cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78001
title: Group of ten missionaries, Nigeria, ca. 1930

description: Group portrait photograph of ten missionaries from the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society. One gentleman is a member of the clergy, and wears a white collar. The group is smartly dressed: women wear smart dresses and hats, and men wear suits and ties. This image comes from a photograph collection kept by Emily Godfrey, Matron of the Methodist Hospital at Ama Achara from 1921 to 1944.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78004
title: Three nurses, Nigeria, ca. 1925

description: Portrait photograph of three nurses in smart dress, presumably taken at the hospital run by the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society at Ama Achara, Nigeria. This image comes from a photograph collection kept by Emily Godfrey, Matron of the Methodist Hospital at Ama Achara from 1921 to 1944.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78003
title: Miss Brazier with her guides, Nigeria, ca. 1930

description: Portrait photograph of Primitive Methodist Missionary Society missionary Miss M Brazier with her Guide troop at Umuahia in modern Abia state, southeast Nigeria. Miss Brazier wears a smart women's suit and hat, and the guides all wear uniform of a white blouse, neck-tie with badge and a calf length skirt. The guides wear head-wraps around their heads. One guide holds up the troop banner, which reads: "GIRLS LIFE BRIGADE 1st UMUAHIA COMPANY." This image comes from a photograph collection kept by Emily Godfrey, Matron of the Methodist Hospital at Ama Achara from 1921 to 1944.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78002
title: Women's anniversary, Nigeria, ca. 1925

description: Portrait photograph of an outdoor anniversary service held for local women by the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society in Umuahia, Nigeria. Women sit in rows in a large courtyard. Women are dressed in traditional gowns with head-wraps (or "gele.") Boys and girls can be seen in the outdoor "aisles." The central seated area is covered with a wood and thatch shelter. Groups of Nigerian men stand in the background. The caption to this photograph reads: "Women's anniversary. No church large enough to hold all the women!" This image comes from a photograph collection kept by Emily Godfrey, Matron of the Methodist Hospital at Ama Achara from 1921 to 1944.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78005
title: Christian group at mission event, Nigeria, ca. 1925

description: Portrait photograph of European missionaries from the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society and Nigerian men and women taken at a formal event, probably in Umuahia, Nigeria. The group stands in front of a building with a corrugated iron roof in formal dress. The European male wears a light jacket with a crest. A crest is also worn by a Nigerian man in the group. Men and women wear Western-style occasion wear (including bow ties), whilst only one male member of the group wears traditional African dress. This image comes from a photograph collection kept by Emily Godfrey, Matron of the Methodist Hospital at Ama Achara, southeast Nigeria, from 1921 to 1944.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78006
title: Ama Achara Hospital, Nigeria, ca. 1925

description: Photograph of the Ama Achara Methodist Hospital, the hospital run in Umuahia, modern Abia state, Nigeria, by the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society. It is a building made of large breeze-blocks with a corrugated iron roof. A group of Nigerian men and a boy sit in the shade of a hospital building to the rear. Emily Godfrey (1884-1978) was a medical missionary working for the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society, and was the Matron at Ama Achara Hospital, working in Eastern Nigeria from 1921 to 1944. This image comes from a photograph collection kept by Emily Godfrey.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78007
title: P.M.M.S missionaries and car, Nigeria, ca. 1925

description: Portrait photograph of a group of four missionaries of the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society, posing next to a car. A large group of children and male Nigerian evangelists surround the car. The car is parked in front of a brick building with shutters. This image comes from a photograph collection kept by Emily Godfrey, Matron of the Methodist Hospital at Ama Achara, southeast Nigeria, from 1921 to 1944.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78008
title: Emaciated child, Nigeria, ca. 1930

description: Black and white lantern slide showing an emaciated small child in southeast Nigeria, possibly cared for by the Methodist Missionary Society hospital in Ama Achara, modern Abia state, southeast Nigeria. The child is held in the arms of a European missionary.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78009
title: Women's dance, Nigeria, ca. 1933

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a woman's dance in southeast Nigeria, possibly at a religious celebration. The women wear wraps around their waists and head-wraps around their heads. They dance in a circle in an open area of ground surrounded by palm trees.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78037
title: Onlookers at baptism in river, Congo, ca. 1920-1930

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a group of onlookers at a baptism in the Congo, perhaps presided over by the Congo Balolo Mission. A line of five men and one woman stand at the front of the crowd, possibly the people who have been baptised. A European female missionary tands in the rear row of the crowd, wearing a dress and a pith helmet.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78042
title: Wood carving, Congo, ca. 1920-1930

