cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.3535/y11-5v4-svp
title: Rissoa ventricosa Desmarest, 1814

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/c37-sdk-4d9
title: Sinezona cingulata (O. G. Costa, 1861)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/vj9-mve-dtq
title: Monacha parumcincta (Menke, 1828)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/0kh-0jz-nfr
title: Zebrina detrita (O. F. Müller, 1774)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/zjg-l6a-q4p
title: Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/gzx-54p-11l
title: Leptochiton algesirensis (Capellini, 1859)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/yp4-c38-yt1
title: Cantareus apertus (Born, 1778)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/2z2-ga5-b3l
title: Monacha messenica (Blanc, 1879)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/gtw-pr4-8l3
title: Trochoidea trochoides (Poiret, 1789)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/5m2-4sr-hmh
title: Pyramidula pusilla (Vallot, 1801)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/fpt-mc2-lcj
title: Cochlostoma tessellatum moussoni (O. Boettger, 1883)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/fyx-nge-0f2
title: Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/t95-ftj-zw0
title: Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/ew0-2v0-rda
title: Allaegopis jonicus (Käufel, 1930)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/8lt-x9n-fzj
title: Crisilla beniamina (Monterosato, 1884)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/ak0-yzc-sgm
title: Cepaea hortensis (O. F. Müller, 1774)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/7b2-kkw-4qq
title: Cerithiopsis barleei Jeffreys, 1867

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/7b3-vpv-dfs
title: Bathyarca pectunculoides (Scacchi, 1835)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/df9-zzv-trn
title: Anisus vortex (Linnaeus, 1758)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/gpc-slk-k7k
title: Leptoconchus incycloseris A. Gittenberger & E. Gittenberger, 2011

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/l1j-63y-t36
title: Epitonium turtonis (W. Turton, 1819)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/qmj-l3d-wyn
title: Eulimella Forbes & M'Andrew, 1846

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/vhe-y6l-gff
title: Balea Gray, 1824

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/g2h-je9-jry
title: Caecum subannulatum de Folin, 1870

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/pkb-ds1-2xv
title: Fruticicola fruticum (O. F. Müller, 1774)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/tb0-m0p-4sc
title: Leufroyia leufroyi (Michaud, 1828)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/5a2-sr1-qmg
title: Megaxinus unguiculinus Pallary, 1904

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/qwx-r3s-dq4
title: Columella aspera Waldén, 1966

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/9cd-30l-8ht
title: Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/j2l-258-4lf
title: Alvania lactea (Michaud, 1830)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/rbq-98l-hyh
title: Leptoconchus intalpina A. Gittenberger & E. Gittenberger, 2011

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/s1c-xcn-zqz
title: Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/xpm-l4y-pvk
title: Retusa umbilicata (Montagu, 1803)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/9q2-gdp-3xv
title: Xerocrassa cretica (L. Pfeiffer, 1841)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/lv8-5gc-aem
title: Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/gay-wf5-tpq
title: Monacha parumcincta (Menke, 1828)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/6y0-lvn-cmr
title: Macedonica pindica pindica E. Gittenberger, 2002

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/qjn-k4v-3z5
title: Monacha Fitzinger, 1833

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/7qe-8dj-ne0
title: Parthenina decussata (Montagu, 1803)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/q09-ser-9k1
title: Solemya togata (Poli, 1791)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/8fy-bp5-peq
title: Parthenina clathrata (Jeffreys, 1848)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/lfv-fer-nge
title: Laciniaria plicata plicata (Draparnaud, 1801)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/3aw-rwx-1me
title: Cuvierina atlantica Bé, MacClintock & Currie, 1972

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/5qf-120-wrp
title: Edentiella leucozona leucozona (C. Pfeiffer, 1828)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/aa8-5ce-0c1
title: Acteon tornatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/2hy-1xv-vyl
title: Pomatias elegans (O. F. Müller, 1774)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/qmr-hx9-6sm
title: Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud, 1805)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/2h1-mer-zfc
title: Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/v0t-74y-v28
title: Steromphala spratti (Forbes, 1844)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/783-wqr-b71
title: Acanthinula aculeata (O. F. Müller, 1774)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/02f-xjf-lh0
title: Oxynoe olivacea Rafinesque, 1814

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/z73-mlg-k6n
title: Helix valentini Kobelt, 1891

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/y5z-ryb-avw
title: Mangelia multilineolata (Deshayes, 1835)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/leh-fg8-pns
title: Acteon Montfort, 1810

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/nze-9tf-65q
title: Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/st7-d3t-c01
title: Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu, 1803)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/zyd-ppr-ahd
title: Epifungium ulu (Pilsbry, 1921)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/18j-b5y-ct7
title: Rissoa violacea Desmarest, 1814

