DOI: 10.5061/dryad.51rk4v4
title: Data from: Sexually dimorphic gene expression and transcriptome evolution provides mixed evidence for a fast‐Z effect in Heliconius

description: Sex chromosomes have different evolutionary properties compared to
 autosomes due to their hemizygous nature. In particular, recessive
 mutations are more readily exposed to selection, which can lead to faster
 rates of molecular evolution. Here, we report patterns of gene expression
 and molecular evolution for a group of butterflies. First, we improve the
 completeness of the Heliconius melpomene reference annotation, a
 neotropical butterfly with a ZW sex determination system. Then, we analyse
 RNA from male and female whole abdomens and sequence female ovary and gut
 tissue to identify sex and tissue specific gene expression profiles in H.
 melpomene. Using these expression profiles we compare: 1) sequence
 divergence and polymorphism; 2) the strength of positive and negative
 selection; and 3) rates of adaptive evolution, for Z and autosomal genes
 between two species of Heliconius butterflies, H. melpomene and H. erato.
 We show that the rate of adaptive substitutions is higher for Z than
 autosomal genes, but contrary to expectation, it is also higher for male
 biased than female biased genes. Additionally, we find no significant
 increase in the rate of adaptive evolution or purifying selection on genes
 expressed in ovary tissue, a heterogametic specific tissue. Our results
 contribute to a growing body of literature from other ZW systems that also
 provide mixed evidence for a fast-Z effect where hemizygosity influences
 the rate of adaptive substitutions.
description: orthologous groups of
 genes in the H. melpomene and the H. erato
 transcriptomesOrthoFinder was used to
 identify orthologous groups of genes in the H. melpomene and the H. erato
 transcriptomes (options: -t 48 -a 6). 1-1 orthologous gene sequences were
 selected for use in subsequent analysis (Supporting Information Table
 S2)1_1_melpomene_erato_ortho.txtdivergence_autosomesCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratodivergence_ZCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratopolymorphism_autosomesCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratopolymorphism_autosomesCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratopolymorphism_Z.csvresults_heliconius-otherLepsOverall results for calculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. erato & other Leps for comparisonresults_heliconius-1.csvtotal_alignement_autosomes_heliconiusCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratototal_alignement_autosomes_heliconiusCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratototal_alignement_autosomes_heliconiusCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratototal_alignment_Z_heliconiusCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratototal_alignement_Z_heliconius.SFS_DoFEtotal_alignment_Z_heliconiusCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratototal_alignement_Z_heliconius.SFS_sumtotal_alignment_Z_heliconiusCalculation of diversity and selection statistics for 1-1 ortholog alignments between H. melpomene and H. eratototal_alignement_Z_heliconius.sum