cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.18739/a2th8bn6c
title: Time series of water temperature, specific conductance, and oxygen from Lake E6, North Slope, Alaska, 2014-2015

description: Lakes are abundant in the terrestrial arctic, extending over about one quarter of the territory. For approximately nine months of the year, the waters of arctic lakes are under ice. Despite the duration of the ice-covered period, few studies have addressed the limnology (biological, chemical, and physical features) of these lakes during winter and how conditions under ice affects the stratification of lakes during the summer. We aim to look at the full year cycle lake circulation in order to quantify the effects of hydrodynamics on nutrient and gas fluxes and place the results within the context of climate change in the Arctic. The goals of our study include: (1) quantifying physical and biogeochemical controls on under ice thermal structure and circulation, the flowpath of snow melt, and mixing during spring and fall (2) quantifying respiration rates in arctic lakes of differing morphology and on geological substrates (3) illustrating the linkages and feedbacks between these physical and biogeochemical processes.
 Our research is being conducted in lakes studied by the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research (ARC LTER). The selected lakes are: Toolik Lake, Lake E1, Lake E5, Lake E6 and Lake N2. The Lakes range in size from 1 to 1500 hectares.
 Time series of water temperatures, specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at several depths were obtained from a taut-line mooring in different seasons (summer and winter) across multiple years (between fall 2012 and fall 2016).
DOI: 10.18739/a2pv6b74g
title: Time series of water temperature, specific conductance, and oxygen from Lake E6, North Slope, Alaska, 2015-2016

description: Lakes are abundant in the terrestrial arctic, extending over about one quarter of the territory. For approximately nine months of the year, the waters of arctic lakes are under ice. Despite the duration of the ice-covered period, few studies have addressed the limnology (biological, chemical, and physical features) of these lakes during winter and how conditions under ice affects the stratification of lakes during the summer. We aim to look at the full year cycle lake circulation in order to quantify the effects of hydrodynamics on nutrient and gas fluxes and place the results within the context of climate change in the Arctic. The goals of our study include: (1) quantifying physical and biogeochemical controls on under ice thermal structure and circulation, the flowpath of snow melt, and mixing during spring and fall (2) quantifying respiration rates in arctic lakes of differing morphology and on geological substrates (3) illustrating the linkages and feedbacks between these physical and biogeochemical processes.
 Our research is being conducted in lakes studied by the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research (ARC LTER). The selected lakes are: Toolik Lake, Lake E1, Lake E5, Lake E6 and Lake N2. The Lakes range in size from 1 to 1500 hectares.
 Time series of water temperatures, specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at several depths were obtained from a taut-line mooring in different seasons (summer and winter) across multiple years (between fall 2012 and fall 2016).
DOI: 10.18739/a2k35mf14
title: Time series of water temperature, specific conductance, and oxygen from Lake E6, North Slope, Alaska, 2012-2013

description: Lakes are abundant in the terrestrial arctic, extending over about one quarter of the territory. For approximately nine months of the year, the waters of arctic lakes are under ice. Despite the duration of the ice-covered period, few studies have addressed the limnology (biological, chemical, and physical features) of these lakes during winter and how conditions under ice affects the stratification of lakes during the summer. We aim to look at the full year cycle lake circulation in order to quantify the effects of hydrodynamics on nutrient and gas fluxes and place the results within the context of climate change in the Arctic. The goals of our study include: (1) quantifying physical and biogeochemical controls on under ice thermal structure and circulation, the flowpath of snow melt, and mixing during spring and fall (2) quantifying respiration rates in arctic lakes of differing morphology and on geological substrates (3) illustrating the linkages and feedbacks between these physical and biogeochemical processes.
 Our research is being conducted in lakes studied by the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research (ARC LTER). The selected lakes are: Toolik Lake, Lake E1, Lake E5, Lake E6 and Lake N2. The Lakes range in size from 1 to 1500 hectares.
 Time series of water temperatures, specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at several depths were obtained from a taut-line mooring in different seasons (summer and winter) across multiple years (between fall 2012 and fall 2016).
DOI: 10.18739/a2fb4wm7c
title: Time series of water temperature, specific conductance, and oxygen from Lake E6, North Slope, Alaska, 2013-2014

