DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n893m
title: Data from: Conservatism and novelty in the genetic architecture of adaptation in Heliconius butterflies

description: Understanding the genetic architecture of adaptive traits has been at the
 centre of modern evolutionary biology since Fisher; however, evaluating
 how the genetic architecture of ecologically important traits influences
 their diversification has been hampered by the scarcity of empirical data.
 Now, high-throughput genomics facilitates the detailed exploration of
 variation in the genome-to-phenotype map among closely related taxa. Here,
 we investigate the evolution of wing pattern diversity in Heliconius, a
 clade of neotropical butterflies that have undergone an adaptive radiation
 for wing-pattern mimicry and are influenced by distinct selection regimes.
 Using crosses between natural wing-pattern variants, we used genome-wide
 restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) genotyping, traditional linkage
 mapping and multivariate image analysis to study the evolution of the
 architecture of adaptive variation in two closely related species:
 Heliconius hecale and H. ismenius. We implemented a new morphometric
 procedure for the analysis of whole-wing pattern variation, which allows
 visualising spatial heatmaps of genotype-to-phenotype association for each
 quantitative trait locus separately. We used the H. melpomene reference
 genome to fine-map variation for each major wing-patterning region
 uncovered, evaluated the role of candidate genes and compared genetic
 architectures across the genus. Our results show that, although the loci
 responding to mimicry selection are highly conserved between species,
 their effect size and phenotypic action vary throughout the clade.
 Multilocus architecture is ancestral and maintained across species under
 directional selection, whereas the single-locus (supergene) inheritance
 controlling polymorphism in H. numata appears to have evolved only once.
 Nevertheless, the conservatism in the wing-patterning toolkit found
 throughout the genus does not appear to constrain phenotypic evolution
 towards local adaptive optima.
description: Genotypic data along the
 linkage maps used for QTL analysisIn this file, genotypic
 data for QTL analyses of the three crosses are given. Format of these data
 follows the input for R/qtl (Broman et al., 2003) with two segregating
 states (homozygous AA and heterozygous AB), accounting for male
 informative markers used for the QTL analysis (no intercross markers were
 used). The number of specimens analysed for each brood is determined by
 the number of offspring used for the final linkage maps which have at
 least one intact forewing and one intact hindwing.Genotypes_along_linkage_maps_for_QTL_analysis_all_broods.xlsxMorphometric quantification of wing pattern used for QTL analysisThis file contains phenotypic data for QTL analysis of the three crosses. These data are derived from the morphometric quantification of wing pattern using Colour Pattern Modelling (CPM; Le Poul et al., 2014) and are given for each offspring as the principal components (PCs) derived from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Only axes explaining more than 1% of the variance are used. The number of specimens analysed for each brood is determined by the number of offspring used for the final linkage maps which have at least one intact forewing and one intact hindwing.PCA_values_for_QTL_analysis_all_broods.xls