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a wood carving or wood icon depicting a tall human figure. The figure has a grass wrap around his waist. A beard has been carved, his neck is elongated, and his hands are unnaturally large. It is possible that the figure may represent a shrine to an important deceased person.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78030
title: Girl of Topoki Tribe, Congo, ca. 1920-1930

description: Black and white lantern slide showing an image of a girl of the Topoki (commonly known as Topoke) tribe, a people living in the Isangi territory south of the Congo River. The caption for the slide reads, "Girl of Topoke Tribe- Hole Through Nose. The Fashion." The Topoke were reasonably isolated from missionary activity until the 1930s. The girl wears a white smock, and sits on a wooden chair. A hole can be seen through her nose, and there are also scarification marks on her cheeks, forming lines to her eyes and nose. Scarification is the process of marking the skin by cutting it, either to enhance beauty or to mark certain events and life stages.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78044
title: Scarification designs, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a Congolese man with designs made on his face through the process of scarification. Throughout Africa, flat and raised scars were used on the skin in often geometric designs as a form of body modification that reflected life stages, ethnic belonging, a form of enhancing beauty or a test of endurance. The raised scars pictured were probably made by raising skin with a tool and then slicing it with a blade, after which the healing process would be controlled to form the desired shape. The Congo had some of the most intricate scarification designs in Africa, particularly amongst women. For men, scarification was often a sign of endurance and suitability for the battle field. The Tabwa and Luba Bantu-speaking people in the Congo practised scarification. The Tabwa people's philosophy was based on duality, and geometric, symmetrical scarification designs reflected this. Scarification amongst the Luba people was made up of different shapes which, when combined in different ways, created different meanings. Through scarification, meaning is invested in the body thus preserving cultural memory.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78040
title: Man with swollen glands, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a Congolese man with extremely swollen glands. He is naked except for a loin cloth. He can be seen with scarification marks on his cheekbones, jawline and forehead. Scarification was a common form of body modification in Africa that conveyed meaning on the body through the inflication and controlled healing of wounds to form particular marks. For men, this could often be a test of endurance, carry symbolic meaning or be a sign of cultural belonging. The man also has a line of hair deliberately cut horizontally across the top of his head. This style could also have symbolic meaning, since hair style carried meanings connected with lifestyle or status amongst the Luba people of the Congo.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78034
title: Male patient, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a man with a bandaged leg, wlking with a long cane. He wears a long loincloth around his waist. He may be a patient at a Congo Balolo Mission hospital.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78041
title: Child just arrived at Bompono orphanage, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a Congolese child of around one year of age. She sits on wooden planks and leans forward. She wears three metal bracelets on one wrist. Her hair is shaved on the crown, but braided at the sides of the head. Her body is covered in light scars. This picture was taken when the child first arrived at the orphanage at Bompono run by the Congo Balolo Mission.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78043
title: Man with scarification patterns, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a man with scarification designs on his chest, face and lips. Scarification was a common form of body modification in Africa that conveyed meaning on the body through the inflication and controlled healing of wounds to form particular marks. For men, this could often be a test of endurance, carry symbolic meaning or be a sign of cultural belonging. Christian missionaries disapproved of the practice, since it was believed to distort a natural body, made in God's image. During the 1800s and 1900, images of scarification were distributed in Europe, and came to be seen as a sign of the exotic.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/4gsvxn/vdv0ti
title: Puccinia coronata Corda F-2334.tif

description: :unav
DOI: 10.48370/ofd/4gsvxn
title: Puccinia coronata Corda, 2334

description: Fungarium Micromycetes
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78038
title: Victim of Congo atrocities, Congo, ca. 1890-1910

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a male missionary from the Congo Balolo Mission holding the arm of a Congolese man. The missionary is probably Mr Wallbaum, who wears a light safari suit and a pith helmet, and the Congolese man wears a loin cloth. The missionary holds up his companion's arm at the elbow, and points to the Congolese man's missing hand. The Congolese man is likely to have been a victim of the "Congo atrocities", punishment, murders and mutilations (particularly amputation of the right hand on living victims or after death) that took place on colonial rubber plantations in the Congo Free State, territory owned by Belgian King Leopold II, who expolited it for its plant and mineral resources. Workers on rubber plantations were paid with worthless goods, and it was in noticing this imbalance of trade that shipping clerk Edmund Morel reported in his columns for The West African Mail, noticing that large numbers of weapons were going into the country to control the rubber workers. An investigation took place in the British Parliament, but missionaries felt that they could do nothing in the face of veiled threats by King Leopold II, on whose territory thet were preaching. In 1895, Dr Harry Guinness heard first hand witness accounts of amputations, and became involved in the cause to end the brutality on the plantations, involving himself in the Congo Reform Association in 1904. International intervention forced Leopold II to abdicate in the same year, and although reforms began under his successor, Albert, change in the rubber plantations would not take effect for some time.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78027
title: Mr J McKittrick, Congo, ca. 1890

