cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j9j02
title: Data from: Adaptation to resistant hosts increases fitness on susceptible hosts in the plant parasitic nematode Globodera pallida

description: Trade-offs between virulence (defined as the ability to infect a resistant
 host) and life-history traits are of particular interest in plant
 pathogens for durable management of plant resistances. Adaptation to plant
 resistances (i.e., virulence acquisition) is indeed expected to be
 associated with a fitness cost on susceptible hosts. Here, we investigated
 whether life-history traits involved in the fitness of the potato cyst
 nematode Globodera pallida are affected in a virulent lineage compared to
 an avirulent one. Both lineages were obtained from the same natural
 population through experimental evolution on resistant and susceptible
 hosts, respectively. Unexpectedly, we found that virulent lineages were
 more fit than avirulent lineages on susceptible hosts: they produced
 bigger cysts, containing more larvae and hatching faster. We thus discuss
 possible reasons explaining why virulence did not spread into natural G.
 pallida populations.
description: Life-history traits of
 the virulent and avirulent lineagesVirulence level of the
 different G. pallida lineages
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3j2mp
title: Data from: Investigating the genetic architecture of conditional strategies using the environmental threshold model

description: The threshold expression of dichotomous phenotypes that are
 environmentally cued or induced comprise the vast majority of phenotypic
 dimorphisms in color, morphology, behavior, and life history. Modeled as
 conditional strategies under the framework of evolutionary game theory,
 the quantitative genetic basis of these traits is a challenge to estimate.
 The challenge exists firstly because the phenotypic expression of the
 trait is dichotomous and secondly because the apparent environmental cue
 is separate from the biological signal pathway that induces the switch
 between phenotypes. It is the cryptic variation underlying the translation
 of cue to phenotype that we address here. With a ‘half-sib common
 environment’ and a ‘family level split environment’ experiment, we examine
 the environmental and genetic influences that underlie male dimorphism in
 the earwig Forficula auricularia. From the conceptual framework of the
 Latent Environmental Threshold (LET) model, we use pedigree information to
 dissect the genetic architecture of the threshold expression of forceps
 length. We investigate for the first time the strength of the correlation
 between observable and cryptic ‘proximate’ cues. Furthermore, in support
 of the environmental threshold model, we found no evidence for a genetic
 correlation between cue and the threshold between phenotypes. Our results
 show strong correlations between observable and proximate cues and less
 genetic variation for thresholds than previous studies have suggested. We
 discuss the importance of generating better estimates of the genetic
 variation for thresholds when investigating the genetic architecture and
 heritability of threshold traits. By investigating genetic architecture by
 means of the LET model, our study supports several key evolutionary ideas
 related to conditional strategies and improves our understanding of
 environmentally cued decisions.
description: Earwigs data for Buzatto
 et al 2015 - Proc BTwo data sets with
 measurements and male morph information for the male dimorphic earwig
 Forficula auricularia. Both data sets have pedigree information, one of
 them (ISLANDS) with information from a half-sib common environment
 experiment with earwigs from three different islands; and the other one
 with information from a family level split environment (different diets)
 experiment (EXPERIMENTS) with earwigs from two different islands. All
 islands from the the Farne Islands group in Northumberland,
 UK.EARWIGS.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pf3k4
title: Data from: Prepupal building behavior in Drosophila melanogaster and its evolution under resource and time constraints

description: Structures built by animals are a widespread and ecologically important
 ‘extended phenotype’. While its taxonomic diversity has been well
 described, factors affecting short-term evolution of building behavior
 within a species have received little experimental attention. Here we
 describe how, given the opportunity, wandering Drosophila melanogaster
 larvae often build long tunnels in agar substrates and embed their pupae
 within them. These embedded larvae are characterized by a longer
 egg-to-pupariation developmental time than larvae that pupate on the
 surface. Assuming that such building behaviors are likely to be
 energetically costly and/or time consuming, we hypothesized that they
 should evolve to be less pronounced under resource or time limitation. In
 accord with this prediction, larvae from populations evolved for 160
 generations under a regime that combines larval malnutrition with limited
 developmental time dug shorter tunnels than larvae from control unselected
 populations. However, the proportion of larvae that embedded before
 pupation did not differ between the malnutrition-adapted and control
 populations, suggesting that tunnel length and likelihood of embedding
 before pupation are controlled by different genetic loci. The behaviors
 exhibited by wandering larvae of Drosophila melanogaster prior to pupation
 offer a model system to study evolution of animal building behaviors
 because the tunneling and embedding phenotypes are simple, facultative and
 highly variable.
description: Prepupal larval building
 behavior dataLarval Building
 behavior-Data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7nk90
title: Data from: Puma predation subsidizes an obligate scavenger in the high Andes

