DOI: 10.5061/dryad.z08kprrq1
title: Data from: Organic electro-scattering antenna: Wireless and multisite probing of electrical potentials with high spatial resolution

description: Monitoring electrical potentials with high recording site density and
 micrometer spatial resolution in liquid is critical in biosensing. Organic
 electronic materials have driven remarkable advances in the field due to
 their unique material properties, yet limitations in spatial resolution
 and recording density remain. Here, we introduce organic
 electro-scattering antennas (OCEANs) for wireless, light-based probing of
 electrical signals with micrometer spatial resolution, potentially from
 thousands of sites. The technology relies on the unique dependence of
 poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate light scattering
 properties to its doping level. Electro-optic characteristics of
 individual antennas varying in diameters and operating voltages were
 systematically characterized in saline solution. Signal-to-noise ratios up
 to 48 were achieved in response to 100 mV stimuli, with 2.5 mV detection
 limits and 5 μm spatial resolution. OCEANs demonstrated milliseconds time
 constants and exceptional long-term stability, enabling continuous
 recordings over 10 hours. By offering exceptional 5μm spatial resolution
 and 4.106 cm-2 recording density, OCEANs unlock new readout capabilities,
 potentially accelerating fundamental and clinical research.
description: # **Data from: Organic electro-scattering antenna: Wireless and multisite
 probing of electrical potentials with high spatial resolution** [Access
 this dataset on Dryad](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z08kprrq1) This
 dataset contains all files required to reproduce the results in the
 publication *"Organic electro-scattering antenna: wireless and
 multisite probing of electrical potentials with high spatial
 resolution."* It is organized into three sections: * **Experiments**:
 Raw and processed data, analysis code, and output figures related to the
 experimental characterization of OCEAN. * **Modeling**: Finite element
 model files, analysis code, and output figures related to the theoretical
 modeling of OCEAN. * **Rendering**: Blender model of the antenna and
 rendered figures used for visualization. The CSV file titled
 files_to_figures.csv (Data/files_to_figures.csv) provides a tabular
 summary of the files required to generate each figure, indicating their
 locations within the dataset and offering a brief description of their
 purpose. # Description of the data and file structure ##
 Data/Experiments/Optical microscope Includes all raw and processed optical
 microscope images, along with the resulting output figures and variables
 derived from their analysis. ###
 Data/Experiments/Optical\_microscope/Image\_sequences Includes all raw and
 processed optical microscope image sequences, along with the resulting
 output figures and variables derived from their analysis. ####
 Data/Experiments/Optical\_microscope/Image\_sequences/Data\_raw Contains
 all raw dark-field optical microscope image sequences, categorized as
 follows: * **CA**: Image sequences captured during ChronoAmperometry
 experiments. * **CV**: Image sequences captured during Cyclic Voltammetry
 experiments. * **LT**: Image sequences captured during Long-Term
 experiments. * **TC**: Image sequences captured during Time Constant
 experiments. ####
 Data/Experiments/Optical\_microscope/Image\_sequences/Data\_processed
 Contains all dark-field optical microscope image sequences processed using
 the Vibration Compensation algorithm, categorized as follows: * **CA_VC**:
 Processed image sequences from ChronoAmperometry experiments. * **CV_VC**:
 Processed image sequences from Cyclic Voltammetry experiments. *
 **LT_VC**: Processed image sequences from Long-Term experiments. *
 **TC_VC**: Processed image sequences from Time Constant experiments. ####
 Data/Experiments/Optical\_microscope/Image\_sequences/Output Contains all
 figures and output variables derived from dark-field optical microscope
 images, organized as follows: * **CA:** Figures and variables from
 ChronoAmperometry experiments. * **CA_tED_30s_VC_export**: Figures and
 variables from Chronoamperometry experiments with small OCEANs
 (electrodeposition time = 30 s). * **CA_tED_30s_VC_CA_VB_1 to 7**: Figures
 displaying the optical traces of individual OCEANs in response to voltage
 stimuli, tested under operating bias voltages ranging from 0V (1) to -0.6V
 (7). * **CA_tED_30s_VC_Sensitivity**: Figures illustrating the variation
 in optical signal in response to voltage for the different operating
 biases tested. * **CA_tED_30s_VC_variables.mat**: MATLAB variables
 capturing the optical signal response to voltage for each antenna tested
 experimentally. * **CA_tED_45s_VC_export**: Figures and variables from
 Chronoamperometry experiments with intermediate OCEANs (electrodeposition
 time = 45 s). * **CA_tED_45s_VC_CA_VB_1 to 7**: Figures displaying the
 optical traces of individual OCEANs in response to voltage stimuli, tested
 under operating bias voltages ranging from 0V (1) to -0.6V (7). *
 **CA_tED_45s_VC_Sensitivity**: Figures illustrating the variation in
 optical signal in response to voltage for the different operating biases
 tested. * **CA_tED_45s_VC_variables.mat**: MATLAB variables capturing the
 optical signal response to voltage for each antenna tested experimentally.
