DOI: 10.3886/icpsr34312.v4
title: Maternal Lifestyle Study in Four Sites in the United States, 1993-2011
title: Version 4

description: The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS) was the largest of the NIH longitudinal studies of children with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). MLS was a longitudinal multi-site observational study of the long-term effects of in-utero exposure to cocaine on child development. MLS was conducted at four geographically diverse, collaborating university centers (Wayne State University, University of Tennessee at Memphis, University of Miami, and Brown University). Participants were identified during the newborn period while in the hospital. The MLS began enrollment of a longitudinal birth cohort of 1,388 infant/mother dyads in 1993. Subjects in the follow-up were seen from 1 month of age through 16 years of age. The overall purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of drug use during pregnancy on acute neonatal events and long-term physical health, social, behavioral and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The study included five phases of data collection. The first phase examined acute effects of maternal substance use on infant health outcomes at birth. The four subsequent follow-up phases examined development across the following periods: Phase II -- 1-36 months; Phase III -- 4-7 years; Phase IV -- 8-11 years; Phase V -- 12-16 years. In Phase I, the study screened 19,079 infants between May 1993 and May 1995. Mothers at these centers were enrolled in the study within 24 hours after delivery. Initial screening included the mother's labor and delivery chart, the newborn admission chart, and a meconium sample. Infant meconium was collected and samples were express shipped to a central laboratory for analysis of metabolites of illicit drugs. Additionally, a drug use questionnaire that addressed the mother's use during pregnancy of nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and other illicit drugs was given by research staff that were trained and certified in the reliable administration of all of the study interviews. A mother-child dyad was considered exposed if a mother admitted to using cocaine during pregnancy and/or there was a positive meconium assay for cocaine metabolites including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmation. Nonexposed children were those who were born to mothers who denied cocaine use, confirmed by negative meconium test results. Acute outcomes evaluated in Phase I included: central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) findings and symptoms, abruption placenta, fetal growth retardation, congenital malformations, respiratory distress syndrome, chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and periventricular leukomalacia. From the initial Phase I cohort of 8,627 dyads, 1,388 participants for the longitudinal follow-up were recruited at a 1-month visit. The sample included a cohort of exposed infants (n = 658) who were group matched within site with a group of non-exposed comparison infants (n=730) by gestational age categories (32, 33-36, and 36 weeks) and child gender, race, and ethnicity. At the 1-month visit, the biological mother was interviewed for a detailed inventory of her legal and illegal drug use during pregnancy using the Maternal Interview of Substance Use (MISU). Phase II examined the first 36 months of life for the sample of 1,388. Follow-up visits occurred at 1, 4, 7, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months (corrected age). Outcomes examined included physical health, developmental, behavioral, social, and environmental outcomes. Phase III followed children at 4, 4.5, 5, 6, and 7 years. In addition to outcomes examined in Phase II, school performance and neurodevelopmental measures of emotional and behavioral self-regulation were also examined. Phase IV covers ages 8, 9, 10, and 11 years of age. Outcomes in this phase were further expanded to include antisocial behavior, onset of substance use, psychopathology, and neuroendocrine function. Phase V assessed children at ages 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 years of age. The fifth phase of the study has a significant emphasis on psychopathology, school performance, peer relationships, substance use onset and risk taking behaviors, including risky sexual behaviors.
description: ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created variable labels and/or value labels.; Standardized missing values.; Performed recodes and/or calculated derived variables.; Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes..
