cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/feas1u
title: Cost-benefit Analysis of New Tef (Eragrostis tef) Varieties under Lead Farmers’ Production Management in the Central Ethiopia

description: Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the most important food crop in Ethiopia. It is annually cultivated on over three million hectares of land, which is equivalent to 30% of the total area allocated to cereals in the country. Compared to other cereal crops, such as wheat and maize, tef has higher tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions, which include both biotic and abiotic stresses. Since the inception of Tef Improvement Program in Ethiopia in the late 1950s, the National Research System has released 42 improved varieties. However, cost of production and economic benefit derived from tef farming was not clearly understood. Thus, a study was carried out in the field plots of 46 lead farmers in four districts (namely, Ada’a, Gimbichu, Moretna-Jirru, and Minjar-Shenkora) where tef is the major cereal crop in order to assess the economics aspects of the tef faming venture. Two recently released tef varieties Kora and Boset were used for the study. On average, the total variable cost of production was 19,308.70 birr ha-1 for Kora and 18,859.27 birr ha-1 for Boset. Although the average grain yield was 1,963.00 kg ha-1 for Kora and 2,540.00 kg ha-1 for Boset, it ranged from 1,200 to 2,500 kg ha-1 for Kora and from 2,000 to 2,800 kg ha-1 for Boset. Kora was sown at appropriate agro-ecologies that receive better rainfall but Boset gave higher yield as a result of climate change and erratic rainfall in 2016. The average profit was 22,676.43 birr ha-1 for Kora and 35,721.12 birr ha-1 for Boset. The two highest production costs were labor (58%) and fertilizer (22%). From the total labor costs used in tef production, the lion’s share went to harvesting (43%) and weeding (35%). The study revealed that harvesting and weeding are the most critical factors to escalate cost of production, and thereby to decrease its profitability. Thus, technologies should be sought to minimize cost of labor for harvesting and for weeding in tef production.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/iwdjhq/65ncww
title: 183054-Article Text-466087-1-10-20190205.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/iwdjhq
title: Mortality of Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) Adults Exposed to Different Concentrations of Filter Cake in Stored Wheat

description: Silica based inert dusts are eco-friendly alternatives to control stored grain insect pests due to environmental and health concerns associated with use of synthetic insecticides. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of filter cake (a silica-based inert dust) on the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) and lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in stored wheat. Filter cake dust of ≤0.4 mm particle size was admixed with 500 g of wheat seed to provide nominal rates of 10000, 7500, 5000, and 2500 ppm (mg/kg), while the control treatment consisted of wheat seeds that were untreated. The bioassays were carried out using a liter-sized plastic jars in completely randomized design with three replications. Experiments were maintained at 23.1±1.7oC and 61.0±4.3% relative humidity. Mortality data were collected at 3, 7, and 14 d after treatment. Results indicated that mean mortality rate at 3 d after treatment ranged from 41.3 to 70.0% in S. granarius and 73.3 to 93.3% in R. dominica. Mean mortality of S. granarius adults at 14 d in filter cake treatments was 84.0 to 98.7%, whereas that of R. dominica was 98.3 to 100%. The present results show that filter cake dusts can be used to control these two species in stored wheat. Filter cake has potential in protection of wheat from S. granarius and R. dominica infestations in storage.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/hjhuw4/z8ayzp
title: 183053-Article Text-466085-1-10-20190205.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/hjhuw4
title: Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Wheat as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilizer and Compost in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

