DOI: 10.21227/s2ae-ze25
title: Data Fusion Contest 2019 (DFC2019)

description: The Contest: Goals and Organisation The 2019 Data Fusion Contest, organized by the Image Analysis and Data Fusion Technical Committee (IADF TC) of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS), the Johns Hopkins University (JHU), and the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), aimed to promote research in semantic 3D reconstruction and stereo using machine intelligence and deep learning applied to satellite images. The global objective was to reconstruct both a 3D geometric model and a segmentation of semantic classes for an urban scene. Incidental satellite images, airborne lidar data, and semantic labels were provided to the community. The 2019 Data Fusion Contest consisted of four parallel and independent competitions, corresponding to four diverse tasks:Track 1: Single-view Semantic 3D ChallengeTrack 2: Pairwise Semantic Stereo ChallengeTrack 3: Multi-view Semantic Stereo ChallengeTrack 4: 3D Point Cloud Classification Challenge The DataIn the contest, we provide Urban Semantic 3D (US3D) data, a large-scale public dataset including multi-view, multi-band satellite images and ground truth geometric and semantic labels for two large cities [1]. The US3D dataset includes incidental satellite images, airborne lidar, and semantic labels covering approximately 100 square kilometers over Jacksonville, Florida and Omaha, Nebraska, United States. For the contest, we provide train and test datasets for each challenge track including approximately twenty percent of the US3D data.Multidate Satellite Images: For the contest, WorldView-3 panchromatic and 8-band visible and near infrared (VNIR) images are provided courtesy of DigitalGlobe. Source data consists of 26 images collected between 2014 and 2016 over Jacksonville, Florida, and 43 images collected between 2014 and 2015 over Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Ground sampling distance (GSD) is approximately 35 cm and 1.3 m for panchromatic and VNIR images, respectively. VNIR images are all pan-sharpened. Satellite images are provided in geographically non-overlapping tiles, where airborne lidar data and semantic labels are projected into the same plane. Unrectified images (for Tracks 1 and 3) and epipolar rectified image pairs (for Track 2) are provided as TIFF files.Airborne LiDAR data are used to provide ground-truth geometry. The aggregate nominal pulse spacing (ANPS) is approximately 80 cm. Point clouds are provided in ASCII text files with format {x, y, z, intensity, return number} for Track 4. Training data derived from lidar includes ground truth above ground level (AGL) height images for Track 1, pairwise disparity images for Track 2, and digital surface models (DSM) for Track 3, all provided as TIFF files.Semantic labels are provided as TIFF files for each geographic tile in Tracks 1-3 and ASCII text files in Track 4. Semantic classes in the contest include buildings, elevated roads and bridges, high vegetation, ground, water, etc. We provide all the above datasets for the training regions only. For the validation and test regions, only satellite images are provided in Tracks 1-3 and only lidar point clouds are provided in Track 4. The ground truth for the validation and test sets remains undisclosed and will be used for evaluation of the results. The training and test sets for the contest include dozens of images for each geographic 500m x 500m tile: 111 tiles for the training set; 10 tiles for the validation set; 10 tiles for the test set. Challenge tracksTrack 1: Single-view semantic 3DFor each geographic tile, an unrectified single-view image is provided. The objective is to predict semantic labels and normalized DSM (nDSM) above-ground heights. Participants of Track 1 are intended to submit 2D semantic maps and AGL maps in raster format (similar to the tif file of the training set). Performance is assessed using the pixel-wise mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) for which true positives must have both the correct semantic label and height error less than a threshold of 1 meter. We call this metric mIoU-3. Track 2: Pairwise semantic stereoFor each geographic tile, a pair of epipolar rectified images is given. The objective is to predict semantic labels and stereo disparities. Participants of Track 1 are intended to submit 2D semantic maps and disparity maps in raster format (similar to the tif file of the training set). Performance is assessed using mIoU-3 with a threshold of 3 pixels for disparity values. Track 3: Multi-view semantic stereo Given multi-view images for each geographic tile, the objective is to predict semantic labels and a DSM. Unrectified images are provided with RPC metadata already adjusted using the lidar so that registration is not required in evaluation and so that solutions can focus on methods for image selection, correspondence, semantic labeling, and multi-view fusion. Since this track relies on RPC metadata which may not be familiar to everyone, the baseline algorithm provided includes simple python code to manipulate RPC for epipolar rectification and triangulation. Participants of Track 3 are intended to submit 2D semantic maps and DSMs in raster format (similar to the tif file of the training set). Performance is assessed using mIoU-3 with a threshold of 1 meter for the DSM Z values. Track 4: 3D point cloud classification For each geographic tile, lidar point cloud data is provided. The objective is to predict a semantic label for each 3D point. Participants of Track 4 are intended to submit 3D semantic predictions in ASCII text files (similar to the text files of the training set). Performance is assessed using mIoU. Baseline methodsBaseline solutions are provided for each challenge track to help participants get started quickly and better understand the data and its intended use. Deep learning models for image semantic segmentation (for Tracks 1, 2, and 3), point cloud semantic segmentation (for Track 4), single-image height prediction (for Track 1), and pairwise stereo disparity estimation (for Tracks 2 and 3) are provided. Each of these was implemented in Keras with TensorFlow. The models, python code to train them, and python code for inference are provided. A baseline semantic MVS solution (for Track 3) implemented in python is also provided to clearly demonstrate the use of RPC metadata for basic tasks such as epipolar rectification and triangulation. AcknowledgementsThe IADF TC chairs would like to thank IARPA and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for providing the data and the IEEE GRSS for continuously supporting the annual Data Fusion Contest through funding and resources. Contest Terms and ConditionsThe data are provided for the purpose of participation in the 2019 Data Fusion Contest and remain available for further research efforts provided that subsequent terms of use are respected. Participants acknowledge that they have read and agree to the following Contest Terms and Conditions:The owners of the data and of the copyright on the data are DigitalGlobe, IARPA and Johns Hopkins University.Any dissemination or distribution of the data packages by any registered user is strictly forbidden.The data can be used in scientific publications subject to approval by the IEEE GRSS Image Analysis and Data Fusion Technical Committee and by the data owners on a case-by- case basis. To submit a scientific publication for approval, the publication shall be sent as an attachment to an e-mail addressed to iadf_chairs@grss-ieee.org.In any scientific publication using the data, the data shall be identified as “grss_dfc_2019” and shall be referenced as follows: “[REF. NO.] 2019 IEEE GRSS Data Fusion Contest. Online: http://www.grss-ieee.org/community/technical-committees/data-fusion”.Any scientific publication using the data shall include a section “Acknowledgement”. This section shall include the following sentence: “The authors would like to thank the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and IARPA for providing the data used in this study, and the IEEE GRSS Image Analysis and Data Fusion Technical Committee for organizing the Data Fusion Contest.Any scientific publication using the data shall refer to the following papers: [Bosch et al., 2019] Bosch, M. ; Foster, G. ; Christie, G. ; Wang, S. ; Hager, G.D. ; Brown, M. : Semantic Stereo for Incidental Satellite Images. Proc. of Winter Conf. on Applications of Computer Vision, 2019.[Le Saux et al., 2019] Le Saux, B. ; Yokoya, N. ; Hänsch, R. ; Brown, M. ; Hager, G.D. ; Kim, H. : 2019 IEEE GRSS Data Fusion Contest: Semantic 3D Reconstruction [Technical Committees], IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, March 2019