DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5qfttdz6c
title: Data from: Papilio butterfly vs. hawkmoth pollination explains floral syndrome dichotomy in a clade of Lilium

description: This dataset contains data described in the paper recently accepted by
 Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society:“ Liu C-Q, Niu Y, Lu Q-B, Chen Z,
 Cai B, Fang Y, Gao Y-D. (2021) Papilio butterfly vs. hawkmoth
 pollination explains floral syndrome dichotomy in a clade of Lilium".
 The Leucolirion  clade of Lilium contains species with either
 tepal-recurved or trumpet-shaped flowers. We hypothesized that the
 tepal-recurved flowers  might be pollinated by butterflies and/or
 birds while the trumpet-shaped flowers might permit visitation by a
 variety of hawkmoths. Lilium leucanthum has trumpet shaped flowers, and
 some populations of this species show dark coloration on the floral outer
 surface, suggesting pollination by mammals. We examined the dependence of
 reproduction on pollinators by pollen load analysis and pollination
 experiments. We also analysed floral traits to contrast the two floral
 syndromes involving different lepidopteran groups.   The
 tepal-recurved lilies delivered pollen by Papilio butterflies with pollen
 predominantly attached to the hindwings. The trumpet-shaped flowers
 attracted diverse species with proboscises of different lengths.
 Self-incompatibility prevails throughout the clade. Exclusion of
 lepidopteran visitors resulted in very low seed set. The butterfly- and
 hawkmoth-pollinated species display contrasting floral syndromes. Thus,
 the dichotomy in floral syndrome, including nectar, color, and morphology
 in the Leucolirion clade is associated with Papilio butterfly vs. hawkmoth
 pollination. Intraspecific variation in colour of the floral outer surface
 of L. leucanthum  was also confirmed by our measurements.
   These data can be used in further research on the floral
 ecology and evolution of Lilium and may also be needed in reviews of
 flower-hawkmoth interactions and hawkmoth biology.
description: Flower visitor observations were conducted directly by
 researchers working in the field. Pollination treatments were conducted in
 the field using randomly chosen individuals. Floral morphology and moth
 proboscises were measured by plastic rulers or digital callipers. Pollen
 load analysis were investigated by capturing flower visitors. Floral
 colour in terms of reflectance spectra was measured using a spectrometer
 (Flame), equipped with a UV-visble light source (DH-2000, both by Ocean
 Optics Inc., Dunedin, FL, USA). See the text of the article for more
 details.
description: The readme file contains the explanations of
 abbreviations, measurement units for each variable, and the results of
 reflectance spectra. Information on how the measurements were done can be
 found in the associated manuscript referenced above. We filled some cells
 in these XLSX with n/a, because numbers of duplicates could not be
 subjectively determined in the field so disequilibrium of sample sizes was
 inevitable.    “Floral
 traits” includes data on nectar and
 morphology. Each flower was measured for both
 concentration and length in an glass capillary, which are presented in a
 pair of neighbouring cells with one above and the other one below. Length
 can be used to work out the volume: volume =
 π × r<sup>2
 </sup>× length. In the
 morphology sheet, tepal length and tepal curvature each for each flower
 were presented in a pair of cells with one on the right and the other one
 on the left. “Hawkmoth proboscis
 length” presents data on measured individuals of
 10 species (mm). “Pollen loads on
 butterflies” shows the numbers of pollen grains
 attached to different parts of a butterfly
 visiting<i> Lilium rosthornii
 </i>or<i> Lilium henry</i>i. “Pollination treatments” shows data on the numbers of ovules and seeds in the fruits used in pollination treatments. The numbers of ovules and seeds in each fruit are given in a pair of neighbouring cells with one above and the other one below. “Ovules” means those that failed to develop into a seed with a embryo, which could clearly be seen by the naked eye. "Reflectance spectra" represent the results of floral tepal reflectance spectra.