cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1194
title: Natural circulation defrosting with propane in horizontal evaporators of large capacity air-to water heat pump.

description: This paper presents natural circulation defrosting for a large capacity horizontally mounted evaporator designed for a propane refrigeration cycle. This defrosting method is based on a two-phase thermosiphon. It is mounted as an additional loop next to a nominal refrigeration circuit to allow switching between the completely different requirements for refrigerant charge either in nominal heat pump operation or in defrosting mode. A fin-and-tube heat exchanger with 5mm round tube with a conventional 32 port nozzle distributor was successfully tested. Considered design criteria, thermal performance and analysis of the defrosting process are presented.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1193
title: Investigation of an integrated low carbon solar assisted heat pump.

description: Solar Assisted Heat Pumps have the potential to provide low carbon heat for domestic hot water generation and low temperature heating. They have advantages over conventional solar thermal systems because they can generate heating and hot water during periods of low or zero solar, whist still maintain the advantage of not needing to be connected to the gas grid. They are simple in nature and can be installed in a wide range of applications. They are also currently uncommon in the UK so a thorough understanding of the operating performance and characteristics is required. This is potentially an important energy technology that can be used to reduce heating energy consumption and reduce CO2 equivalent emissions in buildings. The paper describes the technology and presents an investigation in an office application. It describes an experimental investigation of solar assisted heat pumps which gives the relative performance compared to conventional methods.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1192
title: Low GWP refrigerants in transport refrigeration: risk and benefit assessment of flammable and mildly flammable alternatives.

description: The need to reduce the direct and indirect environmental impact of refrigerants, combined with new regulations, is driving the transport refrigeration industry toward the introduction of refrigerants offering lower Global Warming Potential (GWP), as well as sound fundamental efficiency and performance characteristics. Some of these refrigerants have flammable or mildly flammable
characteristics. In this study, we assess the flammability risks associated with the use of these refrigerants in transport refrigeration, and perform a risk–benefit analysis. Finally, risks and life cycle costs are compared against nonflammable alternatives.
DOI: 10.17632/whbtczgbhd.1
title: Data for: Mobility of knowledge and local innovation activity

description: Abstract of associated article: This paper studies the diffusion of knowledge and its consequences for local innovation production. In a common framework, we analyze the geographic reach of different channels of knowledge flows that thus far have been studied separately in the literature. To jointly estimate these flows, we develop and apply novel econometric techniques appropriate to the nature of the data. We find that geographic along with technological proximity to be more essential to the operation of market than to non-market channels of knowledge flows. External accessible disembodied knowledge has a strong positive effect on local innovation production that is larger than that of embodied knowledge.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1186
title: 3-D CFD modelling of multi-ejector module performance.

description: A performance of fixed ejectors installed in a multi-ejector module in a CO2 refrigeration system is discussed in this paper. To analyse the module operation, 3-D ejector models including the inlet and outlet collecting ducts were taken into consideration. The tests were performed for four vapour and two liquid ejectors of different size that compose the multi-ejector pack. The testing modes included the serial and parallel work of the fixed units. All the numerical simulations were performed using the validated Homogeneous Equilibrium Model (HEM) implemented on the ejectorPL computational tool for typical transcritical parameters at the motive nozzle port. The results showed that multi-ejector pack provides high and stable performance of all the installed ejectors over the entire range of the considered operating conditions for supermarket applications.
DOI: 10.17632/5v4m3hkhmv.1
title: Data for: Energy efficiency of selected OECD countries: A slacks based model with undesirable outputs

description: Abstract of associated article: This paper presents an efficiency assessment of selected OECD countries using a Slacks Based Model with undesirable or bad outputs (SBM-Undesirable). In this research, SBM-Undesirable is used first in a two-stage approach to assess the relative efficiency of OECD countries using the most frequent indicators adopted by the literature on energy efficiency. Besides, in the second stage, GLMM–MCMC methods are combined with SBM-Undesirable results as part of an attempt to produce a model for energy performance with effective predictive ability. The results reveal different impacts of contextual variables, such as economic blocks and capital–labor ratio, on energy efficiency levels.
DOI: 10.17632/ztxbtzgprw.1
title: Data for: Fine structure of the price–demand relationship in the electricity market: Multi-scale correlation analysis