description: Datasets: 
 
 DS0: Study-Level Files 
 DS1: Prenatal Cocaine and Opiate Exposure Data 
 DS2: Body Mass Index Data, Birth to Year 16 
 DS3: Phase I: Subject Matching Data 
 DS4: Phase I: Recruitment Data 
 DS5: Phase I: Participant Data 
 DS6: Phase II: Demographic and Drug Screen Data 
 DS7: Phase II: M01 Administrative Data 
 DS8: Phase II: M01 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS9: Phase II: M01 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index 
 DS10: Phase II: M01 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form 
 DS11: Phase II: M01 Child Performance Data 
 DS12: Phase II: M01 Medical Data, 1 Month Interval Medical History 
 DS13: Phase II: M01 Medical Data, Cranial Ultrasound 
 DS14: Phase II: M01 Supplement Data, Cry Analysis 
 DS15: Phase II: M04 Administrative Data 
 DS16: Phase II: M04 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS17: Phase II: M04 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Agency Report 
 DS18: Phase II: M04 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form 
 DS19: Phase II: M04 Child Performance Data 
 DS20: Phase II: M04 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies 
 DS21: Phase II: M04 Examiner Evaluation Data, BAIT Scores 
 DS22: Phase II: M04 Medical Data, Interval Medical History 
 DS23: Phase II: M04 Child Performance Data, BAIT Physiology 
 DS24: Phase II: M04 Child Performance Data, Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm 
 DS25: Phase II: M08 Administrative Data 
 DS26: Phase II: M08 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS27: Phase II: M08 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form 
 DS28: Phase II: M08 Medical Data, Interval Medical History 
 DS29: Phase II: M08 Medical Data, Neurological Examination 
 DS30: Phase II: M10 Administrative Data 
 DS31: Phase II: M10 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS32: Phase II: M10 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS33: Phase II: M12 Administrative Data 
 DS34: Phase II: M12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS35: Phase II: M12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Agency Report 
 DS36: Phase II: M12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form 
 DS37: Phase II: M12 Child Performance Data 
 DS38: Phase II: M12 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS39: Phase II: M12 Medical Data, Interval Medical History 
 DS40: Phase II: M12 Medical Data, Neurological Examination 
 DS41: Phase II: M12 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation 
 DS42: Phase II: M18 Administrative Data 
 DS43: Phase II: M18 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS44: Phase II: M18 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form 
 DS45: Phase II: M18 Child Performance Data 
 DS46: Phase II: M18 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies 
 DS47: Phase II: M18 Examiner Evaluation Data, Attachment - Strange Situation 
 DS48: Phase II: M18 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation 
 DS49: Phase II: M24 Administrative Data 
 DS50: Phase II: M24 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS51: Phase II: M24 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form 
 DS52: Phase II: M24 Child Performance Data 
 DS53: Phase II: M24 Medical Data 
 DS54: Phase II: M24 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation 
 DS55: Phase II: M30 Administrative Data 
 DS56: Phase II: M30 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS57: Phase II: M30 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 
 DS58: Phase II: M30 Child Performance Data 
 DS59: Phase II: M30 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS60: Phase II: M36 Administrative Data 
 DS61: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS62: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, CPS and Foster Care, Long Form 
 DS63: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Lead Exposure Risk Assessment 
 DS64: Phase II: M36 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 
 DS65: Phase II: M36 Child Performance Data 
 DS66: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Adult 
 DS67: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Child 
 DS68: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Attachment - Strange Situation 
 DS69: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Census Characteristics 
 DS70: Phase II: M36 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies 
 DS71: Phase II: M36 Medical Data 
 DS72: Phase II: M36 Child Performance Data, Mastery Motivation 
 DS73: Phase III: Y4 Administrative Data 
 DS74: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS75: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) 
 DS76: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index (ASI), Scoring 
 DS77: Phase III: Y4 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS78: Phase III: Y4 Child Performance Data 
 DS79: Phase III: Y4 Child Performance Data Supplemental 
 DS80: Phase III: Y4 Examiner Evaluation Data, Checklist for Comfort Strategies 
 DS81: Phase III: Y4 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Adult 
 DS82: Phase III: Y4 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale, Child 
 DS83: Phase III: Y4 Medical Data 
