cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.34808/3a8s-5d67
title: Examples of AFM applications in liquid environment

description: Important advantage of atomic force microscopy (also tunneling microscopy) is the ability to work in different environments (vacuum, controlled atmosphere, liquid environment). The last one, open interesting possibilities, such as imaging of delicate biological materials in their natural state. The use of electrochemical mode allows for the modification of surface properties in situ by changing the electrode potential. According to literature [1] about 40 % of current atomic force microscopy (AFM) research is performed in liquids, making liquid-based AFM a rapidly growing and branch of modern probe microscopy. However, measurement using AFM in a liquids involves several problems specific to the working environment. The presence of an additional liquid/air surface significantly changes the path of the laser beam. This introduces the need to calibrate the position of the laser spot after immersing the probe in the solution. Moreover, the solution of the lever movement equation suggests the existence of several modes of oscillations and different resonant frequencies. In the case of oscillations in liquids, their amplitude is smaller, additionally the frequencies are shifted. The worst, however, is the fact that there are a lot of new resonance peaks, resulting for example from the excitation of acoustic waves by the vibrating lever. The peaks on the frequency response do not have to correspond to the lever oscillations. Above mentioned issues are the reason for need for careful preparation of AFM experiment in liquid. The results contained in this set presents images of steel surface scanned at different frequencies and probes along with respective resonance curves. Collection contains 6 images and 4 resonance curves.
[1]       B.W. Hoogenboom, AFM in Liquids BT  - Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, in: B. Bhushan (Ed.), Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2012: pp. 83–89. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_108.
DOI: 10.34808/eds0-ka26
title: Validation of result of STM probe fabrication

description: The scanning tunneling microscope [1] is a powerful research tool that allows, among other things, to obtain images with atomic resolution. A serious limitation of the described microscope is its limited applicability relating to conductive and semiconductor materials and the reproducibility of measurements depending on the preparation of the measuring probe. In the case of the discussed technique, the probe preparation process is carried out by the operator, which may lead to low repeatability of the results. The file presents the results of imaging a structure composed of periodically arranged conical structures 3 µm apart. The sample was covered with a layer of sputtered gold to ensure conductivity and then scanned using several probes prepared in the same electrochemical process. There are quite significant differences that indicate the need for careful preparation of measuring elements used in tunnel microscopy.
[1] J. Tersoff, D.R. Hamann, Theory of scanning tunneling microscope, Phys. Rev. B. 31 (1985) 805–813
DOI: 10.34808/509z-1346
title: AFM analysis of duplex steel structure and composition

description: Due to the high content of alloying elements, duplex stainless steels are characterized by a complex structure of phase transitions. Among all types of intermetallic compounds, the sigma phase is of major interest due to its detrimental effect on both mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. It is an intermetallic phase enriched in Cr and Mo and therefore its formation impoverishes adjacent regions with the above components contributing to lowering the corrosion resistance of the described type of steel. Due to the measurable differences in the volt potential values, corresponding to austenite and ferrite as well as the σ phase, the scanning technique of the Kelvin probe seems to be adequate for the differentiation and qualitative identification of individual phases. The described collection contains 14 topographic and potential images showing the differentiation of the surface potential, correlated with the sample topography.
[1]. N. Nonnenmacher, M.P. O’Boyle, H.K. Wickramasinghe, Kelvin probe force microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 58 (1991) 2921. doi:10.1063/1.105227.
DOI: 10.34808/tt24-vz53
title: Au nanoparticles identifiction with the use of AFM Volta potential mapping

