cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.23637/wrn3-cropping1938-2020-02
title: Dataset: Woburn Ley-arable experiment cropping sequence 1938-2020

description: Cropping details of the Woburn Ley-arable experiment, 1938-2020, with details of the arable and ley-arable rotation sequences in each of the five Blocks, and the different treatment crops and varieties. Updated from Version 1, with addition of a cropping database. The experiment was designed to test the effects of different rotations with and without leys (short-term herbage) on the yield of two arable Test crops. It is now an important resource for investigating long-term changes in soil organic matter due to different cropping systems.
description: The Woburn Ley-arable Experiment, started in 1938, compares the effects of continuous arable rotations and ley-arable rotations on soil organic matter and the yield of two arable test crops, on a sandy loam soil. It consists of 80 main plots, divided over five blocks. Half the plots have been in four continuous five-year arable or ley-arable rotations since 1938: three years of Treatment crops followed by two arable Test crops. The Treatments were: **Ah/AB/ABe** (all arable rotation with 1-year hay or beans); **Ar/AF/AM/AO** (all arable rotation with roots or fallow or maize or oats); **L/Ln3** (3-year grazed ley then grass ley with fertilizer N); **Lu/Lc3** (3-year legume then grass/clover ley). 
The other 40 plots were in alternating rotations from 1938 to the mid-1970s: a 20-year cycle of all four arable and ley-arable rotations. These were replaced by eight-year grass or grass/clover leys in the mid-1970s: **LLn8** (8-year grass leys with fertilizer N, followed by two arable test crops); **LLc8** (8-year grass/clover leys, followed by two arable test crops). The rotations are phased in over a five-year period in the five different blocks, so that each year of the five-year rotation is present each year. The eight-year leys were also phased in, the first cycle starting 1973-77, the second cycle 1978-82. The four eight-year leys were stopped in 2007 and replaced with **AO** (continuous arable with oats); **ABe** (continuous arable with beans); **Ln3** (three-year grass leys with nitrogen); **Lc3** (three-year grass/clover leys).
description: - Cropping data, with details of the crop grown on each plot on each year
 - Crop types, including variety
 - Rotation types, with details of the different arable and ley-arable rotations
 - Details of FYM application
-Management notes
description: The main plots are in pairs, one of each pair received FYM (farmyard manure) applied every fifth year, to the first test crop, 1941-1967.
description: Taken from the Rothamsted Yield Books, field plans and paper archive.
DOI: 10.23637/rrs9-soil2010-01
title: Dataset: Acid Strip soil pH and phosphorus concentration 2010

description: The Acid Strip is a narrow strip of land on the the northern edge of Hoosfield, Rothamsted. The strip received large uneven applications of chalk (lime) in the 1850s, and no chalk since. This uneven application of chalk has lead to a dramatic decline in soil pH from East to West. No P or K fertilizer or manure has been applied to the site. Winter wheat is now grown, given 100 kgN/ha. This dataset contains the soil pH and soil phosphorus (P) data measured in August 2010, as reported by Turner and Blackwell (2013), funded by BBSRC Project BB/J004642/1, Development of BBSRC's capacity for the analysis of organic P in soils.
description: Soil samples (0-23cm) were taken from the 200m long Acid Strip at 10m intervals, with additional samples taken at 5 m intervals between 50 and 120m. The soil was air-dried and sieved to &lt;2mm. Soil pH, Olsen P, total P (by ignition) and NaOH-EDTA extractable P were measured.
description: - **Soil pH** using a Jenway 3320 pH meter (Bibby Scientific Ltd, Stone, UK). 
- **Olsen P** extracted with a solution of 0.5 M NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, bufferred at pH 8.5, after the method of Olsen et al, 1954. 
- **NaOH_RP** Reactive P concentration in NaOH-EDTA extracts
- **NaOH_TP** Total P concentration in NaOH-EDTA extracts
- **NaOH_UP** Unreactive P concentration in NaOH-EDTA extracts
- **TP** Total P concentration by ignition
description: Soil samples taken by the authors in August 2010 from the Acid Strip. All soil sample analysis performance is strictly monitored using in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded. None
DOI: 10.23637/rrs1-soilcn1959-2014-01
title: Dataset: Highfield Bare Fallow soil chemical properties, 1959-2014

