cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/hdqz64
title: An illustrated and annotated catalogue of type specimens of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Tervuren, Belgium), with taxonomic changes

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Bidzilya, Oleksiy V., Rajaei, Hossein (2024): An illustrated and annotated catalogue of type specimens of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Tervuren, Belgium), with taxonomic changes. Zootaxa 5496 (2): 191-213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5496.2.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5496.2.3AbstractType specimens of 24 species of Gelechiidae described by E. Meyrick and J. Ghesquière deposited in the Royal Museum for Central Africa are discussed. Adult specimens and genitalia of type specimens are illustrated. Genitalia structures are described for most species. The taxonomic position of each species is reviewed, and the following new combinations are proposed: Stomopteryx achyrobathra (Meyrick, 1933), comb. nov., transferred from Aristotelia; Brachmia cirrhopa (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., transferred from Proteodoxa; Helcystogramma leucopla (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov. and Helcystogramma neuroplecta (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., transferred from Brachmia; Helcystogramma synclepta (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., transferred from Metaplatyntis; Dichomeris craspedotis (Meyrick, 1937), comb. nov., transferred from Trichotaphe; Dichomeris leontovitchi (Ghesquière, 1940), comb. nov., transferred from Cymotricha; Dichomeris pammiges (Ghesquière, 1940), comb. nov., transferred from Gaesa; Dichomeris symbolistis (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., transferred from Adoxotricha; Dichomeris opalina (Ghesquière, 1940), comb. nov., transferred from Prasodryas; Dichomeris phaeothina (Ghesquière, 1940), comb. nov., transferred from Trichotaphe; Leuronoma allomima (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., transferred from Gelechia; Photodotis modulatrix (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., transferred from Aristotelia. Six new synonyms on the generic and the species level are established: Proteodoxa Meyrick, 1938, syn. nov. of Brachmia Hübner, 1825; Metaplatyntis Meyrick, 1938, syn. nov. of Helcystogramma Zeller, 1877; Adoxotricha Meyrick, 1938, syn. nov. of Dichomeris Hübner, 1818; Gelechia ochrocorys Meyrick, 1936, syn. nov. of Armatophallus exoenota (Meyrick, 1918); Phthorimaea tristrigata Meyrick, 1938, syn. nov. of Scrobipalpa ergasima (Meyrick, 1916); Brachmia leucospora Meyrick, 1938, syn. nov. of Scrobipalpa subroseata (Meyrick, 1932). Lectotypes are designated for Proteodoxa cirrhopa Meyrick, 1938 and Epithectis phaeomicta Meyrick, 1936. The latter species is excluded from Epithectis Meyrick, 1895 but no current genus is available. The monotypic genus Paltoloma Ghesquière, 1940 (type species P. paleata Ghesquière, 1940) is removed from the family Gelechiidae, transferred to the family Lecithoceridae and provisionally placed near Notioseus Park, 2018.
DOI: 10.15468/rbdha5
title: A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Wheeler, Elisabeth A., Manchester, Steven R., Baas, Pieter (2023): A late Eocene wood assemblage from the Crooked River Basin, Oregon, USA. PaleoBios 40 (14): 1-55, DOI: 10.5070/P9401462457, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401462457
DOI: 10.15468/ffgats
title: Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Jovanovska, Elena, Wilson, Mallory C., Hamilton, Paul B., Stone, Jeffery (2023): Morphological and molecular characterization of twenty-five new Diploneis species (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Tanganyika and its surrounding areas. Phytotaxa 593 (1): 1-102, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.593.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.593.1.1AbstractLake Tanganyika, the second oldest lake in the world, is home to some of the largest and most phenotypically, genetically, and ecologically diverse freshwater assemblages. While the evolutionary processes responsible for generating its extraordinary richness are well understood across various animal groups, little is known about the diatom species richness, turnover patterns, and their drivers. Here, we explored species richness of the diatom genus Diploneis from Lake Tanganyika and surrounding regions by using morphological and molecular information. Both datasets suggested the presence of twenty-five new Diploneis species, each not related to any known Diploneis species so far. The multi-locus phylogeny indicates a monophyletic group of twenty-one Diploneis species from Lake Tanganyika, suggesting potential intralacustrine diversification possibly triggered by certain historical contingencies. This is supported by the small genetic distances and the presence of unique silica ornamentations on the valve face exterior, to date only known to occur on the Baikal endemic Diploneis implicatus. The discovery of such a high richness of Diploneis species in Lake Tanganyika and the presence of a unique morphological character points to a potential adaptive radiation - a mechanism yet to be confirmed.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.r2xx8b