description: Abstract of associated article: In this research we investigate the problems of dynamic relationship between electricity price and demand over different time scales for two largest price zones of the Russian wholesale electricity market. We use multi-scale correlation analysis based on a modified method of time-dependent intrinsic correlation and the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise for this purpose. Three hypotheses on the type and strength of correlations in the short-, medium- and long-runs were tested. It is shown that price zones significantly differ in internal price–demand correlation structure over the comparable time scales, and not each of the theoretically formulated hypotheses is true for each of them. We can conclude that the answer to the question whether it is necessary to take into account the influence of demand-side on electricity spot prices over different time scales, is significantly dependent on the structure of electricity generation and consumption on the corresponding market.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1185
title: A performance comparison of fixed ejectors with and without a swirl generator and controllable ejectors in a CO2 refrigeration system.

description: This paper provides a performance comparison ejector technology to be installed in a CO2 supermarket refrigeration system. Namely, the fixed ejectors with and without swirl flow at the inlet of the motive and suction nozzles and the fixed and controllable ejectors equipped with convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles and were analysed. The Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the ejector-based refrigeration system is dependent on the design and control of the mass flow rate through this device. The literature suggests that one of the possible ejector efficiency improvements can be performed using a swirl generator at the inlet of the motive nozzle. Therefore, a swirl generator was simulated for different size CO2 ejectors under typical operating conditions in a supermarket and for a range of rotational speeds. In addition, the performance of a group of fixed ejectors working in parallel was compared with two controllable ejectors with a needle. To analyse the potential of the considered approaches, the device performance was numerically simulated using the validated Homogeneous Equilibrium Model (HEM) model for the same typical transcritical parameters. For all the fixed ejectors with and without the swirl generator, devices of various sizes were simulated and
compared with the corresponding controllable ejector performance at a few needle positions. For both ejector types, a global efficiency as a function of the mass flow rate was presented and discussed.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1184
title: Optimization of parallel compression systems.

description: Trans-critical CO2 systems with parallel compression already represent state-of-the-art technology in commercial refrigeration. Different measures are currently being evaluated in order to further improve the efficiency, especially with respect to different ambient and therefore, different operating conditions. The systems turn more and more into integrated solutions, for low- and medium temperature load as well as air conditioning and heating, in order to cope efficiently with different ambient conditions and offering at the same time high annual energy efficiencies. Perfect interaction between and control of the individual system
components are the basis for optimum system efficiency throughout the entire year for a given location. An important factor in this respect is the intermediate pressure inside the receiver and its effect on the overall efficiency of the system. This paper provides an analytical and experimental study of different control strategies and their effects on the annual energy efficiency. The experimental facility utilized, is a newly designed trans-critical CO2 booster system which is installed by BITZER at its Rottenburg site for practical
training seminars.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1183
title: Large scale cooling systems using mains water.

description: A novel method for the cooling of large scale heat generating processes in cities has been identified, namely the use of mains water. Applications include data centres, underground railways, supermarkets, hospitals and large buildings. Two applications for this method are the cooling of London Underground (LU) stations and data centres, and these are the subject of this publication.
Mains water is distributed across London through a network of pipes, and varies in temperature between 5 and 20°C during the year. For much of the year, there is potential to raise the water temperature by a few degrees, while maintaining the mains water temperature within its current maximum limit. To increase the temperature of the entire mains supply of London by 1°C requires heat input of the order of 100 MW. Consequently, mains water provides a large cooling resource, which could be used to replace mechanically cooled chilled water for many applications. In London alone mains water could deliver continuous cooling of more than 500MW (for at least 8 months of the year). LU stations and data centres typically have cooling loads ranging from 0.5 to 5 MW, and a large number of them could have a substantial proportion of their cooling needs met by this method. The results of calculations for potential energy, carbon and cost savings by using mains water for cooling for these applications are presented. A number of other applications to which this cooling method could be applied have also been identified.
DOI: 10.17632/vmd9w62k7v.1
title: Data for: On the predictability of energy commodity markets by an entropy-based computational method

