cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.151
title: SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES AND JOINTS IN WOOD TALL BUILDINGS

description: There has been a growing interest in using wood in tall buildings by employing crosslaminated timber (CLT) in a structure's moment frame system. However, still much needs to be learned about the performance of CLT frame systems subject to lateral loads such as earthquakes. The ductility needed in CLT frames in seismic load environments is primarily provided through connections. Thus, a proper connection detail is required to ensure an adequate seismic response, especially at extreme loads. Current strength specifications of connectors are mainly applicable in cases of pure tension or shear
description: while in real applications, connections are subjected to a combination of these loads. This paper is part of analytical and simulation studies on seismic performance of wood structural frames being conducted at Illinois Institute of Technology. These studies include simulations to investigate: (1) Moment-resistance capacity of CLT panels
description: and (2) Resistance capacity of typical joints used in CLT frame systems. Limited experimental data available on a 6-story wood frame system are considered as a means of verification of the aforementioned analytical investigations. Focus of this paper is specifically on the significance of interaction between tension and shear as reported in literature. Several interaction equations as implemented in current analytical models for pushover analysis of CLT frames are explained and their adequacy to predict the nonlinear behavior of CLT panels under lateral loads is discussed.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.152
title: SEMI-COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR SEWER RENOVATION

description: In the composite pipe construction method defined in the Japan Sewage Works Association's Design and Construction Guidelines for Sewer Pipe Rehabilitation, a liner pipe is constructed inside an existing sewer and the annular space behind the liner is filled with cementitious grout under pressure to form a highly integrated structure. The Guidelines for sewer renovation in Japan define a composite pipe as a composite structure that requires complete integration between liner materials and an existing pipe. However, in general, owing to the refinement of the small and enclosed working space inside sewers and the significant extension of the pipe to be renovated, mechanical shear connectors are not used to rigidly connect a renovation layer with an existing pipe. To fully explore the advantages of the composite pipe method in sewer renovation while maintaining safe design, a semi-composite structure has been applied in the renovation design of aging sewers using nonlinear FEM analysis for more than 50 sewers (over a total length of 300 km), primarily in big cities in Japan. This paper focuses on the mechanics of the structure.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.191
title: SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FRCM: EFFECT OF STIRRUPS' CONFIGURATION

description: Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix, FRCM, system has shown to be promising for the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. However, the available experimental investigation on the shear strengthening efficacy of FRCM system is limited, particularly for deep beams. Moreover, to the authors' knowledge, no literature is available on the effect of the stirrups' configuration relative to the FRCM strips on the shear capacity of FRCM-strengthened beams. Studying this effect will aid in a better understanding of the FRCM/stirrups interaction. Thus, in this paper the experimental study on the shear behavior of RC deep beams strengthened in shear using FRCM system is presented. The test matrix involved two unstrengthened and six FRCM-strengthened deep beams tested under three-point bending. The primary test variable was the effect of stirrups' configuration relative to the FRCM strips. The other test variable includes the effect of different types of FRCM fabric (made of carbon, glass, and polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole, PBO). Experimental results demonstrated an effective application of the FRCM in improving the load capacities of RC deep beams, up to 40.3% increase in the load capacity was achieved.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.153
title: SHEAR STRENGTH OF DETERIORATED STEEL GIRDERS IN MULTI-GIRDER BRIDGES

description: Bridge deterioration is mainly caused by repeated traffic loads and adverse environmental exposure. According to the 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers' infrastructure report card, more than 9% of the bridges in the United States were labeled structurally deficient. For steel bridges, the most dominant deterioration form is corrosion, which is characterized by the metal area loss resulting in structural capacity reduction. Corrosion is very common in steel multi-girder bridges because of moisture exposure, leakage through bridge joints as well as the frequent use of deicing detergents during the winter season in cold regions. Over the years, the rust can be serious enough to disconnect the web from the flanges of the girder, which poses significant concerns for load capacity especially at girder ends. This research studies shear strength loss in deteriorated steel multi-girder bridges by 3-D finite element models built in ABAQUS. Our analysis is focused on web area loss and web thinning due to corrosion, and their consequences for shear and web buckling capacity reduction. Area loss will be modeled by removing materials from the web, and web thinning will be simulated by reducing the web thickness. The numerical models resemble real steel corrosion forms by changing the shape, size and location of the area loss. A load rating method will be proposed based on the analyses.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.154
title: SLOPE STABILIZATION USING LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