description: Highfield Bare Fallow experiment soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) sub-plot data 1959-2014. The experiment was ploughed out of old grassland (since 1838) in 1959 and has been kept in bare fallow since by cultivation to suppress weeds. No crops are grown. The data set contains SOC and total N as % and soil stock data, soil weights and soil pH in the topsoil (0-23cm).
description: The soil was sampled eight times between 1959 and 2014, in the summer/autumn, except in 1959 when it was sampled in December, before the grass was ploughed in. There are four sub-plots. The stock of total soil N and SOC was calculated from %N and %SOC and the estimated soil weight, 0-23cm. %N and %SOC were measured on air-dried soil, ground to &lt;2mm.
description: An Excel file, 01-SOILCN5914.xlsx contains the Highfield Bare Fallow soil data, 1959-2014. Frictionless CSV files are also provided for users who prefer the CSV format.
description: Soil pH was measured in water, with a 1:2.5 soil:water suspension, in air-dried soil, sieved &lt;2mm. Samples were analysed for %N by the Kjeldahl method (Bremner, 1965), 1959-1987, and by LECO combustion, based on the Dumas method, 2000-2014. SOC was measured by the Tinsley method (Kalembasa & Jenkinson, 1973) 1959-1987, and as total C by combustion (LECO) minus CaCO<sub>3</sub>-C by manometry, 2000-2014. Soil weights were measured in 1978 and 2000 and also in 2000 from an adjacent area of grassland, to give an estimate of starting value in 1959. Stocks of SOC and total N were calculated from %SOC and %N and estimated soil weight, 0-23cm.
description: This dataset is derived from measurements made by the Analytical Chemistry Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden. The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded. - Bremner, J. M. (1965). Total nitrogen. In Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2 (ed. C. A. Black), pp. 1149-1178. Madison: American Society of Agronomy.
- Kalembasa, S.J and Jenkinson, D.S (1973) A comparative study of titrimetric and gravimetric methods for the determination of organic carbon in soil. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 24: 1085-1090.
DOI: 10.23637/rbk1-meanyld5267
title: Dataset: Broadbalk Wheat 10-year mean yields 1852-1967

description: 10-year mean wheat grain and straw yields for each treatment strip of the Broadbalk Wheat experiment, 1852-1967. Data taken from tables 3.16 and 3.17 of Dyke and Garner (1969), converted to tonnes/hectare. Also details of the fertilizer and manure treatments applied.
description: The Broadbalk experiment started in autumn 1843, and for the first eight years, the fertilizer treatments were varied, to test specific questions. From 1852 a scheme of fertilizer treatments was established, which remained largely unaltered until 1967. The mean yields are taken from this period. The treatment strips extend the whole length of the field, each testing a different fertilizer or manure treatment. 
From 1852-1925 winter wheat was grown <b>continuously</b>, apart from occasional fallowing fallowing (of the top or bottom half of the experiment) to control weeds. Weeds were originally controlled by hand-hoeing, but this became impractical, so sequential fallowing was introduced to control weeds. In 1926 the experiment was divided into five Sections (I-V), crossing the strips at right angles. After a <b>transition</b> period, a <b>fallow cycle</b> was introduced in 1931. Fallowing was mainly in a five-year rotation of one-year fallow with four successive crops of wheat. In 1955 Section I was divided into two; IA received herbicides as required and was no longer fallowed, IB continued in the five-year cycle. In 1955 Section V was divided into two; VB received a single application of lime, VA did not. In 1963 Section VB was no longer fallowed and received herbicides as required, while VA continued in the five-year fallowing cycle. The 10-year yields are means of all cropped sections, 1926-1967.
description: - 10-year mean grain yield, t/ha, 1852-1967
- 10-year mean straw yield, t/ha, 1852-1967
- Fertilizer treatments, 1852-1967
description: Yields are of total grain (which has not been cleaned or 'dressed' to remove chaff, etc). 
Since 1954 dry matter (DM) of grain and straw has been measured at harvest, and by convention the yields are shown at 85% DM. Before 1954 % DM at harvest was not measured but it is reasonable to assume that this would usually have been at about 85% DM.
10-year means, except 1922-25 (the end of the Continuous wheat period) and 1926-1934 (the Transition period). By convention, the year is that of harvest (not sowing).
description: Tables 3.16 and 3.17, Garner & Dyke (1969) In accordance with the Joint Code of Practice for Research at Rothamsted, data processing in e-RA follow rigorous standard operating procedures to ensure the quality and correctness of data collected in the field through to depositing in the e-RA database.
DOI: 10.23637/rms-rothseasontotrainmeantemp1968-2022
title: Dataset: Mean Seasonal Air Temperature and Total Seasonal Rain at Rothamsted 1968-2022