description: Abstract of associated article: This paper proposes a novel computational method for assessing the predictability of commodity market time series, by predicting the entropy of the series under investigation. Assessing the predictability of a time series is the first mandatory step in order to further apply low-risk and efficient price forecasting methods. According to conventional entropy-based analysis (where the entropy is always ex-post estimated), high entropy values characterize unpredictable series, while more stable series exhibits lesser entropy values. Here, we predict (i.e. ex-ante) the entropy regarding the future behavior of a series, based on the observation of historical data. Our prediction is performed according to the optimum least squares minimization algorithm, usually used in many computational aspects of management science. Preliminary results, applied to energy commodity futures, show the effectiveness of the proposed method for application to energy market time series.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1182
title: Gas-phase PVT properties measurements for iso-pentane by a magnetic levitation densimeter.

description: Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is an important solution for effective use of wasted heat. Many working fluid candidates are proposed and tested for ORCs use. Most of HFCs, for example, R245fa, are nonflammable but their large GWP (global warming potential, GWP=950 for R245fa) is not environmentally acceptable. Since GWP values of hydrocarbons are negligible, they are considered to be a promising candidate of ORC working fluid. Although hydrocarbons are flammable, it seems to be possible to use them for ORC applications if appropriate safety measures are applied. Among numbers of hydrocarbons, n-pentane (C5H12, tb = 36.1 °C) is used to ORC working fluid for geothermal power plants. Iso-pentane (C5H12, tb = 27.7 °C) is also one of the possible candidate of ORC working fluid. Therefore, its thermodynamic properties were measured in the present study. Originally developed PVT measurement system using magnetic levitation densimeter (MLD) was used. The MLD is installed inside a cryostat which covers wide temperature range from 260 K to 420 K. Pressure is controlled by a variable volume vessel with metallic bellows and measured by a quartz pressure transducer having a relative uncertainty of 0.01% of its full-scale. Density can be precisely measured as a buoyancy force acting on a sinker. In the present study, a total of 13 gas-phase PVT properties were obtained at temperatures from (350 to 400) K, pressures up to 1.0 MPa.
DOI: 10.17632/y78m387549.1
title: Data for: A firm-level analysis of outage loss differentials and self-generation: Evidence from African business enterprises

description: Abstract of associated article: This study examines the outage loss differential between firms that engage in backup generation and those that do not. Unmitigated outage losses were estimated to be US$2.01–23.92 per kWh for firms engaging in self-generation, and range from US$1.54 to 32.46 per kWh for firms without self-generation. We also find that firms engaging in self-generation would have suffered additional 1–183% outage losses had they not invested in self-generation. On the other hand, firms without self-generation would have reduced their outage losses by around 6–46% if they had engaged in self-generation. Further analyses, however, reveal that, although engagement in self-generation reduced outage losses, a firm engaging in self-generation may still suffer a greater unmitigated outage loss relative to a firm without a backup generator. The relative outage losses depend on the relative vulnerability of the operations of the two sets of firms to power interruption, and the relative generating capacity of a self-generating firm to its own required electricity loads. Policy reforms that allow firms, whose operations are highly vulnerable to outages, to make a binding contract with utilities in order to get preferential supply are recommended.
DOI: 10.5285/42723b62-b6fc-2cb3-e053-6c86abc056ad
title: Nutrient concentration profiles from long term time series at Station E1 in the Western English Channel from 2002 to 2015.

