cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.za4v33
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 313 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is France",
 "TaxonKey is Aurelia aurita (Linnaeus, 1758)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 313 records from 16 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009487-250415084134356/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jg9ssb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 8080 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst., Rubus erlangeri Engl., Psophocarpus grandiflorus R.Wilczek, Hylodesmum repandum (Vahl) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, Boscia integrifolia Brunner, Boscia coriacea Graells, Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik., Aningeria adolfi-friederici (Engl.) Robyns & Gilbert)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 8080 records from 243 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009486-250415084134356/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/11512916
title: Forex Exchange Rates Since 2004 (Updated Daily)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xt2epn
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 395 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Hipposideros obscurus (Peters, 1861)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 395 records from 17 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009490-250415084134356/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.kfjpxh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 43725 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "TaxonKey is Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 43725 records from 91 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009489-250415084134356/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28839266
title: Oil palm mapping dataset

description: Oil palm mapping dataset
DOI: 10.15468/dl.47bevs
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 8164 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is one of (Spiniluma oxyacantha (Baill.) Aubrév., Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst., Rubus erlangeri Engl., Psophocarpus grandiflorus R.Wilczek, Hylodesmum repandum (Vahl) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill, Boscia integrifolia Brunner, Boscia coriacea Graells, Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik., Aningeria adolfi-friederici (Engl.) Robyns & Gilbert)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 8164 records from 243 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009488-250415084134356/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pgystf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 91818 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Continent is Africa",
 "Country is Egypt",
 "Geometry POLYGON((32.32177 31.26452,32.69716 32.67164,29.82543 32.42776,29.29548 30.86636,30.23389 30.60853,31.20273 29.83456,30.89798 28.99393,30.8691 29.55248,30.62475 29.6056,30.31422 29.46387,30.24804 29.02413,30.58911 28.81471,31.17453 28.76117,31.42907 29.20203,31.55006 29.94952,32.35345 30.02182,32.76037 30.11211,32.46822 30.46348,32.19695 30.4455,32.30128 30.16625,32.55169 30.13919,32.04044 30.03085,31.5918 30.01278,31.62808 30.3256,31.73189 30.52622,32.16438 30.48628,32.36483 30.6219,32.45789 31.07057,32.32177 31.26452))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Animalia"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 91818 records from 288 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009470-250415084134356/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bqgvju
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 32 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is (Table 1) Proportion of Toxoplasma gondii seropositive arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) by age group and geographic area"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 32 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0012350-181108115102211/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11577983
title: Supplement - 10Be Location Data

description: We measured background erosion rates averaged over millennial timescales using in-situ cosmogenic 10Be in bedrock samples from six different sedimentary units that outcrop along the rangefront (location data found in this Zenodo repository in GIS Shapefile Format.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11577982
title: Supplement - 10Be Location Data

description: We measured background erosion rates averaged over millennial timescales using in-situ cosmogenic 10Be in bedrock samples from six different sedimentary units that outcrop along the rangefront (location data found in this Zenodo repository in GIS Shapefile Format.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.axta8z
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1645019230 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{ }

 The dataset includes 1645019230 records from 32688 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0155276-200613084148143/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25921/6qke-ks71
title: Water temperature, salinity, marine chemistry, biology, and geology taken by CTD and other instruments in the Bering and Chukchi Sea from the research vessel Xiangyanghong 01 from 2019-08-24 to 2019-09-08 (NCEI Accession 0254258)

description: This dataset contains water temperature, salinity, currents, marine chemistry, biology, geology, and underway meteorology taken by CTD, LADCP, and other instruments in the Bering and Chukchi Sea from the research vessel Xiangyanghong 01 from 2019-08-24 to 2019-09-08. Data were collected during the CHINARE 2019 Arctic expedition, including work performed in the US EEZ. Data are in text, xls, csv formats. Data report is in pdf. CTD data are in the SeaBird HEX format, processed CTD are in CNV format. ADCP data are in the Teledyne RD Instruments binary format (*.0000), processed ADCP are in NetCDF. This dataset is U.S. State Department MSR U2019-020 as part of the World Data Services for Geophysics and Oceanography.
DOI: 10.3535/fjb-rwr-hd4
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/0fm-e26-flq
title: Globigerina subcretacea Chapman, 1902

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/4j8-phl-0l1
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/28y-dfa-jpq
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/msq-5me-dpx
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/a7l-n73-th4
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/g76-mb4-65e
title: Operculinella Yabe, 1918

