cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6r273
title: Data from: Environmental conditions shape the temporal pattern of investment in reproduction and survival

description: The relationship between environmental stress exposure and ageing is
 likely to vary with stressor severity, life history stage, and the time
 scale over which effects are measured. Such factors could influence
 whether stress exposure accelerates or slows the ageing process, but their
 interactions have not previously been experimentally investigated. We
 found that experimental exposure of zebra finches to mildly challenging
 environmental circumstances from young to old adulthood, which increased
 exposure to stress hormones, reduced breeding performance during early
 adulthood, but had positive effects when individuals were bred in old
 adulthood. This difference was not due to selective mortality, since the
 effects were evident within individuals, and no evidence of habituation in
 the response to the stressor was found. The more stressful environment had
 no effects on survival during young or old adulthood, but substantially
 improved survival during middle age. Changes in the effects at different
 ages could be due to the duration and nature of the challenging exposure,
 or to variation in coping capacity or strategy with age. These results
 show that living under challenging environmental circumstances can
 influence ageing trajectories in terms of both reproductive performance
 and longevity. Our results provide experimental support for the emerging
 idea that stress exposure needs to be optimised rather than minimised to
 obtain the best health outcomes.
description: MarascoetalSpreadsheet "Breed_surv": reproductive performance and survival data; Spreadsheet "cort": corticosterone monitoring data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8ck55
title: Data from: Constraint around quarter-power allometric scaling in wild tomatoes (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon; Solanaceae)

description: The West-Brown-Enquist (WBE) metabolic scaling theory posits that many
 organismal features scale predictably with body size because of selection
 to minimize transport costs in resource distribution networks. Many
 scaling exponents are quarter-powers, as predicted by WBE, but there are
 also biologically significant deviations that could reflect adaptation to
 different environments. A central but untested prediction of the WBE model
 is that wide deviation from optimal scaling is penalized, leading to a
 pattern of constraint on scaling exponents. Here, we demonstrate, using
 phylogenetic comparative methods, that variation in allometric scaling
 between mass and leaf area across 17 wild tomato taxa is constrained
 around a value indistinguishable from that predicted by WBE but
 significantly greater than 2/3 (geometric-similarity model). The
 allometric-scaling exponent was highly correlated with fecundity, water
 use, and drought response, suggesting that it is functionally significant
 and therefore could be under selective constraints. However, scaling was
 not strictly log–log linear but rather declined during ontogeny in all
 species, as has been observed in many plant species. We caution that
 although our results supported one prediction of the WBE model, it did not
 strongly test the model in other important respects. Nevertheless,
 phylogenetic comparative methods such as those used here are powerful but
 underutilized tools for metabolic ecology that complement existing methods
 to adjudicate between models.
description: Experiment1_DataData from Experiment 1 (growth and fecundity).Experiment2_DataData from Experiment 2 (drought response and water-use).Table S1Table S1 contains details on accessions used in this study.TableS1.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k3p8n
title: Data from: Do grazing intensity and herbivore type affect soil health? Insights from a semi-arid productivity gradient

description: Grazing is one of the most widespread forms of intensive management on
 Earth and is linked to reductions in soil health. However, little is known
 about the relative influence of herbivore type, herbivore intensity and
 site productivity on soil health. This lack of knowledge reduces our
 capacity to manage landscapes where grazing is a major land use. We used
 structural equation modelling to assess the effects of recent (cattle,
 sheep, goats, kangaroos and rabbit dung) and historic (cattle, sheep/goat
 livestock tracks) herbivore activity on soil health at 451 sites across
 0·5 M km2 of eastern Australia. We assessed the direct and indirect
 effects of increasing herbivore intensity, using dung and livestock
 tracks, on 15 morphological, physical and chemical attributes that are
 indicative of soil health, and we used these attributes to derive three
 indices representing the capacity of the soil to maintain its structural
 integrity (stability), cycle nutrients (nutrients) and maintain water flow
 (infiltration). Grazing had negative effects on the three soil health
 indices, but these effects varied with productivity. Grazing intensity was
 associated with strong reductions in the stability and nutrient indices
 under low productivity, but these effects diminished with increasing
 productivity. Herbivore effects on individual attributes varied in
 relation to productivity level and were strongly herbivore specific, with
 most due to cattle grazing, and to a lesser extent, sheep, goats and
 rabbits. Few effects due to kangaroos or historic grazing by livestock
 were observed. Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that livestock
 and rabbits degrade soil health through grazing, and its effects are
 strongest under low or moderate productivity; however, kangaroo effects
 are benign. Our findings support calls for resource management agencies to
 consider site productivity, as well as herbivore type and intensity, when
 developing strategies to manage grazing by livestock, and feral and native
 herbivores.
description: Grazing effects on soil
 healthThis file provides three
 measures of soil health in relation to grazing by livestock and feral
 animals from 451 sites in eastern AustraliaSoil health data for
 Dryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.t12ch7h
title: Data from: Adaptation and divergence in edaphic specialists and generalists: serpentine soil endemics in the California flora occur in barer serpentine habitats with lower soil calcium levels than serpentine tolerators

