cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.403j5s4
title: Data from: A population genetics perspective on the evolutionary histories of three clonal, endemic, and dominant grass species of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Orinus (Poaceae)

description: We performed analyses of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in
 order to characterize the evolutionary history of Orinus according to its
 population genetic structure, to investigate putative hybrid origins of O.
 intermedius, and to provide additional insights on relationships among
 species. The genus Orinus comprises three clonal grasses that are dominant
 species within xeric alpine grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP).
 Here, we used eight selectively-obtained primer pairs of EcoRI/MseI to
 perform amplifications in 231 individuals of Orinus representing 48
 populations and all three species. We compared our resulting data to
 genetic models of hybridization using a Bayesian algorithm within
 NewHybrids software. We determined that genetic variation in Orinus was
 56.65% within populations while the among-species component was 30.04%
 using standard population genetics statistics. Nevertheless, we detected
 that species of Orinus were clustered into three highly distinct genetic
 groups corresponding to classic species identities. Our results suggest
 that there is some introgression among species. However, O. intermedius
 likely derives from a common ancestor with O. kokonoricus and is probably
 not the result of hybrid speciation between O. kokonoricus and O.
 thoroldii. We suspect that recent isolation of species of Orinus in
 allopatry via vicariance may explain the patterns in diversity that we
 observed, and this is corroborated by a mantel test that showed
 significant positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance
 (r = 0.05, P &lt; 0.05). Recent isolation may explain why Orinus
 differs from many other clonal species by exhibiting the highest diversity
 within populations rather than among them.
description: AFLP scoring for sampled
 individuals of OrinusThe binary
 (presence/absence) scoring of AFLP bands for sampled individuals of
 Orinus. The bands were scored in GeneScan 3.1. Within the spreadsheet, the
 first letter in the sample number in column one refers to the species so
 that T=O. thoroldii, I=O. intermedius, K=O. kokonoricus, and other numbers
 and letters yield unique designations. The population numbers in column
 two correspond with those in Figure 1 in the main text of our
 publication.Supplemental File - AFLP
 scoring -For Submission to Dryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5hs7h37
title: Data from: Interactions between functionally diverse fungal mutualists inconsistently affect plant performance and competition

description: Plants form mutualistic relationship with a variety of belowground fungal
 species. Such a mutualistic relationship can enhance plant growth and
 resistance to pathogens. Yet, we know little about how interactions
 between functionally diverse groups of fungal mutualists affect plant
 performance and competition. We experimentally determined the effects of
 interaction between two functional groups of belowground fungi that form
 mutualistic relationship with plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi
 and Trichoderma, on interspecific competition between pairs of closely
 related plant species from four different genera. We hypothesized that the
 combination of two functionally diverse belowground fungal species would
 allow plants and fungi to partition their symbiotic relationships and
 relax plant‐plant competition. Our results show that: 1) the AM fungal
 species consistently outcompeted the Trichoderma species independent of
 plant combinations; 2) the fungal species generally had limited effects on
 competitive interactions between plants; 3) however, the combination of
 fungal species relaxed interspecific competition in one of the four
 instances of plant–plant competition, despite the general competitive
 superiority of AM fungi over Trichoderma. We highlight that the
 competitive outcome between functionally diverse fungal species may show
 high consistency across a broad range of host plants and their
 combinations. However, despite this consistent competitive hierarchy, the
 consequences of their interaction for plant performance and competition
 can strongly vary among plant communities.
description: Plant shoot biomass
 dataData_online_Thakur_Oikos.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vn12t0t
title: Data from: Zoogeographic patterns of pelagic oceanic cephalopods along the eastern Pacific Ocean

