DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vt4b8gv49
title: Data from: Joint ozone pollution and climate warming reduce yield but enhance grain protein content in a resistant wheat variety

description: Ozone (O3) pollution and climate warming jointly threaten crop
 productivity and undermine global food security. However, their combined
 effects on wheat under real-world conditions are not well understood,
 limiting the potential for adaptation. Here, we investigated yield and
 grain protein of a main wheat variety under joint elevated O3 and warming
 manipulations in three years (2021-2023), using a real-world simulation
 with a free-air controlled enrichment (FACE) facility. We found that O3
 pollution reduced grain yield mainly by limiting the carbon source by
 accelerating flag leaf senescence and declining leaf area index. Warming
 enhanced nitrogen uptake before heading, which mitigates leaf senescence
 and increases grain protein content. This main wheat variety shows less
 variability in responses to independently elevated O3 and warming than
 those varieties reported in previous literature. Cultivating this
 resistant wheat variety reduced yield losses by only 6% under O3 pollution
 and warming, while increasing grain nitrogen content by 9%. These findings
 demonstrate that it is critical to breed wheat varieties that optimize
 high yield in tandem with adaptation to air pollution and climate change.
description: # Data from: Joint ozone pollution and climate warming reduce yield but
 enhance grain protein content in a resistant wheat variety Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.vt4b8gv49](10.5061/dryad.vt4b8gv49) ## Description of the
 data and file structure This dataset consists of six files. "Figure
 1.xlsx" and "Figure 2 and 3.xlsx" contain observational
 data on photosynthetic rate, leaf area index, yield and yield components,
 grain nitrogen content, and aboveground nitrogen accumulation. The
 experimental data are sourced from the years 2021 to 2023.
 "Fiugre_4.xlsx", "Figure_S11 and S12.xlsx" and
 "Figure_S13 and S14.xlsx" are datasets from field experiments on
 elevated O3 or warming. These data are derived from published literature,
 and the list of references can be found in the main text, supplementry
 file and
 "Full_citations_of_the_published_articles_used_in_Figure_4_and_S11-14.docx" document. ### Files and variables Note: Missing values are indicated by NA in data files. #### File: Figure_1.xlsx **Description:** Light-saturated photosynthesis rate (Asat, sheet: Figure 1 a) and green leaf area index (Green LAI, sheet: Figure 1 c) during 3-year experiments in 2021, 2022, and 2023 under elevated ozone and warming. Each values shows the means of 3–4 rings. Error bars represent ± 1SD of the mean. AA and E-O3 represent ambient air and elevated ozone, respectively. WW, NW and CK represent whole-day warming, nigh-time warming, and ambient temperature, respectively. ##### Variables * year: experimental year * day of year: measured date * ozone: elevated ozone treatments * warming: elevated temperature treatments * Asat: light-saturated photosynthesis rate (μmol m-2 s-1) * LAI: green leaf area index (m2 m-2) #### File: Figure_2_and_3.xlsx **Description:** Yield, aboveground biomass, number of ears per area, number of grains per ear, single grain weight, harvest index, grain nitrogen (N) accumulation, aboveground N accumulation, protein concentration, and nitrogen harvest index from 2021 to 2023 under elevated ozone and warming. Each values shows the means of 4 rings. Error bars represent ± 1SD of the mean. AA and E-O3 represent ambient air and elevated ozone, respectively. WW, NW and CK represent whole-day warming, nigh-time warming, and ambient temperature, respectively. ##### Variables * name: variable name * year: experimental year * ozone: elevated ozone treatments * warming: elevated temperature treatments #### File: Figure_S11_and_S12.xlsx **Description:** Effects of elevated ozone (O3) on productivity traits of NM88 variety (this study) and 5 wheat varieties from Xiaoji FACE. Traits include yield, number of ears per area, single grain weight, number of grains per ear, aboveground biomass, aboveground N accumulation, harvest index (HI), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), protein yield, grain protein content, light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf greenness (SPAD), and leaf area index (LAI). ##### Variables sheet: Figure S11 * cultivar: wheat cultivar * ozone: elevated