DOI: 10.7291/d1r08g
title: Social connections across migration: Do Golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla) that socialize in winter also breed together?

description: Here, we study migratory golden-crowned sparrows with distinct, stable
 winter communities. The sparrows have winter site and group fidelity
 across years, and birds almost always rejoin the same social community
 each year. Sparrows in the same tightly-knit community migrated to highly
 disparate locations during summer, showing that social connections in
 winter do not continue in summer. We provide initial evidence that the
 birds have entirely separate social structures across seasons with
 long-term social memories allowing them to reform stable groups each
 winter. Our research uncovers a new pattern in this model system that
 could apply to other migratory animals.
description: GPS data was collected through GPS tags placed on Golden-crowned
 Sparrows at their wintering site at the University of California Santa
 Cruz (UCSC) Arboretum in California, USA. All GPS tags were programmed to
 take points along the birds' summer migration to the breeding grounds
 to see where the birds went during the breeding season. The GPS tags were
 archival, so data retrieval depended on physically collecting the tags
 when birds returned to the UCSC Arboretum field site the following winter
 season. We used social network analysis from visual band observations
 during the winter to see how these connections related to the birds'
 locations during the breeding season.
description: Two data points were excluded on the breeding grounds due to a
 combination of unlikely travel distances and times away and only having
 three satellites for the fix (five or more are ideal). The points are:
 line #44 for bird <strong id="docs-internal-guid-4c11fbdc-7fff-8370-8f7b-3c06442ed4d9">77968</strong> and line #44 for bird <strong id="docs-internal-guid-2b8a8887-7fff-adf9-542a-6a8d50c7fe82">81324.</strong>
description: # Social connections across migration: Do Golden-crowned Sparrows
 (*Zonotrichia atricapilla)* that socialize in winter also breed together?
 ## Description of the data and file
 structure This collection of data includes the data and code used in the
 the paper titled above, published in the journal Wilson Field Ornithology.
 The Dryad files include field data of direct observations of the
 Golden-crowned sparrows recording their social interactions, GPS points
 from archival GPS tags, and scripts in the R programming language
 detailing all the analysis for the above paper. For full explanations of
 the study design, methods, and results, please see the publication. The
 .csv files with ‘2016_flockingattributes.csv’ and ‘2016_flockingdata.csv’
 are used in R code 2016_GCSPGPSFlockingnetwork.R. The .txt files are used
 in the R code ‘GCSP_GPSdata.R.’ Details on each file
 **2016_flockingattributes.csv** A summary of the number of times each bird
 was seen in a flock or dominance interaction, used for filtering out any
 transient birds when making the flocking networks. *Variables:* Column A,
 No Header: The original order of the rows for reference. Column B,
 ‘Bird.ID’: A unique combination of numbers specifying each bird, referred
 to as band numbers. This is part of the sequence of numbers on the metal
 band that each bird is banded with. Column C, ‘Combos’: Abbreviation for
 the color bands. Each bird has a unique set of colored bands on its legs
 for an observer to visually identify the birds in the field. Column D
 ‘times.if.flock’: How many times a bird was sighted by an observer in a
 flock at the field site in the 2016 season. Column E, ‘time.in.dom’: How
 many times a bird was sighted by an observer in a dominance interaction at
 the field site in the 2016 season. **2016_flockingdata.csv** Field data
 for flocking records tracking which birds were seen in a particular
 location and time. *Variables:* Column A, ‘obs.id’: Observations of birds
 in the field ordered by date and time, starting with the oldest to newest.
 Column B, ‘date’: Date of the observation in MM/DD/YY. Column C, ‘time’:
 Time of the observation in 24 hour clock. Column D, ‘observer’: Initials
 of the person doing the field observation. Column E, ‘flock.size’: How
 many birds were seen in the flock, some with exact numbers and some with
 estimates, e.g. ‘&gt; 2’ means more than 2 birds were seen. Column F,
 ‘feeder.obs’: Noting if birds were seen at a feeding station with food
 placed by researchers - if ‘NA’, the observation of birds was not at a
 feeder, if ‘feeder,’ then they were. Columns G-H, ‘locationX’: The
 location the birds were seen using a gridded map of the field site with
 10m2 grid cells. Columns O-AM, ‘ bird.idXX’: The identity of the birds
 seen in the flock tracked using their band numbers. Summaries of the band
 numbers are in **2016_flockingattributes.csv.** Column AN, ‘dup’: A row is
 noted as a ‘duplicate’ if the timing of the observation was too close to
 the previous one to count as an independent sighting of the birds in the
 flock. **19388_PinPoint_48485.txt** Text file of all GPS data for bird
 19388. GPS points were taken on PinPoint archival GPS tags attached to the
 Golden-crowned Sparrows for the study. Columns are separated by tabs.
 *Variables:* Column A, ‘Index’: Order in which the GPS points were taken.
