cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011827
title: Proportion of vegetated area in the Mongolian Plateau covered by

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Proportion of vegetated area in the Mongolian Plateau covered by dzud of 2010 are highlighted in bold. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate change has led to more frequent extreme winters (aka, <em>dzud)</em> and summer droughts on the Mongolian Plateau during the last decade. Among these events, the 2000–2002 combined summer drought–<em>dzud</em> and 2010 <em>dzud</em> were the most severe on vegetation. We examined the vegetation response to these extremes through the past decade across the Mongolian Plateau as compared to decadal means. We first assessed the severity and extent of drought using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). We then examined the effects of drought by mapping anomalies in vegetation indices (EVI, EVI2) and land surface temperature derived from MODIS and AVHRR for the period of 2000–2010. We found that the standardized anomalies of vegetation indices exhibited positively skewed frequency distributions in dry years, which were more common for the desert biome than for grasslands. For the desert biome, the dry years (2000–2001, 2005 and 2009) were characterized by negative anomalies with peak values between −1.5 and −0.5 and were statistically different (<em>P</em> p R<sup>2</sup> = 65 and 60, <em>p</em> R<sup>2</sup> = 53, <em>p</em> dzud) between the desert and grassland biomes on the Plateau.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011828
title: Proportion of vegetated area in the dominant desert and grassland biomes of the Mongolian Plateau covered by

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Proportion of vegetated area in the dominant desert and grassland biomes of the Mongolian Plateau covered by dzud of 2010 are highlighted in bold. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate change has led to more frequent extreme winters (aka, <em>dzud)</em> and summer droughts on the Mongolian Plateau during the last decade. Among these events, the 2000–2002 combined summer drought–<em>dzud</em> and 2010 <em>dzud</em> were the most severe on vegetation. We examined the vegetation response to these extremes through the past decade across the Mongolian Plateau as compared to decadal means. We first assessed the severity and extent of drought using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). We then examined the effects of drought by mapping anomalies in vegetation indices (EVI, EVI2) and land surface temperature derived from MODIS and AVHRR for the period of 2000–2010. We found that the standardized anomalies of vegetation indices exhibited positively skewed frequency distributions in dry years, which were more common for the desert biome than for grasslands. For the desert biome, the dry years (2000–2001, 2005 and 2009) were characterized by negative anomalies with peak values between −1.5 and −0.5 and were statistically different (<em>P</em> p R<sup>2</sup> = 65 and 60, <em>p</em> R<sup>2</sup> = 53, <em>p</em> dzud) between the desert and grassland biomes on the Plateau.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011827.v1
title: Proportion of vegetated area in the Mongolian Plateau covered by

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Proportion of vegetated area in the Mongolian Plateau covered by dzud of 2010 are highlighted in bold. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate change has led to more frequent extreme winters (aka, <em>dzud)</em> and summer droughts on the Mongolian Plateau during the last decade. Among these events, the 2000–2002 combined summer drought–<em>dzud</em> and 2010 <em>dzud</em> were the most severe on vegetation. We examined the vegetation response to these extremes through the past decade across the Mongolian Plateau as compared to decadal means. We first assessed the severity and extent of drought using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). We then examined the effects of drought by mapping anomalies in vegetation indices (EVI, EVI2) and land surface temperature derived from MODIS and AVHRR for the period of 2000–2010. We found that the standardized anomalies of vegetation indices exhibited positively skewed frequency distributions in dry years, which were more common for the desert biome than for grasslands. For the desert biome, the dry years (2000–2001, 2005 and 2009) were characterized by negative anomalies with peak values between −1.5 and −0.5 and were statistically different (<em>P</em> p R<sup>2</sup> = 65 and 60, <em>p</em> R<sup>2</sup> = 53, <em>p</em> dzud) between the desert and grassland biomes on the Plateau.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011828.v1
title: Proportion of vegetated area in the dominant desert and grassland biomes of the Mongolian Plateau covered by

description: <b>Table 2.</b> Proportion of vegetated area in the dominant desert and grassland biomes of the Mongolian Plateau covered by dzud of 2010 are highlighted in bold. <strong>Abstract</strong> Climate change has led to more frequent extreme winters (aka, <em>dzud)</em> and summer droughts on the Mongolian Plateau during the last decade. Among these events, the 2000–2002 combined summer drought–<em>dzud</em> and 2010 <em>dzud</em> were the most severe on vegetation. We examined the vegetation response to these extremes through the past decade across the Mongolian Plateau as compared to decadal means. We first assessed the severity and extent of drought using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). We then examined the effects of drought by mapping anomalies in vegetation indices (EVI, EVI2) and land surface temperature derived from MODIS and AVHRR for the period of 2000–2010. We found that the standardized anomalies of vegetation indices exhibited positively skewed frequency distributions in dry years, which were more common for the desert biome than for grasslands. For the desert biome, the dry years (2000–2001, 2005 and 2009) were characterized by negative anomalies with peak values between −1.5 and −0.5 and were statistically different (<em>P</em> p R<sup>2</sup> = 65 and 60, <em>p</em> R<sup>2</sup> = 53, <em>p</em> dzud) between the desert and grassland biomes on the Plateau.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011820
title: Carbon in trees killed by forest fires, bark beetles, and harvest