ozone treatments * year: experimental year * ring: FACE ring * leaf area index during mid-anthesis stage (m2 m-2) * leaf area index during grain-filling stage (m2 m-2) * aboveground biomass  (g m-2) * aboveground N accumulation (g m-2) * harvest index (HI) * nitrogen harvest index (HI) * yield (g m-2) * number of ears per area * number of grains per ear * single grain weight (mg) * grain.N: grain protein content (%) * protein.yield  (g m-2) sheet: Figure S12 * cultivar: wheat cultivar * ozone: elevated ozone treatments * year: experimental year * date: mid-anthesis stage or grain-filling stage * ring: FACE ring * SPAD: relative chlorophyll content * Photo:light-saturated net photosynthesis (μmol m-2 s-1) * Cond: stomatal conductance (mmol m-2 s-1) #### File: Figure_4.xlsx **Description:** Wheat yield and grain protein content responses to elevated ozone (O3) and warming in this study and literatures. Wheat yield response to elevated O3 (sheet: Figure 4a) and warming (sheet: Figure 4b) in relation to the variety release year; wheat yield (sheet: Figure 4c and e) and grain N (sheet: Figure 4c and e) response to O3 in Xiaoji FACE study and this study; wheat yield (sheet: Figure 4d and f) and grain N (sheet: Figure 4d and f) response to warming in this study and other studies conducted in the Yangtze River basin. WW and NW represent whole-day warming and night-time warming, respectively. AA and E-O3 represent ambient air and elevated ozone, respectively. ##### Variables sheet: Figure 4a * cultivar: wheat cultivars * Release.year: release year of wheat cultivars * AOT40.diff:  difference of AOT40 between AA and E-O3 treatments (ppm h) * yield.RR.AOT40: wheat yield response to ozone per AOT40 (%) * yield.RR in Figure 4a: wheat yield response to ozone (%) sheet: Figure 4b * cultivar: wheat cultivars * Release.year: release year of wheat cultivars * yield.RR.degree: wheat yield response to warming per degree celsius (%) * yield.RR in Figure 4b: wheat yield response to warming (%) * warming.degrree: difference of temperature between CK and elevated temperature treatments (degree celsius) sheet: Figure 4c and e * exp.Year: experimental year * variable: variable name * value in O3: measured value under elevated O3 * value in AA: measured value under ambient air * AOT40.diff: difference of AOT40 between AA and E-O3 treatments (ppm h) * relative.value per ppm h: wheat yield or protein response to ozone per AOT40 (%) sheet: Figure 4d and f * Warming.time: all-day warming and night-time warming * warming degrree: elevated temperature by degree celsius * Yield in AA: measured yield under ambient air * Yield in warming: measured yield under warming * Yield Response per degree: wheat yield response to warming per degree celsius (%) * Grain nitrogen value in AA: measured grain nitrogen concentration under ambient air * Grain nitrogen in warming: measured grain nitrogen concentration under warming * Grain nitrogen Response per degree: wheat graoin nitrogen concentration response to warming per degree celsius (%) #### File: Figure_S13_and_S14.xlsx **Description:** Responses of growth and productivity of NM88 variety (this study) and 4 wheat varieties to warming from the literatures. Traits include yield, ear density, single grain weight, grain number per ear, harvest index (HI), protein yield, grain N content, before heading days, after heading days, entire growth days, leaf photosynthesis during heading, leaf photosynthesis during grain-filling, leaf SPAD during heading, leaf SPAD during grain-filling, leaf area index during mid-anthesis (LAI), LAI during grain-filling, aboveground biomass during mid-anthesis, aboveground biomass during maturity, plant N accumulation during mid-anthesis, and plant N accumulation during maturity. ##### Variables * Reference: data source * cultivar: wheat cultivar * year: experimental year * warming: elevated temperature treatments * All variable shown in full variable name. These variables were extracted from various sources, each employing different units of measurement. Consequently, units are omitted here. #### File: Full_citations_of_the_published_articles_used_in_Figure_4_and_S11-14.docx **Description:**  These data are derived from published literature, and the list of references. ## Code/software Microsoft Excel can be used to view data files ("Fiugre_4.xlsx", "Figure_S11_and_S12.xlsx" and "Figure_S13_and_S14.xlsx"). Microsoft Word can be used to view "FFull_citations_of_the_published_articles_used_in_Figure_4_and_S11-14.docx" document.