cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-99523
title: Crowds and floats, downtown Bus. mens Assn Christmas parade, Los Angeles, Calif., 1940

description: 14 photographs of the annual Downtown Business Men's Association's Christmas parade, Los Angeles, California, 1940 November 21. Images include marching bands, crowds, floats, uniformed men, and an automobile with dignitaries. One crowd scene shows a movie theater marquee with "The Gay Caballero" and "Tin Pan Alley" advertised, and one parade float is for the Community Chest.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-74512
title: Toronto folks, Victoria B.C. scenics, [s.d.]

description: 28 photographs of Toronto, Ontario, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. "Subject: Toronto Folks, Victoria B[ritish] C[ompany] Scenics; No. C9-1-2" -- on envelope. "#1 to 7: incl[udes] - Family groups; #9: Lake near Sudbury Canada; 11 to 16: incl[udes] Indoor Pool at Empress Hotel, Victoria, B.C.; 17-21: incl[udes] Totem poles at Victoria; 22: - flower baskets at Victoria; 23: Queen Victoria Statue and Parliament House Victoria; 24 to 27; incl[udes] Parliament B[ui]ld[in]g Victoria; 29, 30: World War Statue, Victoria; 28, 32: Empress Hotel Victoria; 31: Empress Hotel garden; 33, 34: Union Oil Sub Station, Victoria; 35, 36: En route Victoria to Seattle on CPR SS Princess Marguerite; No. C9-1-2" -- on sleeve.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17038546
title: Jewelry, gifts for catalog, 1941

description: 6 photographs of jewelry and other accessories, taken for holiday catalog. "Subject: 'Accents' Page, Client: J. W. Robinson Co., Operator's Report -- Name: Cross" -- on envelope
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc12976039
title: Chevrolet delivery wreck, Los Angeles County, Calif., 1936

description: 5 photographs of 2 automobiles and the street involved in an accident, Los Angeles County, California, 1936 February 27. "Client: Whittington" -- on envelope front. "Operator's report, name: Dean" -- on envelope back. "Frank J. Ardolf, 1138 No[rth] Orange Dr[ive]" -- on paper scrap. The negative envelope indicates that the Whittington studio fulfilled one print order.
DOI: 10.34973/5qxw-nn97
title: Tracking predictions in naturalistic music listening using MEG and computational models of music

description: This is the dataset acquired for the 2022 study by Kern, Heilbron, De Lange, & Spaak. Licensed CC-BY-4.0, to comply with attribution terms, please cite the related publication (peer-reviewed when available, preprint otherwise). Abstract for the preprint describing the study below:

Expectations shape our experience of music. However, the internal model upon which listeners form melodic expectations is still debated. Do expectations stem from Gestalt-like principles or statistical learning? If the latter, does long-term experience play an important role, or are short-term regularities sufficient? And finally, what length of context informs contextual expectations? To answer these questions, we presented human listeners with diverse naturalistic compositions from Western classical music, while recording neural activity using MEG. We quantified note-level melodic surprise and uncertainty using various computational models of music, including a state-of-the-art transformer neural network. A time-resolved regression analysis revealed that neural activity over fronto-temporal sensors tracked melodic surprise particularly around 200 ms and 300-500 ms after note onset. This neural surprise response was dissociated from sensory-acoustic and adaptation effects. Neural surprise was best predicted by computational models that incorporated long-term statistical learning - rather than by simple, Gestalt-like principles. Yet, intriguingly, the surprise reflected primarily short-range musical contexts of less than ten notes. We present a full replication of our novel MEG results in an openly available EEG dataset. Together, these results elucidate the internal model that shapes melodic predictions during naturalistic music listening.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-109605
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17038776
title: Christmas "Accents", 1941

description: 86 photographs of various clothing items, household items, toys, furniture, and decor for a Christmas catalog. "Subject: Accents for Christmas 1941, Client: J. W. Robinson Co., Operator's Report -- name: Cross" -- on envelope, "Subject: 'Accents', Client: J. W. Robinson" -- on envelope A; "Subject: 'Accents', Client: J. W. Robinson" -- on envelope B
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-107520
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-91595
title: Mr. Smith at desk, Southern California, 1940

description: Photograph of Mr. Smith at desk, Southern California, 1940. "Date; Friday; Time: 2 p.m.; Operator: Dean; Meet: Mr. Smith; At: 1000 No[rth] Seward - Gen[era]l Radio Co[mpany]; Job: Mr. Smith at desk, Mr. Smith will pay operator 3.50 pluss 11¢ tax; Deliver to & Ch[arge]: Gen[era]l Radio Co[mpany]" -- on card front. "In city; Day: 1; No. of Negs.: 1; Illumination used: floods" -- on card back. "Subject: Mr. Smith at desk; Client: General Radio Co[mpany], 1000 No[rth] Seward St[reet], Mr. Myron T. Smith; Subject: Mr. Smith at desk; Original Print Order: Mon A. M., 1; Size: 5x7; Finish: gl[ossy]; Re-Order: 6; Size: 8x10; Finish: dull, opal B; Job: 4-26-259; Year: 1940" -- on envelope front. "Los Angeles Engineering Office, 1000 North Seward Street, Hollywood 6321; Myron T. Smith, Engineer; General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass." -- on business card. "Operator's Report Name: Dean; Original Photographs-Size: 1 - 5x7 int; Amount: 3.50" -- on envelope back.
DOI: 10.34973/v46b-0x98
title: Perceptual expectations modulate low-frequency activity: a statistical learning MEG study

description: Perceptual expectations can change how a visual stimulus is perceived. Recent studies have shown mixed results in terms of whether expectations modulate sensory representations. Here we used a statistical learning paradigm to study the temporal characteristics of perceptual expectations. We presented participants with pairs of object images organized in a predictive manner, and then recorded their brain activity with MEG while they viewed expected and unexpected image pairs on the subsequent day. We observed stronger alpha-band (7–14 Hz) activity in response to unexpected compared to expected object images. Specifically, the alpha-band modulation occurred as early as the onset of the stimuli, and was most pronounced in left occipito-temporal cortex. Given that the differential response to expected versus unexpected stimuli occurred in sensory regions early in time, our results suggest that expectations modulate perceptual decision making by changing the sensory response elicited by the stimuli.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-74637
title: Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937

description: 33 photographs of Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937. "Subject: Paul Bragg; Remarks: Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on envelope. "Paul Bragg. Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on sleeve.
DOI: 10.34973/t894-sz74
title: Word Contexts Enhance The Neural Representation of Individual Letters in Early Visual Cortex

description: Visual context facilitates perception, but how this is neurally implemented remains unclear. One example of contextual facilitation is found in reading, where letters are more easily identified when embedded in a word. Bottom-up models explain this word advantage as a post-perceptual decision bias, while top-down models propose that word contexts enhance perception itself. Here, we arbitrate between these accounts by presenting words and nonwords and probing the representational fidelity of individual letters using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In line with top-down models, we find that word contexts enhance letter representations in early visual cortex. Moreover, we observe increased coupling between letter information in visual cortex and brain activity in key areas of the reading network, suggesting these areas may be the source of the enhancement. Our results provide evidence for top-down representational enhancement in word recognition, demonstrating that word contexts can modulate perceptual processing already at the earliest visual regions.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-74624
title: Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937

description: 33 photographs of Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937. "Subject: Paul Bragg; Remarks: Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on envelope. "Paul Bragg. Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on sleeve.
DOI: 10.34973/bj39-y708
title: How does apparent motion induced activity interact with bottom-up stimuli?