description: This dataset comprises the mean seasonal air temperature and the total seasonal rainfall at Rothamsted every year from 1968-2022. Summary data for this dataset are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station.
description: The mean daily temperature is measured over a 24-hour period 0900 to 0900 GMT and calculated from the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperatures (Tmin); the mean daily temperature = (Tmax = Tmin)/2. First recorded in 1878, Tmax was then measured using a mercury column thermometer and Tmin using a spirit-in-glass with indicator bar minimum thermometer. Since 2004 temperature is recorded by thermistors (electronic temperature probes, Campbell Scientific, type 107). 

Daily rainfall is measured as the total (mm) over the 24-hour period 0900 to 0900 GMT. It includes all precipitation - snow, rain, mist and fog. Rainfall was first recorded at Rothamsted in 1853, using a copper funnel rain gauge (5 inch / 12.7 cm diameter) and measured using a graduated cylinder. Since 2004 it has been measured using an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge (10 inch / 25.4cm diameter), ARG100, calibrated to tip at 0.2mm (which has since become the minimum amount of rain that can be recorded). The rain gauge is placed within a 30cm deep 1.5m radius turf wall, retained by brick, to reduce wind eddies that may potentially blow rain out of the gauges. Data were collected daily manually until 2004 and since then by Automatic Weather Station using a standard protocol.
description: An Excel .xlsx file comprising a ReadMe page and a data sheet.
description: Location: Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England 51.82 N 0.37 W 128 m asl. 

A correction factor of 1.1 or 10% is applied to RAIN data after 2004 due to a change to an ARG100 rain gauge which captures 5% more rainfall than most traditionally-shaped cylindrical gauges due to its unique aerodynamic shape and reduced evaporation-loss properties. See www.era.rothamsted.ac.uk/station/rms#measurements/ for further detail.
description: The seasonal summary data contained in this spreadsheet are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden. Total / mean seasonal data is determined from daily data using Genstat 19th Edition. This data was compiled by John Addy for the publication Addy et. al. 2023.
DOI: 10.23637/rhb2-fym-01
title: Dataset: Hoosfield Barley Experiment organic manure chemical composition 1852-2019

description: Details of the chemical composition of the organic manures applied to the Hoosfield Spring Barley Experiment, 1852-2019. Farmyard manure (FYM) is applied each autumn at 35t/ha to plot 72 since 1852, to plot 71 1852-1871 and to plot 73 since 2001, from cattle housed on cereal straw. Rapeseed cake or castor bean meal was applied to Series C from 1852-1967, to supply 48 kgN/ha . FYM has been analysed routinely since 1967. This dataset gives details of the chemical composition: % total N, C, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and S, and the total amount of each element applied each year in FYM 1967-2019. There is also limited mean data for earlier periods and trace element data for 1982 and 1983, and N, P and K content of the rape cake/castor bean meal 1926-1967. 

