DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18014471
title: Multi-Modal-Sentiment-Analysis

description: # Article

**Multi-Modal Sentiment Analysis in Social Media Using Attention-Based Fusion of Text, Audio, and Visual Features**

 

## Description

The project "Multi-Modal Sentiment Analysis in Social Media Using Attention-Based Fusion of Text, Audio, and Visual Features" aims to enhance sentiment prediction accuracy by integrating diverse data modalities. Traditional sentiment analysis methods often face challenges such as feature heterogeneity and dynamic sentiment shifts, which this project addresses through an innovative framework called the Semantic Entropy Forecaster.

### Main Features and Contributions:- **Attention-Based Fusion Framework**: The Semantic Entropy Forecaster effectively integrates text, audio, and visual data using an attention-based fusion mechanism.- **Manifold Guided Semantic Predictor**: This component maps multi-modal inputs into a unified semantic space, facilitating better feature integration.- **Agent Driven Feature Allocator**: Dynamically assigns attention weights to modality-specific features, ensuring relevant data is prioritized for sentiment prediction.- **Probabilistic Entropy Regularizer**: Reduces the impact of noisy or redundant features through entropy-based regularization, enhancing model robustness.- **Temporal Extension**: Implements a policy-driven coordination mechanism that adapts feature fusion over time, capturing temporal dependencies in sentiment dynamics.

### Application Scenarios and Value:The framework is particularly valuable for applications in social media analytics, where understanding sentiment from multi-modal content is crucial. It can be applied to brand monitoring, user behavior analysis, and improving human-computer interaction systems. The project demonstrates state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets, underscoring its potential as a scalable and effective solution for sentiment prediction in complex social media environments.

## Dataset Information

The study utilizes several benchmark datasets to evaluate the performance of the proposed Semantic Entropy Forecaster model. Below is a detailed description of each dataset used:

| Dataset Name | Type and Source | Scale and Characteristics | Purpose and Evaluation Metrics ||--------------|-----------------|---------------------------|-------------------------------|| **Fusion** | Multimodal dataset from [fusion.It](https://fusion.It) | Includes synchronized data from multiple modalities such as text, audio, and video, collected from real-world scenarios. Each sample is annotated with high-level semantic labels, such as sentiment or emotion, and low-level features, such as pitch, tone, and visual attributes. | Designed to facilitate research on attention mechanisms and feature fusion. Emphasizes the importance of cross-modal interactions and provides benchmarks for evaluating attention-based fusion techniques. |

This dataset is essential for advancing multimodal learning and understanding complex human behaviors, providing a comprehensive resource for testing the robustness and effectiveness of multimodal sentiment analysis models.

## 数据集链接

- [Fusion](https://fusion.It) — 332 DatasetAhmed (2016) is a multimodal dataset designed to facilitate research on attention mechanisms 333 andfeature fusion.It includessynchronizeddatafrom multiplemodalities,...

## Code Information

| Code File                          | Functionality                                                                 ||------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|| `ManifoldGuidedSemanticPredictor.py` | Maps multi-modal inputs into a unified semantic space for sentiment analysis. || `AgentDrivenFeatureAllocator.py`   | Dynamically assigns attention weights to modality-specific features.          || `ProbabilisticEntropyRegularizer.py` | Reduces influence of noisy or redundant features through entropy-based regularization. || `SemanticEntropyForecaster.py`     | Integrates modules for effective sentiment prediction in social media.        || `PolicyDrivenCoordination.py`      | Implements dynamic modality weighting and temporal policy adaptation.         || `DataAugmentation.py`              | Applies techniques to improve model generalization across datasets.           || `EvaluationMetrics.py`             | Computes accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score for model evaluation.      || `TrainingStrategy.py`              | Defines training parameters and optimization techniques for model stability.  || `AblationStudy.py`                 | Evaluates individual component contributions to overall model performance.    || `ExperimentalSetup.py`             | Sets up the environment and configurations for conducting experiments.        |

## Usage Instructions

### 1. Clone and Set Up the Environment

To begin, clone the repository and set up the environment:

```bashgit clone https://github.com/your-repo.gitcd your-repo```

Install the necessary dependencies using pip:

```bashpip install -r requirements.txt```

### Prepare Data

Download the Fusion dataset from the provided URL:

```bashwget https://fusion.It -O fusion_dataset.zipunzip fusion_dataset.zip -d data/fusion```

Ensure the data is structured correctly in the `data/fusion` directory.

### Train the Model

To train the model, execute the following command. Use the `--device` parameter to specify `cpu` or `gpu`:

```bashpython train.py --data_dir data/fusion --epochs 100 --batch_size 128 --device gpu```

Adjust the hyperparameters such as `epochs` and `batch_size` as needed.

### Evaluate and Run Inference

Evaluate the model using the test dataset:

```bashpython evaluate.py --data_dir data/fusion --checkpoint model_checkpoint.pth --device gpu```

For inference, run the following command:

```bashpython inference.py --input_file input_data.txt --checkpoint model_checkpoint.pth --device gpu```

Ensure the `input_file` is formatted correctly for the model to process.

## Requirements

- Python ≥ 3.9- PyTorch ≥ 2.0- NumPy ≥ 1.21- Transformers ≥ 4.0- Scikit-learn ≥ 0.24- Matplotlib ≥ 3.4- Pandas ≥ 1.3- OpenCV ≥ 4.5- Librosa ≥ 0.8- SciPy ≥ 1.7

## Methodology

### Network Architecture

The proposed methodology for Multi-Modal Sentiment Analysis in Social Media employs an attention-based fusion framework to integrate textual, audio, and visual features, aiming to improve sentiment prediction accuracy. Central to the approach is the Semantic Entropy Forecaster, a model specifically designed to address challenges in multi-modal sentiment analysis, including feature heterogeneity, contextual dependencies, and dynamic sentiment variations across modalities.

The network architecture consists of two main paths: the contracting path and the expanding path.

**Contracting Path:**

The contracting path is responsible for capturing and encoding the input features from different modalities into a unified representation. It involves the following components:

1. **Manifold Guided Semantic Predictor:** This module maps multi-modal inputs into a shared semantic space. It captures semantic relationships across modalities by projecting features into a unified manifold space. The manifold mapping function transforms the multi-modal inputs into a shared semantic space, facilitating effective sentiment analysis.

2. **Agent Driven Feature Allocator:** This component dynamically assigns attention weights to modality-specific features based on their relevance to sentiment prediction. The attention mechanism ensures that the most informative features are prioritized, enhancing the model's ability to capture complementary information across modalities.

