DOI: 10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3fvz
title: Data from: dispersal restriction and facilitation in species with differing tolerance to development: a landscape genetics study of native and introduced lizards

description: Aim: The development of natural habitats into urban land uses has greatly
 accelerated in the recent past due to human activities. This habitat
 development disrupts species’ natural dispersal processes and can lead to
 both direct and indirect impacts on dispersal. Whether human activities
 result in restricted or facilitated dispersal may depend on a species’
 development tolerance; however, this premise has not been tested. We
 examined the impact of urbanization and road networks on the dispersal of
 three lizard species in the context of their development tolerance.
 Location: Curaçao Methods: To quantify species’ development tolerance, we
 modelled three lizard species abundances at sites based on surrounding
 landscape development. Using microsatellite genotypes, we conducted
 individual-based resistance surface analyses and modelled the effect of
 habitat development on genetic admixture to assess indirect dispersal
 restriction and facilitation. We explored direct facilitation of dispersal
 using network analysis of mitochondrial haplotypes. Results:
 Phyllodactylus martini, a native gecko species, was the least tolerant of
 development and experienced indirect dispersal restriction due to roads,
 according to resistance surface analyses. Anolis lineatus, a native anole
 species, exhibited a neutral relationship with development. Resistance
 surfaces and Structure analyses showed that A. lineatus faced indirect
 dispersal restrictions from roads and developed areas, while mitochondrial
 haplotype networks suggested they benefited from occasional
 human-facilitated long-distance dispersal events. Hemidactylus mabouia, an
 introduced gecko species, was the most tolerant of development, and
 experienced no dispersal restriction, but mitochondrial haplotypes suggest
 direct long-distance dispersal facilitation. Main conclusions: Our
 findings highlight development tolerance as a key predictor of dispersal
 impact for these species and future work should test whether these
 patterns are upheld in other systems. Understanding how human activities
 affect species' dispersal will aid in managing introduced species
 while promoting connectivity for native species navigating dispersal
 challenges in dynamic landscapes.
description: Lizard surveys were conducted across the Caribbean Island of
 Curacao from January 27 - March 11, 2017. Tail tips were collected for DNA
 extraction from 100 <em>Phyllodactylus martini</em>, 100
 <em>Anolis lineatus</em>, and 95 <em>Hemidactylus
 mabouia</em>.  Samples from <em>P.
 martini</em> and <em>A. lineatus </em>were genotyped
 with 11 new polymorphic microsatellite markers each (Genetic Marker
 Services, Hassocks, UK). See Supplemental materials of associated paper
 for marker details. We genotyped <em>H. mabouia</em> using 12
 known polymorphic markers (Short & Petren, 2008). Mitochondrial
 DNA from cytochrome b was amplified using primers MTA-S:F (5’
 ATCTCAGCATGATGAAACTTCG 3’) and MTF-S:R (5’ TTT GGTTTACAAGACCAATG 3’) for
 <em>P. martini</em>  and <em>A. lineatus</em>
 (Thorpe et al., 2008) and primers rGlu-1L:F (5’ GAAAAACCRCCGTTGTWATTCAACTA
 3’) and rPro-1H3:R (5’ TWAAAATKCTAGTTTTGGG 3’) for <em>H.
 mabouia</em> (Kumazawa & Endo, 2004).
description: # Data from: dispersal restriction and facilitation in species with
 differing tolerance to development: a landscape genetics study of native
 and introduced lizards
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3fvz](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3fvz) This dataset includes genetic and spatial data relevant to three lizard species on the island of Curacao. *Phyllodactylus martini* is a native gecko, *Anolis lineatus* is a native anole, and *Hemidactylus mabouia* is an invasive gecko. Lizards were sampled at developed and undeveloped sites across the island. We genotyped all three species with at least 11 microsatellite markers and sequenced a section of mitochondrial DNA from cytochrome b. ## Description of the data and file structure Microsatellite_Genotypes.xlsx - contains microstallite genotypes for successfully amplified primers used in the final analysis for each lizard species (*P. martini*, *A. lineatus*, and *H. mabouia*). Each species is displayed on a separate sheet of Excel book. Genotypes are formatted with two columns per loci, each representing an allele. Each row represents a single individual. Missing data is indicated with a blank space. The site of collection is also included for each individual to facilitate joining of with spatial dataset (Spatial_data.xlsx). In addition, one sheet (primers) contains basic information on the primers used for each species. Additional information, such as amplification conditions, can be found in the supplemental materials of the associated paper. Spatial_data.xlsx - contains spatial data relevant to sample locations across Curacao. * Sites - contains spatial coordinates, information on lizard sampling effort, development context, and site type for each site at which lizards were sampled for genetic analysis. Also contains road density within nine buffers from 100-5000m around each sample point. * Landcover_buffers - contains number of pixels within a given buffer (100-5000m) for each landcover category (water, cloud shadow, scrub, dense veg, high and low density development, and bare ground). Only scrub, dense vegetation, low-density development, and high-density development were used in landcover analyses. These buffers were calculated around each sampled individual. The first sheet of each Excel file contains basic metadata on what is included within the file. Cleaned mitochondrial sequences for each sequenced individual per species can be found in the .fas files. These sequences were cleaned and exported from the program MEGA; however, the .fas files can be opened using any text editing software, such as Notepad. We load the sequences in R using the haplotypes package. Species annotations, used in file names, are as follows: * PHMA = *P. martini* * ANLI = *A. lineatus* * HEMA = *H. mabouia* ## Sharing/Access information Spatial data was derived from the following sources: * landcover map of Curacao - Behm, J. E., Ellers, J., Jesse, W. A. M., Tran, T. J., & Helmus, M. R. (2023). *Predicting and quantifying coexistence outcomes between resident and invading species using trait and abundance data* (p. 2023.01.12.523647). bioRxiv. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.12.523647](https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.12.523647) * road density - we extracted road line shapefiles from the OpenStreetMap dataset via the Humanitarian Data Exchange and rasterized them 100m resolution