DOI: 10.5061/dryad.573n5tbkk
title: <em>Osmooka</em>, a new spider genus from Madagascar: a surprising relative of the Australian fauna (Araneae: Paraplectanoididae)

description: Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot with high endemism and ancient
 phylogenetic diversity. We here report the discovery of Osmooka aphana
 gen. nov., sp. nov. from Marojejy National Park. Phylogenomic analyses
 place Osmooka as sister to the Australian Paraplectanoides Keyserling,
 1886, and this doublet is sister to Nephilidae Simon, 1894. When proposed,
 Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson & Bond, 2023 was
 exclusively Australian and monogeneric, but was predicted to contain
 additional, undescribed taxa. The discovery of Osmooka and its
 phylogenetic placement in Paraplectanoididae supports this prediction. We
 present a taxonomic treatment of Osmooka and Paraplectanoides, and a
 reappraisal of Orbipurae morphological homologies. With this new
 discovery, we revalidate Paraplectanoididae, Nephilidae, and
 Phonognathidae Simon, 1894, ranks resurrected as exclusive, monophyletic,
 and well-diagnosed families, whereas Araneidae Clerck, 1757 requires
 further redefinition. Finally, we test the hypothesis of East Gondwanan
 vicariant origin of Osmooka and Paraplectanoides. This scenario would
 predict an ancient age of their ancestor, predating the 130 Ma breakup of
 Gondwana. Divergence dating refutes this hypothesis by estimating their
 common ancestor at 57 Ma. Rather than through vicariance, the disjunct
 distribution of Osmooka and Paraplectanoides is best explained through
 Cenozoic intercontinental dispersal and/or extinctions. Potential
 discovery of additional paraplectanoidid diversity might better elucidate
 the timing, modes, and trajectories of historic dispersal and extinction
 events.
description: # *Osmooka*, a new spider genus from Madagascar: a surprising relative of
 the Australian fauna (Araneae: Paraplectanoididae) Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.573n5tbkk](10.5061/dryad.573n5tbkk) ## Description of the
 data and file structure We have submitted our aligned UCE matrix
 (**mafft-nexus-clean-min-50p-taxa-trimal.phylip**), the best scheme for
 partition
 (**mafft-nexus-clean-min-50p-taxa-trimal.charsets.best_scheme**), and the
 raw tree files generated from IQ-TREE2
 (**mafft-nexus-clean-min-50p-taxa-trimal.charsets.treefile**). ### Files
 and variables #### File:
 mafft-nexus-clean-min-50p-taxa-trimal.charsets.best_scheme
 **Description:** This file contains the best scheme that was used to
 partition the UCE matrix. #### File:
 mafft-nexus-clean-min-50p-taxa-trimal.charsets.treefile
 **Description:** This file contains the raw treefile reconstructed using
 IQ-TREE2.  #### File: mafft-nexus-clean-min-50p-taxa-trimal.phylip
 **Description:** This file contains the aligned UCE matrix with 50% taxon
 coverage analyzed in this research. The matrix is in Phylip format. ##
 Code/software All files can be opened and edited in Windows Notepad.
 However, we recommend using sequence editing software (e.g., MEGA) and
 visualization software for phylogenetic trees (e.g., FigTree) to view and
 edit the aligned UCE matrix and the treefile, respectively. To re-run the
 analyses, please use IQ-TREE2 (Minh et al.
 2020; [https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015](https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015)). ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * NA Data was derived from the following sources: * The data used and analyzed in this study were acquired originally and from our previously published article by Kuntner et al. 2023 ([https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syad021](https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syad021)).