description: • Premise of the study: Adaptation to harsh edaphic substrates has
 repeatedly led to the evolution of edaphic specialists and generalists.
 Yet, it is unclear what factors promote specialization versus
 generalization. Here, we search for habitat use patterns associated with
 serpentine endemics (specialists) and serpentine tolerators (generalists)
 to indirectly test the hypothesis that trade-offs associated with
 serpentine adaptation promote specialization. We predict that 1) endemics
 have adapted to chemically harsher and more bare serpentine habitats than
 tolerators, and 2) edaphic endemics show more habitat divergence from
 their sister species than tolerators do among on- and off-serpentine
 populations. • Methods: We selected 8 serpentine endemic and 9 serpentine
 tolerator species representing independent adaptation to serpentine. We
 characterized soil chemistry and microhabitat bareness from one serpentine
 taxon of each species and from a paired nonserpentine sister taxon,
 resulting in 8 endemic and 9 tolerator sister taxa pairs. • Key results:
 We find endemic serpentine taxa occur in serpentine habitats averaging
 twice as much bare ground as tolerator serpentine taxa and 25% less soil
 calcium, a limiting macronutrient in serpentine soils. We do not find
 strong evidence that habitat divergence between sister taxa of endemic
 pairs is greater than between sister taxa of tolerator pairs.•
 Conclusions: These results suggest serpentine endemism is associated with
 adaptation to chemically harsher and more bare serpentine habitats. It may
 be that this adaptation trades off with competitive ability, which would
 support the longstanding, but rarely tested, competitive trade-off
 hypothesis.
description: READMEDescription of data
 files and R script2_README.txtsoil_chemistry_texturedataset containing the soil chemistry and texture results for each taxonbare_grounddataset containing the percent cover of bare ground data for each taxon.MrBayes_ITS_concensus_treeconsensus tree generated in MrBayes of the taxa used in this study.tree.con.treHabitat and Phylogenetic analysesR script that contains all the analyses done in this publication. Refer to the README file for details on organization and structure.2_Habitat and Phylogenetic analyses.R
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rj2tb
title: Data from: Pigmentation and fitness trade-offs through the lens of artificial selection

description: Pigmentation is a classic phenotype that varies widely and adaptively in
 nature both within and among taxa. Genes underlying pigmentation phenotype
 are highly pleiotropic, creating the potential for functional trade-offs.
 However, the basic tenets of this trade-off hypothesis with respect to
 life-history traits have not been directly addressed. In natural
 populations of Drosophila melanogaster, the degree of melanin pigmentation
 covaries with fecundity and several other fitness traits. To examine
 correlations and potential trade-offs associated with variation in
 pigmentation, we selected replicate outbred populations for extreme
 pigmentation phenotypes. Replicate populations responded rapidly to the
 selection regime and after 100 generations of artificial selection were
 phenotyped for pigmentation as well as the two basic fitness parameters of
 fecundity and longevity. Our data demonstrate that selection on
 pigmentation resulted in a significant shift in both fecundity and
 longevity profiles. Selection for dark pigmentation resulted in greater
 fecundity and no pronounced change in longevity, whereas selection for
 light pigmentation decreased longevity but did not affect fecundity. Our
 results indicate the pleiotropic nature of alleles underlying pigmentation
 phenotype and elucidate possible trade-offs between pigmentation and
 fitness traits that may shape patterns of phenotypic variation in natural
 populations.
description: Pigmentation
 Scores_100th GenerationLast column (D) contains
 data for pigmentation scores. Pigmentation scores are given as sum for
 abdominal tergites (males tergite 2-6; females tergite
 2-7).Pigmentation Scores_Off
 selection 5th 10th 15th and 20th generationColumn 'D'
 contains data on off-selected flies. The generation column should be read
 as follows: A1:100th generation/control; A2:Off-selection Gen 5th;
 A3:Off-selection Gen 10th; A3:Off-selection Gen 15th; A5:Off-selection Gen
 20th.Fecundity_100th
 GenerationColumn 'D'
 contains data on total eggs laid in 12 days.Longevity_100th
 Generation_Proportional Hazard FitData on longevity are
 organized in 'proportional hazard fit' test
 format.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.73fr5
title: Data from: Large-scale natural disturbance alters genetic population structure of the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna

description: Many inferences about contemporary rates of gene flow are based on the
 assumption that the observed genetic structure among populations is
 stable. Recent studies have uncovered several cases in which this
 assumption is tenuous. Most of those studies have focused on the effects
 that regular environmental fluctuations can have on genetic structure and
 gene flow patterns. Occasional catastrophic disturbances could also alter
 either the distribution of habitat or the spatial distribution of
 organisms in a way that affects population structure. However, evidence of
 such effects is sparse in the literature because it is difficult to
 obtain. Hurricanes, in particular, have the potential to exert dramatic
 effects on population structure of organisms found on islands or coral
 reefs or in near shore and coastal habitats. Here we draw on a historic
 genetic data set and new data to suggest that the genetic structure of
 sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna) populations in north Florida was
 altered dramatically by an unusually large and uncommon type of storm
 surge associated with Hurricane Dennis in 2005. We compare the spatial
 pattern of genetic variation in these populations after Hurricane Dennis
 to the patterns described in an earlier study in this same area. We use
 comparable genetic data from another region of Florida, collected in the
 same two periods, to estimate the amount of change expected from typical
 temporal variation in population structure. The comparative natural
 history of sailfin mollies in these two regions indicates that the change
 in population structure produced by the storm surge is not the result of
 many local extinctions with recolonization from a few refugia but emerged
 from a pattern of mixing and redistribution.
description: 05_population
 dataMicrosatellite data from
 the 2005 time period for both north and south Florida
 regions.Micro
 Info_AppendixAppendix 1 and
 2
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f7tp6
title: Data from: Microbiome sharing between children, livestock and household surfaces in western Kenya

description: The gut microbiome community structure and development are associated with
 several health outcomes in young children. To determine the household
 influences of gut microbiome structure, we assessed microbial sharing
 within households in western Kenya by sequencing 16S rRNA libraries of
 fecal samples from children and cattle, cloacal swabs from chickens, and
 swabs of household surfaces. Among the 156 households studied, children
 within the same household significantly shared their gut microbiome with
 each other, although we did not find significant sharing of gut microbiome
 across host species or household surfaces. Higher gut microbiome diversity
 among children was associated with lower wealth status and involvement in
 livestock feeding chores. Although more research is necessary to identify
 further drivers of microbiota development, these results suggest that the
 household should be considered as a unit. Livestock activities, health and
 microbiome perturbations among an individual child may have implications
 for other children in the household.
description: Mosites_Microbiome_Sharing_Kenya_20170119Questionnaire and microbiome data for Microbiome Sharing Between Children, Livestock and Household Surfaces in Western Kenya., Mosites, Emily, et al.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.h5vb2
title: Data from: Adaptability of a specialist predator: the effects of land use on diet diversification and breeding performance of Verreaux’s eagles

description: Specialist predators are generally negatively impacted by habitat change.
 Predators that inhabit transformed areas are usually forced to diversify
 their diet and this departure away from traditional resources can have
 negative consequences for fitness and demographic parameters. We consider
 this relationship as it applies to Verreaux's eagles Aquila
 verreauxii, which is typically considered to be a highly specialised
 predator of hyraxes (Procavia and Heterohyrax spp.). We investigate diet
 in relation to land cover in two adjacent areas of South Africa and
 explore the links between diet diversity, the percentage of hyrax
 consumed, and the breeding performance of eagles. We also examine these
 same patterns using data from other studies. We found that diet diversity
 was greater in the agriculturally developed Sandveld region compared to
 the natural Cederberg region. Proportions of the three main prey types
 were correlated with the proportion of agriculturally developed land
 around the nest site. Breeding performance was correlated with the diet,
 but not in the manner expected, with breeding productivity being greater
 in regions with large diet diversity and a small proportion of hyrax in
 the diet. We found similar patterns when placing our results into a
 broader geographical context using other dietary studies of
 Verreaux's eagles, suggesting our results were not unique to our
 study system. Thus, our results suggest that diet diversification does not
 necessarily impinge on breeding performance in the presence of adequate
 alternative prey resources. This research adds to the growing number of
 studies suggesting that some predators may be adaptable up to a threshold
 level of habitat transformation. These results have implications for
 predicting changes on such species by anthropogenic habitat transformation
 and highlight the potential for agriculturally developed areas to maintain
 a conservation value when habitat heterogeneity is maintained.
description: Data for
 DryadThis file contains two
 worksheet. One describes in detail all material collected during prey
 remains collections from on or below Verreaux's eagles nests in the
 Cederberg and the Sandveld. The second worksheet summaries all diet,
 breeding and landcover data used in the published analysis. Both
 worksheets include comments in column headers for further
 descriptions.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n230404
title: Data from: The regulation of emotions in adolescents: age differences and emotion-specific patterns

