DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gtht76hs5
title: Perspective taking through model building: A path to open-mindedness and de-polarization?

description: Being open-minded about controversial issues and willing to take other
 perspectives can help reduce political polarization. We investigated the
 use of perspective taking through the construction of causal models of
 conflicting viewpoints, aiming to enhance traits associated with an
 open-minded mindset and reduce aspects of polarization. In a randomized
 classroom quasi-experiment, 1,479 students in introductory courses at two
 US universities completed measures of open-mindedness at the beginning and
 end of the semester. Students in the treatment condition (N = 636)
 completed three assignments modeling opposing perspectives on
 controversial issues. While participants in the control condition
 exhibited declines in perspective-taking, open-minded cognition, and
 intellectual humility, those in the treatment condition did not. Treatment
 participants were more likely to perceive attitudinally dissimilar others
 as rational. These findings suggest students may experience declines in
 open-mindedness over a semester, but modeling different perspectives may
 help prevent this, with implications for reducing polarization.
description: This data was collected in introductory courses in economics,
 environmental studies, and psychology at Oberlin College and Michigan
 State University in the 2021 - 2022 academic year.  Class instructors
 informed students that they had chosen to participate in a “research
 effort to identify the most effective ways to help students think about
 complex problems.” Students who chose to participate completed a
 pre-survey at the beginning of the semester and a post-survey at the end.
 The surveys measured perspective taking, intellectual humility, and
 open-mindedness as well as attitudes on three controversial issues. Class
 sections were either assigned to the control or the treatment condition.
 In the treatment group, participants were additionally presented with
 three Mental Modeler assignments during the semester and answered brief
 surveys directly after turning in each assignment. 
 Each assignment was focused on a controversial topic: the use of
 genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production, the restriction
 of price gouging in situations of crises, and the psychological effect of
 social media usage on juveniles. Each assignment asked participants to
 first read two positions on the topic, one in favor and one against. These
 positions were written in the first-person perspective, adopted a
 conversational tone, and were balanced in terms of length and number of
 arguments. After reading each position, participants in the experimental
 group were asked to create two mental models using the Mental Modeler
 software—one representing the pro position, and one representing the con
 position.  We used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index
 (IRI) (Davis, 1980, 1983) to measure perspective taking; the Intellectual
 Humility Scale (IHS, Keart et al., 2017), and the Open-Minded Cognition
 General (OMC-G) scale (Price, Ottati, Wilson, & Kim, 2015)
 measured at the beginning and end of the semester as our primary dependent
 variables. All participants also completed a set of political polarization
 questions relevant to the three topics that made up the intervention:
 their attitude, on a 6-point scale ranging from “I am totally against it”
 to “I am totally in favor of it” on each issue;  a measure of their moral
 absolutism on the issue; how rational they perceived people who held a
 position in opposition to their own; and their moral conviction about the
 issue.
description: The files were created in SPSS, but have been exported to csv
 format.
description: # Perspective Taking Through Model Building to Increase Open-minded
 Thinking ## Description of the data and file structure There are two data
 files associated with this study. The data files were created in SPSS, but
 exported to a CSV file to make it accessible to those without an SPSS
 license. Data from Time 1 and Time 2, and across institutions and
 classrooms, have been merged into a single data set named
 **DataforPerspectiveTakingThroughModelBuilding.csv**. Each row
 corresponding to data collected from one individual. Missing data is
 indicated with a blank field. Metadata detailing the meaning of each
 variable and value labels is available in the CSV file
 **MetadataforPerspectiveTakingThroughModelBuilding.csv**. A second
 datafile named **HLMDataforPerspectiveTakingThroughModelBuilding.csv** was
 restructured from the first to run HLM analyses. In this data file, each
 row corresponds to data collected from one individual at one point in
 time.  Metadata detailing the meaning of each variable and value labels is
 available in the CSV file
 **HLMMetadataforPerspectiveTakingThroughModelBuilding.csv**.  The
 variables and their labels are also listed below. | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | | :---------------------------------- | :------- |
 :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Variable | Position | Label | | Condition | 1 | Condition | | School | 2 | School | | ClassType | 3 | General Subject of the class | | Semester | 4 | Semester | | InstructorNum | 5 | Each Instructor has a differnt number | | Gender | 6 | What is your gender? | | Gender\_3\_TEXT | 7 | What is your gender? - I identify as... - Text | | Pol\_econ | 8 | When it comes to economic issues, would you describe yourself as relatively more conservative, liberal, or right in the middle? | | Pol\_social | 9 | When it comes to social issues, would you describe yourself as relatively more conservative, liberal, or right in the middle? | | GMOAttitudeT1 | 10 | What is your attitude towards the genetic modification of crops? | | GMOAbsolutism1aT1 | 11 | The genetic modification of crop plants should be prohibited under any circumstance—even if it turns out that allowing GMOs would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | GMOAbsolutism2aT1 | 12 | It does not matter to which degree GMO technology is allowed—it is always wrong to allow it. | | GMOAbsolutism3aT1 | 13 | The application of genetic modification of crop plants would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | GMOAbsolutism1bT1 | 14 | The genetic modification of crop plants should be allowed under any circumstance—even if it turns out that prohibiting GMOs would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | GMOAbsolutism2bT1 | 15 | It does not