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/htq-1ld-8sg
title: †Nummulites Lamarck, 1801

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/sfc-4jy-m34
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/lmf-f81-9gw
title: †Spiroclypeus Douvillé, 1905

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/70y-hv2-fmn
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/sa7-1cw-trv
title: †Assilina exponens (Sowerby, 1840)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/rch-fq7-dnh
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/y1r-7b8-qa7
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/74j-b8k-h1s
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/pa6-rzw-n7f
title: †Lepidocyclina Gümbel, 1870

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/e6f-ng2-njc
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/fae-wt7-4r7
title: Heterostegina d'Orbigny, 1826

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/jh3-blp-gka
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/sv8-9ld-hpy
title: †Lepidocyclina Gümbel, 1870

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/ywe-d14-0e2
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/k6f-dx7-lrl
title: †Lepidocyclina Gümbel, 1870

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/mzx-pq2-d4w
title: Chilostomella ovoidea Reuss, 1850

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/hp4-rrl-9wc
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/xd7-ccb-r3s
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/zh0-j8r-8ec
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/ddx-jvw-50e
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/jmx-paj-127
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/wrw-ygb-cqq
title: Chilostomella ovoidea Reuss, 1850

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/xp8-sf6-qdx
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/lh4-y7h-2bg
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/z94-qrg-2ty
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/c0x-280-d6r
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/4dg-nzc-v1r
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/y1h-9m6-d3r
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/599-jvc-n7n
title: †Flosculinella globulosa (Rutten, 1917)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/lyc-scl-r40
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/54c-xxj-ssa
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.ccpt0wc
title: CCDC 649663: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Heera Krishna, Setharampattu S Krishnamurthy, Munirathinam Nethaji|2016|CSD Communication|||
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.3535/a90-rej-hsx
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/plm-csg-ze8
title: Amphistegina lessonii d'Orbigny in Deshayes, 1830

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/l0m-wmn-09s
title: Operculinella Yabe, 1918

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/zsv-nyh-0rs
title: Animalia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.838cvz
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3307 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Rostroconchia"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3307 records from 63 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0010872-250426092105405/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.fjxw6t
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 155 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Althaea officinalis",
 "Country is Switzerland",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 155 records from 7 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0081206-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.6vqzf7
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 395497 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Phleum pratense",
 "Year 1957-2022"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 395497 records from 2144 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0028220-250802193616735/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29736986
title: Dsan Haplotype 1 Assembly Files

description: Semidwarf, lodging-tolerant rice and wheat varieties were pivotal to the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and continue to be widely adopted in global breeding programs. In wheat, mutations in REDUCED HEIGHT 1(RHT1), a member of the DELLA protein family that functions as a key repressor in the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway, confer semidwarf stature and improved lodging resistance. Inspired by this strategy, we used CRISPR–Cas9 to engineer semidwarf, lodging-tolerant Fonio by introducing an in-frame deletion within the conserved DELLA domain (Aspartate–Glutamate–Leucine–Leucine–Alanine) of the RHT1 ortholog. We validated the edits by generating chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for the wild-type (WT) Fonio line used in editing, as well as for the T1, T2, and T3 generations of edited plants. All genomes were sequenced using PacBio Revio, assembled with HiFiasm, and scaffolded with RagTag using the existing Fonio reference genome as a guide.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29736986.v1
title: Dsan Haplotype 1 Assembly Files

description: Semidwarf, lodging-tolerant rice and wheat varieties were pivotal to the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and continue to be widely adopted in global breeding programs. In wheat, mutations in REDUCED HEIGHT 1(RHT1), a member of the DELLA protein family that functions as a key repressor in the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway, confer semidwarf stature and improved lodging resistance. Inspired by this strategy, we used CRISPR–Cas9 to engineer semidwarf, lodging-tolerant Fonio by introducing an in-frame deletion within the conserved DELLA domain (Aspartate–Glutamate–Leucine–Leucine–Alanine) of the RHT1 ortholog. We validated the edits by generating chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for the wild-type (WT) Fonio line used in editing, as well as for the T1, T2, and T3 generations of edited plants. All genomes were sequenced using PacBio Revio, assembled with HiFiasm, and scaffolded with RagTag using the existing Fonio reference genome as a guide.
DOI: 10.21227/f48c-2934
title: "Speech Phoneme-Enriched Audio Dataset (SPEAD)"

