cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.17603/ds2w670
title: Upwind Terrain Effects on Low-Rise Building Pressure Loading Observed in the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel
title: in 1055744 CAREER: Behavior of Hurricane Wind and Wind-Driven Rain in the Coastal Suburban Roughness Sublayer

description: This dataset comprises an extensive series of experiments conducted in a large boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) to investigate the effects of upwind terrain on surface pressures acting on a low-rise building. Three geometrically scaled models of the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL) building were immersed in 33 boundary layer flows through precise adjustment of an automated roughness element grid called the Terraformer. The roughness configuration of the Terraformer was modulated to simulate a variety of upwind terrains ranging from marine to dense suburban. Simultaneous pressure measurements were collected on the surfaces of three models of the WERFL building with geometric scales of 1:20, 1:30, and 1:50. For each model, surface pressures were obtained for three wind directions (0, 45, and 90 degrees), 16 roughness element heights, and two element orientations (wide and narrow edge windward).
description: The research objective of this Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) program project is to define the tropical cyclone surface wind field, wind-driven rain characteristics and wind loading in the built environment. The goal is to determine how localized, coherent features occurring in the rough-wall turbulent boundary layer and larger-scale convective features (such as meso-vortices, rainband core downdrafts) influence the surface wind field characteristics and loading on low-rise structures.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-f1cm-nb88
title: 2020 Puerto Rico Earthquakes Field Assessment Structural Team Dataset
title: in StEER - Puerto Rico Earthquake December 2019 to January 2020: Field Assessment Structural Team (FAST) Data Report

description: FAST deployed from 8-12 January 2020, documenting the performance of 61 structures located in six different cities along the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico between the cities of Ponce and Mayagüez. A variety of structure types are surveyed, including residential building structures and bridge infrastructures. FAST collected perishable data through the Fulcrum app by completing damage assessment forms, recording high-resolution overall and detailed images of observed damages, and notes summarizing key observations. Fieldwork data collection is conducted according to the StEER’s FAST handbook.
description: This project encompasses the products of StEER's Level 2 response to the Puerto Rico Earthquake from December 2019 to January 2020. The main event, a Mw 6.4 quake, occurred on January 7th, accompanied by numerous aftershocks. The governor reported one casualty and eight injuries, declaring a State of Emergency. The earthquakes damaged 10,000+ structures, collapsing 80, predominantly residential units. Infrastructure, bridges, and roads were also affected, leaving two-thirds of the island without power. Over 8,000 people were displaced to shelters, while 63,000 received assistance, with FEMA handling over 13,852 aid requests. In response, the StEER conducted a post-earthquake performance assessment from 8-12 January 2020, documenting the performance of 60 structures located in six different cities along the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico. The field data collection focused on acquiring high-resolution photographs and notes on structural performance necessary to construct detailed case studies of each structure.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-5m36-e815
title: Digitally Augmented Database of Fracture-Critical Steel Beam-to-Column Connection tests

description: This paper describes a recently compiled database of 100 full-scale steel beam-to-column connections that failed due to flange fracture. This database focuses on welded flange connections tested in the past 50 years, including tests with strong panel zones and box columns that have been excluded from previous collections. To extend the information from each experiment beyond the recorded response, this database is augmented with high-fidelity structural models carefully calibrated to the test data using a semi-automatic algorithm. Once calibrated, these models offer a versatile method to decompose the total displacement response of the connections in beam, panel zone, and column deformations and extract more detailed response quantities, such as the flange’s stress history. This augmented database enables a deeper understanding of the causes of flange fracture and an assessment of the common rotation limits in ASCE/SEI 41 employed for simulating fracture. Results show that these rotation limits have a considerably large error. Furthermore, these rotation limits are incapable of either identifying the flange that would fracture first or simulating the opening and closing behavior of a fractured flange. The flange’s stress histories extracted with the models is a more efficient demand parameter to characterize fracture behavior.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-nsf8-7944
title: Select CPT-Based Liquefaction Case Histories from the 2001 Nisqually, Washington, Earthquake

