DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14036290
title: Brick Kiln Dataset for Pakistan's IGP Region Using AI

description: This dataset represents the first geospatial mapping of brick kiln sites in the IGP region of Pakistan, providing an invaluable resource for understanding the spatial distribution of these sites. Each data point captures a brick kiln's precise location, including coordinates, state, and other important information, standardized in Coordinate Reference System (CRS) EPSG:4326 (WGS 84). This dataset, to the best of our knowledge, is the first of its kind to consolidate and geolocate brick kiln operations across this region, where air pollution impacts from kiln emissions are a significant environmental and public health concern.

In addition to the primary geolocation data, the dataset also includes an initial, secondary estimation of emissions (PM10, PM2.5, NOx, and SOx) from these sites. This supplementary information supports preliminary risk assessments, emphasizing proximity-based exposure for populations and sensitive areas (e.g., schools, hospitals) within a 1 km radius of each kiln site. 

The dataset is made available in multiple formats to facilitate wide usage across spatial analysis platforms:



Geojson

Shapefile (SHP)

Comma-Separated Values (CSV)


Metadata:



Geographic Coverage: IGP - Pakistan

CRS: EPSG:4326 (WGS 84)

File Formats: GeoJSON, Shapefile (SHP), CSV- Columns:

1. id: Unique identifier for each brick kiln site.

2. lat: Latitude coordinate of the brick kiln location, in decimal degrees (CRS: EPSG:4326).

3. lon: Longitude coordinate of the brick kiln location, in decimal degrees (CRS: EPSG:4326).

4. type: Type or classification of the brick kiln (Either FCBK or ZigZag)

5. state: Administrative state or region where the brick kiln is located.

6. schools1km: Number of schools located within a 1 km radius of the brick kiln, indicating nearby educational facilities potentially exposed to emissions.

7. hosp1km: Number of hospitals within a 1 km radius of the brick kiln, indicating health facilities potentially affected by air pollution exposure.

8. pop1km: Estimated population within a 1 km radius of the brick kiln, indicating the number of individuals potentially at risk from emissions.

9. avg_bricks: Average number of kilns in operation per day.

10. dailyprod(kg): Estimated daily production weight of bricks in kilograms. The production is calculated based on the brick weight multiplied by a factor of 3.

11. pm2.5d(kg): Daily emissions estimate of particulate matter (PM2.5) in kilograms, representing fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller, which are a health hazard.

12. pm10d(kg): Daily emissions estimate of particulate matter (PM10) in kilograms, representing inhalable particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller.

13. noxd(kg): Daily emissions estimate of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in kilograms, a pollutant contributing to respiratory issues and environmental harm.

14. soxd(kg): Daily emissions estimate of sulfur oxides (SOx) in kilograms, a pollutant associated with respiratory problems and acid rain.

15. seasonprod(kg): Seasonal production estimate in kilograms, representing total brick production over a defined seasonal period (Outside of Monsoon and Smog Season). 

16. pm2.5s(kg): Seasonal emissions estimate of particulate matter (PM2.5) in kilograms over the specified seasonal period.

17. pm10s(kg): Seasonal emissions estimate of particulate matter (PM10) in kilograms over the specified seasonal period.

18. noxs(kg): Seasonal emissions estimate of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in kilograms over the specified seasonal period.

19. soxs(kg): Seasonal emissions estimate of sulfur oxides (SOx) in kilograms over the specified seasonal period.

 



Funding Sources: This research and data collection were funded by Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Smith School of Enterprise and The Environment (University of Oxford).