cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025364.v1
title: Information Asymmetry and Share Prices: Analysis of the Use of Social Networks in the Brazilian and U.S. Capital Markets

description: ABSTRACT Increasing globalization has meant the internet becoming ever more part of the routine of people around the world. With the evolution of the internet, social networks have emerged in order to facilitate communication between people, communities and even between corporations. Social networks offer companies a way of instantly releasing information, allowing those who use this information greater flexibility when searching for news about the companies in which they have invested or wish to invest. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyze how social networks (Facebook, Twitter and Youtube) affect levels of information asymmetry and the pricing of shares for Brazilian and U.S. public companies during 2012. To achieve the proposed goal, the conceptual framework of the Ohlson model (1995) was used to verify whether the information posted on social networks affects the pricing of shares, and share price volatility was used as a proxy for information asymmetry. The sample included 170 Brazilian companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA and 100 companies listed on the U.S. stock market in 2012. The results show that social networks can affect levels of information asymmetry in these markets, but only "unofficial" Facebook affects the pricing of shares for companies in the Brazilian stock market, although sensitivity analysis indicated that the groups that use and those that do not use Facebook do not exhibit different average returns. Thus, investors should not use this information to devise strategies to generate better returns.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025364
title: Information Asymmetry and Share Prices: Analysis of the Use of Social Networks in the Brazilian and U.S. Capital Markets

description: ABSTRACT Increasing globalization has meant the internet becoming ever more part of the routine of people around the world. With the evolution of the internet, social networks have emerged in order to facilitate communication between people, communities and even between corporations. Social networks offer companies a way of instantly releasing information, allowing those who use this information greater flexibility when searching for news about the companies in which they have invested or wish to invest. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyze how social networks (Facebook, Twitter and Youtube) affect levels of information asymmetry and the pricing of shares for Brazilian and U.S. public companies during 2012. To achieve the proposed goal, the conceptual framework of the Ohlson model (1995) was used to verify whether the information posted on social networks affects the pricing of shares, and share price volatility was used as a proxy for information asymmetry. The sample included 170 Brazilian companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA and 100 companies listed on the U.S. stock market in 2012. The results show that social networks can affect levels of information asymmetry in these markets, but only "unofficial" Facebook affects the pricing of shares for companies in the Brazilian stock market, although sensitivity analysis indicated that the groups that use and those that do not use Facebook do not exhibit different average returns. Thus, investors should not use this information to devise strategies to generate better returns.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025365
title: Determinants of Financial Literacy: Analysis of the Influence of Socioeconomic and Demographic Variables,

description: ABSTRACT Financial literacy helps individuals make more assertive and efficient decisions in the monetary context of their lives. This study has as its central axis developing a model that explains the individuals' financial literacy level through socioeconomic and demographic variables. The sample consists of 1,400 individuals living in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis techniques. As an indicator of the financial literacy level, a measure with three constructs was adopted: financial attitude, financial behavior, and financial knowledge. Logit and probit models were estimated from these explanatory variables: gender, marital status, dependent family members, occupation, age, educational level, father's educational level, mother's educational level, individual income, and family income. Marginal effects (incremental propensity) were positive and statistically significant at the usual levels for these variables: gender (9.56%), educational level (2.54%), individual income (6.32%), and family income (3.73%). The marginal effects (incremental propensities) were negative and statistically significant for the dummy dependent family members (-7.51%), indicating that men who do not have dependent family members and have higher educational and both individual income and family income levels are those who are more likely to belong to the group with high financial literacy levels. Furthermore, it was found that most respondents (67.1%) were classified as having a low financial literacy level. These findings confirm the urgency and need for devising effective actions to minimize the issue of financial illiteracy. It is particularly suggested that major efforts are undertaken to achieve women having dependent family members and low educational and income levels. Such a study is justified by the need to create a model that allows identifying the Brazilians' financial literacy level from socioeconomic and demographic variables. This identification may be useful, for instance, in assisting the various economic player to design financial strategies and products suitable to the customers profile. From the government viewpoint, it may enable, for instance, identifying the most vulnerable groups and thus focus on actions to improve the financial literacy level of these specific groups.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025367
title: Basel III: Impact on Banks in Brazil

