DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fj6q5741m
title: Supplementary material from: ZooMS confirms geometric morphometrics species identification of ancient sheep and goat

description: Geometric morphometrics can effectively distinguish isolated third lower
 molars of present-day sheep and goat, but its applicability to
 archaeological specimens has yet to be established. Using a modern
 reference collection of 743 sheep and goats and a 2D-landmark-based
 geometric morphometric (GMM) protocol, this study aimed to
 morphometrically identify 109 archaeological specimens, used as case
 studies, dating from the Late Neolithic to the modern period/era. These
 morphometric identifications were then compared to molecular
 identifications via collagen peptide mass fingerprinting, known as
 Zooarcheology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS). ZooMS confirmed the
 morphometric identifications for 104 specimens, with the five
 misidentified specimens all morphometrically identified as goat. 
 Modern sheep and goats have larger teeth and distinct shapes compared to
 their archaeological counterparts, suggesting strong differences between
 archaeological and modern specimens potentially linked with recent breed
 improvement or geographic origin of the specimens. In addition, for both
 species, some of the archaeological dental morphologies do not match with
 any of our modern references. This study validates the applicability of
 geometric morphometrics for identifying isolated archaeological sheep and
 goat teeth. It represents a stepping stone for future, non-destructive,
 bioarchaeological studies of the two species.
description: # Supplementary data SI Table 1 : List of modern specimens used as
 geometric morphometrics modern referentiel. Code GMM corresponds to the
 specimen names, Collection to the place where specimens were stocked,
 Correspondant to the person in charge of the collection, Origin to the
 place where specimens were collected, Genus and Species to the species, M3
 wear to the estimated wear using Payne stages, related to the estimated
 age. A blank field indicates that the information is not known. SI Table 2
 : List of archaeological specimens sampled for ZooMS analyses. The column
 names are the same as in SI Table 1, with the addition of the city of the
 archaeological site (City), its name (Archaeological Site) and the number
 associated (Number Archaeological Site), US, which corresponds to the
 stratigraphic units, TPQ and TAQ, which are the terminus post quem and
 terminus ante quem, the chronology of each sample, and the morphometric
 (GMM identification) and ZooMS identification of each sample. A blank
 field indicates that the information is not known. SI Table 3 : Geometric
 morphometric data set with scaled coordinates of modern and archaeological
 specimens.The first column corresponds to the name of each specimen (Code
 GMM), the second to the collection where the specimens are stocked, and
 the third to the identifications of each specimen (e.g.
 modern/archaeological and sheep/goat, Groups). All other columns contain
 the coordinates (XY) for each landmark and sliding semi-landmark (1 to
 55). SI Figure 1: Identification probability of each LDA for each
 archaeological sample, sorted by archaeological site numbers. The upper
 part of the graph, in green, corresponds to the probability of each LDA
 for specimens identified as sheep by geometric morphometrics, while the
 lower part, in blue, corresponds to goats identified by geometric
 morphometrics. The colour of each box plot corresponds to the ZooMS
 identification. Specimens with a red star are misidentified by geometric
 morphometrics. Specimens with a black star are those identified as both
 goat and sheep by LDA. The most numerous identification was retained. SI
 Figure 2: Boxplot showing differences in log centroid size for goats and
 sheep between archaeological sites and chrono-cultural occupation. See
 Table 2 for numbers of archaeological sites. N refers to Neolithic; Br to
 Bronze Age; Ir to Iron Age; Ant to Antiquity; MA to Middle Ages; MOD to
 Modern Period; ACT to Advanced Contemporary and Out Str to Out of
 Stratigraphy. SI Figure 3: Two first axes of the PCA showing variation
 between modern (dark) and archaeological (light) independently for sheep
 and goat. SI File 1: ZooMS MALDI-TOF-MS spectra for each archaeological
 sample. The first column corresponds to mass to charge (m/z) ratio and the
 second to absorbance intensity. Each sample was analysed in triplicate,
 resulting in three files per sample corresponding to spectrum a, b and c,
 which where then averaged. See SI Table 2 for sample names