DOI: 10.5061/dryad.08kprr5dh
title: Long-term fitness effects of the early-life environment in a wild bird population

description: Environmental conditions and experiences during development can have
 long-term fitness consequences, including a reduction of adulthood
 survival and reproduction. These long-term fitness consequences may play
 an important role in shaping the evolution of life history. We tested two
 hypotheses on the long-term fitness effects of the developmental
 environment – the silver spoon hypothesis and the internal Predictive
 Adaptive Response (PAR) hypothesis. We compared the change in annual
 survival and annual reproductive output with age for adult birds hatched
 and reared in poor (impacted by anthropogenic noise, and/or high sibling
 competition) and good (not impacted by anthropogenic noise, and/or low
 sibling competition) environments. We used a 23-year longitudinal fitness
 dataset from a wild house sparrow (Passer domesticus) population that was
 unusually precise due to the isolation of the population. We used a
 cross-fostering setup to disentangle postnatal environmental effects from
 prenatal effects. We found that adults that experienced more within-brood
 competition had a stronger increase in early-life annual survival, but
 also a stronger decrease in late-life annual survival. Females that
 hatched in a noisy environment produced fewer genetic recruits annually,
 supporting a sex-specific silver spoon effect. Males reared in a noisy
 environment had accelerated reproductive schedules, presenting a
 sex-specific internal PAR. Our results highlight that anthropogenic noise
 can have long-term fitness consequences in wild animals, altering their
 life-history strategies, and that there may be sex-specific effects.
description: # Long-term fitness effects of the early-life environment in a wild bird
 population Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.08kprr5dh](10.5061/dryad.08kprr5dh)
 ## Description of the data and file structure The data was collected
 during 2000-2012 from a wild house sparrow (*Passer domesticus*)
 population on Lundy Island, UK. The population has been systematically
 monitored for 23 y for breeding activities and survival status for each
 bird. ### Files and variables Empty cells and NA in all files indicate
 data not available, usually because we were not able to record this
 information. #### File: sys_FecundityByBroodSummary.xlsx and
 sys_FecundityByBroodSummary.csv **Description:** support data to extract
 natural history information per brood. The data in the two files are
 identical, with the .csv version to improve accessibility. ##### Variables
 * BroodRef: a unique number to identify each brood * BroodName: a unique
 name to identify each brood * NestboxRef: the nest box where the brood was
 * SocialDadID: the identity of the social father of the brood *
 SocialDadCertain: whether the identity of the social father was certain
 (TRUE/FALSE) * SocialMumID: the identity of the social mother of the brood
 * SocialMumCertain: whether the identity of the social mother was certain
 (TRUE/FALSE) * BroodYear: the year when the brood was produced * Eggs:
 number of eggs in the brood * Hatchlings: number of hatchlings in the
 brood * FledgeNperOriginalClutch: number of fledglings that were *hatched*
 in this brood * FledgeNperRearingNest: number of fledglings that were
 *reared* in this brood * StartDay: Julian date of the year when the brood
 started #### File: actuarial_final_BF_BO.xlsx and
 actuarial_final_BF_BO.csv **Description:** survival data with variables
 required for modeling survival senescence. The data in the two files are
 identical, with the .csv version to improve accessibility. ##### Variables
 * BirdID: a unique number to identify each bird * SexEstimate: 0 = female,
 1 = male * Cohort: birth year of the bird * NatalBroodRef: the brood where
 the egg was laid * NatalNestboxRef: the nest box where the egg was laid *
 NatalNestbox: name the nest box where the egg was laid * FosterBrood: the
 brood where the chick was reared * FosterNestboxRef: the nest box where
 the chick was reared * RearingNestbox: name of the nest box where the
 chick was reared * DeathStatus: a code for record type in the database
 (not used in this analysis) * DeathDate: generated approximate death date,
 should be in line with the last live record * LastLiveRecord: time when
 the bird was last observed * LastStage: 3 = postfledgling *
