cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffjc
title: Raw data of body-specific attention to the hands and feet in healthy adults

description: To execute the intended movement, the brain directs attention, called
 body-specific attention, to the body to obtain information useful for
 movement. Body-specific attention to the hands has been examined but not
 to the feet. We aimed to confirm the existence of body-specific attention
 to the hands and feet, and examine its relation to motor and sensory
 functions from a behavioral perspective. The study included two groups of
 27 right-handed and right-footed healthy adults, respectively. Visual
 detection tasks were used to measure body-specific attention. We measured
 reaction times to visual stimuli on or off the self-body and calculated
 the index of body-specific attention score to subtract the reaction time
 on self-body from that off one. Participants were classified into low and
 high attention groups based on each left and right body-specific attention
 index. For motor functions, Experiment 1 comprised handgrip strength and
 ball-rotation tasks for the hands, and Experiment 2 comprised toe grip
 strength involved in postural control for the feet. For sensory functions,
 the tactile thresholds of the hands and feet were measured. The results
 showed that, in both hands, the reaction time to visual stimuli on the
 hand was significantly lesser than that offhand. In the foot, this
 facilitation effect was observed in the right foot but not the left, which
 showed the correlation between body-specific attention and the normalized
 toe gripping force, suggesting that body-specific attention affected
 postural control. In the hand, the number of rotations of the ball was
 higher in the high than in the low attention group, regardless of the
 elaboration exercise difficulty or the left or right hand. However, this
 relation was not observed in the handgripping task. Thus, body-specific
 attention to the hand is an important component of elaborate movements.
 The tactile threshold was higher in the high than in the low attention
 group, regardless of the side in hand and foot. The results suggested that
 more body-specific attention is directed to the limbs with lower tactile
 abilities, supporting the sensory information reaching the brain.
 Therefore, we suggested that body-specific attention regulates the sensory
 information to help motor control.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gqnk98sp8
title: Restricted X chromosome introgression and support for Haldane’s rule in hybridizing damselflies

description: Contemporary hybrid zones act as natural laboratories for the
 investigation of species boundaries and allow to shed light on the little
 understood roles of sex chromosomes in species divergence. Sex chromosomes
 are considered to function as a hotspot of genetic divergence between
 species; indicated by less genomic introgression compared to autosomes
 during hybridisation. Moreover, they are thought to contribute to
 Haldane’s rule which states that hybrids of the heterogametic sex are more
 likely to be inviable or sterile. To test these hypotheses, we used
 contemporary hybrid zones of Ischnura elegans, a damselfly species that
 has been expanding its range into the northern and western regions of
 Spain, leading to chronic hybridization with its sister species Ischnura
 graellsii. We analysed genome-wide SNPs in the Spanish I. elegans and I.
 graellsii hybrid zone and found (i) that the X chromosome shows less
 genomic introgression compared to autosomes and (ii) that males are
 underrepresented among admixed individuals as predicted by Haldane’s rule.
 This is the first study in Odonata that suggests a role of the X
 chromosome in reproductive isolation. Moreover, our data adds to the few
 studies on species with X0 sex determination system and contradicts the
 hypothesis that the absence of a Y chromosome causes exceptions to
 Haldane’s rule.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n02v6wwzp
title: Decrypting cryptic crosswords: Semantically complex wordplay puzzles as a target for NLP

