DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7m0cfxq44
title: Effects on the yield of isolated cellulose in a scale-up model

description: This study focuses on fabricating a cellulose aerogel for efficient oil
 spill cleanup, using common reed (Phragmites australis) as the cellulose
 source. The process involves isolating cellulose from reed via traditional
 Kraft pulping, considering the effects of key factors on isolated
 cellulose content. After a two-stage HP bleaching sequence, the highest
 cellulose content achieved 27.2%, with 80% ISO brightness and 1% ash
 content under mild Kraft pulping conditions of 30% sulfidity, 20% active
 alkali, sustained cooking at 165 °C for 3 hours, and a liquor-to-reed
 ratio of 8:1. Subsequently, reed-based cellulose aerogel was fabricated
 via freeze-dried method using eco-friendly NaOH/PEG aqeous solvent system,
 which was then modified with (methyltrimethoxysilane) MTMS. The resulting
 aerogel exhibited remarkable characteristics, including a low density of
 0.04 g/cm³, high porosity of 96%, superhydrophobicity with a water contact
 angle of 141°, and a superior crude oil adsorption capacity of 35 g/g.
 Comprehensive characterizations of fabricated materials, including SEM,
 FTIR, TGA/DSC, and WAC measurements, were evaluated. This
 interdisciplinary study explores the commercial promise of reed-based
 cellulose aerogel as a sustainable solution for oil spill cleanup efforts.
description: Experiment methods at laboratory (scale up model) using the
 one-factor-at-a-time approach
description: # Effects on the yield of isolated cellulose in a scale-up model ###
 Description of the data and file structure: The Data_Tables.zip file
 contains four Excel files documenting the entire Kraft pulping of reed
 feedstock. The results are presented in the following files: * **Effect of
 sulfidity on isolated cellulose.xlsx**: Sulfidity is a key variable in
 Kraft pulping that influences the efficiency of the pulping process and
 the quality of the isolated cellulose;  - **Effect of active alkali on
 isolated cellulose.xlsx**: Active alkali (AA), consisting of NaOH and
 Na₂S, serves as the active agent in Kraft pulping;  - **Effect of L:Q
 ratio on isolated cellulose.xlsx**: The liquid-to-solid ratio needs to be
 carefully controlled as it affects the diffusion of chemicals into
 materials containing cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and other
 components;  - **Effect of cooking time on isolated
 cellulose.xlsx**: Cooking time affects cellulose degradation, influencing
 the yield and quality of the isolated cellulose. #### Descriptions ######
 ***Effect of sulfidity on isolated cellulose*** * Entry: The number of the
 experiment, ranging from 1 to 4. * Reed chips: The constant feedstock of
 0.5 kg used in Kraft pulping for cellulose isolation (kg). * AA% (active
 alkali percentage): The constant active alkali percentage of 0.2%,
 calculated based on the Na₂O equivalent in NaOH and Na₂S (%). * NaOH: The
 amount of NaOH, measured in kilograms (kg). * Na₂S: The amount of Na₂S,
 measured in kilograms (kg). * Sulfidity (%): The percentage of sulfidity,
 which was varied from 10% to 35%. * L:W ratio: The ratio of pulping liquor
 (kg) to the oven-dry weight of reed chips (kg). In this case, the L:W
 ratio is constant at 10:1. * Temperature: The cooking temperature (°C),
 which is set constant at 165°C.  * Cooking time: The duration of cooking
 the reed chips (in hours), set constant at 2.5 hours in this case.  * %
 Isolated cellulose: The percentage yield of purified cellulose isolated
 after cooking reed chips. ###### ***Effect of active alkali on isolated
 cellulose*** * Entry: The number of the experiment, ranging from 1 to 4. *
 Reed chips: The constant feedstock of 0.5 kg used in Kraft pulping for
 cellulose isolation (kg). * AA% (active alkali percentage): The constant
 active alkali percentage of 0.2%, calculated based on the Na₂O equivalent