description: Integrated applications of organic and inorganic nutrient sources are indispensable for enhanced nutrient use efficiency and crop yields. However, it requires determination of the optimum combination of these resources based on soil type, crop species, and location. Cognizant of this fact, an experiment was conducted to determine the optimum levels and combinations of compost and inorganic N fertilizers for maximum profitable grain yield of wheat at Melkassa under irrigation in 2014. The experiment involved factorial combinations of four rates of N (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) and four levels of compost (0, 5.6, 11.2, and 16.8 t ha-1) laid out in RCB design with three replications. The results revealed that both chemical N and compost and their interactions significantly and positively affected the yield of wheat and N uptake. The highest grain yield was obtained from the combined applications of chemical N and compost than that obtained from N and compost applied alone. Accordingly, combinations of 69 kg N ha-1 and 5.6 t ha-1 produced optimum grain yield and realized the maximum net returns of wheat. Significantly, higher N uptake was obtained from the combined application of N and compost than that obtained from either source applied alone. Therefore suggested that combination of 69 kg mineral N ha-1 and 5.6 t ha-1 compost are the best combination to achieve sustainable yield.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/99vou0/tjafux
title: 183052-Article Text-466083-1-10-20190205.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/99vou0
title: Effect of Soil Incorporated Pruned Pigeon pea and Nitrogen on System Productivity in Maize/Pigeon pea Intercropping

description: Decline of return in maize monoculture requires amendment of nutrients removed from the soil through retention of biomass on the soil with some addition of inorganic fertilizers. This study was executed for three consecutive years (2013-2015)to evaluate the effect of pruning levels while leaving the upper (0, 2, 4 and 6) parts of perennial pigeon pea and N levels (18, 41, 64, 87 and 110 kg ha-1) on yields of component crops and on some soil nutrients in maize/pigeon pea intercropping. The result indicated that the main effects due to pruning of pigeon pea and incorporation in to the soil and N level were significant for maize biomass weight during 2013 and 2014 and for maize grain yield throughout the experimental periods. Pruning of lower branches of pigeon pea while leaving the upper 2 in maize/pigeon pea intercropping increased grain yield of maize by 8% compared to the sole maize monocropping and produced a mean pigeon pea grain yield of 972 kg ha-1. It also reduced soil acidity, increased soil organic carbon, total N and available P compared to the sole maize monoculture. The highest LER of 1.42 and the highest net benefit of Birr 32,347 ha-1 were also obtained due to pruning of pigeon pea while leaving the upper 2 and incorporating in to the soil in intercropping of maize/pigeon pea at reduced N level. This branch management at reduced N level is recommended for the high productivity and reduced resource use efficiency for sub-humid areas of Bako.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/d3djfl/wfzu49
title: 183050-Article Text-466079-1-10-20190205.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/d3djfl
title: Effectsof Pre-Emergence Herbicides, Rhizobium Strains and their Integration on Black Root Rot and Faba Bean Productivity

description: Black root rot disease (Fusarium solani) is considered as a major problem in faba bean crops causing great losses in seed yield and low productivity. A randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications were employed at Ambo Plant Protection Research Center (APPRC) and Holetta Agricultural Research Center fields. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) variation among the herbicides and Rhizobium strains treatments for grain yield, thousand seeds weight and Black root rot disease incidence and severity on faba bean. Thus, higher grain yields of 2.26 and 3.64t ha-1were recorded from plots treated with Rhizobium strain FB1035. However, plots treated with herbicides plus Rhizobium strains gave lower yield than plots treated with Rhizobium strain alone. Plots treated with Rhizobium strain FB1035 showed less disease incidence (34.943 and 13.6767%) and severity (25.377 and 14.391%) respectively. However,the highest disease incidence (61.77 and 29.026 %) and severity (66.23 and 32.687 %) were recorded from the control plot. The disease severity was found negatively correlated with yield and yield components at both locations. Considering economic benefits, Partial budget analysis revealed that the highest total gross yield benefit (birr 35030 ha-1 and birr 56420ha-1) were obtained from plots treated with Rhizobium strain FB1035, proving that the application of Rhizobium strains alone were profitable.Thus, it is recommended to use these Rhizobium strains for the best protection against faba bean black root rot and improve the productivity of faba bean.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/9xrped/du3ynq
title: 195129-Article Text-493286-1-10-20200423.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/9xrped
title: Genetic Variations in CIMMYT and Ethiopian Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines as Determined by Microsatellite Markers

