cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6151946
title: NEW MACROECONOMIC CONSENSUS IN BRAZIL: FISCAL POLICY FROM THE REAL PLAN TOPRESIDENT LULA'S SECOND MANDATE

description: ABSTRACT Fiscal policy implemented in Brazil at Real Plan followed the New Macroeconomic Consensus’ logic. The Plan started the changing of Brazilian’s fiscal regime into one in which fiscal policy must be confined to insuring a stable macroeconomic environment so private agents can make their decision. The regime is consolidated in 1999 crisis, when the tripod was adopted: flexible exchange rates, inflation targeting and primary fiscal surplus. Lula’s mandate deepens the conduction of fiscal policy accordingly until 2006, when it suffers a substantial change, both in its theoretical basement and in its implementation. Since then, Brazilian government has been more active over the economy, although fiscal policy keeps relevant characteristics of the previous phase. The 2008 world crisis endorsed the activism, but since the acute phase of the crisis is over, the sympathetic critics to the New Macroeconomics ideas have put hard theoretical and political resistances to the measures adopted.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6151946.v1
title: NEW MACROECONOMIC CONSENSUS IN BRAZIL: FISCAL POLICY FROM THE REAL PLAN TOPRESIDENT LULA'S SECOND MANDATE

description: ABSTRACT Fiscal policy implemented in Brazil at Real Plan followed the New Macroeconomic Consensus’ logic. The Plan started the changing of Brazilian’s fiscal regime into one in which fiscal policy must be confined to insuring a stable macroeconomic environment so private agents can make their decision. The regime is consolidated in 1999 crisis, when the tripod was adopted: flexible exchange rates, inflation targeting and primary fiscal surplus. Lula’s mandate deepens the conduction of fiscal policy accordingly until 2006, when it suffers a substantial change, both in its theoretical basement and in its implementation. Since then, Brazilian government has been more active over the economy, although fiscal policy keeps relevant characteristics of the previous phase. The 2008 world crisis endorsed the activism, but since the acute phase of the crisis is over, the sympathetic critics to the New Macroeconomics ideas have put hard theoretical and political resistances to the measures adopted.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321552
title: THE HISTORICAL PEAK OF THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE AND THE “NEW NORMAL” OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS

description: ABSTRACT This paper reports homogenous series of the rate of surplus value for the Chinese economy over the period 1956-2015 with a Marxian approach. It finds that the rate of surplus value reached the historical peak of the whole period in 2008 and that the high profitability in the decade before the 2008 crisis had relied on the continuous growth in the rate of surplus value. It provides a time series analysis to show that the rising wage pressure and value composition of capitalhas restrained profitability since 2008. Thus, this paper interprets the so-called “new normal” of the Chinese economy as a stage of declining profitability that results mainly from the stagnant rate of surplus value and the rising value composition of capital.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321552.v1
title: THE HISTORICAL PEAK OF THE RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE AND THE “NEW NORMAL” OF THE CHINESE ECONOMY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS

description: ABSTRACT This paper reports homogenous series of the rate of surplus value for the Chinese economy over the period 1956-2015 with a Marxian approach. It finds that the rate of surplus value reached the historical peak of the whole period in 2008 and that the high profitability in the decade before the 2008 crisis had relied on the continuous growth in the rate of surplus value. It provides a time series analysis to show that the rising wage pressure and value composition of capitalhas restrained profitability since 2008. Thus, this paper interprets the so-called “new normal” of the Chinese economy as a stage of declining profitability that results mainly from the stagnant rate of surplus value and the rising value composition of capital.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6832634
title: MR. KEYNES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND THE CONCEPT OF USER COST

