cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-91609
title: Various processes in construction of plastic plane, Burbank, CA, 1940

description: 14 photographs of various processes in construction of plastic plane, Burbank, CA, 1940. "Date: Fri[day]; Time: Before 9 A. M.; Operator: Dean; Meet: Jordan; For: West & Associates; At: Timm Aircraft; Job: same as yesterday, will be thru by noon; no pictures" -- on card 1 front. "Out of City; Day: 4; Mileage: 40" -- on card 1 back. "Date: Thur; Time: 9:30 A. M.; Meet: Jordan; At: Timm Aircraft Co[mpany] - Burbank, state 51151; Job: all day, 25 to 40 shots; Deliver to & Ch[arge]: West & Assoc[iates]; Print Order: 1 ea[ch], 8x10, gl[ossy]; Promised: Sat. A. M." -- on card 2 front. "Out of City; Day: 6; No. of Negs.: 27; Illumination Used: (6 ext) (21 int, 1 flash bulb each); Charge to: West & Associates" -- on card 2 back. "Subject: Various processes in construction of plastic plane; Agency: West & Assoc[iates]; Client: Timm Aircraft; #1 to 14 as 5x7s, #15 to 27 as also 8x10; Original Print Order: 1 #13, 5, 12 #13; Size: 8x10, 11x14; Finish: gl[ossy]; Re-Order: 12 #13, 3 #13, 3 ea[ch] #7, 8, 13; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy]; Job: 5-2-20; Year: 1940" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report - Name: Dean & Andy; 27 Original Photographs-Size; 6 @2, 21 @ [ilg]; 84 Miles: Transportation at7c: 2 trips; 4 Hours: Time @ 2.00; Amount: 64.55, 5.60, 8.00" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/5zcn-cg78
title: Hippocampal and prefrontal theta-band mechanisms underpin implicit spatial context learning

description: Humans can rapidly and seemingly implicitly learn to predict typical locations of relevant items when those items are encountered in familiar spatial contexts. Two important questions remain, however, concerning this type of learning: (1) which neural structures and mechanisms are involved in acquiring and exploiting such contextual knowledge?; and (2) is this type of learning truly implicit and unconscious? We now answer both these questions after closely examining behaviour and recording neural activity using magneto-encephalography (MEG) while observers (male and female) were acquiring and exploiting statistical regularities. Computational modelling of behavioural data suggested that after repeated exposures to a spatial context, participants’ behaviour was marked by an abrupt switch to an exploitation strategy of the learnt regularities. MEG recordings showed that hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were involved in the task; and furthermore revealed a striking dissociation: only the initial learning phase was associated with hippocampal theta band activity, while the subsequent exploitation phase showed a shift in theta band activity to the prefrontal cortex. Intriguingly, the behavioural benefit of repeated exposures to certain scenes was inversely related to explicit awareness of such repeats, demonstrating the implicit nature of the expectations acquired. Taken together, these findings demonstrate (1a) that hippocampus and prefrontal cortex play complementary roles in the implicit, unconscious learning and exploitation of spatial statistical regularities; (1b) that these mechanisms are implemented in the theta frequency band; and (2) that contextual knowledge can indeed be acquired unconsciously, and that awareness of such knowledge can even interfere with the exploitation thereof.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.spxbhv
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2221 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Lepus saxatilis F.Cuvier, 1823"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2221 records from 50 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0011968-240506114902167/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-99221
title: Armistice Day Parade, M. L. Polen 73rd Squadron, Moffet [sic] Field, Cal. flags, Los Angeles, Calif., 1940

description: 14 photographs of a parade and ceremonies in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, California, 1940 November 11. Images include men in kilts with bagpipes, drummers leading columns of men, and displays of flags. Editor's note: the photographer’s job number indicates the date of 1940 November 12.
DOI: 10.34973/2m6r-4167
title: Magnetoencephalography recordings reveal the neural mechanisms of auditory contributions to improved visual detection

