DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hx3ffbgkq
title: Rapid divergent evolution of internal female genitalia and the coevolution of male genital morphology revealed by micro-computed tomography

description: Animal genitalia are thought to evolve rapidly and divergently in response
 to sexual selection. Studies of genital evolution have focused largely on
 male genitalia, with our understanding of female genital evolution
 relatively limited. The paucity of work on female genital morphology is
 likely due to problems faced in quantifying shape variation, due to their
 composition and accessibility. Here we use a combination of micro-computed
 tomography, landmark-free shape quantification, and phylogenetic analysis
 to quantify the rate of female genital shape evolution among 29 species of
 Antichiropus millipedes, and the coevolution of male genitalia. We found
 significant variation in female and male genital shape among species.
 While male genital shape showed significant phylogenetic signal, female
 genital shape did not. Male genital shape was found to be evolving 1.2
 times faster than female genital shape. Female and male genital shapes
 exhibited strongly correlated evolution, indicating that genital shape
 changes in one sex are associated with corresponding changes in the
 genital shape of the other sex. This study adds novel insight into our
 growing understanding of how female genitalia can evolve rapidly and
 divergently and highlights the advantages of three-dimensional techniques
 and multivariate analyses in studies of female genital evolution.
description: Data from: Rapid divergent evolution of internal female genitalia and the
 coevolution of male genital morphology revealed by micro-computed
 tomography Nadia S. Sloan1, Mark S. Harvey1,2, Joel A. Huey1,2,3 and Leigh
 W. Simmons1 1Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological
 Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.
 2Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool
 6986, Australia. 3Biologic Environmental, East Perth 6004, Australia.
 ORCID iD NSS, 0000-0002-4081-5031; MSH, 0000-003-1482-0109; JAH,
 0000-0001-7108-0552; LWS, 0000-0003-0562-1474 The data necessary to
 conduct the analyses reported in Sloan et al. are provided within this zip
 file. When expanded the folder contains two folders, “PLY files females”
 and “PLY files males”, two nexus files, and 6 csv files containing data.
 Each PLY file (polygon file format) contains the 3D scan data for each
 male gonopod and each female receptaculum for all samples of the species
 used in the comparative analysis. Each file is labelled with the species
 name and the West Australian Museum Voucher number (e.g. DIP015T150043)
 except A. variabilis which has the collection location (e.g.
 variabilisSerpNPfem2, Serpentine National Park female 2). These files can
 be entered into the Generalized Procrustes Surface Analysis (GPSA)
 software available in Pomidor et al. (2016) The files
 “male_gpsa_ordination_projections_all” and
 “female_gpsa_ordination_projections_all” are .csv files that are outputs
 from the GPSA software, and contain scores on the axes of variation (135
 axes for males, 130 axes for females) that describe the shape of male and
 female genital structures. These data files can be used to conduct all of
 the analyses described in Sloan et al. 2024, Proceedings of the Royal
 Society of London: B. Two summary files are also provided,
 “male.ord.summary” and “female.ord.summary”, which provide the eigenvalue
 (value) for each axis of variation from the GPSA, the proportion of
 variance explained by that axis (pro) and the cumulative proportion of
 variance explained (cum). These data can be used to recreate Figure S5
 found in the online supporting material of Sloan et al. Data on collum
 area (mm^2) for each species can be found in the csv files “male_collum”
 and “female_collum” and can be used in analyses of trait shape to control
 for species body size. The two nexus files, “1.4% run 1 nexus” and 2.3%
 run 1 nexus” provide the phylogenies calibrated with divergence rates of
 1.4%/Ma and 2.3%/Ma required for the phylogenetic analyses described in
 Sloan et al. Molecular data used to construct phylogenies are available at
 Genbank using the accession numbers provided in Table S5 of the online
 supporting material of Sloan et al. Pomidor B.J., Makedonska J., Slice
 D.E. 2016 A landmark-free method for three-dimensional shape analysis.
 PLOS ONE 11(3), e0150368. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150368).