DOI: 10.3886/icpsr34312.v9
title: Maternal Lifestyle Study in Four Sites in the United States, 1993-2011
title: Version 9

description: The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS) was the largest of the NIH longitudinal studies of children with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). MLS was a longitudinal multi-site observational study of the long-term effects of in-utero exposure to cocaine on child development. MLS was conducted at four geographically diverse, collaborating university centers (Wayne State University, University of Tennessee at Memphis, University of Miami, and Brown University). Participants were identified during the newborn period while in the hospital. The MLS began enrollment of a longitudinal birth cohort of 1,388 infant/mother dyads in 1993. Subjects in the follow-up were seen from 1 month of age through 16 years of age. The overall purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of drug use during pregnancy on acute neonatal events and long-term physical health, social, behavioral and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The study included five phases of data collection. The first phase examined acute effects of maternal substance use on infant health outcomes at birth. The four subsequent follow-up phases examined development across the following periods: Phase II -- 1-36 months; Phase III -- 4-7 years; Phase IV -- 8-11 years; Phase V -- 12-16 years. In Phase I, the study screened 19,079 infants between May 1993 and May 1995. Mothers at these centers were enrolled in the study within 24 hours after delivery. Initial screening included the mother's labor and delivery chart, the newborn admission chart, and a meconium sample. Infant meconium was collected and samples were express shipped to a central laboratory for analysis of metabolites of illicit drugs. Additionally, a drug use questionnaire that addressed the mother's use during pregnancy of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and other illicit drugs was given by research staff that were trained and certified in the reliable administration of all of the study interviews. A mother-child dyad was considered exposed if a mother admitted to using cocaine during pregnancy and/or there was a positive meconium assay for cocaine metabolites including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmation. Nonexposed children were those who were born to mothers who denied cocaine use, confirmed by negative meconium test results. Acute outcomes evaluated in Phase I included: central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) findings and symptoms, abruption placenta, fetal growth retardation, congenital malformations, respiratory distress syndrome, chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and periventricular leukomalacia. From the initial Phase I cohort of 8,627 dyads, 1,388 participants for the longitudinal follow-up were recruited at a 1-month visit. The sample included a cohort of exposed infants (n = 658) who were group matched within site with a group of non-exposed comparison infants (n=730) by gestational age categories (32, 33-36, and 36 weeks) and child gender, race, and ethnicity. At the 1-month visit, the biological mother was interviewed for a detailed inventory of her legal and illegal drug use during pregnancy using the Maternal Interview of Substance Use (MISU). Phase II examined the first 36 months of life for the sample of 1,388. Follow-up visits occurred at 1, 4, 7, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months (corrected age). Outcomes examined included physical health, developmental, behavioral, social, and environmental outcomes. Phase III followed children at 4, 4.5, 5, 6, and 7 years. In addition to outcomes examined in Phase II, school performance and neurodevelopmental measures of emotional and behavioral self-regulation were also examined. Phase IV covers ages 8, 9, 10, and 11 years of age. Outcomes in this phase were further expanded to include antisocial behavior, onset of substance use, psychopathology, and neuroendocrine function. Phase V assessed children at ages 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 years of age. The fifth phase of the study has a significant emphasis on psychopathology, school performance, peer relationships, substance use onset and risk taking behaviors, including risky sexual behaviors.
description: The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS) enrolled 8,627 mothers shortly after birth from four geographically-diverse sites. Mothers provided informed consent, and a NIDA Certificate of Confidentiality was obtained by each site that assured confidentiality of information regarding the mothers' drug use. The recruitment strategy was designed to identify and recruit all women delivering very low birth weight infants of 501 to 1,500 grams. For mothers delivering low birth weight infants (1,501-2,500 grams) and normal birth weight infants (greater than 2,500 grams), recruitment varied by site. Exclusion criteria have been published. The longitudinal follow-up was recruited from the original large sample. Exposed dyads were group matched within site to non-exposed dyads on race, infant gender and gestational age (less than 32 weeks, 33-36 weeks, and greater than 36 weeks). There were 1,388 dyads enrolled in the longitudinal sample at the 1-month visit, including 658 exposed (543 infants with prenatal cocaine exposed; 58 with opiate exposure; and 57 with both cocaine and opiate exposure) and 730 comparison dyads who were not exposed to either cocaine or opiates during pregnancy. To be included, the dyad had to participate in the 1-month visit (age corrected for prematurity). Potential matched comparison dyads not attending the 1-month visit could be replaced, but not exposed dyads, leading to uneven size groups.