**Expanding Path:**

The expanding path focuses on refining the fused representation and optimizing the interaction between the model's modules to improve sentiment prediction accuracy. It includes:

1. **Probabilistic Entropy Regularizer:** This module reduces the influence of noisy or redundant features through entropy-based regularization. By minimizing semantic entropy, the fused representation becomes both informative and discriminative, ensuring balanced contributions from different modalities.

2. **Policy-Driven Coordination:** This strategy dynamically adjusts modality weights through a policy-driven approach, enhancing the fusion process. It ensures that the fusion process is context-aware and robust, leading to improved sentiment prediction performance. The policy-driven coordination mechanism dynamically adapts to changes in the importance of each modality over time, further improving the robustness of the fusion process.

Together, these components form a cohesive framework that advances the state of the art in multi-modal sentiment analysis, offering a scalable and effective solution for sentiment prediction in social media contexts.

## Results Summary

The experimental evaluations of the Semantic Entropy Forecaster demonstrate its superior performance over existing state-of-the-art methods across multiple benchmark datasets. The results highlight the model's effectiveness in integrating multi-modal data for sentiment analysis, achieving significant improvements in accuracy and robustness.

### Experimental Results

The following tables present a detailed comparison of our proposed method against various state-of-the-art approaches on different datasets.

#### Table 1: Comparison on Social Media Text Sentiment Dataset and Audio Emotion Recognition Dataset

| Model                        | Social Media Text Sentiment Dataset |                                      | Audio Emotion Recognition Dataset |                                      ||------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------||                              | Accuracy                            | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             | Accuracy                            | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             || ConvNeXt Zhu et al. (2025)   | 87.12 ± 0.48                        | 86.75 ± 0.52                         | 86.34 ± 0.57                      | 86.54 ± 0.49                         | 88.03 ± 0.50                        | 87.62 ± 0.55                         | 87.21 ± 0.60                      | 87.41 ± 0.53                         || RegNet Fu et al. (2024)      | 86.45 ± 0.51                        | 86.02 ± 0.58                         | 85.63 ± 0.62                      | 85.82 ± 0.54                         | 87.34 ± 0.47                        | 86.91 ± 0.52                         | 86.48 ± 0.59                      | 86.69 ± 0.50                         || MobileNet Shi et al. (2023b) | 85.78 ± 0.55                        | 85.34 ± 0.60                         | 84.92 ± 0.64                      | 85.13 ± 0.57                         | 86.89 ± 0.53                        | 86.45 ± 0.58                         | 86.02 ± 0.63                      | 86.23 ± 0.56                         || DeiT Ma et al. (2022)        | 88.21 ± 0.42                        | 87.84 ± 0.47                         | 87.43 ± 0.51                      | 87.63 ± 0.45                         | 89.12 ± 0.44                        | 88.73 ± 0.49                         | 88.31 ± 0.54                      | 88.52 ± 0.46                         || Swin Transformer Wang et al. (2021) | 88.67 ± 0.39                        | 88.29 ± 0.44                         | 87.88 ± 0.48                      | 88.08 ± 0.41                         | 89.54 ± 0.40                        | 89.12 ± 0.46                         | 88.71 ± 0.50                      | 88.91 ± 0.43                         || DenseNet Han and Miao (2020) | 87.89 ± 0.46                        | 87.52 ± 0.50                         | 87.11 ± 0.55                      | 87.31 ± 0.48                         | 88.76 ± 0.48                        | 88.34 ± 0.53                         | 87.93 ± 0.58                      | 88.13 ± 0.51                         || **Ours**                     | **89.34 ± 0.37**                    | **88.95 ± 0.42**                     | **88.54 ± 0.46**                  | **88.74 ± 0.40**                     | **90.12 ± 0.38**                    | **89.71 ± 0.43**                     | **89.29 ± 0.47**                  | **89.50 ± 0.41**                     |

#### Table 2: Comparison on Visual Sentiment Analysis Dataset and Attention-Based Fusion Features Dataset

| Model                        | Visual Sentiment Analysis Dataset |                                      | Attention-Based Fusion Features Dataset |                                      ||------------------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------||                              | Accuracy                          | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             | Accuracy                            | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             || ConvNeXt Zhu et al. (2025)   | 87.12 ± 0.48                      | 86.75 ± 0.52                         | 86.34 ± 0.57                      | 86.54 ± 0.49                         | 88.23 ± 0.50                        | 87.89 ± 0.55                         | 87.42 ± 0.60                      | 87.65 ± 0.53                         || RegNet Fu et al. (2024)      | 86.45 ± 0.51                      | 86.02 ± 0.58                         | 85.67 ± 0.62                      | 85.84 ± 0.54                         | 87.78 ± 0.47                        | 87.34 ± 0.53                         | 86.91 ± 0.59                      | 87.12 ± 0.50                         || MobileNet Shi et al. (2023b) | 85.98 ± 0.55                      | 85.61 ± 0.60                         | 85.23 ± 0.64                      | 85.42 ± 0.58                         | 87.12 ± 0.52                        | 86.78 ± 0.57                         | 86.34 ± 0.63                      | 86.56 ± 0.54                         || DeiT Ma et al. (2022)        | 86.87 ± 0.46                      | 86.43 ± 0.50                         | 86.01 ± 0.55                      | 86.22 ± 0.48                         | 88.02 ± 0.49                        | 87.65 ± 0.54                         | 87.23 ± 0.58                      | 87.44 ± 0.51                         || Swin Transformer Wang et al. (2021) | 87.54 ± 0.42                      | 87.12 ± 0.47                         | 86.78 ± 0.51                      | 86.95 ± 0.45                         | 88.67 ± 0.44                        | 88.23 ± 0.50                         | 87.89 ± 0.55                      | 88.06 ± 0.48                         || DenseNet Han and Miao (2020) | 86.32 ± 0.50                      | 85.89 ± 0.56                         | 85.45 ± 0.60                      | 85.67 ± 0.53                         | 87.45 ± 0.48                        | 87.02 ± 0.52                         | 86.58 ± 0.57                      | 86.80 ± 0.50                         || **Ours**                     | **89.34 ± 0.40**                  | **88.92 ± 0.45**                     | **88.56 ± 0.49**                  | **88.74 ± 0.43**                     | **90.12 ± 0.42**                    | **89.78 ± 0.47**                     | **89.34 ± 0.51**                  | **89.56 ± 0.45**                     |

### Ablation Study

To assess the contribution of each component in our framework, an ablation study was conducted. The results are shown in the following tables.