description: Landslides still concern transportation agencies. In 2017, the Big Sur coastline roadway in Monterey, California was buried under a landslide that displaced over 6 million cubic yards of mud. Though slope stabilization techniques have been successfully used in the past, the Big Sur landslide has highlighted the necessity for innovation. Through this paper, a new slope stabilization technique is proposed using Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) pins, used tires and vetiver grass. The paper includes a comparison of a retaining wall (a traditional slope stability alternative) with the proposed new technique. This includes stability analyses considering traditional and the proposed method. The analysis includes checking for overturning, sliding and bearing capacity failure for retaining wall and slope stability analysis for the proposed slope stabilization. The paper also includes cost comparison between the two alternatives. The results indicate that the proposed technique is stable and very comparable to traditional methods. Because the method uses waste material the proposed method costs significantly less than traditional approaches.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.155
title: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY RATING SYSTEMS AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS

description: The term sustainability has multidisciplinary use and meaning. Sustainability is typically described by many sources as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable construction projects are those that ensure the consideration of economic, environmental and social impacts that are created by their activities. It includes all the construction related tasks and the company's management. This research focuses mainly on the criteria of social and environmental sustainability. Social sustainability, whose criteria is based on the classification of company's stakeholders and the project's, and environmental sustainability, also called physical dimensions of sustainability, whose criteria are those related to resources and the environment. This paper aims to recognize the most known sustainability certification systems, how they classify their criteria and rate their metrics. After the research, we can conclude that the certification systems incorporate more metrics for criteria of environmental sustainability than for social sustainability.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.156
title: SOME PROPERTIES OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE MADE WITH RECYCLED AGGREGATE

description: An experimental study was carried out to investigate, the strength properties, of recycled aggregates for use in reactive powder concrete (RPC), to better understand the properties of reactive powder concrete with recycled aggregates used as a substitution material for normal sand in reactive powder concrete. The effects of variable parameters on these properties were carefully studied which are the percent of recycled fine aggregate (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) as a partial replacement by weight of normal sand, recycled fine aggregate (50%) as a partial replacement by weight of glass sand, and two different curing (20, 90 oC). The inclusion of using reactive silica sand powder leads to a considerable increment in both compressive and tensile strength for recycled reactive powder concrete (RRPC) and the heat treatment improves the properties of the RPC and RRPC considerably. Finally, the results indicated that it is possible to produce reactive powder concrete from recycled aggregate depending on the strength, the results show to suggest only a gradual lowering in compressive and splitting tensile strength.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.157
title: STRATEGIC SYNERGY OF SERVICE OFFERINGS WITHIN A PROFESSIONAL SERVICES FIRM

description: The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry has traditionally been structured based upon a firm concentrating on select markets and specific service offerings. More recently, however, the industry has moved away from the piece by piece process of developing a project into a more holistic view. This paper suggests the concept that holistic strategies can create positive business synergies. Two types of synergies are identified synergies related to practice and knowledge and synergies related to service and delivery. Examples of these synergies are provided with cases provided for engineering, architecture, and management firms. The increase in strength of the firm as a result of the strategy is more than the net additive growth or change
description: hence, it is deemed synergistic. Conclusions identify the synergies outcomes and discuss the need for future research in this area, particularly data-based research to test the theory.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.158
title: STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF DURABLE CONCRETE MADE WITH VARIOUS ALTERNATIVE CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

description: Many researchers investigated various concrete made with the cementitious materials, hence the effects of various admixture are well known. Most researches focused on an alternative cementitious material, tested concrete properties by varying the cementreplacement ratio. The optimum cement-replacement ratio may be different by each admixture. The present study examined the strength properties of concrete incorporating various admixtures. The cementitious materials tested in this study were fly-ash, blast furnace slag powder, silica-fume, limestone powder, and an artificial admixture which has high resistance to chloride attack. First, fundamental properties of the concrete incorporating the admixture were summarized referring to previous durability tests. Second, the strength properties of concrete made with some cementreplacement ratios by the cementitious materials were examined. In addition, alternative cement efficiency factors (k) of each cementitious material were estimated.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.159
title: STRENGTH, SHRINKAGE, AND PERMEABILITY PERFORMANCE OF SEAWATER CONCRETE