 DS84: Phase III: Y4.5 Medical Data Administrative Data 
 DS85: Phase III: Y4.5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS86: Phase III: Y4.5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory 
 DS87: Phase III: Y4.5 Child Performance Data 
 DS88: Phase III: Y4.5 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS89: Phase III: Y4.5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult 
 DS90: Phase III: Y4.5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child 
 DS91: Phase III: Y5 Administrative Data 
 DS92: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS93: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services and Foster Care - Long 
 DS94: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse 
 DS95: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 
 DS96: Phase III: Y5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Scoring 
 DS97: Phase III: Y5 Child Performance Data 
 DS98: Phase III: Y5 Child Performance Data Supplemental 
 DS99: Phase III: Y5 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS100: Phase III: Y5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult 
 DS101: Phase III: Y5 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child 
 DS102: Phase III: Y5 Medical Data 
 DS103: Phase III: Y5.5 Administrative Data 
 DS104: Phase III: Y5.5 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS105: Phase III: Y5.5 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS106: Phase III Y6 Administrative Data 
 DS107: Phase III Y6 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS108: Phase III Y6 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS109: Phase III Y6 Mother/Caregiver Report; Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse 
 DS110: Phase III Y6 Child Performance Data 
 DS111: Phase III Y6 Child Performance Data, Supplement 
 DS112: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Empathy 
 DS113: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Comfort Strategies 
 DS114: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult 
 DS115: Phase III Y6 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child 
 DS116: Phase III Y6 Medical Data 
 DS117: Phase III Y7 Administrative Data 
 DS118: Phase III Y7 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS119: Phase III Y7 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS120: Phase III Y7 Mother/Caregiver Report; Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse 
 DS121: Phase III Y7 Child Performance Data 
 DS122: Phase III Y7 Child Report Data 
 DS123: Phase III Y7 Teacher Report Data 
 DS124: Phase III Y7 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS125: Phase III Y7 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child 
 DS126: Phase III Y7 Medical Data 
 DS127: Phase IV Y8 Administrative Data 
 DS128: Phase IV Y8 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS129: Phase IV Y8 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS130: Phase IV Y8 Mother/Caregiver Report; Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse 
 DS131: Phase IV Y8 Child Performance Data 
 DS132: Phase IV Y8 Child Report Data 
 DS133: Phase IV Y8 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Adult 
 DS134: Phase IV Y8 Examiner Evaluation Data, Psychological Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS) - Child 
 DS135: Phase IV Y8 Medical Data 
 DS136: Phase IV Y9 Administrative Data 
 DS137: Phase IV Y9 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS138: Phase IV Y9 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS139: Phase IV Y9 Child Performance Data, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery 
 DS140: Phase IV Y9 Child Performance Data 
 DS141: Phase IV Y9 Child Report Data 
 DS142: Phase IV Y9 Teacher Report Data 
 DS143: Phase IV Y9 Teacher Report Data Mock Report Card 
 DS144: Phase IV Y9 Examiner Evaluation Data 
 DS145: Phase IV Y9 Medical Data 
 DS146: Phase IV Y10 Administrative Data 
 DS147: Phase IV Y10 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS148: Phase IV Y10 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS149: Phase IV Y10 Mother/Caregiver Report, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse and Coping With Children's Negative Emotion Scale (CCNES) 
 DS150: Phase IV Y10 Child Performance Data 
 DS151: Phase IV Y10 Child Report Data 
 DS152: Phase IV Y10 Child Report Data, Affect Elicitation 
 DS153: Phase IV Y10 Medical Data 
 DS154: Phase IV Y11 Administrative Data 
 DS155: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS156: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Lifestyle Inventory of Family History (LIFH) -R 
 DS157: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Lifestyle Inventory of Family History (LIFH) -B 
 DS158: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS159: Phase IV Y11 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Addiction Severity Index (ASI) 
 DS160: Phase IV Y11 Child Performance Data 
 DS161: Phase IV Y11 Child Report Data 
 DS162: Phase IV Y11 Child Report Data, Children's Eating Attitude Test (ChEAT) 
 DS163: Phase IV Y11 Teacher Report Data 
 DS164: Phase IV Y11 Examiner Evaluation 
 DS165: Phase IV Y11 Medical Data 
 DS166: Phase V Y12 Administrative Data 