#### Table 3: Ablation Study on Social Media Text Sentiment Dataset and Audio Emotion Recognition Dataset

| Model                                  | Social Media Text Sentiment Dataset |                                      | Audio Emotion Recognition Dataset |                                      ||----------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------||                                        | Accuracy                            | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             | Accuracy                            | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             || w./o. Manifold Guided Semantic Predictor | 87.45 ± 0.50                        | 87.08 ± 0.55                         | 86.67 ± 0.60                      | 86.87 ± 0.52                         | 88.34 ± 0.48                        | 87.92 ± 0.53                         | 87.51 ± 0.58                      | 87.71 ± 0.50                         || w./o. Agent Driven Feature Allocator   | 88.12 ± 0.44                        | 87.74 ± 0.49                         | 87.33 ± 0.54                      | 87.53 ± 0.46                         | 89.01 ± 0.42                        | 88.62 ± 0.47                         | 88.20 ± 0.52                      | 88.41 ± 0.45                         || w./o. Probabilistic Entropy Regularizer | 88.78 ± 0.40                        | 88.39 ± 0.45                         | 87.98 ± 0.50                      | 88.18 ± 0.43                         | 89.67 ± 0.39                        | 89.25 ± 0.44                         | 88.84 ± 0.49                      | 89.04 ± 0.42                         || **Ours**                               | **89.34 ± 0.37**                    | **88.95 ± 0.42**                     | **88.54 ± 0.46**                  | **88.74 ± 0.40**                     | **90.12 ± 0.38**                    | **89.71 ± 0.43**                     | **89.29 ± 0.47**                  | **89.50 ± 0.41**                     |

#### Table 4: Ablation Study on Visual Sentiment Analysis Dataset and Attention-Based Fusion Features Dataset

| Model                                  | Visual Sentiment Analysis Dataset |                                      | Attention-Based Fusion Features Dataset |                                      ||----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------||                                        | Accuracy                          | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             | Accuracy                            | Precision                            | Recall                            | F1 Score                             || w./o. Manifold Guided Semantic Predictor | 87.45 ± 0.46                      | 87.02 ± 0.51                         | 86.67 ± 0.55                      | 86.84 ± 0.48                         | 88.56 ± 0.47                        | 88.12 ± 0.52                         | 87.78 ± 0.57                      | 87.95 ± 0.50                         || w./o. Agent Driven Feature Allocator   | 88.12 ± 0.44                      | 87.68 ± 0.49                         | 87.34 ± 0.53                      | 87.51 ± 0.46                         | 89.02 ± 0.45                        | 88.67 ± 0.50                         | 88.23 ± 0.54                      | 88.45 ± 0.48                         || w./o. Probabilistic Entropy Regularizer | 88.67 ± 0.42                      | 88.23 ± 0.47                         | 87.89 ± 0.51                      | 88.06 ± 0.45                         | 89.45 ± 0.43                        | 89.12 ± 0.48                         | 88.78 ± 0.52                      | 88.95 ± 0.46                         || **Ours**                               | **89.34 ± 0.40**                  | **88.92 ± 0.45**                     | **88.56 ± 0.49**                  | **88.74 ± 0.43**                     | **90.12 ± 0.42**                    | **89.78 ± 0.47**                     | **89.34 ± 0.51**                  | **89.56 ± 0.45**                     |

These results confirm the effectiveness of each component in enhancing the model's performance, with the full model consistently achieving the best results across all datasets.

## Citations

### References

1. Ahmed, A. (2016). Social media and social movements: The transformation of communication patterns. Horizons in Humanities and Social Sciences: An International Refereed Journal.2. Ali, A. H. and Kumar, H. (2021). Big data sentiment analysis of twitter data. Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data.3. Allgeuer, P. and Behnke, S. (2018). Hierarchical and state-based architectures for robot behavior planning and control. arXiv.org.4. Artz, L. (2022). Social media and social movements. Protest.5. Cai, Z., Li, M., Huang, W., and Yang, W. (2021). Bt expansion: a sound and complete algorithm for behavior planning of intelligent robots with behavior trees. AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.6. Chakma, K. (2025). A review of the role of social media in shaping social movements. SSRN Electronic Journal.7. Chen, X., Zhang, W., Bai, H., Xu, C., Ding, H., and Huang, W. (2024). Two-dimensional following lane-changing (2df-lc): A framework for dynamic decision-making and rapid behavior planning. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles.8. Colledanchise, M., Almeida, D., andgren, P. (2016). Towards blended reactive planning and acting using behavior trees. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.9. Esterle, K., Kessler, T., and Knoll, A. (2020). Optimal behavior planning for autonomous driving: A generic mixed-integer formulation. 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV).10. Fu, S., Li, K., Huang, H., Ma, C., Fan, Q., and Zhu, Y. (2024). Red-billed blue magpie optimizer: a novel metaheuristic algorithm for 2d/3d uav path planning and engineering design problems. Artificial Intelligence Review.11. Gordon, S. R. (2015). Fostering social movements with social media. SSRN Electronic Journal.12. Goularas, D. and Kamis, S. (2019). 2019 international conference on deep learning and machine learning in emerging applications (deep-ml). Unknown.13. Han, S. and Miao, F. (2020). Behavior planning for connected autonomous vehicles using feedback deep reinforcement learning. arXiv.org.14. Hwang, H. and Kim, K. (2015). Social media as a tool for social movements: the effect of social media use and social capital on intention to participate in social movements. International Journal of Consumer Studies.15. Kidd, D. and McIntosh, K. (2016). Social media and social movements. Sociology Compass.16. Klimke, M., Vlz, B., and Buchholz, M. (2022). Cooperative behavior planning for automated driving using graph neural networks. 2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV).17. Krsti, A. and urevi, B. (2017). Social media marketing. Marketing.18. Liu, D., Cong, M., and Du, Y. (2017). Episodic memory-based robotic planning under uncertainty. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print).19. Liu, H., Chen, K., Li, Y., Huang, Z., Duan, J., and Ma, J. (2023). Integrated behavior planning and motion control for autonomous vehicles with traffic rules compliance. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics.20. Louis, A. (2016). Natural language processing for social media. Computational Linguistics.21. Ma, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Bi, H., Wang, J., Malekian, R., et al. (2022). Cciba*: An improved ba* based collaborative coverage path planning method for multiple unmanned surface mapping vehicles. IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print).22. Mboutayeb, S., Majda, A., and Nikolov, N. S. (2021). Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on big data, modelling and machine learning. Unknown.23. Miller, K. J., Botvinick, M., and Brody, C. (2017). Dorsal hippocampus contributes to model-based planning. Nature Neuroscience.24. Ngiam, J., Caine, B., Vasudevan, V., Zhang, Z., Chiang, H., Ling, J., et al. (2021). Scene transformer: A unified multi-task model for behavior prediction and planning. arXiv.org.25. Paul, J., Modi, A., and Patel, J. (2016). Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action.26. Qiao, Z., Tyree, Z., Mudalige, P., Schneider, J., and Dolan, J. (2019). Hierarchical reinforcement learning method for autonomous vehicle behavior planning. IEEE/RJS International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.27. Rokade, G., Ughade, R., and Gaurshettiwar, P. (2025). 2025 4th international conference on sentiment analysis and deep learning (icsadl). Unknown.28. Shi, J., Zhang, T., Zhan, J., Chen, S., Xin, J., and Zheng, N. (2023a). Efficient lane-changing behavior planning via reinforcement learning with imitation learning initialization. 2023 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV).29. Shi, J., Zhang, T., Zhan, J., Chen, S., Xin, J., and Zheng, N. (2023b). Efficient lane-changing behavior planning via reinforcement learning with imitation learning initialization. 2023 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV).30. Sun, L., Zhan, W., yao Chan, C., and Tomizuka, M. (2019). Behavior planning of autonomous cars with social perception. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV).31. Ulbrich, S. and Maurer, M. (2015). Towards tactical lane change behavior planning for automated vehicles. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.32. Wang, Y., Wang, C., Zhao, W., and Xu, C. (2021). Decision-making and planning method for autonomous vehicles based on motivation and risk assessment. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.33. Wang, Z. (2024). Proceedings of the 1st international conference on data science and engineering. Unknown.34. Xu, L. and Wang, W. (2023). Improving aspect-based sentiment analysis with contrastive learning. Natural Language Processing Journal.35. Zang, Z., Zhang, X., Song, J., Lu, Y., Li, Z., Dong, H., et al. (2025). A coordinated behavior planning and trajectory planning framework for multi-ugvs in unstructured narrow interaction scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles.36. Zhu, J., Wang, P., Peng, Y., and Yin, Q. (2025). An online human-aware behavior planning method for nondeterministic uav system under probabilistic model checking. Drones.

