cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17442
title: Puye cave dwellings (or Santa Clara ruins?), New Mexico, ca.1900

description: Photograph of the Puye cave dwellings (or Santa Clara ruins?), New Mexico, ca.1900. Various sized holes where cave dwellers used to dwell are visible around the base of the cliff. Rocks and large boulders are strewn all over the hill leading up to the caves.; "The Tewa are a group of Pueblo Indians related by language. Today they live in six villages near the Rio Grande, all north of Santa Fe, namely, Nambe, Pojoaque, Tesuque, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, and San Juan. According to legend the Tewa entered this world by ascending from Sipofene, a mythical place beneath a lake. In some Tewa villages it is said that the people climbed up a Douglas fir rising out of the lake, and that the first one up was Poseyemum the Tewa culture hero, a supernatural being sometimes called the son of the sun, who taught the art of living to the people. Ancient beliefs and traditions are still among the Tewa. Their pueblos are divided into two parts, so-called moitiesm the summer and the winter people." -- Brandy Stahley, July 1998.; "Puye cave dwelling Indians: The first thing you see is the cliff face dotted with little black holes that use to be the homes of ancient Indians. The Indians that lived in these cliffs were long gone by the time Europeans landed. It isn't known exactly why they left; but life in these cliffs was far from easy. Food and living materials needed to be carried up the cliff faces. The holes in the cliff face vary in size and shape. The black ceilings tell of fires long since extinguished. Here is one of the few remaining structures on the side of the cliff. It was repaired in the recent past to fill up some of the holes. The fact this was built right on the edge of a steep drop shows the ingenuity of these natives. The cliff face was only half the actual inhabitation. On top the mesa was the remains of probably 50-100 buildings. It was thought that the Indians moved from the cliff face, to the mesa top. The community structures and storage buildings all seemed to be located on top. One of the most impressive structures was the large covered pit that was the community meeting room." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17443
title: The White House Ruins at Canyon De Chelly, Arizona, ca.1895

description: Photograph of the White House Ruins at Canyon De Chelly, Arizona, ca.1895. Primitive building structures, dubbed the "White House Ruins", lay in the crevice of the cliff at about one third of the way up from the base.; "History: the 84,000-acre park belongs to the Navajos, but has been occupied for as long as 5,000 years by humans. Before the Navajos, who once shared the canyon with the Hopis, were the ancestral Puebloans, sometimes called Anasazi. They built homes from the native rock and grew corn. Before the Anasazi were the basket makers, who were nomadic hunters and gatherers. White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly, Arizona on the Navajo Nation. These ruins were built by the Anasazi, a Navajo word meaning the Ancient Ones." -- unknown author.; "White House Ruins: The Monument is administered as part of the National Park Service but since it lies on Navajo land, admission is free. However, unsupervised access is restricted to the rim overlooks and to a single trail into the canyon, leading to the White House Ruins - for all other trips down or along the canyon, a Navajo escort is required. These ruins date from about 1200 and are some of the oldest in the canyon. The trailhead is seven miles along the south rim drive; the one-mile trail is rocky and steep in places but well maintained and not too difficult - it takes between 25 and 50 minutes to get down, depending on your fitness. There are a couple of short tunnels, plenty of cacti and lizards, and the track passes a farm and an orchard before crossing the stream to the Ruins. Near the stream, just before the second tunnel, there is an interesting short cut down a narrow gully, using old foot-holes carved in the sandstone walls. Once at the White House, rest rooms and Indian jewelry sellers detract a little from the experience but the delicate well-preserved buildings beneath the 500-foot sheer cliff are well worth the trip. Despite the pleasures of walking, most visitors prefer to take the Navajo jeep tours, which visit various locations along the canyon and last for all or half of a day." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17444
title: Cliff dwellings near the Montezuma's Well, Arizona, ca.1900

