DOI: 10.5061/dryad.brv15dvcq
title: Data from: Ecology of fear alters behaviour of grizzly bears exposed to bear-viewing ecotourism

description: Humans are perceived as predators by many species and may generate
 landscapes of fear, influencing the spatiotemporal activity of wildlife.
 Additionally, wildlife might seek out human activity when faced with
 predation risks (human shield hypothesis). We used the Anthropause, a
 decrease in human activity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, to test
 the ecology of fear and human shield hypotheses and quantify the effects
 of bear-viewing ecotourism on grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) activity. We
 deployed camera traps in the Khutze watershed in Kitasoo Xai’xais
 Territory in the absence of humans in 2020 and with experimental
 treatments of variable human activity when ecotourism resumed in 2021.
 Daily bear detection rates decreased with more people present and
 increased with days since people were present. Human activity was also
 associated with more bear detections at forested sheltered sites, and less
 at exposed sites, likely due to the influence of habitat on bear
 perception of safety. The number of people negatively influenced adult
 male detection rates, but we found no influence on females with young
 detections, providing no evidence that females responded behaviourally to
 a human shield effect from reduced male activity. We also observed
 apparent trade-offs of risk avoidance and foraging. When salmon levels
 were moderate to high, detected bears were more likely to be females with
 young than adult males on days with more people present. Should managers
 want to minimize human impacts on bear activity and maintain baseline
 age-sex class composition at ecotourism sites, multi-day closures and
 daily occupancy limits may be effective. More broadly, this work revealed
 that antipredator responses can vary with the intensity of risk cues,
 habitat structure, and forage trade-offs, as well as manifest as the
 altered age-sex class composition of individuals using human-influenced
 areas, highlighting that wildlife avoids people across multiple
 spatiotemporal scales.
description: Data were collected through an array of 40 remote cameras in the
 Khutze watershed in Kitasoo Xai'xais Territory to assess how
 ecotourism in the form of bear viewing might influence grizzly bear
 activity. This was assessed through multiple modelling techniques,
 including an overall bear detection rate model, individual detection rate
 models for different age-sex classes of bears, a multinomial model to
 further assess age-sex class differences, and an activity pattern analysis
 to assess temporal shifts in grizzly bear activity. We
 used data from 2020 when ecotourism was closed in Khutze, as well as 2021
 when ecotourism returned. For the full methods, please see the open access
 paper, Short et al., 2024 "Ecology of fear alters behaviour of
 grizzly bears exposed to bear-viewing ecotourism".
description: # Data from: Ecology of fear alters behaviour of grizzly bears exposed to
 bear-viewing ecotourism --- This dataset included the data and R code used
 in the analyses for the article "Ecology of fear alters behaviour of
 grizzly bears exposed to bear-viewing ecotourism" ## Description of
 the Data and file structure For the full definitions of all variables and
 their structure please see Table 1 and Appendix 1: Table S2. Please ignore
 any empty cells in the datasets, as they will be coded as N/A once they
 are read into R. * Short_et_al_Data1.csv is the input data file for the
 detection rate model (Short_SupplementaryCode1.R) and activity pattern
 analysis (Short_SupplementaryCode3.R) * Short_et_al_Data2.csv is the input
 data file for the age-sex class multinomial model
 (Short_SupplementaryCode2.R) * Short_et_al_Data3.csv is an input data file
 for the activity pattern analysis (Short_SupplementaryCode3.R) *
 Short_et_al_Data4.csv and Short_et_al_Data5.csv are the input data files
 for the detection rate model for different age-sex classes
 (Short_SupplementaryCode4.R) #### Variable Definitions: ##### Variables in
 Short\_et\_al\_Data1.csv, Short\_et\_al\_Data4.csv,
 and Short\_et\_al\_Data5.csv * Date : Date of grizzly bear
 detections * Deployment.Location.ID : Remote camera identifier  *
 Detections : Number of independent grizzly bear detections on that date at
 that camera * Treatment : Whether the watershed was open or closed to
 tourism (see Table 1 and Methods for more details) * Week : Week of the
 year * SalmonBiomass : Salmon biomass estimate for a given day, centered
 and scaled (see Table 1 and Methods for more details) * WaterLevel : Water
 level of the river in relation to grizzly bear fishing ability (see Table
 1 and Appendix 1: Table S4 for more details) * PeoplePrevious : Whether
 people were present in Khutze the day previous * PeoplePresent : Whether
 people were present or absent in Khutze on a given day * People : Number
 of people who visited Khutze on a given day, centered and scaled * Vessels
 : Number of vessels that visited Khutze on a given day, centered and
 scaled * Tours : Number of tours that visited Khutze on a given day,
 centered and scaled * DistanceToTour : The closest that a tour got to that
