DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5hqbzkh7v
title: Data from: Sex-limited diversification of the eye in Heliconius butterflies

description: Butterflies have evolved an immense diversity in eye organization to
 support a range of vision-based behaviors, including courtship,
 oviposition, and foraging. This diversity has been surveyed extensively
 across the butterfly phylogeny, and here we take a complementary approach
 to characterize the eye within a group of closely related Heliconius
 butterflies. Using a combination of immunostaining for different opsins
 and eyeshine for determining the distribution of light-filtering screening
 pigments, we identified several sexually dimorphic features of eye
 organization where male eyes varied and female eyes did not. Ultraviolet
 (UV) sensitive photoreceptors varied in which of two UV opsins were
 expressed, including co-expression of both within single photoreceptors,
 and these differences were consistent with a role in courtship and
 conspecific identification. Additional differences across species and sex
 included the distribution of three ommatidial types defined by the
 expression pattern of UV and blue opsins, the distribution of screening
 pigments, and the relationship between ommatidial type and screening
 pigment. We hypothesize that female eyes are optimized for a dimorphic
 behavior such as oviposition, while male eyes more freely adapt to their
 natural light environment.
description: This dataset includes a MATLAB file that includes all of the
 original eyeshine images that were taken along with the analyzed counts. A
 second MATLAB file includes immunostaining data for all animals included
 in the study. The original .czi files for each tissue section is also
 included. See the README.txt for additional details.
description: # Data from: Sex-limited diversification of the eye in Heliconius
 butterflies Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.5hqbzkh7v](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5hqbzkh7v) ##
 Description of the data and file structure We used a combination of
 epifluorescent microscopy to examine eyeshine and opsin
 immunohistochemistry to characterize the organization of the eye in a
 closely related group of Heliconius cydno butterflies. ### Files and
 variables #### File: data.zip **Description:** This zip file includes all
 data necessary to reproduce analyses completed in the manucript. It
 includes two folders and two .mat files. Folder 1: images This folder
 includes the original .czi files for all confocal images used for
 immunohistochemistry against UV1, UV2, and blue opsins. Folder 2:
 immunostaining images This folder includes the processed version of the
 confocal images used for all analyses.\ Within this folder there is first
 a set of folders with names indicating butterfly ID. These additionally\
 include folders indicating which eye and which slice was used.\ Finally,
 within these folders:\ .czi file is the orginal image\ uv1, uv2, and blue
 are the processed images for single channels on the image. \ Merged is
 uv1, uv2, and blue together, with uv1 and uv2 combined together as a
 single color representing UV\ Cropped is a cropped version of merged that
 was used for analysis.\ Binary images are the single channels turned into
 a binary mask that was used for analysis and identifying ommatidia and
 their expression patterns. See manuscript methods for details. File 1:
 eyeshine.mat This includes all data used for analysis of the eyeshine
 images.\ It includes the variables:\ id - identifier for all butterflies
 used in the study\ labels - taxon label for each row in the id variable\
 femaleType - species id for each female (row 7) in id variable\ photos -
 each cell corresponds to the butterfly in id variable. Within each cell is
 a vector of cells, each of which is an original eyeshine image going from
 the dorsal eye to the ventral eye.\ count - each cell corresponds to the
 butterfly in the id variable. Within each cell, values represent the total
 number of yellow ommatidia (column 1) and red (column 2) ommatidia in each
 of the images. File 2: immunostaining.mat This includes all data used for
 analysis of immunostaining.\ It includes the variables:\ butterflies -
 list of all butterfly IDs\ clusteredImage - Each cell corresponds to the
 butterfly in butterflies variable. Within each cell, each cell corresponds
 to an image of a different slice of the same eye. Colors indicate
 ommatidia that are UV-UV (purple), B-B (blue), or UV-B (white).\ ommatidia
 - same organization as clusteredImage, but final nested matrix has every
 identified ommatidium as a row. Column 1 is UV opsin expression, and
 column 2 is blue opsin expression. A value of 1 indicates expression and a
 value of 0 means no expression of that opsin in that ommatidium.\
 originalImage - same organization as clusteredImage, shows the original
 confocal image. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations
 of the data: * n/a Data was derived from the following sources: * n/a