DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2280gb633
title: Data from: Wind and rain compound with tides to cause frequent and unexpected coastal floods

description: With sea-level rise, flooding in coastal communities is now common during
 the highest high tides. Floods also occur at normal tidal levels when
 rainfall overcomes stormwater infrastructure that is partially submerged
 by tides. Data describing this type of compound flooding is scarce and,
 therefore, it is unclear how often these floods occur and the extent to
 which non-tidal factors contribute to flooding. We combine measurements of
 flooding on roads and within storm drains with a numerical model to
 examine processes that contribute to flooding in Carolina Beach, NC, USA –
 a community that chronically floods outside of extreme storms despite
 flood mitigation infrastructure to combat tidal flooding. Of the 43
 non-storm floods we measured during a year-long study period, one-third
 were unexpected based on the tidal threshold used by the community for
 flood monitoring. We introduce a novel model coupling between an
 ocean-scale hydrodynamic model (ADCIRC) and a community-scale surface
 water and pipe flow model (3Di) to quantify contributions from multiple
 flood drivers. Accounting for the compounding effects of tides, wind, and
 rain increases flood water levels by up to 0.4 m compared to simulations
 that include only tides. Setup from sustained (non-storm) regional winds
 causes deeper, longer, more extensive flooding during the highest high
 tides and can cause floods on days when flooding would not have occurred
 due to tides alone. Rainfall also contributes to unexpected floods;
 because tides submerge stormwater outfalls on a daily basis, even minor
 rainstorms lead to flooding as runoff has nowhere to drain. As a
 particularly low-lying coastal community, Carolina Beach provides a
 glimpse into future challenges that coastal communities worldwide will
 face in predicting, preparing for, and adapting to increasingly frequent
 flooding from compounding tidal and non-tidal drivers atop sea-level rise.
description: The dataset contained herein includes model schematization,
 simulation output, and coupling files from coupled ADCIRC and 3Di coupled
 flood model simulations described in the associated article <em>Wind and rain compound with tides to cause frequent and unexpected coastal floods</em>. Flood sensor data are available on our publicly accessible web viewer at the link https://go.ncsu.edu/sunny.
description: # Data from: Wind and rain compound with tides to cause frequent and
 unexpected coastal floods
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2280gb633](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2280gb633) ## Description of the data and file structure Included in this repository are ADCIRC and 3Di inputs and outputs to recreate the coupled flood model results described in *[Wind and rain compound with tides to cause frequent and unexpected coastal floods](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122339)*. ADCIRC files include: * Input and output files from the three modeled flood events for simulations run with tides and tides+atmospheric water level forcing (see Section 2.4.1 in the paper). These files are named as *floodEventSim_adcirc_[forcing(s)]_[floodEvent].tgz* * Input and output files from the longer duration tides+atmospheric simulations used to calculate the ADCIRC water level offset (see Supplementary Section 3 in the paper) for the three modeled flood events. These files are named as *wlOffsetCalc_adc-ntr_[MonthMonthYear].tgz* Model coupling files include: * 3Di water level boundary conditions interpolated from ADCIRC model outputs with tides and tides+atmospheric forcing for each of the three flood events (see Section 2.4.3 in the paper). These files are named as *bc3di_[forcing(s)]_[floodEvent].csv* 3Di files include:  * Five-minute interval rainfall forcing applied in 3Di for each of the three modeled flood events (see Section 2.4.2 in the paper). These files are named as *cbRain_[startDate]_[endDate]_5min.csv* * 3Di schematization and grid files used to complete the 3Di simulations (see Section 2.4.2 in the paper). These files are names as *schematisation_rev68_3Di-modelFiles.zip* and *grid_rev68_3Di-modelFiles.zip* * Output files from the three modeled flood events for 3Di simulations run with tides, tides+atmospheric, and tides+atmospheric+rainfall forcing (see Section 2.4.2 and 2.4.3 in the paper). These files are named as *sim_**[number]_[floodEvent]*_[forcing(s)]_rev68_3Di-results.zip * Output files from the June 2022 and January 2023 flood event simulations run with local winds turned on in 3Di simulations to test the sensitivity of water levels to local vs. regional winds (see Supplementary Section 8 in the paper). These files are named as *sim_[number]_[floodEvent]_tides_localWinds_rev68_3Di-results.zip* ### Files and variables #### File: cbRain\_20220608\_20220621\_5min.csv **Description:** 3Di rainfall forcing file for the June 2022 flood event simulations. Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: rainfall increment (mm) for that timestep #### File: bc3di\_tides\_june2022.csv **Description:** 3Di boundary condition forcing file for the June 2022 flood event simulation with tides forcing. Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * id: indicates the id of the boundary condition (1-3) specified in the 3Di model schematization * timeseries: water level time series for the indicated boundary condition * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: water level (m NAVD88) for that timestep #### File: cbWind\_20220608\_20220621.csv **Description:** 3Di wind forcing file for the June 2022 flood event simulations with local winds. Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: wind speed (m/s) * third column: meteorological wind direction (degrees) #### File: bc3di\_tidesAtm\_june2022.csv **Description:** 3Di boundary condition forcing file for the June 2022 flood event simulation with tides+atmospheric forcing. Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * id: indicates the id of the boundary condition (1-3) specified in the 3Di model schematization * timeseries: water level time series for the indicated boundary condition * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: water level (m NAVD88) for that timestep #### File: cbRain\_20220813\_20220824\_5min.csv **Description:** 3Di rainfall forcing file for the August 2022 flood event simulations. Simulation start time is August 13, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: rainfall increment (mm) for that timestep #### File: bc3di\_tidesAndAtm\_aug2022.csv **Description:** 3Di boundary condition forcing file for the August 2022 flood event simulation with tides+atmospheric forcing. Simulation start time is August 13, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * id: indicates the id of the boundary condition (1-3) specified in the 3Di model schematization * timeseries: water level time series for the indicated boundary condition * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: water level (m NAVD88) for that timestep #### File: cbWind\_20230118\_20230128.csv **Description:** 3Di wind forcing file for the January 2023 flood event simulations with local winds. Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: wind speed (m/s) * third column: meteorological wind direction (degrees) #### File: cbRain\_20230118\_20230128\_5min.csv **Description:** 3Di rainfall forcing file for the January 2023 flood event simulations. Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: rainfall increment (mm) for that timestep #### File: bc3di\_tides\_jan2023.csv **Description:** 3Di boundary condition forcing file for the January 2023 flood event simulation with tides forcing. Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * id: indicates the id of the boundary condition (1-3) specified in the 3Di model schematization * timeseries: water level time series for the indicated boundary condition * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: water level (m NAVD88) for that timestep #### File: bc3di\_tidesAtm\_jan2023.csv **Description:** 3Di boundary condition forcing file for the January 2023 flood event simulation with tides+atmospheric forcing. Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * id: indicates the id of the boundary condition (1-3) specified in the 3Di model schematization * timeseries: water level time series for the indicated boundary condition * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: water level (m NAVD88) for that timestep #### File: bc3di\_tides\_aug2022.csv **Description:** 3Di boundary condition forcing file for the August 2022 flood event simulation with tides forcing. Simulation start time is August 13, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Columns are formatted as required to run simulation from 3Di modeler interface. ##### Variables * id: indicates the id of the boundary condition (1-3) specified in the 3Di model schematization * timeseries: water level time series for the indicated boundary condition * first column: minutes from start of simulation * second column: water level (m NAVD88) for that timestep #### File: wlOffsetCalc\_adc-ntr\_JulAug2022.tgz **Description:** Input and output files from the simulation used to calculate the ADCIRC water level offset (see Supplementary Section 3 in the paper) for the August 2022 flood event. Simulation start time is July 1, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is September 1, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: floodEventSim\_adcirc-tides\_Aug2022.tgz **Description:** ADCIRC input and output files from the August 2022 flood event for simulations run with tides water level forcing. Simulation start time is August 6, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: floodEventSim\_adcirc-tidesAtm\_Aug2022.tgz **Description:** ADCIRC input and output files from the August 2022 flood event for simulations run with tides and tides+atmospheric water level forcing. Simulation start time is August 6, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: floodEventSim\_adcirc-tides\_Jan2023.tgz **Description:** ADCIRC input and output files from the January 2023 flood event for simulations run with tides water level forcing. Simulation start time is January 11, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: floodEventSim\_adcirc-tides\_June2022.tgz **Description:** ADCIRC input and output files from the June 2022 flood event for simulations run with tides water level forcing. Simulation start time is June 1, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: floodEventSim\_adcirc-tidesAtm\_Jan2023.tgz **Description:** ADCIRC input and output files from the January 2023 flood event for simulations run with tides and tides+atmospheric water level forcing.  Simulation start time is January 11, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: wlOffsetCalc\_adc-ntr\_MayJun2022.tgz **Description:** Input and output files from the simulation used to calculate the ADCIRC water level offset (see Supplementary Section 3 in the paper) for the June 2022 flood event. Simulation start time is May 1, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is July 1, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: floodEventSim\_adcirc-tidesAtm\_June2022.tgz **Description:** ADCIRC input and output files from the June 2022 flood event for simulations run with tides+atmospheric water level forcing. Simulation start time is June 1, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: grid\_rev68\_3Di-modelFiles.zip **Description:** 3Di grid files used to complete the 3Di simulations. #### File: schematisation\_rev68\_3Di-modelFiles.zip **Description:** 3Di schematization files used to create the 3Di model. #### File: wlOffsetCalc\_adc\_ntr\_Dec2022Jan2023.tgz **Description:** Input and output files from the simulation used to calculate the ADCIRC water level offset (see Supplementary Section 3 in the paper) for the January 2023 flood event. Simulation start time is December 1, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is February 1, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150666\_aug2022\_tidesAtm\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from August 2022 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides+atmospheric forcing. Simulation start time is August 13, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150667\_aug2022\_tides\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from August 2022 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides forcing. Simulation start time is August 13, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150665\_aug2022\_tidesAtmRain\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from August 2022 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides+atmospheric+rainfall forcing. Simulation start time is August 13, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is August 24, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150670\_june2022\_tidesAtmRain\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from June 2022 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides+atmospheric+rainfall forcing. Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150673\_jan2023\_tidesAtm\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from January 2023 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides+atmospheric forcing.  Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150671\_june2022\_tidesAtm\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from June 2022 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides+atmospheric forcing. Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150675\_jan2023\_tides\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from January 2023 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides forcing.  Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_150674\_jan2023\_tidesAtmRain\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from January 2023 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides+atmospheric+rainfall forcing.  Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_204487\_jan2023\_tides\_localWinds\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from January 2023 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides forcing plus local winds turned on in 3Di (see Supplementary Section 8). Simulation start time is January 18, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is January 28, 2023 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_151096\_june2022\_tides\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from June 2022 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides forcing. Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. #### File: sim\_204491\_june2022\_tides\_localWinds\_rev68\_3Di-results.zip **Description:** Output files from June 2022 flood event for the 3Di simulation run with tides forcing plus local winds turned on in 3Di (see Supplementary Section 8). Simulation start time is June 8, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. Simulation end time is June 21, 2022 at 00:00 UTC. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * Flood sensor data are available on our publicly accessible web viewer at the link [https://go.ncsu.edu/sunny](https://go.ncsu.edu/sunny).