 DS167: Phase V Y12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS168: Phase V Y12 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS169: Phase V Y12 Child Performance Data 
 DS170: Phase V Y12 Child Report Data 
 DS171: Phase V Y12 Medical Data 
 DS172: Phase V Y13 Administrative Data 
 DS173: Phase V Y13 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS174: Phase V Y13 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS175: Phase V Y13 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse 
 DS176: Phase V Y13 Child Performance Data 
 DS177: Phase V Y13 Child Report Data 
 DS178: Phase V Y13 Examiner Evaluation 
 DS179: Phase V Y13 Medical Data 
 DS180: Phase V Y14 Administrative Data 
 DS181: Phase V Y14 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS182: Phase V Y14 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS183: Phase V Y14 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse 
 DS184: Phase V Y14 Child Report Data 
 DS185: Phase V Y14 Child Report Data, Affect Elicitation 
 DS186: Phase V Y14 Child Report Data, Children's Emphatic Attitudes Questionnaire (CEAQ) 
 DS187: Phase V Y14 Medical Data 
 DS188: Phase V Y15 Administrative Data 
 DS189: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS190: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Child Protective Services & Foster Care - Long 
 DS191: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Antisocial Process Screening Device 
 DS192: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Parent Report on Child's Close Friends 
 DS193: Phase V Y15 Mother/Caregiver Report Data, Caretaker Inventory of Substance Use (CISU) - Abuse 
 DS194: Phase V Y15 Child Performance Data 
 DS195: Phase V Y15 Child Performance Data, Balloon Analogue Risk Task-Youth (BART-Y) Main Balloon (summary) 
 DS196: Phase V Y15 Child Report Data 
 DS197: Phase V Y15 Child Report Data, About My Parent 
 DS198: Phase V Y15 Child Report Data, Adolescent Health Behavior Survey (AHBS) 
 DS199: Phase V Y15 Medical Data 
 DS200: Phase V Y16 Administrative Data 
 DS201: Phase V Y16 Mother/Caregiver Report Data 
 DS202: Phase V Y16 Child Report Data 
 DS203: Phase V Y16 Medical Data
description: audio computer-assisted self interview (ACASI), record abstracts, computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI), coded on-site observation, coded video observation, cognitive assessment test, face-to-face interview, paper and pencil interview (PAPI) 
 Release 1: Includes data on prenatal cocaine and opiate exposure, body mass index (BMI) measurements for the study participants, Phase I data, and Phase II data for months 1 through 12. Release 2: Includes data from Month 18, Month 24, Month 30, and Month 36 from Phase III. Release 3: Includes year 4, the first year in Phase III. Release 4: Includes years 4.5 and 5 from Phase III. Release 5: Includes years 5.5, 6, and 7 from Phase III and 8 from Phase IV. Release 6: Includes years 9 and 10 from Phase IV. Release 7: Includes year 11 from phase IV and year 12 from Phase V. Release 8: Contains the data for the final waves of the study which include years 13 through 16 from Phase V. Release 9: Contains updates including the addition of scoring variables to datasets 74, 80, 99, 112, 124, 128, 132, 142, 147, 151, 155, 160, 161, 163, 167 and 170.  
MLS was conducted under the auspices of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), with co-funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Administration on Children, Youth, and Families (ACYF), and the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT).
description: Mother and infant born from May 1993 to May 1995 at four participating centers, with longitudinal follow-up of mothers/caregivers, children and environment from 1 month to 16 years. Smallest Geographic Unit: Data collection site (city)
description: The Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS) enrolled 8,627 mothers shortly after birth from four geographically-diverse sites. Mothers provided informed consent, and a NIDA Certificate of Confidentiality was obtained by each site that assured confidentiality of information regarding the mothers' drug use. The recruitment strategy was designed to identify and recruit all women delivering very low birth weight infants of 501 to 1,500 grams. For mothers delivering low birth weight infants (1,501-2,500 grams) and normal birth weight infants (greater than 2,500 grams), recruitment varied by site. Exclusion criteria have been published. The longitudinal follow-up was recruited from the original large sample. Exposed dyads were group matched within site to non-exposed dyads on race, infant gender and gestational age (less than 32 weeks, 33-36 weeks, and greater than 36 weeks). There were 1,388 dyads enrolled in the longitudinal sample at the 1-month visit, including 658 exposed (543 infants with prenatal cocaine exposed; 58 with opiate exposure; and 57 with both cocaine and opiate exposure) and 730 comparison dyads who were not exposed to either cocaine or opiates during pregnancy. To be included, the dyad had to participate in the 1-month visit (age corrected for prematurity). Potential matched comparison dyads not attending the 1-month visit could be replaced, but not exposed dyads, leading to uneven size groups.