description: Cryptic crosswords, the dominant crossword variety in the UK, are a
 promising target for advancing NLP systems that seek to process
 semantically complex, highly compositional language. Cryptic clues read
 like fluent natural language but are adversarially composed of two parts:
 a definition and a wordplay cipher requiring character-level
 manipulations. Expert humans use creative intelligence to solve cryptics,
 flexibly combining linguistic, world, and domain knowledge. In this paper,
 we make two main contributions. First, we present a dataset of cryptic
 clues as a challenging new benchmark for NLP systems that seek to process
 compositional language in more creative, human-like ways. After showing
 that three non-neural approaches and T5, a state-of-the-art neural
 language model, do not achieve good performance, we make our second main
 contribution: a novel curriculum approach, in which the model is first
 fine-tuned on related tasks such as unscrambling words. We also introduce
 a challenging data split, examine the meta-linguistic capabilities of
 subword-tokenized models, and investigate model systematicity by
 perturbing the wordplay part of clues, showing that T5 exhibits behavior
 partially consistent with human solving strategies. Although our
 curricular approach considerably improves on the T5 baseline, our
 best-performing model still fails to generalize to the extent that humans
 can. Thus, cryptic crosswords remain an unsolved challenge for NLP systems
 and a potential source of future innovation.
description: Please see the associated paper.
description: Please see the github repository,
 github.com/jsrozner/decrypt.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5dv41ns6x
title: eDNA metabarcoding as a means to assess distribution of subterranean fish communities: Iranian blind cave fishes as a case study

description: One of the most important steps in conservation of the subterranean life
 forms is to decipher their distribution and ecology, which is challenging
 using traditional approaches. Development of an environmental DNA (eDNA)
 assay provides an efficient means for discovering and monitoring
 subterranean life forms. In this study, the distribution of three Iranian
 blind cave fish species (blind Iran cave barb Garra typhlops, blind
 Lorestan cave barb Garra lorestanensis, and blind cave loach
 Eidinemacheilus smithi) was assessed using 12S rRNA gene eDNA
 metabarcoding performed using MiFish-U PCR primers and preliminary species
 distribution modelling (SDM) using bioclimatic data. The majority of
 sampling localities with positive detection of cave barb eDNA fall within
 suitable habitats in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Our results revealed
 that Lorestan and Iran cave barbs have differential distribution patterns,
 with some extent of habitat overlap in the vicinity of the originally
 discovered cave barb locality. According to the observed distribution
 patterns, the blind Lorestan cave barb and cave loach are mostly
 distributed in habitats close to the Seazar River (Dez River drainage,
 Iran), and the blind Iran cave barb is distributed toward the west and
 probably in a few springs in the Karkheh River drainage. Our data support
 the previously proposed distribution pattern for the cave barbs, in which
 the species show partial niche separation and reproductive isolation, with
 the Lorestan cave barb being a water flow-dependent species and the Iran
 cave barb being a generalist species preferring variable flow rates. We
 showed eDNA metabarcoding to be a useful approach for ecological surveys
 of subterranean fish biodiversity with implications for conservation.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.12jm63z03
title: Global synthesis of effects of plant species diversity on trophic groups and interactions

description: Numerous studies have demonstrated that plant species diversity enhances
 ecosystem functioning in terrestrial ecosystems, including diversity
 effects on insects (herbivores, predators and parasitoids) and plants.
 However, the effects of increased plant diversity across trophic levels in
 different ecosystems and biomes have not yet been explored on a global
 scale. Through a global meta-analysis of 2,914 observations from 351
 studies, we found that increased plant species richness reduced herbivore
 abundance and damage but increased predator and parasitoid abundance,
 predation, parasitism and overall plant performance. Moreover, increased
 predator/parasitoid performance was correlated with reduced herbivore
 abundance and enhanced plant performance. We conclude that increasing
 plant species diversity promotes beneficial trophic interactions between
 insects and plants, ultimately contributing to increased ecosystem
 services.
description: Studies were selected through a search on the Web of Science
 (last accessed in May 2019) using the boolean search string: [plant
 diversity OR plant richness OR mix crop* OR polyculture OR trap crop* OR
 ground cover OR vegetation OR intercrop* OR interplant*] AND [predat* OR
 herbivor* OR parasit* OR wasp* OR yield OR biomass* OR biological control
 OR pest control OR natural enem* OR pest]. Reference lists of selected
 studies were also checked for relevant studies. Means, standard errors (or
 standard deviations) and sample sizes of the selected variables could be
 extracted from tables, figures, the main text or supporting information.
 Data extraction from figures was conducted with Get Data Graph Digitizer
 2.25.
description: When we collected the data, the data were excluded in this
 meta-analysis if they did not reach the following criteria: (1) the study
 included a treatment that increased the number of plant species, and the
 use of pesticides was the same for the control (single/ lowest plant
 species) and the treatment (diverse plant species); (2) the measurements
 of treatment and control groups were conducted at the same spatiotemporal
 scale; (3) the means, standard errors (or standard deviations), and sample
 sizes of the selected variables could be extracted from tables, figures,
 the text or supporting information.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vmcvdnctr
title: Warming in the land of the midnight sun: breeding birds may suffer greater heat stress at high- vs low-Arctic sites

