cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2280gb5vt
title: Can predators stabilize host-parasite interactions? Changes in aquatic predator identity alters amphibian responses and parasite abundance across life stages

description: The role of parasites can change depending on the food web community.
 Predators, for instance, can amplify or dilute parasite effects on their
 hosts. Likewise, exposure to parasites or predators at one life stage can
 have long-term consequences on individual performance and survival, which
 can influence population and disease dynamics. To understand how predators
 affect amphibian parasite infections across life stages, we manipulated
 exposure of northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles to three
 predators (crayfish [Orconectes rusticus], bluegill [Lepomis macrochirus],
 or mosquitofish [Gambusia affinis]) and to trematode parasites
 (Echinostoma spp.) in mesocosms and followed juveniles in outdoor
 terrestrial enclosures through overwintering. Parasites and predators both
 had strong impacts on metamorphosis with bluegill and parasites
 individually reducing metamorph survival. However, when fish were present,
 the negative effects of parasites on survival were not apparent, likely
 because fish altered community composition via increased algal food
 resources. Bluegill also reduced snail abundance, which could explain the
 reduced abundance of parasites in surviving metamorphs. Bluegill and
 parasite exposure increased mass at metamorphosis, which increased
 metamorph jumping, swimming, and feeding performance, suggesting larger
 frogs would experience better terrestrial survival. Effects on size at
 metamorphosis persisted in the terrestrial environment but did not
 influence overwintering survival. Based on our results, we constructed
 stage-structured population models to evaluate the lethal and sublethal
 effects of bluegill and parasites on population dynamics. Our models
 suggested that the positive effects of bluegill and parasites on body size
 may have greater effects on population growth than the direct effects of
 mortality. This study illustrates how predators can alter the outcome of
 parasitic infections and highlights the need for long-term experiments
 that investigate how changes in host-parasite systems alter population
 dynamics. We show some predators reduce parasite effects and have indirect
 positive effects on surviving individuals potentially increasing host
 population persistence.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dv41ns21z
title: The evolution of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the Late Cretaceous is a key driver of explosive diversification in Agaricomycetes

description: Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis is one of the most ubiquitous and
 important plant–microbe interactions in forest ecosystems. Coevolutionary
 interactions often create new ecological opportunities for explosive
 diversification. It remains unclear why the evolution of EcM fungi did not
 necessarily increase ecological opportunities for explosive
 diversification. This study aims to reveal the driving mechanism of the
 explosive diversification in the fungal class Agaricomycetes, specifically
 by testing whether the evolution of EcM symbiosis in the Late Cretaceous
 increased ecological opportunities. Molecular phylogenies of
 Agaricomycetes inferred from fragments of 89 single-copy genes indicate
 that the unidirectional evolution of EcM symbiosis occurred multiple
 times, ranging in date from the early Triassic to the early Paleogene.
 However, five analyses for estimating net diversification rates
 (speciation rates minus extinction rates) suggest that the explosive
 diversification occurred only at the stem EcM fungal clades diverging in
 the late Cretaceous, coinciding with the rapid diversification of EcM
 angiosperms. The present findings suggest that the evolution of EcM
 symbiosis, supposedly with coevolving EcM angiosperms, in the Late
 Cretaceous was the key drive of the explosive diversification in
 Agaricomycetes.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2280gb5vv
title: Context‐dependent expression of variation in defensive behaviour in the lower termite Zootermopsis nevadensis

