DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1rn8pk12q
title: Enhancing two-dimensional control via single-channel haptic feedback: A multi-dimensional encoding strategy

description: Haptic feedback elicits sensations of touch to communicate information to
 the user. Recent developments in virtual reality and sensory prostheses
 have demonstrated the need for systems that can provide more information
 than the simple vibrotactor in your phone. A novel multidimensional
 encoding approach allows for percepts of signal intensity and flutter
 frequency in a single distal location using transcutaneous neural
 stimulation. In this study, we aimed to determine if these percepts are
 able to convey useful information to participants performing motor control
 tasks and if they perform better than a typical intensity-only modulation
 approach. Eleven participants performed three types of tasks to assess the
 efficacy of multidimensional stimulation. The first set included discrete
 matching tasks, where participants had to differentiate between thirteen
 combinations of flutter frequency and intensity. In the other two sets,
 participants had to differentiate between simultaneous changes in the
 percepts. Participants in this study could correctly identify all discrete
 percept combinations and follow the changes in the percepts better than
 chance. Performance in the discrete task using a multidimensional approach
 showed increased information transfer compared to the individual
 modulation of intensity or flutter frequency. These results suggest that
 multidimensional encoding is a promising approach for increasing
 information throughput in sensory feedback systems. Hence, such an
 approach might improve upon conventional methods of providing graded
 percepts, creating more informative tactile percepts for haptic feedback
 through peripheral nerve stimulation.
description: # Enhancing two-dimensional control via single-channel haptic feedback: A
 multi-dimensional encoding strategy Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.1rn8pk12q](10.5061/dryad.1rn8pk12q) ## Description of the
 data and file structure A novel multidimensional encoding approach allows
 for percepts of signal intensity and flutter frequency in a single distal
 location using transcutaneous neural stimulation. In this study we aimed
 to determine if these percepts are able to convey useful information to
 participants performing motor control tasks and if they perform better
 than a typical intensity-only modulation approach. Eleven participants
 performed three types of tasks to assess the efficacy of multidimensional
 stimulation. The first set included discrete matching tasks, where
 participants had to differentiate between thirteen combinations of flutter
 frequency and intensity. In the other two sets, participants had to
 differentiate between simultaneous changes in the percepts. ### Files and
 variables #### **Corners_Summary.csv** **Description**: Data from a
 center-out task, likely involving reaching or pointing to targets from a
 central location. **Variables**: * **Correct**: Number of correct
 responses. * **Total**: Total number of trials. * **Wrong**: Number of
 incorrect responses. * **Time_to_respond**: Time taken to respond per
 trial. * **rsquare**: Goodness-of-fit measure, possibly for trajectory or
 response model. * **Type**: Type of trial or stimulus. * **Correct rate**:
 Percentage of correct responses. * **max_deviation**: Maximum deviation
 from the ideal path or target. * **subject_id**: Identifier for the
 participant. #### **Files: \_X_Contiunous_D_Summary.csv**,
 **_Y_Contiunous_D_Summary.csv**, **BottomLContiunous_D_Summary.csv**,
 **BottomRContiunous_D_Summary.csv**, **DiagonalContiunous_D_Summary.csv**,
 **TopLContiunous_D_Summary.csv** **Description**: summary data sheets of
 each of the extremes-in and, center out task, with the *x, *y and diagonal
 files containing the center out data, and the other files containing data
 for the extremes-in task **Variables**: * **PA, PW_track, PF_Track,
 ACR_Track**: Parameters related to stimulus or tracking (e.g., amplitude,
 pulse width, frequency, after-current response). * PA -µA (micro Amperage)
 * PW- µs (micro seconds) * PF= HZ (hertz) * ACR = µC/s (micro Coulomb per
 second) * **Burst_Count**: Number of bursts in the stimulus. * **Burst
 Enabled**: Whether burst stimulation was used. * **Burst Duration / Gap**:
 Timing parameters of bursts. * both are in ms (millisecond) * **X_Trace /
 Y_Trace**: Raw trace of movement in X and Y. * **X_drawing / Y_drawing**:
 Drawing data in X and Y. * **Trial Number**: Trial index. * **response_x /
 response_y**: Initial response coordinates. * **Response_x / Response_y**:
 Possibly corrected or final response coordinates. * **final_response_x /
 final_response_y**: Final response location. * **drawing_list_x /
 drawing_list_y**: List of drawing points. * **final_drawing_x /
 final_drawing_y**: Final drawing coordinates. * **Time_to_respond**: Time
 taken to respond. * **r_square**: Fit quality of response trajectory. *
 **subject_id**: Participant ID. * **max_deviation**: Maximum deviation
 from expected path. * **Target_reached**: Whether the target was
 successfully reached. * **Correct_Response_Percent**: Accuracy percentage.
 * **Target_Group / Response_Group**: Grouping of targets and responses
 (e.g., by location or type). * **Type**: Trial or stimulus type. ####
 **Discreet_Summary.csv**, **IntensityDiscreet_Summary.csv**,
 **TimingDiscreet_Summary.csv** **Description**: Discrete response tasks
 data sheets with a seperate file for each iteration of the response task. 
 **Variables**: * **PA, PW_Target, PF_Target, ACR_Target**: Stimulus
 parameters for target. * PA -µA (micro Amperage) * PW- µs (micro seconds)
 * PF= HZ (hertz) * ACR = µC/s (micro Coulomb per second) * **Burst Count /
 BE (Burst Enabled)**: Burst stimulation details. * **intesity posistion**:
 level of stimulus intensity. * **Burst_Gap / Burst_Duration**: Timing
 parameters. * both are in ms (millisecond) * **ACR_Position /
 BG_Position**: ACR and BG are mapped to a linear range that the
 participants had to respond to. * **Response / Response_x / Response_y**:
 Participant's response and coordinates. * **Optimal_x / Optimal_y**:
 Ideal response coordinates. * **subject_id**: Participant ID. * **Type**:
 Trial or stimulus type. * **Target_reached**: Whether the target was
 reached. * **Correct_Response_Percent**: Accuracy percentage. *
 **Target_Group / Response_Group**: Grouping of targets and responses. ##
 Code/software Data analysis and visualization can be run through the
 `Aim_2_Analysis_code.R` code. R and Rstudios are needed to run this
 analysis code. ## Human subjects data Ethical approval for the study
 protocol was obtained through the University of Arkansas Institutional
 Review Board (IRB # 2201379281). Participants were recruited for a single
 three-hour data collection session. Informed consent was obtained to
 publish the information/image(s) in an online open access publication.
 Information was de-identified using Subject-IDs in all published works and
 data files