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/rzs-ws8-5kv
title: Eatonina fulgida (J. Adams, 1797)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/80n-ch5-84n
title: Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/jqq-yeg-9f8
title: Raphitoma pseudohystrix (Sykes, 1906)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/wh9-3y9-hfl
title: Cepaea hortensis (O. F. Müller, 1774)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/8j0-a3p-vky
title: Levantina spiriplana spiriplana (Olivier, 1801)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/nqe-0x8-xct
title: Zarateana arganica (Servain, 1880)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/5cj-l6l-200
title: Pseudotrichia rubiginosa (Rossmässler, 1838)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/njv-jqy-4ax
title: Eulima glabra (da Costa, 1778)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/l1k-932-kfr
title: Lyromangelia taeniata (Deshayes, 1835)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/x17-2zn-q6z
title: Vitreolina philippi (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/0et-cqr-t0y
title: Vitrea subrimata (Reinhardt, 1871)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/60z-7qd-tgv
title: Tomura depressa (Granata Grillo, 1877)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/mg6-jh5-rp6
title: Arcopella balaustina (Linnaeus, 1758)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/5yk-gcn-py7
title: Epifungium ulu (Pilsbry, 1921)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/bn3-ttj-dsk
title: Chilostoma Fitzinger, 1833

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.sfjvhc
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 505461 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is one of (Papilionanthe subulata, Papilionanthe teres, Papilionanthe uniflora, Papilionanthe vandarum, Parabaena sagittata, Paraboea multiflora, Paracalyx scariosus, Parakmeria nitida, Paralamium griffithii, Paraphlomis javanica javanica, Parapteropyrum tibeticum, Paraquilegia anemonoides, Paraquilegia microphylla, Parasassafras confertiflora, Parasenecio chenopodifolius, Parasenecio chola, Parasenecio palmatisectus palmatisectus, Parasenecio quinquelobus quinquelobus, Parastyrax lacei, Parasyncalathium souliei, Parathesis crenulata, Parietaria debilis, Parietaria judaica, Parietaria micrantha, Paris mairei, Paris marmorata, Paris polyphylla polyphylla, Paris polyphylla stenophylla, Paris thibetica apetala, Paris thibetica thibetica, Parnassia cabulica, Parnassia chinensis chinensis, Parnassia cooperi, Parnassia cordata, Parnassia delavayi, Parnassia deqenensis, Parnassia kumaonica, Parnassia laxmannii, Parnassia lijiangensis, Parnassia longipetala longipetala, Parnassia longipetala striata, Parnassia mysorensis mysorensis, Parnassia nubicola, Parnassia pusilla, Parnassia tenella, Parnassia trinervis, Parnassia wightiana, Parochetus communis, Paroxygraphis sikkimensis, Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, Parrya nudicaulis, Parsonsia alboflavescens, Parthenocissus semicordata, Paspalidium flavidum, Paspalidium punctatum, Paspalum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Paspalum scrobiculatum orbiculare, Paspalum vaginatum, Passiflora napalensis, Passiflora wilsonii, Patrinia monandra, Patrinia speciosa, Pauldopia ghorta, Pavetta crassicaulis, Pavetta indica, Pavetta polyantha, Pavetta subcapitata, Pavetta tomentosa, Pavonia zeylanica, Pecteilis gigantea, Pecteilis susannae, Pecteilis triflora, Pedalium murex, Pedicularis alaschanica alaschanica, Pedicularis alaschanica tibetica, Pedicularis albiflora, Pedicularis altifrontalis, Pedicularis amplicollis, Pedicularis angustiloba, Pedicularis annapurnensis, Pedicularis anomala, Pedicularis anserantha, Pedicularis aurata, Pedicularis axillaris, Pedicularis bella, Pedicularis bella holophylla, Pedicularis bicornuta, Pedicularis bietii, Pedicularis bipinnatifida, Pedicularis bomiensis, Pedicularis brevifolia, Pedicularis breviscaposa, Pedicularis carnosa, Pedicularis cephalantha cephalantha, Pedicularis cephalanthoides, Pedicularis cernua cernua, Pedicularis chamissonoides, Pedicularis cheilanthifolia, Pedicularis chumbica)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 505461 records from 2418 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004325-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.5qusmg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 368521 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 {
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
 },
 "TaxonKey is Cynanthus latirostris Swainson, 1827",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1950",
 {
 "or" : [
 "GadmGid is USA",
 "GadmGid is CAN",
 "GadmGid is MEX"
 ]
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 368521 records from 60 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0027279-250426092105405/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qzfekq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 8514329 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Fagales)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1981",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-30 25,50 25,50 75,-30 75,-30 25))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 8514329 records from 4859 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0027286-250426092105405/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16894454
title: Types of multiple forest disturbances in northern Guangdong
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16894455
title: Types of multiple forest disturbances in northern Guangdong
DOI: 10.15468/dl.efaz93
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 562566 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Fungi (S)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 562566 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0012751-250515123054153/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6073/pasta/66edf60e4e5ea11157d19804b56fc3a3
title: North Temperate Lakes LTER: Chemical Limnology of Primary Study Lakes: Major Ions 1981 - current