description: Given the increasing global concern of freshwater scarcity, the use of seawater in concrete mixtures appears to be a way forward towards achieving sustainable concrete, especially in the case of non-reinforced concrete applications or with the use of noncorrosive reinforcement. This paper reports on the results of an experimental study to compare the freshwater- and seawater-mixed concretes in terms of their strength, shrinkage and permeability performance. The experimental program included the following: (i) compressive strength test (at 3, 7, 28, and 56-day ages)
description: (ii) concrete shrinkage test (at Days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 following mixing)
description: and (iii) permeability tests (rapid chloride permeability and water absorption at Days 28 and 56 following mixing). As for the study results, seawater concrete showed a slightly higher early-age (i.e., till Day 7) strength performance than that of freshwater-mixed counterpart, followed by a strength performance that is 710% inferior to the freshwater concrete after 28 days or later. Also, the shrinkage of seawater concrete was slightly higher than that of freshwater concrete, with a difference of 5% reported after 56 days following mixing. Finally, the permeability performance of hardened concrete in seawater and freshwater mixtures was similar.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.160
title: STRENGTHENING METHOD OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS BY BRACE ELEMENTS

description: The ductility and strength properties of lightweight steel brace element for structural strengthening of unreinforced masonry (URM) wall is reported in this study. The performance of URM wall without brace and with brace is evaluated by an elastoplastic nonlinear analysis including the yield criterion, flow rule and hardening rule. Masonry constituent is implemented into two-dimensional finite element model developed in Fortran code. The brittle failure of URM wall is analyzed using by an interface element to model bricks and joints. Two types of steel brace elements which can resist only tension and both tension and compression have been considered to increase the ductility of URM wall. The comparison between experimental and numerical results adopted in simplified-micro masonry modeling is illustrated with the relationship between force and displacement. The ductility and strength of masonry wall with the tension and the tension-compression brace element were different results of URM wall by in-plane pushover analysis. As for the simplification for a calculation of masonry wall, equivalent masonry model is discussed and besides diagonal brace elements, the additional vertical brace element is assumed for the high masonry wall by the numerical analysis.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.161
title: STRENGTHENING OF RC BEAMS USING NEAR SURFACE EMBEDDED-FRCM

description: Fibre reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems are mostly externally bonded (EB) for the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry structures. In this paper, the relatively new concept of near-surface embedded (NSE) FRCM, has been introduced for the flexural strengthening of beams. The process of the application of NSE-FRCM strengthening technique involves the removal of the concrete layer at beam soffit, being the most deteriorated in actual practices. Experimental evidence of the flexural strengthening efficacy of this technique is provided here. Eight RC beams were prepared and tested under four-point loading with the consideration of two test parameters: (a) FRCM material (polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO)/carbon/ glass)
description: and (b) the reinforcement ratio (0.5% representing flexure-deficient beams and 1.28% representing typical under-reinforced beams). The strengthening led to gains in ultimate loads that ranged between 31.4% and 84.3%.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.162
title: STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF AN EDGE CRACK PERPENDICULAR TO THE INTERFACE IN BI-MATERIALS

description: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stress intensity factor in the problem of a crack perpendicular to the interface in bi-materials. Based on the theory of an edge crack perpendicular to the interface between two dissimilar isotropic half-planes, the stress intensity factor was yield out from the stress singularity eigen-equation. The stress intensity factor for a composite beam segment with an edge crack under bending and tension was computed by the ordinary finite element and the singular finite element, and it was found that the singular element method is more accurate and applicable than the ordinary element method. The influence of the distance from the crack tip to the interface and the material's mechanical properties to the stress intensity factor were analyzed. The results show that the stress intensity factor increases first, and then decreases with decreasing of the distance from the crack tip to the interface, and the stress intensity factor increases with increasing of the elastic modulus of the cracked material.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.163
title: STRESS STATE OF STEEL TUBE OF SQUARE CFT COLUMNS WHICH REACHED SHORT-TERM ALLOWABLE STRENGTH

description: The allowable strength was compared with the yield strength of CFT short columns subjected to constant axial force and horizontal force in previous studies. The yield strength of CFT columns is determined by 2/3 of compressive force of concrete in most cases. And the yield strength of CFT columns is smaller than the allowable strength. However, as an important index representing the damage state of CFT column, the stress state of steel tube when the CFT column reaches the short-term allowable strength is not clarified. The objective of this study is to make clear whether the steel tube yielded when the short-term allowable strength of square CFT column is reached by an analytical method. The analytical parameters are the effective length to depth ratio, axial force ratio and width to thickness ratio. The range of parameters in the cases which the steel tubes yield before the CFT columns reaches the allowable strength are shown and the decrease of stiffness in these cases are discussed.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.164
title: STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION USING AN ADAPTIVE RBF APPROACH

