notes22. Recommendations notes23. Johnson, fax, [s.d.], to Belknap24. Notes to Joanne Belknap25. Joanne Belknap notes
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kucs
title: Beyond 911, 1990 - 1991-06-25

description: Beyond 911, 1990 - 1991 June 25. PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Spiegel, memo, 1991-06-25, to Independent Commission2. Beyond 911, 1990
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399ktu2
title: Correspondence, vol. IV, 1991 July-Sept.

description: Correspondence, volume IV, 1991 July 11 - September 4 (1991 May 25 - September 4). PART OF A SERIES: The staff of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher coordinated witness interviews and conducted an extensive review of complaints filed against LAPD officers. Included in the series are summaries of witness interviews, statistics and investigative reports related to citizen complaints, an analysis on adjudicated cases involving use-of-force complaints, reports regarding LAPD's recruitment of African American officers and community oriented policing, and an excerpt from Malcolm Sparrow's Beyond 9-1-1. Also included are materials related to the firm's work product, including attorney notes, work plans, memoranda, and drafts of chapters for the Commission report.1. Renegades: turbulence marks careers of 'gunfighters' in LAPD, 1991-07-112. Selmer, memo, 1991-07-15, to Holliday3. Silverman, memo, 1991-07-17, to Dewell4. Silverman, memo, 1991-07-17, to Holliday5. Graysen, letter, 1991-07-12, to Silverman6. Graysen, letter, 1991-07-10, to Silverman7. Silverman, letter, 1991-07-17, to Graysen8. Graysen, Kaplan & Petrossian, envelope, 1991-07-12, to Silverman9. Silverman, memo, 1991-07-17, to Dewell10. McClelland, letter, 1991-07-18, to MacDonneil11. McClelland, letter, 1991-07-18, to Bazis12. McClelland, letter, 1991-07-18, to Bagley13. McClelland, letter, 1991-07-18, to Boriss14. McClelland, letter, 1991-07-18, to Fraser15. McClelland, letter, 1991-07-18, to Levy16. Holcomb, memo, 1991-07-19, to Dewell17. Holliday, letter, 1991-07-24, to Nelson18. Holliday, letter, 1991-07-24, to Selbst19. Indexes: Holliday working papers (vol. I-III); Miscellaneous statistics; Memoranda; Price Waterhouse materials, [1991-07]20. Reynolds, memo, 1991-07-24, to Selbst21. City Express, receipt, 1991-07-24, to Reynolds22. Dewell, letter, 1991-07-24, to Holcomb23. Christopher, letter, 1991-07-24, to Beard24. Kelly, letter, 1991-07-24, to Holliday25. McClelland, memo, 1991-07-29, to Epstein26. Holliday, letter, 1991-08-02, to Kelly27. Holliday, letter, 1991-08-05, to Ray28. Christopher, letter, 1991-08-08, to Braude29. Kristie, letter, 1991-07-18, to Janis Maire30. Holliday, letter, 1991-08-09, to Dinse31. Holliday, letter, 1991-08-12, to Sheinbaum32. Reynolds, memo, [1991-08-12], to Sheinbaum33. Holliday, memo, 1991-08-12, to Spiegel34. Reynolds, fax, 1991-08-13, to Iwasaki35. Fax transmission report, 1991-08-1336. Holliday, letter, 1991-08-12, to Sheinbaum37. Rathburn, letter, 1991-08-29, to Holliday38. Dallas Police Department, envelope, 1991-08-30, to Holliday39. Holliday, letter, 1991-09-04, to Ray40. Rathburn, letter, 1991-08-29, to Holliday
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kwcj
title: Correspondence: complaints against specific incidents (1 of 2), 1976-1991

description: Correspondence: complaints against specific incidents (1 of 2), 1976 July 21 - 1991 June 17. PART OF A SERIES: Materials in the series fall into one of several categories related to the Independent Commission's work product: (1) Commission meeting materials, which include meeting agendas, work plans, memoranda, and articles about police misconduct that were circulated and reviewed during the Commission's internal meetings; (2) public correspondence, which includes citizen complaints against the LAPD in the form of written testimony, articles, and an audio cassette tape, as well as letters drafted by citizens in support of the LAPD; (3) summaries of interviews held with LAPD officers regarding Departmental procedures and relations; (4) public meeting materials, which include transcripts, supplementary documents, and witness statements that were reviewed at the Commission's public meetings; (5) press releases related to the formation and work product of the Commission; and (6) miscellaneous materials reviewed by the Commission during its study, including LAPD personnel and training manuals, a memorandum of understanding, and messages from the LAPD's Mobile Digital Terminal (MDT) system.1. Tolbert, letter, 1991-03-18; enclosures2. Angarella, letter, 1991-04-03, to Christopher; Gates, memo, 1991-01-31, to Board of Police Commissioners3. Anton, letter, 1991-04-22, to Christopher4. Letters, 1976 & 1991, re Mitchell5. Letters between Ward & Independent Commission, 1991 Apr.-May6. Letters between Angarella & Independent Commission, 1991 Apr.-May; Gates, memo, 1991-01-31, to Board of Police Commissioners7. Letters from/to/about Birt, 1990-19918. Letters between Scott & Independent Commission, 1991-059. Karpman, letter, 1991-05-30, to Corbin10. Correspondence from/to/about Pegg, 1991 May-June11. 18 documents re Avery, 1982-199112. Letters between Peernock & Independent Commission, 1991 May-June13. Letters between Casey & Independent Commission, 1991 May-June14. Correspondence from/to/about Theus, 1991 May-June15. Ray, letter, 1991-05-31, to Jamba; False arrest and police brutality, [1991?]16. Letters between Bale & Independent Commission, 1991-0517. Rudison v. Keenan, et al, complaint..., 1989-12-0918. Rudison, letter, 1991-04-05, to Christopher19. Letters between Rudison & Independent Commission, 1991 Apr.-May20. Laura-Diane Rudison resume, [after 1981]21. Mitchell, 2 letters, 1991-05, to Holliday & Independent Commission22. Letters between Snyder & Independent Commission, 1991 Apr.-May23. Snyder, letter, 1991-04-08, to Christopher; Barricaded man kills himself in Van Nuys, 1989-06-0224. Profile on Gary Mark Snyder, [after 1989]25. Gary Snyder autopsy report, 1989-07-1026. Gary Snyder autopsy report, 1989-07-1027. Profile on Gary Mark Snyder, [after 1989]