cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f587b
title: Data from: Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed adaptation mechanism of Phrynocephalus erythrurus, the highest altitude lizard living in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

description: Background: Organisms living at high altitudes must overcome three major
 environmental challenges: hypoxia, cold, and intense UV radiation. The
 molecular mechanisms that enable these challenges to be overcome have
 mainly been studied in endothermic organisms; relatively little attention
 has been paid to poikilothermic species. Here, we present deep
 transcriptome sequencing in two closely related lizards, the high
 altitude-dwelling Phrynocephalus erythrurus and the lowland-dwelling P.
 putjatia, to identify candidate genes under positive selection and to
 explore the convergent evolutionary adaptation of poikilothermic animals
 to high altitude life. Results: More than 70 million sequence reads were
 generated for each species via Illumina sequencing. De novo assembly
 produced 56,845 and 63,140 transcripts for P. erythrurus and P. putjatia,
 respectively. P. erythrurus had higher Ka/Ks ratios than P. putjatia,
 implying an accelerated evolutionary rate in the high altitude lizard
 lineage. 206 gene ontology (GO) categories with accelerated evolutionary
 rates and 43 candidate positively selected genes were detected along the
 P. erythrurus lineage. Some of these GO categories have functions
 associated with responses to hypoxia, energy metabolism and responses to
 UV damage. We also found that the high-altitude ranid frog R. kukunoris
 had higher Ka/Ks ratios than the closely related low-altitude frog R.
 chensinensis, and that the functional categories with accelerated
 evolutionary rates in R. kukunoris overlapped extensively with those
 detected along the P. erythrurus lineage. Conclusions: The mechanisms of
 high altitude adaptation in P. erythrurus were tentatively inferred. By
 comparing two pairs of low- and high-altitude poikilothermic species, we
 found that similar functional categories had undergone positive selection
 in high altitude-dwelling Phrynocephalus and Rana lineages, indicating
 that similar mechanisms of adaptation to high altitude might have evolved
 in both genera. Our findings provide important guidance for future
 functional studies on high altitude adaptation in poikilothermic animals.
description: alignments_for_phylogenyThis fasta format file contains an alignment with a length of 9175 base pair. The alignment is constructed by concatenating the four-fold degenerate sites of the 206 high-confidence single-copy genes among 11 species, wich including Anolis carolinensis, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chalcides ocellatus, Phrynocephalus erythrurus, Phrynocephalus putjatia, Pogona vitticeps, Rana chensinensis, Rana kukunoris, Sphenodon punctatus, Xenopus tropicalis and Danio rerio.alignments_for_phylogeny.treeThis file was generated by Phyml with the GTR+I+G model and the concatenated 4D-sites from 11 species.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rr762
title: Data from: Impact of sublethal exposure to a pyrethroid-neonicotinoid insecticide on mating, fecundity and development in the bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

description: Sublethal exposure to an insecticide may alter insect feeding, mating,
 oviposition, fecundity, development, and many other life history
 parameters. Such effects may have population-level consequences that are
 not apparent in traditional dose-mortality evaluations. Earlier, we found
 that a routinely used combination insecticide that includes a pyrethroid
 and a neonicotinoid (Temprid® SC) had deleterious effects on multiple bed
 bug (Cimex lectularius, L.) behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that sublethal
 exposure impacts physiology and reproduction as well. We report that
 sublethal exposure to Temprid SC has variable aberrant effects on bed bugs
 depending on the strain, including: a reduction in male mating success and
 delayed oviposition by females. However, after sublethal exposure, egg
 hatch rate consistently declined in every strain tested, anywhere from
 34%-73%. Conversely, impact on fifth instar eclosion time was not
 significant. While the strains that we tested varied in their respective
 magnitude of sublethal effects, taken together, these effects could reduce
 bed bug population growth. These changes in bed bug behavior and fecundity
 could lead to improved efficacy of Temprid SC in the field, but recovery
 of impacted bugs must be considered in future studies. Sublethal effects
 should not be overlooked when evaluating insecticide efficacy, as it is
 likely that other products may also have indirect effects on population
 dynamics that could either aid or inhibit successful management of pest
 populations.
description: Development Time After
 Sublethal ExposureTime taken for 5th
 instars to molt to adults after sublethal exposure to
 Temprid.DevelopmentTime.xlsxMate Choice With Untreated Female Bed BugsMating choice made when male bed bugs have been exposed to water or Temprid. Female bed bugs were not exposed to Temprid. U = Not exposed to Temprid. T = Exposed to Temprid.MateChoiceFemales.xlsxMate Choice with Untreated Male Bed BugsMating choice made by males (not exposed to Temprid) when females were exposed to either water or Temprid. U = Exposed to water. T = exposed to Temprid.MateChoiceMales.xlsxSublethal Exposure After Mating Egg Laying Over TimeFecundity trials when females had sublethal exposure to Temprid after mating occurred. Includes number of eggs laid daily for both treatment (exposure to Temprid) and control (exposed to water) females. Replicate is equal to one individual female bed bug (12 female bed bugs per treatment). Median day of egg laying is also included as a separate sheet.SublethalExposureAfterMatingEggLayingOverTime.xlsxSublethal Exposure Before MatingNumber of eggs laid by mating pairs when sublethal exposure to Temprid occurred before mating. U= Untreated T = Treated M = Male F = Female. "Virgin bed bug" sheet refers to bed bugs that were virgin prior to the study, and only includes two treatments: UFUM and TFTM.SublethalExpsoureBeforeMating.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6g2f8
title: Data from: Condition dependence and the maintenance of genetic variance in a sexually dimorphic black scavenger fly