description: Apparent motion (AM) is induced when two stationary visual stimuli are presented in alternating sequence. Intriguingly, AM leads to an impaired detectability of stimuli along the AM path (i.e., AM induced masking). It has been hypothesized that AM triggers an internal representation of a moving object in early visual cortex, which competes with stimulus-evoked representations of visual stimuli on the motion path in early visual cortex of twenty-five human adults (16 female). We tested this hypothesis by measuring BOLD responses in early visual cortex during the process of AM induced masking, using fMRI and population receptive field methods. Surprisingly, and counter to our hypothesis, we showed that AM suppressed, rather than increased, BOLD responses along early visual (V1 and V2) representations of the AM path, including regions that were not directly activated by the AM inducer stimuli. This activity suppression of the visual response predicted the subsequent reduction in detectability of the target that appeared in the middle of the AM path. Our data thereby provide direct empirical evidence for suppressive neural mechanisms underlying AM and suggest that illusory motion can render us blind to objects on the motion path by suppressing neural activity at the earliest cortical stages of visual perception.
DOI: 10.34973/9xvf-wt63
title: Predictable tones elicit stimulus-specific suppression of evoked activity in auditory cortex

description: The auditory cortex is sensitive to many forms of acoustic regularity, resulting in suppressed neural activity for expected auditory events. It is unclear whether this activity reduction for expected events is the result of suppression of neurons that are tuned to the expected stimulus (i.e., dampening), or alternatively suppression of neurons that are tuned away from the expected stimulus (i.e., sharpening). In the present study, we adjudicated between these models by characterizing the effect of expectation on the ability to classify the identity of auditory stimuli from auditory neural activity patterns, using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in healthy human observers. Participants listened to pure tone pairs, in which the identity of the second tone was either expected or unexpected. The task of the participants was to detect a target tone, which deviated strongly from both the expected and unexpected tones. We found a strong suppression of the overall neural response in the expected condition compared to the unexpected condition. Linear classifiers showed a reduced ability to decode stimulus identity from event-related auditory fields in the expected condition compared to the unexpected condition. This suggests that stimulus-specific event-related activity is dampened for expected tones in auditory cortex.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-74626
title: Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937

description: 33 photographs of Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937. "Subject: Paul Bragg; Remarks: Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on envelope. "Paul Bragg. Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on sleeve.
DOI: 10.34973/agh7-4919
title: Spatial contextual statistical learning throughout the ventral visual stream

description: Both spatial and temporal context play an important role in visual perception and behavior. Humans can extract statistical regularities from these contexts to help processing the present and to construct expectations about the future. Numerous studies have found reduced neural responses to expected stimuli compared to unexpected stimuli. However, most of these results concern expectations derived from temporal (sequential) regularities. Thus, little is known about the neural consequences of statistical learning of spatial regularities. In the current fMRI study, thirty-three human volunteers were exposed to object stimuli that could be expected or surprising in terms of their spatial and temporal context. We found a reliable modulation of neural responses by both, spatial and temporal context. Specifically, neural responses to stimuli in expected compared to unexpected contexts were suppressed throughout the ventral visual stream. Interestingly, the modulation by spatial context was stronger in magnitude and more reliable than modulations by temporal context. These results suggest that while both, spatial and temporal context priors modulate sensory processing in a similar fashion, predictions of spatial context may be a more powerful modulator in the visual system.
DOI: 10.34973/3mdw-jn48
title: Visual Stability: predictive remapping of features beyond saccadic targets

description: Visual stability is thought to be mediated by predictive remapping of the relevant object information from its current, pre-saccadic locations to its future, post-saccadic location on the retina. However, it is heavily debated whether and what feature information is predictively remapped during the pre-saccadic interval. Using an orientation adaptation paradigm, we investigated whether predictive remapping occurs for stimulus features and whether adaptation itself is remapped. We found strong evidence for predictive remapping of a stimulus presented shortly before saccade onset, but no remapping of adaptation. Furthermore, we establish that predictive remapping also occurs for stimuli that are not saccade targets, pointing toward a ‘forward remapping’ process operating across the whole visual field. Together, our findings suggest that predictive feature remapping of object information plays an important role in mediating visual stability.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-74638
title: Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937

description: 33 photographs of Paul Bragg, lecture at Trinity, 855 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 1937. "Subject: Paul Bragg; Remarks: Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on envelope. "Paul Bragg. Lecture at Trinity Aud[itorium]; No. 2-50 1937" -- on sleeve.
DOI: 10.34973/ajs0-4024
title: At what levels do expectations manifest?