 in NaOH and Na₂S (%), which was varied from 10% to 25%. * NaOH: The amount
 of NaOH, measured in kilograms (kg). * Na₂S: The amount of Na₂S, measured
 in kilograms (kg). * Sulfidity (%): The sulfidity percentage was set
 constant at 30%, based on the best value observed in previous experiments
 on the effect of sulfidity on isolated cellulose. * L:W ratio: The ratio
 of pulping liquor (kg) to the oven-dry weight of reed chips (kg). In this
 case, the L:W ratio is constant at 10:1. * Temperature: The cooking
 temperature (°C), which is set constant at 165°C.  * Cooking time: The
 duration of cooking the reed chips (in hours), set constant at 2.5 hours
 in this case.  * % Isolated cellulose: The percentage yield of purified
 cellulose isolated after cooking reed chips. ###### ***Effect of L.Q ratio
 on isolated cellulose*** * Entry: The number of the experiment, ranging
 from 1 to 4. * Reed chips: The constant feedstock of 0.5 kg used in Kraft
 pulping for cellulose isolation (kg). * AA%: The active alkali percentage,
 calculated based on the Na₂O equivalent in NaOH and Na₂S (%), was set
 constant at 15%, based on the best value observed in previous experiments
 on the effect of active alkali on isolated cellulose. * NaOH: The amount
 of NaOH, measured in kilograms (kg). * Na₂S: The amount of Na₂S, measured
 in kilograms (kg). * Sulfidity (%): The sulfidity percentage was set
 constant at 30%, based on the best value observed in previous experiments
 on the effect of sulfidity on isolated cellulose. * L:W ratio: The ratio
 of pulping liquor (kg) to the oven-dry weight of reed chips (kg). In this
 case, the ratios used were L:W = 6:1, L:W = 8:1, L:W = 10:1, and L:W =
 12:1. * Temperature: The cooking temperature (°C), which is set constant
 at 165°C.  * Cooking time: The duration of cooking the reed chips (in
 hours), set constant at 2.5 hours in this case.  * % Isolated cellulose:
 The percentage yield of purified cellulose isolated after cooking reed
 chips. ###### ***Effect of cooking time on isolated cellulose*** * Entry:
 The number of the experiment, ranging from 1 to 4. * Reed chips: The
 constant feedstock of 0.5 kg used in Kraft pulping for cellulose isolation
 (kg). * AA%: The active alkali percentage, calculated based on the Na₂O
 equivalent in NaOH and Na₂S (%), was set constant at 15%, based on the
 best value observed in previous experiments on the effect of active alkali
 on isolated cellulose. * NaOH: The amount of NaOH, measured in kilograms
 (kg). * Na₂S: The amount of Na₂S, measured in kilograms (kg). * Sulfidity
 (%): The sulfidity percentage was set constant at 30%, based on the best
 value observed in previous experiments on the effect of sulfidity on
 isolated cellulose. * L:W ratio: The ratio of pulping liquor (kg) to the
 oven-dry weight of reed chips (kg). In this case, L:Q was set constat at
 8:1, based on the best value observed in previous experiments on the
 effect of L:W ratio on isolated cellulose. * Temperature: The cooking
 temperature (°C), which is set constant at 165°C.  * Cooking time: The
 duration of cooking the reed chips (in hours), was varied from 2 hours to
 3.5 hours.  * % Isolated cellulose: The percentage yield of purified
 cellulose isolated after cooking reed chips. #### Version changes
 **24-Dec-2024:**  * Deleted one unnecessary first column from the two
 Sulfidity columns (%) in the "Effect of Sulfidity on Isolated
 Cellulose" sheet. * Edited all AA (%) columns in the "Effect of
 L:W Ratio on Isolated Cellulose" sheet and the "Effect of
 Cooking Time on Isolated Cellulose" sheet to a fixed value of 15%, as
 this represents the best AA percentage determined from previous
 experiments on the "Effect of Active Alkali on Isolated
 Cellulose." * Revised all instances of "L/Q" to
 "L:Q" for consistency with the manuscript. * Corrected spelling
 errors and formatting in all four sheets of the Data-Tables.