DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bvq83bkn7
title: Data from: Multiple forms of balancing selection maintain inversion polymorphism

description: Despite many examples of balanced inversion polymorphisms, little is known
 about how they affect fitness-related traits. This knowledge gap hampers
 our understanding of how they are selectively maintained as protected
 polymorphisms. Here, we study the effects of a cosmopolitan balanced
 inversion polymorphism in D. melanogaster, In(3R)Payne, on fitness
 components, including traits related to development, growth, reproduction,
 stress resistance, and adult survival. We find that the non-inverted
 standard (STD) chromosomal arrangement and the inverted (INV) arrangement
 behave like Mendelian alleles of a supergene, which affect a suite of
 complex fitness-related phenotypes. While the STD arrangement tends to
 have positive, mostly dominant effects on size-related traits, fecundity,
 fertility, stress resistance, and lifespan, the INV arrangement exhibits
 mostly recessive effects that are indicative of fitness costs. Yet, in
 favor of the balanced polymorphism, we observe overdominance for egg
 hatchability, egg-to-adult survival, pupal survival at 18°C, developmental
 time, and male desiccation resistance. The most parsimonious explanation
 for these heterotic effects is that they are due to some form of
 multi-locus heterokaryotype advantage. We also find several instances of
 trait-, sex-, and temperature-dependent changes in the degree of
 dominance, suggesting a possible role of antagonistic selection with
 context-specific dominance reversals in maintaining the polymorphism.
 Moreover, genotype-by-environment interactions and parental effects appear
 to contribute as well. Together, our results suggest that multiple
 phenotypic modes of balancing selection are involved in maintaining the
 inversion polymorphism.
description: # Multiple forms of balancing selection maintain inversion polymorphism
 Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.bvq83bkn7](10.5061/dryad.bvq83bkn7) ##
 Description of the data and file structure The main aim of our study
 (Paris *et al.* 2025) was to investigate the effects of the *In(3R)Payne*
 inversion polymorphism on a suite of fitness-related traits in the vinegar
 fly, *Drosophila melanogaster*. Here we present the raw data of our study
 (see: Paris_et_al_2025_Heredity_raw_data.xlsx). For further details see
 our paper Paris *et al.* 2025, entitled "Multiple Forms of Balancing
 Selection Maintain Inversion Polymorphism", published in *Heredity*.
 For additional details please contact the first author, Margot Paris
 ([margot.paris@unifr.ch](mailto:margot.paris@unifr.ch)), or the
 corresponding author, Thomas Flatt
 ([thomas.flatt@unifr.ch](mailto:thomas.flatt@unifr.ch)). ### Files and
 variables #### File: Paris_et_al_2025_Heredity_raw_data.xlsx
 **Description:** Each tab of the excel file provides the raw data for a
 given fitness-related trait (or for a trait in a given experimental
 condition). ##### Variables and Abbreviations * INV/INV =
 inverted/inverted homokaryotype * STD/STD = STD/STD homokaryotype * HET =
 INV/STD and STD/INV heterokaryotypes * "Karyotype3" indicates
 one of three main karyotypes INV/INV, STD/STD and HET * Karyotype4"
 indicates whether a given HET individual was, depending on the direction
 of the cross, a STD/INV or INV/STD individual * Femur length in mm *
 Hatchability measured as percentage, at both 25C and 18C * Egg-to-adult
 survival (viability) measured as percentage, assayed at both 25C and 18C *
 Developmental time measured in hours, for females and males (Event = 1 =
 observed adult eclosion; Event = 0 = censored data point) * Pupal survival
 measured as percentage, at both 25C and 18C * Dry weight in mg, measured
 for females and males * Wing area in mm2, measured for females and males *
 Femur length in mm, measured for females and males * Total fertility,
 measured as total number of viable offspring per female over the whole
 30-day period observed. * Fertility over time, measured as number of
 viable offspring per female per day, over time (i.e., over a 30-day
 period). * Fecundity, measured at either 25C or at 18C, expressed as the
 average number of eggs laid per female per day (average daily per-capita
 fecundity) * Starvation survival for females and males, measured as age of
 death upon starvation in hours (Event = 1 = observed death; Event = 0 =
 censored data point) * Desiccation survival for females and males,
 measured as age of death upon starvation in hours (Event = 1 = observed
 death; Event = 0 = censored data point) * Adult lifespan for females and
 males, measured as age of death in days (Event = 1 = observed death; Event
 = 0 = censored data point) ## Code/software none; the R code used to
 analyze the phenotypic raw data is given in Supplementary Table S1 of the
 paper. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the
 data: * The raw data are also given supplementary table S2 of the paper.
 Data was derived from the following sources: * not applicable.