description: Photograph of the cliff dwellings near a lake named "Montezuma's Well", Arizona, ca.1900. Caves and holes are carved into the rocky cliff, while shrubs and dry bushes cover the hillside leading up to the caves. A man is visible walking up the rocky hill at right.; Compares to CHS-2586.; "Montezuma's Castle is well known among tourists who exit Interstate 17 on their way north to the Grand Canyon. But few Montezuma Castle tourists are familiar with the park's counterpart-- Montezuma's Well. The "well" was first brought to the general public's attention by Richard J. Hinton in his Handbook to Arizona, published in 1878. It is believed that the first white visitor to the area was the Spaniard Antonio de Espejo on his 1583 expedition. In his journal he describes an abandoned pueblo with a ditch running from a nearby pond. It is thought this was Montezuma's Castle and Well. Early settlers to the area concluded that the stately cliff dwelling belonged to the Aztec emperor Montezuma. Actually, the "castle" was home to the Sinagua -- not the Aztecs -- and was deserted nearly a century before Montezuma was born. Montezuma never lived in the castle named after him nor did he drink from the well's waters." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17446
title: Distant view of The Cliff Palace taken at the top of the cliff, at Mesa Verde (now a national park), Colorado, ca.1900

description: Photograph of a distant view of The Cliff Palace taken at the top of the cliff, at Mesa Verde (now a national park), Colorado, ca.1900. A complex of primitive square houses, made of stones (or adobe), is situated in a large overhanging cave-like recess in the canyon wall. Many of the houses have square windows and several of the houses have holes punctured through their walls. Within the recess and on the canyon walls are carved openings or windows (possibly dwellings?). Shrubs and trees cover the area at the base of the cliff (foreground). Trees cover a majority of the land at the top of the cliff.; "What is in the present day called Mesa Verde ('Green Table') National Park is an area containing many ruins of rock dwellings built into cliffs as well as on the flat surfaces of the upper mesa area. Within the park area itself, which occupies the northeast corner of the mesa (the majority of the mesa is on the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation), almost 4,000 sites have been identified, including over 600 cliff dwellings. People had lived in this area for a long time previously, but the remarkable cliff dwellings themselves were constructed and inhabited at the end of this age between 1200 and 1300, after which the people left the area. Mesa Verde had a strange feel to it. From what was gathered during the visit, the people built the cliff dwellings--the most 'famous' and frequently photographed locations in the area--apparently as a 'retreat' from possibly an increasingly hostile setting and vulnerability that, living down in the valleys or up on the upper mesa, they became evermore subjected to. How else can one explain the move into cliffs where the majority of the living space was in shadow and where winter time would be much darker and damper, and hence, colder and less comfortable. It seems the more preferable spots would not be in such dark places. Something happened to make it necessary to move to higher, more defensible, ground. This seems to be substantiated by the fact that after 1300 the area was not lived in at all by these people." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m6302
title: Exterior view of the south side of the San Gabriel Mission ("from stern"?), ca.1875

description: Photograph of the exterior view of the south side of the San Gabriel Mission ("from stern"?), showing the bell tower and a line of ten thick-capped buttresses providing structure for the wall, ca.1875. The belfry stands about two stories tall and has six visible arched openings. A bell is visible in one of the arches. In front of the mission, outside of the picket fence, is a row of trees.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m14488
title: Branding iron and Father Serra's cup from Mission San Gabriel, California, 1890

description: Photograph of branding iron and Father Serra's cup from Mission San Gabriel, California, 1890. The dark-colored brand rests on the cup at center. The cup is ornately decorated with carvings. The objects rest on a wooden platform and an adobe wall can be seen in the background. The objects are from Plaza Mission Museum. The branding iron is "TS" for St. Temblor.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17449
title: Specimen of eighteen cacti fruits growing on the flat-jointed paddles of the prickly pear, ca.1920