description: In the process of perception, bottom-up sensory information and top-down expectations become integrated (Friston, 2005; Lee & Mumford, 2003; Summerfield & de Lange, 2014). Prior knowledge can bias perception, and expecting to see a stimulus may elicit stimulus-related activity before the image is even presented. Previous research shows that this is the case for simple objects such as gratings (Kok et al., 2017b), but we wondered whether such prestimulus activity would also be present when participants expect specific object images. To address this question, we repeatedly showed participants images of colored shapes (cues) followed by objects (targets), allowing for learning of the associations between them. Several days later, we showed participants the same images while recording brain activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). By applying classification analysis techniques to the data, we were able to examine whether cue images elicited prestimulus object-related activity in participants’ brains. We did not find evidence for such prestimulus template activation in our data, which may be because expecting objects does not activate prestimulus templates in the visual system. Objects are highly complex visual stimuli processed by downstream areas in the visual system, so expecting objects may function differently from expecting low-level visual features (Kok et al., 2017b). Alternatively, our research paradigm may have been suboptimal for addressing this research question, and this may have prevented us from observing prestimulus activation. We discuss possible avenues to improve the research design, so future research can more conclusively determine the presence or absence of prestimulus templates of higher-order categories.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17040062
title: Ford truck, Edward Keasbey & Son, 1941

description: 3 photographs of the front, rear, and right side of Ford truck with "Edward Keasbey & Son Tractors" written on the side. "Subject: Front, rear, and right side of Ford truck. Edward Kessby owner + assured, Client: F. G. Ralston Co., Mr. Smith, Operator's Report -- Name: Vannice" -- on envelope
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc17040071
title: Union Hardware Christmas catalog photos, Los Angeles, Calif., 1941

description: 43 photographs of various gifts and toys for Union Hardware Christmas catalog. "Subject: Christmas booklet, Client: Union Hardware Co., Operator's Report -- Name: Cross" -- on envelope (split between two envelopes)
DOI: 10.34973/3q1v-q352
title: Familiarity increases processing speed in the visual system

description: Familiarity with a stimulus leads to an attenuated neural response to the stimulus. Alongside this attenuation, recent studies have also observed a truncation of stimulus-evoked activity for familiar visual input. One proposed function of this truncation is to rapidly put neurons in a state of readiness to respond to new input. Here, we examined this hypothesis by presenting human participants with target stimuli that were embedded in rapid streams of familiar or novel distractor stimuli at different speeds of presentation, while recording brain activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and measuring behavioral performance. We investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of signal truncation and whether this phenomenon bears relationship to participants’ ability to categorize target items within a visual stream. Behaviorally, target categorization performance was markedly better when the target was embedded within familiar distractors, and this benefit became more pronounced with increasing speed of presentation. Familiar distractors showed a truncation of neural activity in the visual system, and this truncation was strongest for the fastest presentation speeds. Moreover, neural processing of the target was stronger when it was preceded by familiar distractors. Taken together, these findings suggest that truncation of neural responses for familiar items may result in stronger processing of relevant target information, resulting in superior perceptual performance.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc12976062
title: Automobiles from heighth (sic), Los Angeles County, 1936

