DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8nd84
title: Data from: Temporal genetic differentiation in Glossina pallidipes tsetse fly populations in Kenya

description: Background: Glossina pallidipes is a major vector of both Human and Animal
 African Trypanosomiasis (HAT and AAT) in Kenya. The disease imposes
 economic burden on endemic regions in Kenya, including south-western
 Kenya, which has undergone intense but unsuccessful tsetse fly control
 measures. We genotyped 387 G. pallidipes flies at 13 microsatellite
 markers to evaluate levels of temporal genetic variation in two regions
 that have been subjected to intensive eradication campaigns from the 1960s
 to the 1980s. One of the regions, Nguruman Escarpment, has been subject to
 habitat alteration due to human activities, while the other, Ruma National
 Park, has not. In addition, Nguruman Escarpment is impacted by the
 movement of grazing animals into the area from neighboring regions during
 the drought season. We collected our samples from three geographically
 close sampling sites for each of the two regions. Samples were collected
 between the years 2003 and 2015, spanning ~96 tsetse fly generations.
 Results: We established that allelic richness averaged 3.49 and 3.63, and
 temporal Ne estimates averaged 594 in Nguruman Escarpment and 1120 in Ruma
 National Park. This suggests that genetic diversity is similar to what was
 found in previous studies of G. pallidipes in Uganda and Kenya, implying
 that we could not detect a reduction in genetic diversity following the
 extensive control efforts during the 1960s to the 1980s. However, we did
 find differences in temporal patterns of genetic variation between the two
 regions, indicated by clustering analysis, pairwise FST, and Fisher’s
 exact tests for changes in allele and genotype frequencies. In Nguruman
 Escarpment, findings indicated differentiation among samples collected in
 different years, and evidence of local genetic bottlenecks in two
 locations previous to 2003, and between 2009 and 2015. In contrast, there
 was no consistent evidence of differentiation among samples collected in
 different years, and no evidence of local genetic bottlenecks in Ruma
 National Park. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that, despite extensive
 control measures especially between the 1960s and the 1980s, tsetse flies
 in these regions persist with levels of genetic diversity similar to that
 found in populations that did not experience extensive control measures.
 Our findings also indicate temporal genetic differentiation in Nguruman
 Escarpment detected at a scale of &gt; 80 generations, and no similar
 temporal differentiation in Ruma National Park. The different level of
 temporal differentiation between the two regions indicates that genetic
 drift is stronger in Nugruman Escarpment, for as-yet unknown reasons,
 which may include differences in land management. This suggests land
 management may have an impact on G. pallidipes population genetics, and
 reinforces the importance of long term monitoring of vector populations in
 estimates of parameters needed to model and plan effective
 species-specific control measures.
description: Microsatellite Data from
 Nugurman and RumaMicrosatellite data used
 in Temporal genetic differentiation in Glossina pallidipes tsetse fly
 populations in Kenya, STRUCTURE formatSTRUCTURE-files.zip