cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25326/tghq-1a39
title: SALOMON-N2: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 25 August 2009

description: SALOMON-N2 (Spectroscopie d'Absorption Lunaire pour l'Observation des Minoritaires Ozone et Nox - Nacelle 2) is a UV-visible balloon-borne spectrometer designed, like SALOMON, to acquire vertical profiles of ozone, nitrogen, chlorine and bromine species and the extinction coefficient of aerosols, at altitudes between 15 and 40 km.
The instrument weighs about 170 kg. It works in automatic mode during flight (including start-up, pointing, spectre acquisition and shut-down). The pointing system, the pivot and the gondola were developed at the Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement (LPCE). Salomon-N2 uses an spectrometer similar to the one used in the SAOZ instrument and an aerosol counter called STAC.
Payload landing place: near Nedre Soppero, 57 km NE from Kiruna, Sweden.
This flight is involved in the  STRAPOLETE campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/tky8-8p81
title: MicroRADIBAL: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric particles (aerosol) measurements, flight of 8 March 2004

description: The MicroRADIBAL (RADIometre BALlon)  instrument is a radiometer that can be flown on a stratospheric platform to study the stratospheric aerosols. It measures, in the near infra-red range, the radiance and polarization of the sunlight scattered by the atmosphere, gas and aerosols, in a horizontal plane. It is an upgraded version of the RADIBAL infrared polarimeter developed by LOA during 1998/1999 and used to observe aerosols and other particles in the atmosphere.
The instrument has been miniaturized, to allow an easier launch without an auxiliary balloon. The measurements are performed in 5 channels (instead of 2 in RADIBAL) centered in the near infrared at 730 nm, 865 nm, 1000 nm, 1270 nm and 1620 nm. The three first channels are equiped with silicium detectors while the two others are InGaAs detectors cooled by a one stage Peltier module.
DOI: 10.25326/x735-k293
title: COLD2: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 5 September 2019

description: The stratosphere is a key component in the climate system, for its effect on UV filtering and its contribution to the greenhouse effect. For this reason, the possibility to conduct a series of balloon flights, with several light instruments able to monitor the activity and the evolution of the stratosphere, would be of great importance for the study of climate changes, both to make a comparison with satellite measurements and to validate atmospheric models.

In this experiment, the instrument COLD2 [(Viciani et al., Sensors 2018, 18, 2380; doi:10.3390/s18072380], a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectrometer, was tested on board a stratospheric balloon for the in-situ concentration measurements of CO and N2O. The measurement of CO, which is a short-lived tracer, can give indication on the recent troposphere-stratosphere exchanges. The measurement of N2O, which is a long-lived tracer, can supply insight into the deep multi-year stratospheric circulation. These data, if joined to the measurement of other tracers and aerosols, can be very useful for a comparison with atmospheric models.

We demonstrated the possibility to use a portable laser spectrometer, with small size (80 x 25 x 41 cm3) and light weight (23 kg), powered by its own battery (in a separate package) and operating completely unattended, to acquire profiles of trace gases on board a stratospheric balloon.  During the HEMERA flight on 5/9/2019 from Esrange Space Center, the instrument COLD2 provided the mixing ratio vertical profiles of CO (in-flight sensitivity of 1 ppb and accuracy of 3%) and N2O (in-flight sensitivity of 10 ppb and accuracy of 6%) during ascent, from about 8 to 30 km.
DOI: 10.25326/xc08-xz54
title: SAOZ-BAL: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 16 November 2005

description: The SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenithale) Balloon gondola carries a UV-Visible spectrometer for measuring vertical profiles of O3, NO2 and H2O by solar occultation during ascent of the balloon (or descent) and from float at 30 km during sunset (or sunrise).
The balloon version of the SAOZ instrument is very similar to the one used for ground-based measurements of total ozone and NO2.
DOI: 10.25326/yayc-b561
title: RUMBA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 2004

