DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h44j0zpxx
title: Data for: Spatial and environmental factors shape multiple facets of macrophyte β-diversity in tropical freshwaters, revealing dispersal and adaptive patterns

description: Aquatic macrophyte metacommunities are shaped by dispersal processes,
 reproductive traits, and adaptive dynamics. This study investigates how
 local (environmental) and regional (spatial) factors influence taxonomic,
 functional, and phylogenetic β-diversity in Amazonian lentic and lotic
 ecosystems. Sampling 124 water bodies (85 streams, 39 lakes/ponds) in the
 Eastern Amazon, we analyzed β-diversity components (replacement and
 richness difference) using dispersal traits such as vegetative
 propagation, seed dispersal, and life-history. In lentic ecosystems,
 replacement and richness differences contributed equally to functional and
 phylogenetic β-diversity. Richness differences dominated functional
 β-diversity in lotic ecosystems, while phylogenetic β-diversity remained
 balanced. Taxonomic β-diversity was largely driven by replacement in both
 ecosystems. Spatial factors structured macrophyte metacommunities in
 lentic ecosystems, while both spatial and environmental factors influenced
 lotic ecosystems. These findings reveal how connectivity, isolation, and
 dispersal limitations shape macrophyte communities in contrasting
 environments. Incorporating phylogenetic β-diversity deepened the
 understanding of evolutionary relationships in community assembly. This
 study emphasizes the importance of incorporating the multidimensionality
 of diversity to uncover key mechanisms driving tropical aquatic ecosystems
 and inform conservation strategies addressing environmental degradation
 and the ecological services provided by macrophytes.
description: # Spatial and environmental factors shape multiple facets of macrophyte
 β-diversity in tropical freshwaters, revealing dispersal and adaptive
 patterns Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.h44j0zpxx](10.5061/dryad.h44j0zpxx)
 ## Description of the data and file structure Data was collected in a
 total of 124 waterbodies, divided into lentic (49) and lotic (85). Local
 environmental variables comprised water parameters such as temperature,
 conductivity, and dissolved oxygen, that were measured using a
 multiparameter probe, as well as canopy cover, which was measured at the
 margins of the sites using a convex densiometer, which was later converted
 to a percentage. We sampled macrophyte species along a 150 m stretch in
 each sampling site. The plants were identified in the field, and the
 non-identified material was collected and later identified using
 specialized literature. We also gathered information in the literature on
 3 functional traits: dispersal mode, vegetative propagation, and
 life-history. The phylogenetic tree of the community found in the study
 was built by classifying taxa into family, genus, and species following
 APG IV and PPG I. The data is presented in three csv files: two containing
 environmental variables, geographic coordinates and species occurrence in
 each site, one spreadsheet for each type of ecosystem (lotic and lentic),
 and one containing the functional traits of each species collected in the
 study. ### Files and variables #### File: spatial\_vectors.R
 **Description:** R code for calculation of spatial vectors. #### File:
 tree\_macro\_beta.txt **Description:** Phylogenetic tree of the study ####
 File: variance\_partition\_beta\_diversity.R **Description:** R Code for
 variance partitioning #### File: Fares\_et\_al\_data\_lentic.csv
 **Description:** Data spreadsheet ##### Variables * sample: sampling site
 * canopy: canopy cover (%) * temp: water temperature (ºC) * cond: water
 conductivity (µS/cm) * od: dissolved oxygen (mg/L) * x: longitude * y:
 latitude * sp: species occurence (presence - 1; absence - 0) #### File:
 Fares\_et\_al\_data\_lotic.csv **Description:** Data spreadsheet #####
 Variables * sample: sampling site * canopy: canopy cover (%) * temp: water
 temperature (ºC) * cond: water conductivity (µS/cm) * od: dissolved oxygen
 (mg/L) * x: longitude * y: latitude * sp: species occurence (presence - 1;
 absence - 0) #### File: Fares\_et\_al\_data\_traits.csv
 **Description:** Trait spreadsheet ##### Variables * species * seed:
 dispersal mode * vegetative: vegetative propagation * life: life-history
 ## Code/software We have two code files to be run in the R program: one
 for the variance partitioning (beta diversity) and another one for the
 calculation of spatial vectors (linear and fluvial). Finally, we uploaded
 the phylogenetic tree for all species collected in the study. All analyses
 were performed using the R version 4.2.2.