DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1jwstqk68
title: Migratory bird stopover patterns linked to urbanization and social landscapes

description: Despite global urbanization, the role of cities in macroecological
 processes remains understudied. Using radar estimates of migratory bird
 stopover across the U.S., we assessed urban landscapes' contributions
 to stopover and links to social demographics for 2,130 parks across 88
 cities. Stopover hotspots disproportionately occurred on urban landscapes
 relative to land area, with nearly 50% of spring migration hotspots
 falling within Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The relationship between
 urbanization and stopover varied regionally, correlating negatively in
 eastern flyways and positively in western flyways. Finally, stopover was
 positively correlated with household income but varied considerably, with
 many cities showing no effect or an effect in the opposite direction. We
 highlight the significance of cities in a hemispheric-scale ecological
 process and demonstrate radar as tool for studying urban social-ecological
 interactions.
description: # Migratory bird stopover patterns linked to urbanization and social
 landscapes Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.1jwstqk68](https://datadryad.org/submission/10.5061/dryad.1jwstqk68) **Description of the data and file structure** Data used in the study "Divergent Effects of Urbanization and Social Landscapes on Continental Migratory Bird Stopover" All shapefiles (.shp) used in this study contain the geometry and attributes of geospatial features (e.g., points, lines, polylines, polygons). The file bundle contains the main file .shp and companion files including: .cpg, .dbf, .prj, .sbn, .sbx, .shx. Description of these file extensions is given as follows: .shp: The main geospatial data file that contains feature geometry. .cpg: The file specifying the codepage to identify the characterset. .dbf: The dBASE that contains the attributes of features. .prj: The file that contains the coordinate system and map projection information. .sbn: The file containing the spatial index of features. .sbx: The file containing the spatial index of features. .shx: The file containing the index of feature geometry. More details about these file extensions and the information they contain can be found at: [https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/manage-data/shapefiles/shapefile-file-extensions.htm#:~:text=xml%E2%80%94Metadata%20for%20ArcGIS%E2%80%94stores,the%20characterset%20to%20be%20used(opens in new window)](https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/manage-data/shapefiles/shapefile-file-extensions.htm#:%7E:text=xml%E2%80%94Metadata%20for%20ArcGIS%E2%80%94stores,the%20characterset%20to%20be%20used). Each .shp file can be opened and analyzed by Python, R, and many other programming languages, and open-source geospatial software such as QGIS, SAGA GIS, GRASS GIS, GeoDa, etc. ### Files and variables #### File: counties_df.csv **Description:** .csv of all continental U.S. counties and associated features, namely their level of urbanization and mean stopover densities  ##### Variables * STATEFP: Numerical identifier for state in which county is located * COUNTYF: Numerical identifier for county * GEOID: Numerical identified for county polygon * NAME.x: Name of county * X2013_c: Ordinal ranking of level of urbanization (2013) * mean_stopover_sp: Mean stopover density for spring migration season (cm^2^/km^2^) * mean_stopover_fa: Mean stopover density for fall migration season (cm^2^/km^2^) * flyway: Migratory flyway in which county is located #### File: metro_park_df.csv **Description:** .csv of urban parks across the continental U.S. with associated features, including their mean stopover densities and demographic information about residents within a 10-minute walking distance. Data derived from ParkServe database.  *Full schema available through [https://www.tpl.org/park-data-downloads](https://www.tpl.org/park-data-downloads) ##### Variables * ParkID: Numerical identifier for each park * Park_Local: Local Owner Name From Source * Park_Size_: Park area (acres) * Park_Size1: Park area (sq feet) * Park_Siz_1: Park area (sq meters) * Park_State: State in which park is located * Park_Count: County in which park is located * Park_Urban: City in which park is located * Park_Zip: Zip code in which park is located * Park_Sourc: How the park features were added to the database, either collected or created * SUM_TOTPOP: Total population within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_KIDSVC: Total population &lt; 20 years of age within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_YOUNGP: Total population &gt; 20 and &lt; 65 years of age of within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_SENIOR: Total population &gt; 64 years of age within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_HHILOW: Total number of low income households (&lt;75% urban area median income) within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_HHIMED: Total number of middle income households (75% - 125% urban area median income) within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_HHIHIG: Total number of high income households (&gt;125% urban area median income) within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_WHITE_: Total White Non-Hispanic population within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_BLACK_: Total Black Non-Hispanic population within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_AMERIN: Total Native American Non-Hispanic population within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_ASIAN_: Total Asian Non-Hispanic population within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_PACIFI: Total Pacific Islander Non-Hispanic population within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_OTHRAC: Total population of 2 or more races (Non-Hispanic) within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_RACE2U: Total population of other races (Non-Hispanic) within a 10-minute walk (2022) * SUM_HISP_S: Total Hispanic population within a 10-minute walk (2022) * mean_stopover_sp: Mean stopover density in spring migration season * mean_stopover_fa: Mean stopover density in fall migration season * prop.low: Proportion of residents that are low-income within a 10-minute walk (2022) * prop.med: Proportion of residents that are medium-income within a 10-minute walk (2022) * prop.high: Proportion of residents that are high-income within a 10-minute walk (2022) * GEOID: Numerical identifier for park polygon * X2013_c: Ordinal ranking of urbanization level * flyway: Migratory flyway in which park occurs #### File: counties.shp **Description:** Shapefile of all continental U.S. counties and associated features  #### File: tl_2019_us_cbsa.shp **Description:** Shapefile of combined statistical areas across the continental U.S. derived from the United States Census Bureau  #### File: tl_2023_us_uac20.shp **Description:** Shapefile of census urban areas across the continental U.S. derived from the United States Census Bureau  #### File: fall_stopover_2500_v9_265_class.tif **Description:** Raster of stopover densities across the continental U.S. for the fall migration season  #### File: spring_stopover_2500_v9_265_class.tif **Description:** Raster of stopover densities across the continental U.S. for the fall migration season ## Code/software All code for this study is available on Github [[https://github.com/Migfjim1/urbanstopover](https://github.com/Migfjim1/urbanstopover)].