description: Eusocial animals exhibit a sophisticated division of labour. The
 self-organized colony requires coordination of local interactions at the
 individual level. Termites are a well-known group exhibiting social
 organization among castes within a colony, and helper castes have
 facilitated their ecological and evolutionary success. Termites have
 soldier castes specialized in defence, but other castes are also known to
 exhibit defensive behaviour depending on the context. However, it is
 unclear how the variation in the frequencies of defensive behaviour
 emerged. Here, we investigate the effects of presence of nestmates on
 individual defensive behaviour in the dampwood
 termite Zootermopsis nevadensis. We experimentally prepared three
 conditions and observed biting behaviour against the ant Camponotus
 obscuripes. First, the frequency of biting was significantly higher in
 soldiers than that in pseudergates (i.e., workers) under isolated
 conditions. Second, the results showed that the frequencies of biting
 exhibited by soldiers were much higher than those of pseudergates in the
 pseudergate–soldier pairs. Finally, we investigated the social conditions
 in the presence of the same castes, that is, pseudergate–pseudergate and
 soldier–soldier pairs. The frequencies of biting exhibited by first-biting
 individuals were significantly higher than those exhibited by
 second-biting individuals in both paired conditions. Our findings
 demonstrate that defensive behaviour can be frequently observed in
 first-biting individuals despite the presence of two individuals of the
 same caste, suggesting that the variation of defensive behaviour may be
 increased in the presence of nestmates.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g4f4qrft4
title: Triparental ageing in a laboratory population of an insect with maternal care

description: Parental age at reproduction influences offspring size and survival by
 affecting pre- and postnatal conditions in a wide variety of species,
 including humans. However, most investigations into this manifestation of
 ageing focus upon maternal age effects; the effects of paternal age and
 interactions between maternal and paternal age are often neglected.
 Furthermore, even when maternal age effects are studied, pre- and
 postnatal effects are often confounded. Using a cross-fostered
 experimental design, we investigated the joint effects of prenatal
 paternal and maternal and postnatal maternal ages on five traits related
 to offspring outcomes in a laboratory population of a species of burying
 beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides. We found a significant positive effect
 of the age of the egg producer on larval survival to dispersal. We found
 more statistical evidence for interaction effects, which acted on larval
 survival and egg length. Both interaction effects were negative and
 involved the age of the egg-producer, indicating that age-related prenatal
 maternal improvements were mitigated by increasing age in fathers and
 foster mothers. These results agree with an early study that found little
 evidence for maternal senescence, but it emphasizes that parental age
 interactions may be an important contributor to ageing patterns. We
 discuss how the peculiar life history of this species may promote
 selection to resist the evolution of parental age effects, and how this
 might have influenced our ability to detect senescence.
description: The data was obtained from a cross-fostering experiment involving
 young (11-18 days) or old (52-65 days post eclosion) males and females.
 Males provided only pre-natal care, whereas females could provide pre- and
 post-natal care.  The traits studied were:
 Egg length and width Larval weight at
 dispersal Foster mother weight change
 Larval survival to dispersal.
description: Univariate and bivariate models were run in ASREML 4.1
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sqv9s4n6n
title: Diversity of sex chromosomes in Sulawesian medaka fishes

description: Recent genetic and genomic studies have revealed tremendous diversity in
 sex chromosomes across diverse taxa. Closely related species with
 different sex chromosomes provide us with excellent opportunities to
 investigate the driving forces and the consequences of sex chromosome
 turnover. In the present study, we investigated the diversity of sex
 chromosomes of 13 Oryzias species from Sulawesi, Indonesia, which
 diversified during the last 4.86 million years. Using pooled sequencing we
 found sex chromosomes in 9 species that all had XY systems, with a species
 being possibly modified by multiple loci. Seven species (O. woworae, O.
 asinua, O. wolasi, O. matanensis, O. celebensis, O. hadiatyae, and O.
 dopingdopingensis) share linkage group (LG) 24 as sex chromosomes;
 however, they differed in the length and magnitude of sequence divergence
 between the X and Y chromosomes. The sex chromosome of O. eversi was LG4,
 which has not been reported as a sex chromosome in any other medaka
 species. In O. sarasinorum, LG16 and LG22 are associated with sex.
 Although LG16 was found to be sex-linked in another medaka species
 previously examined, the sex-determining regions did not overlap. No
 significant signatures for sex chromosomes were identified in the other 4
 species (O. marmoratus, O. nigrimas, O. nebulosus, and O. orthognathus).
 Frequent turnovers and the great diversity of the sex chromosomes will
 make Sulawesian medaka species a model system for investigating the
 driving forces and consequences of sex chromosome turnover.
description: Pool-seq To identify sex chromosome
 signatures of 13 Sulawesian <em>Oryzias</em> species, pool
 sequencing datasets were analyzed with the software PSASS v3.1.0 (https://github.com/SexGenomicsToolkit/PSASS). The sliding window output files calculated by the 'analyze' function of PSASS in five different sizes (200-kb, 100-kb, 50-kb, 20-kb, and 10-kb) of non-overlapped windows and in 100-kb of sliding windows with a step size of 10-kb were uploaded as CSV files. ddRAD-seq To identify the sex-determining region of <em>O. eversi</em>, both parents (mother: FeP02 and father: MeP01) and their F<sub>1</sub> offsprings were genotyped by ddRAD-seq. The filtered vcf file including 365 SNPs was uploaded.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m905qfv46
title: Aridity and soil fertility, not species richness, interact to affect temporal stability along a large natural gradient in Northern China