description: Photograph of 18 cacti fruits growing on the flat-jointed paddles of the prickly pear, ca.1920. Dangling pear-like fruit hangs from a single flap of cactus, set against a neutral background.; "Prickly Pear Cactus have been a staple food of Native Americans for many centuries. Their large, colorful blossoms appear in yellow, pink, red or purple and grow from the tip of cactus nodules, which later ripen into delicious red fruit. Many varieties of prickly pear cactus grow wild throughout the deserts of the Southwest, but many are not native. Some species of prickly pear cactus were introduced into North America from tropical America a number of centuries ago. The fruit of these cultivated prickly pear cactus is a common delicacy in Mexico and is sold in markets as "tuna." While all prickly pear cacti are of the genus Opuntia, the non-native Opuntia megacantha is one of the tastiest and most popular. Some native species, especially those with dark purple fruit, are not as flavorful." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17450
title: View of Hill Street, looking north from 6th Street, Los Angeles, ca.1913

description: Photograph of a view of Hill Street, looking north from 6th Street, Los Angeles, ca.1913. The cityscape is thriving with commercial buildings. Notable sites include Pershing Square (lower left), Hotel Portsmouth (lower right), and the Hill Street tunnel (center). The streets are filled with vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Mountains are visible in the distance.; Legible signs include: "[...] rooms", "Palace Hotel & Apartments", "Hotel Cumberland", "The Wales Apartments", "[...] Lankershim, Van Nuys, [...]", "F.P. Fay Bldg", "Alhambra", "International", "Merchants Bank & Trust Company building, pays 4% on deposits", "Chamber of Commerce", "[...]ckstone [...]", "Hotel Sherman", "428 Oc[...]", "Dr. Spinks, dentist, 1888", "entrance 452 Hill St, French physician surgeon", "stop & browse, Dawson's Book Shop", "breaker", "Hotel Portsmouth", "for high class residence & business property, see Mine & Farish, 535 So. Hill", "Monarch Sign Co.".
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m3646
title: Pershing Square and surrounding buildings from the corner of 6th Street and Olive Street, Los Angeles, ca.1913

description: Photograph of Pershing Square and surrounding buildings from the corner of 6th Street and Olive Street, Los Angeles, ca.1913. Pershing Square has an x-shaped walkway (footpath) at the center of which is a circular fountain. Benches are situated along the walkways and around the fountain area. Small clusters of people crowd the park -- strolling through, sitting, reading newspapers, or loitering. There are a variety of trees and vegetation planted throughout the park. Surrounding the park are multi-storied commercial buildings. Prominent buildings or landmarks include Pershing Square in the foreground, Hotel Alexandria at center right, The Los Angeles Examiner building at center right, Union Trust building at center, and the Philharmonic Auditorium building at center left.; Legible signs include: "sanitarium treatment rooms", "Grant [...]", "Huggins building, absolutely fireproof", "Wood Bros., good clothes", "A.K. Braur & Co. Inc., the eastern [...]", "The Angelus", "Trustee Property No. 2, Broadway Central Bldg., fire proof, light offices for rent, The Trustee Co. second floor, 424", "Broadway Drapery & Furniture Co., 447 So. Broadway", "321 Hotel Diller", "Union Trust building", "Beeman & Hendee, infant & juvenile wear, toys", "Los Angeles Examiner", "Hotel Alexandria, erected by Bilicke Rowan Fireproof Building Co.", "Kranich & Bach Sohmer Kurtzmann pianos", "Geo J. Birkel Co., Steinway, and other high grade pianos, Caecilian player pianos, sheet music", "Portsmouth, 1900", "Hotel Portsmouth", "for high class residence & business property, see Mine & Farish, 535 So. Hill", "B-M cafet[...]", "Mammouth Shoe House, 510 So. B'dway".
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m9073
title: Ships in the San Francisco Bay, ca.1905

description: Photograph of ships in the San Francisco Bay, ca.1905. Several frigate-type ships with their sails down and a few other smaller vessels move about in the waters of the San Francisco Bay. Land is visible in the distance.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17451
title: The bear flag of Sonoma, the upper portion of which is the flagpole of the celebrated "Bear Flag Uprising", California, ca.1923

