DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fj6q573td
title: Data from: Seasonality in daily movement patterns of mandrills revealed by combining direct tracking and camera traps

description: This dataset, containing three CSV files and one R code, was collected in
 a field study on wild mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) groups in
 Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon. We analysed the data to examine the
 temporal variations in movement rates of mandrill groups and
 their seasonal changes. Summary of Methods and Results In a 400-km2
 rainforest area in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, we tracked
 unidentified groups 46 times in 2009–2013; in the same area, we
 systematically placed 157 terrestrial camera traps in 2012–2014 and
 recorded groups 309 times. Generalised additive mixed models (GAMM) of the
 tracking data (GPSerror.csv, TrackData.csv) indicated that the
 group travel speed varied with time and season: In the fruiting season,
 the movement rate fluctuated with time in a bimodal pattern; in the
 non-fruiting season, it increased monotonously with time. Predicted day
 ranges were longer in the fruiting season (7.10 km) than in the
 non-fruiting season (6.18 km). These seasonal differences suggest
 responses to changes in food resources and temperature. Camera-trap
 detection rates (CameraData.csv) showed similar temporal and seasonal
 patterns to the tracking data, allowing us to generalise our findings to
 the population level. Moreover, cameras never detected mandrills at night,
 and we observed that they slept high in trees and hardly moved until the
 next morning, all suggesting their strict avoidance of night-time
 movement.
description: <strong>GPSerror.csv </strong>(data on the
 measurement error of a handy GPS device) was collected from a handy GPS
 device (Garmin GPSmap 62s) left in a particular place in the forested
 study area. We used a generalised linear model (GLM) to analyse the
 distribution of the measurement error of GPS coordinates.
 <strong>TrackData.csv </strong>(data on direct
 tracking of mandrill groups) was collected by the direct tracking of
 mandrill groups in 2009–2013 using handy GPS devices (Garmin GPSmap
 60csx/62s). We used generalised additive mixed models (GAMMs, with the R
 package "gamm4") to examine the temporal and seasonal changes in
 movement rates of the groups.
 <strong>CameraData.csv</strong> (data on camera-trap
 detections of mandrills) was collected in a camera-trap survey in
 2012–2014. We used circular kernel density estimation (with the R package
 "activity") to examine the temporal and seasonal variations in
 camera-trap detection rates of mandrill groups.
 <strong>Supplementary_Rcode.R </strong>includes all
 the codes used in the analyses.
description: All data is collected by the authors and can be freely cited and
 used by anyone. The data do not contain any personal data.
 --- Descriptions of the data files ---
 <strong>GPSerror.csv</strong>
 Column"ID": ID of data points.
 Column "Date": The date on which the data point
 was collected. Column "Duration": Time
 interval (in minutes) between this and the next data points.
 Column "Coord_x": X-axis of the coordinate in UTM. To
 mask the exact locations according to the conservation standpoint, the
 values are transformed by subtracting a certain number.
 Column "Coord_y": Y-axis of the coordinate in UTM. To
 mask the exact locations according to the conservation standpoint, the
 values are transformed by subtracting a certain number.
 Column "Elev": Elevation of the coordinate in
 metres. Column "Distance": Distance (in
 metre) between this and the next data points. (=
 ((Coord_x)<sup>2</sup> + (Coord_y)<sup>2</sup> +
 (Elev)<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup>)\
 <strong>TrackData.csv</strong>
 Column "ID": ID of data points.
 Column "Track_session": ID of the direct tracking
 sessions. A session started when we found a mandrill group; it ended when
 we left the group. Numbers indicate the date in the order year–month–day.
 Used as a random smooth effect in GAMMs. Column
 "Track_bout": ID of the direct tracking bouts. A bout started
 when we found a mandrill group or re-found the same group that we had lost
 earlier on the same day; it ended when we lost the group, or when the
 group began sleeping at dusk. Therefore, One tracking session can include
 several tracking bouts. Numbers indicate the date in the order
 year–month–day. <strong>NOTE</strong>: we used
 tracking sessions and NOT tracking bouts as a random smooth effect in the
 GAMM analysis. Column "Season": A
 categorical variable of two levels: <em>fruit</em> indicates
 the fruiting season
 (September–February); <em>non.fruit </em>indicates the
 non-fruiting season (March–August). Used as a parametric fixed effect in
 GAMMs. Column "Track_order": Sequential
 numbers of the data by tracking bout. Column
 "Date_time": Date and time at which the data was
 collected. Column "Time": Time at which the
 data was collected (in 24-hour). Used as a smooth fixed effect in
 GAMMs. Column "Duration": Time interval (in
 minutes) between this and the next data points. Used as an offset term in
 GAMMs. Column "Coord_x": X-axis of the
 coordinate in UTM. To mask the exact locations according to the
 conservation standpoint, the values are transformed by subtracting a
 certain number. Column "Coord_y": Y-axis of
 the coordinate in UTM. To mask the exact locations according to the
 conservation standpoint, the values are transformed by subtracting a
 certain number. Column "Elevation": Elevation
 of the coordinate in metres. Column
 "Distance": Distance (in metre) between this and the next data
 points (= ((Coord_x)<sup>2</sup> +
 (Coord_y)<sup>2</sup> +
 (Elev)<sup>2</sup>)<sup>1/2</sup>) [Used as
 "the response variable in GAMMs] Column
 "Sleep": A categorical variable of two
 levels: <em>0 </em>indicates the group was not sleeping at
 that data point; <em>1</em> indicates the group was beginning
 to sleep at that data point.
 <strong>CameraData.csv</strong>
 Column "ID": ID of data points. There are many missing
 numbers because we used only detections of mandrills.
 Column "Folder": Name of folders where videos were
 included. This collum is not used for analysis. Column
 "Transect": ID of transects. This collum is not used for
 analysis. Column "Station": ID of camera-trap
 stations. This collum is not used for analysis. Column
 "File": ID of video files. This collum is not used for
 analysis. Column "Season": A categorical
 variable of two levels: <em>fruit</em> indicates the fruiting
 season (September–February); <em>non.fruit </em>indicates the
 non-fruiting season (March–August). We analysed the data separately for
 each season. Column "Date_time": Date and
 time of the detection. Column "Date": Date of
 the detection. Column "Hour": Time of the
 detection (in 24-hour) Column "Time": Time of
 the detection (in radian) Column "Species":
 Animal species of the detection Column
 "Social_org": Social organisation of the detected
 mandrills: <em>group</em> indicates social
 groups; <em>sol_male</em> indicates solitary
 males;<em> male_asso</em> indicates small groups of a few
 males; <em>unknown</em> indicates that the social organisation
 was not determined. We used only <em>group</em> detections for
 the analysis. Column "Continued_10min": A
 logical variable. <em>TRUE</em> indicates that this video had
 been taken less than 10 minutes after the previous mandrill detection. We
 used only <em>FALSE</em> data for the analysis.