cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vv34k10
title: Data from: Evaluating the potential for evolutionary mismatch in Batesian mimics: a case study in the endangered Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca).

description: Many harmless organisms gain a survival advantage by mimicking venomous
 species. This is the case of the endangered smooth snake (Coronella
 austriaca), which mimics venomous vipers. Although this may protect the
 smooth snake against most of its natural predators, it may render them at
 greater risk of mortality from humans, who are more inclined to kill
 species, such as vipers, that they consider dangerous. This may cause an
 evolutionary mismatch, whereby humans may counteract the natural advantage
 of mimicry. We explore this possibility evaluating the willingness of
 humans to kill smooth snakes versus the adder (Vipera berus), as well as
 their ability to discern them in the Åland Islands. Our results show that,
 even when respondents did not wish to kill the smooth snakes, they were
 often mistaken for adders, which they were willing to kill. Altogether,
 viper-mimicry brought about a 2.3-fold increase in the likelihood of
 smooth snakes being killed upon human encounter. These results open up the
 possibility that naturally selected mimicry can pose a threat to
 endangered snakes in human influenced habitats. We discuss the potential
 for this to be the case, and highlight the importance of protecting entire
 mimicry complexes, rather than single species, when the endangered species
 is a mimic.
description: interview
 dataHAASTATTELUDATA.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.dd414
title: Data from: Coevolution between mutualists and parasites in symbiotic communities may lead to the evolution of lower virulence

description: Most eukaryotes harbor a diverse community of parasitic, mutualistic and
 commensal microbial symbionts. Although the diversity of these microbial
 symbiotic communities has recently drawn considerable attention, theory
 regarding the evolution of interactions among symbionts and with the host
 is still in nascent stages. Here we evaluate the role of interactions
 among co-infecting symbionts in the evolution of symbiont virulence
 towards the host. To do so, we place the virulence-transmission trade-off
 into a community context and model the evolution of symbiont trophic modes
 along the continuum from parasitism (virulence) to mutualism (negative
 virulence). We establish a framework for studying multiple infections of a
 host by the same symbiont species, and co-infection by multiple species,
 using a concept of shared costs, wherein the negative consequences of
 virulence, or harm, toward the host are shared among symbionts. Our
 results show that mutualism can be maintained under infection by multiple
 symbionts when shared costs are sufficiently low, while greater virulence
 and parasitism toward the host are more likely when shared costs are high.
 Lastly, for co-infection by more than one species, we show that if the
 presence of a mutualist ameliorates some of the costs of pathogen
 virulence, then the symbiotic community may more often evolve to a more
 commensal state and maintain mutualisms.
description: Perl code for finding
 equilibrium virulencePerl code for finding
 equilibrium virulence of multiple species under shared costs. The number
 of species and the parameters of for each species is set through the
 arrays ab, am, b0, and m0 in lines 6-9.multi_spec_vir.pl
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vp955
title: Data from: Is the association between health-related quality of life and fatigue mediated by depression in patients with multiple sclerosis? A Spanish cross sectional study

description: Objectives: To determine the mediating effects of depression on
 health-related quality of life and fatigue in individuals with multiple
 sclerosis (MS). Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Tertiary urban
 hospital. Participants: One hundred and eight patients (54% women) with MS
 participated in this study. Outcome measures: Demographic and clinical
 data (weight, height, medication, and neurological impairment), fatigue
 (Fatigue Impact Scale-FIS), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-BDI/II)
 and health-related quality of life (Short-Form Health Survey 36 - SF36)
 were collected. Results: Fatigue was significantly associated with bodily
 pain, physical function, mental health and depression. Depression was
 associated with bodily pain and mental health. The path analysis found
 direct effect from physical function, bodily pain and depression to
 fatigue (all, P&lt;0.01). The path model analysis revealed that
 depression exerted a mediator effect from bodily pain to fatigue (B=-0.04,
 P&lt;0.01) and from mental health to fatigue (B=-0.16 P&lt;0.01).
 The amount of fatigue explained by all predictors in the path model was
 37%. Conclusions: This study found that depression mediates the
 relationship between some health-related quality of life domains and
 fatigue in people with MS. Future longitudinal studies focusing on proper
 management of depressive symptoms in individuals with MS will help to
 determine the clinical implications of these findings.
description: Supporting Info -
 Dataset for BMJ OpenAnonymous
 DataBase
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.36530
title: Data from: A gene for an extended phenotype