 * **CA_tED_60s_VC_export**: Figures and variables from Chronoamperometry
 experiments with large OCEANs (electrodeposition time = 60 s). *
 **CA_tED_60s_VC_CA_VB_1 to 7**: Figures displaying the optical traces of
 individual OCEANs in response to voltage stimuli, tested under operating
 bias voltages ranging from 0V (1) to -0.6V (7). *
 **CA_tED_60s_VC_Sensitivity**: Figures illustrating the variation in
 optical signal in response to voltage for the different operating biases
 tested. * **CA_tED_60s_VC_variables.mat**: MATLAB variables capturing the
 optical signal response to voltage for each antenna tested experimentally.
 * **CA_comparison**: Figures summarizing the impact of OCEAN geometry and
 operating biases on key performance metrics, including sensitivity, noise,
 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and limit of detection (LOD). * HIST_:
 Histograms showing the distribution of performance metrics across antennas
 * \_comparison: Figures showing the impact of OCEAN geometry and operating
 biases on performance metrics * **CV:** Figures and variables from Cyclic
 Voltammetry experiments. * **CV_tED_30s_VC_export**: Figures and variables
 from Cyclic Voltammetry experiments with small OCEANs (electrodeposition
 time = 30 s). * **CV_tED_30s_VC_CV**: Figures illustrating the variation
 of OCEAN optical signal and current in response to voltage sweep between
 -0.8V to 0.7V. * **CV_tED_30s_VC_variables.mat**: MATLAB variables
 capturing the variation of optical signal in response to voltage sweep for
 each antenna tested experimentally. * **CV_tED_45s_VC_export**: Figures
 and variables from Cyclic Voltammetry experiments with intermediate OCEANs
 (electrodeposition time = 45 s). * **CV_tED_45s_VC_CV**: Figures
 illustrating the variation of OCEAN optical signal and current in response
 to voltage sweep between -0.8V to 0.7V. * **CV_tED_45s_VC_variables.mat**:
 MATLAB variables capturing the variation of optical signal in response to
 voltage sweep for each antenna tested experimentally. *
 **CV_tED_60s_VC_export**: Figures and variables from Cyclic Voltammetry
 experiments with large OCEANs (electrodeposition time = 60 s). *
 **CV_tED_60s_VC_CV**: Figures illustrating the variation of OCEAN optical
 signal and current in response to voltage sweep between -0.8V to 0.7V. *
 **CV_tED_60s_VC_variables.mat**: MATLAB variables capturing the variation
 of optical signal in response to voltage sweep for each antenna tested
 experimentally. * **CV_comparison**: Figures summarizing the impact of
 OCEAN geometry on cyclic voltammetry results. * **LT:** Figures and
 variables from Long Term characterization experiments. * **LT_Xh_VC_**:
 Figures and variables from Long Term experiments at time X. * **Zscore**:
 Figure showing optical signal variation in response to -100 mV voltage
 pulse at time X. * **variables.mat**: MATLAB variables capturing the
 variation of optical signal in response to -100 mV voltage pulses for each
 antenna tested experimentally at time X. * **TC:** Figures and variables
 from Time Constant experiments. * **TC_tED_30s_VC_export**: Figures and
 variables from Time Constant experiments with small OCEANs
 (electrodeposition time = 30 s). * **TC_tED_30s_VC_Time_constant**:
 Figures illustrating the variation of OCEAN optical signal in response to
 -100 mV voltage pulses with fast acquisition frame rate. *
 **TC_tED_30s_VC_variables_TC.mat**: MATLAB variables capturing the
 variation of optical signal in response to -100 mV voltage pulses with
 fast acquisition frame rate for each antenna tested experimentally. *
 **TC_tED_45s_VC_export**: Figures and variables from Time Constant
 experiments with intermediate OCEANs (electrodeposition time = 45 s). *