description: Results are reported for the analysis of water samples taken from the E1 long-term sampling station (50 02.0' N; 04 22.0' W) situated off the south-west coast of England, United Kingdom. Data consists of results for samples that are both filtered by 0.2 um filter, and unfiltered. The analyses are reported for Nitrate+Nitrite, Nitrite, Silicate and Phosphate concentrations. The dataset begins in 2002 and runs through till 2015, though the data is an ongoing time series. Since 2007 the site visits have been on a more regular almost fortnightly sampling protocol, however due to the more 'offshore' nature of the site there are many sampling weeks lost due to bad weather. A classical picture is seen of generally summer nutrient depletion and with higher winter concentrations of Nitrate, Silicate and Phosphate.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.ccxwly9
title: CCDC 860682: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Elena V. Grachova, Gerald Linti, Anna V. Vologzhanina|2016|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.ccxycbj
title: CCDC 862368: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Qiuhua Liu, Zaichun Zhou, Xi Zhang|2016|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.ccyg2bs
title: CCDC 877465: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Elena V. Grachova, Gerald Linti, Anna V. Vologzhanina|2016|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.17632/smh9njc3zj.1
title: Data for: How does the effect of pre-play suggestions vary with group size? Experimental evidence from a threshold public-good game

description: Abstract of associated article: Numerous studies have examined factors influencing the likelihood of cooperative outcomes in nonzero-sum games, but there has been little study of the interaction between two of the most important: group size and pre-play cheap talk. We report results from an experiment in which groups of size between 2 and 15 play a one-shot multi-player threshold public-good game. In our random leader treatment, all group members select a suggestion (e.g., “Everyone should choose X”), with one randomly chosen to be broadcast to the group. In a choice only treatment, subjects choose suggestions but none is sent, and in a baseline treatment, there are no suggestions at all. We find a negative interaction between group size and this kind of communication: the beneficial effect of both suggestions overall and cooperative suggestions on cooperation, cooperative outcomes, and payoffs decreases sharply as the group size increases. We find a similar negative interaction in a follow-up treatment in which all group members’ suggestions are broadcast to the group. Our results suggest that care should be taken in generalising conclusions from small-group experiments to large groups.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc101hh1
title: CCDC 924962: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: E.A. Goreshnik, G. Veryasov|2016|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cczb9q9
title: CCDC 903641: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: E.A. Goreshnik, G. Veryasov|2016|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.18462/iir.gl.2016.1180
title: Simulation of the heat recovery use of R744 systems in a supermarket.

description: This paper describes the outcomes a research project that investigate the improvement in the COP of an enhanced booster R744 refrigeration system that provided MT cooling for chilled food cabinets and LT cooling for cold room/frozen food cabinets by recovering the heat rejected and using it more for other building services applications in the supermarket. For instance, the heat reclaimed can be used for heating, HWS or to drive absorption chillers, either in whole or in part. To demonstrate the potential of the heat reclaimed within the supermarket and its impact on the store’s CO2e emissions, a feasibility study has been performed to examine the innovative system compared to of the existing conventional system which will cover the cooling demands of an existing supermarket. In order to achieve this, the data collected by a smart energy monitoring system will be used to examine the working of the novel system when covering the cooling demands of the store. The energy consumption of the novel system will be analyzed according to thermodynamic theory. Using an Excel model, the potential heat reclaimed will be mathematically investigated for best practice applications of heat recovery. The energy saved and CO2e emission reduction achieved in apply the novel system will be determined and analysed.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc12dwbp
title: CCDC 995482: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Jose I. Martinez, Laura Villar, Uxue Uria, Luisa Carrillo, Efraim Reyes, and Jose L. Vicario|2016|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.17632/8s3nys36rj.1
title: Data for: Group size and the (in)efficiency of pure public good provision

description: Abstract of associated article: Are larger groups better at cooperation than smaller groups? This paper investigates, under controlled conditions, the presence and direction of a possible group size effect in pure public good provision by large heterogeneous groups. Employing subjects drawn from the general population and introducing Internet-based procedures to study this question, we collected experimental evidence from 1110 subjects playing a linear public goods game in groups of 10, 40, and 100 members. We find a positive and significant group size effect: Increasing group size by a factor of 10 (4) increased efficiency by 10 (6) percent. The effect arose at the intensive margin and with repetition. Those who contributed contributed more in larger groups. Larger and smaller groups had similar initial contribution levels, but cooperation rates declined more slowly in the larger groups. Free-riding was invariant to group size, despite subjects׳ persistent beliefs of a negative group size effect at the extensive margin. Further econometric examination of the data supports these findings and provides starting points for future theoretical and experimental research on the group size effect.