description: Aim: To analyse the diversity and distribution of oceanic pelagic
 cephalopods along the Eastern Pacific Ocean, assessing the existence of
 biogeographic structuring, and the role of physical variables in
 generating geographical patterns. We hypothesized that the control by
 environmental factors, and the effect of geometric constraints, determine
 the range size and limits of distribution of oceanic cephalopods along the
 eastern Pacific Ocean, generating a latitudinal gradient in species
 richness. Location: Eastern Pacific Ocean (60°N – 60°S), from the Gulf of
 Alaska to the Southern Ocean. Methods: Based on a literature review and
 &gt;5,000 records obtained from collections, we constructed a
 presence-absence matrix including 61 latitudinal bands (2° each) along the
 Eastern Pacific, and estimated species richness and range endpoints at
 each band. Biogeographic units were determined by means of multivariate
 analyses. Species richness was compared with null model predictions in
 order to test for the existence of geometric constraints using the
 Mid-Domain Null model. The effects on species richness of environmental
 variables (temperature, salinity and oxygen) were evaluated separately for
 surface and depth (0-1,000 m) data, by means of ordinary least squares
 regression and simultaneous autoregressive models. Rapoport’s pattern was
 assessed by applying the Stevens’ method and the range midpoint method.
 Results: Species richness was high across the tropics and decreased
 towards the both poles. We identified five biogeographic units,
 highlighting two major distribution breaks at 40°N and 42°S. Species
 richness was strongly related with environmental variables, although the
 combined variables accounted for a large fraction of the variance between
 0-1,000 m (R2 = 0.99), while temperature was the best single predictor at
 the surface (R2 = 0.98). Species richness curves showed a mid-domain
 effect (MDE), and the mean latitudinal range was higher in the tropics and
 at warm latitudes, generating an inverse Rapoport’s pattern. Main
 conclusions: Along the Eastern Pacific Ocean, oceanic cephalopods exhibit
 both a clear biogeographic patterning and an interhemispheric (poleward
 decreasing) diversity gradient, which appear strongly related with
 physical factors and external forcing, as well as with a MDE as a
 seemingly consequence of the naturally bounded domain of the Eastern
 Pacific.
description: Distribution data
 matrixData base based on a
 comprehensive literature review and &gt;5,000 records obtained from
 biological collections (first sheet). The presence-absence matrix
 including 61 latitudinal bands (2° each) along the Eastern Pacific (60N –
 60S) (second sheet). Using this data matrix we estimated species richness,
 distribution range and range endpoints at each band.DarwinCoreCephalopodsPacific.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vb27ks3
title: Data from: Acute exposure to diesel exhaust induces central nervous system stress and altered learning and memory in honey bees

description: For effective foraging, many insect pollinators rely on the ability to
 learn and recall floral odours, behaviours that are associated with a
 complex suite of cellular processes. Here, we investigated how acute
 exposure to a high-dose of diesel exhaust (containing 19.8 and 17.5 ppm of
 NO and NO2, respectively) affected associative learning behaviour of honey
 bees (Apis mellifera) and expression of a ubiquitous heat shock protein,
 HSP70, in their central nervous system (CNS). To determine whether
 exposure to diesel exhaust would alter their tolerance to a subsequent
 abiotic stress, we further subjected individuals to heat stress. Diesel
 exhaust exposure decreased honey bees’ ability to learn and recall a
 conditioned odour stimulus. Whilst there was no significant difference in
 CNS HSP70 expression between honey bees exposed to either diesel exhaust
 or clean air across the entire duration of the experiment (3.5 h), there
 was a significant effect of time and a significant interaction between
 exposure treatment and time. This interaction was investigated using
 correlation analyses, which demonstrated that only in the diesel exhaust
 exposed honey bees was there a significant positive correlation between
 HSP70 expression and time. Furthermore, there was a 44% reduction in honey
 bee individuals that were able to recall the odour 72 h after diesel
 exposure compared with clean air control individuals. Moreover, diesel
 exhaust affected A. mellifera in a way that reduced their ability to
 survive a second subsequent stressor. Such negative effects of air
 pollution on learning, recall, and stress tolerance has potential to
 reduce foraging efficiency and pollination success of individual honey
 bees.
description: Reitmayer_et_al_2019_honey_bee_diesel_pollution_Sci_RepThis zip file includes five separate .csv files. Each file contains the data used to create one graph and it's accompanying statistical analysis for the following paper: Reitmayer CM, Ryalls JMW, Farthing E, Jackson CW, Girling RD, Newman TA. 2019. Acute exposure to diesel exhaust induces central nervous system stress and altered learning and memory in honey bees. Sci. Rep.All_manuscript_data.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7f14jt7
title: Data from: Uncertainties in the value and opportunity costs of pollination services

description: Pollination is an ecosystem service that directly contributes to
 agricultural production, and can therefore provide a strong incentive to
 conserve natural habitats that support pollinator populations. However, we
 have yet to provide consistent and convincing pollination service
 valuations to effectively slow the conversion of natural habitats. We use
 coffee in Kodagu, India, to illustrate the uncertainties involved in
 estimating costs and benefits of pollination services. First, we fully
 account for the benefits obtained by coffee agroforests that are
 attributable to pollination from wild bees nesting in forest habitats.
 Second, we compare these benefits to the opportunity cost of conserving
 forest habitats and forgoing conversion to coffee production. Throughout,
 we systematically quantify the uncertainties in our accounting exercise
 and identify the parameters that contribute most to uncertainty in
 pollination service valuation. We find the value of pollination services
 provided by one hectare of forest to be 25% lower than the profits
 obtained from converting that same surface to coffee production using
 average values for all parameters. However, our results show this value is
 not robust to moderate uncertainty in parameter values, particularly that
 driven by variability in pollinator density. Synthesis and applications.
 Our findings emphasise the need to develop robust estimates of both value
 and opportunity costs of pollination services that take into account
 landscape and management variables. Our analysis contributes to
 strengthening pollination service arguments used to help stakeholders make
 informed decisions on land‐use and conservation practices.
description: Masterparameter_valuesRaw values used in calculations of all parameters
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sk5972v
title: Data from: Micro- and macroparasite species richness in birds: the role of host life history and ecology

