cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6rj28
title: Data from: Age-dependent social learning in a lizard

description: Evidence of social learning, whereby the actions of an animal facilitate
 the acquisition of new information by another, is taxonomically biased
 towards mammals, especially primates, and birds. However, social learning
 need not be limited to group-living animals because species with less
 interaction can still benefit from learning about potential predators,
 food sources, rivals and mates. We trained male skinks (Eulamprus quoyii),
 a mostly solitary lizard from eastern Australia, in a two-step foraging
 task. Lizards belonging to ‘young’ and ‘old’ age classes were presented
 with a novel instrumental task (displacing a lid) and an association task
 (reward under blue lid). We did not find evidence for age-dependent
 learning of the instrumental task; however, young males in the presence of
 a demonstrator learnt the association task faster than young males without
 a demonstrator, whereas old males in both treatments had similar success
 rates. We present the first evidence of age-dependent social learning in a
 lizard and suggest that the use of social information for learning may be
 more widespread than previously believed.
description: task1_dataTrial by trial data for all lizards in instrumental task (task 1). "Liz.ID" is a combination of toe-clips and PIT tags. "Dem.ID" is the ID of the demonstrating lizard. "Batch" is the batch number (three-level factor) each lizard was associated with. "Treat" two-level factor of treatment - SL = Social demonstration, C = Control. "Age" - two-level factor identifying age class of lizard. "LT" are learning trials - i.e. trials until the lizard learnt. "correct.incorrect" - whether the lizard flipped the yellow lid successfully (1) or unsuccessfully (0). "Lat_min1" - time from start of trial to the point when the lizard successfully flipped the yellow lid. "Learn" two level factor identifying whether the lizard learn the task (1) or not (0). 'trial' trial number for each lizard. "juldat" is the jillian date that each trial was run.data_T1_final.csvdata_T2_finalTrial by trial data for all lizards in association task (task 2). "Liz.ID" is a combination of toe-clips and PIT tags. "Dem.ID" is the ID of the demonstrating lizard. "Batch" is the batch number (three-level factor) each lizard was associated with. "Treat" two-level factor of treatment - SL = Social demonstration, C = Control. "Age" - two-level factor identifying age class of lizard. "LT" are learning trials - i.e. trials until the lizard learnt. "correct.incorrect" - whether the lizard flipped the blue lid successfully (1) or unsuccessfully (0). "Lat_Blue.min1" - time from start of trial to the point when the lizard successfully flipped the blue lid. "Learn" two level factor identifying whether the lizard learnt the task (1) or not (0). 'trial' trial number for each lizard. "juldat" is the jillian date that each trial was run. "blue.choice" - whether the lizard choose only the blue lid (1) or whether the lizard choose either the blue then the white or only the white lid (0).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1ms70
title: Data from: Estimating contemporary effective population size in non-model species using linkage disequilibrium across thousands of loci

description: Contemporary effective population size (Ne) can be estimated using linkage
 disequilibrium (LD) observed across pairs of loci presumed to be
 selectively neutral and unlinked. This method has been commonly applied to
 data sets containing 10–100 loci to inform conservation and study
 population demography. Performance of these Ne estimates could be improved
 by incorporating data from thousands of loci. However, these thousands of
 loci exist on a limited number of chromosomes, ensuring that some fraction
 will be physically linked. Linked loci have elevated LD due to limited
 recombination, which if not accounted for can cause Ne estimates to be
 downwardly biased. Here, we present results from coalescent and forward
 simulations designed to evaluate the bias of LD-based Ne estimates (N
 circe). Contrary to common perceptions, increasing the number of loci does
 not increase the magnitude of linkage. Although we show it is possible to
 identify some pairs of loci that produce unusually large r2 values, simply
 removing large r2 values is not a reliable way to eliminate bias.
 Fortunately, the magnitude of bias in N circe is strongly and negatively
 correlated with the process of recombination, including the number of
 chromosomes and their length, and this relationship provides a general way
 to adjust for bias. Additionally, we show that with thousands of loci,
 precision of N circe is much lower than expected based on the assumption
 that each pair of loci provides completely independent information.
description: Simulation
 ScriptsPython scripts used for
 simulation and analysis.simulation.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rr062
title: Data from: Fighting experience alters brain androgen receptor expression dependent on testosterone status

