DOI: 10.5061/dryad.51c59zwdk
title: Evolutionary relationship between plants and insects: Insights from island communities

description: Interactions between plants and insects have long fascinated scientists.
 While some plants rely on insects for pollination and seed dispersal,
 insects rely on plants for food or as a habitat. Despite extensive
 research investigating pair-wise species interactions, few studies have
 characterized plant and insect communities simultaneously, making it
 unclear if diverse plant communities are generally associated with diverse
 insect communities. This work aims to better understand the historical and
 evolutionary relationships between plant and insect phylogenetic diversity
 (PD) on islands. We hypothesized that phylogenetically diverse plant
 communities (i.e. high PD) support diverse insect communities, with the
 relationship varying with island isolation, area, age, and latitude.
 Species lists for plants and insects were compiled from the published
 literature, and plant PD was calculated using ´standardized mean pairwise
 distance´ (SES.MPD) and ´standardized mean nearest taxon distance´
 (SES.MNTD). For insects, PD was estimated using the number of genera,
 families, and orders. We found that plant diversity in evolutionary recent
 times (SES.MNTD) is associated with recent insect diversity (number of
 genera), but no relationship was found between plant and insect diversity
 across whole phylogenies (plant SES.MPD vs. number of insect families).
 Distant islands generally support high PD of plants (high SES.MPD and
 SES.MNTD) and insects (low number of genera). Plant and insect PD was
 generally high on small islands, except for plant SES.MPD revealing no
 relationship with island size. Insect PD was somewhat higher on young
 islands (low number of families), whereas there was no relationship
 between island age and plant PD. Plant SES.MPD was higher on high latitude
 islands, yet we did not find significant relationships between the
 latitude and the metrics of insect PD, or plant SES.MNTD. These findings
 suggest that protecting high plant PD may also help conserve high insect
 PD, with a focus on small and distant islands as potential hotspots of
 phylogenetic diversity across multiple taxa.
description: The data were collected using the databases Google Scholar (for
 papers published from 1945) and JSTOR (for papers published between
 1700-1945). We considered all papers containing species lists of plants
 and insects collected in the same locations. We used the following search
 terms:  "Species list" OR “SPECIES RICHNESS”
 OR “SPECIES DIVERSITY” OR “INVENTORY” OR “CHECKLIST” OR “SURVEY” AND
 (("Plant diversity" OR "Plant survey" OR "Plant
 community") AND ("Insect diversity" OR "Insect
 survey" OR "Insect community")). Papers
 focusing on pest insects and/or agricultural studies were excluded as they
 are not representative of the natural environment. A total of 81 pairs of
 plant-insect species lists were compiled from 53 publications and book
 chapters (Supplementary file 1). The papers contained full species lists,
 with no native and non-native species separated. We excluded one location
 (Rose Atoll) where both plant and insect species richness is
 &lt;5. The final dataset represented a diverse
 range of islands, both oceanic (n=55) and continental (n=26), with a wide
 span of island parameters such as distance from mainland, area and age. We
 measured the island's minimal distance to the mainland using Google
 Maps, whereas the area was determined using Global Island Explorer (Sayre
 et al. 2019). The estimated age of the islands was determined by the
 information in the published literature (available in Supplementary file
 1). Care was taken that only above-ground insects were
 sampled in all studies, diminishing the threat of any sampling bias across
 studies. The authors used the most appropriate methods for above-ground
 insect sampling such as Malaise traps (e.g. Early 1995), sweep nets (Hwang
 et al. 2022, Meads & Fitzgerald 2001), hand searching (Meads
 & Fitzgerald 2001, Early 1995), black light traps (Lim et al.
 2003, Ryu et al. 2021), pitfall traps (e.g. Ryu et al. 2021), or yellow
 pan traps (e.g. Early 1995). Plant species names were
 updated and standardized using The Plant List (The Plant List 2013) using
 “GBOTB.extended.TPL” in the package “U.Taxonstand” (Zhang & Qian
 2022). We constructed a phylogeny of plant species based on the
 megaphylogeny for seed plants (Smith & Brown 2018, updated by Jin
 & Qian 2019), using the package “V.PhyloMaker2” (Jin &
 Qian 2022). We used the package “picante” to calculate
 the indices of plant phylogenetic diversity: ‘mean pairwise distance’
 (MPD) and ‘mean nearest taxon distance’ (MNTD) across the plant species in
 each community (Webb 2000, Webb et al. 2002, Pavoine & Bonsall
 2011). MPD measures PD across the whole phylogeny (including both ancient
 and recent diversification), whereas MNTD measures PD among the tips of
 the phylogeny (including only recent diversifications).
 To make the indices independent of species richness, we used the
 standardized effect sizes of both indices (Miller et al. 2017): 
 SES.MPD = (MPDobs – MPDnull) / sd(MPDnull), <br>SES.MNTD =
 (MNTDobs – MNTDnull) / sd(MNTDnull), <br>  <br>where
 MPDobs/MNTDobs is the observed value in a community, MPDnull/MNTDnull is
 the average of the expected value in the randomized communities (n = 1000
 randomizations), and sd(MPDnull)/sd(MNTDnull) is the standard deviation of
 1000 null values. Negative values of SES.MPD and SES.MNTD indicate that
 species tend to be more closely related in a community, whereas values
 greater than zero indicate that species tend to be more distantly
 related. Due to the lack of a global phylogeny for
 insect species, we were not able to calculate the indices of phylogenetic
 diversity for insects. We, therefore, used the number of taxonomic groups
 as a proxy for phylogenetic diversity in insects (Zou et al. 2020). We
 calculated the average number of insect families per order as a proxy for
 more ancient diversifications (similar to plant SES.MPD), and the average
 number of insect genera per family as a proxy for more recent
 diversifications (similar to plant SES.MNTD). Though simple and coarse,
 the numbers of families and genera have been used as proxies for
 evolutionary relationships when complete phylogenies are not available
 (e.g. Keith et al. 2005, Brehm et al. 2013). A low value of these proxies
 indicates a phylogenetically diverse community (i.e., high PD) whereas a
 high value indicates a phylogenetically poor community (i.e., low
 PD). We performed Moran's I test on the plant and
 insect diversity metrics to detect spatial autocorrelation. We studied the
 relationships between plant and insect phylogenetic diversity (plant
 SES.MPD vs. number of insect genera per family, and plant SES.MNTD vs.
 number of insect families per order) across all islands, using a spatial
 autoregressive model, and calculating correlations between the spatially
 detrended variables. We studied the effect of island parameters (distance,
 area, age, and type) on plant and insect phylogenetic diversity by using a
 linear regression model with generalized least squares (GLS) that accounts
 for spatial autocorrelation. We chose the most suitable model based on the
 Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). All data analysis was conducted in R
 Studio (R Core Team 2022).
description: # Evolutionary relationship between plants and insects: Insights from
 island communities ## Description of the data and file structure The data
 consists of 1 xlsv files. The files can be opened using Excel.
 "Supplementary_file_1" which contains 7 columns. The first is
 the location of the island. The second is the latitude. The third is the
 scientific reference to establish the list of plant species for each
 location. The fourth column is the scientific name of the plant species
 (according to "The Plant List nomenclature"). The fifth column
 is the scientific reference to establish the list of insect species for
 each location. Finally, the sixth column is the list of insect species for
 each location. The seventh column is the scientific reference for the
 island age. ## Sharing/Access information Data was derived from the
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