matter to which degree GMO technology is prohibited—it is always wrong to prohibit it. | | GMOAbsolutism3bT1 | 16 | The application of genetic modification of crop plants would always be right—even in a country where everyone thought it was not right. | | GMOOpponentAssessBT1\_1 | 17 | GMO This person has based their opinion on facts. | | GMOOpponentAssessBT1\_2 | 18 | GMO This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | GMOOpponentAssessAT1\_1 | 19 | GMO This person has based their opinion on facts. | | GMOOpponentAssessAT1\_2 | 20 | GMO This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | GMOMoralConvictionT1 | 21 | How much are your feelings about the genetic modification of crops connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | GMOControversyT1\_1 | 22 | Please indicate how controversial you think the topic of GMOs is in relation to other topics. | | GMOSelfInterestT1\_1 | 23 | Please indicate how interesting the topic of the genetic modification of crop plants is to you in comparison to other topics addressed in this class. | | PGAttitudeT1 | 24 | What is your attitude towards the restriction of increasing prices for necessities in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity? | | PGAbsolutism1aT1 | 25 | Increasing prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity should be prohibited under any circumstance—even if it turns out that unrestricted prices would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | PGAbsolutism2aT1 | 26 | It does not matter how little the prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity are increased—it is always wrong. | | PGAbsolutism3aT1 | 27 | Unrestricted price increases for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | PGAbsolutism1bT1 | 28 | Increasing prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity should be allowed under any circumstance—even if it turns out that a restriction of prices would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | PGAbsolutism2bT1 | 29 | It does not matter how little the prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity are restricted—it is always wrong. | | PGAbsolutism3bT1 | 30 | Restricting price increases for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | PGOpponentAssessBT1\_1 | 31 | PG This person has based their opinion on facts. | | PGOpponentAssessBT1\_2 | 32 | PG This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PGOpponentAssessAT1\_1 | 33 | PG This person has based their opinion on facts. | | PGOpponentAssessAT1\_2 | 34 | PG This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PGMoralConvictionT1 | 35 | How much are your feelings about restricting or not restricting price increases in a pandemic-induced situation or scarce resources connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | PGControversyT1\_1 | 36 | Please indicate how controversial you think the topic of price gouging is in relation to other topics. | | PGSelfInterestT1\_1 | 37 | Please indicate how interesting the topic of the price gouging is to you in comparison to other topics addressed in this class. | | SMAttitudeT1 | 38 | What is your attitude towards social media use? | | SMAbsolutism1aT1 | 39 | The use of social media should be prohibited under any circumstance—even if it turns out that allowing social media would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | SMAbsolutism2aT1 | 40 | It does not matter to which degree social media use is allowed—it is always wrong to allow it. | | SMAbsolutism3aT1 | 41 | The use of social media would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | SMAbsolutism1bT1 | 42 | The use of social media should be allowed under any circumstance—even if it turns out that prohibiting social media would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | SMAbsolutism2bT1 | 43 | It does not matter to which degree social media use is prohibited—it is always wrong to prohibit it. | | SMAbsolutism3bT1 | 44 | The use of social media would always be right—even in a country where everyone thought it was not right. | | SMOpponentAssessAT1\_1 | 45 | SM This person has based their opinion on facts. | | SMOpponentAssessAT1\_2 | 46 | SM This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | SMOpponentAssessBT1\_1 | 47 | SM This person has based their opinion on facts. | | SMOpponentAssessBT1\_2 | 48 | SM This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | SMMoralConvictionT1 | 49 | How much are your feelings about the psychological effects of social media connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | SMControversyT1\_1 | 50 | Please indicate how controversial you think the topic of social media is in relation to other topics. | | SMSelfInterestT1\_1 | 51 | Please indicate how interesting the topic of the social media is to you in comparison to other topics addressed in this class. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_1 | 52 | I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_2 | 53 | I sometimes find it difficult to see things from the other persons point of view | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_3 | 54 | Sometimes I dont feel very sorry for other people when they are having problems. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_4 | 55 | I try to look at everybodys side of a disagreement before I make a decision. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_5 | 56 | When I see someone being taken advantage of, I feel kind of protective towards them. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_6 | 57 | I sometimes try to understand my friends better by imagining how things look from their perspective. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_7 | 58 | Other peoples misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_8 | 59 | If Im sure Im right about something, I dont waste much time listening to other peoples arguments. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_9 | 60 | When I see someone being treated unfairly, I sometimes dont feel very much pity for them. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_10 | 61 | I am often quite touched by things that I see happen. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_11 | 62 | I believe that there are two sides to every question and try to look at them both. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_12 | 63 | When Im upset at someone, I usually try to put myself in their shoes for a while. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_13 | 64 | Before criticizing somebody, I try to imagine how I would feel if I were in their place. | | IntelHumilityT1\_1 | 65 | I question my own opinions, positions, and viewpoints because they could be wrong. | | IntelHumilityT1\_2 | 66 | I reconsider my opinions when presented with new evidence. | | IntelHumilityT1\_3 | 67 | I recognize the value in opinions that are different from my own. | | IntelHumilityT1\_4 | 68 | I accept that my beliefs and attitudes may be wrong. | | IntelHumilityT1\_5 | 69 | In the face of conflicting evidence, I am open to changing my opinions. | | IntelHumilityT1\_6 | 70 | I like finding out new information that differs from what I already think is true. | | TrolleyT1 | 71 | Is it morally acceptable to change the switch? | | OpenCognitionT1\_1 | 72 | I have no patience for political or religious arguments I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT1\_2 | 73 | I often tune out political or religious messages I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT1\_3 | 74 | I believe it is a waste of time to pay attention to certain political or religious ideas. | | OpenCognitionT1\_4 | 75 | I try to reserve judgment until I have a chance to hear arguments from both sides of a political or religious issue. | | OpenCognitionT1\_5 | 76 | When it comes to politics and religion, I am open to considering other viewpoints. | | OpenCognitionT1\_6 | 77 | When thinking about a political or religious issue, I consider as many different opinions as possible. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_1 | 78 | Seemingly small choices we make today can ultimately have major consequences. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_2 | 79 | Individual people are not as separate from one another as they seem. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_3 | 80 | Environmental problems, social problems, and economic problems are all separate issues. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_4 | 81 | When I have to make a decision in my life, I tend to see all kinds of possible consequences to each choice. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_5 | 82 | I like to know how events or information fit into the big picture. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_6 | 83 | Only very large events can significantly change big systems like economies or ecosystems. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_7 | 84 | Adding just one more small farm upstream from a lake can permanently alter that lake. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_8 | 85 | It is possible for a community to organize into a new form that was not planned or designed by an authority or government. | | GMOAttitudeT1\_ABS | 86 | GMO Attitude Extremism | | PGAttitudeT1\_ABS | 87 | PG Attitude Extremism | | SMAttitudeT1\_ABS | 88 | SM Attitude Extremism | | GMOAttitudeT1\_POS | 89 | GMO Position (Pro/Con) | | PGAttitudeT1\_POS | 90 | PG  Position (Pro/Con) | | SMAttitudeT1\_POS | 91 | SM  Position (Pro/Con) | | GMOAbsolutism1combinedT1 | 92 | even if it turns out there are great benefits (risks) and only minor risks (benefits). | | GMOAbsolutism2combinedT1 | 93 | to which degree — it is always wrong (right). | | GMOAbsolutism3combinedT1 | 94 | would always be wrong (right)—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong (right). | | GMOOpponentCombinedT1\_1 | 95 | GMO This person has based their opinion on facts. | | GMOOpponentCombinedT1\_2 | 96 | GMO This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PGAbsolutism1combinedT1 | 97 | even if it turns out there are great benefits (risks) and only minor risks (benefits). | | PGAbsolutism2combinedT1 | 98 | to which degree — it is always wrong (right). | | PGAbsolutism3combinedT1 | 99 | would always be wrong (right)—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong (right). | | PGOpponentCombinedT1\_1 | 100 | PG This person has based their opinion on facts. | | PGOpponentCombinedT1\_2 | 101 | PG This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | SMAbsolutism1combinedT1 | 102 | even if it turns out there are great benefits (risks) and only minor risks (benefits). | | SMAbsolutism2combinedT1 | 103 | to which degree — it is always wrong (right). | | SMAbsolutism3combinedT1 | 104 | would always be wrong (right)—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong (right). | | SMOpponentCombinedT1\_1 | 105 | SM This person has based their opinion on facts. | | SMOpponentCombinedT1\_2 | 106 | SM This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_2\_Recoded | 107 | REVERSE CODED I sometimes find it difficult to see things from the other persons point of view | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_3\_Recoded | 108 | REVERSE CODED Sometimes I dont feel very sorry for other people when they are having problems. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_7\_Recoded | 109 | REVERSE CODED Other peoples misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_8\_Recoded | 110 | REVERSE CODED If Im sure Im right about something, I dont waste much time listening to other peoples arguments. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_9\_Recoded | 111 | REVERSE CODED When I see someone being treated unfairly, I sometimes dont feel very much pity for them. | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_AVG | 112 | T1 Average of Perspective Taking Scale | | IntelHumilityT1\_AVG | 113 | T1 Average of Intellectual Humility Scale | | OpenCognitionT1\_1\_Recoded | 114 | REVERSE CODED I have no patience for political or religious arguments I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT1\_2\_Recoded | 115 | REVERSE CODED I often tune out political or religious messages I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT1\_3\_Recoded | 116 | REVERSE CODED I believe it is a waste of time to pay attention to certain political or religious ideas. | | OpenCognitionT1\_AVG | 117 | T1 Average of Open-minded Cognition Scale | | SystemsThinkingT1\_3\_Recoded | 118 | REVERSE CODED Environmental problems, social problems, and economic problems are all separate issues. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_6\_Recoded | 119 | REVERSE CODED Only very large events can significantly change big systems like economies or ecosystems. | | SystemsThinkingT1\_AVG | 120 | T1 Average of Systems thinking Scale | | GMOAttitudeT2 | 121 | What is your attitude towards the genetic modification of crops? | | GMOAbsolutism1aT2 | 122 | The genetic modification of crop plants should be prohibited under any circumstance—even if it turns out that allowing GMOs would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | GMOAbsolutism2aT2 | 123 | It does not matter to which degree GMO technology is allowed—it is always wrong to allow it. | | GMOAbsolutism3aT2 | 124 | The application of genetic modification of crop plants would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | GMOAbsolutism1bT2 | 125 | The genetic modification of crop plants should be allowed under any circumstance—even if it turns out that prohibiting GMOs would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | GMOAbsolutism2bT2 | 126 | It does not matter to which degree GMO technology is prohibited—it is always wrong to prohibit it. | | GMOAbsolutism3bT2 | 127 | The application of genetic modification of crop plants would always be right—even in a country where everyone thought it was not right. | | GMOOpponentAssessBT2\_1 | 128 | GMO This person has based their opinion on facts. | | GMOOpponentAssessBT2\_2 | 129 | GMO This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | GMOOpponentAssessAT2\_1 | 130 | GMO This person has based their opinion on facts. | | GMOOpponentAssessAT2\_2 | 131 | GMO This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | GMOMoralConvictionT2 | 132 | How much are your feelings about the genetic modification of crops connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | GMOControversyT2\_1 | 133 | Please indicate how controversial you think the topic of GMOs is in relation to other topics. | | GMOSelfInterestT2\_1 | 134 | Please indicate how interesting the topic of the genetic modification of crop plants is to you in comparison to other topics addressed in this class. | | PGAttitudeT2 | 135 | What is your attitude towards the restriction of increasing prices for necessities in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity? | | PGAbsolutism1aT2 | 136 | Increasing prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity should be prohibited under any circumstance—even if it turns out that unrestricted prices would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | PGAbsolutism2aT2 | 137 | It does not matter how little the prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity are increased—it is always wrong. | | PGAbsolutism3aT2 | 138 | Unrestricted price increases for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | PGAbsolutism1bT2 | 139 | Increasing prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity should be allowed under any circumstance—even if it turns out that a restriction of prices would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | PGAbsolutism2bT2 | 140 | It does not matter how little the prices for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity are restricted—it is always wrong. | | PGAbsolutism3bT2 | 141 | Restricting price increases for necessary goods in a pandemic-induced situation of scarcity would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | PGOpponentAssessBT2\_1 | 142 | PG This person has based their opinion on facts. | | PGOpponentAssessBT2\_2 | 143 | PG This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PGOpponentAssessAT2\_1 | 144 | PG This person has based their opinion on facts. | | PGOpponentAssessAT2\_2 | 145 | PG This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PGMoralConvictionT2 | 146 | How much are your feelings about restricting or not restricting price increases in a pandemic-induced situation or scarce resources connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | PGControversyT2\_1 | 147 | Please indicate how controversial you think the topic of price gouging is in relation to other topics. | | PGSelfInterestT2\_1 | 148 | Please indicate how interesting the topic of the price gouging is to you in comparison to other topics addressed in this class. | | SMAttitudeT2 | 149 | What is your attitude towards social media use? | | SMAbsolutism1aT2 | 150 | The use of social media should be prohibited under any circumstance—even if it turns out that allowing social media would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | SMAbsolutism2aT2 | 151 | It does not matter to which degree social media use is allowed—it is always wrong to allow it. | | SMAbsolutism3aT2 | 152 | The use of social media would always be wrong—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong. | | SMAbsolutism1bT2 | 153 | The use of social media should be allowed under any circumstance—even if it turns out that prohibiting social media would have great benefits and only minor risks. | | SMAbsolutism2bT2 | 154 | It does not matter to which degree social media use is prohibited—it is always wrong to prohibit it. | | SMAbsolutism3bT2 | 155 | The use of social media would always be right—even in a country where everyone thought it was not right. | | SMOpponentAssessAT2\_1 | 156 | SM This person has based their opinion on facts. | | SMOpponentAssessAT2\_2 | 157 | SM This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | SMOpponentAssessBT2\_1 | 158 | SM This person has based their opinion on facts. | | SMOpponentAssessBT2\_2 | 159 | SM This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | SMMoralConvictionT2 | 160 | How much are your feelings about the psychological effects of social media connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | SMControversyT2\_1 | 161 | Please indicate how controversial you think the topic of social media is in relation to other topics. | | SMSelfInterestT2\_1 | 162 | Please indicate how interesting the topic of the social media is to you in comparison to other topics addressed in this class. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_1 | 163 | I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than me. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_2 | 164 | I sometimes find it difficult to see things from the other persons point of view | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_3 | 165 | Sometimes I dont feel very sorry for other people when they are having problems. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_4 | 166 | I try to look at everybodys side of a disagreement before I make a decision. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_5 | 167 | When I see someone being taken advantage of, I feel kind of protective towards them. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_6 | 168 | I sometimes try to understand my friends better by imagining how things look from their perspective. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_7 | 169 | Other peoples misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_8 | 170 | If Im sure Im right about something, I dont waste much time listening to other peoples arguments. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_9 | 171 | When I see someone being treated unfairly, I sometimes dont feel very much pity for them. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_10 | 172 | I am often quite touched by things that I see happen. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_11 | 173 | I believe that there are two sides to every question and try to look at them both. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_12 | 174 | When Im upset at someone, I usually try to put myself in their shoes for a while. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_13 | 175 | Before criticizing somebody, I try to imagine how I would feel if I were in their place. | | IntelHumilityT2\_1 | 176 | I question my own opinions, positions, and viewpoints because they could be wrong. | | IntelHumilityT2\_2 | 177 | I reconsider my opinions when presented with new evidence. | | IntelHumilityT2\_3 | 178 | I recognize the value in opinions that are different from my own. | | IntelHumilityT2\_4 | 179 | I accept that my beliefs and attitudes may be wrong. | | IntelHumilityT2\_5 | 180 | In the face of conflicting evidence, I am open to changing my opinions. | | IntelHumilityT2\_6 | 181 | I like finding out new information that differs from what I already think is true. | | TrolleyT2 | 182 | Is it morally acceptable to change the switch? | | OpenCognitionT2\_1 | 183 | I have no patience for political or religious arguments I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT2\_2 | 184 | I often tune out political or religious messages I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT2\_3 | 185 | I believe it is a waste of time to pay attention to certain political or religious ideas. | | OpenCognitionT2\_4 | 186 | I try to reserve judgment until I have a chance to hear arguments from both sides of a political or religious issue. | | OpenCognitionT2\_5 | 187 | When it comes to politics and religion, I am open to considering other viewpoints. | | OpenCognitionT2\_6 | 188 | When thinking about a political or religious issue, I consider as many different opinions as possible. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_1 | 189 | Seemingly small choices we make today can ultimately have major consequences. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_2 | 190 | Individual people are not as separate from one another as they seem. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_3 | 191 | Environmental problems, social problems, and economic problems are all separate issues. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_4 | 192 | When I have to make a decision in my life, I tend to see all kinds of possible consequences to each choice. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_5 | 193 | I like to know how events or information fit into the big picture. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_6 | 194 | Only very large events can significantly change big systems like economies or ecosystems. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_7 | 195 | Adding just one more small farm upstream from a lake can permanently alter that lake. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_8 | 196 | It is possible for a community to organize into a new form that was not planned or designed by an authority or government. | | GMOAttitudeT2\_ABS | 197 | GMO Attitude Extremism | | PGAttitudeT2\_ABS | 198 | PG Attitude Extremism | | SMAttitudeT2\_ABS | 199 | SM Attitude Extremism | | GMOAttitudeT2\_POS | 200 | GMO Position (Pro/Con) | | PGAttitudeT2\_POS | 201 | PG  Position (Pro/Con) | | SMAttitudeT2\_POS | 202 | SM  Position (Pro/Con) | | GMOAbsolutism1combinedT2 | 203 | even if it turns out there are great benefits (risks) and only minor risks (benefits). | | GMOAbsolutism2combinedT2 | 204 | to which degree — it is always wrong (right). | | GMOAbsolutism3combinedT2 | 205 | would always be wrong (right)—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong (right). | | GMOOpponentCombinedT2\_1 | 206 | GMO This person has based their opinion on facts. | | GMOOpponentCombinedT2\_2 | 207 | GMO This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PGAbsolutism1combinedT2 | 208 | even if it turns out there are great benefits (risks) and only minor risks (benefits). | | PGAbsolutism2combinedT2 | 209 | to which degree — it is always wrong (right). | | PGAbsolutism3combinedT2 | 210 | would always be wrong (right)—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong (right). | | PGOpponentCombinedT2\_1 | 211 | PG This person has based their opinion on facts. | | PGOpponentCombinedT2\_2 | 212 | PG This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | SMAbsolutism1combinedT2 | 213 | even if it turns out there are great benefits (risks) and only minor risks (benefits). | | SMAbsolutism2combinedT2 | 214 | to which degree — it is always wrong (right). | | SMAbsolutism3combinedT2 | 215 | would always be wrong (right)—even in a country where everyone thought it was not wrong (right). | | SMOpponentCombinedT2\_1 | 216 | SM This person has based their opinion on facts. | | SMOpponentCombinedT2\_2 | 217 | SM This person has NOT really thought about the consequences of their position. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_2\_Recoded | 218 | REVERSE CODED I sometimes find it difficult to see things from the other persons point of view | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_3\_Recoded | 219 | REVERSE CODED Sometimes I dont feel very sorry for other people when they are having problems. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_7\_Recoded | 220 | REVERSE CODED Other peoples misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_8\_Recoded | 221 | REVERSE CODED If Im sure Im right about something, I dont waste much time listening to other peoples arguments. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_9\_Recoded | 222 | REVERSE CODED When I see someone being treated unfairly, I sometimes dont feel very much pity for them. | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_AVG | 223 | T2 Average of Perspective Taking Scale | | IntelHumilityT2\_AVG | 224 | T2 Average of Intellectual Humility Scale | | OpenCognitionT2\_1\_Recoded | 225 | REVERSE CODED I have no patience for political or religious arguments I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT2\_2\_Recoded | 226 | REVERSE CODED I often tune out political or religious messages I disagree with. | | OpenCognitionT2\_3\_Recoded | 227 | REVERSE CODED I believe it is a waste of time to pay attention to certain political or religious ideas. | | OpenCognitionT2\_AVG | 228 | T2 Average of Open-minded Cognition Scale | | SystemsThinkingT2\_3\_Recoded | 229 | REVERSE CODED Environmental problems, social problems, and economic problems are all separate issues. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_6\_Recoded | 230 | REVERSE CODED Only very large events can significantly change big systems like economies or ecosystems. | | SystemsThinkingT2\_AVG | 231 | T2 Average of Systems thinking Scale | | GMOAbsolutsim\_T1\_Combined | 232 | Sum of T1 GMO Absolutism Questions | | GMOAbsolutsim\_T2\_Combined | 233 | Sum of T2 GMO Absolutism Questions | | GMOOpponentAssess\_T1\_Combined | 234 | Sum of T1 GMO Others Assessment Questions | | GMOOpponentAssess\_T2\_Combined | 235 | Sum of T2 GMO Others Assessment Questions | | PGAbsolutsim\_T1\_Combined | 236 | Sum of T1 PG Absolutism Questions | | PGAbsolutsim\_T2\_Combined | 237 | Sum of T2 PG Absolutism Questions | | PGOpponentAssess\_T1\_Combined | 238 | Sum of T1 PG Others Assessment Questions | | PGOpponentAssess\_T2\_Combined | 239 | Sum of T2 PG Others Assessment Questions | | SMAbsolutsim\_T1\_Combined | 240 | Sum of T1 SM Absolutism Questions | | SMAbsolutsim\_T2\_Combined | 241 | Sum of T2 SM Absolutism Questions | | SMOpponentAssess\_T1\_Combined | 242 | Sum of T1 SM Others Assessment Questions | | SMOpponentAssess\_T2\_Combined | 243 | Sum of T2 SM Others Assessment Questions | | MoralAbTotal\_T1 | 244 | T1 Tally of Moral Absolutism questions | | MoralAbTotal\_T2 | 245 | T2 Tally of Moral Absolutism questions | | MoralConvictAvg\_T1 | 246 | T1 Average of Moral Conviction Questions - Higher is more convicted | | MoralConvictAvg\_T2 | 247 | T2 Average of Moral Conviction Questions - Higher is more convicted | | OppAssessAvg\_T1 | 248 | T1 Average of Others Assessment Questions - Higher is more rational assessment | | OppAssessAvg\_T2 | 249 | T2 Average of Others Assessment Questions - Higher is more rational assessment | | ZGMOMoralConvictionT1 | 250 | Zscore:  How much are your feelings about the genetic modification of crops connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | ZPGMoralConvictionT1 | 251 | Zscore:  How much are your feelings about restricting or not restricting price increases in a pandemic-induced situation or scarce resources connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | ZSMMoralConvictionT1 | 252 | Zscore:  How much are your feelings about the psychological effects of social media connected to your core moral beliefs or convictions? | | AB\_ZGMOMoralConvictT1 | 253 | Absolute Value of ZGMOMoralConvictT1 | | AB\_ZPGMoralConvictT1 | 254 | Absolute Value of ZPGMoralConvictT1 | | AB\_ZSMMoralConvictT1 | 255 | Absolute Value of ZSMMoralConvictT1 | | GMO\_MoralConvict\_Binary | 256 | \ | | PG\_MoralConvict\_Binary | 257 | \ | | SM\_MoralConvict\_Binary | 258 | \ | | AttitudeT1\_ABSavg | 259 | Attitude Extremity Across Issues T1 | | AttitudeT2\_ABSavg | 260 | Attitude Extremity Across issues T2 | | AttitudeABS\_T1\_centered | 261 | Centered Att Extremity Across Issues T1 | | AttitudeABS\_T2\_centered | 262 | Centered Att Extremity Across Issues T2 | | GMOAttitude\_ABS\_DIF | 263 | GMO Attitude Difference Score - T2-T1 | | GMOAbsolutsim\_DIF | 264 | GMO Absolutism Difference Score - T2-T1 | | GMOOpponentAssess\_DIF | 265 | GMO Others Assessment Difference Score - T2-T1 | | PGAttitude\_ABS\_DIF | 266 | PG Attitude Difference Score - T2-T1 | | PGAbsolutsim\_DIF | 267 | PG Absolutism Difference Score - T2-T1 | | PGOpponentAssess\_DIF | 268 | PG Others Assessment Difference Score - T2-T1 | | SMAttitude\_ABS\_DIF | 269 | SM Attitude Difference Score - T2-T1 | | SMAbsolutsim\_DIF | 270 | SM Absolutism Difference Score - T2-T1 | | SMOpponentAssess\_DIF | 271 | SM Others Assessment Difference Score - T2-T1 | | PerspectiveTaking\_DIF | 272 | Perspective Taking Average Difference Score - T2-T1 | | OpenCognition\_DIF | 273 | Open-Minded Cognition Average Difference Score - T2-T1 | | IntelHumility\_DIF | 274 | Intellectual Humility Average Difference Score - T2-T1 | | MoralConvict\_T1\_binary | 275 | Moral Conviction Averaged Across Issues T1 | | MoralConvict\_T2\_binary | 276 | Moral Conviction Averaged Across Issues T2 | | MoralAbTotal\_T1\_no\_outliers | 277 | T1 Moral Absolutism Total with outliers removed | | OppAssess\_T1\_no\_outliers | 278 | T1 Others Assessment Average with outliers removed | | OppAssess\_T2\_no\_outliers | 279 | T2 Others Assessment Average with outliers removed | | PerspectiveTaking\_T1\_no\_outliers | 280 | T1 Perspective Taking scale average with outliers removed | | OpenCognition\_T1\_no\_outliers | 281 | T1 Open-minded cognition scale average with outliers removed | | IntelHumility\_T1\_no\_outliers | 282 | T1 Intellectual humility scale average with outliers removed | | SystemsThinking\_T1\_no\_outliers | 283 | T1 Systems thinking scale average with outliers removed | | PerspectiveTaking\_T2\_no\_outliers | 284 | T2 Perspective Taking scale average with outliers removed | | OpenCognition\_T2\_no\_outliers | 285 | T2 Open-minded cognition scale average with outliers removed | | IntelHumility\_T2\_no\_outliers | 286 | T2 Intellectual humility scale average with outliers removed | | SystemsThinking\_T2\_no\_outliers | 287 | T2 Systems thinking scale average with outliers removed | | Condition\_centered | 288 | Condition\_centered | | School\_centered | 289 | School\_centered | | Semester\_centered | 290 | Semester\_centered | | Gender\_centered | 291 | Gender\_centered | | Pol\_econ\_centered | 292 | Pol\_econ\_centered | | Pol\_social\_centered | 293 | Pol\_social\_centered | | PerspectiveTaking\_T1\_centered | 294 | PerspectiveTaking\_T1\_centered | | OpenCognition\_T1\_centered | 295 | OpenCognition\_T1\_centered | | IntelHumility\_T1\_centered | 296 | IntelHumility\_T1\_centered | | SystemsThinkingS\_T1\_centered | 297 | SystemsThinkingS\_T1\_centered | | MoralAb\_T1\_centered | 298 | MoralAb\_T1\_centered | | MoralConvict\_T1\_centered | 299 | MoralConvict\_T1\_centered | | OppAssess\_T1\_centered | 300 | OppAssess\_T1\_centered | | PerspectiveTaking\_T2\_centered | 301 | PerspectiveTaking\_T2\_centered | | OpenCognition\_T2\_centered | 302 | OpenCognition\_T2\_centered | | IntelHumility\_T2\_centered | 303 | IntelHumility\_T2\_centered | | SystemsThinkingS\_T2\_centered | 304 | SystemsThinkingS\_T2\_centered | | MoralAb\_T2\_centered | 305 | MoralAb\_T2\_centered | | MoralConvict\_T2\_centered | 306 | MoralConvict\_T2\_centered | | OppAssess\_T2\_centered | 307 | OppAssess\_T2\_centered | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | | :------------------------------ | :----- |
 :------------------------------------------- | | Variable | Value | Label
 | | Condition | 0 | Control | | 
 