description: The maintenance of genetic variation in traits under strong sexual
 selection is a longstanding problem in evolutionary biology. The genic
 capture model proposes that this problem can be explained by the evolution
 of condition dependence in exaggerated male traits. We tested the
 predictions that condition dependence should be more pronounced in male
 sexual traits and that genetic variance in expression of these traits
 should increase under stress as among-genotype variation in overall
 condition is exposed. Genetic variance in female and nonsexual traits
 should, by contrast, be similar across environments as a result of
 stabilizing selection on trait expression. The relationship between the
 degree of sexual dimorphism, condition dependence and additive genetic
 variance (Va) was assessed for two morphological traits (body size and
 relative fore femur width) affecting male mating success in the black
 scavenger fly Sepsis punctum (Diptera: Sepsidae) and for development time
 (a nonsexual trait often correlated with body size). We compared trait
 expression between the sexes for two cross-continental populations that
 differ in degree of sexual dimorphism (Ottawa and Zurich). Condition
 dependence was indeed most pronounced in males of the strongly dimorphic
 Zurich population (males larger), and Va was similar for males and females
 unless the trait was strongly sex specific and condition dependent.
 Contrary to prediction, however, Va primarily increased under food
 limitation in both sexes, and genetic variance in fore femur width was low
 to nil, perhaps depleted by putatively strong sexual selection. Solely for
 body size of Zurich males, Va increased more in males than females at
 limited food, in accordance with the predictions of the genic capture
 model. Overall therefore, quantitative genetic evidence in support of the
 model was inconsistent and weak at best.
description: DataDmitriew&BlanckenhornJEB12488 2014
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m1fp77jg
title: Data from: Sexual selection as a promoter of population divergence in male phenotypic characters? A study on mainland and islet lizard populations

description: Sexual selection is often viewed as a promoter of population divergence,
 although some forms of sexual selection could rather hamper divergence. In
 the present study, we investigated whether sexual selection promotes
 divergence in sexually-selected traits. We studied population variation in
 sexual selection in relation to colour morph and body size in islet and
 mainland populations of the Skyros wall lizard (Podarcis gaigeae). Females
 were most likely to mate with orange-throated males with small body sizes,
 and male body size and coloration were therefore subject to correlational
 sexual selection. By contrast, male mating probabilities were not affected
 by any female phenotypic character. We also found variation in a female
 resistance trait (escape propensity), with females being more prone to
 escape when exposed to males from other habitats. Sexual selection could
 potentially affect the frequencies of throat colour morphs in this species
 by favouring orange-throated males of small body size, although there was
 no evidence of sexual selection for local mates or rare phenotypes. The
 results obtained in the present study thus do not support a role for
 sexual selection as a promoter of population divergence in this species.
description: Runemark_and_Svensson_MatingDataPlease see the readme fileGeographic_locals_Runemark_and_SvenssonPlease see the readme file
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vg446
title: Data from: On heels and toes: how ants climb with adhesive pads and tarsal friction hair arrays

description: Ants are able to climb effortlessly on vertical and inverted smooth
 surfaces. When climbing, their feet touch the substrate not only with
 their pretarsal adhesive pads but also with dense arrays of fine hairs on
 the ventral side of the 3rd and 4th tarsal segments. To understand what
 role these different attachment structures play during locomotion, we
 analysed leg kinematics and recorded single-leg ground reaction forces in
 Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) climbing vertically on a smooth glass
 substrate. We found that the ants engaged different attachment structures
 depending on whether their feet were above or below their Centre of Mass
 (CoM). Legs above the CoM pulled and engaged the arolia (‘toes’), whereas
 legs below the CoM pushed with the 3rd and 4th tarsomeres (‘heels’) in
 surface contact. Legs above the CoM carried a significantly larger
 proportion of the body weight than legs below the CoM. Force measurements
 on individual ant tarsi showed that friction increased with normal load as
 a result of the bending and increasing side contact of the tarsal hairs.
 On a rough sandpaper substrate, the tarsal hairs generated higher friction
 forces in the pushing than in the pulling direction, whereas no such
 effect was found on the smooth substrate. When the tarsal hairs were
 pushed, buckling was observed for forces exceeding the shear forces found
 in climbing ants. Adhesion forces were small but not negligible, and
 similar on both substrates. Our results indicate that the dense tarsal
 hair arrays produce friction forces when pressed against the substrate,
 and help the ants to push outwards during horizontal and vertical walking.
description: EndleinFederle_Data_PONE-D-15-22788Raw data for all figures presented in the manuscript.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1749362
title: Data from: Elemental content and stoichiometry of SAR11 chemoheterotrophic marine bacteria