description: The specific physical, chemical and electrochemical electrical properties of gold nanoparticles have led to their extensive use as high-performance chemical and biochemical sensors. The described properties relate to surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence quenching or enhancement, high electrical conductivity and light scattering. The described nanoparticles provide an appropriate microenvironment for the immobilization of biomolecules, maintaining their biological activity. Chemical modification of the described species enables the creation of chemical sensors with increased selectivity and efficiency compared to traditional solutions. Due to the size of the examined objects, atomic force microscopy seems to be an ideal visualization tool, additionally allowing the study of chemical interactions using the so-called chemical force microscopy mode [1]. It should be noted that the different operating mode of the probe microscope allows the visualization of the surface distribution of chemical structure differences by measuring the local value of the surface potential. This operating mode of the device was used as part of the measurements, the results of which are included in this collection. They present images of the distribution of gold nanoparticles locations on a silicon substrate, allowing the estimation of their size and the potential changes between the molecules and the carrier. The set contains 13 maps, made in the topographic and the Kelvin probe mode, with the use of the CDT-NCHR probe.
[1]       T. Ito, S. Ibrahim, I. Grabowska, Chemical-force microscopy for materials characterization, TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 29 (2010) 225–233. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2009.12.008.
DOI: 10.34808/h6xz-9m77
title: AFM visualization of Mg alloy surface modification

description: Magnesium alloys with additives improving their mechanical properties are valued as materials with low density and elasticity coefficient. Additionally, their biocompatibility and biodegradability make them interesting in prosthetic applications. However, the last of these features, valuable in medicine, contradicts the industrial needs for the described alloys. The originally used methods of passivation of the material in question, in order to improve its corrosion resistance, cannot be used nowadays due to the high toxicity of hexavalent chromium ions used for this purpose. Therefore, work is underway to find a replacement that does not have undesirable features [1]. The results presented in this collection refer to the use of molybdenum compounds as an alternative solution. The images refer to the surface of WE43 alloy that has undergone surface modification with molybdates and then exposed to an environment containing chloride ions. The results of topographic imaging are presented in the form of 16 maps made in the contact technique with the use of the CSG30 probe.
[1]       Z. Feng, B. Hurley, J. Li, R. Buchheit, Corrosion Inhibition Study of Aqueous Vanadate on Mg Alloy AZ31, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 (2018) C94–C102. doi:10.1149/2.1171802jes.
DOI: 10.34808/56gf-9a82
title: AFM investigation of electrode fabricated by 3D printing

description: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has enjoyed great interest in recent years due to the versatility of this method of producing various shapes and details. Due to the possibility of precise control of the shape and composition of the printed elements, the discussed technique can be widely used in electrochemistry, including electrochemical sensing [1]. Electrodes made of carbon-doped polylactide are cheap to produce, therefore they can form the basis of widely available electrochemical sensors with a wide range of applications. The condition for reliable operation of such an element is the correct electrochemical activation of its surface. The degree of electrochemical activation can be monitored on the surface of the finished product by electrochemical microscopy, or indirectly by using scanning scattering resistance microscopy [2]. The described set includes the results of the resistive scanning made with this variant of the atomic force microscope. The collection contains 16 maps relating to the topography and local conductivity of an electrode made by 3D printing from polylactide with the addition of carbon. Measurements were made in contact mode using a CDT-NCHR probe.
[1]       C. Kalinke, N.V. Neumsteir, G.D.O. Aparecido, T.V.D.B. Ferraz, P.L. Dos Santos, B.C. Janegitz, J.A. Bonacin, Comparison of activation processes for 3D printed PLA-graphene electrodes: Electrochemical properties and application for sensing of dopamine, Analyst. 145 (2020) 1207–1218. doi:10.1039/c9an01926j.
[2]       P. Eyben, T. Janssens, W. Vandervorst, Scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) 2d carrier profiling for ultra-shallow junction characterization in deep-submicron technologies, Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 124–125 (2005) 45–53. doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2005.08.049.
DOI: 10.34808/rh3v-rr41
title: Exemplary AFM application in cosmetology