description: ABSTRACT This article evaluates the potential impacts deriving from the change in required capital of banks in Brazil, with the implementation of Basel III. To do this, a sample of 58 banks was used, which accounts for 80% of the assets in the Brazilian National Financial System, according to the balance sheets of December 2012. The methodology adopted has simulated the need for regulatory capital that will be mandatory in the end of the transition period, in 2019, considering the continuity of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) contained in these balance sheets. Assuming that some banks will resort to the capital market to raise their capitalization level, the return on equity (ROE) for the previous three years was analyzed, compared to the cost of equity, estimated by the International Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM). It was found that 23 institutions had some kind of noncompliance with the new regulatory capital, among them the 3 largest federal public banks. It was also observed that 39 banks have a ROE insufficient to attract new investors. The joint analysis of the adequacy of capital structure and the return level may identify occasional vulnerabilities. It is concluded that implementing Basel III in Brazil may increase the search for greater efficiency and profitability. In a future scenario, the Brazilian banking system may observe a wave of mergers and acquisitions and an increased number of initial public offerings (IPOs).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025367.v1
title: Basel III: Impact on Banks in Brazil

description: ABSTRACT This article evaluates the potential impacts deriving from the change in required capital of banks in Brazil, with the implementation of Basel III. To do this, a sample of 58 banks was used, which accounts for 80% of the assets in the Brazilian National Financial System, according to the balance sheets of December 2012. The methodology adopted has simulated the need for regulatory capital that will be mandatory in the end of the transition period, in 2019, considering the continuity of risk-weighted assets (RWAs) contained in these balance sheets. Assuming that some banks will resort to the capital market to raise their capitalization level, the return on equity (ROE) for the previous three years was analyzed, compared to the cost of equity, estimated by the International Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM). It was found that 23 institutions had some kind of noncompliance with the new regulatory capital, among them the 3 largest federal public banks. It was also observed that 39 banks have a ROE insufficient to attract new investors. The joint analysis of the adequacy of capital structure and the return level may identify occasional vulnerabilities. It is concluded that implementing Basel III in Brazil may increase the search for greater efficiency and profitability. In a future scenario, the Brazilian banking system may observe a wave of mergers and acquisitions and an increased number of initial public offerings (IPOs).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025368
title: Manager's Discretionary Power and Comparability of Financial Reports: An Analysis of the Regulatory Transition Process in Brazilian Accounting

description: This research aimed to directly evaluate the impact of the accounting regulatory flexibility movement on the comparability of financial reports. The country chosen for the analysis was Brazil, because it was one of the few countries in the world where a process of regulatory change from a completely rule-based standard with a strong link to tax accounting (Lopes, 2011) to a principle-based standard with greater need for decision by managers who prepare the financial reports took place. To measure comparability, the accounting function similarity model developed by DeFranco, Kothari and Verdi (2011) was used. The companies analyzed were all listed ones with full data for the period concerned having, at least, a pair company within the same economic activity sector. To obtain the research results, we adopted a panel data model where the years 2005 to 2012 were compared to the year 2004. The results obtained prove that, on average, there was no significant decrease in the comparability level within country during the regulatory transition period in Brazil. On the contrary, there was an increase in genuine comparability in the year 2012 when compared to 2004. In the model adjusted by stepwise, the years 2011 and 2012 had a significantly higher average comparability when compared to 2004. The results found corroborate other researches addressing the quality of accounting information (Collins, Pasewark, & Riley, 2012; Psaros & Trotman, 2004; Agoglia, Doupnik, & Tsakumis, 2011) and prove the superiority of the principle-based standard also over the comparability of financial reports. The main conclusion of this research is that increasing manager's discretionary power through flexibility of accounting standards does not decrease the comparability of financial reports.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025368.v1
title: Manager's Discretionary Power and Comparability of Financial Reports: An Analysis of the Regulatory Transition Process in Brazilian Accounting