description: The ungulate–carnivore–vulture complex is a key trophic module of many
 terrestrial ecosystems, but one that is globally under threat. Few have
 explored cross-species dependencies in this module, and the degree to
 which vultures rely on trophic facilitation by apex carnivores is rarely
 known and almost never quantified. We investigated the importance of puma
 Puma concolor predation on its native camelid prey, vicuñas Vicugna
 vicugna and guanacos Lama guanicoe, in food provisioning for Andean
 condors Vultur gryphus in the high Andes of north-western Argentina. We
 evaluated the origin of wild food sources through carcass surveys. We
 quantified condor feeding habits via foraging observations and through the
 analysis of pellet contents and stable isotopes from moulted feathers. Of
 the 102 fresh camelid carcasses we monitored nearly all (94%) resulted
 from puma predation, and the majority (85%) of camelid carcasses used by
 condors were killed by pumas. Camelids represented 88% of the prey items
 identified from 183 condor pellets, and isotopic analyses of moulted
 feathers from 86 individuals identified via multilocus genotyping revealed
 that camelids and livestock were the most important prey items,
 representing 45–58% and 23–38% of condor assimilated biomass,
 respectively. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that puma
 predation plays a key role in the foraging ecology of Andean condors, and
 highlight the importance of predatory processes that make carrion
 available to scavengers. We contend that targeting the conservation of
 ungulate–carnivore–vulture modules, rather than a species-specific
 approach, will be a more effective strategy to ensure the long-term
 persistence of Andean condors and other obligate scavengers.
description: Stable isotope
 dataUncorrected δ13C and
 δ15N stable isotope signature of Andean condor molted feathers and hair of
 potential relevant terrestrial food sources.Perrig et
 al_JAE.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4d72h89
title: Data from: Flexible communication within bird families-the consequences of behavioural plasticity for parent-offspring coadaptation

description: Offspring are selected to demand more resources than what is optimal for
 their parents to provide, which results in a complex and dynamic interplay
 during parental care. Parent-offspring communication often involves
 conspicuous begging by the offspring which triggers a parental response,
 typically the transfer of food. So begging and parental provisioning
 reciprocally influence each other and are therefore expected to coevolve.
 There is indeed empirical evidence for covariation of offspring begging
 and parental provisioning at the phenotypic level. However, whether this
 reflects genetic correlations of mean levels of behaviours or a
 covariation of the slopes of offspring demand and parental supply
 functions (= behavioural plasticity) is not known. The latter has gone
 rather unnoticed - despite the obvious dynamics of parent-offspring
 communication. In this study we measured parental provisioning and begging
 behaviour at two different hunger levels using canaries (Serinus canaria)
 as a model species. This enabled us to simultaneously study the plastic
 responses of the parents and the offspring to changes in offspring need.
 We first tested whether parent and offspring behaviours covary
 phenotypically. Then, using a covariance-partitioning approach, we
 estimated whether the covariance predominantly occurred at a between-nest
 level (i.e. indicating a fixed strategy) or at a within-nest level (i.e.
 reflecting a flexible strategy). We found positive phenotypic covariation
 of offspring begging and parental provisioning, confirming previous
 evidence. Yet, this phenotypic covariation was mainly driven by a
 covariance at the within-nest level. That is parental and offspring
 behaviours covary because of a plastic behavioural co-adjustment,
 indicating that behavioural plasticity could be a main driver of
 parent-offspring coadaptation.
description: Behavioural plasticity
 for parent-offspring coadaptationWe measured
 parent-offspring interactions in canaries (Serinus canaria) at two
 different levels of nestling hunger (30 minutes and 60 minutes) in order
 to be able to separate between- and within-nest
 covariances.data_FresneauMuller.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r8jh5t00
title: Data from: Patterns of genetic variation in desiccation tolerance in embryos of the terrestrial-breeding frog, Pseudophryne guentheri