description: ABSTRACT Keynes’ General Theory has been a major source of inspiration in almost all areas of economics. However, it has been largely ignored in the environmental economics debate, characterized by a complete dominance of orthodox, neoclassical models. This is the case of tropical deforestation: the existing models that analyze the economic motivations that fuel the land clearing process use unrealistic assumptions and optimal control models that provide misleading results andincorrect policy recommendations. The objective of this paper is to present an alternative perspective for the problem, based on Keynes’ definition of income and user cost. A simple theoretical model is used to describe the importance of land speculation in the capital component, thus affecting the land clearing decision. Economic policies have an important influence in this process, and consistent public policies aiming at controlling deforestation should consider these effects as well as the conventional issues that are addressed by environmental regulators.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.6832634.v1
title: MR. KEYNES AND THE ENVIRONMENT: TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND THE CONCEPT OF USER COST

description: ABSTRACT Keynes’ General Theory has been a major source of inspiration in almost all areas of economics. However, it has been largely ignored in the environmental economics debate, characterized by a complete dominance of orthodox, neoclassical models. This is the case of tropical deforestation: the existing models that analyze the economic motivations that fuel the land clearing process use unrealistic assumptions and optimal control models that provide misleading results andincorrect policy recommendations. The objective of this paper is to present an alternative perspective for the problem, based on Keynes’ definition of income and user cost. A simple theoretical model is used to describe the importance of land speculation in the capital component, thus affecting the land clearing decision. Economic policies have an important influence in this process, and consistent public policies aiming at controlling deforestation should consider these effects as well as the conventional issues that are addressed by environmental regulators.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8031209
title: TAX GEOPOLITICS: THE HISTORICAL-SOCIAL APPROPRIATION OF SPACE AND THE VALUE-ADDED TAX

description: ABSTRACT The "interjurisdictional competition", also known in Brazil as "tax war", is an issue which complexity has federative, fiscal, historical, political, and regional nuances. The efforts to remedy such conflicts have been focusing on attempts to pass a tax reform to consolidate state’s value-added taxes (ICMS) laws. They propose to shift the interstate tax incidence to the time and place of consumption. This paper aims to investigate the conjunctural determinants of this space-time matrix, by identifying the concrete features of this new order. Through a critical review of the organizational and institutional formats - considered as "adequate" for the context of modern state - by identifying contradictions. In addition, to subsidize the debate in the literature about the subject, the text seeks to subsidize the orientation and application of public policies in the area.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8031209.v1
title: TAX GEOPOLITICS: THE HISTORICAL-SOCIAL APPROPRIATION OF SPACE AND THE VALUE-ADDED TAX

description: ABSTRACT The "interjurisdictional competition", also known in Brazil as "tax war", is an issue which complexity has federative, fiscal, historical, political, and regional nuances. The efforts to remedy such conflicts have been focusing on attempts to pass a tax reform to consolidate state’s value-added taxes (ICMS) laws. They propose to shift the interstate tax incidence to the time and place of consumption. This paper aims to investigate the conjunctural determinants of this space-time matrix, by identifying the concrete features of this new order. Through a critical review of the organizational and institutional formats - considered as "adequate" for the context of modern state - by identifying contradictions. In addition, to subsidize the debate in the literature about the subject, the text seeks to subsidize the orientation and application of public policies in the area.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14320874.v1
title: Data used in the analyses

description: Participant characteristics, sedation dosing and respiratory states derived from capnography monitoring
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8031467
title: BRAZIL: IT'S A DEPRESSION, IT WAS NOT A RECESSION

description: ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to characterize the current Brazilian economic situation and make its datation. Nowadays, Brazil has the main characteristics of the depressions of the 1870s and 1930s. During those events there was a sharp fall in output, a high unemployment rate and a prolonged insufficiency of demand. Brazil, since the end of 2013 and during the year 2014, presented the first signs of a recession that could slide off into depression. By 2015, it plunged into depression. Depression is an abnormal condition of an economy. A recession would be a normal economic condition.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8031467.v1
title: BRAZIL: IT'S A DEPRESSION, IT WAS NOT A RECESSION

description: ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to characterize the current Brazilian economic situation and make its datation. Nowadays, Brazil has the main characteristics of the depressions of the 1870s and 1930s. During those events there was a sharp fall in output, a high unemployment rate and a prolonged insufficiency of demand. Brazil, since the end of 2013 and during the year 2014, presented the first signs of a recession that could slide off into depression. By 2015, it plunged into depression. Depression is an abnormal condition of an economy. A recession would be a normal economic condition.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321553.v1
title: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT FOR CARTELS: SHOULD THERE BE A COMMON APPROACH TO SANCTIONING BASED ON THE OVERCHARGE RATE?