 **TC_tED_45s_VC_Time_constant**: Figures illustrating the variation of
 OCEAN optical signal in response to -100 mV voltage pulses with fast
 acquisition frame rate. * **TC_tED_45s_VC_variables_TC.mat**: MATLAB
 variables capturing the variation of optical signal in response to -100 mV
 voltage pulses with fast acquisition frame rate for each antenna tested
 experimentally. * **TC_tED_60s_VC_export**: Figures and variables from
 Time Constant experiments with large OCEANs (electrodeposition time = 60
 s). * **TC_tED_60s_VC_Time_constant**: Figures illustrating the variation
 of OCEAN optical signal in response to -100 mV voltage pulses with fast
 acquisition frame rate. * **TC_tED_60s_VC_variables_TC.mat**: MATLAB
 variables capturing the variation of optical signal in response to -100 mV
 voltage pulses with fast acquisition frame rate for each antenna tested
 experimentally. * **TC_comparison**: Figures summarizing the impact of
 OCEAN geometry and operating biases on time constant. ###
 Data/Experiments/Optical\_microscope/Images Includes all raw optical
 microscope images, along with the resulting output figures and variables
 derived from their analysis. ####
 Data/Experiments/Optical\_microscope/Images/Data\_raw Contains all raw
 optical microscope images, categorized as follows: * **CV**: Dark field
 microscopy images extracted from CV at -0.8V for small (Vmin_30s),
 intermediate (Vmin_45s), and large (Vmin_60s) antennas. * **tED_**:
 Brightfield images showing OCEAN arrays before (No_ED.tif) and after
 (tED_30s.tif, tED_45s.tif, tED_60s.tif) electrodepostion. ####
 Data/Experiments/Optical\_microscope/Images/Output Contains all figures
 and output variables derived from brightfield optical microscope images,
 organized as follows: * **tED_XXs_**: Figures summarizing the output of
 the image processing pipeline developed to estimate the dimensions of
 OCEANs following different electrodeposition times (XX s). *
 **tED_XXs_diameters.mat**: MATLAB variables summarizing the measured
 diameters of OCEANs following different electrodeposition times (XX s). ##
 Data/Experiments/Potentiostat Includes all raw data acquired with the
 potentiostat, along with the resulting output figures and variables
 derived from their analysis. ### Data/Experiments/Potentiostat/Data\_raw
 Contains all raw data acquired with the potentiostat, organized as
 follows: * **CA**: Data captured during ChronoAmperometry experiments for
 small, intermediate, and large antennas. * **CV**: Data captured during
 Cyclic Voltammetry experiments for small, intermediate, and large
 antennas. * **EIS**: Data captured during Electrochemical Impedance
 Spectroscopy experiments for small, intermediate, and large antennas at
 different operating biases: * **EIS_tED_XXs**: EIS data for antennas
 electrodeposited during XX s. * **P_30s_EIS_E_XV**: EIS data for small
 antennas at X V operating votlage (m = minus). * **TC**: Data captured
 during Time Constant experiments for small, intermediate, and large
 antennas. ### Data/Experiments/Potentiostat/Output/EIS Contains all
 figures and output variables derived from electrochemical impedance
 spectroscopy data, organized as follows: * **EIS_tED_XXs_EIS**:
 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plots for small (tED = 30 s),
 intermediate (tED = 45 s), and large (tED = 60 s) OCEAN arrays under
 different voltage biases ranging from -0.6V to 0V. * **EIS_comparison**:
 Figures showing the impact of OCEAN geometry and operating voltage on the
 electrical equivalent circuit component values. * **TC_vs_bias**: Figures
 illustrating the predicted impact of OCEAN geometry and operating voltage
 on time constant. ## Data/Experiments/Spectrometer Includes all raw data
