DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17959221
title: Alimova N.A. -  Vaccination Strategies for Meningococcal Disease in India: Global Guidelines vs National Policies

description: Vaccination Strategies for Meningococcal Disease in India: Global Guidelines vs National Policies

 

By

Dhersheni priya 

Gaurav Patle 

Ishwari Bhagwat

 

Under the Guidance of : - Alimova N A

 

 

Abstract

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis , which can cause meningitis and septicemia with case fatality rates ranging globally from 8-15% and up to 12.8% in epidemic settings in India. Although the incidence of meningococcal infection is low (<2 cases per 100,000 people in India), they experience periodic outbreaks, mostly serogroup A, with underreporting due to lack of both surveillance capacity and diagnostic capabilities. Global guidelines based on World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasize conjugate vaccines for routine adolescent immunization (CDC) or to be used in low-endemic settings (WHO), such as for targeted high-risk populations and outbreak response. In India, meningococcal vaccines are optional under IAP and they are largely non-requiring in UIP, focusing on a policy response approach. This review, up-to-date as of December 2025, contrasts these interventions and offers recommendations regarding epidemiology, serogroup distribution, vaccine availability, barriers to uptake, and evidence-based modifications and improvements for reduction of IMD burden.  

 

Introduction  

 Neisseria meningitidis predominantly colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically in 5-10% of adults but it can invade the bloodstream, leading to rapid-onset IMD with significant morbidity and mortality. There are 12 serogroups, but A, B, C, W, X, and Y predominate worldwide. Vaccines have fought serogroup A epidemics in Africa's meningitis belt through mass campaigns with MenAfriVac. In low-endemic countries like India, occasional cases and outbreaks linger, driven further by overcrowding, seasonal influences, and pilgrimage travel that introduce strains like W.  

 

Given India’s large population and variable access to healthcare, there are increased risks during outbreaks. This article discusses in detail the epidemiology of IMD in India, evaluates global vaccination plans versus national policies, vaccine types and efficacy, and gaps in surveillance and coverage.  

 

   Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease in India  

 

    Incidence and Burden  

 

India has a low endemic incidence (0.76-3.2% of cases of acute bacterial meningitis) of IMD, but incidence increases significantly during outbreaks. A 2021 meta-analysis pooled data revealing a prevalence of meningococcal meningitis of 12.1% in epidemics along with 0.76% endemically and a case fatality rate (CFR) of 12.8% in outbreaks. The underreporting is severe: passive surveillance through the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme misses cases due to previous antibiotic use, limited PCR/latex agglutination resources, and diagnostic gaps in rural areas, potentially underestimating burden by 50-70%. Hospital-based studies demonstrate N. meningitidis to be the third leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children <5 years (after S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae ). Endemic carriage rates, which are 1-2%, increase to 11.9% in high-risk groups, such as military recruits.  

 

    Historical and Recent Outbreaks  

 

Major epidemics occurred in 1966, 1985-1986 (Delhi: 6,133 cases; deaths: 799), and 2005-2009 (Delhi, Meghalaya, Tripura). Serogroup A dominated these. No large-scale outbreaks were reported from 2023 through 2025; sporadic cases have remained, with northern states (Delhi, Uttar Pradesh) suffering the bulk of the disease in winter (November–March) as its climate becomes dry and overcrowded.  

 

    Serogroup Distribution  

 

Serogroup A has been the predominant serogroup in the past (up to 90% in epidemics) with some changes recorded: reports of non-A cases (B, C, W, Y) increased, although not commonly reported. Serogroup B is uncommon but has recently been observed in sporadic pediatric cases. W is a risk associated with pilgrimage (Hajj/Umrah).  

 

    Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations  

 

- Age: Children <5 years, adolescents/young adults (higher in outbreaks).  

- Settings: Overcrowded living spaces (hostels, military), immunocompromised (asplenia, HIV), travelers.  

- Seasonality: Winter peaks in north India.  

 

   Global Guidelines on Meningococcal Vaccination  

 

    World Health Organization (WHO)  

 

According to the Global Meningitis Action Plan, 2025 guidelines under the heading "Defeating Meningitis by 2030," WHO emphasizes bacterial causes and promotes conjugate vaccines for superior immunogenicity and herd immunity.  

 

- High/Intermediate Endemicity : Mass campaigns + routine infant/adolescent doses (e.g., MenACWY or pentavalent).  