description: This paper presents an adaptive radial basis functions (RBFs) metamodeling method for design optimization of structures. Various numerical techniques have been developed and adopted in structural and multidisciplinary optimization. To evaluate responses of a structural or mechanical engineering system, finite element (FE) analyses are routinely used. An FE code shall be integrated with an optimization algorithm in a nested analysis and design of structures. Therefore, software input/output programming is required. A metamodeling method, on the contrary, expresses structural responses using an approximate function, so that the FE software is not directly coupled in the numerical optimization loop. Any optimization algorithm can be applied to find the optimal design, based on the explicit response functions. In this study, numerical examples were created and FE analyses were first performed at sample points. Subsequently, metamodels were constructed and a gradient-based optimization algorithm was applied. At the optimal point of one adaptive iteration, accuracy of the RBF metamodel was checked, and additional sample points were added to the sample pool to improve the model accuracy. The adaptive iterations continued, until the convergence of the objective function was achieved. The proposed optimization method worked well for a numerical example, and the optimal result was found within a few adaptive iterations.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.165
title: STUDENTS' HOUSING SATISFACTION IN PRIVATE HIGHER INSTITUTIONS

description: Student housing is essential to the attainment of quality education, most especially in higher institutions were students come from far distance to study. While research abounds on happenings with regards to student housing in public higher institutions, there is a paucity of information on this situation within the private higher institutions. This study, therefore, presents the result of an investigation of the satisfaction of students with housing facilities in private higher institutions in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey design and quantitative data were gathered through the use of a questionnaire administered to 216 students selected through stratified random sampling. The students' residence satisfaction was assessed from the physical, and social/management stands. Data gathered were analysed using percentage, mean score and Mann-Whitney UTest. The study revealed that on a general level, while private institution students are more satisfied with the social and management characteristics of the residence than the physical characteristics. The study observed that although overall satisfaction is derived, there is still adequate room for improvement in order to deliver better housing for students. The outcome of this study provides a possible direction for the management of private higher institutions in improving their students' housing delivery in order to achieve higher students' satisfaction.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.166
title: STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF INCENTIVES FOR STATE-OF-THE-ART NET-ZERO ENERGY HOUSES

description: Over the past several years, the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) has reported that buildings consume about 40% of the total energy produced. As a consequence, buildings emit high volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2). The everincreasing population demand implies that buildings will continue their consumption and emit gasses in high proportions if appropriate steps are not taken. Federal and state agencies offer various financial incentives to motivate homeowners to adopt energy efficient alternatives. In this research, major cash inflows and outflows are identified for Net Zero Energy Houses (NZEH) and breakeven analysis is conducted by considering that the houses are constructed in two US states having significantly different climatic conditions. The cash inflows considered in this research are from Federal and State incentive programs and savings generated by adopting NZEH. Sensitivity analysis is also conducted to determine the impact of variation in in government incentives, market interest rate, electricity rates and rate of construction. Results show that when some of the incentives are utilized the breakeven for a NZEH construction could be less than 4 years. Sensitivity analysis shows that the breakeven is most sensitive to changes in government incentives and market interest rate.
DOI: 10.12755/isec.res.2019.167
title: STUDY OF A MULTIPLE-TUNED MASS DAMPER FOR EXCESSIVE FLOOR VIBRATIONS MITIGATION

description: Excessive vibration of architectural structures due to human movements has become an important serviceability issue. Tuned Mass Dampers or Vibration Absorbers have been used to mitigate the problem. This paper presents studies on an easy to fabricate, assemble and tune Multiple Tuned Mass Damper (MTMD) that can alleviate vibrations due to the excitations of several modes of a floor system. Using a test floor at the Virginia Tech Vibration Testing Laboratory, a number of experiments were conducted with the MTMD active and inactive. Different excitations generated by an electrodynamic shaker, and people walking on the floor were used. The vibration tests were repeated at various times to check the consistency of the MTMD performance. The measured reduction in floor vibrations were compared to those predicted based on the analytical equations. The results have shown that the device is effective in reducing floor vibrations due to human movements in spite of its small mass compared to the mass of the test floor.