description: Environmental change often requires evolutionary responses, and therefore
 understanding the genetic architecture of susceptible populations is
 essential for predicting their capacity to respond adaptively. However,
 quantitative genetic studies are rarely targeted at populations considered
 vulnerable to such environmental perturbations. Here, we assess the level
 of heritable variation in the ability of embryos to tolerate desiccation
 stress in Pseudophryne guentheri, a terrestrial-breeding frog that is
 currently experiencing a drying climate. We applied a North Carolina II
 breeding design to identify sources of genetic and environmental variance,
 and genotype-by-environment interactions (GEIs), underlying the expression
 of embryo survival, hatching times, hatchling mass, size and shape. Our
 analysis revealed highly significant effects of water potential and
 maternal effects on all measured traits, while additive genetic effects
 were significant for hatchling shape and non-additive effects were
 observed for embryo survival. Interestingly, GEIs, including for some
 traits complex three-way sire-by-dam-by-environment interactions, were
 significant, indicating that progeny from certain male-female crosses were
 more tolerant to water stress than others. These findings suggest a
 limited capacity of P. guentheri to respond to a drying climate, but also
 reveal that the detrimental effects of non-viable male-female crosses
 (i.e. genetic incompatibility) can be masked in benign environments.
description: Eads_et_al_dataData files containing measurements of all variables - survival, time to hatch (TTH), mass, size, and shape (centroid and relative warps RWs).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.71ds5
title: Data from: Sex-specific winter distribution in a sexually dimorphic shorebird is explained by resource partitioning

description: Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) implies correlated differences in energetic
 requirements and feeding opportunities, such that sexes will face
 different trade-offs in habitat selection. In seasonal migrants, this
 could result in a differential spatial distribution across the wintering
 range. To identify the ecological causes of sexual spatial segregation, we
 studied a sexually dimorphic shorebird, the bar-tailed godwit Limosa
 lapponica, in which females have a larger body and a longer bill than
 males. With respect to the trade-offs that these migratory shorebirds
 experience in their choice of wintering area, northern and colder
 wintering sites have the benefit of being closer to the Arctic breeding
 grounds. According to Bergmann's rule, the larger females should
 incur lower energetic costs per unit of body mass over males, helping them
 to winter in the cold. However, as the sexes have rather different bill
 lengths, differences in sex-specific wintering sites could also be due to
 the vertical distribution of their buried prey, that is, resource
 partitioning. Here, in a comparison between six main intertidal wintering
 areas across the entire winter range of the lapponica subspecies in
 northwest Europe, we show that the percentage of females between sites was
 not correlated with the cost of wintering, but was positively correlated
 with the biomass in the bottom layer and negatively with the biomass in
 the top layer. We conclude that resource partitioning, rather than
 relative expenditure advantages, best explains the differential spatial
 distribution of male and female bar-tailed godwits across northwest
 Europe.
description: datafile
 1Basic datafile, with
 counts per sex and area, including the summary of benthic
 biomassdatafile
 2Datafile of the
 abdominal profile scores of male and female bar-tailed godwits per area.
 The costs of wintering are also includeddatafile
 3Summary of calculated
 costs of wintering and flying to and from their different wintering sites,
 separated per sex
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2jd45
title: Data from: Demographic modelling with whole-genome data reveals parallel origin of similar Pundamilia cichlid species after hybridization

description: Modes and mechanisms of speciation are best studied in young species
 pairs. In older taxa, it is increasingly difficult to distinguish what
 happened during speciation from what happened after speciation. Lake
 Victoria cichlids in the genus Pundamilia encompass a complex of young
 species and polymorphic populations. One Pundamilia species pair, P.
 pundamilia and P. nyererei, is particularly well suited to study
 speciation because sympatric population pairs occur with different levels
 of phenotypic differentiation and reproductive isolation at different
 rocky islands within the lake. Genetic distances between allopatric island
 populations of the same nominal species often exceed those between the
 sympatric species. It thus remained unresolved whether speciation into P.
 nyererei and P. pundamilia occurred once, followed by geographical range
 expansion and interspecific gene flow in local sympatry, or if the species
 pair arose repeatedly by parallel speciation. Here, we use genomic data
 and demographic modelling to test these alternative evolutionary
 scenarios. We demonstrate that gene flow plays a strong role in shaping
 the observed patterns of genetic similarity, including both gene flow
 between sympatric species and gene flow between allopatric populations, as
 well as recent and early gene flow. The best supported model for the
 origin of P. pundamilia and P. nyererei population pairs at two different
 islands is one where speciation happened twice, whereby the second
 speciation event follows shortly after introgression from an allopatric P.
 nyererei population that arose earlier. Our findings support the
 hypothesis that very similar species may arise repeatedly, potentially
 facilitated by introgressed genetic variation.
description: fastsimcoal2 template
 file for the best modelTemplate file for
 fastsimcoal2 describing the model of "speciation from a hybrid
 population at Python Island". This is the model with the highest
 likelihood among all models tested.pythonHybrid_sympatricSpeciation.tplfastsimcoal2 estimation file for the best modelFastsimcoal2 input file describing the parameter distributions for the model of "speciation from a hybrid population at Python Island". This is the model with the highest likelihood among all models tested.pythonHybrid_sympatricSpeciation.estobserved four-dimensional SFSObserved four-dimensional SFS of four whole-genome sequenced individuals each from P. pundamilia and P. nyererei at Makobe Island and from P. sp. "pundamilia-like" and P. sp. "nyererei-like" at Python Island.pythonHybrid_sympatricSpeciation_MSFS.obsMaximum likelihood parameters of the best modelFile with model specification and maximum likelihood parameters of the model with highest likelihood among all models tested ("speciation from a hybrid population at Python Island").pythonHybrid_sympatricSpeciation_maxL.par
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.82mf4
title: Data from: Conflicting selection on the timing of germination in a natural population of Arabidopsis thaliana