description: Rising global temperatures are expected to increase reproductive costs for
 wildlife as greater thermoregulatory demands interfere with reproductive
 activities. However, predicting the temperatures at which reproductive
 performance is negatively impacted remains a significant hurdle. Using a
 thermoregulatory polygon approach, we derived a reproductive threshold
 temperature for an Arctic songbird–the snow bunting (Plectrophenax
 nivalis). We defined this threshold as the temperature at which
 individuals must reduce activity to suboptimal levels (i.e., &lt;
 4-times basal metabolic rate) to sustain nestling provisioning and avoid
 overheating. We then compared this threshold to operative temperatures
 recorded at high (82°N) and low (64°N) Arctic sites to estimate how heat
 constraints translate into site-specific impacts on sustained activity
 level. We predict buntings would become behaviourally constrained at
 operative temperatures above 11.7°C, whereupon they must reduce
 provisioning rates to avoid overheating. Low Arctic sites had larger
 fluctuations in solar radiation, consistently producing daily periods when
 operative temperatures exceeded 11.7°C. However, high-latitude birds faced
 entire, consecutive days when parents would be unable to sustain required
 provisioning rates. These data indicate that Arctic warming is likely
 already disrupting the breeding performance of cold-specialist birds and
 suggests counterintuitive and severe negative impacts of warming at
 higher-latitude breeding locations.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9w0vt4bgz
title: Quantifying the impacts of 166 years of land cover change on lowland bird communities

description: Land cover change for agriculture is thought to be a major threat to
 global biodiversity. However, its ecological impact has rarely been
 quantified in the Northern Hemisphere, as broad-scale conversion to
 farmland mainly occurred until the 1400s-1700s in the region, limiting the
 availability of sufficient data. The Ishikari Lowland in
 Hokkaido, Japan offers an excellent opportunity to address this issue, as
 hunter–gatherer lifestyles dominated in this region until the mid-19th
 century and land cover maps are available for the period of land cover
 changes, i.e., 1850-2016. Using these maps and a hierarchical community
 model of relationships between breeding bird abundance and land cover
 types, we estimated that broad-scale land cover change over a 166 year
 period was associated with more than 70% decline in both potential
 species-richness and abundance of avian communities. We estimated that the
 abundance of wetland and forest species declined by &gt;88%, whereas
 that of bare-ground species increased by &gt;50%. Our results suggest
 that broad-scale land cover change for agriculture has led to drastic
 reductions in wetland and forest species and promoted changes in community
 composition in large parts of the Northern Hemisphere. This study provides
 potential baseline information that could inform future conservation
 policies.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fqz612jtg
title: Data from: Strong interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics at Subarctic tree line