description: Sounds enhance the detection of visual stimuli while concurrently biasing an observer’s decisions. To investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie such multisensory interactions, we decoded time-resolved Signal Detection Theory sensitivity and criterion parameters from magneto-encephalographic recordings of participants that performed a visual detection task. We found that sounds improved visual detection sensitivity by enhancing the accumulation and maintenance of perceptual evidence over time. Meanwhile, criterion decoding analyses revealed that sounds induced brain activity patterns that resembled the patterns evoked by an actual visual stimulus. These two complementary mechanisms of audiovisual interplay differed in terms of their automaticity: Whereas the sound-induced enhancement in visual sensitivity depended on participants being actively engaged in a detection task, we found that sounds activated the visual cortex irrespective of task demands, potentially inducing visual illusory percepts. These results challenge the classical assumption that sound-induced increases in false alarms exclusively correspond to decision-level biases.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-92005
title: Plane in flight, for business cards, Southern California, 1940

description: Photograph of photograph of plane in flight, Southern California, 1940. "Subject: Copy of plane in flight for business cards; Client: Marshall O. Searle, Mr. Caulfield, Ri 1905, Hanger 5 - Municipal Airport; COD, Paid on [ilg] 5.00, Rec. cash $5.00, LE[ilg]; also 8x10; Original Print Order: 63 #2, 8; Size: 8x10, 4x5; Finish: dull, gl[ossy]; Mount: trimmed $10.00, @ 15¢; Job: 5-1-7; Year: 140" -- on envelope front. "2 Copies - (Print Extra): 8x10; Amount: 3.00; Extra Charges: Trimming 1.00" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/gs3x-3643
title: Temporal tuning of repetition suppression across the visual cortex

description: The visual system adapts to its recent history. A phenomenon related to this is repetition suppression (RS) - a reduction in neural responses to repeated compared to non-repeated visual input. An intriguing hypothesis is that the timescale over which RS occurs across the visual hierarchy is tuned to the temporal statistics of visual input features, which change rapidly in low-level areas but are more stable in higher-level areas. Here, we tested this hypothesis by studying the influence of the temporal lag between successive visual stimuli on RS throughout the visual system using fMRI. Twelve human volunteers engaged in four fMRI sessions in which we characterized the BOLD response to pairs of repeated and non-repeated natural images with inter-stimulus intervals (ISI) ranging from 50 to 1000 milliseconds to quantify the temporal tuning of RS along the posterior-anterior axis of the visual system. As expected, RS was maximal for short ISIs and decayed with increasing ISI. Crucially, however, and against our hypothesis, RS decayed at a similar rate in early and late visual areas. This finding challenges the prevailing view that the timescale of RS increases along the posterior-anterior axis of the visual system and suggests that RS is not tuned to temporal input regularities.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-74643
title: Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937

description: 33 photographs of Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937. "Subject: Paul Bragg; Remarks: Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on envelope. "Paul Bragg. Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on sleeve.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-93280
title: John Gregg truck and trailer, Southern California, 1940

description: 8 photographs of truck, Southern California, 1940. "Date: Tues[day]; Time: 10 a.m.; Operator: Carter; Meet: Mr Tilt; For: Diamond J. Truck; At: John Gregg plant, Roscoe; Job: Truck & Trailer - loading & unloading, 20874, 20843, 20906; Deliver To: & Ch[arge] Diamond J. Truck Co." -- front of card. "Hours on Job: Day: 3 1/2; No. of Neg[ative]s: 9" -- on card back. "Subject: John Gregg Truck & Trailer; Agency: #9 Neg[ative] sold to Chicago office; Client: Diamond J. Truck Co., Mr. Tilt, 2340 E[ast] Olympic; Original Print Order: 2 ea[ch] 1 ea[ch], 6 ea[ch], 2 #1,2,3,8, 3 #1,2,3,8, 1 #5; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy]; Mount: Frost, Linen 8 in[ches]; Year: 1940; Job: 08-20-107" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report - Name: Joe; 9 Original Photographs - Size: 8x10; 55 Miles; 2 Hours: Time at 2:00; Amount: 18.00, 3.85, 4.00" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/eezp-dh39
title: Reference Repulsion Is Not a Perceptual Illusion

description: Perceptual decisions are often influenced by contextual factors. For instance, when engaged in a visual discrimination task against a reference boundary, subjective reports about the judged stimulus feature are biased away from the boundary – a phenomenon termed reference repulsion. Until recently, this phenomenon has been thought to reflect a perceptual illusion regarding the appearance of the stimulus, but new evidence suggests that it may rather reflect a post-perceptual decision bias. To shed light on this issue, we examined whether and how orientation judgments affect perceptual appearance. In a first experiment, we confirmed that after judging a grating stimulus against a discrimination boundary, the subsequent reproduction response was indeed repelled from the boundary. To investigate the perceptual nature of this bias, in a second experiment we measured the perceived orientation of the grating stimulus more directly, in comparison to a reference stimulus visible at the same time. Although we did observe a small repulsive bias away from the boundary, this bias was explained by random trial-by-trial fluctuations in sensory representations together with classical stimulus adaptation effects and did not reflect a systematic bias due to the discrimination judgment. Overall, the current study indicates that discrimination judgments do not elicit a perceptual illusion and points towards a post-perceptual locus of reference repulsion.
DOI: 10.34973/7tce-8s22
title: Updating contextual sensory expectations for adaptive behaviour

description: This repository contains all materials, data and code that are relevant to replicate the results reported in: Ferrari A, Richter D & de Lange FP (2022) Updating contextual sensory expectations for adaptive behaviour.

The brain has the extraordinary capacity to construct predictive models of the environment by internalizing statistical regularities in the sensory inputs. The resulting sensory expectations shape how we perceive and react to the world; at the neural level, this relates to decreased neural responses to expected than unexpected stimuli (‘expectation suppression’). Crucially, expectations may need revision as context changes. However, existing research has often neglected this issue. Further, it is unclear whether contextual revisions apply selectively to expectations relevant to the task at hand, hence serving adaptive behaviour. The present fMRI study examined how contextual visual expectations spread throughout the cortical hierarchy as participants update their beliefs. We created a volatile environment with two state spaces presented over separate context blocks, controlled by an independent contextualizing signal. Participants attended a training session before scanning to learn contextual temporal associations among pairs of object images. The fMRI experiment then tested for the emergence of contextual expectation suppression in two separate scenarios, respectively with task-relevant and task-irrelevant expectations. Behavioural and neural effects of contextual expectation emerged gradually within a context across the cortical hierarchy: expectation suppression appeared first in the insula, inferior frontal gyrus and posterior parietal cortex, followed by the ventral visual stream, and finally the early visual cortex. This applied selectively to task-relevant expectations. Taken together, these results suggest that an insular and frontoparietal executive control network may guide the flexible deployment of contextual sensory expectations for adaptive behaviour in our complex and dynamic world.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-93215
title: Sloping driveway of Associated Oil station, Wilshire Boulevard and North Santa Monica Boulevard, Beverly Hills, CA, 1940

description: 7 photographs of exterior of Associated Oil station, Wilshire Boulevard and North Santa Monica Boulevard, Beverly Hills, CA, 1940. "Subject: Sloping driveway at Associated Oil station, Wilshire and Santa Monica, Beverly Hills, Hunt v[er]s[us] Arnold; Client: Parker & Stanbury, Mr. Stanbury; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch]; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy]; Year: 1940; Job: 09-9-35" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report - Name: Dick; 7 Original Photographs - Size: 8x10; Amount: $14.00" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/2jxe-d940
title: Dampened sensory representations for expected input across the ventral visual stream

description: This repository contains all data and code necessary to replicate the results reported in: 
Richter D, Heilbron M, and de Lange FP (2022) Dampened sensory representations for expected input across the ventral visual stream. Oxford Open Neuroscience.