description: There is mounting evidence from experimental studies that drought and
 nutrient enrichment can interact to impact the biodiversity and
 productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Whether such interactive effect
 influence plant diversity and the temporal stability of community
 productivity of natural ecosystems is unknown. To fill this knowledge gap,
 we combined a field survey of plant diversity and soil conditions with
 remote sensing temporal estimates of primary productivity in grasslands
 along a natural gradient in northern China. We found that aridity and soil
 ammonium (NH4+-N) interacted to influence temporal stability of NDVI. That
 is, the relationship between ammonium and temporal stability of NDVI
 shifted from positive to negative due to increased standard deviation of
 NDVI with increasing aridity. Species richness was not related to temporal
 stability because it influenced the mean and standard deviation of NDVI
 proportionally. As a result, soil fertility outweighed the contribution of
 species richness to temporal stability. Our study demonstrates the
 synergistic effect of aridity and soil fertility, but not species
 richness, on temporal stability along a large natural gradient. Predicting
 how environmental drivers affect diversity and the stable provisioning of
 ecosystem services in real-world ecosystems therefore requires a better
 understanding of the complex interactions among environmental drivers.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkk6
title: POI-based land use map for Africa

description: The combination of spatial distribution, semantic characteristics, and
 sometimes temporal dynamics of POIs inside a geographic region can capture
 its unique land use characteristics. We developed a scalable POI-based
 land use modeling framework. By combining POIs with a neural network
 language model, we developed a spatially explicit approach to learn the
 embedding representation of POIs and AOIs. We trained supervised
 classifiers using AOI embeddings as input features to predict AOI land use
 at different semantic granularities.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn8x2
title: Neuromotor control of walking balance in individuals with cerebral palsy

description: Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) have deficits in processing of
 somatosensory and proprioceptive information. To compensate for these
 deficits, they tend to rely on vision over proprioception in single plane
 upper and lower limb movements and in standing. It is not known whether
 this also applies to walking, an activity where the threat to balance is
 higher. Through this study, we used visual perturbations to understand how
 individuals with and without CP integrate visual input for walking balance
 control. Additionally, we probed the balance mechanisms driving the
 responses to the visual perturbations. More specifically, we investigated
 differences in the use of ankle roll response i.e. the use of ankle
 inversion, and the foot placement response, i.e., stepping in the
 direction of perceived fall. Thirty-four participants (17 CP, 17 age-and
 sex-matched typically developing controls or TD) were recruited.
 Participants walked on a self-paced treadmill in a virtual reality
 environment. Intermittently, the virtual scene was rotated in the frontal
 plane to induce the sensation of a sideways fall. Our results showed that
 compared to their TD peers, the overall body sway in response to the
 visual perturbations was magnified and delayed in CP group, implying that
 they were more affected by changes in visual cues and relied more so on
 visual information for walking balance control. Also, the CP group showed
 a lack of ankle response, through a significantly reduced ankle inversion
 on the affected side compared to the TD group. The CP group showed a
 higher foot placement response compared to the TD group immediately
 following the visual perturbations. Thus, individuals with CP showed a
 dominant proximal foot placement strategy and diminished ankle roll
 response, suggestive of a reliance on proximal over distal control of
 walking balance in individuals with CP.
description: This dataset contains the raw and processed motion capture data
 for walking trials in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and age-and
 sex-matched control (total n=34. 17 CP, 17 controls). We tested how
 individuals with and without CP use visual input for walking balance when
 they receive visual perturbations in a virtual reality environment. Each
 participant performed ten trials of 2 min in length while receiving visual
 perturbations randomly every 10-12 steps, our dataset has data for
 perturbed as well as unperturbed (control) steps. Our data includes
 kinetic and kinematic measures of walking, including but not limited to,
 center of mass, center of pressure, joint angles, and
 electromyography.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qz612jmjm
title: Genomic and morphometric data used in a demographic study of Coragyps vultures