 camera on that given day, centered and scaled (for more details see Table
 1 and Appendix 1 Figure S1) * Year : Year  * YearClosures: Whether Khutze
 was open or closed to tourism based on the year * DaysSincePeople: The
 number of days since people visited Khutze, centered and scaled (for more
 details see Table 1) * tourLength : The number of hours in a day with
 people present in Khutze, centered and scaled (see Table 1 for more
 details) * Exposure : Whether the camera site was in a Sheltered
 (forested) or Open (estuary) area of Khutze (see Table 1 and Methods for
 more details) ##### Variables in Short\_et\_al\_Data2.csv * Date : Date of
 grizzly bear detection * Deployment.Location.ID : Remote camera
 identifier  * Date1 : Date of grizzly bear detection * Time : Time of
 grizzly bear detection hh:mm:ss * Species.Common.Name : Common name of
 species detected on camera * Minimum.Group.Size : The minimum number of
 individuals included in the detection event (see Appendix 1 and Methods
 for more details) * Sex : Sex of the first grizzly bear in the detection
 event * Sex2 : Sex of the second grizzly bear in the detection event, if
 applicable * Age : Age class of the grizzly bear(s) in the detection event
 * Date_Time.Captured : The date and time of the grizzly bear detection *
 DarkPoint : The average time of the darkest point of the night during the
 study period * TimeDiff : The difference between the time of detection and
 the dark point (see Appendix 1: Table S2 for more details) * Year : Year
 of detection * Treatment : Whether the watershed was open or closed to
 tourism (see Table 1 and Methods for more details) * Week : Week of the
 year * SalmonBiomass : Salmon biomass estimate for a given day, centered
 and scaled (see Table 1 and Methods for more details) * WaterLevel : Water
 level of the river in relation to grizzly bear fishing ability (see Table
 1 and Appendix 1: Table S4 for more details) * PeoplePrevious : Whether
 people were present in Khutze the day previous * PeoplePresent : Whether
 people were present or absent in Khutze on a given day * People : Number
 of people who visited Khutze on a given day, centered and scaled * Vessels
 : Number of vessels that visited Khutze on a given day, centered and
 scaled * Tours : Number of tours that visited Khutze on a given day,
 centered and scaled * DistanceToTour : The closest that a tour got to that
 camera on that given day, centered and scaled (for more details see Table
 1 and Appendix 1 Figure S1) * YearClosures: Whether Khutze was open or
 closed to tourism based on the year * DaysSincePeople: The number of days
 since people visited Khutze, centered and scaled (for more details see
 Table 1) * tourLength : The number of hours in a day with people present
 in Khutze, centered and scaled (see Table 1 for more details) * AgeSex :
 The age-sex class of the bear in the detection * Exposure : Whether the
 camera site was in a Sheltered (forested) or Open (estuary) area of Khutze
 (see Table 1 and Methods for more details) ##### Variables in
 Short\_et\_al\_Data3.csv * Project.ID : Location of the study *
 Deployment.Location.ID : Remote camera identifier  * Image.ID: Image
 identifier * Date : Date of grizzly bear detection * Time : Time of
 grizzly bear detection hh:mm:ss * Image.Quality : Whether the image
 quality is sufficient to identify species * Set_up : Whether the images
 were taken during the setup of the camera * Take_down : Whether the images
 were taken during the removal of the camera * Camera_check : Whether the
 images were taken during a mid-season camera check * Class : Class of
 species detected * Order : Order of species detected * Family : Family of
 species detected * Genus : Genus of species detected * Species : Species
 detected * Species.Common.Name : Common name of the species detected *
 Number.of.Animals : Number of individuals in that given image *
 Minimum.Group.Size : Number of individuals in the detection event *
 Adult_count : Number of adult bears in the detection event *
 Subadult_count : Number of sub-adult bears in the detection event  *
 Yearling_count : Number of yearling bears in the detection event *
 COY_count : Number of cubs of the year in the detection event * Sex : Sex
 of the first bear in the detection event * Sex2 : Sex of the second bear
 in the detection event, if applicable * Sex3 : Sex of the third bear in
 the detection event, if applicable * Start_of_series : Whether the image
 is the first in a detection event * End_of_series : Whether the image is
 the last in a detection event * Time_start_of_series : The time that the
 detection event started * Time_end_of_series : The time that the detection
 event ended * Fish_interaction : Whether the bear was fishing * Foraging :
 Whether the bear was foraging * Spirit_bear : Number of spirit bears in
 the detection event * Needs_review : Whether the image needed additional
 review * Comments : Comments * Reference_quality : Whether the image is
 high enough quality to use in presentations  * Aware_of_camera : Whether
 the animal showed awareness of the camera * Blank : If the image was blank
 * Age : Age of grizzly bear in detection event * Date_Time.Captured : The
 date and time of the grizzly bear detection