description: Warming will likely stimulate Arctic primary production, but also soil C
 and N mineralization, and it remains uncertain whether the Arctic will
 become a sink or a source for CO2. Increasing insect herbivory may also
 dampen the positive response of plant production and soil C input to
 warming. We conducted an open-air warming experiment with Subarctic field
 layer vegetation in North Finland to explore the effects of warming (+3°C)
 and reduced insect herbivory (67% reduction in leaf damage using an
 insecticide) on soil C and N dynamics. We found that plant root growth,
 soil C and N concentrations, microbial biomass C, microbial activity, and
 soil NH4+ availability were increased by both warming and reduced
 herbivory when applied alone, but not when combined. Soil NO3-
 availability increased by warming only and in-situ soil respiration by
 reduced herbivory only. Our results suggest that increasing C input from
 vegetation under climate warming increases soil C concentration, but also
 stimulates soil C turnover. On the other hand, it appears that insect
 herbivores can significantly reduce plant growth. If their abundance
 increases with warming as predicted, they may curtail the positive effect
 of warming on soil C concentration. Moreover, our results suggest that
 temperature and herbivory effects on root growth and soil variables
 interact strongly, which probably arises from a combination of N demand
 increasing under lower herbivory and soil mineral N supply increasing
 under higher temperature. This may further complicate the effects of
 rising temperatures on Subarctic soil C dynamics.
description: See readme file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2jm63xsqk
title: Termite trait data from: Continental-scale shifts in termite diversity and nesting and feeding strategies

description: Typically, termites are treated as a single guild, which ignores important
 internal diversity, including diverse feeding and nesting traits. These
 termite traits are crucial for both ecosystem-level fluxes and trophic
 webs, with implications for vertebrate species. Despite their ecological
 importance, the large-scale distribution of termite feeding and nesting
 traits and the relationship with termite diversity is largely unknown. We
 investigated whether functional diversity, species richness, and feeding
 (wood, litter, grass, dung) and nesting trait (aboveground mound,
 belowground nest, inside tree or outside tree nest) distributions of
 termites were climatically control. To address this gap, we assembled a
 continental-scale database of termite traits and occurrence in Australia
 and modelled termite nesting and feeding traits in response to
 macroclimate. Functional richness and evenness increased primarily with
 temperature. Australia showed multiple hotspots of termite diversity with
 each hotspot showing a distinct guild composition. The large-scale
 distribution of nesting traits showed that aboveground nesting species
 were the most common nesting guild in the dry and wet tropics while
 belowground nesting dominated in seasonally cold arid environments,
 demonstrating a strong climatic control on nesting strategy. Given their
 large biomass and many interactions with other species, the macro-ecology
 of termite traits may be especially important in predicting shifts in
 other species’ distributions at continental and global scales.
description: A literature search was performed on each of the 258 termite
 species named in the geographic dataset. The results of each search were
 parsed for functional trait information. This resulted in nesting and/or
 feeding trait data for 182 termite species. The nesting traits include
 nest type: aboveground mound, belowground, inside tree, arboreal outside
 tree and in another termite species’ nest. Feeding guild categories were
 based on Donovan, et al. (2001) excluding fungus-growers which are absent
 in Australia and soil feeders which are almost non-existent. These data
 primarily, but not entirely, came from the original taxonomic descriptions
 of the species as for many species there has been little or no subsequent
 scientific investigation.
description: The additional climate,
 soil and primary productivity layers of Autsralia can be found through
 URLs added in the R script. For the termite trait database, all the
 termite species in Australia have been included but NAs have been added
 for the trait data of species we couldn't confirm. No termite species
 are listed as vulnerable or endangered in the geographic database and
 their locations are also freely availbale from the Atlas of Living
 Australia.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m0cfxpp4z
title: Data from: Quantification of collective behaviour via causality analysis