description: Nacelle RUMBA was developed by the LMD, and was installed under pressurized balloons, to produce meteorological observations of high precision, regularly during the flight.
During February and April 2004, 8 superpressure balloons will be launched by CNES and LMD from Bauru (Brazil).
These flight are involved in the HIBISCUS campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/zwme-qy77
title: OFCEAS: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 20 April 2011

description: OFCEAS (Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy): in situ compact analyzer working with a DFB diode laser at 2325 nm, capable of CO and CH4 simultaneous measurements down to 1 pbbv concentration levels at 1 Hz. The high finesse cavity allows effective path lengths of the order of 10 km with a 50 cm long cell (20 cm3 internal sample volume). Local air is flown through this cavity, delay from sample inlet is known from flow rate. Automatic continuous measurement from ground to ceiling and back, with logging on flashdisk.
This flight is involved in the ENRICHED campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/1ccc-7c18
title: LOAC: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric particles (aerosol) measurements, flight of 8 December 2020

description: This flight was dedicated to quantify the aerosol content within the polar vortex in winter 2019-2020 with a stratosphere expected to be influenced by volcanic aerosols from the Raikoke eruption in June 2019.
Particle concentration profiles are given for each particle size class (among 19) during the balloon ascent and descent. Concentration values are given by integrating particle counts over a certain time (typically 3 minutes) and considering the flow rate of the pump.
The instrument automatically estimates its dark noise every 10 minutes during the flight.
DOI: 10.25326/5gt4-zv61
title: AMON + AMON-RA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 1 March 2003

description: AMON (Absorption de Minoritaires, Ozone et NOx) is a U/V-visible spectrometer which can be carried under stratospheric balloons, designed to obtain vertical profiles of ozone, nitrogen and chlorine molecules and the coefficient of aerosol extinction, at altitudes between 15 and 40 km. AMON data have been used for the ENVISAT validation campaigns.
It is composed of a 20-cm Cassegrain telescope with a 1-meter focal length, a grating spectrometer, and a CCD detector. The instrument is mounted in a stabilized gondola developed by the Geneva Observatory. 
AMON observations are performed by the stellar occultation method, which consists in analyzing, during the setting of a star, recorded spectra that are affected by atmospheric absorption by the species that are present in the lines of sight of the star. At a balloon float altitude of 34-39 km, depending on the flight conditions, first a reference spectrum is recorded when the star is a few degrees above the horizon of the gondola in which the instrument is riding
In the frame of the preparation of the validation of the GOMOS instrument on board the European satellite ENVISAT, ESA has founded the development of AMON-RA (AMON-RApid), a low resolution spectrometer flying on board the AMON gondola which records ten spectra per second of the star observed by AMON. AMON-RA allows the study of the chromatic scintillation, a phenomenon that comes from the deviation of the star light rays through the atmospheric layers with different temperatures. This was the second flight of the instrument.
This flight is involved  in the ENVISAT validation campaign. AMON observations are performed by the Alnilam and Sirius (star) occultation.
DOI: 10.25326/69xd-1s37
title: AMON + AMON-RA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 12 February 1999

description: AMON (Absorption de Minoritaires, Ozone et NOx) is a U/V-visible spectrometer which can be carried under stratospheric balloons, designed to obtain vertical profiles of ozone, nitrogen and chlorine molecules and the coefficient of aerosol extinction, at altitudes between 15 and 40 km. AMON data have been used for the ENVISAT validation campaigns.
It is composed of a 20-cm Cassegrain telescope with a 1-meter focal length, a grating spectrometer, and a CCD detector. The instrument is mounted in a stabilized gondola developed by the Geneva Observatory. 
AMON observations are performed by the stellar occultation method, which consists in analyzing, during the setting of a star, recorded spectra that are affected by atmospheric absorption by the species that are present in the lines of sight of the star. At a balloon float altitude of 34-39 km, depending on the flight conditions, first a reference spectrum is recorded when the star is a few degrees above the horizon of the gondola in which the instrument is riding
In the frame of the preparation of the validation of the GOMOS instrument on board the European satellite ENVISAT, ESA has founded the development of AMON-RA (AMON-RApid), a low resolution spectrometer flying on board the AMON gondola which records ten spectra per second of the star observed by AMON. AMON-RA allows the study of the chromatic scintillation, a phenomenon that comes from the deviation of the star light rays through the atmospheric layers with different temperatures. This was the first flight of the instrument.
DOI: 10.25326/bdee-p962
title: Micro-SDLA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 24 February 2004

