DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qv000
title: Data from: Mate guarding and frequent copulation in birds: a meta-analysis of their relationship to paternity and male phenotype

description: In many birds males are presumed to protect their paternity by closely
 guarding their mate or copulating frequently with her. Both these costly
 behaviours are assumed to reduce the risk and/or intensity of sperm
 competition. However, despite many studies on avian extra-pair paternity,
 it remains unclear how strongly these behaviours are related to fitness
 and other key life-history traits. Here we conduct meta-analyses to
 address two questions. First, are mate guarding and/or frequent copulation
 positively correlated with a male's share of paternity at his nest?
 We find a significant positive correlation between both presumed paternity
 protection behaviours and paternity share. The relationship is, however,
 weak (r = 0.08-0.23). This is perhaps unsurprising if the risk of partner
 infidelity, hence the need to protect paternity, varies among males. For
 example, more attractive males might have less need to protect their
 paternity. Second, do males with higher indices of so-called male
 ‘quality’ (phenotypic measures, usually subjectively defined by
 researchers as predictors of male attractiveness) exhibit lower levels of
 paternity protection behaviour? We find a negative correlation between
 male quality and paternity protection. This finding might partly explain
 the weak relationship between paternity protection and paternity, although
 we discuss other, non-mutually exclusive possibilities.
description: Q1AllStandardized effect
 sizes (Fisher's Z) for the relationship between paternity protection
 behaviours and realized paternity, across all categories of paternity
 protection. Multiple effects from the same study are combined as a
 weighted mean effect so that each study contributes a single effect to
 this dataset. Note that all raw effects reported in the included studies
 are available online in the supplement to the paper.Q1CatStandardized effect
 sizes (Fisher's Z) for the relationships between each category of
 paternity protection behaviour and realized paternity. Multiple effects
 from the same study are combined as a weighted mean effect so that each
 study contributes a single effect per paternity protection category to
 this dataset. Note that all raw effects reported in the included studies
 are available online in the supplement to the paper.Q1phyloStandardized effect sizes (Fisher's Z) for the relationships between paternity protection behaviours and realized paternity. For use in multi-level & phylogenetic meta-analyses: a single study could contribute multiple (non-independent) effects for the same relationship, and study ID and species are coded as moderator variables. Note that all raw effects reported in the included studies are available online in the supplement to the paper.Q1 R codeR script for standard and multilevel (phylogenetic) meta analyses of the relationship between paternity protection behaviours and realized paternity.Q1 standard and multilevel.RQ2AllStandardized effect sizes (Fisher's Z) for the relationship between paternity protection behaviours and measures of male quality, across all categories of paternity protection and quality. Multiple effects from the same study are combined as a weighted mean effect so that each study contributes a single effect to this dataset. Note that all raw effects reported in the included studies are available online in the supplement to the paper.Q2CatStandardized effect sizes (Fisher's Z) for the relationships between categories of paternity protection behaviours and different measures of male quality. Multiple effects from the same study are combined as a weighted mean effect so that each study contributes a single effect per combination of categories to this dataset. Note that all raw effects reported in the included studies are available online in the supplement to the paper.Q2phyloStandardized effect sizes (Fisher's Z) for the relationships between paternity protection behaviours and measures of male quality. For use in multi-level & phylogenetic meta-analyses: a single study could contribute multiple (non-independent) effects for the same relationship, and study ID and species are coded as moderator variables. Note that all raw effects reported in the included studies are available online in the supplement to the paper.Q2 R codeR script for standard and multilevel (phylogenetic) meta analyses of the relationship between paternity protection behaviours and measures of male quality.Q2 standard and multilevel.REricson treePhylogeny of the species present in the included studies, following the 'Ericsson tree' (see Jetz et al. 2012; birdtree.org)Ericson.treHackett treePhylogeny of the species present in the included studies, following the 'Hackett tree' (see Jetz et al. 2012; birdtree.org)Hackett.tre