DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4h00t
title: Data from: A facilitated diffusion mechanism establishes the Drosophila Dorsal gradient

description: The transcription factor NF-κB plays an important role in the immune
 system, apoptosis and inflammation. Dorsal, a Drosophila homolog of NF-κB,
 patterns the dorsal-ventral axis in the blastoderm embryo. During this
 stage, Dorsal is sequestered outside the nucleus by the IκB homolog
 Cactus. Toll signaling on the ventral side breaks the Dorsal/Cactus
 complex, allowing Dorsal to enter the nucleus to regulate target genes.
 Fluorescent data show that Dorsal accumulates on the ventral side of the
 syncytial blastoderm. Here, we use modeling and experimental studies to
 show that this accumulation is caused by facilitated diffusion, or
 shuttling, of the Dorsal/Cactus complex. We also show that active Toll
 receptors are limiting in wild-type embryos, which is a key factor in
 explaining global Dorsal gradient formation. Our results suggest that
 shuttling is necessary for viability of embryos from mothers with
 compromised dorsal levels. Therefore, Cactus not only has the primary role
 of regulating Dorsal nuclear import, but also has a secondary role in
 shuttling. Given that this mechanism has been found in other, independent,
 systems, we suggest that it might be more prevalent than previously
 thought.
description: ywAll lsm files (images
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 or qualitative) in this paper.dl
 hetsAll lsm files (images
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 (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper.dl_+.zipdl-paGFPAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl-paGFP embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper.dl,dl-mGFP/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl,dl-mGFP/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have one copy of endogenous dl, and one copy of dl-mGFP.dl,dl-mGFP_+.zipdl/+;dl-dGFP/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl/+;dl-dGFP/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have one copy of endogenous dl, and one copy of dl-dGFP.dl_+;dl-dGFP_+.zipdl;dl-dGFPAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl;dl-dGFP embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have zero copies of endogenous dl, and two copies of dl-dGFP.dl;dl-dGFP/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl;dl-dGFP/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have zero copies of endogenous dl, and one copy of dl-dGFP.dl;dl-dGFP_+.zipdl/+;Tlrv18/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl/+;Tlrv18/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos are heterozygous for dl and also for Tl.dl_+;Tlrv18_+.zipEgfr[t1]/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of Egfr[t1]/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos are heterozygous for the hypomorphic allele Egfr[t1].Egfrt1_+.zipEGFRt1All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of Egfr[t1] embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos are homozygous for the hypomorphic allele Egfr[t1].Egfrt1;dlRC/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of Egfr[t1];dl[RC]/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos are homozygous for the hypomorphic allele Egfr[t1] and transgenically carry an extra copy of dl (so three copies of full length dl: two endogenous, one transgenic).Egfrt1;dlRC_+.zipEgfrt1;dlRCAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of Egfr[t1];dl[RC] embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos are homozygous for the hypomorphic allele Egfr[t1] and transgenically carry two extra copies of dl (so four copies of full length dl: two endogenous, two transgenic).bcd-Toll10b-bcd3'UTRAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of bcd-Toll10b-bcd3'UTR embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos transgenically a Toll10b-bcd 3' UTR construct, driven by the bcd promoter.gd[7];bcd-Toll10b-bcd3'UTRAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of gd[7];bcd-Toll10b-bcd3'UTR embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos transgenically a Toll10b-bcd 3' UTR construct, driven by the bcd promoter, in a gd[7] background.gd7;bcd-Toll10b-bcd3'UTR.zipgd[7];hsp83-Toll10b-bcd3'UTRAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of gd[7];hsp83-Toll10b-bcd3'UTR embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos transgenically a Toll10b-bcd 3' UTR construct, driven by the hsp83 promoter, in a gd[7] background.gd7;hsp83-Toll10b-bcd3'UTR.zipdl,dl-mGFP,H2A-RFP/+ for bleachingAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl,dl-mGFP,H2A-RFP/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. For photobleaching.dl,dl-mGFP,H2A-RFP_+ for bleaching.zipdl/+;dl-dGFP,H2A-RFP/+ for bleachingAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl/+;dl-dGFP,H2A-RFP/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. For photobleaching.dl_+;dl-dGFP,H2A-RFP_+ for bleaching.zipdl/+;dl-dVenus/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl/+;dl-dVenus/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have one copy of endogenous dl, and one copy of dl-dVenus.dl_+;dl-dVenus_+.zipdl/+;dl-mVenus/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl/+;dl-mVenus/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have one copy of endogenous dl, and one copy of dl-mVenus.dl_+;dl-mVenus_+.zipdl;dl-mVenusAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl;dl-mVenus embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have zero copies of endogenous dl, and two copies of dl-mVenus.dl;dl-mVenus/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl;dl-mVenus/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have zero copies of endogenous dl, and one copy of dl-mVenus.dl;dl-mVenus_+.zipdl;dl-lacZAll lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of dl;dl-lacZ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have zero copies of endogenous dl, and two copies of dl-lacZ.cact/+;cact-lacZ/+All lsm files (images taken with a Zeiss 710) of cact/+;cact-lacZ/+ embryos used in the analysis (quantitative or qualitative) in this paper. These embryos have one copy of endogenous cact, and one copy of cact-lacZcact_+;cact-lacZ_+.zip