description: Photograph the bear flag of Sonoma, the upper portion of which is the flagpole of the celebrated "Bear Flag Uprising", California, ca.1923. Situated in front of a two-story building (hotel?), the flagpole stands next to a large boulder (possibly the Bear Flag Monument). Stacks of pipes(?) lay near several of the trees that surrounds the flagpole. A man appears to be raising (or lowering?) the flag.; "Historic California Bear Flag as photographed in 1890. This flag, raised at Sonoma on June 14, 1846, was in the possession of the Society of California Pioneers at the time of the 1906 Great Earthquake and Fire, and burned during the conflagration. According to the California Blue Book: 'the flag was designed by William Todd on a piece of new unbleached cotton. The star imitated the lone star of Texas. A grizzly bear represented the many bears seen in the state. The word, 'California Republic' was placed beneath the star and bear. The Bear Flag was replaced by the American flag. It was adopted by the 1911 State Legislature as the State Flag.'" -- unknown author.; "This monument was erected by the Native Sons of the Golden West and the state of California to commemorate the raising of the Bear Flag on this spot, June 14, 1846 by the Bear Flag Party and their declaration of the freedom of California from Mexican rule. On July 9, 1846, the Bear Flag was hauled down and the American flag here raised in its place by Lieutenant Joseph W. Revere U.S.A. who was sent to Sonoma from San Francisco by Commander John B. Montgomery of the U.S. sloop of war Portsmouth, following the raising of the American flag at Monterey July 7, 1846 by Commodore John Drake Sloat." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m17452
title: A train of the Southern Pacific Railroad passing over a trestle and into a snow shed in the mountains, California, ca.1909

description: Photograph of a train of the Union Pacific Railroad passing over a trestle and into a snow shed in the mountains, California, ca.1909. Utility poles run almost parallel to the tracks at a distance to the right. The dry rocky mountain slope is sparsely dotted with boulders, shrubs and trees.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m1907
title: Exterior view of the Los Angeles Natural History Museum (formerly Los Angeles County Historical Art Museum?), ca.1920

description: Photograph of an exterior view of the Los Angeles Natural History Museum (formerly Los Angeles County Historical Art Museum?), ca.1920. The building is approximately three-stories tall. The facade features a multicurved parapet flanked by two dome turrets. The two long wings of the building meets at the center where above the center is a large dome roof. The spacious courtyard in front of the building is well manicured.; "Exposition Park, originally named Agricultural Park, was developed in 1876 as a showground for agricultural and horticultural fairs. The property became state land in 1880, the same year USC was founded, but during the 1890s, it fell into private hands, victim of a corrupt state legislature in league with local opportunists. Its character swiftly deteriorated, and it became a favorite haunt of the city's riffraff. William M. Bowen, an attorney and adjunct professor of law at USC, was appalled at the gambling and debauchery he witnessed beyond the park's gate, and late in the decade he spearheaded a successful campaign to recover the tract on behalf of the people of California. With the support of fellow civic leaders such as USC President George Finley Bovard, Bowen garnered the commitments of city, state and county to develop the land as a public educational, cultural and recreational center. On November 6, 1913, the day after William Mulholland opened the Owens River aqueduct, Exposition Park was formally dedicated, home to a state Exposition Building and the county Museum of History, Science and Art, and slated to gain a National Guard Armory." -- unknown author.; "For most of this century, California has had a museum designed to showcase the ways in which science and technology affect the lives of its residents. The first State Exposition Building opened in 1909, housing simple displays of natural resources and industrial products from across the state. After World War II, as technology-based businesses began to grow, the building was remodeled to show visitors the role of science and technology in everyday life. To better describe this new objective, it was renamed the California Museum of Science and Industry in 1951." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m1910
title: Exterior view of the facade of Los Angeles Natural History Museum (formerly Los Angeles County Historical Art Museum?), ca.1920