 | 1 | Experimental | | School | 0 | Large Public Univeristy | | 
 
 | 1 | Small Private Liberal Arts College | | ClassType | 1 |
 Environmental | | 
 
 | 2 | Economics | | 
 
 | 3 | Psychology | | Semester | 1 | Fall 2021 | | 
 
 | 2 | Spring 2022 | | Gender | 1 | Female | | 
 
 | 2 | Male | | 
 
 | 3 | I identify as... | | Pol\_econ | 1 | Extremely liberal | | 
 
 | 2 | Liberal | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly liberal | | 
 
 | 4 | Moderate, middle of the road | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly conservative | | 
 
 | 6 | Conservative | | 
 
 | 7 | Extremely conservative | | Pol\_social | 1 | Extremely liberal | | 
 
 | 2 | Liberal | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly liberal | | 
 
 | 4 | Moderate, middle of the road | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly conservative | | 
 
 | 6 | Conservative | | 
 
 | 7 | Extremely conservative | | GMOAttitudeT1 | 1 | I am totally against
 it | | 
 
 | 2 | I am moderately against it | | 
 
 | 3 | I am slightly against it | | 
 
 | 4 | I am slightly in favor of it | | 
 
 | 5 | I am moderately in favor of it | | 
 
 | 6 | I am totally in favor of it | | GMOAbsolutism1aT1 | 1 | I agree | |
 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism2aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism3aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism1bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism2bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism3bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOOpponentAssessBT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentAssessBT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentAssessAT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentAssessAT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOMoralConvictionT1 | 1 | Not at all connected
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Slightly connected | | 
 
 | 3 | Moderately connected | | 
 
 | 4 | Very connected | | 
 
 | 5 | Extremely connected | | PGAttitudeT1 | 1 | I am totally against it
 | | 
 
 | 2 | I am moderately against it | | 
 
 | 3 | I am slightly against it | | 
 
 | 4 | I am slightly in favor of it | | 
 
 | 5 | I am moderately in favor of it | | 
 
 | 6 | I am totally in favor of it | | PGAbsolutism1aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism2aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism3aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism1bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism2bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism3bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGOpponentAssessBT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGOpponentAssessBT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGOpponentAssessAT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGOpponentAssessAT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGMoralConvictionT1 | 1 | Not at all connected |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Slightly connected | | 
 
 | 3 | Moderately connected | | 
 
 | 4 | Very connected | | 
 
 | 5 | Extremely connected | | SMAttitudeT1 | 1 | I am totally against it
 | | 
 
 | 2 | I am moderately against it | | 
 
 | 3 | I am slightly against it | | 
 
 | 4 | I am slightly in favor of it | | 
 
 | 5 | I am moderately in favor of it | | 
 
 | 6 | I am totally in favor of it | | SMAbsolutism1aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism2aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism3aT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism1bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism2bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism3bT1 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMOpponentAssessAT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMOpponentAssessAT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMOpponentAssessBT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMOpponentAssessBT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMMoralConvictionT1 | 1 | Not at all connected |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Slightly connected | | 
 
 | 3 | Moderately connected | | 
 
 | 4 | Very connected | | 
 
 | 5 | Extremely connected | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_3 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_4 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_5 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_6 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_7 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_8 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_9 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_10 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_11 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_12 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_13 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT1\_3 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT1\_4 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT1\_5 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT1\_6 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | TrolleyT1 | 1 | Yes, it’s acceptable to change
 the switch. | | 
 
 | 2 | No, it is unacceptable to change the switch. | | OpenCognitionT1\_1
 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_3 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_4 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_5 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_6 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_3 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_4 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_5 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_6 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_7 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_8 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | GMOAttitudeT1\_ABS | 1 | Weak | | 
 
 | 2 | Medium | | 
 
 | 3 | Strong | | PGAttitudeT1\_ABS | 1 | Weak | | 
 
 | 2 | Medium | | 
 
 | 3 | Strong | | SMAttitudeT1\_ABS | 1 | Weak | | 
 
 | 2 | Medium | | 
 
 | 3 | Strong | | GMOAttitudeT1\_POS | 0 | Against | | 
 
 | 1 | For | | PGAttitudeT1\_POS | 0 | Against | | 
 
 | 1 | For | | SMAttitudeT1\_POS | 0 | Against | | 
 
 | 1 | For | | GMOAbsolutism1combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | GMOAbsolutism2combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | GMOAbsolutism3combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | GMOOpponentCombinedT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentCombinedT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PGAbsolutism1combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist |
 | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | PGAbsolutism2combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | PGAbsolutism3combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | PGOpponentCombinedT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PGOpponentCombinedT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SMAbsolutism1combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist |
 | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | SMAbsolutism2combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | SMAbsolutism3combinedT1 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | SMOpponentCombinedT1\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SMOpponentCombinedT1\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_2\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_3\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_7\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_8\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT1\_9\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_1\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_2\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT1\_3\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_3\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Moderatly disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderatly agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SystemsThinkingT1\_6\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Moderatly disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderatly agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | GMOAttitudeT2 | 1 | I am totally against it | |
 