description: While soil liquefaction is common in earthquakes, the case history data required to train and test state-of-practice prediction models remains comparatively scarce, owing to the breadth and expense of data that comprise a single case history. The 2001 Nisqually, Washington, earthquake, for example, occurred in a metropolitan region and induced damaging liquefaction in the urban cores of Seattle and Olympia, yet case history data has not previously been published. Accordingly, we compile 24 cone-penetration-test (CPT) case histories from free-field locations. The many methods used to obtain and process the data are detailed in the accompanying manuscript, as is the structure of the digital dataset. The case histories are then analyzed by 18 existing liquefaction response models to determine whether any is better, and to compare model performance in Nisqually against global observations. While differences are measured, both between models and against prior global case histories, these differences are often statistically insignificant considering finite-sample uncertainty. This alludes to the general impropriety of championing models based on individual earthquakes or otherwise small datasets, and to the ongoing need for additional case history data and more rigorous adherence to best practices in model training and testing.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-27yr-5m86
title: Spatial correlation models for ground motion intensity measures of the 2023 Türkiye-Syria Earthquakes

description: The 2023 Türkiye-Syria Earthquake Sequence led to the catastrophic failure of infrastructure caused by ground failure, earthquake-induced liquefaction, or design issues. These observations provide the opportunity to learn and improve engineering procedures and methodologies and design recommendations to prevent future similar events. This repository provides resources to enable researchers and engineers (1) to study the spatial variability of ground motion intensity measures across Türkiye, and (2) to compute ground motion intensity measures at locations of interest across Türkiye. Three types of resources are provided. First, spatial correlation models for ground motion intensity measures developed using the ground motion data. Second, raster files for interpolated within-event residuals across Türkiye. Third, Jupyter Notebooks with Python scripts to compute ground motion intensity measures at sites of interest using gmKriger. Data are provided for four events: M7.81 Pazacik, M7.74 Kahramanmaras, M6.81 Nurdagi, and M6.37 Yayladagi earthquakes; and the following ground motion intensity measures: peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), Arias Intensity (Ia), cumulative absolute velocity (CAV), damage-potential cumulative absolute velocity (CAVdp), and pseudo-spectral accelerations at various oscillator periods: 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1, 3, 6, and 10 seconds.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-j5c7-5h69
title: Blunt Notch Experiments
title: in Collaborative Research: Simulating Crack Propagation in Steel Structures Under Ultra-Low Cycle Fatigue and Low-Triaxiality Loading from Earthquakes and Other Hazards

description: Experimental test data from this project has been used to develop, calibrate and validate computational models to simulate ductile crack initiation and propagation in steel structures under ultra-low cycle fatigues.  The resulting models can be used in fundamental and applied research to evaluate earthquake-induced fracture limit states in steel structures.  The experimental test data can be used by researchers to calibrate and validate alternate computational models, which they have developed.
description: Blunt notch specimens tested for calibration of fracture model parameters.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-jby8-jr84
title: Moderately Cemented Model (Dynamic) - GLH12s
title: in Liquefaction resistance of MICP treated sands

description: A moderately cemented model was saturated with a de-aired viscous fluid. The model was subjected to a series of shaking events at 80-g. Shear wave velocity and cone penetration measurements were obtained at select times.
description: A set of 1-m radius centrifuge tests on saturated loose Ottawa sand models treated to various cementation levels and subjected to multiple shaking events.  Changes in cone penetration resistance and shear wave velocity are monitored throughout each test.
DOI: 10.17603/ds20q32
title: Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory Selected Data Sets for Comparison to Model-Scale, Full-Scale and Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
title: in Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory Selected Data Sets for Comparison to Model-Scale, Full-Scale and Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations

description: This project provides a dataset, collected at full-scale in the field, of wind flow characteristics and associated wind-induced pressures on a 30 ft. x 45 ft. x 13 ft. high test structure.  The dataset consists of both time histories and summary statistics for 15-minute duration records with flow direction impacting the 160 ft. high meteorological tower first and then impinging on the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory test structure.  Flow characteristics are measured at 8 ft., 13 ft., 33 ft., 70 ft. and 160 ft. on the meteorological tower and are classified as stationary in both wind speed and wind direction.  Pressure coefficients are computed from wind-induced pressures measured at 204 locations on the building.  There are 14 records for wind normal +\-10 to the short wall and 2 records for wind normal to the long wall +\-10.  In addition, we provide the available drawings for the test structure along with a drawing and a table showing the location of the instrumented pressure taps installed on the test structure.
description: This experiment provides time histories and summary statistics for 15-minute duration records with flow direction acting through the 160 ft. high meteorological tower and then impinging on the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory 30'x45'x13' high test structure.  Flow characteristics are measured at 5 heights (8', 13', 33', 70' and 160') on the meteorological tower.  Wind-induced external pressures are measured at 204 locations on the test structure.  Internal pressures are recorded at 2 locations inside the test building.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-2y18-rh47
title: Broken Wave
title: in Probabilistic Assessment of Tsunami Forces on Coastal Structures