description: Atomic force microscopy can be used in the diagnosis of the condition of human tissues such as skin, nails and hair. This is obviously related to the use of a variety of cosmetic products and can be understood as an attempt to assess their long-term impact on human appearance and health. An example may be the studies presented in [1] indicating the usefulness of the use of AFM in the assessment of the effect of creams on corneocytes. The presented research was not limited only to imaging, but also included spectroscopic measurements, indicating the variability of mechanical properties of the tested cells, expressed in the values of Young's modulus, and changes in the adhesion forces. It should also be noted that the aforementioned research was carried out in cooperation with one of the significant Polish cosmetics companies. The presented collection confirms the possibility of using an atomic force microscope for imaging the surface of a human hair. Measurements were made in the semi-contact mode using the NSG30 probe. The set contains 14 images, similar to those found in the reference source [2].
[1] I. Dulińska-Molak, M. Lekka, M. Lewandowska, M. Pasikowska, B. Tyszczuk, I. Eris, Wstępne badania nad charakteryzowaniem korneocytów za pomocą mikroskopu sił atomowych (AFM), Pol J Cosmetol. 15(1) (2012) 50-57.
[2]       S.D. O’Connor, K.L. Komisarek, J.D. Baldeschwieler, Atomic force microscopy of human hair cuticles: A microscopic study of environmental effects on hair morphology, J. Invest. Dermatol. 105 (1995) 96–99. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12313377.
DOI: 10.34808/kx24-2995
title: Imaging of morphological and physicochemical changes occuring in the structure of austenitic steel due to the thermal sensitization

description: In polycrystalline materials, grain boundaries are always where phenomena such as surface diffusion, sedimentation and corrosion occur. They have a significant impact on the macroscopic properties of the construction material [1]. In addition to inhomogeneities such as manganese sulphide inclusions formed during the metallurgical process, interfacial formation of intermetallic phases can also be observed in austenitic steel as a result of thermal sensitization. Depending on the conditions of the phenomena occurring in the steel structure, carbides, nitrides, Laves phases or other compounds may be formed. The set contains the results of monitoring the surface of high-alloy AISI 304 steel, previously subjected to intentional sensitization. Differences in electrical conductivity were found, proving the existence of various chemical species on the surface, which affects the deterioration of the material resistance in the event of its exposure to the corrosive environment. Measurements were performed in contact mode using CDT-NCHR conductive probes. The collection contains 18 images and 4 polarization curves.
[1]       R. Singh, I. Chattoraj, A. Kumar, The effects of cold working on sensitization and intergranular corrosion behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel, Mater. Trans. A. 34 (2003) 2441–2447. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11661-003-0004-5 (accessed June 6, 2013).
DOI: 10.34808/96vr-v939
title: Imaging and chemical investigation of silver coating

description: The recovery of silver from materials such as plates, still used in clinical radiography [1], or scrap jewelery is still very popular. The subject of the research, part of which was microscopic imaging, was to recreate the behavior of an electrochemically deposited silver coating. The copper electrodes were covered with a layer of silver obtained from electrochemical recovery. The research was to assess the behavior of such a coating as a decorative and protective layer on jewelry, i.e. products in contact with human sweat, which can cause corrosion. The Kelvin probe technique was used to determine the degree of potential degradation, i.e. to distinguish between areas covered with a silver layer and with an exposed copper substrate. It allows to determine the surface potential of a given metal, which in turn is proportional to its position in the voltage series of metals and alloys. It is therefore possible to distinguish metals of different nobility such as copper and silver. Measurements were carried out in semi-contact and non-contact mode with the use of the CDT-NCHR probe. The collection contains 8 images.
[1]       V.R.K. Galarpe, G. Leopoldo, Potential Recovery of Silver (Ag) from X-ray Fixer Waste by Alkaline Treatment, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res. 7 (2017) 2017. doi:10.48084/etasr.1526.
DOI: 10.34808/ybw9-ka26
title: Detection of the acoustic interferences during AFM operation