 
 | 2 | I am moderately against it | | 
 
 | 3 | I am slightly against it | | 
 
 | 4 | I am slightly in favor of it | | 
 
 | 5 | I am moderately in favor of it | | 
 
 | 6 | I am totally in favor of it | | GMOAbsolutism1aT2 | 1 | I agree | |
 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism2aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism3aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism1bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism2bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOAbsolutism3bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | GMOOpponentAssessBT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentAssessBT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentAssessAT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentAssessAT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | GMOMoralConvictionT2 | 1 | Not at all connected
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Slightly connected | | 
 
 | 3 | Moderately connected | | 
 
 | 4 | Very connected | | 
 
 | 5 | Extremely connected | | PGAttitudeT2 | 1 | I am totally against it
 | | 
 
 | 2 | I am moderately against it | | 
 
 | 3 | I am slightly against it | | 
 
 | 4 | I am slightly in favor of it | | 
 
 | 5 | I am moderately in favor of it | | 
 
 | 6 | I am totally in favor of it | | PGAbsolutism1aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism2aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism3aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism1bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism2bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGAbsolutism3bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | PGOpponentAssessBT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGOpponentAssessBT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGOpponentAssessAT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGOpponentAssessAT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PGMoralConvictionT2 | 1 | Not at all connected |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Slightly connected | | 
 
 | 3 | Moderately connected | | 
 
 | 4 | Very connected | | 
 
 | 5 | Extremely connected | | SMAttitudeT2 | 1 | I am totally against it
 | | 
 
 | 2 | I am moderately against it | | 
 
 | 3 | I am slightly against it | | 
 
 | 4 | I am slightly in favor of it | | 
 
 | 5 | I am moderately in favor of it | | 
 
 | 6 | I am totally in favor of it | | SMAbsolutism1aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism2aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism3aT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism1bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism2bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMAbsolutism3bT2 | 1 | I agree | | 
 
 | 2 | I disagree | | SMOpponentAssessAT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMOpponentAssessAT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMOpponentAssessBT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMOpponentAssessBT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disgree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SMMoralConvictionT2 | 1 | Not at all connected |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Slightly connected | | 
 
 | 3 | Moderately connected | | 
 
 | 4 | Very connected | | 
 
 | 5 | Extremely connected | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_3 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_4 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_5 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_6 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_7 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_8 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_9 | 1 | Strongly disagree |
 | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_10 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_11 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_12 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_13 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT2\_3 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT2\_4 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT2\_5 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | IntelHumilityT2\_6 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | TrolleyT2 | 1 | Yes, it’s acceptable to change
 the switch. | | 
 
 | 2 | No, it is unacceptable to change the switch. | | OpenCognitionT2\_1
 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_3 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_4 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_5 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_6 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neither agree nor disagree | | 
 
 | 5 | Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_3 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_4 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_5 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_6 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_7 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_8 | 1 | Strongly Disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Moderately Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Slightly Disagree | | 
 
 | 4 | Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 | Slightly Agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderately Agree | | 
 
 | 7 | Strongly Agree | | GMOAttitudeT2\_ABS | 1 | Weak | | 
 
 | 2 | Medium | | 
 
 | 3 | Strong | | PGAttitudeT2\_ABS | 1 | Weak | | 
 
 | 2 | Medium | | 
 
 | 3 | Strong | | SMAttitudeT2\_ABS | 1 | Weak | | 
 
 | 2 | Medium | | 
 
 | 3 | Strong | | GMOAttitudeT2\_POS | 0 | Against | | 
 
 | 1 | For | | PGAttitudeT2\_POS | 0 | Against | | 
 
 | 1 | For | | SMAttitudeT2\_POS | 0 | Against | | 
 
 | 1 | For | | GMOAbsolutism1combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | GMOAbsolutism2combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | GMOAbsolutism3combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | GMOOpponentCombinedT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | |
 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | GMOOpponentCombinedT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PGAbsolutism1combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist |
 | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | PGAbsolutism2combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | PGAbsolutism3combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | PGOpponentCombinedT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PGOpponentCombinedT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SMAbsolutism1combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist |
 | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | SMAbsolutism2combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | SMAbsolutism3combinedT2 | 0 | not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | absolutist | | SMOpponentCombinedT2\_1 | 1 | Strongly disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SMOpponentCombinedT2\_2 | 1 | Strongly disagree
 | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_2\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_3\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_7\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_8\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | PerspectiveTakingT2\_9\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_1\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_2\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | OpenCognitionT2\_3\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neither disagree nor agree | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_3\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Moderatly disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderatly agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | SystemsThinkingT2\_6\_Recoded | 1 | Strongly
 disagree | | 
 
 | 2 | Moderatly disagree | | 
 
 | 3 | Somewhat disagree | | 
 
 | 4 |  Neutral | | 
 
 | 5 |  Somewhat agree | | 
 
 | 6 | Moderatly agree | | 
 
 | 7 |  Strongly agree | | MoralAbTotal\_T1 | 0 | Not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | Absolutist | | 
 
 | 2 | More Absolutist | | 
 
 | 3 | Most Absolutist | | MoralAbTotal\_T2 | 0 | Not absolutist | | 
 
 | 1 | Absolutist | | 
 
 | 2 | More Absolutist | | 
 
 | 3 | Most Absolutist | ## Human subjects data We received explicit
 consent from participants to publish de-identified data in the public
 domain. The only identifiers included in the dataset are those necessary
 to reproduce our analyses (gender, school, semester enrolled in a
 participating course).