description: Manipulation of host behavior by parasites and pathogens has been widely
 observed but the basis for these behaviors has remained elusive. Gypsy
 moths infected by a baculovirus climb to the top of trees to die, liquefy,
 and “rain” virus on the foliage below to infect new hosts. The viral gene
 that manipulates climbing behavior of the host was identified, providing
 evidence of a genetic basis for the extended phenotype.
description: climbing
 dataRaw lab data on time to
 death, height at death.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d5r18
title: Data from: Protracted growth impedes the detection of sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs

description: Evidence for sexual dimorphism is extremely limited in the non-avian
 dinosaurs despite their high diversity and disparity, and despite the fact
 that dimorphism is very common in vertebrate lineages of all kinds. Using
 body-size data from both Alligator mississippiensis and Rhea americana,
 which phylogenetically bracket the dinosaurs, we demonstrate that even
 when there is strong dimorphism in a species, random sampling of
 populations of individuals characterized by sustained periods of growth
 (as in the alligator and most dinosaurs) can result in the loss of this
 signal. Dimorphism may be common in fossil taxa but very hard to detect
 without ontogenetic age control and large sample sizes, both of which are
 hampered by the limitations of the fossil record. Signal detection may be
 further hindered by Type III survivorship, whereby increased mortality
 among the young favours the likelihood that they will be sampled (unless
 predation or taphonomic bias against small size acts against this). These,
 and other considerations relating to behaviour and ecology, provide
 powerful reasons to suggest that sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs may be
 very difficult to detect in almost all currently available samples.
 Similar issues are likely also to be applicable to many fossil reptiles,
 or animals more generally.
description: R code used for sexual
 dimorphism analysisFile contains R code for
 modelling alligator and rhea growth curves, including population structure
 and taphonomic bias, and subsampling routines.File_S1.R
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r2s4n
title: Data from: Species decline under nitrogen fertilization increases community-level competence of fungal diseases

description: The artificial fertilization of soils can alter the structure of natural
 plant communities and exacerbate pathogen emergence and transmission.
 Although the direct effects of fertilization on disease resistance in
 plants have received some research attention, its indirect effects of
 altered community structure on the severity of fungal disease infection
 remain largely uninvestigated. We designed manipulation experiments in
 natural assemblages of Tibetan alpine meadow vegetation along a
 nitrogen-fertilization gradient over 5 years to compare the relative
 importance of direct and indirect effects of fertilization on foliar
 fungal infections at the community level. We found that species with lower
 proneness to pathogens were more likely to be extirpated following
 fertilization, such that community-level competence of disease, and thus
 community pathogen load, increased with the intensity of fertilization.
 The amount of nitrogen added (direct effect) and community disease
 competence (indirect effect) provided the most parsimonious combination of
 parameters explaining the variation in disease severity. Our experiment
 provides a mechanistic explanation for the dilution effect in fertilized,
 natural assemblages in a highly specific pathogen–host system, and thus
 insights into the consequences of human ecosystem modifications on the
 dynamics of infectious diseases.
description: Community indices and
 CWM traitsCommunity indices and
 CWM traits of all the 48 plots in our experiment.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r7c7p
title: Data from: Patient and impatient punishers of free-riders