description: Two experiments addressed the issue of age-related differences and
 emotion-specific patterns in emotion regulation during adolescence.
 Experiment 1 examined emotion-specific patterns in the effectiveness of
 reappraisal and distraction strategies in 14-year-old adolescents (N =
 50). Adolescents were instructed to answer spontaneously or to
 downregulate their responses by using either distraction or cognitive
 reappraisal strategies before viewing negative pictures and were asked to
 rate their emotional state after picture presentation. Results showed that
 reappraisal effectiveness was modulated by emotional content but
 distraction was not. Reappraisal was more effective than distraction at
 regulating fear or anxiety (threat-related pictures) but was similar to
 distraction regarding other emotions. Using the same paradigm, Experiment
 2 examined in 12-year-old (N = 56), 13-year-old (N = 49) and 15-year-old
 adolescents (N = 54) the age-related differences a) in the effectiveness
 of reappraisal and distraction when implemented and b) in the everyday use
 of regulation strategies using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation
 Questionnaire. Results revealed that regulation effectiveness was
 equivalent for both strategies in 12-year-olds, whereas a large
 improvement in reappraisal effectiveness was observed in 13- and
 15-year-olds. No age differences were observed in the reported use of
 reappraisal, but older adolescents less frequently reported using
 distraction and more frequently reported using the rumination strategy.
 Taken together, these experiments provide new findings regarding the use
 and the effectiveness of cognitive regulation strategies during
 adolescence in terms of age differences and emotion specificity.
description: Experiment1affect-ratingsMean affect rating according to the instruction condition (distraction, reappraisal, look) and picture content (social moral violation, non-social moral violation, social threat-related, non-social threat-related)Experiment1regulationeffectivenessMean regulation effectiveness score (%) as a function of regulation strategy (distraction, reappraisal) and picture content (social moral violation, non social moral violation, social threat related, non social threat related)Experiment2affect-ratingsmean affect rating according to instruction condition (regulation,non regulation) and picture content (social moral violation, non social moral violation, social threat related, non social threat related) for the two strategies group (reappraisal, distraction) and for the three age groups.Experiment2regulationeffectivenessRegulation effectiveness score (%) as a function of picture content (social moral violation, non social moral violation, social threat related, non social threat related) for the two strategies group (distraction, reappraisal) and the three age groups.Experiment2CERQscoreMean scores of the reported use of nine regulation strategies by adolescents
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1k3d2
title: Data from: City slickers: poor performance does not deter Anolis lizards from using artificial substrates in human-modified habitats

description: 1. As animals move through their environments they encounter a variety of
 substrates, which have important effects on their locomotor performance.
 Habitat modification can alter the types of substrates available for
 locomotion. In particular, many types of artificial substrates have been
 added to urban areas, but effects of these novel surfaces on animal
 locomotion are little-known. 2. In this study, we assessed locomotor
 performance of two Anolis lizard species (A. cristatellus and A.
 stratulus) on substrates that varied in inclination and surface roughness.
 Rough substrates represented the tree trunks and branches typically used
 in natural forest habitats, whereas smooth, vertical substrates captured
 the qualities of artificial surfaces, such as posts and walls, available
 in human-modified habitats. We then observed habitat use to test the
 habitat constraint hypothesis — that lizards should more frequently occupy
 portions of the habitat in which they perform better. 3. Increased
 inclination and decreased surface roughness caused lizards to run slower.
 Both A. cristatellus and A. stratulus ran slowest on the smooth, vertical
 surface, and A. cristatellus often slipped and fell on this surface. In
 contrast to predictions, both species frequently used smooth, vertical
 substrates in the wild. Anolis cristatellus occupied artificial substrates
 73% of the time in human-modified habitats despite performing worse than
 A. stratulus on the smooth, vertical track. We therefore rejected the
 habitat constraint hypothesis for anoles in these human-modified habitats.
 4. Despite overall poor performance on the smooth, vertical track, A.
 cristatellus had a significant morphology-performance relationship that
 supports the prediction that selection should favor smaller lizards with
 relatively longer limbs in human-modified habitats. The smaller-bodied A.
 stratulus performed better than A. cristatellus on smooth, vertical
 substrates and therefore may not be exposed to the same selective
 pressures. 5. We contend that habitat modification by humans may alter
 morphology-performance-habitat use relationships found in natural
 habitats. This may lead to changes in selective pressures for some
 species, which may influence their ability to occupy human-modified
 habitats such as cities.
description: Kolbe et
 al_Function_Ecology_data_dryadThe Excel file has three
 worksheets, one each for data on locomotor performance, morphology, and
 habitat use of two species of Anolis lizards from the British Virgin
 Islands.Kolbe_Function_Ecology_data_dryad.xlsx