description: Molecular markers are more useful in identifying parental inbred lines crosses of which create genetic variation among progenies in the advanced generation more realistically than selection based on phenotypic data. In this study, 37 maize inbred lines including 14 of Ethiopian and 23 of CIMMYT origin were studied using 28 microsatellite markers. Among the 23 CIMMYT inbred lines, 13 were soil acidity tolerant lines and were recently introduced. The main objective was to identify distantly related Ethiopian maize inbred lines and soil acidity tolerant inbred lines of CIMMYT origin that could be used in broadening the genetic basis of maize for tolerance to soil acidity. Analysis of molecular variance indicated higher genetic variability (77%) among the inbred lines indicating ability of the SSR markers in discriminating the inbred lines. One-hundred and seven alleles were identified in the inbred lines with average of 3.71 alleles per locus. Expected hetrozygosity (He) and major allele frequency ranged from 0.09 to 0.61 and from 0.34 to 0.95, respectively, indicating higher genetic variability among the inbred lines, which could be exploited in breeding program. Polymorphic information content (PIC) generated by each marker ranged from 0.10 (Bnlg 1063) to 0.74 (Umc 2205) with a mean of 0.50 indicating their power in discriminating the inbred lines. Nei’s genetic distance among pairs of the 37 maize inbred lines varied from 0.16 to 0.98. Pairs of inbred lines of Ethiopian origin had genetic distance that ranged from 0.26 to 0.98 and the highest genetic distance was in this population. Pairs of inbred lines of Ethiopian and CIMMYT inbred lines developed for tolerance to soil acidity had genetic distance that varied from 0.42 to 0.95 and 41.6 % of the pairs had genetic distance of more than 0.8 indicating their potential in broadening the genetic basis of maize for developing varieties tolerant to soil acidity. Specifically, 124-b(109) was distantly related with five inbred lines, viz., CML359, CML360, CML361, CML436 and CML438, and F-7215 was also distantly related with CML361 with Nei’s genetic distance of more than 0.9. These pairs of inbred lines could be exploited in pedigree breeding through which segregating populations can be selected for desirable traits in combination with tolerance to soil acidity. However, the soil acidity tolerant inbred lines have to be evaluated for adaptation to Ethiopian environment before embarking on exploiting their potential in breeding for tolerance to soil acidity.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/7yvyfl/xbqnpv
title: 183048-Article Text-466075-1-10-20190205.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/7yvyfl
title: Genetic Variability and Relationship of Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Populations in Ethiopia as Evidenced by Microsatellites Analysis

description: This study was carried out to assess the genetic diversities and population structure of six camel populations of Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 114 camels (17-24 per population) and genotyped using10 camel microsatellite marker loci. The result revealed high genetic diversities in Ethiopian camel populations with average observed and expected heterozygosity, total number of alleles (TNA), mean number of alleles (MNA) and effective number of alleles of 0.55, 0.73,153, 6.8 (0.36) and 4.47(0.23), respectively. Among the 52 private alleles in the six Ethiopian camel populations, 31 of them were occurring at a frequency of ≥5%. It was also found that most of the variations in Ethiopian camels were attributed to within population variation (92%) while 8% was explained by between populations variation. Even though there was high heterozygosity, high inbreeding coefficient was detected in Ethiopian camel populations. From the sex camel populations 34.1, 33.4 and 28.6% alleles of Gelleb, Amibara and Liben camel populations respectively affected by inbreeding. The between population differentiation was (FST=0.11(0.01) indicating moderate population differentiation. The neighbor-joining tree and structure analysis show that the Ethiopian camel populations were clustered into four subgroups. The Afar camels were grouped into two together with the Ethiopian Somali camels (Jigjiga with Mille and Gelleb with Amibara) and the two Ogaden camels (Liben and Hoor) are separated into two subgroups indicating that some of the Afar and the Somali camels were admixed. Therefore, even though high hetrozygosity within population and moderate genetic differentiation between populations were observed, the presence of high inbreeding coefficient may affect hetrozygosity in the overall populations.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/w1pcph/vkts2f
title: 183045-Article Text-466069-1-10-20190205.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/w1pcph
title: Ethiopian Dairy and Animal Health Policy Sector: A Stakeholders' Network Analysis