description: Costly punishment of cheaters who contribute little or nothing to a
 cooperating group has been extensively studied as an effective means to
 enforce cooperation. The prevailing view is that individuals use
 punishment to retaliate against transgressions of moral standards like
 fairness or equity. However, there is much debate regarding the
 psychological underpinnings of costly punishment. Some authors suggest
 that costly punishment must be a product of humans’ capacity for
 reasoning, self-control, and long-term planning, while others argue that
 it is the result of an impulsive, present oriented, emotional drive. Here
 we explore the inter-temporal preferences of punishers in a multilateral
 cooperation game and show that both interpretations might be right as we
 can identify two different types of punishment: punishment of free-riders
 by cooperators, which is predicted by patience (future orientation) and
 free-riders’ punishment of other free-riders, which is predicted by
 impatience (present orientation). Therefore, the picture is more complex
 as punishment by free-riders unlikely comes from a reaction against a
 moral transgression, but instead from a competitive, spiteful drive. Thus,
 punishment grounded on morals may be related to lasting or delayed
 psychological incentives, while punishment triggered by competitive
 desires may be linked to short-run aspirations. These results indicate
 that the individual’s time horizon is relevant for the type of social
 behaviour she opts for. Integrating such differences in inter-temporal
 preferences and the social behaviour of agents might help to achieve a
 better understanding of how human cooperation and punishment behaviour has
 evolved.
description: PandIpunishersData from experiments in Stata format and do-file for the supporting analyses.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4g40g
title: Data from: Trans-generational immune priming protects the eggs only against gram-positive bacteria in the mealworm beetle

description: In many vertebrates and invertebrates, offspring whose mothers have been
 exposed to pathogens can exhibit increased levels of immune activity
 and/or increased survival to infection. Such phenomena, called
 “Trans-generational immune priming” (TGIP) are expected to provide immune
 protection to the offspring. As the offspring and their mother may share
 the same environment, and consequently similar microbial threats, we
 expect the immune molecules present in the progeny to be specific to the
 microbes that immune challenged the mother. We provide evidence in the
 mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor that the antimicrobial activity found in
 the eggs is only active against Gram-positive bacteria, even when females
 were exposed to Gram-negative bacteria or fungi. Fungi were weak inducers
 of TGIP while we obtained similar levels of anti-Gram-positive activity
 using different bacteria for the maternal challenge. Furthermore, we have
 identified an antibacterial peptide from the defensin family, the tenecin
 1, which spectrum of activity is exclusively directed toward Gram-positive
 bacteria as potential contributor to this antimicrobial activity. We
 conclude that maternal transfer of antimicrobial activity in the eggs of
 T. molitor might have evolved from persistent Gram-positive bacterial
 pathogens between insect generations.
description: Test for specificity of
 antimicrobial activity in eggs of Tenebrio molitorFor the two data files
 provided, data were collected from 2 experiments which tested specificity
 of antimicrobial activity in eggs of Tenebrio molitor females after being
 immune challenged with inactivated bacteria
 (PPATHOGENS-D-15-00414_bacteria.csv) or fungi
 (PPATHOGENS-D-15-00414_fungi.csv). Females were immune challenged
 (female.treatment) with different inactivated microorganisms (Ag:
 Arthrobacter globiformis; Bt: Bacillus thuringiensis; Ec: Escherichia
 coli; Se: Serratia entomophila;Ca: Candida albicans; Ma: Metarizhium
 anisopliae) and antimicrobial activity of their eggs (egg.assay) were
 assayed on the same microbes used for the maternal challenge and other
 bacteria (Bs: Bacillus subtillis; Sm: Serratia marcescens). Presence of
 antimicrobial activity using a zone of inhibition assay was recorded as
 presence/absence (binary) and as the diameter of the zone inhibition they
 produced in millimeter (size.ZI).PPATHOGENS-D-15-00414.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0h054
title: Data from: Inbreeding depression in urban environments of the bird's nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus (Nidulariaceae: Basidiomycota)