- Low Endemicity (e.g., India): Targeted vaccination for high-risk groups (asplenia, complement deficiencies, laboratory workers, travelers to endemic areas/Hajj).  

- Preferred: Conjugates (MenACWY, MenB protein-based like Bexsero/Trumenba).  

- Outbreak response: Monovalent/polysaccharide initially; stockpile via ICG.  

- New: Emphasis on pentavalent (A,C,W,Y,X) like MenFive for broader coverage.  

- Efficacy: 80–95% protection; duration 3 to 10 years; boosters if ongoing risk.  

 

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  

 

CDC's 2025 schedule mandates routine immunization:  

 

- Adolescents : MenACWY at 11-12 years + booster at 16; MenB (shared decision-making) at 16-23 years (2-3 doses).  

- High-Risk : Primary series + boosters every 3-5 years.  

- Pentavalent Vaccines : Penbraya/Penmenvy (MenABCWY) when both MenACWY and MenB indicated (ages 10-25 routine/risk).  

- Outbreaks: Additional doses if needed.  

- Focus: Reduces carriage in adolescents, preventing transmission.  

 

   Available Meningococcal Vaccines in India (2025)  

 

- MenAfriVac (Serum Institute): Monovalent A conjugate; used during outbreaks.  

- Quadrivalent Conjugates : Menactra (Sanofi, 9 months to 55 years), Menveo (GSK, ≥2 years) – ACWY.  

- MenFive (Serum Institute): Pentavalent conjugate (A,C,W,Y,X); licensed for 9 months-85 years.  

- Polysaccharide Vaccines : Bivalent (A+C) or quadrivalent; less costly but less immunogenic.  

- MenB Vaccines : Not licensed/available.  

- Cost: INR 3,000-6,000/dose (private sector). Indian trials show efficacy: 96-100% seroresponse for conjugates.  

 

   National Policies in India  

 

    Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)/National Immunization Schedule (NIS)  

 

No meningococcal vaccines in routine UIP (2025). Focus: High-burden diseases (e.g., PCV, rotavirus). Reactive: stockpiles of polysaccharide/conjugate vaccines for outbreaks.  

 

    Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP)  

 

2022-2023 Purple Book (reaffirmed 2025): Optional for "special situations."  

- Indications: High risk (asplenia, complement defects), Hajj pilgrims (mandatory quadrivalent), travelers, outbreak contacts, crowded environments (hostels).  

- Schedule:  

  - 9–23 months: 2 doses Menactra (≥8 weeks apart).  

  - ≥2 years: 1 dose Menveo/Menactra.  

  - Boosters: Every 3-5 years if risk persists.  

- No routine infant/adolescent recommendation due to low endemicity.  

 

Global approaches are proactive/preventive; India is reactive/cost-constrained.  

 

   Challenges in India  

- Surveillance: Passive, underreporting.  

- Diagnostics: Culture/PCR limited. - Access to Vaccines: Private, costly; no MenB. - Awareness: Low, public/providers. - Equity: Rural/poor underserved. Recommendations

 

Surveillance: nationwide active sentinel sites with PCR. 2. Pilot Programs: Adolescent MenACWY/MenFive in northern states. 3. UIP Inclusion: Targeted high-risk subsidies. 4. Promote MenFive: Wider protection from emerging X/W. 5. Education: Pilgrims/hostels campaigns. 6. Research: Serogroup shifts, carriage studies.    

 

 

Conclusion

IMD in India is underestimated with serogroup A predominance but increasing diversity. International standards support wide application of conjugate prevention; India lags due to perceived low burden. Incorporating targeted routine elements, strengthening monitoring, and tapping into emerging pentavalent vaccines could help close the gap and prevent outbreaks, and may also help align with global efforts to defeat meningitis by 2030.   

 

 References

World Health Organization. Meningococcal meningitis – Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Accessed December 2025.

Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Recommended Immunization Schedule (2020-21). Indian Pediatr. 2021;58:44-53.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningococcal Vaccine Recommendations. Updated July 1, 2025. C 

4. National Health Mission. National Immunization Schedule. Government of India, 2023.

5.Indian Academy of Pediatrics. IAP Guidebook on Immunization 2022-2023 (Purple Book).

6. Borrow R, et al. The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in India. Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138(12):1807-1816. R

7. INVC. Meningococcal Vaccination in India. 2025.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. India Traveler view. 2025.ia. Various 2020-2025.