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 353 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Pyrgus bellieri",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than or equal to 1000",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1970",
 "Country is one of (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, France)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 353 records from 55 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0066811-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/8rmhna
title: The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. VI. Six new genera and thirteen new species from western North America (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Shear, William A., Marek, Paul E. (2022): The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. VI. Six new genera and thirteen new species from western North America (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea). Zootaxa 5205 (6): 501-531, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.6.1AbstractThe following new genera and species of Striariidae are described from the states of California, Oregon and Washington: Nototrisaria ornata n. gen., n. sp., Maraplia napa n. gen., n. sp., Maraplia chico n. gen., n. sp., Maraplia schusteri n. gen., n. sp., Lamparia curryensis n. gen., n. sp., Lamparia bentonensis n. gen., n. sp., Lamparia pratensis n. gen., n. sp., Lamparia millicoma n. gen., n. sp., Rampalia cheathamensis n. gen., n. sp., Plaramia arcata n. gen., n. sp., Plaramia johnsonae n. gen., n. sp., Ralampia complexa n. gen., n. sp., and Ralampia filamentosa n. gen., n. sp. . The new species are all very small millipedes, 5.5 mm or less in length and with two or three ommatidia on each side of the head or blind. The majority have the sixth metazonital crest larger than the other crests and extended horizontally, so that the animals have the general appearance of having paranota. A new key to striariid genera is presented.
DOI: 10.15468/w7zss9
title: On Zyras sensu strictu in the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions III, with a focus on the Southeast of Continental Asia and the Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Lomechusini)

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Assing, Volker (2017): On Zyras sensu strictu in the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions III, with a focus on the Southeast of Continental Asia and the Sunda Islands (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Lomechusini). Beiträge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 67 (2): 213-246, DOI: 10.21248/contrib.entomol.67.2.213-246AbstractSpecies of the nominal subgenus of the lomechusine genus Zyras STEPHENS, 1835 of the southeastern Oriental region are revised. Eighteen species are (re-)described and/or illustrated, six of them for the first time: Zyras (Zyras) latibasalis spec. nov. (Java, tentatively recorded also from Laos), Z. (Z.) rutrilobatus spec. nov. (Laos), Z. (Z.) parvilobatus spec. nov. (Laos), Z. (Z.) hirtiventris spec. nov. (Laos, Vietnam), Z. (Z.) hlavaci spec. nov. (Malaysia: Pahang, Selangor), Z. (Z.) lunatus spec. nov. (Malaysia: Selangor). Eight synonymies are proposed: Zyras bryanti CAMERON, 1943 = Z. mortuorum PACE, 1990, syn. nov., = Z. paederinus PACE, 2008, syn. nov.; Zyras nigerrimus CAMERON, 1943 = Z. bartolozzii PACE, 2003, syn. nov., = Z. alboterminalis PACE, 2008, syn. nov.; Z. granulipennis CAMERON, 1930 = Z. pervariolosus PACE, 2008, syn. nov.; Z. matangensis CAMERON, 1943 = Z. daiaccorum PACE, 2008, syn. nov.; Z. montanus (BERNHAUER, 1915) = Z. variolatus PACE, 2003, syn. nov.; Z. preangeranus CAMERON, 1939 = Z. quadriterminalis PACE, 2008, syn. nov. One species is excluded from Zyras: Myrmedonota modiglianii (CAMERON, 1925), comb. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Zyras elegantulus CAMERON, 1939, Z. semirufus CAMERON, 1939, and Z. flavus CAMERON, 1939. Additional records of nine named species are reported. A key to the species recorded from the southeastern Oriental region and an updated catalogue of the species of the Palaearctic and Oriental regions are provided. The subgenus is currently represented in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions by a total of 122 described species. Twenty-two species have been recorded from Sunda Islands. The countries with the greatest diversity are China (46 named species), India (20), Indonesia (19), Malaysia (15), Thailand (14), Nepal (12), Laos (11), and Vietnam (8).