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a photographic portrait of missionary John McKittrick. He was part of the first group of missionaries from Harley College to enter the Congo in 1878. This group followed the path of the lower Congo originally opened by Stanley, and their work was christened as the Livingstonia Inland Mission. The group worked in the area for six years, returning to Harley College in 1884, having passed on the mission to the American Baptists. John McKittrick was the leader of the newly named Congo Balolo Mission, which aimed to mission to the Lulonga people above the Stanley Pool. Although his work among the Ngombe tribe was an abiding success, John McKittrick fell victim to fever in 1891.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78039
title: Female atrocity victim, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Tinted lantern slide titled "The Congo Atrocities" showing a young woman. The woman wears a short waist wrap and holds a long wooden cane, since one of her feet has been amputated. The woman was probably a worker on a Congolese rubber plantation, a victim of the "Congo Atrocities", punishment, murders and mutilations (including amputation) that took place on colonial rubber plantations in the Congo Free State, territory owned by Belgian King Leopold II, who expolited it for its plant and mineral resources. Workers on rubber plantations were paid with worthless goods, and it this imbalance of trade that shipping clerk Edmund Morel reported in his columns for The West African Mail, noticing that weapons were going into the country to control the rubber workers. An investigation took place in the British Parliament, but missionaries felt that they could do nothing in the face of veiled threats by King Leopold II, on whose territory thet were preaching. In 1895, Dr Harry Guinness heard first hand witness accounts of amputations, and became involved in the cause to end the brutality on the plantations, helping to form the Congo Reform Association in 1904. International intervention forced Leopold II to abdicate in the same year, and although reforms began under his successor, Albert, change in the rubber plantations would not take effect for some time. This slide was part of a set by Congo Balolo Mission missionary and photographer Alice Seely Harris, who with her husband John Harris used these slides in magic lantern shows across the country to bring the injustices against Congolese workers to public attention.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78045
title: E.D Morel, ca. 1900-1915

description: Tinted lantern slide showing Edmund D Morel, a leading campaigner against the atrocities commited against workers on rubber plantations in the Congo Free State, land owned by King Leopold II of Belgium. He sits at a desk overflowing with paper-work, behind a large map of Africa. Morel campaigned for an end to the expoloitation of native Congolese workers in the rubber plantations of the Congo Free State, owned by King Leopold II of Belgium. Whilst working for the Elder Dempster shipping line, Morel discovered the worthless goods being exchanged for rubber from the Congo Free State, and the large numbers of weapons being sent to Africa to control workers. Morel campaigned with the Congo Reform Association and British consul in the Congo, Roger Casement, for an investigation into the acts of slavery and violence committed on Congo rubber plantations. This slide was part of a set by Congo Balolo Mission missionary and photographer Alice Seely Harris, who with her husband John Harris used these slides in magic lantern shows across the country to bring the injustices against Congolese workers to public attention.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78047
title: Baptism, Congo, ca. 1920-1930

description: Black and white lantern slide featuring a baptism in a body of water in the Congo. A European male missionary holds a Congolese man in readiness to immerse him in the water. Another male missionary stands to the side of the image with another Congolese man. The missionaries wear light shirts, shorts and pith helmets, and the Congolese men and women who queue to be baptised wear short cloth wraps around their waists, leaving their chests bare.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78048
title: Missionary and group of men, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a group of three Congolese men sitting in bushland. A European missionary, wearing trousers, shirt and pith helmet, can be seen in the background holding the hand of a Congolese boy. The boy wears a shirt and long wrap around his waist, and the men are bare chested and wear short loin cloths.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78049
title: Young men with female missionary, Congo, ca. 1920-1930

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a group of young Congolese men in a group portrait with a European female misionary from the Congo Balolo Mission. The men and boys wear shirts and shorts of a similar style, indicating that they may be part of a mission institution. The female missionary sits in the centre of the image, looking to one side. She wears smart clothes and a wide-brimmed hat.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78050
title: Group with furniture, Congo, ca. 1920-1930

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a group of Congolese young men and boys in European dress. They stand behind a row of wicker furniture, in front of a thatched and partly-built dwelling. A European male missionary stands to the dise of the image, and building materials (possibly bamboo) can be seen in the foreground. Furniture making was one of the crafts taught to Congolese boys by the Congo Balolo Mission.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78051
title: Girls' football match, Congo, ca. 1900-1915

description: Black and white lantern slide showing a group of six young girls standing on a piece of flat grassland. They are supervised by a young Congolese woman. One of the girls is European, whilst the five remaining girls are Congolese. The European girl is the only one to wear a hat. Two bent sets of football goalposts can be seen in the background, and one small girl rests a ball at her feet. The girls all wear short dresses.  This slide comes from a collection generated by missionaries working for the Congo Balolo Mission, a mission begun in 1889 under the supervision of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions that developed into the interdenominational evangelical mission Regions Beyond Missionary Union after 1900.