description: Many organisms display codispersal of offspring, but fewer display
 codispersal of compatible gametes. This mechanism enhances the ability of
 a species to colonize after long distance dispersal as a mechanism of
 reproductive assurance, but it also fosters inbreeding and potential
 reduction in fitness. Here we investigated both long distance dispersal
 and inbreeding in the bird’s nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus, a dung and
 mulch-associated fungus with a splash cup fruiting body appearing like a
 miniature bird’s nest of ‘eggs‘ or peridioles that contain thousands of
 mating compatible meiotic spores. To investigate the genetic structure in
 the species, six North American urban populations were hierarchically
 sampled and genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers. We detected
 significant levels of inbreeding through heterozygote deficiencies at four
 loci, with global FIS=0.061. Dispersal limitation was suggested by both
 spatial autocorrelation and the detection of population structure between
 Louisiana and Michigan using clustering and F-statistics. Although
 inbreeding may facilitate colonization by the fungus, it has a negative
 effect on the fitness of populations as estimated from a 15% reduction in
 growth rates of inbred strains relative to outcrossed. Mating tests
 revealed that C. stercoreus has a higher estimated number of mating-type
 alleles (MAT-A= 39, MAT-B= 24) than other species of bird’s nest fungi,
 which would increase its outcrossing efficiency. We speculate that the
 increased number of mating-type alleles is the result of a recent range
 and population size expansion into urban environments.
description: 10 microsatellite locus
 dataset in Genepop formatFile contains clone
 corrected dataset of microsatellite genotypes divided into the six
 populations used in the publication. Alleles are represented in three
 digit format, and missing data is represented by
 000000.cyathus_final_genepop.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jg34q
title: Young children spontaneously invent wild great apes’ tool-use behaviours

description: The variety and complexity of human-made tools are unique in the animal
 kingdom. Research investigating why human tool use is special has focused
 on the role of social learning: while non-human great apes acquire
 tool-use behaviours mostly by individual (re-)inventions, modern humans
 use imitation and teaching to accumulate innovations over time. However,
 little is known about tool-use behaviours that humans can invent
 individually, i.e. without cultural knowledge. We presented 2- to
 3.5-year-old children with 12 problem-solving tasks based on tool-use
 behaviours shown by great apes. Spontaneous tool use was observed in 11
 tasks. Additionally, tasks which occurred more frequently in wild great
 apes were also solved more frequently by human children. Our results
 demonstrate great similarity in the spontaneous tool-use abilities of
 human children and great apes, indicating that the physical cognition
 underlying tool use shows large overlaps across the great ape species.
 This suggests that humans are neither born with special physical cognition
 skills, nor that these skills have degraded due to our species’ long
 reliance of social learning in the tool-use domain.
description: Reindl et al. GATTeB
 data (SPSS file)SPSS file containing
 children's data (2-3.5 years) on the GATTeB collected in a behavioral
 experiment in different testing locations (nurseries, lab, science
 museum).Reindl et al. GATTeB
 data.sav
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8b8d1
title: Data from: Personality remains: no effect of 3-week social status experience on personality in male fowl

description: Individuals often differ in behavior in a consistent way, i.e. show
 variation in personality. Understanding the processes explaining the
 emergence and maintenance of this variation is a major topic in the field
 of animal behavioral research. Recent theoretical models predict that
 differences in various 'states' can generate individual
 variation in behavior. Previous studies have mainly focused on endogenous
 states like metabolic rate or energy reserves, but theory also suggests
 that states based on social interactions could play important roles in
 shaping personality. We have earlier demonstrated short-term
 status-dependent variation in behavior in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus
 domesticus), but whether such behavioral variation remains also after a
 longer period of time, is unknown. Therefore, we examine the influence of
 social status on variation in behavior, using experimental manipulation of
 social status in pairs of male domestic fowl. We scored males in three
 personality assays (novel arena test, novel object test aggression test)
 before and after three weeks in pairs as either dominant or subordinate.
 We observed individual consistency of behavior despite alteration of
 social status. We further found no support for social status acting as a
 state that generates variation in personality over the used time interval:
 social status had no significant effect on the change in behavioral
 responses between repeated personality tests. Our results suggest that
 personality is more important than current social situation for describing
 individual behavior in stable groups.
description: personality_remains_dataData used for the study 'Personality remains: no effect of three-week social status experience on personality in male fowl' by Anna Favati, Eva Udén, Olof Leimar and Hanne Løvlie.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.427p0
title: Data from: What explains rare and conspicuous colours in a snail? A test of time-series data against models of drift, migration or selection