The FYM supplies on average 236 kgN/ha, 47 kgP/ha and 304 kgK/ha; the rape cake/castor meal 57 kgN/ha, 10 kgP/ha and 11 kgK/ha. For comparison, the standard inorganic fertilizer treatments on Hoosfield receive 0-144 kgN/ha, 35 kgP/ha, and 90 kgK/ha.
description: Total concentration of nitrogen in FYM determined in fresh sample (not dried) at normal moisture content by Kjeldahl digestion. Total carbon determined by combustion in oven-dry samples. Total P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S and trace elements determined in oven-dry samples by digestion with 6M HCl, the extracts analysed by ICP-OES.
description: An Excel file with annual data, 1967-2019 and some earlier data. Frictionless CSV files are also provided for users who prefer the CSV format.
description: Rapeseed cake was applied to Series C 1852-1940, and replaced by castor bean meal, 1941-1967. 

Two samples, A and B, were taken of the FYM applied each year, from the front and back of the trailer containing the FYM. 

Trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr and Pb) were measured on FYM samples applied for the 1982 and 1983 harvest years. Two replicate samples (1 and 2) were taken from each sample for analysis.
description: Early mean data from Warren, R.G. and Johnston, A.E. (1962), Rothamsted Report for 1961, Table 9. Additional data from the Hoosfield White Books, and the Rothamsted Library Archive. The majority of the data was compiled from sample analysis data sheets. In accordance with the Joint Code of Practice for Research at Rothamsted, data processing in e-RA follow rigorous standard operating procedures to ensure the quality and correctness of data collected in the field through to depositing in the e-RA database. Data checked by Paul Poulton and Andy Gregory. 

The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded.
DOI: 10.23637/rmsmmairtemp1878-2023-01
title: Dataset: Monthly Mean Average Air Temperature at Rothamsted 1878-2023

description: The dataset provides the monthly mean air temperature at Rothamsted every year from 1878-2023. The figure shows the monthly mean air temperature for June and December at Rothamsted every year from 1878-2023.
description: Summary data used for this chart are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station. The average daily temperature is measured over a 24-hour period 0900 to 0900 GMT and calculated from the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperatures (Tmin); the mean daily temperature = (Tmax = Tmin)/2.
description: An Excel file containing annual mean temperature for each year and a chart of these data.
description: First recorded in 1878, Tmax was then measured using a mercury column thermometer and Tmin using a spirit-in-glass with indicator bar minimum thermometer. Data were collected daily manually until 2004 using a standard protocol. Since 2004 temperature has been recorded automatically by Automatic Weather Station thermistors (electronic temperature probes, Campbell Scientific, Type 107).

Location: Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England 51.82 N 0.37 W 128 m asl.
description: The monthly summary data contained in this spreadsheet are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden using MS Excel. Verification includes checks for instrument errors, for missing data and outliers. The original raw daily data is available, after registering, from the e-RA database. Please contact the e-RA Curators for an access password and further details.
DOI: 10.23637/rmstmasunhours1893-2023-01
title: Dataset: Total Monthly and Annual Sunshine Hours at Rothamsted 1893-2023

description: The dataset provides both the monthly and annual sun hours recorded at Rothamsted every year from 1878-2023. The figure shows just a subset example of the data - monthly total sun hours for June and December at Rothamsted 1878-2023. Summary data used for this chart are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station.
description: An Excel file containing monthly and annual sun hours for each year and a chart of these data.
description: Total sun hours over 24 hours, 0000GMT to 2400GMT

Sun hours were originally recorded using a Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder. The sun's rays were focused onto a card (treated to prevent it from catching fire) and the brown scorch mark on the card was then measured. The cards are of varying lengths applicable to the time of year (winter, equinox, and summer). Since 2004 weather measurements have been automated with sunshine hours being calculated from solar radiation using the Campbell-Stokes equation. Solar radiation is measured using a thermopile pyranometer manufactured by Kipp & Zonen, Netherlands. The models used are CM3 pyranometer (2004 to April 2022) and CMP3 (May 2022 onwards). 