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Carbon in trees killed by forest fires, bark beetles, and harvest. <strong>Abstract</strong> Forests are major components of the carbon cycle, and disturbances are important influences of forest carbon. Our objective was to contribute to the understanding of forest carbon cycling by quantifying the amount of carbon in trees killed by two disturbance types, fires and bark beetles, in the western United States in recent decades. We combined existing spatial data sets of forest biomass, burn severity, and beetle-caused tree mortality to estimate the amount of aboveground and belowground carbon in killed trees across the region. We found that during 1984–2010, fires killed trees that contained 5–11 Tg C year<sup>−1</sup> and during 1997–2010, beetles killed trees that contained 2–24 Tg C year<sup>−1</sup>, with more trees killed since 2000 than in earlier periods. Over their periods of record, amounts of carbon in trees killed by fires and by beetle outbreaks were similar, and together these disturbances killed trees representing 9% of the total tree carbon in western forests, a similar amount to harvesting. Fires killed more trees in lower-elevation forest types such as Douglas-fir than higher-elevation forest types, whereas bark beetle outbreaks also killed trees in higher-elevation forest types such as lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. Over 15% of the carbon in lodgepole pine and spruce/fir forest types was in trees killed by beetle outbreaks; other forest types had 5–10% of the carbon in killed trees. Our results document the importance of these natural disturbances in the carbon budget of the western United States.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011820.v1
title: Carbon in trees killed by forest fires, bark beetles, and harvest

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Carbon in trees killed by forest fires, bark beetles, and harvest. <strong>Abstract</strong> Forests are major components of the carbon cycle, and disturbances are important influences of forest carbon. Our objective was to contribute to the understanding of forest carbon cycling by quantifying the amount of carbon in trees killed by two disturbance types, fires and bark beetles, in the western United States in recent decades. We combined existing spatial data sets of forest biomass, burn severity, and beetle-caused tree mortality to estimate the amount of aboveground and belowground carbon in killed trees across the region. We found that during 1984–2010, fires killed trees that contained 5–11 Tg C year<sup>−1</sup> and during 1997–2010, beetles killed trees that contained 2–24 Tg C year<sup>−1</sup>, with more trees killed since 2000 than in earlier periods. Over their periods of record, amounts of carbon in trees killed by fires and by beetle outbreaks were similar, and together these disturbances killed trees representing 9% of the total tree carbon in western forests, a similar amount to harvesting. Fires killed more trees in lower-elevation forest types such as Douglas-fir than higher-elevation forest types, whereas bark beetle outbreaks also killed trees in higher-elevation forest types such as lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. Over 15% of the carbon in lodgepole pine and spruce/fir forest types was in trees killed by beetle outbreaks; other forest types had 5–10% of the carbon in killed trees. Our results document the importance of these natural disturbances in the carbon budget of the western United States.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011814
title: Treatment mean separations for grain yield (GY), and yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N

description: <b>Table 4.</b> Treatment mean separations for grain yield (GY), and yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N. Means presented in this table are obtained from the back-transformed data for yield-scaled means. Pre-emergence (Pre), and side-dress (Side). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within columns (Scheffe-5%). <em>p</em>-values for each variable are included at the bottom of the table. (Notes: ,, significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.) <strong>Abstract</strong> Nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from maize fields, but optimal results may depend on deployment of integrated N fertilizer management systems that increase yields achieved per unit of N<sub>2</sub>O lost. A new micro-encapsulated formulation of nitrapyrin for liquid N fertilizers became available to US farmers in 2010. Our research objectives were to (i) assess the impacts of urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) management practices (timing, rate and nitrification inhibitor) and environmental variables on growing-season N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and (ii) identify UAN treatment combinations that both reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and optimize maize productivity. Field experiments near West Lafayette, Indiana in 2010 and 2011 examined three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>), two timings (pre-emergence and side-dress) and presence or absence of nitrapyrin. Mean cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions (<em>Q</em><sub>10</sub> corrected) were 0.81, 1.83 and 3.52 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively; 1.80 and 2.31 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for pre-emergence and side-dress timings, respectively; and 1.77 versus 2.34 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for with and without nitrapyrin, respectively. Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions increased with N rates as anticipated (averaging 167, 204 and 328 g N<sub>2</sub>O–N Mg grain<sup>−1</sup> for the 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> rates), but were 22% greater with the side-dress timing than the pre-emergence timing (when averaged across N rates and inhibitor treatments) because of environmental conditions following later applications. Overall yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions were 22% lower with nitrapyrin than without the inhibitor, but these did not interact with N rate or timing.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011815
title: Weather characterization for the experimental site for years 2010, 2011 and normal data from the 30 year series 1981–2010