description: The timing of germination is a key life-history trait that may strongly
 influence plant fitness and that sets the stage for selection on traits
 expressed later in the life cycle. In seasonal environments, the period
 favourable for germination and the total length of the growing season are
 limited. The optimal timing of germination may therefore be governed by
 conflicting selection through survival and fecundity. We conducted a field
 experiment to examine the effects of timing of germination on survival,
 fecundity and overall fitness in a natural population of the annual herb
 Arabidopsis thaliana in north-central Sweden. Seedlings were transplanted
 at three different times in late summer and in autumn covering the period
 of seed germination in the study population. Early germination was
 associated with low seedling survival, but also with high survival and
 fecundity among established plants. The advantages of germinating early
 more than balanced the disadvantage and selection favoured early
 germination. The results suggest that low survival among early germinating
 seeds is the main force opposing the evolution of earlier germination and
 that the optimal timing of germination should vary in space and time as a
 function of the direction and strength of selection acting during
 different life-history stages.
description: Maternal line
 meansMaternal line means of
 fitness components, total fitness, size, and flowering time, which are
 used to calculate treatment means presented in Table 1 and Fig. 1.
 Variable names are explained in the file.JEBGerminationMSDataForDryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2236n
title: Data from: Arboreal camera trapping: taking a proven method to new heights

description: 1. Although camera trapping has been shown to be a highly effective
 non-invasive tool for wildlife monitoring, the technique has not yet been
 widely applied to studies of arboreal species. Despite the unique
 challenges that camera trapping in the canopy poses, its versatility and
 relatively non-invasive nature, combined with recent technological
 improvements on the cameras themselves, make camera trapping a highly
 useful tool for arboreal research. 2. We present data on the methodology
 and effectiveness of arboreal camera trapping during the first six months
 of a year-long study in the Lower Urubamba Region of Peru investigating
 animal use of natural crossing points (i.e., branches) over a natural gas
 pipeline clearing. We placed Reconyx PC800 Hyperfire cameras in 25
 crossing points of 13 distinct natural canopy bridges at a mean height of
 26.8m. 3. After six months of data collection, we logged 1,522 photo
 events, recording 20 mammal, 23 bird, and four reptile species. An
 analysis of animal passing events in front of the cameras over time did
 not suggest any negative response to camera presence. While we found that
 cameras in the canopy are triggered more frequently by non-target stimuli
 (e.g., leaves) than cameras on the ground, we demonstrated significantly
 reduced false triggering following leaf removal within 1.5 meters of the
 camera. 4. Our results suggest that arboreal camera trapping can provide
 robust documentation of a diversity of vertebrate species engaged in a
 variety of activities, and we provide recommendations for other
 researchers interested in using in this method. This is the most extensive
 arboreal camera trapping study to date in terms of the length of the study
 period, the number of cameras being used, and the height of the cameras in
 the trees. Therefore, lessons provided from this experience can be used to
 improve the design of future arboreal camera trap studies.
description: Arboreal NTS Photos:
 Before vs After Leaf RemovalThese data were used to
 perform the analysis (paired t-test) comparing the number of non-target
 stimulus (NTS) photographs take by seven cameras before and after leaves
 were removed within 1.5 meters from in front of them.Before_After_Leaf_Removal.xlsxNTS Photographs: Canopy vs GroundThese are the data used to perform the analysis (paired t-test) of the number of non-target camera stimuli in camera traps placed on the ground versus in the canopy.Canopy_Ground_NTS.xlsx