description: Datasets: DS0: Study-Level Files DS1: Prenatal Cocaine and Opiate Exposure Data DS2: Body Mass Index Data, Birth to Year 16 DS3: Phase I: Subject Matching Data DS4: Phase I: Recruitment Data DS5: Phase I: Participant Data DS6: Phase II: Demographic and Drug Screen Data DS7: Phase II: M01 Administrative Data DS8: Phase II: M01 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS9: Phase II: M01 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index DS10: Phase II: M01 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form DS11: Phase II: M01 Child Performance Data DS12: Phase II: M01 Medical Data, 1 Month Interval Medical History DS13: Phase II: M01 Medical Data, Cranial Ultrasound DS14: Phase II: M01 Supplement Data, Cry Analysis DS15: Phase II: M04 Administrative Data DS16: Phase II: M04 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS17: Phase II: M04 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Agency Report DS18: Phase II: M04 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form DS19: Phase II: M04 Child Performance Data DS20: Phase II: M04 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies DS21: Phase II: M04 Examiner Evaluation Data, BAIT Scores DS22: Phase II: M04 Medical Data, Interval Medical History DS23: Phase II: M04 Child Performance Data, BAIT Physiology DS24: Phase II: M04 Child Performance Data, Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm DS25: Phase II: M08 Administrative Data DS26: Phase II: M08 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS27: Phase II: M08 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form DS28: Phase II: M08 Medical Data, Interval Medical History DS29: Phase II: M08 Medical Data, Neurological Examination DS30: Phase II: M10 Administrative Data DS31: Phase II: M10 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS32: Phase II: M10 Examiner Evaluation Data DS33: Phase II: M12 Administrative Data DS34: Phase II: M12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS35: Phase II: M12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Agency Report DS36: Phase II: M12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form DS37: Phase II: M12 Child Performance Data DS38: Phase II: M12 Examiner Evaluation Data DS39: Phase II: M12 Medical Data, Interval Medical History DS40: Phase II: M12 Medical Data, Neurological Examination DS41: Phase II: M12 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation DS42: Phase II: M18 Administrative Data DS43: Phase II: M18 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS44: Phase II: M18 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form DS45: Phase II: M18 Child Performance Data DS46: Phase II: M18 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies DS47: Phase II: M18 Examiner Evaluation Data, Attachment - Strange Situation DS48: Phase II: M18 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation DS49: Phase II: M24 Administrative Data DS50: Phase II: M24 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS51: Phase II: M24 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form DS52: Phase II: M24 Child Performance Data DS53: Phase II: M24 Medical Data DS54: Phase II: M24 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation DS55: Phase II: M30 Administrative Data DS56: Phase II: M30 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS57: Phase II: M30 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test DS58: Phase II: M30 Child Performance Data DS59: Phase II: M30 Examiner Evaluation Data DS60: Phase II: M36 Administrative Data DS61: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS62: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form DS63: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Lead Exposure Risk Assessment DS64: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test DS65: Phase II: M36 Child Performance Data DS66: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Adult DS67: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Child DS68: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Attachment - Strange Situation DS69: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Census Characteristics DS70: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies DS71: Phase II: M36 Medical Data DS72: Phase II: M36 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation DS73: Phase III: Y4 Administrative Data DS74: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS75: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) DS76: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index (ASI), Scoring DS77: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS78: Phase III: Y4 Child Performance Data DS79: Phase III: Y4 Child Performance Data Supplemental DS80: Phase III: Y4 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies DS81: Phase III: Y4 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Adult DS82: Phase III: Y4 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Child DS83: Phase III: Y4 Medical Data DS84: Phase III: Y4.5 Medical Data Administrative Data DS85: Phase III: Y4.5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS86: Phase III: Y4.5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory DS87: Phase III: Y4.5 Child Performance Data DS88: Phase III: Y4.5 Examiner Evaluation Data DS89: Phase III: Y4.5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult DS90: Phase III: Y4.5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child DS91: Phase III: Y5 Administrative Data DS92: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS93: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services and Foster Care - Long DS94: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse DS95: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test DS96: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Scoring DS97: Phase III: Y5 Child Performance Data DS98: Phase III: Y5 Child Performance Data Supplemental DS99: Phase III: Y5 Examiner Evaluation Data DS100: Phase III: Y5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult DS101: Phase III: Y5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child DS102: Phase III: Y5 Medical Data DS103: Phase III: Y5.5 Administrative Data DS104: Phase III: Y5.5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS105: Phase III: Y5.5 Examiner Evaluation Data DS106: Phase III Y6 Administrative Data DS107: Phase III Y6 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS108: Phase III Y6 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS109: Phase III Y6 Mother/Caregiver Report; Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse DS110: Phase III Y6 Child Performance Data DS111: Phase III Y6 Child Performance Data, Supplement DS112: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Empathy