 acquired with the optical spectrometer, along with the resulting output
 figures and variables derived from their analysis. ###
 Data/Experiments/Spectrometer/Data\_raw Contains relative irradiance raw
 files acquired with the spectrometer from OCEAN arrays under different
 votlage biases, organised as follows: * **XX_RelativeIrradiance_**:
 Relative irradiance from OCEAN arrays at XX V operating bias from 0V to
 -0.7V (M = minus). ### Data/Experiments/Spectrometer/Output Includes a
 figure showing OCEAN array relative irradiance spectrums with respect to
 operating voltage. ## Data/Experiments/Code Includes all the MATLAB codes
 used to analyse the experimental data presented in this section, organized
 as follows: * **CA_ANALYSIS.m**: MATLAB code for analyzing data from
 Chronoamperometry experiments and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Image_sequences/Output/CA *
 **CV_ANALYSIS.m**: MATLAB code for analyzing data from Cyclic Voltammetry
 experiments and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Image_sequences/Output/CV *
 **LT_ANALYSIS.m**: MATLAB code for analyzing data from Long Term
 experiments and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Image_sequences/Output/LT *
 **LT_COMPARISON.m**: MATLAB code for comparing OCEAN long-term
 characteristics across electrodeposition conditions and generating output
 files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Image_sequences/Output/LT *
 **TC_ANALYSIS.m**: MATLAB code for analyzing data from Time Constant
 experiments and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Image_sequences/Output/TC *
 **EIS_ANALYSIS.m**: MATLAB code for analyzing data from Electrochemical
 Impedance Spectroscopy experiments and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Potentiostat/Output/EIS * **DIA_ANALYSIS.m**: MATLAB code
 for analyzing OCEAN diameters from brightfield images and generating
 output files located in Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Images/Output
 * **DIA_COMPARISON.m**: MATLAB code for comparing OCEAN diameters across
 electrodeposition conditions and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Images/Output *
 **EO_EIS_characteristics_comparison.m**: MATLAB code for comparing OCEAN
 electro-optic and electrochemical characteristics across electrodeposition
 conditions and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Image_sequences/Output/ *
 **Spectrum_analysis.m**: MATLAB code for analyzing OCEAN relative
 irradiance spectrums and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Spectrometer/Output * **TC_vs Bias.m**: MATLAB code for
 predicting the impact of votlage bias and OCEAN geometry on Time Constant
 from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data and generating output
 files located in Data/Experiments/Potentiostat/EIS/Output *
 **Vibration_compensation_V2.m**: MATLAB code for applying vibration
 compensation to raw image sequences and generating output files located in
 Data/Experiments/Optical_microscope/Image_sequences/Data_processed
 Additional .m files are dependencies required to run the MATLAB scripts.
 --- ## Data/Modeling/Permittivity\_PEDOTPSS Contains all data and code
 required to compute PEDOT:PSS dielectric functions for different bias
 voltages in phosphate buffered saline, along with the resulting output
 figures and variables from the analysis, organized as follows: * **Code**:
 Contains all scripts required to compute the dielectric functions of
 PEDOT:PSS under various voltage biases in phosphate-buffered saline
 solution. * **PEDOTPSS_permittivity.m**: MATLAB code for calculating the
 dielectric functions of PEDOT:PSS across different voltage biases.