description: We measured the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content and production of
 cultured SAR11 cells in the genus Pelagibacter, from members of the 1a.1
 and 1a.3 lineages, which are adapted to productive coastal waters and
 oligotrophic tropical/subtropical environments, respectively. The average
 growing SAR11 cell contained ~6.5 fg C, from which we calculated a global
 standing stock of 1.4 1013 g C. Calculations that consider uncertainties
 in cell turnover rates and growth efficiencies indicate this stock could
 oxidize 6 to 37% of gross ocean primary production. We also found that
 SAR11 do not incorporate 3H-thymidine, but do incorporate 3H-leucine. We
 estimate conversion factors of 0.74 - 1.51 kg C mol-1 leu, which are
 comparable to the low end of published leucine conversion factors for
 marine chemoheterotrophic bacterioplankton production. The molar ratio of
 elements C:N:P in growing cells was on average 25:6:1, significantly less
 than the mean (~50:10:1) for heterotrophic bacteria, indicating these
 strains are C and N poor relative to P.
description: Data_SAR11CNPThis file contains elemental data used to calculate C:N:P ratios for strains of Pelagibacter (SAR11). There are also tabs detailing the calculation of genomic phosphorus content and the potential contribution of SAR11 to gross primary production.Metadata-LO-Letters-data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p69t1
title: Data from: Targeting global conservation funding to limit immediate biodiversity declines

description: Inadequate funding levels are a major impediment to effective global
 biodiversity conservation and are likely associated with recent failures
 to meet United Nations biodiversity targets. Some countries are more
 severely underfunded than others and therefore represent urgent financial
 priorities. However, attempts to identify these highly underfunded
 countries have been hampered for decades by poor and incomplete data on
 actual spending, coupled with uncertainty and lack of consensus over the
 relative size of spending gaps. Here, we assemble a global database of
 annual conservation spending. We then develop a statistical model that
 explains 86% of variation in conservation expenditures, and use this to
 identify countries where funding is robustly below expected levels. The 40
 most severely underfunded countries contain 32% of all threatened
 mammalian diversity and include neighbors in some of the world’s most
 biodiversity-rich areas (Sundaland, Wallacea, and Near Oceania). However,
 very modest increases in international assistance would achieve a large
 improvement in the relative adequacy of global conservation finance. Our
 results could therefore be quickly applied to limit immediate biodiversity
 losses at relatively little cost.
description: Biodiversity
 conservation spending by country by source 2001-2008File shows the amount
 allocated to biodiversity conservation by domestic and international
 sources, in millions of 2005 US dollars, for the period 2001-2008. File
 also contains numerous comments adding further information. See online
 material for the published article for details of how data were
 compiled.data appendix dryad
 2.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g529s
title: Data from: Positive species diversity and above-ground biomass relationships are ubiquitous across forest strata despite interference from overstorey trees

description: There is growing concern over rates of global species diversity loss and
 its implications on healthy ecosystem functioning. While positive
 relationships between tree species diversity and forest biomass production
 have been observed, forests are structurally complex, consisting of
 understorey vegetation layers that also contribute to ecosystem
 functioning as they often account for the majority of species richness.
 However, relationships between understorey vegetation diversity and
 function are largely unexplored. Further, few studies have simultaneously
 assessed how both overstorey and understory vegetation interact and
 contribute to overall ecosystem function. By analysing Canada's
 National Forest Inventory data base using structural equation modelling,
 we explored the relationships between species richness and above-ground
 biomass production across forest vegetation strata while accounting for
 potentially confounding factors, including climate, physical site
 characteristics and forest ageing. We found positive relationships between
 species richness and biomass production across all forest vegetation
 layers, but the relationship was strongest for the overstorey layer.
 Species richness of the understorey tree, shrub and herb layers was
 positively related to overstorey species richness. However, overstorey
 biomass had a negative effect on the biomass production of all understorey
 layers. Our results suggest that resource filtering by overstorey trees
 might have reduced the strength of the positive diversity–productivity
 relationships in the forest understorey, supporting previous hypotheses
 that the magnitude and direction of diversity–productivity relationships
 is context specific and dependent on the conditions of the surrounding
 environment. Further, heterogeneity in understory resources, as affected
 by the overstorey, may promote niche complementarity as the main mechanism
 driving diversity–productivity relationships in understorey vegetation.
description: Dataset
 FE-2016-00107Data from: Positive
 species diversity and above-ground biomass relationships are ubiquitous
 across forest strata despite interference from overstorey trees.
 Functional Ecology
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.85325
title: Data from: Carried over: heat stress in the egg stage reduces subsequent performance in a butterfly