DS113: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Comfort Strategies DS114: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult DS115: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child DS116: Phase III Y6 Medical Data DS117: Phase III Y7 Administrative Data DS118: Phase III Y7 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS119: Phase III Y7 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS120: Phase III Y7 Mother/Caregiver Report; Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse DS121: Phase III Y7 Child Performance Data DS122: Phase III Y7 Child Report Data DS123: Phase III Y7 Teacher Report Data DS124: Phase III Y7 Examiner Evaluation Data DS125: Phase III Y7 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child DS126: Phase III Y7 Medical Data DS127: Phase IV Y8 Administrative Data DS128: Phase IV Y8 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS129: Phase IV Y8 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS130: Phase IV Y8 Mother/Caregiver Report; Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse DS131: Phase IV Y8 Child Performance Data DS132: Phase IV Y8 Child Report Data DS133: Phase IV Y8 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult DS134: Phase IV Y8 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child DS135: Phase IV Y8 Medical Data DS136: Phase IV Y9 Administrative Data DS137: Phase IV Y9 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS138: Phase IV Y9 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS139: Phase IV Y9 Child Performance Data, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery DS140: Phase IV Y9 Child Performance Data DS141: Phase IV Y9 Child Report Data DS142: Phase IV Y9 Teacher Report Data DS143: Phase IV Y9 Teacher Report Data Mock Report Card DS144: Phase IV Y9 Examiner Evaluation Data DS145: Phase IV Y9 Medical Data DS146: Phase IV Y10 Administrative Data DS147: Phase IV Y10 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS148: Phase IV Y10 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS149: Phase IV Y10 Mother/Caregiver Report, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse and Coping With Children's Negative Emotion Scale (CCNES) DS150: Phase IV Y10 Child Performance Data DS151: Phase IV Y10 Child Report Data DS152: Phase IV Y10 Child Report Data, Affect Elicitation DS153: Phase IV Y10 Medical Data DS154: Phase IV Y11 Administrative Data DS155: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS156: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Lifestyle Inventory of Family History (LIFH) -R DS157: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Lifestyle Inventory of Family History (LIFH) -B DS158: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS159: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) DS160: Phase IV Y11 Child Performance Data DS161: Phase IV Y11 Child Report Data DS162: Phase IV Y11 Child Report Data, Children's Eating Attitude Test (ChEAT) DS163: Phase IV Y11 Teacher Report Data DS164: Phase IV Y11 Examiner Evaluation DS165: Phase IV Y11 Medical Data DS166: Phase V Y12 Administrative Data DS167: Phase V Y12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS168: Phase V Y12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS169: Phase V Y12 Child Performance Data DS170: Phase V Y12 Child Report Data DS171: Phase V Y12 Medical Data DS172: Phase V Y13 Administrative Data DS173: Phase V Y13 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS174: Phase V Y13 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS175: Phase V Y13 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse DS176: Phase V Y13 Child Performance Data DS177: Phase V Y13 Child Report Data DS178: Phase V Y13 Examiner Evaluation DS179: Phase V Y13 Medical Data DS180: Phase V Y14 Administrative Data DS181: Phase V Y14 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS182: Phase V Y14 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS183: Phase V Y14 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse DS184: Phase V Y14 Child Report Data DS185: Phase V Y14 Child Report Data, Affect Elicitation DS186: Phase V Y14 Child Report Data, Children's Emphatic Attitudes Questionnaire (CEAQ) DS187: Phase V Y14 Medical Data DS188: Phase V Y15 Administrative Data DS189: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS190: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long DS191: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Antisocial Process Screening Device DS192: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Parent Report on Child's Close Friends DS193: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse DS194: Phase V Y15 Child Performance Data DS195: Phase V Y15 Child Performance Data, Balloon Analogue Risk Task-Youth (BART-Y) Main Balloon (summary) DS196: Phase V Y15 Child Report Data DS197: Phase V Y15 Child Report Data, About My Parent DS198: Phase V Y15 Child Report Data, Adolescent Health Behavior Survey (AHBS) DS199: Phase V Y15 Medical Data DS200: Phase V Y16 Administrative Data DS201: Phase V Y16 Mother/Caregiver Report Data DS202: Phase V Y16 Child Report Data DS203: Phase V Y16 Medical Data
description: Mother and infant born from May 1993 to May 1995 at four participating centers, with longitudinal follow-up of mothers/caregivers, children and environment from 1 month to 16 years. Smallest Geographic Unit: Data collection site (city)
description: audio computer-assisted self interview (ACASI); record abstracts; computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI); coded on-site observation; coded video observation; cognitive assessment test; face-to-face interview; paper and pencil interview (PAPI)Release 1: Includes data on prenatal cocaine and opiate exposure, body mass index (BMI) measurements for the study participants, Phase I data, and Phase II data for months 1 through 12. Release 2: Includes data from Month 18, Month 24, Month 30, and Month 36 from Phase III. Release 3: Includes year 4, the first year in Phase III. Release 4: Includes years 4.5 and 5 from Phase III. Release 5: Includes years 5.5, 6, and 7 from Phase III and 8 from Phase IV. Release 6: Includes years 9 and 10 from Phase IV. Release 7: Includes year 11 from phase IV and year 12 from Phase V. Release 8: Contains the data for the final waves of the study which include years 13 through 16 from Phase V. Release 9: Contains updates including the addition of scoring variables to datasets 74, 80, 99, 112, 124, 128, 132, 142, 147, 151, 155, 160, 161, 163, 167 and 170. MLS was conducted under the auspices of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), with co-funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Administration on Children, Youth, and Families (ACYF), and the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT).