cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qv9s4mwbf
title: Foliar water uptake by coastal wetland plants: a novel water acquisition mechanism in arid and humid subtropical mangroves

description: 1. Climate change alters freshwater availability in many ecosystems
 leading to shifts in distributions for many plants. Despite living
 exclusively in intertidal, saline environments, mangroves rely on
 non-saline water to maintain plant productivity. However, several mangrove
 species persist in arid environments where non-saline water from rain and
 groundwater sources are limited. Under these conditions, foliar water
 uptake from fog and mist may be an important water acquisition strategy.
 2. We conducted a field experiment in arid Baja California Sur, Mexico
 along with a controlled mist chamber experiment (using seedlings sourced
 from subtropical-humid Florida, USA) to show that three co-occurring,
 neotropical mangrove species, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa,
 and Rhizophora mangle, growing in both arid and humid environments, can
 access water condensed on their leaves. 3. Foliar water uptake was
 greatest in A. germinans and lowest in R. mangle, possibly reflecting leaf
 traits associated with species-specific water balance strategies. In our
 field misting experiment, the contribution of foliar water uptake was
 higher in A. germinans (32 ± 2 %) than L. racemosa (26 ± 2 %) and R.
 mangle (16 ± 1 %). Foliar water uptake also varied across locations for L.
 racemosa and R. mangle, with declining uptake towards both species’
 northern range-limits in Baja California Sur, suggesting the distribution
 patterns of arid zone mangroves may be affected by species-specific
 spatial variation in foliar water use. Within species, foliar water use
 was comparable across field and controlled experiments irrespective of
 source population (Baja California Sur vs. Florida), suggesting foliar
 water uptake is not an arid-zone adaptation, and is instead used as a
 supplemental water balance strategy in arid and humid neo-tropical
 mangroves. 4. Synthesis. Our findings indicate mangroves have the
 potential to access atmospheric water, such as rain, dew and sea-fog,
 through their leaves to offset soil water deficits. Variation in foliar
 water use across these three neotropical mangrove species may influence
 mangrove species distributions across arid zone and pseudo-drought (highly
 saline) environments, with implications for mangrove response to climate
 change.
DOI: 10.25934/pr00012557.0
title: Available datapackage for study 'COVID-19 Large Network Center'

description: Vivli is an independent, non-profit organization that has developed a global data-sharing and analytics platform to serve all elements of the international research community. Our mission is to promote, coordinate, and facilitate scientific sharing and reuse of clinical research data through the creation and implementation of a sustainable global data-sharing enterprise. The Vivli platform includes an independent data repository, in-depth search engine and a cloud-based, secure analytics platform.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ht76hdrc5
title: Data from: Biotic stability mechanisms in Inner Mongolian grassland

description: Biotic mechanisms associated with species diversity are expected to
 stabilize communities in theoretical and experimental studies but may be
 difficult to detect in natural communities exposed to large environmental
 variation. We investigated biotic stability mechanisms in a multi-site
 study across Inner Mongolian grassland characterized by large spatial
 variations in species richness and composition and temporal fluctuations
 in precipitation. We used a new additive-partitioning method to separate
 species synchrony and population dynamics within communities into
 different species-abundance groups. Community stability was independent of
 species richness but was regulated by species synchrony and population
 dynamics, especially of abundant species. Precipitation fluctuations
 synchronized population dynamics within communities, reducing their
 stability. Our results indicate generality of biotic stability mechanisms
 in natural ecosystems and suggest that for accurate predictions of
 community stability in changing environments uneven species composition
 should be considered by partitioning stabilizing mechanisms into different
 species-abundance groups.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4j0zpc87v
title: Butterflies fly using efficient propulsive clap mechanism owing to flexible wings

description: Butterflies look like no other flying animal, with unusually short, broad
 and large wings relative to their body size. Previous studies have
 suggested butterflies use several unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms to boost
 force production with upstroke wing clap being a prominent feature. When
 the wings clap together at the end of upstroke the air between the wings
 is pressed out, creating a jet, pushing the animal in the opposite
 direction. Although viewed, for the last 50 years, as a crucial mechanism
 in insect flight, quantitative aerodynamic measurements of the clap in
 freely flying animals are lacking. Using quantitative flow measurements
 behind freely flying butterflies during take-off and a mechanical clapper,
 we provide aerodynamic performance estimates for the wing clap. We show
 that flexible butterfly wings, forming a cupped shape during the upstroke
 and clap, thrust the butterfly forwards, while the downstroke is used for
 weight support. We further show that flexible wings dramatically increase
 the useful impulse (+22%) and efficiency (+28%) of the clap compared to
 rigid wings. Combined, our results suggest butterflies evolved a highly
 effective clap, which provides a mechanistic hypothesis for their unique
 wing morphology. Furthermore, our findings could aid the design of manmade
 flapping drones, boosting propulsive performance.
description: The data was gathered using a tomoPIV setup, capturing a
 thin volume oriented perpendicular to the free-stream flow in a
 windtunnel. The images of the particles were analyzed using Davis 8.3.1,
 generating 3D vector fields of which the data uploaded here represents the
 middle slice of the volume. Images were captured at 640 Hz. 
description: The butterfly data represents a volume with the first three
 columns being the coordinates of the volume (x, y, z), where the
 z-coordinate has been calculated from the frame rate of the cameras and
 the free stream velocity of the wind tunnel. The remaining three columns
 of date are the velocity components (u, v, w).  The
 clapper data represents a single plane with the first three columns being
 the coordinates of the plane (x, y, z). The remaining three columns of
 date are the velocity components (u, v, w). The frame rate of the cameras
 are 640 Hz.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g4f4qrfmt
title: Negative associations between parasite avoidance, resistance and tolerance predict host health in salmonid fish populations

description: Genetic variation in defence against parasite infections is fundamental
 for host-parasite evolution. The overall level of defence of a host
 individual or population includes mechanisms that reduce parasite exposure
 (avoidance), establishment (resistance) or pathogenicity (tolerance).
 However, how these traits operate and evolve in concert is not well
 understood. Here, we investigated genetic variation in and associations
 between avoidance, resistance and tolerance in a natural host-parasite
 system. Replicated populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea
 trout (an anadromous form of brown trout, Salmo trutta) were raised under
 common garden conditions and infected with the eye fluke Diplostomum
 pseudospathaceum. We demonstrate significant genetic variation in the
 defence traits across host populations and negative associations between
 the traits, with the most resistant populations showing the weakest
 avoidance and the lowest infection tolerance. These results are suggestive
 of trade-offs between different components of defence and possibly
 underlie the genetic variation in defence traits observed in the wild.
 Because the three defence mechanisms affect host-parasite evolution in
 profoundly different ways, we emphasize the importance of studying defence
 traits in concert.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2fqz612m2
title: Enhancing pollination is more effective than increased conventional agriculture inputs for improving watermelon yields

description: Agricultural practices to improve yields in small-scale farms in Africa
 usually focus on improving growing conditions for the crops by applying
 fertilizers, irrigation and/or pesticides. This may however, have limited
 effect on yield if the availability of effective pollinators is too low.
 In this study, we established an experiment to test whether soil
 fertility, soil moisture and/or pollination was limiting watermelon
 (Citrullus lanatus) yields in Northern Tanzania. We subjected the
 experimental field to common farming practices while we treated selected
 plants with extra fertilizer applications, increased irrigation and/or
 extra pollination in a three-way factorial experiment. One week before
 harvest, we assessed yield from each plant, quantified as the number of
 mature fruits and their weights. We also assessed fruit shape since this
 may affect the market price. For the first fruit ripening on each plant,
 we also assessed sugar content (brix) and flesh colour as measures of
 fruit quality for human consumption. Extra pollination significantly
 increased the probability of a plant producing a second fruit of a size
 the farmer could sell at the market, and also the fruit sugar content,
 whereas additional fertilizer applications or increased irrigation did not
 improve yields. In addition, we did not find significant effects of
 increased fertilizer or watering on fruit sugar, weight or colour. We
 concluded that, insufficient pollination service is limiting watermelon
 yields in our experiment and we suggest that this may be a common
 situation in sub-Saharan Africa. It is therefore critically important that
 small-scale farmers understand the role of pollinators and understand
 their importance for agricultural production. Agricultural policies to
 improve yields in developing countries should therefore also include
 measures to improve pollination services by giving education and advisory
 services to farmers on how to develop pollinator friendly habitats in
 agricultural landscapes.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p8cz8w9mb
title: Competition for iron drives phytopathogen control by natural rhizosphere microbiomes

description: Plant pathogenic bacteria cause high crop and economic losses to human
 societies1-3. Infections by such pathogens are challenging to control as
 they often arise through complex interactions between plants, pathogens
 and the plant microbiome4,5. This natural ecosystem is rarely studied
 experimentally at the microbiome-wide scale, and consequently we poorly
 understand how taxonomic and functional microbiome composition and the
 resulting ecological interactions affect pathogen growth and disease
 outbreak. Here we combine DNA-based soil microbiome analysis with in vitro
 and in planta bioassays to show that competition for iron via secreted
 siderophore molecules is a good predictor of microbe-pathogen interactions
 and plant protection. We examined the ability of 2150 individual bacterial
 members of 80 rhizosphere microbiomes, covering all major phylogenetic
 lineages, to suppress the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, a global
 phytopathogen capable of infecting various crops6,7. We found that
 secreted siderophores altered microbiome-pathogen interactions from
 complete pathogen suppression to strong facilitation. Rhizosphere
 microbiome members with growth-inhibitory siderophores could often
 suppress the pathogen in vitro, in natural and greenhouse soils, and
 protect tomato plants from infection. Conversely, rhizosphere microbiome
 members with growth-promotive siderophores were often inferior in
 competition and facilitated plant infection by the pathogen. Because
 siderophores are a chemically diverse group of molecules with each
 siderophore type relying on a compatible receptor for iron uptake8-12, our
 results suggest that pathogen-suppressive microbiome members produce
 siderophores the pathogen cannot use. Altogether, our study establishes a
 causal mechanistic link between microbiome-level competition for iron and
 plant protection and opens promising avenues to use siderophore-mediated
 interactions as a tool for microbiome engineering and pathogen
 control. 
description: Source data for Figures 1-4 and Supplemental Figures 1-6 from the
 associated paper.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qrfj6q5c5
title: Studies on reproductive strategies of Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehder (Lamiaceae) based on morphological characteristics and SSR markers

description: Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehder (Lamiaceae) is an
 important tree species for soil and water conservation, yet the
 reproductive ecology of this species remains to be elucidated. To
 investigate the reproductive traits of V. negundo var. heterophylla, the
 phenology, morphological characteristics (a suite of characters was
 assessed: floral morphology, nectar production, pollen viability, and
 stigma receptivity), and mating system of this species were systematically
 revealed for the first time in this study. Phenological observations,
 morphological measurements, and nectar production analysis were conducted
 during anthesis. Pollen viability and stigma receptivity at different
 flowering stages were measured by biochemical methods. Finally, genetic
 analysis based on SSR markers was used to reveal the mating system,
 outcrossing index and pollen-ovule ratio were also calculated to help
 analysis. V. negundo var. heterophylla showed several obvious
 characteristics of outcrossing, such as abundant and attractive flowers,
 secreting nectar, and emitting scent. In addition, mechanisms such as
 homogamy and a short anther-stigma distance that can promote
 self-fertilization were also identified in this species. The coexistence
 of selfing and outcrossing characteristics demonstrates a predominantly
 outcrossed mixed-mating system (outcrossing rate, t = 95%). The scientific
 information provided by this study may contribute to conservation of V.
 negundo var. heterophylla from a reproductive perspective.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t4b8gthzf
title: Data from: Whole-organism behavioral profiling reveals a role for dopamine in state-dependent motor program coupling in C. elegans.

description: Animal behaviors are commonly organized into long-lasting states that
 coordinately impact the generation of diverse motor outputs such as
 feeding, locomotion, and grooming. However, the neural mechanisms that
 coordinate these diverse motor programs remain poorly understood. Here, we
 examine how the distinct motor programs of the nematode C.
 elegans are coupled together across behavioral states. We
 describe a new imaging platform that permits automated, simultaneous
 quantification of each of the main C. elegans motor
 programs over hours or days. Analysis of these whole-organism behavioral
 profiles shows that the motor programs coordinately change as animals
 switch behavioral states. Utilizing genetics, optogenetics, and calcium
 imaging, we identify a new role for dopamine in coupling locomotion and
 egg-laying together across states. These results provide new insights into
 how the diverse motor programs throughout an organism are coordinated and
 suggest that neuromodulators like dopamine can couple motor circuits
 together in a state-dependent manner. 
description: Behavioral and GCaMP data  Behavioral
 datasets were collected from animals of the indicated genotypes using a
 custom microscope described in the manuscript. GCaMP
 datasets were collected from freely-moving C. elegans animals, using
 widefield imaging of animals on agar slides, as described in the
 manuscript.
description: For the behavioral data, ther are two files per genotype: 1)
 Posture.mat and 2) Data.mat. Posture.mat contains the variable
 "Posture" which consists of the body angles, compendium posture
 numbers, posture group numbers, coarsened posture group numbers, and
 hidden behavioral state numbers of each animal throughout a given
 recording. Each cell of the MATLAB struct corresponds to a single
 animal's recording. Each genotype's Data.mat file contains the
 variables "AngVelocity", "AutoFocus", "DMP",
 "Eggs", "LaserTimes", "Pumping", and
 "Velocity." The first column of each of these variables contains
 the animal number and the second column contains the data of
 interest.  For each GCaMP dataset, there are 3
 files: (1) gcamp tracking file (a csv with:
 frame,xcoord,ycoored,intdens,intsub,bgmedian,maxint,area,x,y,sqintdens,sqintsub,sqarea,threshold,animal,redFlag,useTracking) (2) body angle data file (3) velocity file
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.63xsj3v08
title: Floral Color Diversity: How Are Signals Shaped by Elevational Gradient on the Tropical–Subtropical Mountainous Island of Taiwan?

description: Pollinators with different vision are a key driver of flower coloration.
 Islands provide important insights into evolutionary processes, and
 previous work suggests islands may have restricted flower colors. Due to
 both species richness with high endemism in tropical–subtropical
 environments, and potentially changing pollinator distributions with
 altitude, we evaluated flower color diversity across the mountainous
 island of Taiwan in a comparative framework to understand the cause of
 color diversity. We sampled flower color signaling on the
 tropical–subtropical island of Taiwan considering altitudes from sea level
 to 3300 m to inform how over-dispersion, random processes or clustering
 may influence flower signaling. We employed a model of bee color space to
 plot loci from 727 species to enable direct comparisons to data sets from
 continental studies representing Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and
 also a continental mountain region. We observed that flower color
 diversity was similar to flowers that exist in mainland continental
 studies, and also showed evidence that flowers predominantly had evolved
 color signals that closely matched bee color preferences. At high
 altitudes floras tend to be phylogenetically clustered rather than
 over-dispersed, and their floral colors exhibited weak phylogenetic signal
 which is consistent with character displacement that facilitated the
 co-existence of related species. Overall flower color signaling on a
 tropical–subtropical island is mainly influenced by color preferences of
 key bee pollinators, a pattern consistent with continental studies.
description: Supplemental table and appendix tree file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qrfj6q5c6
title: Breeding performance of Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) does not decline among older age-classes

description: Declines in reproductive performance among older age-classes have been
 reported in many bird and mammal species, and are commonly presented as
 demonstrating reproductive senescence. However, no declines in performance
 could be demonstrated in studies of several bird species. We measured
 reproductive performance in Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) of known age
 (2–28 yr) during a 19-yr period at a site in Buzzards Bay,
 Massachusetts, USA. We measured 6 components of reproductive performance
 and used Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) in a Bayesian framework
 to analyze dependence of each measure on parental age, while controlling
 for variations among years and indices of individual quality. Four
 measures of performance improved (earlier laying date, higher values of
 clutch size, fledging success and productivity) with age, most rapidly
 between ages 2–10 yr; egg mass and hatching success varied only slightly
 with age. No measure of performance showed reversals among the older
 age-classes; fledging success and productivity continued to increase
 through at least age 22 yr. These findings are consistent with results
 from an earlier study of the same species. Continued increase in
 reproductive performance through the oldest age-classes is not
 incompatible with ‘reproductive senescence’ (decline in physiological or
 other functions required for successful reproduction) if either
 reproductive effort or efficiency continue to increase. Studies within our
 population have yielded no evidence for age-related increase in
 reproductive effort, but three studies have suggested that older Common
 Terns can raise chicks more successfully than younger birds without
 increasing reproductive effort, probably by more efficient foraging and
 chick provisioning. Our findings suggest that Common Terns offset
 reproductive senescence by continuing to improve efficiency through at
 least age 22 yr. Age-related changes in efficiency should be investigated
 in other species with similar life-history traits. 
description: Methods are described in the Methods section of the paper and in
 Appendix 1. Statistical analysis is described in the Methods
 section.
description: This data set includes an Excel file with the data used in the
 paper by Nisbet et al. '<b>Breeding performance of Common Terns
 (<i>Sterna hirundo</i>) does not decline among older
 age-classes</b>' and the R-code used in the analysis. Metadata
 are in the second worksheet of the Excel file.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0p6h
title: Biogeography and ecological niche evolution in Diapensiaceae inferred from phylogenetic analysis

description: Diapensiaceae (Ericales) are a small family of about 15 species. Within
 this clade, two species are broadly distributed throughout the Northern
 Hemisphere, while the remaining species have a disjunct distribution
 between eastern North America and eastern Asia. To address patterns and
 processes of diversification in Diapensiaceae, we conducted biogeographic
 analyses and inferred shifts in ecological niche across the phylogeny of
 the clade. Although Diapensiaceae have been the focus of multiple
 phylogenetic and biogeographic studies, previous studies were
 taxonomically limited. We greatly improve the phylogenetic underpinning
 for Diapensiaceae with the most inclusive taxonomic sampling thus far,
 employing both nuclear and plastid gene sequence data for at least one
 sample per species in the family. Our estimates indicate that genera of
 Diapensiaceae variously diverged in the Eocene, Oligocene, and early to
 mid-Miocene. Biogeographic analysis suggests that the probable ancestor of
 the Diapensiaceae crown clade originated in the Nearctic, with vicariance
 events contributing to the current distribution of the disjunct taxa.
 Ecological niche, when considered in a phylogenetic context, clustered
 based on biogeographic realm. In general, greater ecological overlap was
 found at younger nodes and greater niche divergence was found among
 distantly related species. Diversification in Diapensiaceae appears to
 have been shaped by both large-scale biogeographic factors, such as
 vicariance, and divergence in ecological niche among closely related
 species.
description: See attached README.md for additional infomration.