 BroodSizeHatchling: number of hatchlings in the natal brood * Year: year
 of observation * Age: age of the bird in the given year * Survival: 0 =
 dead, 1 = survived * NatalEnv: natal environment, Q = Quiet, N = Noisy *
 RearingEnv: rearing environment, Q = Quiet, N = Noisy *
 BroodSizeFledgling: number of fledglings in the rearing brood *
 NatalBroodOrder: natal brood order * FosterBroodOrder: rearing brood order
 #### File: ARO_F_240221.xlsx and ARO_F_240221.csv **Description:** female
 annual reproductive output data with variables required for modeling
 reproductive senescence. The data in the two files are identical, with the
 .csv version to improve accessibility. ##### Variables * BirdID: a unique
 number to identify each bird * SexEstimate: 0 = female * Cohort: birth
 year of the bird * NatalBroodRef: the brood where the egg was laid *
 NatalNestboxRef: the nest box where the egg was laid * NatalNestbox: name
 the nest box where the egg was laid * FosterBrood: the brood where the
 chick was reared * FosterNestboxRef: the nest box where the chick was
 reared * RearingNestbox: name of the nest box where the chick was reared *
 DeathStatus: a code for record type in the database (not used in this
 analysis) * DeathDate: generated approximate death date, should be in line
 with the last live record * LastLiveRecord: time when the bird was last
 observed * LastStage: 3 = postfledgling * BroodSizeHatchling: number of
 hatchlings in the natal brood * Year: year of observation * Age: age of
 the bird in the given year * Survival: 0 = dead, 1 = survived * NatalEnv:
 natal environment, Q = Quiet, N = Noisy * RearingEnv: rearing environment,
 Q = Quiet, N = Noisy * BroodSizeFledgling: number of fledglings in the
 rearing brood * NatalBroodOrder: natal brood order * FosterBroodOrder:
 rearing brood order NumberOfBroods: number of broods the bird produced in
 the year * NumberOfEggs: number of eggs the bird produced in the year *
 NumberOfFledglings: number of fledglings the bird produced in the year *
 NumberOfAnnualRecruit: number of recruits the bird produced in the year *
 Reproduced: whether the bird reproduced in the year, 0 = no, 1 = yes *
 MeanAge: mean of the age of the bird * DeltaAge: within-individual
 centered age * LastBreedingYear: last breeding year * LR: last
 reproduction: 0 = no, 1 = yes #### File: ARO_M_240221.xlsx and
 ARO_M_240221.csv **Description:** male annual reproductive output data
 with variables required for modeling reproductive senescence. The data in
 the two files are identical, with the .csv version to improve
 accessibility. ##### Variables * BirdID: a unique number to identify each
 bird * SexEstimate: 0 = female * Cohort: birth year of the bird *
 NatalBroodRef: the brood where the egg was laid * NatalNestboxRef: the
 nest box where the egg was laid * NatalNestbox: name the nest box where
 the egg was laid * FosterBrood: the brood where the chick was reared *
 FosterNestboxRef: the nest box where the chick was reared *
 RearingNestbox: name of the nest box where the chick was reared *
 DeathStatus: a code for record type in the database (not used in this
 analysis) * DeathDate: generated approximate death date, should be in line
 with the last live record * LastLiveRecord: time when the bird was last
 observed * LastStage: 3 = postfledgling * BroodSizeHatchling: number of
 hatchlings in the natal brood * Year: year of observation * Age: age of
 the bird in the given year * Survival: 0 = dead, 1 = survived * NatalEnv:
 natal environment, Q = Quiet, N = Noisy * RearingEnv: rearing environment,
 Q = Quiet, N = Noisy * BroodSizeFledgling: number of fledglings in the
 rearing brood * NatalBroodOrder: natal brood order * FosterBroodOrder:
 rearing brood order * NumberOfBroods: number of broods the bird produced
 in the year * NumberOfEggs: number of eggs the bird produced in the year *
 NumberOfFledglings: number of fledglings the bird produced in the year *
 NumberOfAnnualRecruit: number of recruits the bird produced in the year *
 Reproduced: whether the bird reproduced in the year, 0 = no, 1 = yes *
 MeanAge: mean of the age of the bird * DeltaAge: within-individual
 centered age * LastBreedingYear: last breeding year * LR: last
 reproduction: 0 = no, 1 = yes #### File: BE_Sun_analysis250605.R
 **Description:** R script for the analysis ## Code/software R version
 4.3.2 R packages (non-base): * ggpubr_0.6.0 * ggeffects_2.2.1 *
 ggplot2_3.5.1 * writexl_1.5.4 * performance_0.13.0 * DHARMa_0.4.7 *
 glmmTMB_1.1.10 * dplyr_1.1.4 * openxlsx_4.2.8