description: This research aimed to directly evaluate the impact of the accounting regulatory flexibility movement on the comparability of financial reports. The country chosen for the analysis was Brazil, because it was one of the few countries in the world where a process of regulatory change from a completely rule-based standard with a strong link to tax accounting (Lopes, 2011) to a principle-based standard with greater need for decision by managers who prepare the financial reports took place. To measure comparability, the accounting function similarity model developed by DeFranco, Kothari and Verdi (2011) was used. The companies analyzed were all listed ones with full data for the period concerned having, at least, a pair company within the same economic activity sector. To obtain the research results, we adopted a panel data model where the years 2005 to 2012 were compared to the year 2004. The results obtained prove that, on average, there was no significant decrease in the comparability level within country during the regulatory transition period in Brazil. On the contrary, there was an increase in genuine comparability in the year 2012 when compared to 2004. In the model adjusted by stepwise, the years 2011 and 2012 had a significantly higher average comparability when compared to 2004. The results found corroborate other researches addressing the quality of accounting information (Collins, Pasewark, & Riley, 2012; Psaros & Trotman, 2004; Agoglia, Doupnik, & Tsakumis, 2011) and prove the superiority of the principle-based standard also over the comparability of financial reports. The main conclusion of this research is that increasing manager's discretionary power through flexibility of accounting standards does not decrease the comparability of financial reports.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025370
title: The Earnings/Price Risk Factor in Capital Asset Pricing Models

description: This article integrates the ideas from two major lines of research on cost of equity and asset pricing: multi-factor models and ex ante accounting models. The earnings/price ratio is used as a proxy for the ex ante cost of equity, in order to explain realized returns of Brazilian companies within the period from 1995 to 2013. The initial finding was that stocks with high (low) earnings/price ratios have higher (lower) risk-adjusted realized returns, already controlled by the capital asset pricing model's beta. The results show that selecting stocks based on high earnings/price ratios has led to significantly higher risk-adjusted returns in the Brazilian market, with average abnormal returns close to 1.3% per month. We design asset pricing models including an earnings/price risk factor, i.e. high earnings minus low earnings, based on the Fama and French three-factor model. We conclude that such a risk factor is significant to explain returns on portfolios, even when controlled by size and market/book ratios. Models including the high earnings minus low earnings risk factor were better to explain stock returns in Brazil when compared to the capital asset pricing model and to the Fama and French three-factor model, having the lowest number of significant intercepts. These findings may be due to the impact of historically high inflation rates, which reduce the information content of book values, thus making the models based on earnings/price ratios better than those based on market/book ratios. Such results are different from those obtained in more developed markets and the superiority of the earnings/price ratio for asset pricing may also exist in other emerging markets.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025370.v1
title: The Earnings/Price Risk Factor in Capital Asset Pricing Models

description: This article integrates the ideas from two major lines of research on cost of equity and asset pricing: multi-factor models and ex ante accounting models. The earnings/price ratio is used as a proxy for the ex ante cost of equity, in order to explain realized returns of Brazilian companies within the period from 1995 to 2013. The initial finding was that stocks with high (low) earnings/price ratios have higher (lower) risk-adjusted realized returns, already controlled by the capital asset pricing model's beta. The results show that selecting stocks based on high earnings/price ratios has led to significantly higher risk-adjusted returns in the Brazilian market, with average abnormal returns close to 1.3% per month. We design asset pricing models including an earnings/price risk factor, i.e. high earnings minus low earnings, based on the Fama and French three-factor model. We conclude that such a risk factor is significant to explain returns on portfolios, even when controlled by size and market/book ratios. Models including the high earnings minus low earnings risk factor were better to explain stock returns in Brazil when compared to the capital asset pricing model and to the Fama and French three-factor model, having the lowest number of significant intercepts. These findings may be due to the impact of historically high inflation rates, which reduce the information content of book values, thus making the models based on earnings/price ratios better than those based on market/book ratios. Such results are different from those obtained in more developed markets and the superiority of the earnings/price ratio for asset pricing may also exist in other emerging markets.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025371
title: Contingent Convertibles and their Impacts on the Optimization of the Capital Structure of Brazilian Banks Under Basel III