description: 1.Identifying the factors shaping variation in parasite diversity among
 host species is crucial to understand wildlife diseases. Although micro‐
 and macroparasites may exert different selective pressures on their hosts,
 studies investigating the determinants of parasite species richness in
 animals have rarely considered this divide. 2.Here, we investigated the
 role of host life history and ecology in explaining the species richness
 of helminths (macroparasites) and haemosporidians (microparasites) in
 birds worldwide. We collated data from multiple global datasets on diverse
 bird traits (longevity, body mass, coloniality, migration
 distance/tendency, geographic range size and dietary and habitat breadths)
 and the species richness of their helminth and haemosporidian parasites.
 We tested predictors of helminth and haemosporidian parasite richness
 using phylogenetic generalised linear mixed models in a Bayesian
 framework. 3.We found that, after controlling for research effort and host
 phylogeny, the richness of helminths, but not of haemosporidians,
 increased with host longevity, range size, migration distance and dietary
 breadth. Overall, these correlates were also important across different
 helminth groups (acanthocephalans, cestodes, nematodes and trematodes),
 and two additional ones (body mass, coloniality) emerged as important for
 cestodes and acanthocephalans. 4.We propose that long lifespans may
 promote the diversity of helminth parasite assemblages over evolutionary
 time, thus resulting in richer helminth faunas. Similarly, longer‐distance
 migrations, larger ranges and broader dietary breadths are likely to lead
 to greater encounter rates and the accumulation of trophically‐transmitted
 helminths. In contrast, vector‐borne haemosporidians may be influenced
 more by factors related to vector ecology than by the host traits included
 in the analyses. The lack of strong associations between haemosporidian
 species richness and host characteristics emphasizes the need to find
 appropriate traits to model the distribution and diversity of parasites
 with different environmental preferences in order to anticipate disease
 emergence risks associated with global change.
description: Dataset on bird host
 species and parasite richnessThis dataset contains
 all bird species with either helminth or haemosporidian data used in this
 study. This data file also matches the dataset used in the corresponding
 Supporting Information (markdown file) to this paper.parasites_birdsv3.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c2c0p0v
title: Data from: Myrmarachnine jumping spiders of the new subtribe Levieina from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini)

description: A previously unreported radiation of myrmarachnine jumping spiders from
 New Guinea is described, which, although having few known species, is
 remarkably diverse in body forms. This clade is the new subtribe Levieina,
 represented by seven new species in three new genera. Within Leviea gen.
 n. are three new species, L. herberti sp. n., L. lornae sp. n., and L.
 francesae sp. n., all of which are unusual among the myrmarachnines in
 appearing as typical salticids, not antlike. Papuamyr gen. n.
 superficially resembles Ligonipes Karsch, 1878 or Rhombonotus L. Koch,
 1879 as a compact antlike spider, but lacks their laterally-compressed
 palp and bears an ectal spur on the paturon of the chelicera. Two species
 of Papuamyr gen. n. are described, Papuamyr omhifosga sp. n. and P.
 pandora sp. n. Agorioides gen. n., containing A. cherubino sp. n. and A.
 papagena sp. n., is antlike, with the carapace sunken inwards (concave)
 between the posterior lateral and posterior median eyes. Phylogenetic
 analysis of data from the 28S, 16SND1, and COI gene regions of 29 species
 of myrmarachnines shows that the three new genera form a clade that is
 sister to the subtribe Myrmarachnina (Myrmarachne sensu lato), with the
 subtribe Ligonipedina less closely related.
description: Myrmarachnine jumping
 spiders (Levieina)This data file includes
 alignments of 28S, 16SND1, and COI, used to infer phylogeny of levieine
 jumping spiders and their place in myrmarachnines, along with the
 phylogenetic trees inferred.MaddisonSzuts-Levieina-Myrmarachnini-2019.nex
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c201r83
title: Data from: Divergence before and after the isolation of islands: phylogeography of the Bradybaena land snails on the Ryukyu Islands of Japan