description: Contest decisions are influenced by the outcomes of recent fights
 (winner–loser effects). Steroid hormones and serotonin are closely
 associated with aggression and therefore probably also play important
 roles in mediating winner–loser effects. In mangrove rivulus fish,
 Kryptolebias marmoratus, individuals with higher testosterone (T),
 11-ketotestosterone and cortisol levels are more capable of winning, but
 titres of these hormones do not directly mediate winner–loser effects. In
 this study, we investigated the effects of winning/losing experiences on
 brain expression levels of the receptor genes for androgen (AR), oestrogen
 α/β (ERα/β), glucocorticoid (GR) and serotonin (5-HT1AR). The effect of
 contest experience on AR gene expression depended on T levels: repeated
 losses decreased, whereas repeated wins increased AR gene expression in
 individuals with low T but not in individuals with medium or high T
 levels. These results lend strong support for AR being involved in
 mediating winner–loser effects, which, in previous studies, were more
 detectable in individuals with lower T. Furthermore, the expression levels
 of ERα/β, 5-HT1AR and GR genes were higher in individuals that initiated
 contests against larger opponents than in those that did not. Overall,
 contest experience, underlying endocrine state and hormone and serotonin
 receptor expression patterns interacted to modulate contest decisions
 jointly.
description: K_marmoratus_receptor_Data
DOI: 10.15468/dl.48wnaa
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 564646 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Kazakhstan",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 564646 records from 634 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0000970-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.387cc
title: Data from: Morphological and genetic discrepancies in populations of Oreocarya paradoxa and O. revealii: the impact of edaphic selection on recent diversification in the Colorado Plateau

description: PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Investigations of recently derived and edaphically
 (soil) defined plant systems have provided insight into important
 mechanisms of ecological divergence. We investigated the impact of edaphic
 adaptation on recent divergence between two Colorado Plateau endemics: the
 gypsum facultative Oreocarya revealii (Boraginaceae) and its more
 generalist sister species O. paradoxa. We assessed morphological
 stability, genetic identity, and soil chemistry to determine whether O.
 revealii is a distinct lineage edaphically adapted from O. paradoxa, as
 has been described in the literature. METHODS: We genotyped 21 populations
 throughout the ranges of both species using 11 microsatellite markers and
 three plastid regions (trnL-F, trnT-L, trnQ-rps16) for haplotype analysis.
 We compared these data with soil chemistry (Ca and S concentrations,
 indicating gypsum levels), location, and morphological identity of
 populations. KEY RESULTS: Soil chemistry failed to explain genetic or
 morphological identity in either taxon. Haplotype analysis suggests
 ancestral variation in the more geographically restricted O. revealii,
 along with regional geographic isolation. A discontinuity was identified
 between the morphological and genetic identity in several populations,
 suggesting incomplete lineage sorting and the nonfixation of identifying
 morphological traits. CONCLUSIONS: Oreocarya revealii is unlikely to have
 arisen via edaphic selection, because soil chemistry of population sites,
 morphology of individuals, and genetic identity are not strongly
 correlated. The nonfixation of identifying traits is likely a result of
 recent divergence in this system, and the potentiality of such
 discrepancies should be considered when investigating recently diversified
 gypsum-associated groups.
description: ORRE-ORPA_MicrosatDataset_11loci_636individualsMicrosatellite loci data for 636 individuals of Oreocarya paradoxa and O. revealii from 21 populations in the Colorado Plateau
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4j8j2
title: Data from: Latitudinal variation in ecological opportunity and intraspecific competition indicates differences in niche variability and diet specialization of Arctic marine predators