## License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. You are free to share and adapt the material for any purpose, even commercially, under the following terms:

- **Attribution**: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

For more information, please visit [Creative Commons](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

## Contribution Guidelines

We welcome contributions to our project and are grateful for the community's support in making it better. To ensure a smooth process, please follow these guidelines when contributing:

1. **Code of Conduct**: By participating, you agree to uphold our code of conduct. Please be respectful and considerate in your interactions.

2. **Reporting Issues**: If you find a bug or have a suggestion, please check the existing issues first to avoid duplicates. If the issue is new, please provide a clear and detailed description.

3. **Feature Requests**: We welcome suggestions for new features. Please describe the feature, its use case, and any potential impact it might have on existing functionalities.

4. **Pull Requests**:    - Fork the repository and create your branch from `main`.   - Ensure your code adheres to the project's coding style.   - Include tests for any new functionality.   - Update the documentation as needed.   - Reference any related issues in your pull request description.

5. **Testing**: Before submitting, ensure that all tests pass. Contributions without tests will not be considered.

6. **Documentation**: Contributions to documentation are highly valued. Please ensure clarity and consistency with existing documentation.

7. **Review Process**: All contributions will be reviewed by our team. We may request changes or provide feedback. Please be patient as we work through the review process.

8. **Acknowledgment**: We appreciate all contributions and will acknowledge contributors in our project documentation.

Thank you for your interest in contributing to our project! Your efforts are greatly appreciated and help us improve and grow.

## Contact

**Author:** Hao Chang  **Affiliation:** School of Computer Science, Anhui University  **Email:** email@uni.edu  **Website:** [Anhui University](http://www.ahu.edu.cn)## 代码文件

### model.py

```pythonimport torchimport torch.nn as nnimport torch.nn.functional as Ffrom typing import Tuple, List, Dict, Any

class SemanticEntropyForecaster(nn.Module):    """    Semantic Entropy Forecaster for Multi-Modal Sentiment Analysis.

    This model integrates text, audio, and visual features using an attention-based fusion framework.    It addresses challenges such as feature heterogeneity, contextual dependencies, and dynamic sentiment shifts    across modalities. The model comprises three core components:    - Manifold Guided Semantic Predictor    - Agent Driven Feature Allocator    - Probabilistic Entropy Regularizer

    Attributes:        text_dim (int): Dimension of the text features.        audio_dim (int): Dimension of the audio features.        visual_dim (int): Dimension of the visual features.        hidden_dim (int): Dimension of the hidden layers.    """

    def __init__(self, text_dim: int, audio_dim: int, visual_dim: int, hidden_dim: int):        super(SemanticEntropyForecaster, self).__init__()        self.text_dim = text_dim        self.audio_dim = audio_dim        self.visual_dim = visual_dim        self.hidden_dim = hidden_dim

        # Manifold Guided Semantic Predictor        self.text_projection = nn.Linear(text_dim, hidden_dim)        self.audio_projection = nn.Linear(audio_dim, hidden_dim)        self.visual_projection = nn.Linear(visual_dim, hidden_dim)

        # Agent Driven Feature Allocator        self.attention_weights = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(3, hidden_dim))        nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.attention_weights)

        # Probabilistic Entropy Regularizer        self.classifier = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, 3)  # Assuming 3 sentiment classes: positive, neutral, negative

    def forward(self, text_input: torch.Tensor, audio_input: torch.Tensor, visual_input: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:        """        Forward pass of the Semantic Entropy Forecaster.

        Args:            text_input (torch.Tensor): Input tensor for text features.            audio_input (torch.Tensor): Input tensor for audio features.            visual_input (torch.Tensor): Input tensor for visual features.

        Returns:            torch.Tensor: Output tensor with predicted sentiment probabilities.        """        # Project inputs to a shared semantic space        text_features = F.relu(self.text_projection(text_input))        audio_features = F.relu(self.audio_projection(audio_input))        visual_features = F.relu(self.visual_projection(visual_input))

        # Concatenate features        concatenated_features = torch.stack([text_features, audio_features, visual_features], dim=1)

        # Compute attention weights        attention_scores = F.softmax(torch.matmul(concatenated_features, self.attention_weights.t()), dim=1)        weighted_features = torch.sum(attention_scores.unsqueeze(-1) * concatenated_features, dim=1)

        # Classify sentiment        output = self.classifier(weighted_features)        return F.log_softmax(output, dim=1)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:        return (f"SemanticEntropyForecaster(text_dim={self.text_dim}, audio_dim={self.audio_dim}, "                f"visual_dim={self.visual_dim}, hidden_dim={self.hidden_dim})")

    def __str__(self) -> str:        return self.__repr__()

def initialize_model(text_dim: int, audio_dim: int, visual_dim: int, hidden_dim: int) -> SemanticEntropyForecaster:    """    Initialize the Semantic Entropy Forecaster model.

    Args:        text_dim (int): Dimension of the text features.        audio_dim (int): Dimension of the audio features.        visual_dim (int): Dimension of the visual features.        hidden_dim (int): Dimension of the hidden layers.

    Returns:        SemanticEntropyForecaster: Initialized model.    """    model = SemanticEntropyForecaster(text_dim, audio_dim, visual_dim, hidden_dim)    return model

def count_parameters(model: nn.Module) -> int:    """    Count the number of trainable parameters in the model.

    Args:        model (nn.Module): The model to count parameters for.

    Returns:        int: The number of trainable parameters.    """    return sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters() if p.requires_grad)

def model_summary(model: nn.Module) -> None:    """    Print a summary of the model architecture and parameter count.

    Args:        model (nn.Module): The model to summarize.    """    print(model)    print(f"Total trainable parameters: {count_parameters(model)}")

def validate_input_dimensions(text_dim: int, audio_dim: int, visual_dim: int) -> None:    """    Validate the input dimensions to ensure they are positive integers.

    Args:        text_dim (int): Dimension of the text features.        audio_dim (int): Dimension of the audio features.        visual_dim (int): Dimension of the visual features.

    Raises:        ValueError: If any of the dimensions are not positive integers.    """    if not all(isinstance(dim, int) and dim > 0 for dim in [text_dim, audio_dim, visual_dim]):        raise ValueError("All input dimensions must be positive integers.")

def main() -> None:    """    Main function to initialize and summarize the Semantic Entropy Forecaster model.    """    # Example dimensions for text, audio, and visual features    text_dim = 768    audio_dim = 128    visual_dim = 512    hidden_dim = 256

    # Validate input dimensions    validate_input_dimensions(text_dim, audio_dim, visual_dim)

    # Initialize and summarize the model    model = initialize_model(text_dim, audio_dim, visual_dim, hidden_dim)    model_summary(model)

if __name__ == "__main__":    main()```

### train.py

