DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jd5ff
title: Data from: Phylogeny and systematics of the bee genus Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) with emphasis on North American Melanosmia: subgenera, synonymies, and nesting biology revisited

description: The predominantly Holarctic bee genus Osmia Panzer is species-rich and
 behaviourally diverse. A robust phylogeny of this genus is important for
 understanding the evolution of the immense variety of morphological and
 behavioural traits exhibited by this group. We infer a phylogeny of Osmia
 using DNA sequence data obtained from three nuclear genes (elongation
 factor 1-α, LW-rhodopsin and CAD) and the mitochondrial gene COI. Our
 taxon sampling places special attention on North American members of the
 subgenus Melanosmia Schmiedeknecht; we discuss the novel placement of a
 number of species traditionally assigned to O. (Melanosmia) and examine
 the relative support for alternative classifications of this species-rich
 subgenus. We use this new phylogeny to guide a reassessment of
 morphological and behavioural characters within Osmia. Our results provide
 support for the recognition of Osmia (Hapsidosmia), subgen.n., a monotypic
 subgenus containing Osmia iridis Cockerell & Titus. We synonymize
 Osmia (Mystacosmia) Snelling under O. (Melanosmia), syn.n. We synonymize
 Osmia (Acanthosmioides) Ashmead under O. (Melanosmia), syn.n., propose
 ‘odontogaster species group’ as a replacement for the subgeneric name
 Acanthosmioides, and refine the morphological characters that serve to
 diagnose the species group. We additionally propose ‘nigrifrons species
 group’ for a clade within O. (Melanosmia) containing most species formerly
 placed in Osmia (Centrosmia) Robertson. We demonstrate more cohesive
 patterns of nest substrate use in the nigrifrons and odontogaster species
 groups than was previously believed to occur, reconsider character
 polarity of aspects of the female mandible, and show that a large number
 of morphological characters have evolved convergently within the genus. In
 order to facilitate discussion of relevant taxa, we propose the following
 15 new synonymies: O. bakeri Sandhouse under O. melanopleura Cockerell; O.
 crenulaticornis Michener under O. pinorum Cockerell; O. claremontensis
 Michener under O. sedula Sandhouse; O. cockerelli Sandhouse under O.
 dakotensis Michener; O. francisconis White under O. enixa Sandhouse; O.
 hurdi White under O. austromaritima Michener; O. sladeni Sandhouse under
 O. nifoata Cockerell; O. titusi Cockerell under O. phenax Cockerell; O.
 subtrevoris Cockerell, O. physariae Cockerell, and O. erecta Michener
 under O. giliarum Cockerell; and O. universitatis Cockerell, O. integrella
 Cockerell, O. amala Cockerell, and O. metitia Cockerell under O.
 nigrifrons Cresson, syn.n. We remove O. wyomingensis Michener from
 synonymy with O. nifoata Cockerell, stat.n., and O. pinorum Cockerell from
 synonymy with O. physariae Cockerell, stat.n.
description: Osmia MAFFT EF1a CAD
 opsin COI opsin_intron DRYADPhylogenetic matrix
 aligned using MAFFT, and character partitions.Osmia MUSCLE EF1a CAD
 opsin COI opsin_intron DRYADPhylogenetic matrix
 aligned using MUSCLE, and character partitionsTable with Taxa
 Extraction numbers Genbank numbersTable including
 information on taxa, extraction codes, voucher codes, and GenBank
 numbers.