Corresponding author: 
David Richter (david.richter.work [at] gmail.com)

Abstract:
Expectations, derived from previous experience, can help in making perception faster, more reliable and informative. A key neural signature of perceptual expectations is expectation suppression, an attenuated neural response to expected compared to unexpected stimuli. While expectation suppression has been reported using a variety of paradigms and recording methods, it remains unclear what neural modulation underlies this response attenuation. Sharpening models propose that neural populations tuned away from an expected stimulus are particularly suppressed by expectations, thereby resulting in an attenuated, but sharper population response. In contrast, dampening models suggest that neural populations tuned towards the expected stimulus are most suppressed, thus resulting in a dampened, less redundant population response. Empirical support is divided, with some studies favoring sharpening, while others support dampening. A key limitation of previous neuroimaging studies is the ability to draw inferences about neural-level modulations based on population (e.g., voxel) level signals, which integrate over millions of neurons (e.g., the BOLD response). Indeed, recent simulations of repetition suppression showed that opposite neural modulations can lead to comparable population-level modulations. Forward models provide one possible solution to this inference limitation. Here we used forward models to implement both sharpening and dampening models, mapping individual neural modulations to voxel-level data. By comparing simulated neural responses to a combined analysis of two previously published fMRI studies, we show that a model that incorporates feature-specific gain modulation, suppressing neurons tuned towards the expected stimulus, best explain the empirical fMRI data. Thus, our results are in line with the dampening account of expectation suppression, suggesting that expectations may reduce redundancy in sensory cortex, and thereby promote updating of internal models on the basis of surprising information.

====================

See "DSREI_info.txt" for additional information concerning the 3 different versions available for download.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-99517
title: Crowds and floats, downtown Bus. mens Assn Christmas parade, Los Angeles, Calif., 1940

description: 14 photographs of the annual Downtown Business Men's Association's Christmas parade, Los Angeles, California, 1940 November 21. Images include marching bands, crowds, floats, uniformed men, and an automobile with dignitaries. One crowd scene shows a movie theater marquee with "The Gay Caballero" and "Tin Pan Alley" advertised, and one parade float is for the Community Chest.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-93752
title: Mr. Bragg in Miami Beach, FL, 1940

description: 20 photographs of Mr. Bragg in Miami Beach, FL, 1940. "Subject: Mr. Bragg in Miami Beach; Client: Live Food Products, Miss Samuelly; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch], #11, 18, 3, 6, 12, 13, 1 #18; Size: 4x5, 8x10, Read only to be 1 1/2 [inches] chin to top of hair; Finish: gl[ossy]; Mount: M; Year: 1940; Job: 09-5-16" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report - Name: Dick [Whittington]; 6 Original Photographs - Size: 8x10 gl[ossy]; 6000 miles @ 7 [cents], 4 weeks time @ 2.50, credit for suggesting [ilg] park (bottom), 2 Antoines (New Orleans); Amount: 20.00, 420.00, 1000, 1420, 2000 [plus] tax" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/hvpp-5c23
title: Dissociable laminar profiles of concurrent bottom-up and top-down response modulations in the human visual cortex

description: Recent developments in human neuroimaging make it possible to non-invasively measure neural activity from different cortical layers. This can potentially reveal not only which brain areas are engaged by a task, but also how. Specifically, bottom-up and top-down responses are associated with distinct laminar profiles. Here, we measured lamina-resolved fMRI responses during a visual task designed to induce concurrent bottom-up and top-down modulations via orthogonal manipulations of stimulus contrast and feature-based attention. BOLD responses were modulated by both stimulus contrast (bottom-up) and by engaging feature-based attention (top-down). Crucially, these effects operated at different cortical depths: Bottom-up modulations were strongest in the middle cortical layer, while top-down modulations were strong at all depths, being significantly stronger in deep and superficial layers compared to bottom-up effects. As such, we demonstrate that laminar activity profiles can discriminate between concurrent top-down and bottom-up processing, and are diagnostic of how a brain region is activated.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-99293
title: New home construct., Windsor Hills, Los Angeles County, Calif., 1940

