DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ksn02v7h2
title: Data from: Unveiling hysteresis of transient boiling: A multimodal perspective

description: Boiling is widely used in thermal management systems of electronic and
 energy devices due to its exceptional mass efficiency. However, hysteresis
 present during boiling makes the boiling curve unable to return along the
 same path as the rising curve, hindering a thermal management system from
 achieving precise temperature control. Such thermal crises increase both
 system instability and the likelihood of system failure. Some studies have
 explored hysteresis based on steady-state boiling, identifying several
 types of hysteresis during nucleate boiling. However, the impact of
 critical heat flux (CHF) on a boiling cycle has not been considered.
 Therefore, this paper explores hysteresis in transient boiling from a
 multimodal perspective, offering insights into possible indicators for
 active and passive thermal control. Multimodal sensing, which integrates
 thermal, optical, and acoustic measurements, is employed to collect data
 during transient pool boiling on a copper foam surface. Then, time and
 frequency domain analyses are conducted on these multimodal data to unveil
 hysteresis. Based on this research, the hysteresis observed in a complete
 transient boiling cycle involving CHF can be classified into three
 categories: nucleation hysteresis (ΔV hysteresis), burnout hysteresis (CHF
 hysteresis), and pressure change hysteresis (ΔP hysteresis). The
 mechanisms underlying these types of hysteresis and their multimodal
 behaviors are elucidated based on the analysis results. Finally, the
 impact of hysteresis and strategies for its mitigation are discussed. It
 is observed that smooth surfaces, such as plain copper, exhibit more
 pronounced nucleation hysteresis compared to hierarchical porous surfaces,
 such as copper foams.
description: # Data from: Unveiling hysteresis of transient boiling: A multimodal
 perspective Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.ksn02v7h2](10.5061/dryad.ksn02v7h2) ## Description of the
 data and file structure The experimental data were collected from a pool
 boiling facility, which has three major parts: (a) a heating element that
 consists of a copper block and cartridge heaters; (b) a closed chamber
 with flow loops for a chiller (Thermo Scientific Polar ACCEL 500 Low/EA)
 connecting graham condenser (Ace glass 5953-106) and an in-house built
 coiled copper condenser; and (c) a synchronized multimodal sensing system.
 The copper block, electrodeposited with the copper foams, is submerged in
 deionized water and heated by nine cartridge heaters (Omega Engineering
 HDC19102), each with a power rating of 50 W, inserted from the bottom.
 Four T-type thermocouples (Omega Engineering Tj36-CPSS-032U-6) are
 inserted near the boiling surface of the copper block to measure the
 temperature gradient, and approximate the heat flux and boiling surface
 temperature. Two additional screw-plug heaters are immersed in the liquid
 pool for degassing and auxiliary heating. A variable-voltage transformer
 (McMaster-Carr 6994K17) is used for adjusting the voltage required for the
 immersion heaters within the given range. Two T-type threaded
 thermocouples (McMaster-Carr 1245N16) are placed inside the boiling
 chamber to measure liquid and vapor temperatures. A liquid-submerged
 hydrophone (HTI-96 Min) and a chamber-attached acoustic emission (AE)
 sensor (MISTRAS R3a) are used to record the acoustic signal of boiling. A
 high-speed camera (Phantom VEO 710L) is used to capture the bubble
 dynamics. Additionally, a condenser microphone (Behringer ECM8000) was
 placed outside of the boiling chamber and was pointed at the heater
 surface. A 48V phantom power supply (Neewer NW-100) was used to power the
 microphone. The microphone was connected to an audio interface (Behringer
 U-PHORIA UMC404HD), which relayed signals of 10Hz- 43kHz. These sensors
 can capture the multi-modal synchronized signal for thermal (temperature,
 heat flux), optical (images), and acoustics (liquid pressure waves and
 solid transient waves). For detailed information on hardware models,
 parameters, and signal acquisition settings of these devices, as well as
 detailed photos of the setup, and information on other auxiliary devices
 shown in the figure, please refer to our [previous
 work](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431123018367).  ### Files and variables #### File: ned3-002\_BoilingHysteresis.zip **Description:** This dataset includes two folders, i.e., i) copper foam_boiling84 for multimodal data from a transient pool boiling test of deionized water on a copper foam surface, and ii) flat_copper_boiling91for multimodal data from a transient pool boiling test of deionized water on a flat copper surface. Each folder, labeled as a generic test ID, Boiling-xxx, includes six files: labeled as a generic test ID, Boiling-xxx, * The Boiling-xxx_AE.DTA file is the source file of acoustic emission signals captured using a MISTRAS R3a sensor and a MISTRAS USB AE Node. This file can be opened using the MISTRAS AEWin software.  * The Boiling-xxx_AEHit.txt file is the hit data exported from the .DTA file. * The Boiling-xxx_Hydrophone.lvm file includes the continuously sampled acoustic data using two HTI-96-MIN hydrophones with an NI-9230 module. * The Boiling-xxx_Microphone.lvm file includes the continuously sampled acoustic data using a Behringer ECM8000 microphone with a Behringer U-PHORIA UMC404HD audio interface. * The Boiling-xxx_Temperature.lvm includes the temperature measurements using probe thermocouples (Omega Engineering Tj36-CPSS-032U-6) in the copper block and pool thermocouples in the water and vapor phases (McMaster-Carr 1245N16). These data are collected using an NI-9210 module. * The Boiling-xxx_video.cine file is the high-speed video captured during the boiling tests using a Phantom VEO 710L camera with the PCC software. #### File: ned3-002\_BoilingHysteresis\_mp4.zip **Description:** This zip file includes two MP4 videos, i.e., Boiling-84_video.mp4 and Boiling-91_video.mp4. These two videos correspond to the .CINE files under ned3-002_BoilingHysteresis.zip.  ## Code/software * The .txt and .lvm files can be opened and analyzed using programming languages such as Python and MATLAB. They can also be opened using Excel, Notepad, or other sheet or text readers. * The .DTA file can be opened using the [MISTRAS AEWin software](https://www.physicalacoustics.com/by-product/aewin/). * The .cine file can be opened using [Phantom Camera Control (PCC) software](https://www.phantomhighspeed.com/resourcesandsupport/phantomresources/pccsoftware).