description: In the last decade, tsunamis have caused hundreds of thousands of deaths and hundreds of billions of dollars in damage to coastal communities around the world. While a major tsunami has not impacted the United States in some time, there is significant risk to the Pacific Coast and recent storm surge events have shown a potential for damage to domestic infrastructure similar to what was seen in East Asia and the Pacific. Interest in tsunami load predictions for structural design has grown, but it is difficult to develop models that accurately predict the tsunami load response of an individual structure, much less the tsunami risk for multiple structures within a specific region. The framework presented here is designed to improve the safety and sustainability of coastal structures and, consequently, improve tsunami hazard assessments, post-event response, and recovery efforts. Ultimately, this work will result in safer communities through increased public awareness of the risks posed by these types of hazards and enhanced tools to develop resilient infrastructure systems. 

Increased computing power has prompted the development of novel numerical approaches to tsunami-structure interaction modeling tailored to capture specific physical phenomena with high-levels of resolution and accuracy, including coupled multiphysics models to simulate complex system interactions. If community-specific assessments of structural vulnerabilities are to be achieved, they must be based on a fundamental understanding of these interactions and an ability to efficiently model the associated physical processes in a probabilistic framework that accounts for the uncertain nature of these events. The primary goals of this research project are to establish an open-source modeling framework where 3D computational fluid dynamics solvers can be used efficiently to inform the development of load-prediction capabilities for existing, widely used inundation models and to develop a probabilistic framework for predicting the fluid loading and structural response of coastal structures at a community level. The research team will validate this framework against existing experimental data, assess the effects of bathymetry and community layout on flow, refine the models to include force predictions, and extend probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment methods to include fluid loading criteria. This work will provide users both the framework and the software tools necessary to develop site-specific numerical models to increase the safety and sustainability of coastal structure by improving our understanding of the probabilistic risk posed by tsunami events on these structures.
description: A solitary wave (of the sech^2 type) was generated such that it broke ahead of the test structure, producing a fully-formed bore prior to the wave impacting the test structure. The wave height was 1.35 m and the still water depth was 1.85 m.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-dw38-z509
title: Tornado Risk Perception of University of Kansas Campus Community
title: in Local Perceptions on Building Safety and Building Performance after the 2019 EF4 Linwood, Kansas Tornado

description: This mission was initiated as part of a senior capstone project. The purpose of this project was to assess the risk perception and sheltering decision of the University of Kansas (KU) campus community after the Linwood tornado on May 28, 2019. It was administered online using email listservs for KU’s Schools and Colleges for recruitment, inviting participants to complete a short Qualtrics survey. No Personal Identifiable Information was collected. The response rate was extremely low, with only 228 responses. Respondents were diverse in terms of identifying as either a student, faculty, and staff.
description: Kansas has the second-highest frequency of reported tornadoes in the U.S., yet, most counties and many local jurisdictions lack modern building codes with basic lateral force system requirements, thereby minimum levels of protection against tornadic winds. On May 28, 2019, an EF4 tornado struck north-eastern Kansas; the 32-mile long path destroyed approximately 40 building structures and damaged nearly 200 building structures. A post-tornado investigation by the researchers revealed a lack of continuous load path, and in some cases, lacking even basic structural elements, such as anchor bolts or mechanically fastened walls to foundations. These statistics and observations led the research team to question what were local perceptions on building safety and expectations of building performance during tornadoes, what would happen if a tornado were to hit closer to the University of Kansas (KU) campus, and what types of better designs are known of or offered by local contractors. This research project includes two survey efforts addressing research questions on local perceptions on building safety and expectations of building performance during tornadoes. The first survey effort documented local contractors’ perceptions of tornado-resistant residential building design. The first survey effort utilized a convenience sample of local contractors attending a continuing education course on how to provide a continuous load path. The survey was administered in person; no personally identified information was collected. The convenience sample size was 45 and resulted in a response rate of approximately 60%. The second survey effort was initiated as part of a senior capstone project. The capstone project assessed the risk perception and sheltering decision of the KU campus community after the EF4 Linwood tornado. It was administered online using email listservs for KU’s Schools and Colleges for recruitment, inviting participants to complete a short Qualtrics survey. The response rate was low, with only 228 responses. This publication contains the Institutional Review Board Protocols, two Survey Instruments, which included in-person, and virtual surveying modes and questions on tornado risk perception, and, as well as the data for the contractor survey and the capstone project.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-z44q-yx40
title: Compaction
title: in Characterization and Geotechnical Properties of Wildfire Ashes