description: Banks around the world maintain excess regulatory capital, whether to minimize capitalization costs or to mitigate risks of financial difficulties. However, it was only after the financial crisis of 2008 that the quality of capital gained greater importance among international regulators, through the Third Basel Accord (Basel III), which suggested a capital structure formed of the new equity and debt hybrid instruments, that is, Contingent Convertibles (CoCos), which have the main goal of recapitalizing banks automatically when they show signs of financial difficulties. Using the continuous-time structural model developed by Koziol and Lawrenz (2012), with December 2013 as a reference, this paper analyzes the capital structure of the 10 biggest Brazilian banks in terms of total assets, comparing their current structures - with only subordinated debts - with the structure proposed in Basel III, composed solely of contingent convertibles, with a view to verifying the influence of CoCos in banks' risks and evaluating the effectiveness of this Basel III recommendation. Through the evidence obtained using the model mentioned, this paper's main contribution is in demonstrating that the use of CoCos would optimize the capital structure of banks under the restrictions of Basel III, considering these are effective. If not, the automatic recapitalization of these instruments could be used for shareholders' own benefit, thus increasing the likelihood of banks experiencing financial difficulties, which could cause a new financial crisis, like that which occurred in 2008.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025371.v1
title: Contingent Convertibles and their Impacts on the Optimization of the Capital Structure of Brazilian Banks Under Basel III

description: Banks around the world maintain excess regulatory capital, whether to minimize capitalization costs or to mitigate risks of financial difficulties. However, it was only after the financial crisis of 2008 that the quality of capital gained greater importance among international regulators, through the Third Basel Accord (Basel III), which suggested a capital structure formed of the new equity and debt hybrid instruments, that is, Contingent Convertibles (CoCos), which have the main goal of recapitalizing banks automatically when they show signs of financial difficulties. Using the continuous-time structural model developed by Koziol and Lawrenz (2012), with December 2013 as a reference, this paper analyzes the capital structure of the 10 biggest Brazilian banks in terms of total assets, comparing their current structures - with only subordinated debts - with the structure proposed in Basel III, composed solely of contingent convertibles, with a view to verifying the influence of CoCos in banks' risks and evaluating the effectiveness of this Basel III recommendation. Through the evidence obtained using the model mentioned, this paper's main contribution is in demonstrating that the use of CoCos would optimize the capital structure of banks under the restrictions of Basel III, considering these are effective. If not, the automatic recapitalization of these instruments could be used for shareholders' own benefit, thus increasing the likelihood of banks experiencing financial difficulties, which could cause a new financial crisis, like that which occurred in 2008.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025373
title: Effects of Idiosyncratic Volatility in Asset Pricing

description: This paper aims to evaluate the effects of the aggregate market volatility components - average volatility and average correlation - on the pricing of portfolios sorted by idiosyncratic volatility, using Brazilian data. The study investigates whether portfolios with high and low idiosyncratic volatility - in relation to the Fama and French model (1996) - have different exposures to innovations in average market volatility, and consequently, different expectations for return. The results are in line with those found for US data, although they portray the Brazilian reality. Decomposition of volatility allows the average volatility component, without the disturbance generated by the average correlation component, to better price the effects of a worsening or an improvement in the investment environment. This result is also identical to that found for US data. Average variance should thus command a risk premium. For US data, this premium is negative. According to Chen and Petkova (2012), the main reason for this negative sign is the high level of investment in research and development recorded by companies with high idiosyncratic volatility. As in Brazil this type of investment is significantly lower than in the US, it was expected that a result with the opposite sign would be found, which is in fact what occurred.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.20025377.v1
title: Corporate Governance Characteristics as a Stimulus to Tax Management

description: This article aimed to investigate whether corporate governance uses tax management to increase companies' performance. The objective was checking whether corporate governance characteristics, such as remuneration paid to the executive board, segregation between Chairman and CEO, and the independence and composition of the Board of Directors, influence tax management in Brazilian companies. At the same time, it aimed to identify whether the preceding tax management is reflected on the subsequent tax management. To do this, a sample of 355 Brazilian companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA between 2008 and 2014 was used, in order to find out whether their corporate governance characteristics influenced tax management, something identified by calculating ETR, CashETR, and BTD. As a result, it was found (i) that the remuneration paid to executives may be regarded as a characteristic influencing tax management in Brazilian firms, and (ii) that the preceding tax management influences the future tax management. In addition, it was found that Brazilian companies do not rule out tax management benefits, since the average effective rate in the sample under analysis was 25%, and it is statistically lower than the nominal rate of taxes on earnings in Brazil, which is 34%.