DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4906264
title: Wind and Precipitation Extremes in Great Britain (1979-2019) to apply the methodology for Spatiotemporal Identification of Compound Hazards

description: The data used in this study is extracted from ERA5. ERA5 is a climate reanalysis product which was released in 2019 by ECMWF and benefits from the latest improvements in the field (Hersbach et al., 2020). ERA5 data (ECMWF, 2020) is available 1979 to present (we use up to September 2019), with a spatial resolution of 0.25deg x 0.25deg and an hourly temporal resolution. The data resolves the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80 km (ECMWF, 2020). ERA5 data are generated with a short forecast of 18 h twice a day (06:00 and 18:00 UTC) and assimilated with observed data (ECMWF, 2020). more information about ERA5 can be found here. The two following variables are extracted from the product: Extreme precipitation (p): accumulated liquid and frozen water, comprising rain and snow, that falls to the Earth’s in one hour (mm). This value is averaged over a grid cell. Extreme wind (w): hourly maximum wind gust at a height of 10 m above the surface of the Earth (m s-1). The WMO (2021) defines a wind gust as the maximum of the wind averaged over 3 s intervals. As this duration is shorter than a model time step, this value is deduced from other parameters such as surface stress, surface friction, wind shear and stability. This value is averaged over a grid cell. Importation of the raw data Input data is divided into 4 files for each variables representing 4 periods: 1979-1986 1987-1997 1998-2008 2009-2019 <pre>library(ncdf4) filer=c(paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/raindat_7986.nc"), paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/raindat_8797.nc"), paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/raindat_9808.nc"), paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/raindat_0919.nc")) filew=c(paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/windat_7986.nc"), paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/windat_8797.nc"), paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/windat_9808.nc"), paste0(getwd(),"/data/in/windat_0919.nc")) Startdate=as.POSIXct("1979-01-01 10:00:00") Enddate=as.POSIXct("1986-12-31 23:00:00") # ncr = nc_open(filer) # ncw = nc_open(filew)</pre> Intermediary data Intermediary data are stored in the “data/interdat” folder which contains the following files in Rdata format: <pre><code>## [1] "allraininclusters1.Rdata" "allraininclusters2.Rdata" ## [3] "allraininclusters3.Rdata" "allraininclusters4.Rdata" ## [5] "extremEventsWind.Rdata" "interclustRain.Rdata" ## [7] "interclustWind.Rdata" "metaclustRain.Rdata" ## [9] "metaclustWind.Rdata" "Rain_99_AllP.Rdata" ## [11] "rainP1.Rdata" "rainP2.Rdata" ## [13] "rainP3.Rdata" "rainP4.Rdata" ## [15] "rawclustRain.Rdata" "rawclustWind.Rdata" ## [17] "timeP1.Rdata" "timeP2.Rdata" ## [19] "timeP3.Rdata" "timeP4.Rdata" ## [21] "windP1.Rdata" "windP2.Rdata" ## [23] "windP3.Rdata" "windP4.Rdata" ## [25] "Wnd_99_AllP.Rdata" </code></pre> allraininclustersX: [data.frame] files are used to assess more accurately the accumulated precipitation during events by collecting precipitations from timesteps in which precipitation is above and below the threshold for every grid cell and the whole duration of the cluster. 99_allp: [matrix] value of extreme precipitation and extreme wind gust threshold over the whole domain (one value per grid cell) interclust: [list] files contain a list of data from wind and precipitation clusters divided in the 4 periods aggregated over space and clusters (1 value per grid cell per cluster). These files are uses to create the files “RainEv_ldat” and “Windev_ldat”. metaclust: [list] files contain a list of metadata from wind and precipitation clusters divided in the 4 periods . These files are uses to create the files “RainEv_meta” and “Windev_meta”. rainPX: [matrix] files contain a 3D matrix of dimension long<em>lat</em>time containing precipitation data for the period X. rawclust: [list] files contain a list of data.frame from wind and precipitation clusters divided in the 4 periods. These files are uses to create the files “RainEv_hdat” and “Windev_hdat”. timePX: [vector] contain vectors of time for the 4 periods. windPX: [matrix] files contain a 3D matrix of dimension long<em>lat</em>time containing wind gust data for the period X. Output data Output data contains metadata and raw data of single and compound hazard clusters are stored in the “data/out” folder which contains the following files in Rdata format: <pre><code>## [1] "compoundclusters.csv" "CompoundRW_79-19.v3x.Rdata" ## [3] "extremEvents_Rain.Rdata" "extremEvents_Wind.Rdata" ## [5] "Rain_stfprint.Rdata" "rainclusters.csv" ## [7] "RainEv_hdat_1979-2019.Rdata" "RainEv_ldat_1979-2019.Rdata" ## [9] "Rainev_ldatp_1979-2019.Rdata" "RainEv_meta_1979-2019.Rdata" ## [11] "RainEv_metap_1979-2019.Rdata" "Wind_stfprint.Rdata" ## [13] "windcluster.csv" "WindEv_hdat_1979-2019.Rdata" ## [15] "WindEv_ldat_1979-2019.Rdata" "WindEv_meta_1979-2019.Rdata" </code></pre> CompoundRW: [data.frame] contains metadata for the compound hazard clusters identified _hdat: [data.frame] hourly data of precipitation and wind gust clusters. _ldat: [data.frame] aggregated data over space and clusters (1 value per grid cell per cluster) for wind gust and precipitation clusters.Rain_ldatp contains aggregated values including non-extreme timesteps. Created from allraininclustersX. _meta:[data.frame] metadata for wind gust and precipitation clusters stfprint: [data.frame] files containing duration*footprint of each hazard clusters during all clusters sptdf: [data.frame] data.frame containing spatial, temporal, cluster and intensity information Codes assiciated to the method are availaible here: https://github.com/Alowis/SI-CH