DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17866847
title: Open-source data set for characterizing the charging behavior of electric vehicles

description: This data publication contains highly frequent measurements for 18 data sets of 16 electrical vehicles (EV) from 12 different manufacturers. It provides information about the charging, the electric vehicle, the charging behaviour and the environment temperature where the charging took place. The measurement data is provided both in low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) datasets. Each dataset represents an exact point of measurement. It is published with the paper "Open-source data set for characterizing the charging behavior of electric vehicles" (DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6265089).

Charging overview and number of measurements

In total, 18 data sets of 16 electrical vehicles (EVs) from 12 manufacturers have been included. The measurements took place from October 28, 2025 to December 02, 2025. A detailed overview of the number of datasets can be obtained from the following table:




Date
Brand
Vehicle type
Number of lf measurements
Number of hf measurements




2025-10-28
Opel
Corsa Electric GS
1,331,504
34,760,000


2025-10-30
VW
e-Golf
1,197,329
125,710,000


2025-11-03
Dacia
Spring
767,515
75,207,650


2025-11-04
Audi
Q4 35 e-tron
1,442,506
151,463,150


2025-11-05
Renault
Zoe
1,396,852
146,670,000


2025-11-06
VW
iD.3
1,392,367
146,198,450


2025-11-07
Nissan
Leaf (ZE1)
1,177,937
123,709,430


2025-11-11
Tesla
Model 3
1,054,758
110,749,450


2025-11-13
MG
4 Luxury
4,296,133
451,093,950


2025-11-14
VW
e-Up!
1,182,875
124,201,900


2025-11-17
Opel
Mokka
1,610,711
186,990,000


2025-11-18
Mini
Cooper E
282,356
30,187,300


2025-11-20
Hyundai
Ioniq 5
2,042,800
239,355,000


2025-11-24
MG
4 Luxury
1,796,051
188,585,350


2025-11-26
KIA
EV6
1,366,135
143,444,200


2025-11-28
Hyundai
Inster
601,559
63,163,650


2025-12-01
KIA
EV6
615,483
64,625,650


2025-12-02
Smart
EQ fortwo
923,020
96,917,150


 
 
 
24,474,687
2,502,695,871




Data format

The data are provided in three formats:



CSV files with default comma-separated values, headers in the first line, uncompressed, and in UTF-8 format (*.csv) - due to the size of the dataset, we only provide a limited amount of data as CSV.

CSV files with default comma-separated values, headers in the first line, gz-compressed, and in UTF-8 format (*.csv.gz) - due to the size of the dataset, we only provide a limited amount of data as compressed CSV.

Apache Parquet files containing highly compressed time series data (*.parquet), equivalent to CSV files for importing into a Database such as DuckDB (recommended approach).


Data tables

The following tables are provided:

Charging overview

File: charging.csv, charging.parqet,

Contains a list of all charging data sets, referencing the date and the car.




Field Name
Format
Description


charging_uuid
String with UUID v4 
The UUID of the charging data set, used as the primary key for identification in all other tables


date
date in YYYY-MM-DD format
The date on which the charging session took place


car_brand
String
The name of the brand of the EV


car_model
String
The name of the model of the EV


car_battery_size
Float (or NULL)
The size of the battery if known in kWh




Low-frequency (lf) EV charging data set

File: ev-charging_lf.csv.gz, ev-charging_lf.parquet

Description: Includes all low-frequency measurements of the cars that are involved in the data publication.




Field Name
Format
Unit
Description


charging_uuid
String with UUID v4 
 
The UUID of the charging data set, more information can be obtained from the charging table.