description: Individual specialization (IS), where individuals within populations
 irrespective of age, sex, and body size are either specialized or
 generalized in terms of resource use, has implications on ecological
 niches and food web structure. Niche size and degree of IS of near-top
 trophic-level marine predators have been little studied in polar regions
 or with latitude. We quantified the large-scale latitudinal variation of
 population- and individual-level niche size and IS in ringed seals (Pusa
 hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) using stable carbon and
 nitrogen isotope analysis on 379 paired ringed seal liver and muscle
 samples and 124 paired beluga skin and muscle samples from eight locations
 ranging from the low to high Arctic. We characterized both within- and
 between-individual variation in predator niche size at each location as
 well as accounting for spatial differences in the isotopic ranges of
 potential prey. Total isotopic niche width (TINW) for populations of
 ringed seals and beluga decreased with increasing latitude. Higher TINW
 values were associated with greater ecological opportunity (i.e., prey
 diversity) in the prey fish community which mainly consists of Capelin
 (Mallotus villosus) and Sand lance (Ammodytes sp.) at lower latitudes and
 Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at high latitudes. In beluga, their dietary
 consistency between tissues also known as the within-individual component
 (WIC) increased in a near 1:1 ratio with TINW (slope = 0.84), suggesting
 dietary generalization, whereas the slope (0.18) of WIC relative to TINW
 in ringed seals indicated a high degree of individual specialization in
 ringed seal populations with higher TINWs. Our findings highlight the
 differences in TINW and level of IS for ringed seals and beluga relative
 to latitude as a likely response to large-scale spatial variation in
 ecological opportunity, suggesting species-specific variation in dietary
 plasticity to spatial differences in prey resources and environmental
 conditions in a rapidly changing ecosystem.
description: Morphometric and stable
 isotope data for ringed seals and beluga whales in the Canadian
 ArcticMorphometric
 measurements (age class, sex and standard length) and stable isotope data
 (C and N) for ringed seals and beluga whales sampled across the Canadian
 Arctic by Inuit subsistence harvests from 1986-2012. Locations include
 Resolute, Chesterfield Inlet, Arviat and Pangnirtung, Nunavut, Ulukhaktok,
 Paulatuk and Hendrickson Island, Northwest Territories, and Saglek Bay,
 Labrador.DY-EcologyandEvolution-datadryad.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8959
title: Data from: More than meets the eye: detecting cryptic microgeographic population structure in a parasite with a complex life cycle

description: Nonrandom recruitment of parasites among hosts can lead to genetic
 differentiation among hosts and mating dynamics that promote inbreeding.
 It has been hypothesized that strictly aquatic parasites with intermediate
 hosts will behave as panmictic populations among hosts because ample
 opportunity exists for random mixing of unrelated individuals during
 transmission to the definitive host. A previous allozyme study on the
 marine trematode Lecithochirium fusiforme did not support this hypothesis
 in that there was genetic differentiation among, and significant
 heterozygote deficiencies within, definitive hosts. We revisit this system
 and use microsatellites to obtain multilocus genotypes. Our goal was to
 determine if cryptic subgroups and/or the presence of clones could account
 for the apparent deviation from ‘panmixia’. We find strong evidence for
 cryptic subdivision (three genetic clusters) that causes the Wahlund
 effect and differentiation among definitive hosts. After accounting for
 these cryptic groups, we see panmictic genetic structure among definitive
 hosts that is consistent with the “high mixing in aquatic habitats”
 hypothesis. We see evidence for co-transmission of clones in all three
 clusters, but this level of clonal structure did not have a major impact
 in causing deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only affected
 genetic differentiation among hosts in one cluster. A cursory examination
 of the data may have led to incorrect conclusions about non-random
 transmission. However, it is obvious in this system that there is more
 than meets the eye in relation to the actual makeup of parasite
 populations. In general, the methods we employ will be useful for
 elucidating hidden patterns in other organisms where cryptic structure may
 be common (e.g., those with limited morphology or complex life histories).
description: CDcriscioneME2011lefu507The data file is in the format for CONVERT, a conversion program. The data include all N=507 individuals used at the start of the analyses and are pre-analysis of identical MLGs or clustering (see publication for details on analysis progression). There are 7 microsatellite loci and individuals are separated into populations (which are 12 individual hosts, ie infrapopulations).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.sd640
title: Data from: Gene flow and effective population sizes of the butterfly Maculinea alcon in a highly fragmented, anthropogenic landscape