description: The µSDLA (Micro Spectrometric Diode Laser) developed by CNRS-SA is a diode laser spectrometer devoted to the in-situ measurement of H2O and CH4 in the UTLS (upper troposphere low stratosphere) by infrared absorption spectroscopy. Three near-infrared telecommunication-type InGaAs laser diodes are connected by means of optical fibers to an open multipath optical cell providing an absorption path-length of 28 m. The laser beam is absorbed by ambient gas molecules as it is bouncing back and forth between the cell mirrors. CH4 is monitored at 1.65 µm and H2O at 1.39 µm using the differential detection technique. The payload also includes pressure and temperature sensors. To avoid contamination by out-gassing from the balloon or the payload, only data recorded during the slow night-time descent of the balloons are considered, continued by those during parachute descent in the lower troposphere.
This flight is involved in the HIBISCUS campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/fx4f-ad42
title: ELHYSA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric water vapor measurements, flight of 11 March 2004

description: ELHYSA is a frost point hygrometer built by the LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique) which has been operating since 1987 taking in situ measurements of the water vapour content of the Earths atmosphere. There are three versions: one model carried by open stratospheric balloons (BSO), a second for infrared Montgolfier balloons (MIR) and a model embarked by planes. This instrument acquires real-time water vapour profiles from the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. ELHYSA has contributed to the validation campaigns for both ENVISAT and BALODIN
DOI: 10.25326/fz0y-kv43
title: ELHYSA2: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric water vapor measurements, flight of 9 April 2010

description: ELHYSA is a frost point hygrometer built by the LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique) which has been operating since 1987 taking in situ measurements of the water vapour content of the Earths atmosphere. There are three versions: one model carried by open stratospheric balloons (BSO), a second for infrared Montgolfier balloons (MIR) and a model embarked by planes. This instrument acquires real-time water vapour profiles from the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. ELHYSA has contributed to the validation campaigns for both ENVISAT and BALODIN
DOI: 10.25326/gcwf-g822
title: LPMA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 2 October 1999

description: The LPMA instrument (Limb Profile Monitor of the Atmosphere) is a high spectral resolution Fourier transform spectrometer operating in absorption against the sun. The objective is to record limb atmospheric spectra in selected intervals from the thermal infrared to the near-infrared. The chemical species measured contribute to the formation or destruction of ozone in the stratosphere.
This flight is involved in the THESEO campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/p0dc-4156
title: DOAS: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 7 September 2009

description: The DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instruments are grating spectrometers that cover the UV/Vis spectral range between about 320 and 650 nm. The gondola's azimuth control is operated by 'CNES nacelles pointées'. The measurement are done during ascent and sunset (or sunrise) using the sun as a source. The vertical mixing ratios are retrieved from 15 km to the balloon float altitude with a vertical resolution around 1 km. 26 successful flights from different latitude and with different optical configuration have already been done.
This flight is involved in the STRAPOLETE campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/q9sy-xn22
title: STAC: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric particles (aerosol) measurements, flight of 12 March 2011

description: The particles counter developped by the LMD (Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology) in operation since 1995, is an in-situ instrument to measure the quantity of micrometric particles in the Earth's atmosphere. This instrument is embarked on balloons of the BSO type (Open Stratospheric Balloons). It gives the possibility to obtain profiles of the particles concentration in various classes of sizes, distributed between ~ 0.3 microns and a few microns in diameter, of the average troposphere and average stratosphere.
DOI: 10.25326/qxjg-2133
title: STAC: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric particles (aerosol) measurements, flight of 24 April 2011

