DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0000000dj
title: Effects of adult and egg predators on hatching plasticity of the pulmonate limpet

description: In response to predation threats during the embryonic period, prey from
 diverse taxonomic groups exhibit plasticity in their hatching timing. In
 theory, predators of adult prey, as well as predators of eggs or embryos,
 can influence hatching timing. Similarly, not only embryos but also
 parents of prey can regulate hatching timing. However, research on the
 influence of adult predators and adult prey on hatching timing in species
 with separate predators for adults and eggs remains limited. To the best
 of our knowledge, no study has investigated this phenomenon in marine
 invertebrates under natural conditions. In this study, we investigated the
 effects of life-stage-specific predators (i.e., adult and egg predators)
 on the hatching timing of the pulmonate limpet (Siphonaria sirius), which
 undergoes planktonic development on an intertidal rocky shore. The
 presence of adult predators before and after egg-laying did not affect the
 hatching timing. Furthermore, while the egg predators present before
 egg-laying did not influence hatching timing, those present after
 egg-laying accelerated it. The results indicate that embryos, rather than
 their parents, determine hatching timing in response to their own
 predation risk. This finding highlights a strategy in which organisms with
 planktonic development rely on embryonic plasticity to mitigate strong
 predation risks during the egg stage. To understand how predation risk
 shapes predator-prey dynamics, it is critical to identify how predators,
 specific to each life-history stage of prey (such as adult and egg),
 interact with prey at different life-history stages during key events like
 reproduction.
description: # Effects of adult and egg predators on hatching plasticity of the
 pulmonate limpet ## Description of the data and file structure Raw data
 "RawData_byYW250109.xlsx" includes "predators number
 (Data1)", "predation amount (Data2)", "adult prey
 shell length_2014 (Data3)", "adult prey shell length_2015
 (Data4)", "experimental plot size, adult prey number, egg mass
 number_2014 (Data5)", "egg number_2014 (Data6)", "egg
 size_2014 (Data7)", "hatching timing_2014 (Data8)",
 "embryo development_2014 (Data9)", "experimental plot size,
 adult prey number, egg mass number_2015 (Data10)", "egg
 number_2015 (Data11)", "egg size_2015 (Data12)",
 "hatching timing_2015 (Data13)", "embryo development_2015
 (Data14)" that were obtained in the field and laboratory experiment.
 **Data1** date: date of data collection day: data collection time; d:
 daytime, n: nighttime species: predator species; s: Tenguella musiva, u:
 Drupella margariticola , i:Reishia clavigera predation: the number of
 predators preying on prey egg masses total: the total number of predators
 **Data2** ID: ID of prey egg masses Psize: shell length of the egg
 predator Tenguella musiva am_length: egg mass length (mm) measured during
 the morning survey am_width: egg mass width (mm) measured during the
 morning survey pm_length: egg mass length (mm) measured during the
 afternoon survey (12 hours after the morning survey) pm_width: egg mass
 width (mm) measured during the afternoon survey (12 hours after the
 morning survey) am_volume: egg mass volume (cubic millimeter) calculated
 from the data obtained during the morning survey pm_volume: egg mass
 volume (cubic millimeter) calculated from the data obtained during the
 afternoon survey predation_volume: egg mass volume (cubic millimeter)
 predated by the egg predator for 12 hours **Data3** Block: block ID for
 Experiment 1 Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1 Treatment:
 treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x
 Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural ID: adult prey ID in each
 experimental plot adult_mm: adult prey shell length (mm) **Data4** Block:
 block ID for Experiment 2 Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2
 Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying,
 PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural ID: adult prey ID
 in each experimental plot adult_mm: adult prey shell length (mm) **Data5**
 Block: block ID for Experiment 1 Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment
 1 Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult
 predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural Adult: the presence (1) or
 absence (0) of Adult predator treatment Egg: the presence (1) or absence
 (0) of Egg predator treatment rock_m2: the area of the experimental plot
 for Experiment 1 (square meters) population: number of the prey Siphonaria
 sirius in the experimental plot for Experiment 1 day1: number of egg
 masses laid by the prey on 12-Sep-2014 day2: number of egg masses laid by
 the prey on 13-Sep-2014 totalnumber: total number of egg masses laid by
 the prey **Data6** Block: block ID for Experiment 1 Rock: experimental
 plot ID for Experiment 1 Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B:
 Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
 Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator treatment Egg:
 the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment IDeggmass: egg
 mass fragment ID eggmassmg: weight of each egg mass fragment (mg) number:
 number of eggs in each egg mass fragment **Data7** Block: block ID for
 Experiment 1 Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 1 Treatment:
 treatment group; A: Adult predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x
 Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural Adult: the presence (1) or absence
 (0) of Adult predator treatment Egg: the presence (1) or absence (0) of
 Egg predator treatment IDeggmass: egg mass fragment ID IDegg: egg ID in
 each egg mass fragment long_egg: long axis diameter of the egg (mm)
 short_egg: short axis diameter of the egg (mm) eggsize: egg volume (cubic
 millimeters) **Data8** Block: block ID for Experiment 1 Rock: experimental
 plot ID for Experiment 1 Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult predator, B:
 Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control, N: Natural
 Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator treatment Egg:
 the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment low_tide: the
 number of low tides (i.e., emergence from seawater) experienced by each
 egg mass before hatching **Data9** Block: block ID for Experiment 1 Rock:
 experimental plot ID for Experiment 1 Treatment: treatment group; A: Adult
 predator, B: Egg predator, C: Adult predator x Egg predator, D: Control,
 N: Natural Adult: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Adult predator
 treatment Egg: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Egg predator treatment
 X0.5: developmental stage of each embryo after 12 hours; B: blastula, G:
 gastrula X1: developmental stage of each embryo after 24 hours; G:
 gastrula, T: trochophore **Data10** Block: block ID for Experiment 2 Rock:
 experimental plot ID for Experiment 2 Treatment: treatment group; PN:
 Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying,
 NN: Control, N: Natural Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before
 egg-laying treatment After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After
 egg-laying treatment rock_m2: the area of the experimental plot for
 Experiment 2 (square meters) population: number of the prey Siphonaria
 sirius in the experimental plot for Experiment 2 day1: number of egg
 masses laid by the prey on 2-Sep-2015 day2: number of egg masses laid by
 the prey on 3-Sep-2015 totalnumber: total number of egg masses laid by the
 prey weight: weight of a whole egg mass (mg) **Data11** Block: block ID
 for Experiment 2 Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment 2 Treatment:
 treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x
 After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural Before: the presence (1) or
 absence (0) of Before egg-laying treatment After: the presence (1) or
 absence (0) of After egg-laying treatment IDeggmass: egg mass fragment ID
 eggmassmg: weight of each egg mass fragment (mg) number: number of eggs in
 each egg mass fragment **Data12** Block: block ID for Experiment 2 Rock:
 experimental plot ID for Experiment 2 Treatment: treatment group; PN:
 Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying,
 NN: Control, N: Natural Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before
 egg-laying treatment After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After
 egg-laying treatment IDeggmass: egg mass fragment ID IDegg: egg ID in each
 egg mass fragment long_egg: long axis diameter of the egg (mm) short_egg:
 short axis diameter of the egg (mm) eggsize: egg volume (cubic
 millimeters) **Data13** Block: block ID for Experiment 2 Rock:
 experimental plot ID for Experiment 2 Treatment: treatment group; PN:
 Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying, PP; Before x After egg-laying,
 NN: Control, N: Natural Before: the presence (1) or absence (0) of Before
 egg-laying treatment After: the presence (1) or absence (0) of After
 egg-laying treatment low_tide: the number of low tides (i.e., emergence
 from seawater) experienced by each egg mass before hatching **Data14**
 Block: block ID for Experiment 2 Rock: experimental plot ID for Experiment
 2 Treatment: treatment group; PN: Before egg-laying, NP: After egg-laying,
 PP; Before x After egg-laying, NN: Control, N: Natural Before: the
 presence (1) or absence (0) of Before egg-laying treatment After: the
 presence (1) or absence (0) of After egg-laying treatment X0.5:
 developmental stage of each embryo after 12 hours; B: blastula, G:
 gastrula X1: developmental stage of each embryo after 24 hours; G:
 gastrula, T: trochophore ## Sharing/Access information No other
 data-sharing sources are available. Please contact the corresponding
 author (Yoko Wada:
 [yoko_wada@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp](mailto:yoko_wada@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp)) if
 you want to use the data.