description: 19 photographs of different automobiles on a road from a height, most likely in Los Angeles County, California, 1936 February 28. "Client: Whittington" on envelope front. The negative envelope indicates that the Whittington studio provided a contact print.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc12976071
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.34973/j9yn-q419
title: Overlap in externally and internally generated visual representations

description: This dataset contains fMRI data of the same stimuli during mental imagery (retro-cue task), unconscious and conscious perception (backward masking) with a animacy categorization task and visibility/vividness ratings.
DOI: 10.34973/1wad-3171
title: Opposite effects of choice history and evidence history resolve a paradox of sequential choice bias

description: Perceptual decisions are biased towards previous decisions. Previous research suggests that this choice repetition bias is increased after previous decisions of high confidence, as inferred from response time measures (Urai et al., 2017), but also when previous decisions were based on weak sensory evidence (Akaishi et al., 2014). As weak sensory evidence is typically associated with low confidence, these previous findings appear conflicting. To resolve this conflict, we set out to investigate the effect of decision confidence on choice repetition more directly by measuring explicit confidence ratings in a motion coherence discrimination task. Moreover, we explored how choice and evidence history jointly affect subsequent perceptual choices. We found that participants were more likely to repeat previous choices of high subjective confidence, as well as previous fast choices, confirming the boost of choice repetition with decision confidence. Furthermore, we discovered that current choices were biased away from the previous evidence direction, and that this effect grew with previous evidence strength. These findings point towards simultaneous biases of choice repetition, modulated by decision confidence, and evidence adaptation, modulated by the strength of evidence, which bias current perceptual decisions in opposite directions.
DOI: 10.25549/whittington-ouc12976070
title: Dick Whittington Photography Collection, 1924-1987
DOI: 10.34973/73w0-be15
title: The role of feature-based attention in visual serial dependence

description: Perceptual decisions about current sensory input are biased towards input of the recent past - a phenomenon termed serial dependence. Serial dependence may serve to stabilize neural representations in the face of external and internal noise. However, it is unclear under which circumstances previous input attracts subsequent perceptual decisions, and thus, whether serial dependence reflects a broad smoothing or selective stabilization operation. Here, we investigated whether focusing attention on particular features of the previous stimulus modulates serial dependence. We found an attractive bias in orientation estimations when previous and current stimuli had similar orientations, and a repulsive bias when they had dissimilar orientations. The attractive bias was markedly reduced to less than half of its original magnitude when observers attended to the size, rather than the orientation, of the previous stimulus. Conversely, the repulsive bias for stimuli with large orientation differences was not modulated by feature-based attention. This suggests separate sources of these positive and negative perceptual biases.
DOI: 10.25549/whit-c170-91635
title: Intersection of West 9th Street and South Berendo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 1940

description: 5 photographs of the intersection of West 9th Street and South Berendo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 1940. "Date: Friday; Time: noon; Operator: Dean; Meet: Mr. Evans; For: J.P. Mc Hale Co[mpany]; At: 9th & Berendo; Job: intersection, Robert W. Miller J[unio]r assured; Deliver to: J.P. Mc Hale Co[mpany]; Print Order: 2 ea[ch], 8x10, gl[ossy]; Promised: Mon[day] A.M." -- on card front. "Hours on Job: Day: 1; No. of Negs: 5; Illumination used: ext[erior]; Art Work Required: 1st 100' S[outh] look N[orth] on Berendo, 2nd 60' W[est] look E[ast] on Ninth, 3 skids, 4 60' E[ast] look W[est] on Ninth, 5 100 N[orth] look S[outh] on Berendo" -- on card back. "Subject: Intersection of 9th & Berendo, Robert W. Miller J[unio]r assured; Client: J.P. Mc Hale Co[mpany], Mr. Evans; Original Print Order: 2 ea[ch]; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy]; Mount: Caption prints; Job: 5-17-119; Year: 1940" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report Name: Dean; 5 Original Photographs-Size 8x10 ext[erior]; Amount: 7.50" -- on envelope back.