description: The particles counter developped by the LMD (Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology) in operation since 1995, is an in-situ instrument to measure the quantity of micrometric particles in the Earth's atmosphere. This instrument is embarked on balloons of the BSO type (Open Stratospheric Balloons). It gives the possibility to obtain profiles of the particles concentration in various classes of sizes, distributed between ~ 0.3 microns and a few microns in diameter, of the average troposphere and average stratosphere.
DOI: 10.25326/qyxx-v762
title: SAOZ-BAL: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 19 August 2006

description: The SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenithale) Balloon gondola carries a UV-Visible spectrometer for measuring vertical profiles of O3, NO2 and H2O by solar occultation during ascent of the balloon (or descent) and from float at 30 km during sunset (or sunrise).
The balloon version of the SAOZ instrument is very similar to the one used for ground-based measurements of total ozone and NO2.
This flight is involved in the SCOUT AMMA campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/tx2q-tp51
title: ELHYSA2: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric water vapor measurements, flight of 7 October 2005

description: ELHYSA is a frost point hygrometer built by the LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique) which has been operating since 1987 taking in situ measurements of the water vapour content of the Earths atmosphere. There are three versions: one model carried by open stratospheric balloons (BSO), a second for infrared Montgolfier balloons (MIR) and a model embarked by planes. This instrument acquires real-time water vapour profiles from the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. ELHYSA has contributed to the validation campaigns for both ENVISAT and BALODIN
DOI: 10.25326/wqc1-s169
title: LOAC-VOLTAIRE: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric particles (aerosol) measurements, flight of 2017

description: The Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) instrument provides aerosol particle concentration measurements within 19 size classes in the 0.2–100 μm diameter size range, and an estimate of the typology of aerosols based on dual-angle measurements. LOAC can be carried by all kinds of balloons (Renard et al., 2016). The gondola weight, including the instrument, batteries (alkaline or lithium), and telemetry system, is about 1.0 kg, for an electric consumption of 3 W. Aerosols are sucked in by a small pump in order to pass through a red laser diode beam. In general, the light scattered by the particles depends on both the size and refractive index of the particles. To separate these two parameters, LOAC uses an original concept described in Renard et al. (2016a). Measurements are performed at two scattering angles: the first one is close to forward scattering at around 12, where the light scattered (diffracted) by non-spherical particles is controlled by the size of the particles (Lurton et al., 2014); the second one is around 60, where the scattered light is strongly dependent on the refractive index of the particles (e.g. Weiss-Wrana, 1983; Renard et al., 2010; Francis et al., 2011). The 12 channel is used to retrieve the size distribution indepen dently of the nature of the particles, and the combination of the 12 and 60 channels is used to derive the “LOAC speciation index” that informs on the typology or dominant nature of aerosol particles in each size range, based on a laboratory calibration conducted with particles of well-known nature.
DOI: 10.25326/ze1k-q038
title: SPIRIT: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 20 April 2011

description: SPIRIT ( SPectromètre Infra-Rouge In situ Troposphérique) is a new type of portable infra red spectrometer using a quantum cascade laser and a patented new long multipass optical cell has been set up for the simultaneous flux measurements of two Greenhouse Gases (GHG): nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), at the air land interface.
This flight is involved in the ENRICHED campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/zf38-7924
title: LPMA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 9 October 2003

description: The LPMA instrument (Limb Profile Monitor of the Atmosphere) is a high spectral resolution Fourier transform spectrometer operating in absorption against the sun. The objective is to record limb atmospheric spectra in selected intervals from the thermal infrared to the near-infrared. The chemical species measured contribute to the formation or destruction of ozone in the stratosphere
DOI: 10.25326/33nj-jz48
title: Pico-Light H2O: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric water vapor measurements, flight of 16 October 2019