description: <b>Table 5.</b> Weather characterization for the experimental site for years 2010, 2011 and normal data from the 30 year series 1981–2010. Precipitation (pp) in millimeters (mm) and mean temperature (temp.) in degrees centigrade (° C). <strong>Abstract</strong> Nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from maize fields, but optimal results may depend on deployment of integrated N fertilizer management systems that increase yields achieved per unit of N<sub>2</sub>O lost. A new micro-encapsulated formulation of nitrapyrin for liquid N fertilizers became available to US farmers in 2010. Our research objectives were to (i) assess the impacts of urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) management practices (timing, rate and nitrification inhibitor) and environmental variables on growing-season N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and (ii) identify UAN treatment combinations that both reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and optimize maize productivity. Field experiments near West Lafayette, Indiana in 2010 and 2011 examined three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>), two timings (pre-emergence and side-dress) and presence or absence of nitrapyrin. Mean cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions (<em>Q</em><sub>10</sub> corrected) were 0.81, 1.83 and 3.52 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively; 1.80 and 2.31 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for pre-emergence and side-dress timings, respectively; and 1.77 versus 2.34 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for with and without nitrapyrin, respectively. Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions increased with N rates as anticipated (averaging 167, 204 and 328 g N<sub>2</sub>O–N Mg grain<sup>−1</sup> for the 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> rates), but were 22% greater with the side-dress timing than the pre-emergence timing (when averaged across N rates and inhibitor treatments) because of environmental conditions following later applications. Overall yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions were 22% lower with nitrapyrin than without the inhibitor, but these did not interact with N rate or timing.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011816
title: Spearman correlation coefficients for N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes for 2010, 2011 and combined growing seasons

description: <b>Table 6.</b> Spearman correlation coefficients for N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes for 2010, 2011 and combined growing seasons. (Notes: water filled pore space (WFPS) and ,, significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.) <strong>Abstract</strong> Nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from maize fields, but optimal results may depend on deployment of integrated N fertilizer management systems that increase yields achieved per unit of N<sub>2</sub>O lost. A new micro-encapsulated formulation of nitrapyrin for liquid N fertilizers became available to US farmers in 2010. Our research objectives were to (i) assess the impacts of urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) management practices (timing, rate and nitrification inhibitor) and environmental variables on growing-season N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and (ii) identify UAN treatment combinations that both reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and optimize maize productivity. Field experiments near West Lafayette, Indiana in 2010 and 2011 examined three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>), two timings (pre-emergence and side-dress) and presence or absence of nitrapyrin. Mean cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions (<em>Q</em><sub>10</sub> corrected) were 0.81, 1.83 and 3.52 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively; 1.80 and 2.31 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for pre-emergence and side-dress timings, respectively; and 1.77 versus 2.34 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for with and without nitrapyrin, respectively. Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions increased with N rates as anticipated (averaging 167, 204 and 328 g N<sub>2</sub>O–N Mg grain<sup>−1</sup> for the 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> rates), but were 22% greater with the side-dress timing than the pre-emergence timing (when averaged across N rates and inhibitor treatments) because of environmental conditions following later applications. Overall yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions were 22% lower with nitrapyrin than without the inhibitor, but these did not interact with N rate or timing.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011813
title: Mean separation for the main-factor effects on N<sub>2</sub>O–N cumulative emissions for the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons (118 and 97 d, respectively)