description: "The Speech Phoneme-Enriched Audio Dataset (SPEAD) represents a carefully assembled resource for researchers working in phonetic analysis, speech processing, and synthetic audio detection. This comprehensive dataset brings together high-quality speech recordings from 100 speakers representing diverse linguistic backgrounds, each contributing performances of specially designed phoneme-rich content that includes narrations, dialogues, and tongue twisters. The dataset was strategically developed to encompass the full spectrum of English phonemes and various articulation patterns, making it particularly valuable for researchers developing and testing algorithms in speaker recognition, speech enhancement, and audio deepfake detection systems. The inclusion of phoneme-dense material ensures that researchers have access to the rich acoustic variations necessary for building robust models.To provide additional analytical depth, the dataset also incorporates a contrasting element: 18 participants recorded passages with low phoneme density, creating opportunities for comparative studies of different speech patterns. This thoughtful design choice allows researchers to examine how phonetic complexity affects various speech processing applications. Privacy considerations were paramount in the dataset's development, with all recordings carefully anonymized while preserving the detailed metadata that researchers need for their work. SPEAD ultimately serves as an important benchmark resource, offering the phonetic variability and natural vocal expressions that are essential for advancing research in systems requiring a sophisticated understanding of human speech patterns.This dataset addresses a critical need in the research community by providing standardized, high-quality materials that enable meaningful comparisons across different studies and approaches in the field."
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29737016
title: Dsan Haplotype 2 Assembly Files

description: Semidwarf, lodging-tolerant rice and wheat varieties were pivotal to the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and continue to be widely adopted in global breeding programs. In wheat, mutations in REDUCED HEIGHT 1(RHT1), a member of the DELLA protein family that functions as a key repressor in the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway, confer semidwarf stature and improved lodging resistance. Inspired by this strategy, we used CRISPR–Cas9 to engineer semidwarf, lodging-tolerant Fonio by introducing an in-frame deletion within the conserved DELLA domain (Aspartate–Glutamate–Leucine–Leucine–Alanine) of the RHT1 ortholog. We validated the edits by generating chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for the wild-type (WT) Fonio line used in editing, as well as for the T1, T2, and T3 generations of edited plants. All genomes were sequenced using PacBio Revio, assembled with HiFiasm, and scaffolded with RagTag using the existing Fonio reference genome as a guide.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29737016.v1
title: Dsan Haplotype 2 Assembly Files

description: Semidwarf, lodging-tolerant rice and wheat varieties were pivotal to the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and continue to be widely adopted in global breeding programs. In wheat, mutations in REDUCED HEIGHT 1(RHT1), a member of the DELLA protein family that functions as a key repressor in the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway, confer semidwarf stature and improved lodging resistance. Inspired by this strategy, we used CRISPR–Cas9 to engineer semidwarf, lodging-tolerant Fonio by introducing an in-frame deletion within the conserved DELLA domain (Aspartate–Glutamate–Leucine–Leucine–Alanine) of the RHT1 ortholog. We validated the edits by generating chromosome-scale, haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for the wild-type (WT) Fonio line used in editing, as well as for the T1, T2, and T3 generations of edited plants. All genomes were sequenced using PacBio Revio, assembled with HiFiasm, and scaffolded with RagTag using the existing Fonio reference genome as a guide.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110601541
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 437, PFAT 437

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFS 0075 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 437, Bowman 437 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFS 0075 on obverse, upper edge, reverse, bottom edge, flat edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110602922
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 472, PFAT 472

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0440s, PFATS 0019s ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 472, Bowman 472 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impressions PFATS 0440s on reverse; PFATS 0019s on flat edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Damage on round edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110598988
title: Persepolis Fortification Elamite Tablet 0522, PF 0522

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFS 0255, PFS 0122 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PF 0522 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with cuneiform text. Seal impressions PFS 0255 reverse; PFS 0122 left edge. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Some damage on left edge.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc110602918
title: Persepolis Fortification Aramaic Text 471, PFAT 471

description: [Text Description:] Administrative text with seals PFATS 0439, illegible seal ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] PFAT 471, Bowman 471 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during Oriental Institute's excavations in Spring, 1933, near the northeastern corner of the stone platform of Persepolis, in two small rooms of a bastion in the fortification wall ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Aramaic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Clay tablet with ink inscription. Seal impression PFATS 0439 on reverse. Illegible seal impression on flat edge.