description: The New World Vulture [Coragyps] occidentalis (L. Miller, 1909) is one of
 many species that were extinct by the end of the Pleistocene. To
 understand its evolutionary history we sequenced the genome of a
 14,000-year-old [Coragyps] occidentalis found associated with
 megaherbivores in the Peruvian Andes. occidentalis has been viewed as the
 ancestor, or possibly sister, to the extant Black Vulture Coragyps
 atratus, but genomic data shows occidentalis to be deeply nested within
 the South American clade of atratus. Coragyps atratus inhabits lowlands,
 but the fossil record indicates that occidentalis mostly occupied high
 elevations. Our results suggest that occidentalis evolved from a
 population of atratus in southwestern South America that colonized the
 High Andes 300 to 400 kya. The morphological and morphometric differences
 between occidentalis and atratus may thus be explained by ecological
 diversification following the natural selection imposed by this new and
 extreme, high-elevation environment. The sudden evolution of a population
 with significantly larger body size and different anatomical proportions
 than atratus thus constitutes an example of punctuated evolution.
description: DNA extracted from museum study skins or from fresh tissue.
 Morphological data obtained from recent and fossil Coragyps
 specimens.
description: The files can be opened in a text editor or with Excel. The
 zipped files need to be opened with gunzip in Unix.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.wm37pvmqs
title: Genetic confirmation of a hybrid between two highly divergent cardinalid species: A Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) and a Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)

description: Using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing, analysis of vocalizations, and
 inferences from natural history, we document a first-generation hybrid
 between a rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) and a scarlet
 tanager (Piranga olivacea). These two species occur sympatrically
 throughout much of eastern North America, although were not previously
 known to interbreed. Following the field identification of a putative
 hybrid, we use genetic and bioacoustic data to show that a rose-breasted
 grosbeak was the maternal parent and a scarlet tanager was the paternal
 parent of the hybrid, whose song was similar to the latter species. These
 two species diverged &gt;10 million years ago, and thus it is
 surprising to find a hybrid formed under natural conditions in the wild.
 Notably, the hybrid has an exceptionally heterozygous genome, with a
 conservative estimate of a heterozygous base every 100 bp. The observation
 that this hybrid of such highly divergent parental taxa has survived until
 adulthood serves as another example of the capacity for hybrid birds to
 survive with an exceptionally divergent genomic composition.
description: T.J. audio-recorded vocalizations
 of the individual between 5:40 and 8:00 AM on the morning of June 11,
 2020, using a Wildtronics Pro Mono microphone mounted in a 22” Wildtronics
 parabolic reflector and a Sound Devices MixPre-3 digital audio recorder.
 Files were recorded as lossless .WAV files, and lightly edited using the
 iZotope RX 6 audio editor. The 3 recordings of the bird totaled
 approximately 5.5 minutes of recording of song and calls. Two of these
 recordings contained the putative hybrid singing alone (n=25 songs). The
 third recording captured a counter-singing interaction between the
 putative hybrid and a scarlet tanager.
 We used Raven Pro Sound Analysis
 Software v1.5 (K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics 2014) to
 assess the characteristics of the n=25 of recorded songs, excluding the
 two songs captured in the counter-singing interaction. For each recording
 we generated a spectrogram, a visual representation of the sound with time
 on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and amplitude (or
 “loudness”) represented by the darkness of the pixel (Fig. 2). We used the
 annotation feature of Raven Pro to identify the time and frequency
 boundaries of the syllables within the recorded songs. We then compared
 measurements of the songs’ frequency range, number of syllables, and
 duration of the putative hybrid’s song to those of previously published
 measurements of those attributes in scarlet tanager and rose-breasted
 grosbeak songs (Table 2; Mowbray 2020; Wyatt and Francis 2020). While we
 did not include the songs in the counter-singing recording in this
 assessment, we did annotate which songs belonged to which
 individual.
DOI: 10.15468/9wxxdy
title: Within the framework of the ‘Digital Nature’ State Program of the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan: Results of Scientific Research Conducted by Makhmudov Azizbek Valijonovich for the Degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences (DSc) on the Topic ‘Aspects of the Dynamics of Natural Resources of Medicinal Plants and Conservation Strategy (A Case Study of Southern Uzbekistan)’.