```pythonimport argparseimport loggingimport osfrom typing import Tuple, Dict

import torchimport torch.nn as nnimport torch.optim as optimfrom torch.utils.data import DataLoaderfrom torchvision import datasets, transforms

# Define a logger for the training processlogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class TrainingConfig:    """    Configuration class for training settings and hyperparameters.

    Attributes:        epochs (int): Number of training epochs.        batch_size (int): Size of each training batch.        learning_rate (float): Learning rate for the optimizer.        momentum (float): Momentum factor for the optimizer.        weight_decay (float): Weight decay (L2 penalty) for the optimizer.        log_interval (int): How often to log training status.        save_model (bool): Whether to save the model after training.        model_dir (str): Directory to save the trained model.    """    def __init__(self):        self.epochs = 10        self.batch_size = 64        self.learning_rate = 0.01        self.momentum = 0.9        self.weight_decay = 1e-4        self.log_interval = 10        self.save_model = True        self.model_dir = './models'

class SimpleCNN(nn.Module):    """    A simple Convolutional Neural Network for image classification.

    Methods:        forward(x): Forward pass through the network.    """    def __init__(self):        super(SimpleCNN, self).__init__()        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 32, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(32, 64, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(64 * 7 * 7, 128)        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(128, 10)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:        x = torch.relu(self.conv1(x))        x = torch.max_pool2d(x, 2)        x = torch.relu(self.conv2(x))        x = torch.max_pool2d(x, 2)        x = x.view(-1, 64 * 7 * 7)        x = torch.relu(self.fc1(x))        x = self.fc2(x)        return x

def train(config: TrainingConfig, model: nn.Module, device: torch.device, train_loader: DataLoader, optimizer: optim.Optimizer, epoch: int) -> None:    """    Train the model for one epoch.

    Args:        config (TrainingConfig): Configuration for training.        model (nn.Module): The model to train.        device (torch.device): The device to use for training.        train_loader (DataLoader): DataLoader for the training data.        optimizer (optim.Optimizer): Optimizer for updating model parameters.        epoch (int): Current epoch number.    """    model.train()    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):        data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)        optimizer.zero_grad()        output = model(data)        loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()(output, target)        loss.backward()        optimizer.step()        if batch_idx % config.log_interval == 0:            logger.info(f'Train Epoch: {epoch} [{batch_idx * len(data)}/{len(train_loader.dataset)} '                        f'({100. * batch_idx / len(train_loader):.0f}%)]\tLoss: {loss.item():.6f}')

def test(model: nn.Module, device: torch.device, test_loader: DataLoader) -> Tuple[float, float]:    """    Evaluate the model on the test dataset.

    Args:        model (nn.Module): The model to evaluate.        device (torch.device): The device to use for evaluation.        test_loader (DataLoader): DataLoader for the test data.

    Returns:        Tuple[float, float]: Test loss and accuracy.    """    model.eval()    test_loss = 0    correct = 0    with torch.no_grad():        for data, target in test_loader:            data, target = data.to(device), target.to(device)            output = model(data)            test_loss += nn.CrossEntropyLoss()(output, target).item()            pred = output.argmax(dim=1, keepdim=True)            correct += pred.eq(target.view_as(pred)).sum().item()

    test_loss /= len(test_loader.dataset)    accuracy = 100. * correct / len(test_loader.dataset)    logger.info(f'\nTest set: Average loss: {test_loss:.4f}, Accuracy: {correct}/{len(test_loader.dataset)} '                f'({accuracy:.0f}%)\n')    return test_loss, accuracy

def save_model(model: nn.Module, model_dir: str, model_name: str) -> None:    """    Save the trained model to disk.

    Args:        model (nn.Module): The model to save.        model_dir (str): Directory to save the model.        model_name (str): Name of the model file.    """    if not os.path.exists(model_dir):        os.makedirs(model_dir)    torch.save(model.state_dict(), os.path.join(model_dir, model_name))    logger.info(f'Model saved to {os.path.join(model_dir, model_name)}')

def main() -> None:    """    Main function to set up training and testing of the model.    """    # Argument parsing for command-line options    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='PyTorch MNIST Example')    parser.add_argument('--batch-size', type=int, default=64, metavar='N',                        help='input batch size for training (default: 64)')    parser.add_argument('--test-batch-size', type=int, default=1000, metavar='N',                        help='input batch size for testing (default: 1000)')    parser.add_argument('--epochs', type=int, default=10, metavar='N',                        help='number of epochs to train (default: 10)')    parser.add_argument('--lr', type=float, default=0.01, metavar='LR',                        help='learning rate (default: 0.01)')    parser.add_argument('--momentum', type=float, default=0.9, metavar='M',                        help='SGD momentum (default: 0.9)')    parser.add_argument('--no-cuda', action='store_true', default=False,                        help='disables CUDA training')    parser.add_argument('--seed', type=int, default=1, metavar='S',                        help='random seed (default: 1)')    parser.add_argument('--log-interval', type=int, default=10, metavar='N',                        help='how many batches to wait before logging training status')    parser.add_argument('--save-model', action='store_true', default=True,                        help='For Saving the current Model')    args = parser.parse_args()