description: <b>Table 3.</b> Mean separation for the main-factor effects on N<sub>2</sub>O–N cumulative emissions for the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons (118 and 97 d, respectively). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences at Scheffe-5%. <strong>Abstract</strong> Nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from maize fields, but optimal results may depend on deployment of integrated N fertilizer management systems that increase yields achieved per unit of N<sub>2</sub>O lost. A new micro-encapsulated formulation of nitrapyrin for liquid N fertilizers became available to US farmers in 2010. Our research objectives were to (i) assess the impacts of urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) management practices (timing, rate and nitrification inhibitor) and environmental variables on growing-season N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and (ii) identify UAN treatment combinations that both reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and optimize maize productivity. Field experiments near West Lafayette, Indiana in 2010 and 2011 examined three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>), two timings (pre-emergence and side-dress) and presence or absence of nitrapyrin. Mean cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions (<em>Q</em><sub>10</sub> corrected) were 0.81, 1.83 and 3.52 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively; 1.80 and 2.31 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for pre-emergence and side-dress timings, respectively; and 1.77 versus 2.34 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for with and without nitrapyrin, respectively. Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions increased with N rates as anticipated (averaging 167, 204 and 328 g N<sub>2</sub>O–N Mg grain<sup>−1</sup> for the 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> rates), but were 22% greater with the side-dress timing than the pre-emergence timing (when averaged across N rates and inhibitor treatments) because of environmental conditions following later applications. Overall yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions were 22% lower with nitrapyrin than without the inhibitor, but these did not interact with N rate or timing.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011816.v1
title: Spearman correlation coefficients for N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes for 2010, 2011 and combined growing seasons

description: <b>Table 6.</b> Spearman correlation coefficients for N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes for 2010, 2011 and combined growing seasons. (Notes: water filled pore space (WFPS) and ,, significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.) <strong>Abstract</strong> Nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from maize fields, but optimal results may depend on deployment of integrated N fertilizer management systems that increase yields achieved per unit of N<sub>2</sub>O lost. A new micro-encapsulated formulation of nitrapyrin for liquid N fertilizers became available to US farmers in 2010. Our research objectives were to (i) assess the impacts of urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) management practices (timing, rate and nitrification inhibitor) and environmental variables on growing-season N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and (ii) identify UAN treatment combinations that both reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and optimize maize productivity. Field experiments near West Lafayette, Indiana in 2010 and 2011 examined three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>), two timings (pre-emergence and side-dress) and presence or absence of nitrapyrin. Mean cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions (<em>Q</em><sub>10</sub> corrected) were 0.81, 1.83 and 3.52 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively; 1.80 and 2.31 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for pre-emergence and side-dress timings, respectively; and 1.77 versus 2.34 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for with and without nitrapyrin, respectively. Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions increased with N rates as anticipated (averaging 167, 204 and 328 g N<sub>2</sub>O–N Mg grain<sup>−1</sup> for the 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> rates), but were 22% greater with the side-dress timing than the pre-emergence timing (when averaged across N rates and inhibitor treatments) because of environmental conditions following later applications. Overall yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions were 22% lower with nitrapyrin than without the inhibitor, but these did not interact with N rate or timing.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1011811
title: Mean separations for the year and treatment effects on daily N<sub>2</sub>O–N fluxes

description: <b>Table 1.</b> Mean separations for the year and treatment effects on daily N<sub>2</sub>O–N fluxes. The analysis was performed on lnN<sub>2</sub>O–N, and the data presented here are the back-transformed results. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (LSD 5%). ANOVA summary is pertinent for the treatment effects on lnN<sub>2</sub>O–N daily fluxes for years 2010, 2011 and both years pooled together. (Notes: ,, significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.) <strong>Abstract</strong> Nitrification inhibitors have the potential to reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from maize fields, but optimal results may depend on deployment of integrated N fertilizer management systems that increase yields achieved per unit of N<sub>2</sub>O lost. A new micro-encapsulated formulation of nitrapyrin for liquid N fertilizers became available to US farmers in 2010. Our research objectives were to (i) assess the impacts of urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN) management practices (timing, rate and nitrification inhibitor) and environmental variables on growing-season N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and (ii) identify UAN treatment combinations that both reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and optimize maize productivity. Field experiments near West Lafayette, Indiana in 2010 and 2011 examined three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>), two timings (pre-emergence and side-dress) and presence or absence of nitrapyrin. Mean cumulative N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions (<em>Q</em><sub>10</sub> corrected) were 0.81, 1.83 and 3.52 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for the rates of 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively; 1.80 and 2.31 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for pre-emergence and side-dress timings, respectively; and 1.77 versus 2.34 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> for with and without nitrapyrin, respectively. Yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions increased with N rates as anticipated (averaging 167, 204 and 328 g N<sub>2</sub>O–N Mg grain<sup>−1</sup> for the 0, 90 and 180 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup> rates), but were 22% greater with the side-dress timing than the pre-emergence timing (when averaged across N rates and inhibitor treatments) because of environmental conditions following later applications. Overall yield-scaled N<sub>2</sub>O–N emissions were 22% lower with nitrapyrin than without the inhibitor, but these did not interact with N rate or timing.