description: Lakes are abundant in the terrestrial arctic, extending over about one quarter of the territory. For approximately nine months of the year, the waters of arctic lakes are under ice. Despite the duration of the ice-covered period, few studies have addressed the limnology (biological, chemical, and physical features) of these lakes during winter and how conditions under ice affects the stratification of lakes during the summer. We aim to look at the full year cycle lake circulation in order to quantify the effects of hydrodynamics on nutrient and gas fluxes and place the results within the context of climate change in the Arctic. The goals of our study include: (1) quantifying physical and biogeochemical controls on under ice thermal structure and circulation, the flowpath of snow melt, and mixing during spring and fall (2) quantifying respiration rates in arctic lakes of differing morphology and on geological substrates (3) illustrating the linkages and feedbacks between these physical and biogeochemical processes.
 Our research is being conducted in lakes studied by the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research (ARC LTER). The selected lakes are: Toolik Lake, Lake E1, Lake E5, Lake E6 and Lake N2. The Lakes range in size from 1 to 1500 hectares.
 Time series of water temperatures, specific conductance and dissolved oxygen at several depths were obtained from a taut-line mooring in different seasons (summer and winter) across multiple years (between fall 2012 and fall 2016).
DOI: 10.18739/a29k45t3m
title: Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta fire: vegetation percent cover, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Alaska, 2015

description: The summer of 2015 was an extraordinary year for fire in the Arctic, including in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, presaging a future where tundra and boreal fire is far more common. Remarkably, the area burned in the YK Delta in 2015 exceeds the total area burned from 1940-2014 combined. The response of the YK Delta in the first year post-fire will set the stage for longer-term changes in delta carbon storage and transport among tundra, aquatic and marine systems, and to the atmosphere. Quantifying carbon export and understanding the immediate ecosystem response to fire is critical because long-term recovery is, to a considerable degree, dependent on short-term responses. A major question that this research will address is how fire influences the amount and form of carbon transported from delta ecosystems seasonally and in the first year following fire. Ultimately, these results will inform long-term trajectories of the vulnerability and fate of delta carbon pools. This research will significantly improve our understanding of the role of fire in the loss of both modern and ancient carbon from arctic river deltas, which contain &gt;10% of the Arctic’s massive permafrost carbon store.
 Arctic river deltas are hotspots for carbon storage, occupying &lt;1% of the pan-Arctic watershed but containing &gt;10% of carbon stored in arctic permafrost. They are also heterogeneous mosaics of linked terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and are susceptible to changes in land, river, and marine systems. The vulnerability of carbon stored in arctic river deltas is a major unknown and is critically important as climate warming and increasing fire frequency may make this carbon vulnerable to transport to aquatic and marine systems and to the atmosphere. The goal of this proposal is to examine the immediate effects of fire on carbon storage in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta and exchange between terrestrial and aquatic components of the Delta. By extension this work will yield critical insights into how the carbon balance of deltas in the arctic system will change over the coming decades as warming continues and fire frequency increases.
 This data set includes measurements of vegetation percent cover the September immediately after the fires.
DOI: 10.4121/ee1abac8-bfc9-4a1b-9a45-29f1bc461eb9
title: Supplementary data for the paper 'Understanding cyclists’ perception of driverless vehicles through eye-tracking and interviews'