timestamp_ns
Unsigned Integer
 
The UNIX timestamp in nanoseconds


u_l1_v
Float
V
The measured voltage of the first phase in V


u_l2_v
Float
V
The measured voltage of the second phase in V


u_l3_v
Float
V
The measured voltage of the third phase


i_l1_a
Float
A
The measured amperage of the first phase


i_l2_a
Float
A
The measured amperage of the second phase


i_l3_a
Float
A
The measured amperage of the third phase


p_l1_w
Float
W
The calculated performance of the first phase


p_l2_w
Float
W
The calculated performance of the second phase


p_l3_w
Float
W
The calculated performance of the third phase


q_l1_var
Float
Var
The calculated reactive power of the first phase


q_l2_var
Float
Var
The calculated reactive power of the second phase


q_l3_var
Float
Var
The calculated reactive power of the third phase


s_l1_va
Float
VA
The calculated apparent power of the first phase


s_l2_va
Float
VA
The calculated apparent power of the second phase


s_l3_va
Float
VA
The calculated apparent power of the third phase


phi_l1
Float
°
The calculated phase angle of the first phase


phi_l1
Float
°
The calculated phase angle of the second phase


phi_l1
Float
°
The calculated phase angle of the third phase


soc_percent
Float
%
The measured state of charge of the battery


setpoint_a
Float
A
The setpoint of the current timestamp




High-frequency (hf) EV charging data set

File: ev-charging_hf.parquet

Description: Includes all high-frequency measurements of the cars that are involved in the data publication.




Field name
Format
Unit
Description


charging_uuid
String with UUID v4 
 
The UUID of the charging data set, more information can be obtained from the Charging table.


timestamp_ns
Unsigned Integer
 
The UNIX timestamp in nanoseconds


u_l1_v
Float
V
The measured voltage of the first phase in V


u_l2_v
Float
V
The measured voltage of the second phase in V


u_l3_v
Float
V
The measured voltage of the third phase


i_l1_a
Float
A
The measured amperage of the first phase


i_l2_a
Float
A
The measured amperage of the second phase


i_l3_a
Float
A
The measured amperage of the second phase


setpoint_a
Float
A
The setpoint of the current timestamp




Environment temperature

File: temperature.csv; temperature.parquet

Description: Contains the environment temperature next to the measuring location (KIT Campus Nord in Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany).




Field name
Format
Description


Time
Unix-Timestamp
The timestamp of the measurement time


Temperature
Float
The measured temperature in Celsius (°C)
description: Usage of Parquet files

The provided parquet files can be efficiently imported, directly queried, or converted to a CSV file by using DuckDB with SQL statements. It can be run via a standalone application or as a library available for most popular programming languages (Python, Rust, etc.). The DuckDB documentation provides detailed information about reading and writing from and to Parquet files. For this dataset, the Parquet files don't need to be imported into DuckDB; they can be queried or exported directly.

To use the Parquet files, download them all to the same folder on your local filesystem, then start DuckDB from that folder. You can also use the DuckDB UI for a graphical interface running in your web browser (run duckdb -ui).

Below, you will find SQL commands for the most common use cases:

Export all data to CSV files

Run the following SQL queries to export all data tables to CSV files. This will take approximately 150 GB of disk space and take a few minutes on a modern PC. Exporting the Parquet files to CSV is not necessary, as Parquet files can also be queried directly.


COPY (
  SELECT 
  *
  FROM 'ev-charging_lf.parquet'
  )
TO 'ev-charging_lf.csv';
COPY (
  SELECT 
  *
  FROM 'ev-charging_hf.parquet'
  )
TO 'ev-charging_hf.csv';
COPY (
  SELECT 
  *
  FROM 'charging.parquet'
  )
TO 'charging.csv';
COPY (
  SELECT 
  *
  FROM 'temperature.parquet'
  )
TO 'temperature.csv';

Include car brand and model

You can include the brand and model of the car via an INNER JOIN of the dataset table with the charging table:

Low frequency data

SELECT charging.car_brand, charging.car_model, lf.*FROM 'ev-charging_lf.parquet' lf INNER JOIN 'charging.parquet' chargingON lf.charging_uuid = charging.charging_uuid;

High frequency data

SELECT charging.car_brand, charging.car_model, hf.*FROM 'ev-charging_hf.parquet' hf INNER JOIN 'charging.parquet' chargingON hf.charging_uuid = charging.charging_uuid;

Filter for a certain car model

For example: Show only high-frequency measurements for the Audi Q4 35 e-tron:

SELECT charging.car_brand, charging.car_model, hf.*FROM 'ev-charging_hf.parquet' hf INNER JOIN 'charging.parquet' chargingON hf.charging_uuid = charging.charging_uuid
WHERE car_brand = 'Audi' and car_model = 'Q4 35 e-tron';