description: Atomic force microscopy is a particularly complicated surface imaging technique due to the large number of factors that affect the quality of the resulting images. They are obviously difficult and sometimes even impossible to control at the same time. One of such factors may even be the seismological location of the building or the influence of mechanical vibrations caused by nearby traffic [1]. The attached data shows the effect of acoustic vibrations caused intentionally by the operator, which are clearly visible as interference in the image, appearing despite the operation of an active anti-vibration system designed to prevent such situations. Measurements were made on the surface of gold, the structure of which was not of interest, it was only to be a background for the appearing distortions, visible as periodic image deformations, correlated with the moments of turning on the sound generator, and with the frequency of the emitted tone. The collection contains 14 images taken in the semi-contact mode with the NSG30 probe.
[1]       S. Yi, Q. Zou, A Finite-Impulse-Response-Based Approach to Control Acoustic-Caused Probe-Vibration in Atomic Force Microscope Imaging, 2017. doi:10.1115/DSCC2017-5103.
DOI: 10.34808/rgnk-k454
title: Nanostructures fabrication with use of electrical AFM litography

description: In the last 10 years, one of the nanotechnological trends has been observed, consisting in the development of new variants of computer memory systems with high capacity and speed of access, using quantum dots. One of the techniques for creating nanodots and other nanostructures is based on the use of an atomic force microscope acting as a lithographic device [1]. By means of AFM electric lithography, it is possible to modify both the geometrical properties of the surface and its electrical properties. For example, by applying a voltage through the conductive probe, it is possible to generate electrochemical processes on the surface, thereby converting the conductor material into a dielectric or vice versa. Examples of literature results indicate the possibility of generating nanoparticles with a diameter of 8-10 nm. This corresponds to an information recording density of 0.6 Tbit / inch2. The collection includes 10 images documenting the formation of lithographic structures and 5 current-voltage curves registered in various areas (base and plotted) of the sample surface. Lithographs were made with a CTD-NCHR conductive probe on the surface of the prosthetic CoCrMo alloy, which turned out to be a substrate susceptible to local lithographic oxidation.
[1] L.G. Rosa, J. Liang, Atomic force microscope nanolithography: dip-pen, nanoshaving, nanografting, tapping mode, electrochemical and thermal nanolithography, J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 21 (2009) 483001. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/21/48/483001.
DOI: 10.34808/kf0p-dr05
title: Identification of intermetallic phases in the structure of austenitic steel with use of Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy

description: Delta ferrite is formed in austenitic steels during the solidification of the alloy and its welds. It can also occur as a stable phase in any temperature range in high-alloy austenitic-ferritic steels. Depending on the amount, it can change into gamma and sigma phases and into ferrite with variable chromium content. The main role of delta ferrite in the welds of austenitic stainless steel is to prevent hot cracking. The minimum content of 5% prevents this phenomenon. However, on the other hand, an increase in the δ-phase content increases the brittle tendency of the weld, which also means a reduction in its impact toughness. In addition, a longer thermal exposure leads to the transformation of ferrite δ into a brittle phase σ, which deteriorates the mechanical properties of the steel [1]. Maintaining the appropriate content of the discussed phase, as well as the possibility of estimating the content, especially with suspected exposure of the construction material to elevated temperatures, is useful for assessments of mechanical properties of the material. The described collection contains the results of topographic imaging and potential mapping of the surface of AISI 317L samples. The aim of the research was to confirm the possibility of observing phase heterogeneity based on the diversified morphology and volta potential values. Measurements were made in the semi-contact imaging mode, synchronously with potential mapping using Kelvin probe microscopy. A conductive, semi-contact CDT-NCHR probe was used. The collection contains 12 images.
[1] A. Padilha, C. Tavares, F. Tavares, M. Martorano, Delta Ferrite Formation in Austenitic Stainless Steel Castings. Materials Science Forum. (2012) 730-732. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.730-732.733.
DOI: 10.25442/hku.14595585
title: Supporting data for "Study on a new strontium-doped bioactive glass-ceramic for caries management"

description: The PhD thesis consists of five laboratory studies which focused on the investigation of the effect of a new strontium-doped bioactive glass on dental hard tissues. The dataset contains various measurements for assessing the antibacterial effect, remineralizing effect and preventive effect of this study bioactive glass. SEM, TEM images show the typical morphology of newly formed apatite, XRD and other means display the typical pattern of the apatite. Other data acted as a supplementary to my study.
DOI: 10.25442/hku.14595585.v1
title: Supporting data for "Study on a new strontium-doped bioactive glass-ceramic for caries management"