description: Aim: Vicariance events have been proposed as a major source of lineage
 divergence on continental islands, whereas dispersal events followed by
 isolation have been proposed as the major cause on oceanic islands.
 However, organisms on continental islands may include taxa with
 characteristics similar to those on oceanic islands. Lineage divergence
 unassociated with the geological events that separated islands may also
 have occurred. This study addresses these possibilities through
 morphological and molecular phylogeographic analyses of land snails
 (Bradybaena) on continental islands. Location: Samples were mainly
 collected on the Ryukyu and Izu Islands in Japan Methods: Molecular
 phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA (16S rRNA + COI) and nDNA (18S rRNA +
 ITS1 + 5.8S rRNA + ITS2 + 28S rRNA) were conducted for 225 individuals
 comprising B. circulus, B. phaeogramma, and four of its subspecies endemic
 to the Ryukyu Islands. Shell and genital morphologies were also examined
 using qualitative and statistical methods. Results: The Bradybaena
 populations examined were phylogenetically classified into six major
 clades whose divergence occurred during either Miocene-Pliocene or
 Pliocene-Pleistocene. Although phylogeographic patterns estimated on the
 basis of the 16S rRNA gene support the vicariance hypothesis for the
 origin of the major clades of Bradybaena, the phylogeographic patterns
 estimated by COI showed that these major clades resulted from
 diversification before the archipelagos separated from the continent. Both
 of these phylogeographic patterns suggest that genetic divergence occurred
 by dispersal from the southern to northern islands after divergence of
 major clades. The inferred phylogenies document parallel morphological
 evolution, yielding phylogenetic, morphological, and taxonomic
 incongruences that created mosaic geographical patterns in the
 distribution of nominal taxa. Main conclusions: Lineage diversification in
 endemic species on continental islands can occur before archipelago
 separation or subsequently via dispersal, as is seen in species on oceanic
 islands. Mechanisms other than vicariance should also be considered when
 estimating processes that created geographical patterns of genetic
 variations on continental islands.
description: The COI, 16S, and ITS
 alignments of each individual for phylogenetic analyses.ali.fas
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/14640802
title: Peer-to-Peer Boliviano (BOB) Exchange Data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s04fm04
title: Data from: Variation in thermal biology of three closely related lizard species across an elevation gradient

description: The critical thermal limits of organisms and the thermal sensitivity of
 their performance tends to vary predictably across latitudinal gradients.
 There has been comparatively less investigation into variation in thermal
 limits biology with altitude, despite similar gradients in environmental
 temperatures with elevation. To redress this, we examined species critical
 thermal limits (CTmin and CTmax); thermal sensitivity of locomotor
 performance, and shelter site attributes, in three lizard species that
 replace one another along a contiguous elevation gradient in south eastern
 Australia. The species examined consisted of a highland specialist,
 Liopholis guthega, mid elevation species L. montana, and lowland L.
 whitii. We found similar habitat attributes between the species, but L.
 guthega predominantly occurred in open habitat which may reflect a
 strategy for maximising exposure to insolation. We found intraspecific
 variation in lizard thermal traits, most notably in cold tolerance of L.
 guthega and in both heat and cold tolerance of L. whitii, suggesting
 population specific variables acting on thermal physiology rather than a
 species distribution maintained by distinct thermal tolerances. This study
 represents one of the few examinations of thermal trait variability within
 and between species with elevation in a temperate system, and provides
 evidence for thermal physiology driven by localised adaptation and/or
 physiological plasticity to local conditions.
description: Liopholis thermal
 indices, sprint speed and habitatcollected in the
 fieldVariation in thermal biology of
 three closely related lizard species across an elevation
 gradient.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2c984j0
title: Data from: Contrast sensitivity and behavioural evidence for lateral inhibition in octopus

description: Behavioural contrast sensitivity in Octopus tetricus was measured in the
 range 0.05- 12 cycles per degree (cpd) using a fixation reflex. We show
 that the contrast sensitivity reaches its maximum (between 1% and 4%) at
 0.3 cpd, and decreases to approximately half of the maximum value at the
 lowest spatial frequency. Reduction of sensitivity at low spatial
 frequency is a signature of lateral inhibition in visual systems. In
 vertebrates and insects, lateral inhibition helps to overcome the
 bottleneck of encoding information into spikes. In octopus, photoreceptors
 generate spikes themselves and are directly connected to the brain through
 their axons. Therefore, the neural processing occurring in octopus brain
 cannot help to overcome the bottleneck of encoding information into
 spikes. We conclude that, in octopus, the lateral inhibition occurs either
 in the brain after information has been encoded into spikes, or that
 photoreceptors inhibit each other. This is the first time behavioural
 contrast sensitivity has been measured in a cephalopod.
description: Octopus Contrast
 ResponsesContrasts presented to
 octopuses for different spatial frequencies and octopus
 responsesOctopus
 Data.xlsx