description: Increasing heat stress caused by anthropogenic climate change may pose a
 substantial challenge to biodiversity due to associated detrimental
 effects on survival and reproduction. Therefore, heat tolerance has
 recently received substantial attention, but its variation throughout
 ontogeny and effects carried over from one developmental stage to another
 remained largely neglected. To explore to what extent stress experienced
 early in life affects later life stages, we here investigate effects of
 heat stress experienced in the egg stage throughout ontogeny in the
 tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana. We found that detrimental effects of
 heat stress in the egg stage were detectable in hatchlings, larvae and
 even resulting adults, as evidenced by decreased survival, growth, and
 body mass. This study shows that even in holometabalous insects with
 discrete life stages effects of stress experienced early in life are
 carried over to later stages, substantially reducing subsequent fitness.
 We argue that such effects need to be considered when trying to forecast
 species responses to climate change.
description: raw_dataThe data file consists of the data for egg survival, hatchling survival, head capsule width, pupation/eclosion rate and adult heat survival with body mass.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7b2p6
title: Data from: Nonlinear disease tolerance curves reveal distinct components of host responses to viral infection

description: The ability to tolerate infection is a key component of host defence and
 offers potential novel therapeutic approaches for infectious diseases. To
 yield successful targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important
 that the analytical tools employed to measure disease tolerance are able
 to capture distinct host responses to infection. Here, we show that
 commonly used methods that estimate tolerance as a linear relationship
 should be complemented with more flexible, nonlinear estimates of this
 relationship which may reveal variation in distinct components such as
 host vigour, sensitivity to increases in pathogen loads, and the severity
 of the infection. To illustrate this, we measured the survival of
 Drosophila melanogaster carrying either a functional or non-functional
 regulator of the JAK-STAT immune pathway (G9a) when challenged with a
 range of concentrations of Drosophila C virus (DCV). While classical
 linear model analyses indicated that G9a affected tolerance only in
 females, a more powerful nonlinear logistic model showed that G9a mediates
 viral tolerance to different extents in both sexes. This analysis also
 revealed that G9a acts by changing the sensitivity to increasing pathogen
 burdens, but does not reduce the ultimate severity of disease. These
 results indicate that fitting nonlinear models to host health–pathogen
 burden relationships may offer better and more detailed estimates of
 disease tolerance.
description: Gupta-Vale-G9a-tolerance-RSOS-Experimental dataSurvival and viral titers for individual replicate flies challenged with a range of concentrations of Drosophila C Virus.Gene expression dataExpression of JAK-Stat immune genes in flies challenged with DCV
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.62hk145k
title: Data from: DNA-based analysis of regurgitates: a noninvasive approach to examine the diet of invertebrate consumers

description: DNA-based gut content analysis has become an important tool for
 unravelling feeding interactions in invertebrate communities under natural
 conditions. It usually implies killing of the consumer and extracting the
 DNA from its food, either using the whole animal or its dissected gut.
 This post-mortem approach, however, is not suitable for investigating the
 diet of rare or protected species and also prohibits tracking individual
 dietary preferences as each consumer can provide trophic information only
 once. Moreover, removing large numbers of consumers from a habitat for
 analysis might critically change population densities and affect species
 interactions. Here, we present DNA-based analysis of invertebrate
 regurgitates, a novel approach to overcome these limitations. Conducting
 feeding experiments where adult Poecilus cupreus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
 were fed with larvae of Amphimallon solstitiale (Coleoptera:
 Scarabaeidae), we show that detection success in regurgitates compared to
 samples prepared from whole beetles was similar or significantly enhanced
 for small/medium and large prey DNA fragments, respectively. Prey DNA
 detection success remained high in regurgitates stored in ethanol for 21
 months at room temperature prior to DNA extraction. We conclude that in
 those invertebrates where regurgitates can be obtained, examination of
 food DNA in regurgitates offers many advantages over conventional
 post-mortem gut content analysis.
description: raw data Waldner &
 Traugott MER-12-0024Original screening and
 biomass data