description: It is intriguing that conspicuous colour morphs of a prey species may be
 maintained at low frequencies alongside cryptic morphs. Negative
 frequency-dependent selection by predators using search images (‘apostatic
 selection’) is often suggested without rejecting alternative explanations.
 Using a maximum likelihood approach we fitted predictions from models of
 genetic drift, migration, constant selection, heterozygote advantage or
 negative frequency-dependent selection to time-series data of colour
 frequencies in isolated populations of a marine snail (Littorina
 saxatilis), re-established with perturbed colour morph frequencies and
 followed for &gt;20 generations. Snails of conspicuous colours (white,
 red, banded) are naturally rare in the study area (usually &lt;10%)
 but frequencies were manipulated to levels of ~50% (one colour per
 population) in 8 populations at the start of the experiment in 1992. In
 2013, frequencies had declined to ~15–45%. Drift alone could not explain
 these changes. Migration could not be rejected in any population, but
 required rates much higher than those recorded. Directional selection was
 rejected in three populations in favour of balancing selection.
 Heterozygote advantage and negative frequency-dependent selection could
 not be distinguished statistically, although overall the results favoured
 the latter. Populations varied idiosyncratically as mild or variable
 colour selection (3–11%) interacted with demographic stochasticity, and
 the overall conclusion was that multiple mechanisms may contribute to
 maintaining the polymorphisms.
description: Snail colour
 frequenciesSnail colours divided
 into colour classes (white, banded, red and others) for two subsamples per
 skerry and visit. Data covers 4 populations to which only white snails
 were introduced June 1992, 3 populations to which only banded snails were
 introduced and one population to which only red snails were
 introduced.Raw data Dryad
 desposited.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.831g4
title: Data from: Alcohol discrimination and preferences in two species of nectar-feeding primate

description: Recent reports suggest that dietary ethanol, or alcohol, is a supplemental
 source of calories for some primates. For example, slow lorises
 (Nycticebus coucang) consume fermented nectars with a mean alcohol
 concentration of 0.6% (range: 0.0–3.8%). A similar behaviour is
 hypothesized for aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) based on a single
 point mutation (A294V) in the gene that encodes alcohol dehydrogenase
 class IV (ADH4), the first enzyme to catabolize alcohol during digestion.
 The mutation increases catalytic efficiency 40-fold and may confer a
 selective advantage to aye-ayes that consume the nectar of Ravenala
 madagascariensis. It is uncertain, however, whether alcohol exists in this
 nectar or whether alcohol is preferred or merely tolerated by
 nectarivorous primates. Here, we report the results of a multiple-choice
 food preference experiment with two aye-ayes and a slow loris. We
 conducted observer-blind trials with randomized, serial dilutions of
 ethanol (0–5%) in a standard array of nectar-simulating sucrose solutions.
 We found that both species can discriminate varying concentrations of
 alcohol; and further, that both species prefer the highest available
 concentrations. These results bolster the hypothesized adaptive function
 of the A294V mutation in ADH4, and a connection with fermented foods, both
 in aye-ayes and the last common ancestor of African apes and humans.
description: Gochman_et_al_data_aye_ayeThis is the raw data collected from the aye-ayes. It includes both DPME counts and mass consumed in grams for each variable. ReadMe file explains how data were derived, processed, and analysed.Gochman_et_al_data_lorisThis is the raw data collected from the slow loris. It includes mass consumed in grams for each variable. ReadMe file explains how data were derived, processed, and analysed.