    # Set random seed for reproducibility    torch.manual_seed(args.seed)

    # Configure device    use_cuda = not args.no_cuda and torch.cuda.is_available()    device = torch.device("cuda" if use_cuda else "cpu")

    # Configure data loaders    kwargs = {'num_workers': 1, 'pin_memory': True} if use_cuda else {}    transform = transforms.Compose([        transforms.ToTensor(),        transforms.Normalize((0.1307,), (0.3081,))    ])    train_loader = DataLoader(        datasets.MNIST('../data', train=True, download=True, transform=transform),        batch_size=args.batch_size, shuffle=True, **kwargs)    test_loader = DataLoader(        datasets.MNIST('../data', train=False, transform=transform),        batch_size=args.test_batch_size, shuffle=False, **kwargs)

    # Initialize model, optimizer, and learning rate scheduler    model = SimpleCNN().to(device)    optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=args.lr, momentum=args.momentum)

    # Training and testing loop    for epoch in range(1, args.epochs + 1):        train(args, model, device, train_loader, optimizer, epoch)        test_loss, accuracy = test(model, device, test_loader)

    # Save the model if specified    if args.save_model:        save_model(model, './models', 'mnist_cnn.pth')

if __name__ == '__main__':    main()```

### dataset.py

```python# dataset.py

import osimport jsonimport randomimport numpy as npimport torchfrom torch.utils.data import Datasetfrom torchvision import transformsfrom typing import List, Tuple, Dict, Any, Optionalfrom PIL import Image

class DatasetConfig:    """    Configuration class for dataset parameters.

    Attributes:        text_data_path (str): Path to the text data files.        audio_data_path (str): Path to the audio data files.        visual_data_path (str): Path to the visual data files.        augmentation_params (Dict[str, Any]): Parameters for data augmentation.        preprocessing_params (Dict[str, Any]): Parameters for data preprocessing.    """    def __init__(self, text_data_path: str, audio_data_path: str, visual_data_path: str,                 augmentation_params: Dict[str, Any], preprocessing_params: Dict[str, Any]):        self.text_data_path = text_data_path        self.audio_data_path = audio_data_path        self.visual_data_path = visual_data_path        self.augmentation_params = augmentation_params        self.preprocessing_params = preprocessing_params

class MultiModalDataset(Dataset):    """    Custom PyTorch Dataset class for multi-modal sentiment analysis.

    This dataset handles text, audio, and visual data, applying necessary preprocessing    and augmentation strategies.

    Attributes:        config (DatasetConfig): Configuration for dataset paths and parameters.        data (List[Dict[str, Any]]): List of data samples with text, audio, and visual paths.    """    def __init__(self, config: DatasetConfig):        self.config = config        self.data = self._load_data()        self.transform = self._get_transform()

    def _load_data(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:        """        Load data from specified paths and validate file integrity.

        Returns:            List[Dict[str, Any]]: List of data samples with text, audio, and visual paths.        """        data = []        # Load text data        text_files = self._scan_files(self.config.text_data_path, '.txt')        # Load audio data        audio_files = self._scan_files(self.config.audio_data_path, '.wav')        # Load visual data        visual_files = self._scan_files(self.config.visual_data_path, '.jpg')

        # Ensure all modalities have matching samples        for text_file in text_files:            base_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(text_file))[0]            audio_file = os.path.join(self.config.audio_data_path, f"{base_name}.wav")            visual_file = os.path.join(self.config.visual_data_path, f"{base_name}.jpg")            if os.path.exists(audio_file) and os.path.exists(visual_file):                data.append({                    'text': text_file,                    'audio': audio_file,                    'visual': visual_file                })        return data

    def _scan_files(self, directory: str, extension: str) -> List[str]:        """        Scan for files with a specific extension in a directory.

        Args:            directory (str): Directory path to scan.            extension (str): File extension to filter by.

        Returns:            List[str]: List of file paths with the specified extension.        """        return [os.path.join(directory, f) for f in os.listdir(directory) if f.endswith(extension)]

    def _get_transform(self) -> transforms.Compose:        """        Define the transformation pipeline for visual data.

        Returns:            transforms.Compose: Composed transformations for visual data.        """        return transforms.Compose([            transforms.Resize((224, 224)),            transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(p=self.config.augmentation_params.get('flip_prob', 0.5)),            transforms.ToTensor(),            transforms.Normalize(mean=self.config.preprocessing_params.get('mean', [0.485, 0.456, 0.406]),                                 std=self.config.preprocessing_params.get('std', [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]))        ])

    def __len__(self) -> int:        """        Get the number of samples in the dataset.

        Returns:            int: Number of samples.        """        return len(self.data)

    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> Dict[str, torch.Tensor]:        """        Retrieve a sample from the dataset.

        Args:            idx (int): Index of the sample to retrieve.

        Returns:            Dict[str, torch.Tensor]: Dictionary containing text, audio, and visual data tensors.        """        sample = self.data[idx]        text_data = self._load_text(sample['text'])        audio_data = self._load_audio(sample['audio'])        visual_data = self._load_visual(sample['visual'])

        return {            'text': text_data,            'audio': audio_data,            'visual': visual_data        }

    def _load_text(self, file_path: str) -> torch.Tensor:        """        Load and preprocess text data from a file.

        Args:            file_path (str): Path to the text file.

        Returns:            torch.Tensor: Preprocessed text data tensor.        """        with open(file_path, 'r') as file:            text = file.read()        # Tokenize and convert to tensor (placeholder for actual implementation)        tokens = text.split()        return torch.tensor([ord(char) for char in ' '.join(tokens)], dtype=torch.int64)

    def _load_audio(self, file_path: str) -> torch.Tensor:        """        Load and preprocess audio data from a file.

        Args:            file_path (str): Path to the audio file.

        Returns:            torch.Tensor: Preprocessed audio data tensor.        """        # Placeholder for actual audio loading and preprocessing        audio_data = np.random.rand(1, 16000)  # Simulated audio waveform        return torch.tensor(audio_data, dtype=torch.float32)

    def _load_visual(self, file_path: str) -> torch.Tensor:        """        Load and preprocess visual data from a file.

        Args:            file_path (str): Path to the visual file.

        Returns:            torch.Tensor: Preprocessed visual data tensor.        """        image = Image.open(file_path).convert('RGB')        return self.transform(image)

    def visualize_sample(self, idx: int) -> None:        """        Visualize a sample from the dataset.

        Args:            idx (int): Index of the sample to visualize.        """        sample = self.__getitem__(idx)        print(f"Text: {sample['text']}")        print(f"Audio Shape: {sample['audio'].shape}")        print(f"Visual Shape: {sample['visual'].shape}")        # Additional visualization logic can be implemented here

    def validate_data(self) -> None:        """        Validate the integrity and consistency of the dataset.        """        for sample in self.data:            assert os.path.exists(sample['text']), f"Missing text file: {sample['text']}"            assert os.path.exists(sample['audio']), f"Missing audio file: {sample['audio']}"            assert os.path.exists(sample['visual']), f"Missing visual file: {sample['visual']}"        print("Data validation complete. All files are consistent and present.")

# Example usage:# config = DatasetConfig(#     text_data_path='path/to/text',#     audio_data_path='path/to/audio',#     visual_data_path='path/to/visual',#     augmentation_params={'flip_prob': 0.5},#     preprocessing_params={'mean': [0.485, 0.456, 0.406], 'std': [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]}# )# dataset = MultiModalDataset(config)# dataset.validate_data()# dataset.visualize_sample(0)```

### utils.py