description: The PhD thesis consists of five laboratory studies which focused on the investigation of the effect of a new strontium-doped bioactive glass on dental hard tissues. The dataset contains various measurements for assessing the antibacterial effect, remineralizing effect and preventive effect of this study bioactive glass. SEM, TEM images show the typical morphology of newly formed apatite, XRD and other means display the typical pattern of the apatite. Other data acted as a supplementary to my study.
DOI: 10.34808/fpwr-b337
title: Imaging of the effects of pitting corrosion with the use of AFM

description: Pitting corrosion is a local attack on a metal surface, limited to a point or small area, which appears as a hole. Pitting corrosion is one of the most harmful forms of corrosion due to the fact that it is associated with small, difficult to detect damage, that can even lead to perforation of the structure. A single pit may range in size from micrometers to millimeters, which may make it difficult to identify it quickly. This type of corrosion usually occurs in alloys that are protected by a permanent oxide layer, such as stainless steels, nickel alloys, aluminium alloys, in environments containing aggressive compounds such as chlorides or thiosulphates. The measurements included in the set were made on the surface of AISI304 high-alloy steel, previously subjected to anodic electrochemical polarization in a 3% brine solution, in order to induce a local attack process. Measurements were made on the dried surface of the sample using the semi-contact technique with the use of the NSG30 probe. The collection contains 14 images.
[1] P. Guo, E.C. La Plante, B. Wang, X. Chen, M. Balonis, M. Bauchy, G. Sant, Direct observation of pitting corrosion evolutions on carbon steel surfaces at the nano-to-micro- scales, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 7990. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26340-5.
DOI: 10.25442/hku.14608308
title: Supporting data for "Understanding the role of eye movements during reading using Eye Movement analysis with Hidden Markov Models (EMHMM)"

description: The data set included experiment data of 128 participants. It included their genders and ages, and their reading performance, eye movements during reading, and cognitive task performance data. They performed lexical decision, word naming, pseudoword naming, word semantic judgment, sentence semantic judgment, and passage comprehension tasks as reading tasks. They performed verbal 2-back, vusiospatial 2-back, Flanker, RAN, and Navon tasks as cognitive tasks.
DOI: 10.25442/hku.14608308.v1
title: Supporting data for "Understanding the role of eye movements during reading using Eye Movement analysis with Hidden Markov Models (EMHMM)"

description: The data set included experiment data of 128 participants. It included their genders and ages, and their reading performance, eye movements during reading, and cognitive task performance data. They performed lexical decision, word naming, pseudoword naming, word semantic judgment, sentence semantic judgment, and passage comprehension tasks as reading tasks. They performed verbal 2-back, vusiospatial 2-back, Flanker, RAN, and Navon tasks as cognitive tasks.
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/2279005
title: 2021 World Population (updated daily)
DOI: 10.25919/hmzk-h102
title: Southern HII Region Discovery Survey (SHRDS): Dataset 11

description: The Southern HII Region Discovery Survey is an Australia Telescope Compact Array 4-6 and 8-10 GHz radio continuum and radio recombination line survey of Milky Way HII regions (Wenger et al., 2021). This data archive contains all relevant intermediate data products from the final SHRDS data release (the Full Catalog). For each observed HII region and calibrator field, this archive contains (1) a 4 GHz bandwidth, full-Stokes, multi-scale, multi-frequency synthesis (MS-MFS) continuum FITS image, (2) up to sixteen 256 MHz bandwidth, full-Stokes, MS-MFS continuum FITS images covering the full 4 GHz bandwidth, (3) a Stokes I MS-MFS FITS image of each RRL transition, (4) a Stokes I multi-scale FITS data cube of each RRL transition, and (5) a FITS image containing the watershed segmentation region for each identified HII region at each observed frequency. The archive also includes the relevant residual images/cubes and primary beam images for all of these data products, as well as all of the images and cubes smoothed to a common angular resolution.