DOI: 10.5061/dryad.34tmpg4jd
title: Natural toxic impact and thyroid signaling interplay orchestrates riverine adaptive divergence of salmonid fish

description: Abstract 1. Adaptive radiation in fishes has been actively investigated
 over the last decades. Along with numerous well-studied cases of
 lacustrine radiation, some examples of riverine sympatric divergence have
 been recently discovered. In contrast to the lakes, the riverine
 conditions do not provide evident stability in the ecological gradients.
 Consequently, external factors triggering the radiation, as well as
 developmental mechanisms underpinning it, remain unclear. 2. Herein, we
 present the comprehensive study of external and internal drivers of the
 riverine adaptive divergence of the salmonid fish Salvelinus malma. In the
 Kamchatka River, N-E Asia, this species splits in the reproductively
 isolated morphs that drastically differ in ecology and morphology: the
 benthivorous Dolly Varden (DV) and the piscivorous Stone charr (SC). 3. To
 understand why and how these morphs originated, we performed a series of
 field and experimental work, including common-garden rearing, comparative
 ontogenetic, physiological and endocrinological analyses, hormonal
 "engineering" of phenotypes, and acute toxicological tests. 4.
 We revealed that the type of spawning ground acts as the main external
 factor driving the radiation of S. malma. In contrast to DV spawning in
 the leaf krummholz zone, SC reproduces in the zone of coniferous forest,
 which litter has a toxic impact on developing fishes. SC enhances
 resistance to the toxicants via metabolism acceleration provided by the
 elevated thyroid hormone content. These physiological changes lead to the
 multiple heterochronies resulting in a specific morphology and SC's
 expansion into a piscivorous niche. 5. Salvelinus malma represents a
 notable example of how the thyroid axis contributes to the generation of
 diverse phenotypic outcomes underlying the riverine sympatric divergence.
 Our findings, along with the paleoecology data concerning spruce forest
 distribution during the Pleistocene, provide an opportunity to reconstruct
 a scenario of S. malma divergence. Taken together, obtained results with
 the data of the role of thyroid hormones in the ontogeny and
 diversification of fishes contribute a resource to consider the thyroid
 axis as a prime director orchestrating the phenotypic plasticity promoting
 evolutionary diversification under the changing environmental conditions.
 06-Jan-2021
description: The supplements are tables of primary data obtained during the
 field works and the experiments on Dolly Varden (<i>Salvelinus
 malma)</i> rearing. This species is not an endangered or protected
 species in the Russian Federation. Following the Federal law “On Fisheries
 and Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources”
 №166-ФЗ, the
 non-commercial fishing of Dolly Varden charr does not require any
 permissions. All field and experimental procedures with fish were carried
 out according to the guidelines and following the laws and ethics of the
 Russian Federation and approved by the ethics committee of the Severtsov
 Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of
 Sciences.
description: This folder contains the data file for the article:
     Esin, E. V., Markevich, G. N., Melnik, N. O., Kapitanova, D.
 A. and F. N. Shkil (2021). Natural toxic impact and thyroid signaling
 interplay orchestrates riverine adaptive divergence of salmonid fish.
 Journal of Animal Ecology We investigated how thyroid
 signaling can control a diverse range of outcomes, various adaptive
 phenotypic novelties and riverine sympatric divergence. Our results along
 with the data concerning thyroid involvement in the diversification of
 various fish groups indicate that thyroid axis orchestrates the subtle
 phenotypic plasticity in fish promoting evolutionary diversification under
 shifting environmental conditions. Comments and
 requests should be addressed to Evgeny Esin: evgesin@gmail.com. All
 material is free of use, but I would appreciate this dataset and the
 matching paper cited if appropriate. The file named
 JAE_Esin_etal_2021(.XLS format)contains source data sets for the final
 version of the manuscript. The file is divided into five sheets containing
 different independent data blocks: Sheet 1 contains the
 data on full length (in mm) and total weight (in g; mean values at the end
 of columns are marked red) of all experimental fish groups including
 common-garden experiment and thyroid alteration experiment. The data was
 used in fig. 2. Sheet 2 contains the data on the total
 thyroid (T3) concentrations (in ng / g) in the extract of a whole fish
 from the common-garden experiment, thyroid alteration experiment and the
 experiment with the conifer infusion impact. All experimental groups and
 its age in day*degrees are marked. The hormone concentrations were
 evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) barbital-free
 procedure adapted from Schnitzler et al. (2008, doi:
 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.06.011). The data was used in fig. 1.
 Sheet 3 contains the data on three physiological parameters (i.e.
 glucose concentration in the blood (in mmol/L), antioxydant activity of
 tissues (in mU/L) and phospholipid concentration in the muscles (in g/L))
 of the experimental fish. All experimental groups and its age in
 day*degrees are marked. The data was used in fig. 3.
 Sheet 4 contains the data on the ossification ranks of several
 cranial bones: supraethmoid (set), frontal (fro), parasphenoid (phsp) and
 orbital series (orbita) bones; premaxilla (pmx), maxilla (mxl), dentary
 (den), and vomer (vom); alveolar teeth formulae on palatine (pal) and
 lingual bones (glo), the number of ossified sections (osb) and rakers (sb)
 of the first gill arch. All experimental groups and its age in day*degrees
 are marked. Mean values of the ranks are marked red. The data was used in
 fig. 5. Sheet 5 contains the data on the linear
 morphometric measurements (in pixels) of fish from the common-garden
 experiment and thyroid alteration experiment. All experimental groups and
 its age in day*degrees are marked. The data complements fig, 4, b and
 с.