description: As automated vehicles (AVs) become increasingly popular, the question arises as to how cyclists will interact with such vehicles. This study investigated (1) whether cyclists spontaneously notice if a vehicle is driverless, (2) how well they perform a driver-detection task when explicitly instructed, and (3) how they carry out these tasks. Using a Wizard-of-Oz method, 37 participants cycled a designated route and encountered an AV multiple times in two experimental sessions. In Session 1, participants cycled the route uninstructed, while in Session 2, they were instructed to verbally report whether they detected the presence or absence of a driver. Additionally, we recorded participants’ gaze behaviour with eye-tracking and their responses in post-session interviews. The interviews revealed that 30% of the cyclists spontaneously mentioned the absence of a driver (Session 1), and when instructed (Session 2), they detected the absence and presence of the driver with 93% accuracy. The eye-tracking data showed that cyclists looked more frequently and for longer at the vehicle in Session 2 compared to Session 1. Additionally, participants exhibited intermittent sampling of the vehicle, and they looked at the area in front of the vehicle when it was far away and towards the windshield region when it was closer. The post-session interviews also indicated that participants were curious, but felt safe, and reported a need to receive information about the AV’s driving state. In conclusion, cyclists can detect the absence of a driver in the AV, and this detection may influence their perception of safety. Further research is needed to explore these findings in real-world traffic conditions.
DOI: 10.4121/ee1abac8-bfc9-4a1b-9a45-29f1bc461eb9.v1
title: Supplementary data for the paper 'Understanding cyclists’ perception of driverless vehicles through eye-tracking and interviews'

description: As automated vehicles (AVs) become increasingly popular, the question arises as to how cyclists will interact with such vehicles. This study investigated (1) whether cyclists spontaneously notice if a vehicle is driverless, (2) how well they perform a driver-detection task when explicitly instructed, and (3) how they carry out these tasks. Using a Wizard-of-Oz method, 37 participants cycled a designated route and encountered an AV multiple times in two experimental sessions. In Session 1, participants cycled the route uninstructed, while in Session 2, they were instructed to verbally report whether they detected the presence or absence of a driver. Additionally, we recorded participants’ gaze behaviour with eye-tracking and their responses in post-session interviews. The interviews revealed that 30% of the cyclists spontaneously mentioned the absence of a driver (Session 1), and when instructed (Session 2), they detected the absence and presence of the driver with 93% accuracy. The eye-tracking data showed that cyclists looked more frequently and for longer at the vehicle in Session 2 compared to Session 1. Additionally, participants exhibited intermittent sampling of the vehicle, and they looked at the area in front of the vehicle when it was far away and towards the windshield region when it was closer. The post-session interviews also indicated that participants were curious, but felt safe, and reported a need to receive information about the AV’s driving state. In conclusion, cyclists can detect the absence of a driver in the AV, and this detection may influence their perception of safety. Further research is needed to explore these findings in real-world traffic conditions.
DOI: 10.18739/a25t3g08s
title: Simulations of subglacial discharge and submarine melting during tidewater glacier retreat

description: Please open README.pdf for instructions on how to use this data package. To first order, subglacial discharge depends on climate, which determines precipitation fluxes and glacier mass balance, and the rate of glacier volume change. For tidewater glaciers, large and rapid changes in glacier volume can occur independent of climate change due to strong glacier dynamic feedbacks. Using an idealized tidewater glacier model, we show that these feedbacks produce secular variations in subglacial discharge and submarine melting that are influenced by subglacial topography.
DOI: 10.18739/a2222r65f
title: Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes, 2012

description: In 2012, gas fluxes were measured at various locations within the drained thaw lake basin previously used for the Biocomplexity Experiment (BE), near Barrow, AK. In two separate experiments collars were arranged in three ice wedge polygons within the central region of the BE, referred to as A, B and C. Carbon dioxide-CO2 and methane-CH4 fluxes were measured using a Los Gatos Research portable trace gas analyzer.
DOI: 10.18739/a2x921k1x
title: Infrared Surface Temperature near Summit, Greenland in June and July of 2015

