DOI: 10.5061/dryad.21m3t
title: Data from: No ecological opportunity signal on a continental scale? Diversification and life-history evolution of African true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

description: The niche-filling process predicted by the “ecological opportunity” (EO)
 model is an often-invoked mechanism for generating exceptional diversity
 in island colonizers. Whether the same process governs lineage
 accumulation and trait disparity during continental colonization events is
 less clear. Here, we test this prediction by investigating the rate
 dynamics and trait evolution of one of Africa's most widespread
 amphibian colonizers, the true toads (Bufonidae). By reconstructing the
 most complete molecular phylogeny of African Bufonidae to date, we find
 that the diversification of lineages in Africa best conforms to a constant
 rate model throughout time and across subclades, with little support for
 EO. Evolutionary rates of life-history traits have similarly been constant
 over time. However, an analysis of generalists and specialists showed a
 shift toward higher speciation rates associated with habitat
 specialization. The overall lack of EO signal can be interpreted in a
 number of ways and we propose several explanations. Firstly,
 methodological issues might preclude the detection of EO. Secondly,
 colonizers might not experience true EO conditions and due to the size,
 ecological heterogeneity and age of landmasses, the diversification
 processes might be more complex. Thirdly, lower speciation rates of
 habitat generalists may have affected overall proliferation of lineages.
description: SuppInf1Supporting Information S1. Extended version of Methods section.SuppInf2Supporting Information S2. GenBank numbers and voucher information for individuals included in the phylogenetic reconstructions.SuppInf3Supporting Information S3. MCC tree for Bufonidae (Global Tree) recovered from time-calibrated Bayesian MCMC tree searches using BEAST under a birth-death uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model.SuppInf4Supporting Information S4. MCC tree for the first African radiation (FAR tree) of bufonids, recovered from time-calibrated Bayesian MCMC tree searches using BEAST under a birth-death uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model.SuppInf5Supporting Information S5. Phylogenetic tree recovered from pruning the FAR tree to include only a single representative of each currently recognized species (CRS tree).SuppInf6Supporting Information S6. Tree recovered from pruning the FAR tree to include only a single representative of each bGMYC delimited element (bGMYC tree).SuppInf7Supporting Information S7. Repeat of rate dynamics analyses (BAMM and BiSSE) using truncated bGMYC tree.SuppInf8Supporting Information S8. Investigating the effects of bGMYC oversplitting.global_treeMCC tree for Bufonidae (Global Tree) recovered from time-calibrated Bayesian MCMC tree searches using BEAST under a birth-death uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model.far_treeMCC tree for the first African radiation (FAR tree) of bufonids, recovered from time-calibrated Bayesian MCMC tree searches using BEAST under a birth-death uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model.global_tree_alignmentconcatenated alignment used to generate the global treefar_clade_alignmentconcatenated alignment used to generate the far tree