description: Parameters characterizing the major ions of the eleven primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, Trout, bog lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog], and 12-15 [Trout Bog], Mendota, Monona, Wingra and Fish) are measured at one station in the deepest part of each lake at the top and bottom of the epilimnion, mid-thermocline, and top, middle, and bottom of the hypolimnion. These parameters include chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, and specific conductance (northern lakes only). Lake Wingra has always been just a surface sample, but in the winter we have, at times, taken chloride samples from top to bottom to have a better understanding of road salt effects. 
 Samples for conductivity are collected four times per year in the seven primary lakes (Allequash, Big Muskellunge, Crystal, Sparkling, and Trout lakes, and unnamed lakes 27-02 [Crystal Bog], and 12-15 [Trout Bog] in the Trout Lake area at the deepest part of the lake, sampling at the surface, mid water column, and the bottom. The sampling dates include February under ice, spring mixis, August stratified, and fall mixis. Conductivity is measured using a YSI Model 32 conductivity meter with YSI 3403 conductivity cell, reported as uS/cm at 25°C.
 1981-1988: a Sybron Barnstead conductivity bridge was used. 1981-1986: conductivity was measured monthly.
 Sampling Frequency: quarterly (winter, spring and fall mixes, and summer stratified periods) 
 More information on our lakes and where they are sampled can be found here: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-ntl&identifier=434. 
 Number of sites: 11
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qs4k59
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 556 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Batrachoseps wrighti (Bishop, 1937))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 556 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001807-250426092105405/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ptqh8m
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 163474 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Ceratophyllales"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 163474 records from 1419 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001800-250426092105405/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bm966p
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 44110 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is one of (Yasunia quadrata van der Werff, Yasunia sessiliflora van der Werff, Yucca aloifolia L., Yucca baccata Torr., Yucca brevifolia Engelm., Yucca capensis L.W.Lenz, Yucca carnerosana (Trel.) McKelvey, Yucca decipiens Trel., Yucca declinata Laferr., Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm., Yucca faxoniana (Trel.) Sarg., Yucca filifera Chabaud, Yucca gigantea Lem., Yucca glauca Nutt., Yucca gloriosa L., Yucca grandiflora Gentry, Yucca jaliscensis (Trel.) Trel., Yucca madrensis Gentry, Yucca mixtecana García-Mend., Yucca periculosa Baker, Yucca potosina Rzed., Yucca queretaroensis Piña Luján, Yucca rostrata Engelm. ex Trel., Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies, Yucca thompsoniana Trel., Yucca treculeana Carrière, Yucca valida Brandegee, Yungasocereus inquisivensis (Cárdenas) F.Ritter ex Eggli)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 44110 records from 403 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0005502-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3886/e231222
title: The Inquisition and the decline of science in Spain

description: A traditional argument that the Spanish Inquisition did not depress scientific research is that Spain experienced its Golden Age (1492-1657) after the Inquisition was formed (1478). Yet the arts, rather than the sciences, flourished; and we argue that the Inquisition had important chilling effects on the latter. Historically focused on persecuting suspected Jews, the Inquisition began refocusing its efforts on Protestantism, especially during the Council of Trent (1545-1563). The discovery of Protestant networks in two Spanish cities in 1557-58 helped fuel an abrupt increase in, and re-targeting of, inquisitorial activity. Scholars should have reacted by limiting their contacts and by exiting certain fields and institutions. To provide evidence for our account, we first document Spain's decline in STEM fields, relative to the rest of Europe. We then provide the first systematic evidence on scholarly interactions among early modern Spanish book authors, documenting an immediate reduction in interactions after 1559, followed by a downward trend. We also document a significant reversal in a previously upward trend in affiliation with secular educational institutions. Since interacting with others working on similar problems is essential to progress in the sciences, our work helps explain the puzzling disjuncture between the glory of Spanish literary and visual arts during the Golden Age, on the one hand, and the poverty of its contributions to science, on the other.