DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7pvmcvf53
title: Data from: Upcycling in the Hawaiian Islands: Native forest birds commonly engage in nest material kleptoparasitism

description: Nest material theft (or nest material kleptoparasitism) occurs when birds
 steal nesting material from other nests. This behavior is likely much more
 common for songbirds than it has been reported in the literature. While
 the benefits to the thief of stealing nesting material are evident (may
 decrease time spent foraging for suitable nesting supplies), gaps in our
 knowledge exist as to when we should expect to observe the thieving
 behavior. Here are nest height data, species involved in nest material
 kleptoparasitism, and timing of the nest material theft. These behavioral
 observations occurred in 2012 as part of a larger bird survey at sites on
 the Island of Hawaii. In this study, we investigate the species involved
 (both thief and victim/donor), whether the donor nest was active/inactive,
 and the height of the nests involved for species of common Hawaiian forest
 birds. Our study suggests that nest material theft may be a small
 but often overlooked contributing factor to nest failure. Our
 data are consistent with the height overlap hypothesis, such that common
 native Hawaiian forest bird species took nesting material from nests
 located in the same canopy strata in which they would forage for arthropod
 prey. We provide nest height, tree height, tree species ID, forest
 fragment size, species thieving material, and species whose nest material
 is being stolen.
description: # Data from: Upcycling in the Hawaiian Islands: Native forest birds
 commonly engage in nest material kleptoparasitism Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.7pvmcvf53](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7pvmcvf53) ##
 Study Summary This study documents instances of nest material
 kleptoparasitism by native Hawaiian birds across a patchwork of naturally
 fragmented forests (kīpuka) on Hawaii Island. We investigate two
 (non-mutually exclusive) hypotheses posited to explain nest material
 kleptoparasitism: (1) the height overlap hypothesis, and (2) the shared
 materials hypothesis. We provide details as to the identities, height, and
 substrate for 39 instances of nest material kleptoparasitism. ##
 Description of the data and file structure This dataset is from the
 manuscript "Upcycling in the Hawaiian Islands: Native forest birds
 commonly engage in nest material kleptoparasitism" and provides the
 data analyzed in this manuscript (data can be found in file:
 nest.height.klepto.dataDRYAD.csv). **#nest material kleptoparasitism
 nest.ht csv file** Nest.ID.OBS unique nest identifier SPECIES bird species
 using 4-letter code; APAP = APAPANE; HAAM = HAWAII AMAKIHI; IIWI = IIWI;
 OMAO = OMAO; WAWE = Warbling White-eye; unk = Unknown Height.m height of
 observation in meters; type of observation is detailed in Height.type
 column Height.type Nest.material.kleptoparasitism = means the height (in
 m) is that of the victim/donor or thief's nest; Foraging = means the
 height (in m) is that at which the bird was observed foraging Active.y.n
 Whether or not the nest was active when found YEAR year of observation
 Whose.nest whether the nest is that of the donor (victim) or thief (nest
 material kleptoparasite) Rat.removed whether or not rats were removed from
 the kipuka (0 = untreated kipuka; 1 = rats were removed) Tree.Height.m
 height of the tree in meters in which the observation occurred Kipuka.ID
 ID of kipuka Size.Class size class of kipuka: 1 = &lt; 1 ha; 2 = 1 ha - 4
 ha; 3 = &gt; 10 ha TREE.SP2 species of tree in which the nest was found.
 If found on the ground, then it is listed as "GROUND"
 ht.category height of nest category in meters: &lt; 3m; 3-6m; 6-12m;
 &gt;12m Species.stealing what species of bird were observed stealing nest
 material Species.stolen.from what species of bird were observed having
 their nest material taken by another bird unique.instance whether or not
 the row is a unique instance; y = one observation per instance of nest
 material theft; n = we have two observations representing this instance of
 nest material kleptoparasitism, such that we have nest height information
 on BOTH the thief's nest and the victim's nest day.of.yr day of
 the year, where Jan 1 is 1, Jan 10 is 10, and so forth NA indicates data
 are missing or not appropriate (e.g., all foraging observations will have
 an NA for Active.y.n because these are not nest observations). All
 foraging height data are from Wilson Rankin, E. E., J. L. Knowlton, D. S.
 Gruner, D. J. Flaspohler, C. P. Giardina, D. R. Leopold, A. Buckardt, W.
 C. Pitt, and T. Fukami. 2018. Vertical foraging shifts in Hawaiian forest
 birds in response to invasive rat removal. PLoS ONE 13(9):e0202869.
 Foraging height data from this publication are all publicly available on
 Dryad: *Hawaiian forest bird foraging height*
 **[https://doi.org/10.6086/D1X675](https://doi.org/10.6086/D1X675)**.
 ###### **#TableS1.csv is provided to import the data from the supplements
 of this paper.** SPECIES bird species using 4-letter code; APAP = APAPANE;
 HAAM = HAWAII AMAKIHI; IIWI = IIWI; OMAO = OMAO; WAWE = Warbling
 White-eye; unk = Unknown Total.no.nests.found The number of nests found in
 our field sites for that species Freq.thieving The number of instances of
 thieving by that species Freq.being.victim The number of instances that
 species was observed being the victim/donor and having nest material
 stolen Total.no.nests.found.untreated.kīpuka Number of nests for that
 species in untreated kīpuka Total.no.nests.found.rat.removal.kīpuka Number
 of nests for that species in rat removal kīpuka
 Freq.thieving.untreated.kīpuka The number of instances of thieving by that
 species in untreated kipuka Freq.thieving.in.rat.removal.kīpuka The number
 of instances of thieving by that species in rat removal kipuka
 Freq.being.victim.in.untreated.kīpuka The number of instances that the
 species was observed being the victim/donor and having nest material
 stolen in untreated kipuka Freq.being.victim.rat.removal.kīpuka The number
 of instances that the species was observed being the victim/donor and
 having nest material stolen in rat removal kipuka ## Code/software  All R
 code used to generate analyses can be found in nest.mat.theft.R. It was
 written using R version 4.43 Loaded packages: lme4 (v1.1-36); car (v
 3.1-3); emmeans (v 1.11.0). Nest.mat.theft.R includes all statistical
 models.