 Column B, ‘Status’: Automated determination of if the GPS points were
 valid or not, based on using 3 or more satellites to determine the GPS
 points. Column C, ‘Sats’: How many satellites were used to determine the
 GPS point. Column D, ‘RTC-date’: Date of the point taken in YY/MM/DD.
 Column E, ‘RTC-time’: Time of the point taken in 24 hr clock. Column F,
 ‘FIX-date’: Date of the point taken if it was determined to be valid, in
 YY/MM/DD. Column G, ‘FIX-time’: Time of the point taken if it was
 determined to be valid, in 24 hr clock. Column H, ‘Delta(s)’: Not used for
 analysis. Column I, ‘Latitude’: Latitude of the GPS point. Column J,
 ‘Longitude: Longitude of the GPS point. Column K, ‘Altitude’: Altitude of
 the GPS point taken in meters. In occasional cases where Altitude is
 ‘10000’ the measure is assumed to be a mis-read. Column L, ‘HDOP’: Acronym
 for ‘horizontal dilution of precision,’ an estimate for accuracy of the
 GPS position, taking into account the number and angle of the satellites.
 Smaller HDOP values are better, with under 2.5 considered good, and less
 than 1.5 very good. However, HDOP is not as important as eRes for the type
 of snapshot GPS locations that were read by the PinPoint GPS tags used.
 Column M, ‘eRes’: eRes, or residual error, is a measure of accuracy for
 the GPS location. This is influenced by factors such as the angle of the
 satellites used and the conditions in the atmosphere. Lower numbers are
 better, with under 20 considered good. However, this can only be estimated
 for fixes with 5 or more satellites used. Column N, ‘Temperature(C)’: 0.0
 listed for each value as this data not available for this type of GPS.
 Column O, ‘Voltage(V)’: Blank - data not available for this type of GPS.
 \**77968_PinPoint_41720.txt ** Text file of all GPS data for bird 77968 -
 all columns are the same as the above text file.
 **81319_PinPoint_41698.txt** Text file of all GPS data for bird 81319 
 -all columns are the same as the above text file.
 **81324_PinPoint_41689.txt** Text file of all GPS data for bird 81324  -
 all columns are the same as the above text file. **GCSP_GPSsummary.csv**
 Summary measures from the GPS data and analysis and social network data
 analysis. *Variables:* Column A, ‘Bird_ID’: Unique number used to ID each
 bird from the metal band used to band them. Column B, ‘Year’: Year which
 the GPS tag was put on the bird. Column C, ‘Date_arrive’: The date when
 the bird arrived at the putative breeding ground from spring migration in
 MM/DD/YY format. Column D, ‘Date_leave’: The date when the bird left the
 putative breeding ground for fall migration in MM/DD/YY format. Column E,
 ‘Days_on_territory’: How many days the bird spent on the breeding ground
 using the arrival and leave dates. Column F, ‘GPS_points_on_breeding’: How
 many GPS points were successfully taken while the bird was on the putative
 breeding ground. Column G, ‘Ave_breeding-location’: The location of the
 breeding ground determined by the average distance of the points on the
 breeding ground, calculated in **GCSP_GPSdata.R.** Column H, ‘Notes’:
 Notes about the summary Column I, ‘Spring_start’: The date birds left on
 spring migration from the wintering grounds where the GPS tags were
 originally placed in MM/DD/YY format. Column J,’Spring_mig_length’: The
 length, in days, it took the bird to migration from the wintering ground
 to the breeding ground. Column K, ‘Spring_mig_distance_km’: The length of
 the spring migration distance in kilometers. Column L, ‘Stop_sites’: If
 known, how many times the bird stopped while on migration. Column M,
 ‘Fall_end’: If known, the date on which the bird returned to the wintering
 ground in MM/DD/YY formate. Column N, ‘Fall_mig_length’: If known, how
 many days it took the bird to complete fall migration. Column O,
 ‘Social_group’: which social group the bird belonged to on the wintering
 grounds in the 2017-2017 field season. Column P, ‘Within_com_strength’: A
 social network measure called ‘Within community strength,’ measuring how
 strongly a bird socializes within its social group versus across other
 social groups. Column Q, ‘Sex’: the sex of the bird determined by
 genetics. R scripts and packages used **GCSP_GPSdata.R** \- code analyzing
 GPS data to determine breeding locations and distances \- creating figures
 \- animated migration track R Version 4.2.0 *Packages used:* geosphere - v
 1.4-14  tidyverse - v 1.3.1 lubridate - v 1.8.0 cowplot - v 1.1.1
 **2016_GCSPGPSFlockingnetwork.R** \- using the flocking attributes and
 flocking data to build the 2016 social network and determine the
 communities and within-community strength for each bird R Version 4.2.0
 *Packages used:* igraph - v 1.4.0 dplyr - v 1.0.9 asnipe - v 1.1.16 readr
 - v 2.1.2 tidyr - v 1.2.0 ggraph - v 2.1.0 tidygraph - v 1.2.3