description: Public policy making often involves a multitude of actors. The level and nature of interaction among these actors, be it cohesion or friction, determines policy outcomes. For outsiders with the aim of influencing policy based on empirical evidence, it is imperative to know who are involved in the policy making process, the interest and influence of each actor as well as the nature and extent of their interaction. A study was conducted to analyze the Ethiopian livestock policy sector in terms of the main actors and their interaction in the dairy and animal health policy subsector. The study applied participatory stakeholders and social network analysis to identify the most important actors, their salience and network characteristics. The results indicate that a multitude of actors with diverse interests is involved in the Ethiopian dairy sector in a loosely connected network with medium level of clustering aligned along administrative tiers. The results also showed that in the existing federal administrative structure, there are no policy networks in the Ethiopian diary policy landscape that cut across regional boundaries. However, the international and federal level government actors play important role as central actors with bridging role connecting the decentralized regional and local level actors as well as in initiating policy engagement and change. This implies that there is a room for pluralistic policymaking and any attempt to influence policy in the livestock sector need to work with these international, federal and regional level actors.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/bfyvo1/mg9aqn
title: 178162-Article Text-455074-1-10-20181005.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/bfyvo1
title: Agro-Morphological Traits Diversity in Tef [Eragrostis Tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Genotypes from Various Sources

description: A total of 188 tef genotypes including 144 pure lines selected from germplasm collection, 35 released varieties, eight breeding lines and their parents were evaluated in three replications at two locations in Ethiopia. The objectives were to assess the magnitude and pattern of phenotypic diversity in tef genotypes obtained from various sources in Ethiopia. Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P &lt; 0.01) differences among genotypes, locations and genotype by environment interaction for all studied traits. Thus, wide ranges of variations were observed for days to heading (40.3 to 60.8 days) and maturity (101 to 122.5 days), plant height (60.7 to 107.1 cm), panicle length (19.5 to 39.5 cm), number of fertile tillers per plant (2.1 to 5.5) and spikelet per panicle (156.7 to 441.7), 1000 kernel weights (20.7 to 33.0 mg), grain yield (3.7 to 7.3 t/ha) and lodging index (44.7 to 79.3%). Cluster analysis revealed six distinct clusters of 188 individual tef genotypes while the 14 populations were grouped into four distinct clusters. In general, existence of sufficient level of genetic variation was revealed for future use in tef improvement.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/w2qczo/ikveaq
title: 178158-Article Text-455066-1-10-20181005.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/w2qczo
title: Chemical Composition, In vitro Digestibility and Drying Rate of Sugarcane Tops Using Different Curing Methods