description: Infrared snow surface temperatures were collected in June and July of 2015 at a site near Summit Station in Greenland to study near surface thermal properties and to validate MODIS surface temperature products. Measurements were made every 5 minutes, and the average was recorded and saved every 30 minutes. During this time period, temperature ranged from approximately -30 degrees C to -5 degrees C. These measurements were conducted to study near surface temperature inversions that occur in the 2 m directly above the ice sheet, and they were also used to validate the MODIS land surface temperature products (MOD/MYD11 Collection 6).
DOI: 10.18739/a2sn0148x
title: Interactive Couette and Poiseuille flow, Svalbard, Norway, 2016

description: This project examines the processes controlling the flow of water through and beneath an Arctic glacier. The hydraulic properties of glaciers are a major factor influencing the rate at which glaciers slide on the underlying rock. Understanding subglacial flow is critical to developing models that accurately predict how glaciers will behave in response to warming climate and how glaciers will contribute to sea level rise. For outreach and educational purposes, the project has developed a web-based, interactive fluid dynamics tutorial concerning subglacial conduits. A project web site was also be developed. The project contributes to workforce development by supporting the training of a graduate student and by providing partial support for three early-career scientists.
 This study performed three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flows in a subglacial conduit using realistic surfaces and mesh boundaries. The computations were done using 3D high-performance computing. The conduit geometry and roughness was based on a unique set of field measurements made on a Svalbard glacier using a modified video-game controller at mm resolution. The result of this effort is a first-ever high resolution visualization of a real subglacial conduit and the first subglacial LES simulations with realistic geometry. Results were compared with model output using the more standard Darcy-Weisbach or Manning formulations. The study provides improved insights into hydrological processes in mountain glaciers and large ice sheets such as the Greenland Ice Sheet.
 Here we present a Jupyter Notebook that provides a simple interactive graphical interface to explore Couettte flow and Poiseuille flow. The code is written in Python.
DOI: 10.18739/a2nv99b5q
title: LeConte Glacier terrestrial radar data 2016-2017

description: In 2016-2017 we conducted a field study at LeConte Glacier, Alaska, to study the impacts of subglacial discharge on plume dynamics and submarine melting. As part of that study we conducted terrestrial radar surveys with a Gamma Remote Sensing Ground Portable Radar Interferometer (GPRI-II) during four field campaigns in order to (i) investigate glacier response to changes in terminus geometry and (ii) accurately quantify ice fluxes and calving fluxes for comparison with measurements of submarine melting. During each campaign the radar scanned the lower glacier and proglacial fjord every 3 minutes for about 5 days.
DOI: 10.18739/a2j38kj1w
title: LeConte Glacier time-lapse photos 2016-2017, Alaska

description: In 2016-2017 we conducted a field study at LeConte Glacier, Alaska,
 to study the impacts of subglacial discharge on plume dynamics and submarine
 melting. As part of that study, eight time-lapse cameras documented the
 terminus and proglacial fjord of LeConte Glacier, Alaska in order to (i)
 track iceberg motion, (ii) document changes in glacier terminus position
 and calving activity, and (iii) estimate seasonal variations in glacier
 velocities. The camera frame rates varied. Four cameras (UAS1-UAS3, UAS5) took
 photos of the fjord every one to two minutes for ~10 hrs per day, depending
 on the season. Three cameras took photos of the glacier every hour (UAS4
 and Hunting1-Hunting2). An eighth camera (UAS6) took photos every 15 s during
 three short field campaigns in 2017; the frame interval of cameras UAS1-UAS3
 and UAS5 was also reduced to 15 s during the final field campaign.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27888693.v1
title: bind_escape_code_and_data

