DOI: 10.5061/dryad.37pvmcvnx
title: Umbrella review data of colour-associated bioactive pigments found in fruit and vegetables, compared to placebo or low intakes, on human health outcomes relevant to public health

description: This dataset comprises data extracted from 86 publications included in an
 umbrella review which compared the effect of colour-associated bioactive
 pigments found in fruit and vegetables (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains
 and chlorophyll) on human health outcomes relevant to public
 health.  Meta-analysed data from 83 systematic literature reviews
 were available for 17 different bioactive pigments spanning all colours of
 fruit and vegetables except green, with additional data from two
 randomised controlled trials and one cohort study for chlorophyll. This
 dataset represents 2,847 original research studies and data from over 37
 million participants. There were 449 meta-analysed health outcomes
 extracted from the 83 systematic literature reviews. Extracted health
 outcomes were categorised according to pigment, comparator type, broad
 health outcome, study design, age group, source of pigment, risk of bias,
 and confidence in the estimated effect.  Data extracted were
 dose, intervention duration, sample size, number of original studies,
 effect estimate, 95% confidence intervals, I2 statistics, publication bias
 and p-value. Rigorous analysis, including estimations of a common effect
 size, stratification of the evidence, study level sensitivity analyses and
 reporting on heterogeneity and potential biases, may be carried out using
 these data, to further evaluate the effect of colour-associated bioactive
 pigments in fruit and vegetables on human health.
description: A systematic search strategy was implemented across four
 electronic databases on the 29th October 2021 [1]. The search aimed to
 identify systematic literature reviews of randomised controlled trials or
 cohort studies with meta-analyses which compared the effect of
 colour-associated bioactive pigments found in fruit and vegetables,
 compared to placebo or low intakes, on human health outcomes relevant to
 population health. Studies were required to report: (i) colour pigments
 consumed by humans through whole fruit or vegetables, extract or
 supplements derived from fruit or vegetables, and (ii) health-related
 outcomes relevant to population health including the prevention of disease
 and optimisation of disease risk factors, general wellbeing, function
 (cognitive function, physical function and exercise performance), growth
 and development in children, maternal and neonatal health. All identified
 records were screened for eligibility by two independent researchers.
 Studies which were considered eligible underwent data extraction by one
 researcher and checked for accuracy twice by a second investigator. 
 Study, participant and outcome data were extracted, including bioactive
 pigment name/colour, intervention and comparator conditions (type,
 duration and dose), number of meta-analysed studies/intervention groups,
 model, meta-analysed outcome, sample size (intervention/case,
 comparator/control, and total), effect size and statistical significance,
 risk of bias, heterogeneity, publication bias and the Grading of
 Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) quality
 rating (if reported) [2]. During data extraction, included studies were
 assessed for methodological quality using the Oxford University, Centre
 for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) critical appraisal tool for systematic
 reviews, RCTs or prognostic studies [3]. Meta-analysed
 data from 83 systematic literature reviews was available for 17 different
 bioactive pigments spanning all colours of fruit and vegetables except
 green (i.e., chlorophyll), with additional data from two single randomised
 controlled trials and one cohort study available for chlorophyll. No data
 were found for betalains or its sub-classes; however, the betalains
 colours of red, violet, orange and yellow are represented by the included
 carotenoids and flavonoids. The 83 included systematic literature reviews
 measured and reported on 449 eligible meta-analysed health outcomes.
 Extracted health outcomes were grouped as cancer (reported by 192
 meta-analyses), cardiovascular disease (135 meta-analyses), exercise (28
 meta-analyses), mortality (27 meta-analyses), type 2 diabetes (24
 meta-analyses), obesity (13 meta-analyses), bone health (9 meta-analyses),
 eye health (9 meta-analyses), the nervous system (5 meta-analyses),
 pregnancy health (4 meta-analyses), cognitive function (2 meta-analyses)
 and the respiratory system (1 meta-analysis).  Each single randomised
 controlled trial and cohort study for chlorophyll examined a unique health
 outcome: cancer (1 cohort study), cardiovascular disease (1 randomised
 controlled trial) and allergy (1 randomised controlled trial).
description: Data were extracted and entered into a Microsoft Excel worksheet
 according to the type of data. Extracted data were presented in four
 worksheets: (i) systematic literature review, meta-analysis and CEBM
 quality assessment data, (ii) systematic literature review GRADE
 assessment data, (iii) original research data, and (iv) reference list. As
 few original authors applied GRADE, authors (M.B and S.M) completed GRADE
 assessments for each extracted meta-analysis using information provided in
 the relevant systematic literature reviews or collated from individual
 randomised controlled trials or cohort studies reported by the systematic
 literature review. GRADE was not applied to outcomes reported by single
 randomised controlled trials or cohort studies due to insufficient number
 of studies. Any significant finding (p&lt;0.05) reported by a study
 was bolded in the cell. References
 1. Blumfield, M.;
 Mayr, H.L.; De Vlieger, N.; Abbott, K.; Starck, C.; Fayet-Moore, F.;
 Marshall, S. Should we ‘Eat a Rainbow’? An umbrella review of the health
 effects of colorful bioactive pigments in fruits and vegetables. Molecules
 2022, [In Press}. 2.
 Handbook for Grading the Quality of Evidence and the Strength of
 Recommendations Using the GRADE approach. 2013, Accessed 1st September
 2021. https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/. 3.  Critial Appraisal Tools; Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Unviersity of Oxford. Accessed 1st September 2021. https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/ebm-tools/critical-appraisal-tools