DOI: 10.15468/m3aedc
title: Key to species of the leafhopper genus Scaphoidella Vilbaste, 1968 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with description of a new species from China

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Hassan, Muhammad Asghar, Hussain, Riaz, Xing, Jichun (2025): Key to species of the leafhopper genus Scaphoidella Vilbaste, 1968 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with description of a new species from China. Zootaxa 5613 (3): 567-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.3.8, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.3.8AbstractA new leafhopper species Scaphoidella lii Hassan & Xing sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, China. An updated checklist and an identification key for Scaphoidella species are given. The type specimen of the new species is deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).
DOI: 10.15468/t762aq
title: A revision of the genus Arenopontia Kunz, 1937 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Arenopontiidae), including the description of five new species

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Sak, Serdar, Karaytuğ, Süphan, Huys, Rony (2024): A revision of the genus Arenopontia Kunz, 1937 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Arenopontiidae), including the description of five new species. Zootaxa 5433 (1): 1-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5433.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5433.1.1AbstractA revision of the genus Arenopontia Kunz, 1937 (Harpacticoida, Arenopontiidae) is presented based on morphological examination of a wide range of material. The genus, as redefined herein, encompasses A. subterranea Kunz, 1937 (type species by monotypy), A. problematica Masry, 1970, A. nesaie Cottarelli, 1975 and A. riedli Lindgren, 1976, in addition to five new species from European waters: A. adriatica sp. nov., A. anatolica sp. nov., A. basibuyuki sp. nov., A. gunduzi sp. nov. and A. syltensis sp. nov. Arenopontia pontica Apostolov, 1969 is considered unidentifiable and confirmed as a species inquirenda. The widely accepted notion that A. subterranea represents a cosmopolitan species displaying high intraspecific variability is rejected. Previous illustrated records attributed to the type species are critically reassessed and indicate that future examination of additional material from sandy beaches in the Northern Hemisphere will lead to further splintering of “ A. subterranea ” into a complex of cryptic lineages. Arenopontia subterranea and A. syltensis sp. nov. occur sympatrically on the Isle of Sylt while extensive sampling in the Black Sea revealed a similar overlap in distribution between A. anatolica sp. nov. and A. basibuyuki sp. nov. This study provides yet another example of how rigorous morphology-based analysis of pseudocosmopolitan taxa allows resolution of previously unrecognized cryptic status into multiple named species without recourse to molecular sequence data. A key to the nine valid species of Arenopontia is presented and distribution data for each species are collated.
DOI: 10.15468/nevdxm
title: An account on the Phaneropterinae (Tettigonioidea: Tettigoniidae) from the highlands of western Sabah

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Tan, Ming Kai, Liu, Chunxiang, Ingrisch, Sigfrid, Japir, Razy, Chung, Arthur Y. C. (2024): An account on the Phaneropterinae (Tettigonioidea: Tettigoniidae) from the highlands of western Sabah. Zootaxa 5443 (4): 451-494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5443.4.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5443.4.1AbstractBased on an orthopteran survey in different parts of western Sabah, a total of 24 species from 16 genera are reported here, i.e., three species from one genus of Elimaeini, 14 species from nine genera of Holochlorini and three species from two genera of Mirolliini. Among them, four species of Holochlora new to science are described from Mount Trus Madi: Holochlora bulbosa Tan, Liu & Ingrisch, sp. nov., Holochlora falcata Tan, Liu & Ingrisch, sp. nov., Holochlora bispinosa Tan, Liu & Ingrisch, sp. nov. and Holochlora cratera Tan, Liu & Ingrisch, sp. nov. One new genus of Holochlorini is described from Mount Trus Madi: Pulchrapsyra cyanea Tan, Liu & Ingrisch, gen. et sp. nov. One species of Deflorita (Separita) new to science from Mount Trus Madi is described: Deflorita (Separita) extensa Tan, Liu & Ingrisch, sp. nov.
