DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v9s4mw725
title: Environmental, sex-specific, and genetic determinants of infant social behavior in a wild primate

description: Affiliative social bonds are linked to fitness components in many social
 mammals. However, despite their importance, little is known about how the
 tendency to form social bonds develops in young animals, or if the timing
 of development is heritable and thus can evolve. Using four decades of
 longitudinal observational data from a wild baboon population, we assessed
 the environmental determinants of an important social developmental
 milestone in baboons—the age at which a young animal first grooms a
 conspecific—and we assessed how the rates at which offspring groom their
 mothers develops during the juvenile period. We found that grooming
 development differs between the sexes: female infants groom at an earlier
 age and reach equal rates of grooming with their mother earlier than
 males. We also found that age at first grooming for both sexes is weakly
 heritable (h2 = 0.043, 95% CI: 0.002 – 0.110). These results show that sex
 differences in grooming emerge at a young age; that strong, equitable
 social relationships between mothers and daughters begin very early in
 life; and that age at first grooming is heritable and therefore can be
 shaped by natural selection.
description: # Data from Environmental, sex-specific, and genetic determinants of
 infant social behavior in a wild primate The manuscript details four
 analyses (datafiles associated with each analysis are in parentheses):
 Analysis 1: Environmental predictors of age at first grooming
 (1\_4\_age\_first\_grooming.csv) Analysis 2: Recipients of first observed
 grooming effort (2\_first\_grooming\_partners.csv) Analysis 3:
 Mother-offspring grooming equivalence (3\_grooming\_equiv.csv) Analysis 4:
 Genetic variance in age at first grooming (1\_4\_age\_first\_grooming.csv,
 4\_pedigree) ## 1\_4\_age\_first\_grooming.csv used in Analyses 1
 & 4 * id, ID of subject * mom\_id, ID of subject's mother *
 grp, social group that the subject resided in * mean\_members, average
 number of individuals in the social group * mean\_oe, observer effort,
 measured as average per capita grooms per month per group *
 mean\_proprank\_tv, average proportional rank of the subject's mother
 (see publication for definition) * alpha\_present, Was the subject's
 mother the alpha (top) ranked female? (see publication for definition) *
 sib\_present, Was at least one sibling of the subject residing in the same
 social group as the subject from birth until first grooming? * sex, sex of
 the subject (M=Male, F=Female) * afg, age in years that the first grooming
 was observed * groom, Was the first grooming was observed? * adv\_rain,
 Did the subject experience adverse rainfall in the first year of life?
 (see publication for definition) * adv\_mom\_sci\_F, Did the subject
 experience low maternal social connectedness? (see publication for
 definition) * seasonbirth, Season (Wet or Dry) during which the subject
 was born * hydroyear, The hydrological year in which the data were
 collected; a hydroyear begins on 1 Nov and ends on 31 Oct. Hydroyear 1995
 began 1 Nov 1994 and ended 31 Oct 1995, and so on * maternalexperience,
 denotes if the subject was the mother's first offspring (primiparous)
 or a subsequent offspring (multiparous) * offspring\_anubis\_admix,
 Subject's 'hybrid score' = estimated genetic ancestry *
 mom\_anubis\_admix, Subject's mother's 'hybrid score'
 = estimated genetic ancestry ## 2\_first\_grooming\_partners.csv used in
 Analysis 2 * id, ID of subject * sex, sex of the subject (M=Male,
 F=Female) * sex\_partner, sex of the partner being groomed (M=Male,
 F=Female) * r, relatedness value * relationship, categorical relationship
 based on r value, sex, and age of the grooming partner * n0625\_nomom,
 number of individuals in the group with relatedness values greater than
 0.0625 excluding the mother of the subject * mean\_members, average number
 of individuals in the social group ## 3\_grooming\_equiv.csv used in
 Analysis 3 * id, ID of subject * mom\_id, ID of subject's mother *
 sex, sex of the subject (M=Male, F=Female) * age\_months, age in months of
 the subject * n\_kid\_grooms, number of times the subject was observed
 grooming its mother during the month * n\_mom\_grooms, number of times the
 mother was observed grooming the subject during the month * n\_grooms,
 total number of groomings observed between the subject and its mother
 during the month * grp, social group that the subject resided in *
 hydroyear, The hydrological year in which the data were collected; a
 hydroyear begins on 1 Nov and ends on 31 Oct. Hydroyear 1995 began 1 Nov
 1994 and ended 31 Oct 1995, and so on * mom\_dead, Did the subject's
 mother died in the first four years of the subject's life *
 disp\_cat, Did the male subject disperse early or late? (see publication
 for definition) ## 4\_pedigree used in Analysis 4 * animal, ID of the
 subject * dam, ID of subject's mother * sire, ID of subject's
 father