DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3925378
title: A deep learning reconstruction of mass balance series for all glaciers in the French Alps: 1967-2015

description: Glacier mass balance (MB) data are crucial to understand and quantify the regional effects of climate on glaciers and the high-mountain water cycle, yet observations cover only a small fraction of glaciers in the world. We present a dataset of annual glacier-wide surface mass balance of all the glaciers in the French Alps for the 1967-2015 period. This dataset has been reconstructed using deep learning (i.e. a deep artificial neural network), based on direct MB observations and remote sensing annual estimates, meteorological reanalyses and topographical data from glacier inventories. The method’s validity was assessed through an extensive cross-validation against a dataset of 32 glaciers , with an estimated average error (RMSE) of 0.55 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>, an explained variance (r2) of 75% and an average bias of -0.021 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>. We estimate an average regional area-weighted glacier-wide MB of -0.71±0.21 (1 sigma) m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> for the 1967-2015 period, with negative mass balances in the 1970s (-0.44 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), moderately negative in the 1980s (-0.16 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), and an increasing negative trend from the 1990s onwards, up to -1.34 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> in the 2010s. A comparison with ASTER-derived geodetic MB for the 2000-2015 period showed important differences with the photogrammetric geodetic MB used to train our model. When recalibrating our reconstructions with the new ASTER-derived geodetic MB, the estimated average regional area-weighted glacier-wide MB (1967-2015) is reduced to -0.64±0.21 (1 sigma) m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>. Following a topographical and regional analysis, we estimate that the massifs with the highest mass losses for the 1967-2015 period are the Chablais (-0.93 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), Champsaur and Haute-Maurienne (-0.86 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> both) and Ubaye ranges (-0.83 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), and the ones presenting the lowest mass losses are the Mont-Blanc (-0.69 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup>), Oisans and Haute-Tarentaise ranges (-0.75 m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> both). This dataset provides relevant and timely data for studies in the fields of glaciology, hydrology and ecology in the French Alps, in need of regional or glacier-specific annual net glacier mass changes in glacierized catchments. The MB dataset is presented in two different formats: (a) A single netCDF file containing the MB reconstructions, the glacier RGI and GLIMS IDs and the glacier names. This file contains all the necessary information to correctly interact with the data, including some metadata with the authorship and data units. (b) A dataset comprised of multiple CSV files, one for each of the 661 glaciers from the 2003 glacier inventory (Gardent et al., 2014), named with its GLIMS ID and RGI ID with the following format: GLIMS-ID_RGI-ID_SMB.csv. Both indexes are used since some glaciers that split into multiple sub-glaciers do not have an RGI ID. Split glaciers have the GLIMS ID of their "parent" glacier and an RGI ID equal to 0. Every file contains one column for the year number between 1967 and 2015 and another column for the annual glacier-wide MB time series. Glaciers with remote sensing-derived estimates (Rabatel et al., 2016) include this information as an additional column. This allows the user to choose the source of data, with remote sensing data having lower uncertainties (0.35±0.06 () m.w.e. a<sup>-1</sup> as estimated in Rabatel et al. (2016)). Columns are separated by semicolon (;).