DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15438041
title: Supplementary files for Doré et al., 2025 - Timing is everything: Evolution of ponerine ants highlights how dispersal history shapes modern biodiversity.

description: ### Research Article ###

This repository contains Supplementary files associated with this research paper:

Doré et al., 2025 - Timing is everything: Evolution of ponerine ants highlights how dispersal history shapes modern biodiversity. Nature Communications. In press.

__DOI will be updated once the article is published.__

https://doi.org/10.1111/XXXX

### Research abstract ###

     Disentangling the drivers of global biodiversity patterns is a cornerstone of biogeography that remains elusive for many diverse biological groups. Here we present a complete species-level phylogeny of the ant subfamily Ponerinae based on new phylogenomic sequencing and taxonomic grafting. We combine results with a large-scale geographic database to explore the contribution of three main mechanisms in shaping global ponerine biodiversity patterns: time for accumulation, differences in diversification rate, and asymmetric dispersal. We show that extant ponerine ants originated in Gondwana, spread eastward across tropical bioregions, and more recently colonized temperate areas. The relative timing of colonization events was identified as the prominent driver of present-day biodiversity patterns, supporting the time for accumulation hypothesis. Conversely, differences in diversification rates and asymmetrical dispersal histories mitigated the heterogeneity in biodiversity by fueling accumulation of lineages in the least diverse bioregions. These findings suggest that tropical niche conservatism played a major role in shaping the biogeographic and evolutionary history of Ponerinae. Overall, we emphasize the importance of considering the relative timing of past dispersal events and variations in diversification rates over evolutionary time to gain a deeper understanding of Earth’s biodiversity patterns.   

### Contents ###

This repository contains five sub-archives:

 - 01_Supplementary_Data: Supplementary Data S1-S8 of the article including metadata for voucher specimens, fossil calibrations, grafting information, geolocalized occurrences, biogeographic membership, bioregion adjacency matrices, and ready-to-use phylogenies.

 - 02_Supplementary_Movie: Supplementary Movie 1 - Ponerinae Biogeographic History: Time-lapsed animation of ponerine ant biogeographic and diversification history.

 - 03_Phylogenetic_inferences: Scripts and files used to carry out phylogenetic inferences.

 - 04_Divergence_dating: Scripts and files used to carry out divergence dating analyses.

 - 05_Other_analyses: Script and files used to carry out data curation, tree grafting, and biogeographic and diversification analyses. This is a release of an associated GitHub repository available at https://github.com/MaelDore/Ponerinae_Historical_Biogeography. ### How to cite ###

Please cite this research article as:  > Doré, M., Borowiec, M.L., Branstetter, M.G., Camacho, G.P., Fisher, B.L., Longino, J.T., Ward, P.S., & Blaimer, B.B., 2025. Timing is everything: Evolution of ponerine ants highlights how dispersal history shapes modern biodiversity. Nature Communications. In press. https://doi.org/10.1111/XXXX.

__DOI will be updated once the article is published.__