description: This study provides detailed information on the composition of resource-valuable species within the flora of Uzbekistan, the areas possessing reserve value for each species across different regions of the republic, and the volume of raw materials that can be harvested annually.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gmsbcc2r8
title: Differential coping capacities underlie the overall resistance of temperate seagrasses to herbivory

description: Overgrazing events impart long-lasting changes in vegetated ecosystems.
 How ecosystems respond to herbivory depends on the ecological and
 evolutionary histories of their foundational species. The overall
 functioning and biodiversity depend on these responses and there is still
 little understanding of the intensity and duration of how herbivory
 interact. We experimentally tested the change in three seagrass species
 with distinct life-history traits to increasing intensities of herbivory.
 Specifically, we assessed structural responses (i.e. canopy height and
 shoot density) to reflect the ecosystem state. Additionally, we used
 mechanistic models to assess induced and constitutive responses in the
 seagrasses. Results show that seagrasses coped with herbivory
 differentially in relation to their life-history traits. The
 persistent Posidonia oceanica was more resistant
 than C. nodosa (colonising) and Z.
 noltei (opportunistic/colonising). Seagrasses also differed in
 the type of structural response, with the colonising species experiencing
 reductions in shoot density and the persistent P.
 oceanica registering declines in canopy height. After months of
 exposure to cumulative herbivory, all three species showed signs of
 stability. Interestingly, none of the species disappeared completely even
 when exposed to extreme herbivory. Mechanistic models indicate that
 herbivory-induced responses are a potential explanation for these
 patterns. This study suggests that given the long evolutionary history of
 herbivory, some seagrasses may be remarkably well adapted to both intense
 and cumulative herbivory.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dncjsxm32
title: Impact of disease characteristics and knowledge on public risk perception of Zoonoses

description: Zoonoses represent a global public health threat. Understanding lay
 perceptions of risk associated with these diseases can better inform
 proportionate policy interventions that mitigate their current and future
 impacts. While individual zoonoses (e.g. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)
 have received scientific and public attention, we know little about how
 multiple zoonotic diseases vary relative to each other in lay risk
 perceptions. To this end, we examined public perceptions of eleven
 zoonoses across twelve qualitative attributes of risk among the UK public
 (n = 727, volunteer sample), using an online survey. We found that
 attribute ratings were predominantly explained via two basic dimensions of
 risk related to public knowledge and dread. We also show that, despite
 participants reporting low familiarity with most of the diseases
 presented, zoonoses were perceived as essentially avoidable. These
 findings imply that infection is viewed as dependent upon actions under
 personal control which has significant implications for policy
 development.
description: Participants were recruited using the crowdsourcing website
 Prolific and were required to have been born in the UK. Participation was
 via self-selection and participants were compensated £6.50 per
 hour. 
description: N/A