description: This study was conducted to evaluate effects of different drying methods on chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and drying rate of sugarcane tops (SCT). Treatments were set in factorial arrangement (2 SCT types (green and burnt) x 3 drying methods (shed and sun drying of intact SCT and sun drying of chopped SCT) in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 5 times and samples were dried at a swath density of 4 kg/m2. Dry matter (DM) of samples was determined at time interval until the treatment average approached the safest content (≈ 85% DM) for storage. Fresh (samples at harvesting) and dried samples were chemically analyzed. The fresh burnt SCT had slightly higher DM, ash, EE, ADL, Ca, P, IVDMD, IVOMD and ME contents, but had lower CP and NFC contents than the fresh green SCT. The chopped burnt and green SCT dried at a rate of 19.8 and 20.7% per day, respectively. Rate of drying was highest in the 1st week for all drying methods, then after decreased progressively. The lowest dehydration rate (0.92 and 0.99% per day), or longest drying time (68 and 60 days) was attained by shed dried intact green and burnt SCT, respectively. There were significant interaction effects (P&lt;0.05) of drying methods and SCT types on ash, NDF, ADL, IVDMD, IVOMD, ME, NFC and P contents. Except for DM and CP, the drying methods had varied (P&lt;0.0001) effect on nutrient content of SCT. The NDF content of burnt SCT was lower (P&lt;0.05) for intact sun dried samples compared to other drying methods, but values for the green SCT did not vary (P&gt;0.05) among the drying methods. However, ADF contents of sun- and shed dried intact SCT were not different (P&gt;0.05), but were higher (P&gt;0.05) than that of chopped sun-dried SCT. The sun-dried chopped SCT had higher (P&lt;0.05) ether extract (EE) and hemicelluloses contents. However, sun-dried chopped green SCT had lower NDF and ADL than sun-dried chopped burnt SCT, but were similar (P&gt;0.05) in DM, OM digestibility and ME contents. The NFC content was inversely related to the fiber fraction, being lower (P&lt;0.05) for sun-dried chopped burnt SCT and shed-dried intact burnt SCT. The under shed dried intact green SCT had higher NFC content than sun dried chopped green SCT (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the drying methods used in this study had variable effect on chemical composition, although lacks consistency in the trend. Chopping SCT clearly increases drying rate, shorten drying period and conserve nutrients that has been reflected in better in vitro digestibility and ME.
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/aunqui/gwails
title: 178156-Article Text-455062-1-10-20181005.pdf

description: :unav
DOI: 10.20372/eiar-rdm/aunqui
title: Phenotypic, Host Range and Symbiotic Characteristics of Indigenous Soybean Nodulating Rhizobia from Ethiopian Soils

description: Soybean is an exotic crop to Ethiopia and may not necessarily have a specific endosymbiont in the soil. However, since it is a promiscuous host, nodulated by cross nodulating rhizobia, it is likely that some compatible endosymbionts exist from heterologous hosts that could nodulate it with effective nitrogen fixation. This necessitated the search for effective indigenous rhizobia isolates and/or compatible and effective cross-inoculating rhizobia that are already adapted to local conditions. To this end, a total of 67 bacterial isolates were trapped from different soil samples using two soybean varieties (Clark-63K and Awassa-95) and one cowpea variety (Bole), to evaluate their diversity and screen for their symbiotic effectiveness. Accordingly, the majority of isolates (93%) were tentatively categorized into alkali producing slow growing Bradyrhiobium spp. and the others (7%) were fast growing and acid producing rhizobia. The isolates showed differences in utilizing various carbon and nitrogen sources and tolerance to acidity, salinity and temperature. The isolates were also diverse in their inherent antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. All the isolates were able to nodulate soybean variety Clark-63K with significant difference in their capacity to infect and effectively fix nitrogen evidenced from variations in nodulation parameters and shoot dry weights. Accordingly, the isolates induced nodulation with nodule number ranging from 2 to 49 nodules plant-1; nodule dry weight of 16 mg plant-1 to 94 mg plant-1 and shoot dry weight between 585 and 1012 mg plant-1. Using shoot dry weight as an indicator of the relative effectiveness of the isolates, 12% of the isolates were highly effective (SE &gt; 80%) and 88% were effective (SE from 50 to 80%) on soybean. Furthermore, the isolates showed narrow and broad host ranges on four legume species viz., cowpea, mung bean, pigeon pea, and peanut. Accordingly, many isolates (67%) formed nodules with effective nitrogen fixation with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) (47%), and on few cases with mung bean (Vigna radiata) showing different level of effectiveness. However, the data showed very narrow host range on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) where, only one isolate formed effective nodules.