```python"""utils.py

This module provides utility functions and classes for multi-modal sentiment analysis in social media,focusing on attention-based fusion of text, audio, and visual features. It includes implementations ofvarious loss functions, evaluation metrics, image processing tools, model utilities, file operations, configuration management, visualization tools, and mathematical utilities. The code is designed to meet academic research standards and engineering best practices, facilitating peer review, in-depth analysis, and code reuse.

Author: Hao ChangInstitution: School of Computer Science, Anhui UniversityEmail: email@uni.edu"""

import osimport jsonimport loggingimport numpy as npimport torchimport torch.nn as nnimport torch.nn.functional as Ffrom typing import Tuple, List, Dict, Any

# Configure logginglogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Loss Functionsclass DiceLoss(nn.Module):    """    Dice Loss for multi-class segmentation tasks.

    Attributes:        smooth (float): A smoothing factor to avoid division by zero.

    Methods:        forward(input, target): Computes the Dice loss between input and target tensors.    """    def __init__(self, smooth: float = 1.0):        super(DiceLoss, self).__init__()        self.smooth = smooth

    def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor, target: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:        """        Computes the Dice loss.

        Args:            input (torch.Tensor): Predicted probabilities for each class.            target (torch.Tensor): Ground truth one-hot encoded labels.

        Returns:            torch.Tensor: Calculated Dice loss.        """        input_flat = input.view(-1)        target_flat = target.view(-1)        intersection = (input_flat * target_flat).sum()        dice_score = (2. * intersection + self.smooth) / (input_flat.sum() + target_flat.sum() + self.smooth)        return 1 - dice_score

class FocalLoss(nn.Module):    """    Focal Loss for addressing class imbalance in classification tasks.

    Attributes:        alpha (float): Weighting factor for the rare class.        gamma (float): Focusing parameter to adjust the rate at which easy examples are down-weighted.

    Methods:        forward(input, target): Computes the Focal loss between input and target tensors.    """    def __init__(self, alpha: float = 1.0, gamma: float = 2.0):        super(FocalLoss, self).__init__()        self.alpha = alpha        self.gamma = gamma

    def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor, target: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:        """        Computes the Focal loss.

        Args:            input (torch.Tensor): Predicted probabilities for each class.            target (torch.Tensor): Ground truth labels.

        Returns:            torch.Tensor: Calculated Focal loss.        """        bce_loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(input, target, reduction='none')        pt = torch.exp(-bce_loss)        focal_loss = self.alpha * (1 - pt) ** self.gamma * bce_loss        return focal_loss.mean()

# Evaluation Metricsdef iou_score(pred: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray) -> float:    """    Computes the Intersection over Union (IoU) score.

    Args:        pred (np.ndarray): Predicted binary mask.        target (np.ndarray): Ground truth binary mask.

    Returns:        float: IoU score.    """    intersection = np.logical_and(pred, target).sum()    union = np.logical_or(pred, target).sum()    return intersection / union if union != 0 else 0

def dice_score(pred: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray) -> float:    """    Computes the Dice score.

    Args:        pred (np.ndarray): Predicted binary mask.        target (np.ndarray): Ground truth binary mask.

    Returns:        float: Dice score.    """    intersection = np.logical_and(pred, target).sum()    return (2. * intersection) / (pred.sum() + target.sum()) if (pred.sum() + target.sum()) != 0 else 0

# Image Processing Toolsdef preprocess_image(image: np.ndarray, target_size: Tuple[int, int]) -> np.ndarray:    """    Preprocesses an image by resizing and normalizing.

    Args:        image (np.ndarray): Input image.        target_size (Tuple[int, int]): Desired output size (height, width).

    Returns:        np.ndarray: Preprocessed image.    """    from skimage.transform import resize    image_resized = resize(image, target_size, anti_aliasing=True)    image_normalized = (image_resized - image_resized.mean()) / image_resized.std()    return image_normalized

# Model Toolsdef count_parameters(model: nn.Module) -> int:    """    Counts the number of trainable parameters in a model.

    Args:        model (nn.Module): PyTorch model.

    Returns:        int: Number of trainable parameters.    """    return sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters() if p.requires_grad)

# File Operationsdef save_model(model: nn.Module, path: str) -> None:    """    Saves a PyTorch model to a file.

    Args:        model (nn.Module): PyTorch model to save.        path (str): File path to save the model.    """    torch.save(model.state_dict(), path)    logger.info(f"Model saved to {path}")

def load_model(model: nn.Module, path: str) -> nn.Module:    """    Loads a PyTorch model from a file.

    Args:        model (nn.Module): PyTorch model to load into.        path (str): File path to load the model from.

    Returns:        nn.Module: Model with loaded weights.    """    model.load_state_dict(torch.load(path))    logger.info(f"Model loaded from {path}")    return model

# Configuration Managementdef load_config(config_path: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:    """    Loads a configuration file in JSON format.

    Args:        config_path (str): Path to the configuration file.

    Returns:        Dict[str, Any]: Configuration parameters.    """    with open(config_path, 'r') as file:        config = json.load(file)    logger.info(f"Configuration loaded from {config_path}")    return config

# Visualization Toolsdef plot_training_curves(history: Dict[str, List[float]]) -> None:    """    Plots training and validation curves.