description: Understanding connectivity among populations in fragmented landscapes is
 of paramount importance in species conservation because it determines
 their long-term viability and helps to identify and prioritize populations
 to conserve. Rare and sedentary species are particularly vulnerable to
 habitat fragmentation as they occupy narrow niches or restricted habitat
 ranges. Here, we assess contemporary interpopulation connectedness of the
 threatened, myrmecophilous butterfly, Maculinea alcon, in a highly
 fragmented landscape. We inferred dispersal, effective population sizes,
 genetic diversity and structure based on 14 locations of M. alcon in
 Belgium and the Netherlands using data from 12 microsatellite loci.
 Despite the reported sedentary behaviour of M. alcon, we observed moderate
 levels of contemporary dispersal between patches, but only in landscapes
 where populations were located within a distance of 3 km from neighbouring
 populations. Estimates of effective population sizes (Ne) were very low
 (ranging from 1.6 to 17.6) and bottleneck events occurred in most of the
 studied populations. We discuss the functional conservation units
 delineated based on a former mark-release-recapture study, and formulate
 appropriate conservation strategies to maintain viable (meta)populations
 in highly fragmented, anthropogenic landscapes.
description: Maculinea alcon
 microsatellite dataThe file Maculinea alcon
 microsatellite data includes the data from 12 microsatellites for 398
 unique genotypes of Maculinea alcon from in total 14 sampling locations
 located in Belgium and The Netherlands. The data matrix also include the
 spatial coordinates of each sampled population, given in the two last
 columns.data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.248vp
title: Data from: Speciation, ecological opportunity, and latitude

description: Evolutionary hypotheses to explain the greater numbers of species in the
 tropics than the temperate zone include greater age and area, higher
 temperature and metabolic rates, and greater ecological opportunity. These
 ideas make contrasting predictions about the relationship between
 speciation processes and latitude, which I elaborate and evaluate.
 Available data suggest that per capita speciation rates are currently
 highest in the temperate zone, and that diversification rates (speciation
 minus extinction) are similar between latitudes. In contrast, clades whose
 oldest analyzed dates precede the Eocene thermal maximum, when the extent
 of the tropics was much greater than today, tend to show highest
 speciation and diversification rates in the tropics. These findings are
 consistent with age and area, which is alone among hypotheses in
 predicting a time trend. Higher recent speciation rates in the temperate
 zone than the tropics suggest an additional response to high ecological
 opportunity associated with low species diversity. These broad patterns
 are compelling but provide limited insights into underlying mechanisms,
 arguing that studies of speciation processes along the latitudinal
 gradient will be vital. Using threespine stickleback in depauperate
 northern lakes as an example, I show how high ecological opportunity can
 lead to rapid speciation. The results support a role for ecological
 opportunity in speciation, but its importance in the evolution of the
 latitudinal gradient remains uncertain. I conclude that per-capita
 evolutionary rates are no longer higher in the tropics than the temperate
 zone. Nevertheless, the vast numbers of species that have already
 accumulated in the tropics ensure that total rate of species production
 remains highest there. Thus, "tropical evolutionary momentum"
 helps to perpetuate the steep latitudinal biodiversity gradient. 28 pages,
 4 figures; Supplement EndDryadContent
description: schluter speciation
 ecological opportunity and latitudeData files from the
 literature used in calculations of speciation and diversification when not
 provided in text by sources.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mq06h
title: Data from: Collateral damage or a shadow of safety? The effects of signaling heterospecific neighbors on the risks of parasitism and predation