description: Pico-SDLA (Spectromètre à Diode Laser Accordable) is an hygrometer developed to measure in situ water vapour, CO2, and methane under small balloons. Is a smaller/lighter version of the former instruments SDLA and micro-SDLA. The main difference with its predecessors is that it uses a one-meter long path for the open cell. The H2O version uses two different spectral lines (the more intense line is chosen for the stratosphere) to perform measurement up to 25 km.
DOI: 10.25326/4vp0-eq90
title: ELHYSA2: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric water vapor measurements, flight of 26 August 2009

description: ELHYSA is a frost point hygrometer built by the LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique) which has been operating since 1987 taking in situ measurements of the water vapour content of the Earths atmosphere. There are three versions: one model carried by open stratospheric balloons (BSO), a second for infrared Montgolfier balloons (MIR) and a model embarked by planes. This instrument acquires real-time water vapour profiles from the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. ELHYSA has contributed to the validation campaigns for both ENVISAT and BALODIN
DOI: 10.25326/fvs3-vm48
title: SALOMON-N2: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 28 April 2011

description: SALOMON-N2 (Spectroscopie d'Absorption Lunaire pour l'Observation des Minoritaires Ozone et Nox - Nacelle 2) is a UV-visible balloon-borne spectrometer designed, like SALOMON, to acquire vertical profiles of ozone, nitrogen, chlorine and bromine species and the extinction coefficient of aerosols, at altitudes between 15 and 40 km.
The instrument weighs about 170 kg. It works in automatic mode during flight (including start-up, pointing, spectre acquisition and shut-down). The pointing system, the pivot and the gondola were developed at the Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement (LPCE). Salomon-N2 uses an spectrometer similar to the one used in the SAOZ instrument and an aerosol counter called STAC.
Payload landing place: W of Porjus, Sweden
DOI: 10.25326/gent-cj23
title: BONBON: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 1 April 2011

description: BONBON is a cryogenic whole-air-samplers operated by the workgroup of PD Dr. Andreas Engel at the University of Frankfurt. This sampler is brought into the stratosphere with large balloons launched by the French Space Agency CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) and reach high altitudes up to 38 km. As airplanes can access only altitudes up to 21 km the balloons present a unique measurement platform for stratospheric measurements. To avoid contaminations from outgassing of the balloon or gondola parts (due to the low pressures and high radiation in the stratosphere) samples are preferentially taken during the slow descent of the balloon if the meteorological conditions permit it. The BONBON cryo-samplers consist of a Dewar which contains 15 stainless steel containers that are electropolished inside to provide a smooth and inert surface. The Dewar is filled with liquid Neon before the balloon flights and cools to about 27 K. This allows sampling of large amounts of air even if at low outside pressures because the containers work as cryopumps (almost all air components are condensed inside). Each container is sealed with a glass cap which can be broken to open it. Moreover the inlets contain a gold pipe which can be cold welded using a pyrotechnical device to seal the containers once a sufficient amount of air has been condensed. These actions are performed via telecommand at those altitudes, where samples shall be collected.
This flight is involved in the ENRICHED campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/j3v5-ra18
title: SAOZ-BAL: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 9 June 2004

description: The SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenithale) Balloon gondola carries a UV-Visible spectrometer for measuring vertical profiles of O3, NO2 and H2O by solar occultation during ascent of the balloon (or descent) and from float at 30 km during sunset (or sunrise).
The balloon version of the SAOZ instrument is very similar to the one used for ground-based measurements of total ozone and NO2.
This flight is involved in the ENVISAT campaign.
DOI: 10.25326/nswz-3k90
title: LPMA: balloon-borne experiments, atmospheric compounds measurements, flight of 26 February 1997

description: The LPMA instrument (Limb Profile Monitor of the Atmosphere) is a high spectral resolution Fourier transform spectrometer operating in absorption against the sun. The objective is to record limb atmospheric spectra in selected intervals from the thermal infrared to the near-infrared. The chemical species measured contribute to the formation or destruction of ozone in the stratosphere.
This flight is involved in the ILAS validation campaign.