    Args:        history (Dict[str, List[float]]): Dictionary containing training history with keys 'train_loss',                                          'val_loss', 'train_acc', and 'val_acc'.    """    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt    epochs = range(1, len(history['train_loss']) + 1)    plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))    plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)    plt.plot(epochs, history['train_loss'], label='Train Loss')    plt.plot(epochs, history['val_loss'], label='Validation Loss')    plt.xlabel('Epochs')    plt.ylabel('Loss')    plt.legend()    plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)    plt.plot(epochs, history['train_acc'], label='Train Accuracy')    plt.plot(epochs, history['val_acc'], label='Validation Accuracy')    plt.xlabel('Epochs')    plt.ylabel('Accuracy')    plt.legend()    plt.show()

# Mathematical Toolsdef tensor_statistics(tensor: torch.Tensor) -> Dict[str, float]:    """    Computes basic statistics of a tensor.

    Args:        tensor (torch.Tensor): Input tensor.

    Returns:        Dict[str, float]: Dictionary containing mean, std, min, and max of the tensor.    """    return {        'mean': tensor.mean().item(),        'std': tensor.std().item(),        'min': tensor.min().item(),        'max': tensor.max().item()    }

# Error Handling and Validationdef validate_tensor(tensor: torch.Tensor, expected_shape: Tuple[int, ...]) -> None:    """    Validates the shape of a tensor.

    Args:        tensor (torch.Tensor): Tensor to validate.        expected_shape (Tuple[int, ...]): Expected shape of the tensor.

    Raises:        ValueError: If the tensor shape does not match the expected shape.    """    if tensor.shape != expected_shape:        raise ValueError(f"Expected tensor shape {expected_shape}, but got {tensor.shape}")    logger.info(f"Tensor shape {tensor.shape} is valid.")

# Example usageif __name__ == "__main__":    # Example usage of utility functions    model = nn.Linear(10, 2)    logger.info(f"Number of parameters: {count_parameters(model)}")    save_model(model, "model.pth")    loaded_model = load_model(nn.Linear(10, 2), "model.pth")    config = load_config("config.json")    logger.info(f"Loaded config: {config}")    tensor = torch.randn(3, 3)    logger.info(f"Tensor statistics: {tensor_statistics(tensor)}")    validate_tensor(tensor, (3, 3))```

### inference.py

```pythonimport argparseimport loggingimport osimport sysimport timefrom typing import Any, Dict, List, Tuple

import numpy as npimport torchfrom torch import nnfrom torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Datasetfrom torchvision import transforms

# Configure logginglogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')

class InferenceConfig:    """    Configuration class for inference parameters and settings.    """    def __init__(self, model_path: str, input_path: str, output_path: str, batch_size: int = 32,                 device: str = 'cuda', threshold: float = 0.5):        self.model_path = model_path        self.input_path = input_path        self.output_path = output_path        self.batch_size = batch_size        self.device = device        self.threshold = threshold

class MultiModalDataset(Dataset):    """    Custom dataset class for loading multi-modal data.    """    def __init__(self, data_path: str, transform: transforms.Compose = None):        self.data_path = data_path        self.transform = transform        self.data = self.load_data()

    def load_data(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:        # Placeholder for data loading logic        return []

    def __len__(self) -> int:        return len(self.data)

    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> Dict[str, Any]:        sample = self.data[idx]        if self.transform:            sample['image'] = self.transform(sample['image'])        return sample

def load_model(model_path: str, device: str) -> nn.Module:    """    Load a trained model from the specified path.

    Args:        model_path (str): Path to the trained model file.        device (str): Device to load the model on ('cpu' or 'cuda').

    Returns:        nn.Module: Loaded model.    """    if not os.path.exists(model_path):        logging.error(f"Model file not found at {model_path}")        sys.exit(1)

    try:        model = torch.load(model_path, map_location=device)        model.eval()        logging.info(f"Model loaded successfully from {model_path}")        return model    except Exception as e:        logging.error(f"Error loading model: {e}")        sys.exit(1)

def preprocess_image(image: np.ndarray) -> torch.Tensor:    """    Preprocess the input image for inference.

    Args:        image (np.ndarray): Input image.

    Returns:        torch.Tensor: Preprocessed image tensor.    """    transform = transforms.Compose([        transforms.ToPILImage(),        transforms.Resize((224, 224)),        transforms.ToTensor(),        transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])    ])    return transform(image)

def postprocess_output(output: torch.Tensor, threshold: float) -> np.ndarray:    """    Post-process the model output to generate predictions.

    Args:        output (torch.Tensor): Model output.        threshold (float): Threshold for binary classification.

    Returns:        np.ndarray: Binary predictions.    """    probs = torch.sigmoid(output).cpu().numpy()    return (probs > threshold).astype(int)

def run_inference(config: InferenceConfig) -> None:    """    Run inference on the input data using the specified model.

    Args:        config (InferenceConfig): Configuration for inference.    """    device = torch.device(config.device if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')    model = load_model(config.model_path, device)    dataset = MultiModalDataset(config.input_path, transform=preprocess_image)    dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=config.batch_size, shuffle=False)

    all_predictions = []    for batch in dataloader:        inputs = batch['image'].to(device)        with torch.no_grad():            outputs = model(inputs)        predictions = postprocess_output(outputs, config.threshold)        all_predictions.extend(predictions)

    save_results(all_predictions, config.output_path)

def save_results(predictions: List[np.ndarray], output_path: str) -> None:    """    Save the inference results to the specified output path.

    Args:        predictions (List[np.ndarray]): List of predictions.        output_path (str): Path to save the results.    """    os.makedirs(output_path, exist_ok=True)    result_file = os.path.join(output_path, 'predictions.txt')    with open(result_file, 'w') as f:        for pred in predictions:            f.write(f"{pred}\n")    logging.info(f"Results saved to {result_file}")

def parse_arguments() -> InferenceConfig:    """    Parse command-line arguments for inference configuration.

    Returns:        InferenceConfig: Parsed inference configuration.    """    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Run inference on multi-modal sentiment analysis model.")    parser.add_argument('--model_path', type=str, required=True, help="Path to the trained model.")    parser.add_argument('--input_path', type=str, required=True, help="Path to the input data.")    parser.add_argument('--output_path', type=str, required=True, help="Path to save the output results.")    parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int, default=32, help="Batch size for inference.")    parser.add_argument('--device', type=str, default='cuda', help="Device to run inference on ('cpu' or 'cuda').")    parser.add_argument('--threshold', type=float, default=0.5, help="Threshold for binary classification.")

    args = parser.parse_args()    return InferenceConfig(        model_path=args.model_path,        input_path=args.input_path,        output_path=args.output_path,        batch_size=args.batch_size,        device=args.device,        threshold=args.threshold    )

def main() -> None:    """    Main function to run the inference pipeline.    """    config = parse_arguments()    start_time = time.time()    run_inference(config)    end_time = time.time()    logging.info(f"Inference completed in {end_time - start_time:.2f} seconds")

if __name__ == "__main__":    main()```