description: Terms such as leader, follower, and oppressed sound equally well in the
 description of a pack of wolves, a street protest crowd, or a business
 team and have very similar meanings. This indicates the presence of some
 general law or structure that governs collective behaviour. To reveal
 this, we selected the most common parameter for all levels of the
 organization – motion. A causality analysis of distance correlations was
 performed to obtain follow-up networks that show who follows whom and how
 strongly. These networks characterize an observed system in general and
 work as an automation bridge between the biological experiment and the
 broad field of network analysis. The proposed method was tested on a
 school of aquarium fish. The pattern observed in the network can be easily
 interpreted and are in agreement with expected behaviour. Here we provide
 a Matlab code and a resulted video of the fish in aquarium and the
 follow-up networks.
description: # Quantification of collective behaviour via causality analysis For more
 contact: [loki@aex.ai](mailto:loki@aex.ai) The image data was collected
 and processed by a procedure described in the related manuscript. The
 **video** demonstrates the temporal changes in the follow-up networks,
 specifically the configurations of the fish schools, throughout the course
 of the experiment. It includes: the top view (upper left), bottom view
 (upper right), and front view (lower left) of the fish school within the
 aquarium, as well as the follow-up network (lower right). These various
 angles provide a comprehensive visualization of the dynamic changes in
 fish school behavior and network formation over time. The Matlab code is
 for the computation of the follow-up networks for time-lapse images of a
 fish school. The README files for each computation step of the trajectory
 optimization are included in the code.zip. For more details contact:
 [loki@aex.ai](mailto:loki@aex.ai)
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pk0p2ngps
title: Dataset: Effect of flower identity and diversity on reducing aphid populations via natural enemy communities

description: This dataset contains data from the paper: Zytynska SE, Eicher M, Fahle R,
 Weisser W. Effect of flower identity and diversity on reducing
 aphid populations via natural enemy communities. Ecology and Evolution.
 Floral plantings are often used in agriculture to attract pollinator
 communities but they also play an important role in recruiting and
 establishing natural communities for natural pest control. Inconsistent
 effects of floral plantings for pest control may be a result of an absence
 of mechanistic insights and a reliance on the idea that simply increasing
 flower diversity will benefit these services. A more tailored set of
 flower species may be needed to benefit the natural enemies through
 provision of nectar and alternative prey. We used an outside pot
 experiment to investigate the effect of three flower plants (Fagopyrum
 esculentum, Vicia faba, Trifolium pratense) on reducing aphid pests on
 four different plant cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare), over two
 years. We grew the four cultivars of barley alone, next to a single flower
 or next to a mixture of flowers and observed aphid and natural enemy
 colonisation across the growing season. Aphid populations sizes were
 reduced on all barley cultivars grown next to a flower with stronger pest
 suppression when all flowers were present. Each flower species recruited a
 different community of non-barley aphids that, in turn, varied in their
 ability to establish the natural enemy populations, and subsequently the
 ability to reduce barley aphid populations. Overall increased pest
 suppression in the mixed treatments was a result of numerous weaker
 interactions between different flower, pest, and natural enemy species,
 rather than a few dominant interactions. Natural enemy communities could
 be enhanced by incorporating flower species that vary in their ability to
 attract and host alternative prey (i.e. non-pest) as well as suitable
 nectar provisioning. We can use our knowledge of ecological interactions
 to tailor floral plantings to increase the effectiveness of pest control
 services.
description: Data were collected from an outside pot experiment in 2017 and
 2018. We used four barley cultivars and three flowering plants
 (<em>Fagopyrum esculentum, Vicia faba, Trifolium
 pratense)</em>, with flower treatments of no-flower, one flower
 (each for the three species) and mixed flowers. Treatments were replicated
 six times and experiment set up as a complete randomised block design. All
 insects were allowed to naturally colonise the plants and observations
 were taken twice per week (2017) or weekly (2018) from May until seed
 harvest in July. Data collected included all aphid and natural enemy
 species per plant. Data were analysed in R using linear models, mixed
 effect models, and structural equation models, primarily using the total
 or maximum number of each species. 
description: The ReadMe file contains an explanation of each of the variables
 in the two datasets: (1) 2017 dataset
 (2) 2018 dataset
DOI: 10.15468/dl.catemg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 167 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters 0.0-5000.0",
 "TaxonKey is Ficus altissima"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 167 records from 14 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002981-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.