Location: Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England 51.82 N 0.37 W 128 m asl.
description: The monthly and annual summary data contained in this spreadsheet are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden using MS Excel. Verification includes checks for instrument errors, for missing data and outliers. The original raw daily data is available, after registering, from the e-RA database. Please contact the e-RA Curators for an access password and further details.
DOI: 10.17026/ar/baneha
title: PAN-00173672 - wire brooch with angular bow variant A1

description: &lt;p&gt;This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00173672&lt;/p&gt;
description: Modified: 2025-11-18T17:38:53+01:00
DOI: 10.23637/rex4-puptake2013-01
title: Dataset: Exhaustion Land wheat growth and nutrient uptake over two growing seasons

description: Winter wheat was sampled several times over two growing seasons in 2013 and 2014 to measure crop growth and uptake of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, S and Zn on six plots on the Exhaustion Land experiment, with two different P treatments. Changes in soil moisture and available P and N dynamics, and baseline soil chemical properties in May 2012 are published as separate datasets.
description: Crop samples were taken at frequent intervals throughout the wheat growth period, commencing at growth stage (GS) 11 or 13 (Zadoks decimal system, Zadoks et al, 1974). Winter wheat variety Xi-19 was sown in the autumn. 
Samples were taken from six plots: two P treatments - **Control** (P0) and **P added** (P3), each from three main plots: **Plot 3** (FYM 1876-1901) **Plot 7** (NPKNaMg 1876-1901) and **Plot 9** (P only 1876-1901). 


**Annual P treatments:** 
- **Control (P0)**: no P fertiliser applied since 1901 
- **P added (P3)**: 131 kgP/ha 1986-1992, 20kgP/ha 2000-2008, 15kgP/ha since 2009, all as triple superphosphate.
description: An Excel file, 01-crop1314.xlsx, contains the plant dry matter accumulation and uptake of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, S and Zn, for 2013 and 2014. CSV files are also provided.
description: On each sample date, four 0.5m rows (0.25m<sup>2</sup>) of wheat on each plot were cut at ground level with secateurs. Crop samples were washed thoroughly with deionised water to remove any soil. From GS60 (the beginning of anthesis) the wheat plants were separated into stems, leaves and ears and analysed separately. 
- **Crop dry matter yield** was determined by oven drying at 16h at 80 degrees C. g/m2
- **Nutrient concentrations** The dried wheat samples were ground to pass a 0.5mm mesh using a Glen Creston Hammer Mill and digested with high purity concentrated nitric and perchloric acids (18/15 v/v) in a heating block (Zhao et al, 1994). Total element concentrations in the plant tissue were determined using ICPOES (Perkin Elmer optima 7500 DV, Waltham, MA). mg/kg soil
- **Nutrient uptake** was calculated from nutrient concentrations and crop yield. g/m2 or mg/m2


Since 1986 all the plots have received basal N fertiliser each growing season, 144kgN/ha 1986-1992 and 192kgN/ha 1993-2002. Since 2003 each plot has received 300kgN/ha split into 50, 200 and 50 kg N/ha in March, April and May respectively. Basal K, Mg and S is also applied to all plots.
description: This dataset is derived from measurements made by Sarah Dunham and Javier Hernandez-Allica, and analysed by the Analytical Chemistry Unit, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden. The Analytical Chemistry Unit follows the Joint Code of Practice (JCoPR) and participates in European Quality Assurance programmes. All performance is strictly monitored using certified external standards alongside in-house standard materials. Standards and check samples are monitored and recorded.