DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s2241
title: Data from: Novel interactions between non-native mammals and fungi facilitate establishment of invasive pines

description: 1. The role of novel ecological interactions between mammals, fungi and
 plants in invaded ecosystems remains unresolved, but may play a key role
 in the widespread successful invasion of pines and their ectomycorrhizal
 fungal associates, even where mammal faunas originate from different
 continents to trees and fungi as in New Zealand. 2. We examine the role of
 novel mammal associations in dispersal of ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum
 of North American pines (Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii), and
 native beech trees (Lophozonia menziesii) using faecal analyses, video
 monitoring and a bioassay experiment. 3. Both European red deer (Cervus
 elaphus) and Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) pellets
 contained spores and DNA from a range of native and non-native
 ectomycorrhizal fungi. 4. Faecal pellets from both animals resulted in
 ectomycorrhizal infection of pine seedlings with fungal genera Rhizopogon
 and Suillus, but not with native fungi or the invasive fungus Amanita
 muscaria, despite video and DNA evidence of consumption of these fungi. 5.
 Native L. menziesii seedlings never developed any ectomycorrhizal
 infection from faecal pellet inoculation. 6. Synthesis. Our results show
 that introduced mammals from Australia and Europe facilitate the
 co-invasion of invasive North American trees and Northern Hemisphere fungi
 in New Zealand, while we find no evidence that introduced mammals benefit
 native trees or fungi. This novel tripartite ‘invasional meltdown’,
 comprising taxa from three kingdoms and three continents, highlights
 unforeseen consequences of global biotic homogenization.
description: Movie_S1Red deer (Cervus elaphus) consuming Amanita muscaria mushroom in Pinus contorta plantation at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand.Movie_S2Red deer (Cervus elaphus) consuming Amanita muscaria mushroom in Pinus contorta plantation at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand.Movie_S3Brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) consuming Amanita muscaria mushroom in Pinus contorta plantation at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand.Movie_S4Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) appearing to exhibit aversion behaviour towards Amanita muscaria mushroom in Pinus contorta plantation at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand.Movie_S5Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) consuming Cortinarius sp. mushrooms in mixed beech (Nothofagaceae)–Eucalyptus forest at Helicopter Hill, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand.SI_textQIIME scripts used to analyse fungal ITS sequences generated from mammal faecal pellets from Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand.Figure_S1Percentage occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) faecal pellet samples (n = 14 and 16 respectively) from Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand, as detected using 454 sequencing.Figure_S2Pollen assemblages from faecal pellets of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) (n = 17) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) (n = 14) collected from Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand, between 27 March and 19 May 2012. Circles represent pollen types present at &lt;2.5%.Figure_S3Examples of ectomycorrhizal fungal spores from brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) faecal pellets, Craigieburn, South Island, New Zealand. (a) abundant fungal spores on a palynology slide; (b) Octaviania spore; (c) cf. Laccaria spores; (d) Rhizopogon spore?Figure_S4Virtual gel showing RFLP patterns produced by BSrR1 and HpyCH41V restriction enzymes on ITS1f-ITS4 DNA fragments amplified from seedling root tips infected with ectomycorrhizal fungi from faecal pellets in our study.Figure_S5Principal components analysis of faecal-pellet pollen assemblages. Circles represent brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) pellets and triangles represent red deer (Cervus elaphus) pellets. Filled shapes represent pellets that infected seedlings with each respective fungal taxon, and open shapes represent those that did not. Dominant pollen vectors are shown as grey arrows.Table_S1Occurrence frequency of fungal taxa identified from 454 sequencing of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) faecal pellets from Craigieburn, South Island, New ZealandTable_S2Identity of RFLP patterns (see Fig. S4) observed for ectomycorrhizal fungi on seedling root tips infected from faecal pellets in our study. Identities were determined by DNA sequencing of representative samples for each pattern