description: ABSTRACT We review recent theoretical literature pointing to the ineffectiveness, in terms of welfare impact, of currently applied sanctioning regimes for cartels by Competition Authorities (CAs). We then provide a comparison of the regimes taking also into account criteria related to ease of implementation and transparency. We argue the case for switching to a penalty regime, in which the penalty base continues to be the currently dominant penalty base of cartel revenue but in which, in contrast to current practice, the penalty rate is based on the rate commonly estimated in order to calculate damages in private damage claims, that is, the overcharge rate.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321553
title: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT FOR CARTELS: SHOULD THERE BE A COMMON APPROACH TO SANCTIONING BASED ON THE OVERCHARGE RATE?

description: ABSTRACT We review recent theoretical literature pointing to the ineffectiveness, in terms of welfare impact, of currently applied sanctioning regimes for cartels by Competition Authorities (CAs). We then provide a comparison of the regimes taking also into account criteria related to ease of implementation and transparency. We argue the case for switching to a penalty regime, in which the penalty base continues to be the currently dominant penalty base of cartel revenue but in which, in contrast to current practice, the penalty rate is based on the rate commonly estimated in order to calculate damages in private damage claims, that is, the overcharge rate.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321555
title: ESTIMATING THE DEMAND FOR BROADBAND SERVICES IN BRAZIL: ANALYSIS BY A DISCRETE-CHOICE MODEL

description: ABSTRACT Discrete-choice models were used to estimate the demand for broadband services in Brazil. Results indicate an elastic demand for fixed broadband. The demand price elasticity is greater for municipalities that rely on more than one economic group offering broadband: the monopoly will set the price for the broadband services to minimize competition between plans in the same category. Therefore, consumer’s capability to react to higher prices is reduced. In addition, the possibility of purchasing broadband services in tripleplay bundles has a positive effect on market share in those municipalities with two or more groups providing broadband services.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321555.v1
title: ESTIMATING THE DEMAND FOR BROADBAND SERVICES IN BRAZIL: ANALYSIS BY A DISCRETE-CHOICE MODEL

description: ABSTRACT Discrete-choice models were used to estimate the demand for broadband services in Brazil. Results indicate an elastic demand for fixed broadband. The demand price elasticity is greater for municipalities that rely on more than one economic group offering broadband: the monopoly will set the price for the broadband services to minimize competition between plans in the same category. Therefore, consumer’s capability to react to higher prices is reduced. In addition, the possibility of purchasing broadband services in tripleplay bundles has a positive effect on market share in those municipalities with two or more groups providing broadband services.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9739580
title: LENIENCY AND COOPERATION PROGRAMS IN BRAZIL: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FROM 1994 TO 2014

description: ABSTRACT Leniency and cooperation programs are considered important instruments to assist in the effectiveness of the antitrust policy and they are designed to attend the following purposes: in the short run to facilitate detection of cartels and in the long run to destabilize existing cartels and deter the appearance of new ones. This study aims to analyze empirically whether the Brazilian leniency program has been achieving these goals. To this end, it tests the hypotheses developed by Brenner (2009) to assess the effectiveness of the EU leniency program.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9739580.v1
title: LENIENCY AND COOPERATION PROGRAMS IN BRAZIL: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FROM 1994 TO 2014

description: ABSTRACT Leniency and cooperation programs are considered important instruments to assist in the effectiveness of the antitrust policy and they are designed to attend the following purposes: in the short run to facilitate detection of cartels and in the long run to destabilize existing cartels and deter the appearance of new ones. This study aims to analyze empirically whether the Brazilian leniency program has been achieving these goals. To this end, it tests the hypotheses developed by Brenner (2009) to assess the effectiveness of the EU leniency program.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9739205
title: ASSESSING COMPETITION IN BRAZIL’S ELECTRICITY MARKET IF BID-BASED DISPATCH WERE ADOPTED