DOI: 10.15468/ucj6w7
title: Nematodi liberi dell’Isola di Tavolara (Sardegna)

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Zullini, Aldo (1978): Nematodi liberi dell’Isola di Tavolara (Sardegna). ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DEI XL Estratto dai Rendiconti III (V): 67-76, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10814862SUMMARY - Twenty-ﬁve species of nematodes, collected from moss, soil and freshwater of the Tavolara Island and nearby small i slands (north-eastern Sardinia), have been listed and brieﬂy discussed. We describe Plectus cancellatus n. sp., a species differing from all others of the same genus because the cuticle, particularly prominent in the anteriro region of the body, shows both transverse and longitudinal incisures in the esophageal region; this “ corncob" effect distinguishes this species from all others of its genus. Plectus cancellatus, for its shape and somatometric ratios, is similar to P. annulatus Maggenti 1961, it differs for the shape of the lateral ﬁelds, its two alae are well evident, and moreover for the central, and not dorsal, position of the cervical papillae (ﬁg. 3). The lips are distinctly set off from neck, the Wing area is about 5 μ. wide (corresponding to 1 /7 or 1 / 8 of the mid body diameter). Excretory pore located at about 59 % of the oesophagus length. Stoma 27 μ. long; cheilostoma well developed. The amphids are placed at 16 μ from the anterior end; their diameter is equal to 1 / 5 of the corresponding body diameter. Rectus is 28 μ. long and the tail corresponds to 4 3 anal body diameters, while the spinneret is 3.5 μ. long.Particularly interesting species, which are consequently more widely described, are Plectus andrassyi, Chiloplacus quadricarinatus, and Miconchus studeri Enchodelus vesuvianus. We emphasize the fact that the last species has been reported with particular frequence in the central mediterranean area.
DOI: 10.15468/zzkypu
title: A small penguin cranium (Aves, Spheniscidae) from the Late Miocene of Bahía Inglesa Formation, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Hospitaleche, Carolina Acosta, Soto-Acuña, Sergio (2023): A small penguin cranium (Aves, Spheniscidae) from the Late Miocene of Bahía Inglesa Formation, Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (13): 233-244, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a13, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a13ABSTRACTA new cranium of penguin from the Late Miocene of the Bahía Inglesa Formation (Northern Chile) is described here. Specimen SGO.PV.22245 exhibits a unique combination of characters that suggests it belongs to a new species of either Eudypula Bonaparte, 1856, Spheniscus Brisson, 1760, or more probably to a more basal taxon related to them. The specimen is notably smaller than the fossil species of Spheniscus and more similar in size to the extant Spheniscus. The fossa glandulae nasalis narrows caudally, the crista nuchalis transversa and the crista temporalis are expanded like short wings, and a short crista nuchalis sagittalis connects with the rounded and cranially projected eminentia cerebellaris. The fossa temporalis is subtriangular and deeper caudally and the cranial roof is widely expanded. All these features approach the condition to some species of Spheniscus and Eudyptula. However, because of the incompleteness of the material and the fact that it cannot be compared with some fossil species of Spheniscus only known through postcranial material, we are not able to provide a more accurate assignment.RÉSUMÉUn petit crâne de manchot (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la fin du Miocène de la formation Bahía Inglesa, désert d’Atacama, Nord du Chili.Un nouveau crâne de manchot du Miocène supérieur de la Formation de Bahía Inglesa (Nord du Chili) est décrit ici. Le spécimen SGO.PV.22245 présente une combinaison unique de caractères qui suggère qu’il appartient à une nouvelle espèce d’ Eudypula Bonaparte, 1856, de Spheniscus Brisson, 1760, ou plus probablement à un taxon plus basal qui leur est apparenté. Le spécimen est nettement plus petit que les espèces fossiles de Spheniscus et plus similaire en taille au Spheniscus existant. La fossa glandulae nasalis qui se rétrécit caudalement, la crista nuchalis transversa et la crista temporalis sont élargies comme des ailes courtes, et une courte crista nuchalis sagittalis se connecte à l’ eminentia cerebellaris arrondie et crânienne projetée. La fosse temporale est sous-triangulaire et plus profonde caudalement et le toit crânien est largement élargi. Toutes ces caractéristiques rapprochent l’état de ce fossile de certaines espèces de Spheniscus et d’ Eudyptula. Cependant, en raison du caractère incomplet du matériel et du fait qu’il ne peut être comparé à certaines espèces fossiles de Spheniscus connues uniquement par le biais de matériel post-crânien, nous ne sommes pas en mesure de fournir une attribution plus précise.MOTS CLÉSEudyptula,Spheniscus,Néogène,Amérique du Sud.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ujd6ff
