DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1q3b6
title: Data from: The identification of concerted convergence in insect heads corroborates Palaeoptera

description: The relationships of the three major clades of winged insects -
 Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera - are still unclear. Many
 morphologists favor a clade Metapterygota (Odonata+Neoptera), but
 Chiastomyaria (Ephemeroptera+Neoptera) or Palaeoptera
 (Ephemeroptera+Odonata) have also been supported in some older and more
 recent studies. A possible explanation for the difficulties in resolving
 these relationships is concerted convergence - the convergent evolution of
 entire character complexes under the same or similar selective pressures.
 In this study we analyse possible instances of this phenomenon in the
 context of head structures of Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera. We
 apply a recently introduced formal approach to detect the occurrence of
 concerted convergence. We found that characters of the tentorium and
 mandibles in particular, but also some other head structures, have
 apparently not evolved independently, and thus can cause artefacts in tree
 reconstruction. Our subsequent analyses, which exclude character sets that
 may be affected by concerted convergence, corroborate the Palaeoptera
 concept. We show that the analysis of homoplasy and its influence on tree
 inference can be formally improved with important consequences for the
 identification of incompatibilities between datasets. Our results suggest
 that modified weighting (or exclusion of characters) in cases of formally
 identified correlated cliques of characters may improve morphology based
 tree reconstruction.
description: ES_1_morph_MatrixElectronic supplement (ES) 1 Morphological data matrix of head characters (complete dataset) used for the initial tree reconstructions with clique affiliation indicated in columns 2-4.ES_2_initial_morph_treesElectronic supplement (ES) 2 Initial tree inference of the complete morphological data set with detailed support values for each node. A RaxML bootstrap supports; B Bremer supports; C Posterior probabilities; D Parsimony bootstrap supports.ES_3_initial_mol_treesElectronic supplement (ES) 3 Tree inference of the molecular data set with detailed support values for each node. A RaxML bootstrap supports; B Posterior probabilities.ES_4_pairwise_excess_matrix_detailedElectronic supplement (ES) 4 Matrix containing the pairwise excess indices for each character of the complete morphological data matrix used for subsequent UPGMA analysis.ES_5_clique_detailsElectronic supplement (ES) 5 UPGMA clustering of the dissimilarity values calculated in the pairwise excess index matrix (Fig. 4) showing all character numbers of the morphological data matrix. Clustered characters are indicated by a vertical terminal line. The two cliques and the remaining character subset are indicated by grey boxes.ES_6_post_clique_morph_tree_detailsElectronic supplement (ES) 6 Tree inference of the remaining morphological data (referring to Fig. 6C) after convergence analysis with detailed support values for each node. a) RaxML bootstrap supports; b) Bremer supports; c) Posterior probabilities; d) Parsimony bootstrap supports.ES_7_reduced_dataset_analysisElectronic supplement (ES) 7 Cliques and subsequent tree inference derived from the reduced dataset excluding morphological characters with an excess of 0 and 1 (see pictogram of Figure 4a).