description: ABSTRACT Market simulation, based on structural characteristics, is a useful tool for ex-ante competition analysis of major market changes, such as: market liberalization, mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, and regulatory reforms. In this paper, Cournot-Nash simulation is used to evaluate the expected market equilibrium if the Brazilian electricity market were liberalized. A sensitivity analysis is utilized to evaluate how the market equilibrium is impacted by different factors, such as: different demand price elasticities, divestiture of the dominant market player, different initial equilibrium point and different hydro inflow scenarios.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9739205.v1
title: ASSESSING COMPETITION IN BRAZIL’S ELECTRICITY MARKET IF BID-BASED DISPATCH WERE ADOPTED

description: ABSTRACT Market simulation, based on structural characteristics, is a useful tool for ex-ante competition analysis of major market changes, such as: market liberalization, mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, and regulatory reforms. In this paper, Cournot-Nash simulation is used to evaluate the expected market equilibrium if the Brazilian electricity market were liberalized. A sensitivity analysis is utilized to evaluate how the market equilibrium is impacted by different factors, such as: different demand price elasticities, divestiture of the dominant market player, different initial equilibrium point and different hydro inflow scenarios.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9739541
title: ALGORITHMS AND BIG DATA: CONSIDERATIONS ON ALGORITHMIC GOVERNANCE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR ANTITRUST ANALYSIS

description: ABSTRACT This paper aims at presenting the recent rise in the use of algorithmic systems, the move by policy makers towards fighting potential harmful outcomes that may arise from the use of such tools, and the consequences of such policy proposals for antitrust. It is organized into five sections: the first introduces the topic; the second delves deeper into the expansion of algorithmic use in the data-drive economy; the third part presents the policy solutions usually put forward by the literature and by policy makers to fight harm; the fourth discusses the implications of such proposals for antitrust; finally, the fifth section concludes the paper.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9739595.v1
title: COMPETITION POLICY EVALUATION THROUGH DAMAGE ESTIMATION IN FUEL RETAIL CARTEL IN LONDRINA, BRAZIL

description: ABSTRACT This paper estimates the fuel retailer cartel damages in the city of Londrina, Parana, part south of Brazil, using reduced and structural forms for supply and demand. Brazilian Competition Authority (CADE) documents help to characterize the ethanol and gasoline retailers involved in the collusion. The objective is to evaluate competition policy by comparing the amount of estimated damages with the amount of applied fines. This paper also adds an important result to gasoline substitution, as data shows ethanol is perceived as a perfect substitute and its price is inelastic. Results show an overcharge of 3.6% to 6.6% in the gasoline market and up to 12% in the ethanol market during collusion. Fines should consider the deterrence effect and, giving the low probability of detection, CADE’s applied fines seemed to be in line with this objective.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.9739595
title: COMPETITION POLICY EVALUATION THROUGH DAMAGE ESTIMATION IN FUEL RETAIL CARTEL IN LONDRINA, BRAZIL

description: ABSTRACT This paper estimates the fuel retailer cartel damages in the city of Londrina, Parana, part south of Brazil, using reduced and structural forms for supply and demand. Brazilian Competition Authority (CADE) documents help to characterize the ethanol and gasoline retailers involved in the collusion. The objective is to evaluate competition policy by comparing the amount of estimated damages with the amount of applied fines. This paper also adds an important result to gasoline substitution, as data shows ethanol is perceived as a perfect substitute and its price is inelastic. Results show an overcharge of 3.6% to 6.6% in the gasoline market and up to 12% in the ethanol market during collusion. Fines should consider the deterrence effect and, giving the low probability of detection, CADE’s applied fines seemed to be in line with this objective.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12210410
title: FROM RAUL PREBISCH'S "LATIN AMERICAN MANIFESTO" TO THE PRESENT-DAY: 70 YEARS OF STRUCTURALISM IN ECLAC