description: Despite numerous studies investigating SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 binding affinity and its transmissibility, their relationship concerning varying immunity remains unclear. ACE2 binding affinity and immune escape were calculated for each viral sequence by summing the effects of all amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain, using deep mutational scanning data. The daily averages of these two traits were then computed across all sequences isolated each day to track their evolution over time. We developed an infectious disease transmission model that decomposed the effective reproduction number into three time-varying components: viral infectiousness, host susceptibility (determined by immune protection), and contact rate. Viral infectiousness represented a fitness component determined by both ACE2 binding and the immunity level of infected hosts. By fitting the model to daily number of reported cases, immune escape, vaccine rollout and population mobility, both viral infectiousness and the immune protection against the circulating variants (referred to as effective immunity) among infected individuals were quantified. A rugged fitness landscape, spanned by ACE2 binding and hosts' effective immunity, was observed with peaks corresponding to individual VOCs (alpha, delta, and omicron (BA.1* and BA.2*)). We found that increasing effective immunity was associated with decreasing virus fitness peaks before Omicron, whereas decreasing effective immunity and weaker receptor binding were associated with an optimal virus fitness later on. The finding helps understand SARS-CoV-2 evolution and predict future dominant variants.
DOI: 10.18739/a2db7vq74
title: LeConte Glacier meteorological data 2016-2017, Alaska

description: In 2016-2017 we conducted a field study at LeConte Glacier, Alaska, to study the impacts of subglacial discharge on plume dynamics and submarine melting. As part of that study we operated a Campbell Scientific weather station near the glacier terminus that recorded temperature, rain, wind speed and direction, humidity, incoming shortwave radiation, and barometric pressure. In addition, we also deployed HOBO temperature sensors and tipping bucket rain gauges at two locations: one was across the terminus from the base camp and the other was about 7 km upglacier from the terminus.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27888693
title: bind_escape_code_and_data

description: Despite numerous studies investigating SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 binding affinity and its transmissibility, their relationship concerning varying immunity remains unclear. ACE2 binding affinity and immune escape were calculated for each viral sequence by summing the effects of all amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain, using deep mutational scanning data. The daily averages of these two traits were then computed across all sequences isolated each day to track their evolution over time. We developed an infectious disease transmission model that decomposed the effective reproduction number into three time-varying components: viral infectiousness, host susceptibility (determined by immune protection), and contact rate. Viral infectiousness represented a fitness component determined by both ACE2 binding and the immunity level of infected hosts. By fitting the model to daily number of reported cases, immune escape, vaccine rollout and population mobility, both viral infectiousness and the immune protection against the circulating variants (referred to as effective immunity) among infected individuals were quantified. A rugged fitness landscape, spanned by ACE2 binding and hosts' effective immunity, was observed with peaks corresponding to individual VOCs (alpha, delta, and omicron (BA.1* and BA.2*)). We found that increasing effective immunity was associated with decreasing virus fitness peaks before Omicron, whereas decreasing effective immunity and weaker receptor binding were associated with an optimal virus fitness later on. The finding helps understand SARS-CoV-2 evolution and predict future dominant variants.
DOI: 10.18739/a28k74x2w
title: Collaborative Research: Visualization, analysis, and HPC modeling of subglacial hydrology from high-resolution 3D conduit scans acquired with a novel sensor

description: This project will examine the processes controlling the flow of water through and beneath an Arctic glacier. The hydraulic properties of glaciers are a major factor influencing the rate at which glaciers slide on the underlying rock. Understanding subglacial flow is critical to developing models that accurately predict how glaciers will behave in response to warming climate and how glaciers will contribute to sea level rise. For outreach and educational purposes, the project will develop a web-based, interactive fluid dynamics tutorial concerning subglacial conduits. A project web site will also be developed. The project will contribute to workforce development by supporting the training of a graduate student and by providing partial support for three early-career scientists. This study will perform three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flows in a subglacial conduit using realistic surfaces and mesh boundaries. The computations will be done using 3D high-performance computing. The conduit geometry and roughness will be based on a unique set of field measurements made on a Svalbard glacier using with a modified video-game controller at mm resolution. The result of this effort is a first-ever high resolution visualization of a real subglacial conduit and the first subglacial LES simulations with realistic geometry. Results will be compared with model output using the more standard Darcy-Weisbach or Manning formulations. The study will provide improved insights into hydrological processes in mountain glaciers and large ice sheets such as the Greenland Ice Sheet.