DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4b8gthtnp
title: Data from: Fossil abalone of Europe and their relationships with modern Haliotis (Haliotidae, Gastropoda): A multivariate analysis

description: Morphometrics of a large dataset of 153 fossil and 226 Recent specimens of
 abalone (genus Haliotis). All fossil shells are from Europe and range
 Oligocene-Pleistocene. Recent shells are from the Mediterranean, the
 eastern Atlantic and the Red Sea. Measures include shell length (L), shell
 length from apex to L midline (l1), shell width (W), shell width from apex
 to W midline (w1), shell height (H) and number of tremata, separating
 total number (NT) from open tremata (OT).
description: We collected a quantitative dataset based on 153 fossil and 226
 Recent specimens of abalone (genus <em>Haliotis</em>), for a
 total number of 379 meaured shells (not casts, nor molds). Measures were
 collected by one of the authors (MF) either directly on specimens, or from
 images in the literature. The studied material is housed in public
 institutions or in private collections. Extant taxa
 included in the dataset are <em>H. tuberculata
 tuberculata</em> Linnaeus, 1758, <em>H. t. coccinea</em>
 Reeve, 1846, <em>H. t. fernandesi</em> Owen and Afonso, 2012,
 <em>H. stomatiaeformis</em> Reeve, 1846, <em>H.
 tuberculata</em> “Dakar”, <em>H. geigeri</em> Owen,
 2014, <em>H. pustulata</em> Reeve, 1846 and <em>H.
 marmorata</em> Linnaeus, 1758. Fossil taxa are <em>H.
 benoisti</em> Cossmann, 1896, <em>H. volhynica</em>
 Eichwald, 1829, <em>H. lamellosoides</em> Sacco, 1897,
 <em>H. bertinii</em> Forli et al., 2003, <em>H.
 plioetrusca </em>sp. nov., <em>H. stalennuyi</em> Owen
 and Berschauer, 2017, <em>H. ovata</em> Michelotti, 1847,
 <em>H. monilifera</em> Michelotti, 1847 and <em>H.
 torrei</em> Ruggieri, 1990. The dataset includes
 a large number of new findings from the Pliocene (Piacenzian) of southern
 Tuscany (Italy), ranging from juveniles to fully adult shells, found in
 two outcrops in an area informally known as “Terre Rosse” (meaning “red
 lands”), in the province of Siena. Other European fossil shells range
 Oligocene-Pleistocene in age. Recent specimens were from Northeast
 Atlantic (western Atlantic from Normandy, France, to western Morocco,
 30°); Mediterranean (Mediterranean Sea); West Africa (central and
 southwestern Atlantic, from 30° N, including Canary Islands, to Cape Town,
 Republic of South Africa); Red Sea (North of Djibouti).
 Figured specimens examined in this study are deposited in the
 following institutions: British Museum of Natural History (BMNH), London
 (UK); Natural History Museum of Rotterdam (NHMR), Rotterdam (Netherlands);
 Natural History Museum of Wien (NHMW), Wien (Austria); National Museum of
 New Zealand (NMNZ), Wellington (New Zealand); Muséum d’Histoire naturelle
 de Bordeaux (MHNBx), Bordeaux (France); Muséum national d’Histoire
 naturelle (MNHN), Paris (France); Museo di Storia Naturale, Università di
 Firenze (MSNF), Firenze (Italy); Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano,
 (MSNM), Milano (Italy); Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali (MRSN), Torino
 (Italy); Museo di Zoologia, Università di Bologna (MZB), Bologna
 (Italy). Specimens temporarily hosted in private
 collections are: CLZ, Alain Cluzaud (France); JLC, Jean-François Lesport
 (France); RMQ, Robert Marquet (Belgium); BDA, Bruno dell’Angelo, (Italy);
 CBC, Cesare Bogi, (Italy); FCC, Fabio Ciappelli, MCC, (Italy); Massimo
 Cresti, MFC, (Italy); Maurizio Forli, (Italy); MRC, Massimo Rocca (Italy);
 MBB, Mauro M. Brunetti (Spain). Others collections are:
 BOC, Buzz Owen, California (USA); DDC, Dwayne Dinucci, California (USA);
 FFC, Franck Frydman, Paris (France); FRC, Ramiro Fladeiro, Valhascos
 (Portugal); PRC, Peter Ryall (Austria); RKC, Robert Kershaw, NSW
 (Australia); LSL, Linnean Society, London (UK).
 Suprageneric systematics follows the World Register of Marine
 Species (WoRMS, 2024). Abbreviation: H = height, from apex to horizontal
 plane; L = maximum length; l1 = length from apex to L midline; W = maximum
 width; w1 = width from apex to W midline; NT = total number of tremata
 from the contact of the whorl with the posterior labial margin, to the end
 of row in anterior part; OT = number of open tremata; Spcm/spcms =
 specimen/specimens. Size is expressed in millimetres throughout the
 dataset.