description: 7 photographs of roads and houses from various heights, some under construction and some not fully landscaped, Los Angeles County, California, 1940 November 26. The negative envelope lists 6 orders that were fulfilled by Whittington of these images, and reproduction rights of some images were sold 5 times.
DOI: 10.34973/v9wr-9835
title: Attentional modulation of perceptual predictions

description: This repository contains all (raw) data and code necessary to replicate the results reported in: Richter D & de Lange FP (2019) Statistical learning attenuates visual activity only for attended stimuli.

Perception and behavior can be guided by predictions, which are often based on learned statistical regularities. Neural responses to expected stimuli are frequently found to be attenuated after statistical learning. However, whether this sensory attenuation following statistical learning occurs automatically or depends on attention remains unknown. In the present fMRI study, we exposed human volunteers to sequentially presented object stimuli, in which the first object predicted the identity of the second object. We observed a strong attenuation of neural activity for expected compared to unexpected stimuli in the ventral visual stream. Crucially, this sensory attenuation was only apparent when stimuli were attended, and vanished when attention was directed away from the predictable objects. These results put important constraints on neurocomputational theories that cast perception as a process of probabilistic integration of prior knowledge and sensory information.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17040086
title: Community Chest workers, Boy Scouts, Los Angeles, Calif., 1941

description: 2 photographs of Community Chest workers at Boy Scout Club Room and their Wilshire agency. "Subject: Community chest workers at Wilshire Agency + Boy Scout Club Room, Client: Community Chest, Miss Billard, Operator's Report -- Name: Vannice" -- on envelope
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17040094
title: Standard Oil Co. executives at picnic, El Segundo, Calif., 1941

description: 7 photographs of Standard Oil Co. executives and corporate employees at a picnic in El Segundo. "Subject: Executives etc. at picnic at El Segundo, Client: Standard Oil Co., Mr. H. H. Roberts Rm. 738 Standard Oil Bldg, Operator's Report -- Name: DW" -- on envelope
DOI: 10.34973/2j93-gf48
title: Laminar organization of working memory signals in human visual cortex

description: The human primary visual cortex (V1) is not only activated by incoming visual information, but is also engaged by top-down cognitive processes, such as visual working memory, even in the absence of visual input. This feedback is likely critical to our ability to visualize specific visual features, as higher-order cognitive control regions lack the visual selectivity to represent such information. Clearly, such internally generated signals do not trigger genuine perception of the remembered stimulus, meaning they must be organized in a manner that is different to bottom-up driven signals. Internally generated signals may be kept separate from incoming sensory data by virtue of the laminar organization of inter-area cortical connections. Namely, bottom-up driving connections target layer 4, located in the middle of the cortical column, while feedback connections target deep and superficial layers and largely avoid layer 4. Using lamina-resolved fMRI, we simultaneously measured the activity in three early visual cortical areas (V1-V3) that are recruited to represent stimulus information during visual working memory. We observed item-specific working memory signals in early visual cortex. In V1, this item-specific activity was selectively present at deep and superficial cortical depths, avoiding the middle layers, while working memory related activity was present at all depths in V2 and V3. These results show for the first time the laminar organization of internally generated signals during visual working memory in the human visual system, and provide new insights into how bottom-up and top-down signals in visual cortex are deployed.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17040101
title: Lionel Trains gift sets, 1941

description: 2 photographsof Lionel Trains gift boxes, one with wrapping paper. "Subject: Train packages, Client: Union Hardware, Miss Doziere, Operator's Report -- Name: Cross" -- on envelope