 Additional .m files are dependencies required to run the
 PEDOTPSS_permittivity.m script. * **Data**: Includes optical data from
 Cyclic Voltammetry experiment required by PEDOTPSS_permittivity.m *
 **Output**: Contains all output files and figures related to the voltage
 dependence of PEDOT:PSS dielectric functions, organized as follows: *
 **dielectric_function_parameters**: A CSV file with computed parameters of
 PEDOT:PSS dielectric functions, generated by PEDOTPSS_permittivity.m. *
 **PEDOTPSS_dielectric_functions**: Text files detailing the dielectric
 functions of PEDOT:PSS under various bias voltages. * **Figures**: Visual
 representations of PEDOT:PSS dielectric functions across different voltage
 biases and doping levels, including a sigmoid relationship between doping
 level and voltage, created using PEDOTPSS_permittivity.m. ##
 Data/Modeling/Scattering\_cross\_section Contains all data, model files,
 and code necessary to compute OCEAN scattering cross-sections for various
 bias voltages and dimensions, along with the resulting output figures. The
 content is organized as follows: * **Code**: Includes OCEAN_analysis.m, a
 MATLAB script for processing scattering cross-section data from finite
 element simulations performed in CST Studio. * **Model_file**: Contains
 OCEAN.cst, the CST Studio file used for finite element simulations of
 OCEAN scattering cross-sections. * **Data**: Provides all computed
 scattering cross-section data for OCEANs with diameters of 750 nm (D750)
 and 1500 nm (D1500) at different operating voltages. * **Output**:
 Includes figures illustrating the effect of OCEAN geometry and operating
 biases on scattering cross-sections, derived from finite element
 simulations. ## Data/Modeling/Effect\_of\_cell Contains all data, model
 files, and code required to compute OCEAN scattering cross-sections with a
 cell on top, as well as the resulting output figures. The content is
 organized as follows: * **Code**: Includes analysis.m, a MATLAB script for
 analyzing scattering cross-section data from finite element simulations
 performed in CST Studio. * **Model**: Contains OCEAN.cst, the CST Studio
 file used for finite element simulations of OCEAN scattering
 cross-sections with a cell positioned on top. * **Data**: Provides
 simulated scattering cross-section data for OCEANs with and without cells,
 illuminated under regular or total internal reflection dark-field
 configurations at various voltage conditions. * **Output**: Includes
 figures showing the effect of a cell on OCEAN scattering cross-sections
 across different optical configurations, derived from finite element
 simulations. ## Data/Modeling/AP\_recording\_OCEANs Contains the necessary
 code required to compute the voltage drop across OCEAN during
 intracellular recording of cardiomyocyte action potentials, performed
 under voltage- and current-clamp configurations, along with the resulting
 output figures. ##
 Data/Modeling/AP\_recording\_OCEANs/Current\_clamp\_OCEANs Contains the
 necessary code required to compute the voltage drop across OCEAN during
 intracellular recording of cardiomyocyte action potentials, performed
 under current-clamp configuration, along with the resulting output
 figures. The content is organized as follows: * **Code**: Contains the
 scripts necessary to implement the Luo-Rudy model adapted for OCEANs: *
 **CC_OCEAN_LR91.m**: Computes the cardiomyocyte action potential waveform
 and its attenuation across OCEAN in current-clamp (CC) configuration. *
 **dydt_CC_OCEAN_LR91.m**: Function for solving the system of differential
 equations in the CC configuration. **Output**: Provides figures
 illustrating the expected voltage across OCEANs during intracellular
 recording of cardiomyocyte action potentials in the CC configuration. ##
 Data/Modeling/AP\_recording\_OCEANs/Voltage\_clamp\_OCEANs Contains the
 necessary code required to compute the voltage drop across OCEAN during
 intracellular recording of cardiomyocyte action potentials, performed
 under voltage-clamp configuration, along with the resulting output
 figures. The content is organized as follows: * **Code**: Contains the
 scripts necessary to implement the Luo-Rudy model adapted for OCEANs: *
 **VC_OCEAN_LR91_V5.m**: Computes the cardiomyocyte action potential
 waveform and its attenuation across OCEAN in voltage-clamp (VC)
 configuration. * **dydt_VC_OCEAN_LR91_V5.m**: Function for solving the
 system of differential equations in the VC configuration. **Output**:
 Provides figures illustrating the expected voltage across OCEANs during
 intracellular recording of cardiomyocyte action potentials in the VC
 configuration. --- ## Data/Rendering Contains the Blender file used for
 OCEAN rendering. The rendered figures are available in the **Output**
 folder. # Code/Software The analyses were performed using MATLAB 2023. All
 codes and functions have been described in detail in the "Description
 of the Data and File Structure" section, and all dependencies,
 including MATLAB code functions, are provided within the dataset to ensure
 reproducibility.