description: ABSTRACT The article combines different texts in which his author has been introducing books on readings on ECLAC’s (CEPAL’s) economic thought, which he has been organizing since 1998. It first presents the methodological and analytical elements that have been central to the Latin American structuralist theoretical construct, both in the structuralist period (1949-1990) and in the neostructuralist one (as from 1990). Next, it briefly synthesizes the evolution of the structuralist thought along its seven decades of existence.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12210410.v1
title: FROM RAUL PREBISCH'S "LATIN AMERICAN MANIFESTO" TO THE PRESENT-DAY: 70 YEARS OF STRUCTURALISM IN ECLAC

description: ABSTRACT The article combines different texts in which his author has been introducing books on readings on ECLAC’s (CEPAL’s) economic thought, which he has been organizing since 1998. It first presents the methodological and analytical elements that have been central to the Latin American structuralist theoretical construct, both in the structuralist period (1949-1990) and in the neostructuralist one (as from 1990). Next, it briefly synthesizes the evolution of the structuralist thought along its seven decades of existence.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12210422
title: THE COMMODITY-FINANCE NEXUS: TWIN BOOM AND DOUBLE WHAMMY

description: ABSTRACT International commodity prices and capital inflows to developing countries are increasingly synchronized, subjecting commodity-dependent economies to double boom-bust cycles. On the one hand, there are a number of common monetary factors, notably international interest rates and the exchange rate of the dollar that influence commodity prices and capital inflows in the same direction. On the other hand, commodity prices and capital inflows reinforce each other through their influence on economic activity in developing countries. Capital inflows move pro-cyclically with commodity prices, aggravating both positive and negative external trade shocks. This synchronization has greatly heightened the vulnerability of commodity-dependent developing economies to global boom-bust cycles.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12210422.v1
title: THE COMMODITY-FINANCE NEXUS: TWIN BOOM AND DOUBLE WHAMMY

description: ABSTRACT International commodity prices and capital inflows to developing countries are increasingly synchronized, subjecting commodity-dependent economies to double boom-bust cycles. On the one hand, there are a number of common monetary factors, notably international interest rates and the exchange rate of the dollar that influence commodity prices and capital inflows in the same direction. On the other hand, commodity prices and capital inflows reinforce each other through their influence on economic activity in developing countries. Capital inflows move pro-cyclically with commodity prices, aggravating both positive and negative external trade shocks. This synchronization has greatly heightened the vulnerability of commodity-dependent developing economies to global boom-bust cycles.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321559
title: REVISITING BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS CONSTRAINED GROWTH 70 YEARS AFTER ECALC’S MANIFESTO: THE CASE OF SOUTH AMERICA

description: ABSTRACT In the period 2014-2018, South American economies experienced a low growth rate in a historical perspective and compared with other developing regions. The paper discusses the structural sources of recent macroeconomic performance in these countries, associated with their specialization on natural resources, inspired by Raúl Prebisch 1949 “Manifesto”. It also poses that the increasing dependence on external borrowing as in the 2014-2018 period derived from the deepening of current account deficits could worsen growth constraints in the coming years, insofar as these financial flows do not contribute to a change in the productive structure, shifting the focus from export weakness to debt sustainability issues.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.14321559.v1
title: REVISITING BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS CONSTRAINED GROWTH 70 YEARS AFTER ECALC’S MANIFESTO: THE CASE OF SOUTH AMERICA

description: ABSTRACT In the period 2014-2018, South American economies experienced a low growth rate in a historical perspective and compared with other developing regions. The paper discusses the structural sources of recent macroeconomic performance in these countries, associated with their specialization on natural resources, inspired by Raúl Prebisch 1949 “Manifesto”. It also poses that the increasing dependence on external borrowing as in the 2014-2018 period derived from the deepening of current account deficits could worsen growth constraints in the coming years, insofar as these financial flows do not contribute to a change in the productive structure, shifting the focus from export weakness to debt sustainability issues.