DOI: 10.25903/e8x4-ag45
title: The biophysical dynamics of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera: seasonal patterns and dispersal mechanisms in the southeast Pacific  

description: <p><strong>Background: </strong>Dispersal and connectivity play important roles in shaping the population structure of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, across the east coast of South America. Its high potential dispersal capacity suggests the existence of metapopulations, where discrete habitat patches or groups of patches form subpopulations that interact at some level. However, the dispersal patterns of giant kelp along the east coast of South America has not been quantified. </p>
<p><strong>Objective:</strong> This study assesses the dispersal and settlement of Macrocystis pyrifera in the Southeast Pacific, specifically focusing on the impact of environmental variables and ocean currents within the Humboldt Current System. </p>
<p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a combination of hydrodynamic and individual-based models, we analysed kelp fragment movements over 12 years, with a particular emphasis on the effects of the El Ni&ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and seasonal changes. </p>
<p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results highlight a key settlement area in the southern Chilean region, indicating a vital source-sink dynamic for these kelp populations. We found that shorter travel distances of kelp fragments increased settlement success, underscoring the importance of local environmental conditions. ENSO events, especially La Ni&ntilde;a, significantly influenced dispersal distances. Seasonal variations, notably in autumn and winter, were observed to favour settlement due to stronger winds. Our study revealed complex northward trajectories of kelp fragments, driven by wind and current patterns. These findings are essential for informing kelp conservation strategies in the context of climate change, emphasizing the necessity of considering local and seasonal environmental factors alongside ENSO impacts.</p>
<p>Data sources acknowledgment: Mora-Soto, A., Palacios, M., Macaya, E. C., G&oacute;mez, I., Huovinen, P., P&eacute;rez-Matus, A., ... & Macias-Fauria, M. (2020). A high-resolution global map of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests and intertidal green algae (Ulvophyceae) with Sentinel-2 imagery. Remote Sensing, 12(4), 694. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040694">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040694</a> </p>
<p>This dataset consist of:</p>
<ul>
<li>One CSV file that contains the coordinates and density of kelp</li>
<li>Two files with the output of the biophysical model after being processed (they contain the same information but in different formats)</li>
<li>One R file with the code to process the data and run the statistical analysis </li>
<li>README.txt file containing descriptors for the R files.</li>
</ul>
<p>Software/equipment used to create/collect the data:</p>
<ul>
<li>Google Earth Engine to obtain kelp distribution</li>
</ul>
<p>Software/equipment used to manipulate/analyse the data:</p>
<ul>
<li>ArcGIS to create the kelp density map</li>
<li>Ichthyop to run the biophysical model</li>
<li>R to process the Ichthyop output and to run the statistical models</li>
</ul>