description: Photograph of an exterior view of the facade of Los Angeles Natural History Museum (formerly Los Angeles County Historical Art Museum?), ca.1920. A flight of concrete stairs leads to the large arches that form the portico entrance. Above the stone arches, the words "Los Angeles County Historical and Art Museum" can be seen etched into the facade. Several types of bricks and many different brick patterns form the walls of this three-story building. Above the entrance is a multicurved parapet decorated with fancy ornamental moldings and patterns. The sculpture of an eagle is perched at the tip of the gable. Two dome turrets flank the large dome roof in the center. Standing in front of the glass-door entryway, a man wearing a suit can be seen.; "Exposition Park, originally named Agricultural Park, was developed in 1876 as a showground for agricultural and horticultural fairs. The property became state land in 1880, the same year USC was founded, but during the 1890s, it fell into private hands, victim of a corrupt state legislature in league with local opportunists. Its character swiftly deteriorated, and it became a favorite haunt of the city's riffraff. William M. Bowen, an attorney and adjunct professor of law at USC, was appalled at the gambling and debauchery he witnessed beyond the park's gate, and late in the decade he spearheaded a successful campaign to recover the tract on behalf of the people of California. With the support of fellow civic leaders such as USC President George Finley Bovard, Bowen garnered the commitments of city, state and county to develop the land as a public educational, cultural and recreational center. On November 6, 1913, the day after William Mulholland opened the Owens River aqueduct, Exposition Park was formally dedicated, home to a state Exposition Building and the county Museum of History, Science and Art, and slated to gain a National Guard Armory." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m9677
title: Los Angeles Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons, a mastodon and giant ground sloth, ca.1920

description: Interiors of the Los Angeles Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons, a mastodon and a giant ground sloth ("from Rancho La Brea"), ca.1920. The two prehistoric skeletons, displayed on platforms, are made to look as if they are in motion. Tables nearby offer a view of prehistoric artifacts. Glass tops protect the artifacts. Throughout the room are a variety of bird figures (birds models?). At the top of the left wall are two sets of horns with labels describing them.; "American mastodons (Mammut americanum) stood about seven feet tall at the shoulder. They ate a variety of soft vegetation such as leaves and pine needles. Although they looked superficially similar, mastodons were only distantly related to mammoths and elephants." -- unknown author.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m7941
title: View of the altar at San Gabriel Mission, 1878

description: Photograph of the altar at San Gabriel Mission, 1878. The altar is shown at center, behind a small barrier of bannister-style fencing. Six statues of saints are shown behind what appears to be the credence table. Candles, a crucifix and other implements are visible on the table. Closer to the foreground, the pews can be seen.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m10265
title: Chinese Presbyterian Church, interior view, Los Angeles

description: Photograph of helpers(?) in the Chinese Presbyterian Church (not the Congregational Chinese Mission School), probably on Wilmington Avenue, Los Angeles. Five men hold books and stand beside a table on which books are piled. There are an organ and several pews in the room. Several hangings are written in Chinese. A light hangs from the ceiling. One of the men is wearing a three-piece suit, the other four are wearing Chinese garb.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m9676
title: Interior view of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons, 1920

description: Photograph of the interior view of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons, 1920. At the center of the room are about five prehistoric skeletons assembled and placed on platforms for viewing. The skeletons are flanked by rows of glass-covered display tables. Various artifacts and fossils are on display within these tables.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m9679
title: Interior view of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons and artifacts, 1920

description: Photograph of the interior view of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons and artifacts, 1920. The skeleton of a mastodon is propped up on top of a platform by use of metal bars. A metallic band, attached by nails(?), encircles the rib cage and holds it together. Tables nearby offer view of prehistoric artifacts. Glass tops protect the artifacts.
DOI: 10.25549/chs-m9681
title: Interior view of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons and artifacts, 1920

description: Photograph of the interior view of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History showing displays of prehistoric skeletons and artifacts, 1920. Curvy metal bars prop up the skeleton of a giant ground sloth. The sloth is positioned on its hind legs with its front legs in the air in front of it. A metallic band, attached by nails(?), encircles the rib cage and holds it together. Tables nearby offer view of prehistoric artifacts. Glass tops protect the artifacts.