DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2547d7x46
title: Data from: Temperature as an early warning signal of honeybee colony failure

description: This dataset consists of time-series of temperature, survival, and brood
 count data of Apis mellifera honey bee colonies for the
 development of early warning signals of colony death. Data were obtained
 from hives in California in 2016-2017 or Sydney in 2018 or 2020. Hives
 were opened multiple times to evaluation brood levels and survival.
description: Temperature was recorded every 15 min using sensors with a 0.0625
 °C precision (iButton Thermochron model DS1922). Every two months, sensors
 were removed for inspection, data download, and replacement, occasionally
 creating gaps in the temperature records. Because accessing sensors
 required opening the hive and thus some level of colony disturbance,
 records for the first 2 h after sensor installation were
 removed. During hive evaluations, the survival status
 of colonies was noted with colonies considered dead when 300 bees or less
 were left in a hive. In addition, bees were brushed off the frames, frames
 were then photographed using Nikon or Canon DSLR cameras. Capped brood
 cells were counted from photos using ImageJ or Combcount.
description: # Data from: Temperature as an early warning signal of honeybee colony
 failure Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.2547d7x46](10.5061/dryad.2547d7x46) ##
 Description of the data and file structure Colony temperature, survival
 and capped brood amount data were collected to develop early warning
 signals of honeybee colony failure. ### Files and variables #### File:
 Code.Rmd **Description:** An Rmarkdown code used to open, process, analyse
 and plot the data. #### File: Sydney2018-allbrood.csv
 **Description:** Capped brood data for Sydney in 2018 ##### Variables *
 date: date of brood measurement (date) * hive: unique colony identifier
 (categorical) * brood: amount of capped brood cells (numeric),
 "NA" indicates colonies removed from the experiment following
 death (brood counting not applicable) while live colonies with no brood
 have the value "0" #### File: Sydney2020-brood.csv
 **Description:** Capped brood data for Sydney in 2020 ##### Variables *
 eval: evaluation number (numeric) * date: date of brood measurement (date)
 * hive: unique colony identifier (categorical) * nBroodTotal: amount of
 capped brood cells (numeric), "NA" indicates colonies removed
 from the experiment following death (brood counting not applicable) while
 live colonies with no brood have the value "0" #### File:
 Sydney2020-temperature-data.csv **Description:** Brood nest temperature
 (middle of the hive) measured with an iButton sensor, and colony survival
 data from hives in Sydney in 2020 ##### Variables * hive: unique colony
 identifier (categorical) * date_time: date and time of measurements
 (datetime) * day: date of measurement (date) * dead.status: colony status
 (alive, dead) (categorical) * dead.status.fixed: status recoded as alive,
 low brood, dead (categorical) * Value: temperature in °C (numeric) ####
 File: California-temperature-data.csv **Description:** Brood nest
 temperature (middle of the hive) measured with an iButton sensor, and
 colony survival data from hives in California in 2016-2017 ##### Variables
 * dateTime: date and time of measurements (datetime) * day: date of
 measurement (date) * hive: unique colony identifier (categorical) *
 value: temperature in °C (numeric). Empty cells are present from the dates
 sensors were removed from dead colonies on the first evaluation where the
 death of these colonies was detected. * dead.status: colony status (alive,
 low brood, dead) (categorical) #### File: California2016-allbrood.csv
 **Description:** Capped brood data from hives in California in 2016-2017
 ##### Variables * hive: unique colony identifier (categorical) * date:
 date of brood measurement (date) * brood: amount of capped brood cells
 (numeric). In January, brood counts were unavailable: due to the cold
 weather, brood could not be counted, hence all brood counts are
 "NA". At other dates, "NA" only indicates colonies
 removed from the experiment following death (brood counting not
 applicable) while live colonies with no brood have the value "0"
 #### File: Sydney2018-temperature-data.csv **Description:** Brood nest
 temperature (middle of the hive) measured with an iButton sensor, and
 colony survival data from hives in Sydney in 2018 ##### Variables *
 DateTime: date and time of measurements (datetime) * Value: temperature in
 °C (numeric) * hive: unique colony identifier (categorical) * ibutton:
 unique sensor identifier (categorical) * type: sensor location
 ("hive") (categorical) * day: date of measurement (date) *
 dead.status: colony status (alive, low brood, dead) (categorical) *
 queen.status: queen status ("queenright" or
 "queenless") (categorical) ## Code/software The script
 "Code.Rmd" was developed in R version 4.4.2 (2024-10-31
 ucrt); Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 Running under: Windows 11 x64
 (build 22631) with packages: dplyr v1.1.4; tidyr v1.3.1; cowplot v1.1.3;
 ggplot2 v3.5.1; lubridate v1.9.3; segmented v2.1.1 . ## Access information
 Other publicly accessible locations of some of the data: * Meikle, W. G.,
 Weiss, M., & Beren, E. (2020). Landscape factors influencing honey bee
 colony behavior in Southern California commercial apiaries. *Scientific
 reports*, *10*(1), 5013. * Colin, T., Forster, C. C., Westacott, J., Wu,
 X., Meikle, W. G., & Barron, A. B. (2021). Effects of late miticide
 treatments on foraging and colony productivity of European honey bees
 (*Apis mellifera*). *Apidologie*, *52*(2), 474-492.