description: Although males often display from mixed-species aggregations, the
 influence of nearby heterospecifics on risks associated with sexual
 signaling has not been previously examined. We tested whether predation
 and parasitism risks depend on proximity to heterospecific signalers.
 Using field playback experiments with calls of two species that often
 display from the same ponds, túngara frogs and hourglass treefrogs, we
 tested two hypotheses: (1) Calling near heterospecific signalers
 attractive to eavesdroppers results in increased attention from predatory
 bats and parasitic midges (Collateral Damage hypothesis); or (2) Calling
 near heterospecific signalers reduces an individual’s predation and
 parasitism risks, as eavesdroppers are drawn to the heterospecifics
 (Shadow of Safety hypothesis). Bat visitation was not affected by calling
 neighbors. The number of frog-biting midges attracted to hourglass
 treefrog calls, however, rose threefold when played near túngara calls,
 supporting the collateral damage hypothesis. We thus show that proximity
 to heterospecific signalers can drastically alter both the absolute risks
 of signaling and the relative strengths of pressures from predation and
 parasitism. Through these mechanisms, interactions between heterospecific
 guild members are likely to influence the evolution of signaling
 strategies and the distribution of species at both local and larger
 scales.
description: HeterospecificRiskTransferDatasheets 1-3: Bat visitations to calling frogs next to calling heterospecific versus calling conspecific neighbors. Datasheets 4-6: Number of flies coming to calling frogs next to calling heterospecific versus calling conspecific neighbors. ealone= D. ebraccatus alone; etungara = D. ebraccatus next to a calling E. pustulosus; econspecific = D. ebraccatus next to another calling D. ebraccatus; talone = E. pustulosus alone.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.565kh
title: Data from: Task shifting interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

description: Objective: To evaluate evidence from published randomised controlled
 trials (RCTs) for the use of task-shifting strategies for cardiovascular
 disease (CVD) risk reduction in low-income and middle-income countries
 (LMICs). Design: Systematic review of RCTs that utilised a task-shifting
 strategy in the management of CVD in LMICs. Data Sources: We searched the
 following databases for relevant RCTs: PubMed from the 1940s, EMBASE from
 1974, Global Health from 1910, Ovid Health Star from 1966, Web of
 Knowledge from 1900, Scopus from 1823, CINAHL from 1937 and RCTs from
 ClinicalTrials.gov. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: We focused
 on RCTs published in English, but without publication year. We included
 RCTs in which the intervention used task shifting (non-physician
 healthcare workers involved in prescribing of medications, treatment
 and/or medical testing) and non-physician healthcare providers in the
 management of CV risk factors and diseases (hypertension, diabetes,
 hyperlipidaemia, stroke, coronary artery disease or heart failure), as
 well as RCTs that were conducted in LMICs. We excluded studies that are
 not RCTs. Results: Of the 2771 articles identified, only three met the
 predefined criteria. All three trials were conducted in practice-based
 settings among patients with hypertension (2 studies) and diabetes (1
 study), with one study also incorporating home visits. The duration of the
 studies ranged from 3 to 12 months, and the task-shifting strategies
 included provision of medication prescriptions by nurses, community health
 workers and pharmacists and telephone follow-up posthospital discharge.
 Both hypertension studies reported a significant mean blood pressure
 reduction (2/1 mm Hg and 30/15 mm Hg), and the diabetes trial reported a
 reduction in the glycated haemoglobin levels of 1.87%. Conclusions: There
 is a dearth of evidence on the implementation of task-shifting strategies
 to reduce the burden of CVD in LMICs. Effective task-shifting
 interventions targeted at reducing the global CVD epidemic in LMICs are
 urgently needed.
description: Ogedegbe et al. 2014
 data tablesTables_6.26.14_Final_Revised_9.2.doc