description: A Harvard miniature compaction device was used to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry unit weight (MDW) of the ash samples. Samples were prepared at water contents ranging from 10-50% and compacted in three layers (25 tamps per layer). Water content measurements were taken from the middle of each sample after extrusion. To identify error associated with operator variability which has been discussed as a major flaw of using a Harvard miniature compaction device (Araújo Santos et al. 2019), multiple compaction tests were performed on a single sample of biomass fly ash as a proxy. Results indicated that the operator had consistent application of compaction force, as MDW values had a percent error of less than 1% compared to the average value. For wildfire ash samples prepared at water contents nearing the liquid limit, compaction by hand-tamping was necessary to prevent bearing capacity plunging failure.
description: This project summarizes the geotechnical engineering properties of eight samples of wildfire ash sampled from three different wildfire sites in central and southern California. This data can be used in conjunction with data collected from others to provide a database of the physical, chemical, hydrological, and engineering properties of wildfire ashes. Extensive engineering testing of wildfire ashes is not readily available in literature, so this work will supplement the supply currently available. This work would be information and educational for those researching wildfire ashes, fire-exposed slopes, carbonate-rich soils, and manmade soils, including other types of ash. This data can be reused by those who would like reference data for further testing on wildfire ashes and for those who require reference data on soil engineering properties.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-9s7w-9694
title: Text Mining of Practical Disaster Reports: Case Study on Cascadia Earthquake Preparedness

description: Many practical disaster reports are published every day across the globe in various forms (e.g., after-action reports, response plans, impact assessments, and resiliency plans). These reports can enable the next generations to learn from past events and efforts to best mitigate and prepare for future disasters. However, the extensive practical literature unfortunately has limited impacts on research and practice in general because of the challenge in synthesizing and analyzing many relevant documents. In this study, we present a method to 1) prepare a corpus of practical reports about a topic of interest for text mining and 2)
extract insights from the corpus using select text mining tools. We validated the method through a case study that examines practical reports about the preparedness of the U.S. Pacific Northwest for a possible Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake of magnitude 9, which can disrupt lifeline infrastructures for months. The case study illustrated the types of insights that the methodology can help extract from a corpus. For example, it identified potential differences in priorities between entities (Washington vs. Oregon state-level emergency management), highlighted latent sentiments expressed in the corpus, and recognized the inconsistent vocabulary across the field. We also discuss opportunities and challenges with text mining of practical disaster reports. For example, simple techniques can provide insights potentially only interpretable by those experienced in the field, whereas more complex techniques using large language models such as ChatGPT can provide more readily
accessible insights with known risks of artificial intelligence, such as made-up facts and misrepresentation.
DOI: 10.17603/ds2-cbff-4878
title: StEER - 26 MAY 2019 LAGUNA PERU EARTHQUAKE: PRELIMINARY VIRTUAL ASSESSMENT STRUCTURAL TEAM (P-VAST) REPORT

description: On Sunday May 26, 2019, a magnitude (Mw) 8.0 earthquake took place in Eastern Perú. The earthquake occurred at 2:41 am local time and was caused by an intermediate-depth normal fault rupture on the Nazca plate at a depth of approximately 110 km. According to official communications, available as of May 30th, the earthquake resulted in 2 fatalities, 17 injuries, one collapsed bridge, 5 affected pedestrian bridges, multiple landslides, affected roads (about 51km of affected roads), and damage to hundreds of structures including: 46 health centers, 296 school buildings, 15 commercial buildings, 15 churches, including 5 collapses, and more than 600 uninhabitable residential units. 

The combination of the earthquake happening in a sparsely populated area in the back-arc region (east side of the Andes), which is mainly a tropical forest region in the country, and being a relatively deep event led to relatively small amount of damage considering the large magnitude of the event.

For the community of earthquake engineering researchers and practitioners, the multidisciplinary reconnaissance information available right after the event provides an important opportunity to learn from this earthquake, both technically and also from a policy and decision making perspective. As such, this report gathers some publicly-available information, by (i) providing a summary of the origin of the event and its main seismological features, (ii); presenting a summary of ground motions recorded in two countries; and (iii)  summarizing the preliminary reports of damage. This Virtual Assessment Structural Team (VAST) Report is a product of StEER to support those seeking to learn from this seismic event and to inform possible future Field Assessment Structural Teams (FAST).