description: # Fossil abalone of Europe and their relationships with modern Haliotis
 (Haliotidae, Gastropoda): a multivariate analysis
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4b8gthtnp](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4b8gthtnp) Morphometrics of a large dataset of 153 fossil and 226 Recent specimens of abalone (genus *Haliotis*) used in the paper "Fossil abalone of Europe and their relationships with modern Haliotis (Haliotidae, Gastropoda): a multivariate analysis". All fossil shells are from Europe and range Early Miocene-Pleistocene. Recent shells are from the Mediterranean, the eastern Atlantic and the Red Sea. ## Description of the data and file structure The dataset includes data on taxonomy, repository, catalogue number, age, locality of provenance and reference (if published) on a total of 379 shells (not casts, not moulds). Measures (in mm) include shell length (L), shell length from apex to L midline (l1), shell width (W), shell width from apex to W midline (w1), shell height (H). Additional measures are total number of tremata (NT) and number of open tremata (OT). Specimens were used multivariate analysis (Dominici et al., 2024) only if all of the above measures were availabe; "na" stands for non-available data. ## Sharing/Access information Data freed from copyright were derived from the following published sources: * Cossmann, A.É.M., and Peyrot, A., 1917, Conchologie Néogénique de l’Aquitaine: Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, v. 69, p. 157–365. * Dominici, S., Forli, M. Brunetti, M.M. and Taviani, M. 2024, Fossil abalone of Europe and their relationships with modern *Haliotis* (Haliotidae, Gastropoda): a multivariate analysis: Journal of Paleontology. * Forli, M., Dell’Angelo, B., Ciappelli, F., and Taviani, M., 2003, A new species of Haliotidae (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) in the Italian Pliocene: Bollettino Malacologico, v. 38, p. 149–154. * Forli, M., Stalennuy, A., and Dell’Angelo, B., 2015, Reports of *Haliotis *Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca Vetigastropoda) from the Middle Miocene of Ukraine: Biodiversity Journal, v. 6 (1), p. 87–94. * Geiger, D.L., and Owen, B., 2012, Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae: Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 p. * Inzani, A., 1983, Rinvenimento di esemplari di *Haliotis tubercolata lamellosoides* Sacco nel Pliocene della Val Chiavenna: Notiziario Mineralogia e Paleontologia, v. 36, p. 12–15. * Owen, B., 2014, A new species of *Haliotis* (Gastropoda) from São Tomé & Príncipe Islands, Gulf of Guinea, with comparisons to other *Haliotis* found in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean: Zootaxa, v. 3838: 113–119. * Pinna, G. and Spezia, L., 1978, Catalogo dei tipi del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. V. I tipi dei gasteropodi fossili: Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturale e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, v. 119: p. 125–180. * Ruggieri, G., 1990, Una *Haliotis* del Miocene superiore (Saheliano) della Sicilia: Bollettino Malacologico, v. 25, p. 349–354. * Sacco, F., 1897, I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della Liguria, v. 22, 128 p. Extant taxa in Dataset 1 are *H. tuberculata tuberculata* Linnaeus, 1758, *H. t. coccinea* Reeve, 1846, *H. t. fernandesi* Owen and Afonso, 2012, *H. stomatiaeformis* Reeve, 1846, *H. tuberculata* "Dakar", *H. geigeri* Owen, 2014, and *H. marmorata* Linnaeus, 1758. Fossil taxa in Dataset 1 are *H. benoisti* Cossmann, 1896, *H. volhynica* Eichwald, 1829, *H. lamellosoides* Sacco, 1897, *H. bertinii* Forli et al., 2003, *H. plioetrusca* sp. nov., *H. stalennuyi* Owen and Berschauer, 2017, *H. ovata* Michelotti, 1847, *H. monilifera* Michelotti, 1847 and *H. torrei* Ruggieri, 1990. For measures of specimens not published here, the reader is referred to the following papers: * Owen, B., and Berschauer, D., 2017, An Iconography of *Haliotis volhynica* Eichwald, 1829, and description of a new species of *Haliotis* from the Middle Miocene of Ukraine: The Festivus, v. 49, p. 39–44. * Owen, B., Ryall, P. and Pan, A.D., 2015, Iconography and distribution of the Cape Verde Island Abalone, *Haliotis tuberculata fernandesi* Owen & Afonso, 2012, with comparisons to *H. tuberculata coccinea* Reeve, 1846, of the Canary Islands: The Festivus, v. 47, p. 243–249. Dataset 2 includes the first five of the above extant taxa, excluding specimens that lacked one or more measures (usually H). Dataset 2 includes 112 specimens that served statistical analyses (Dominici et al., in press). Only data highlighted in yellow were used in multivariate analysis. Dataset 3, also used for statistical analyses (Dominici et al., in press), includes 135 fossil specimens, belonging to the first five species among the fossil taxa listed above. All specimens lacking one or more measures were not included. Only data highlighted in yellow were used in multivariate analysis. Multivariate analyses were performed using RStudio (version: 2023.12.1+402), with the stats (R Core Team 2022) and vegan (Oksanen et al., 2022) packages. The annotated code pertaining to the multivariate analysis is adapted from Southgate and Militz (2023). ## References * Dominici, S., Forli, M. Brunetti, M.M. and Taviani, M., 2024, Fossil abalone of Europe and their relationships with modern *Haliotis* (Haliotidae, Gastropoda): a multivariate analysis: Journal of Paleontology. * Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O’Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., Szoecs, E., Wagner, H., Barbour, M., Bedward, M., Bolker, B., Borcard, D., Carvalho, G., Chirico, M., De Caceres, M., Durand, S., Evangelista, H., Fitzjohn, R., Friendly, M., Furneaux, B., Hannigan, G., Hill, M., Lahti, L., McGlinn, D., Ouellette, M., Ribeiro Cunha, E., Smith, T., Stier, A., Ter Braak, C., and Weedon, J., 2022, vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.6-4: [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vegan.pdf](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/vegan.pdf) * Southgate, P.C., and Militz, T.A., 2023, A multivariate approach to morphological study of shell form in cowries (Gastropoda, Cypraeidae): a case study with *Umbilia armeniaca* (Verco, 1912): ZooKeys, v. 1158, p. 69–89.