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 566 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Pyrgus onopordi",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than or equal to 1000",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1970",
 "Country is one of (Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, France)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 566 records from 69 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0066812-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/jtkmnz
title: Diversity of cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions from Guizhou in China, with the description of twenty-four new species of the genus Tyrannochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae)

description: This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Hou, Yanmeng, Feng, Zegang, Zhang, Feng (2023): Diversity of cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions from Guizhou in China, with the description of twenty-four new species of the genus Tyrannochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae). Zootaxa 5262 (1): 1-158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5262.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5262.1.1AbstractTwenty-four new Tyrannochthonius species from twenty-eight karst caves of Guizhou are described, including detailed diagnosis and illustrations: T. acutus sp. nov. from Gazuida Cave (Kaili City), T. altus sp. nov. from Shenren Cave (Hezhang County), T. arificus sp. nov. from Hei Cave (Anlong County), T. babaowanensis sp. nov. from Babaowan Cave (Yinjiang County), T. breviculus sp. nov. from Yanjia Cave (Libo County), T. brevispinus sp. nov. from Jingua Cave (Danzhai County), T. duo sp. nov. from Liangfeng Cave (Jiangkou County), T. gracilis sp. nov. from Xianren Cave (Hezhang County), T. hispidus sp. nov. from Qilin Cave (Jianhe County), T. infirmus sp. nov. from Liujiadadong Cave (Pu’an County), T. latus sp. nov. from Zimu Cave (Panzhou City), T. maculosus sp. nov. from Daxiao Cave (Xingren City), T. multicavus sp. nov. from Xiaohui Cave & Weier Cave (Pingtang County) and Da Cave & Qixia Cave (Luodian County), T. multidentatus sp. nov. from Guanyin Cave (Fenggang County) and Anjialin Cave (Sinan County), T. nanxingensis sp. nov. from Feng Cave (Panzhou City), T. oblongus sp. nov. from Houzi Cave (Huaxi District), T. parcidentatus sp. nov. from Daniu Cave (Dafang County), T. pictus sp. nov. from Gaoluo Cave and Cangjun Cave (Dushan County), T. pinguis sp. nov. from Zharou Cave (Ziyun County), T. planus sp. nov. from Yanggong Cave (Sandu County), T. qilinensis sp. nov. from Qilin Cave (Jianhe County), T. quattuor sp. nov. from Guanjiadadong Cave (Dafang County), T. umidus sp. nov. from Da Cave (Wudang District), and T. yanshanensis sp. nov. from Yanshan Cave (Wuchuan County). An identification key to all known Tyrannochthonius species from China is also provided.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30958215
title: Robotic-assisted versus standard laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

description: Colorectal cancer represents a major global health concern and obesity adds complicates its surgical management. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of robotic-assisted surgery and standard laparoscopic surgery in obese colorectal cancer patients. A comprehensive literature search performed across databases from inception to April 2024. Pooled estimates included hospital stay duration, drainage tube removal time, first ventilation time, complication rates, re-admission rates and re-operative rates. Six studies involving 4215 patients were included. Robotic-assisted surgery was associated with a statistically significant but modest reduction in hospital stay time compared to laparoscopic surgery (<i>p</i> = 0.02). No significant differences were found for drainage tube removal time (<i>p</i> = 0.42) and first ventilation time (<i>p</i> = 0.27). Complication rates (OR [odds ratio] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74 to 1.13, <i>p</i> = 0.41), re-admission rates (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.31 to 2.13, <i>p</i> = 0.67) and re-operative rates (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.86, <i>p</i> = 0.41) did not significantly differ between surgical approaches. Robotic-assisted surgery significantly provides a modest reduction in hospital stay duration without compromising patient safety for obese colorectal cancer patients. These findings should be interpreted with caution. Future randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these results.