cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453410
title: Tying catchment to basin in a giant sediment routing system: a source-to-sink study of the Neogene–Recent Amur River and its delta in the North Sakhalin Basin

description: This paper uses an extensive dataset from more than 200 samples to provide a comprehensive source-to-sink analysis of the Amur River and its delta in the Russian Far East. The majority of sand-sized sediment in the Amur River and its former delta comes from upstream of the Lesser Khingan Ridge, shown by uniformity of sediment composition in the lower 1700 km of the river. Stable mineral ratios, U–Pb age spectra and garnet geochemistry show little stratigraphic provenance-specific variation in the Neogene delta. This renders Miocene–Pliocene drainage capture models unlikely. The onset of uplift in the delta is marked by a decrease in the apatite–tourmaline index (ATi) in Upper Pliocene offshore well samples, caused by dissolution of apatite as sediments were uplifted and eroded onshore Sakhalin. These wells also show variable ATi and garnet–zircon index (GZi) values in Lower Miocene samples, which could potentially be used for stratigraphic correlation. A positive correlation between GZi values and distance from the river mouth is attributed to hydrodynamic sorting across the delta system. This has negative implications for the use of this stable mineral index and others of a similar hydraulic equivalence as regional correlation tools on a basin scale (&gt;100 km).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453410.v1
title: Tying catchment to basin in a giant sediment routing system: a source-to-sink study of the Neogene–Recent Amur River and its delta in the North Sakhalin Basin

description: This paper uses an extensive dataset from more than 200 samples to provide a comprehensive source-to-sink analysis of the Amur River and its delta in the Russian Far East. The majority of sand-sized sediment in the Amur River and its former delta comes from upstream of the Lesser Khingan Ridge, shown by uniformity of sediment composition in the lower 1700 km of the river. Stable mineral ratios, U–Pb age spectra and garnet geochemistry show little stratigraphic provenance-specific variation in the Neogene delta. This renders Miocene–Pliocene drainage capture models unlikely. The onset of uplift in the delta is marked by a decrease in the apatite–tourmaline index (ATi) in Upper Pliocene offshore well samples, caused by dissolution of apatite as sediments were uplifted and eroded onshore Sakhalin. These wells also show variable ATi and garnet–zircon index (GZi) values in Lower Miocene samples, which could potentially be used for stratigraphic correlation. A positive correlation between GZi values and distance from the river mouth is attributed to hydrodynamic sorting across the delta system. This has negative implications for the use of this stable mineral index and others of a similar hydraulic equivalence as regional correlation tools on a basin scale (&gt;100 km).
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453407
title: Use of multiple oxygen isotope proxies for elucidating Arctic Cretaceous palaeo-hydrology

description: Stable oxygen isotope analysis of siderite and dinosaur tooth enamel phosphate from the Campanian–Maastrichtian Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA, are analysed to determine the palaeohydrology of the ancient Colville Basin north of the Ancestral Brooks Range. δ<sup>18</sup>O of freshwater siderites relative to V-PDB ranges between −14.86 and −16.21‰. Dinosaur tooth enamel δ<sup>18</sup>O from three different sites (Kikak–Tegoseak, Pediomys Point, Liscomb) range between +3.9‰ and +10.2.0‰. δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>meteoric water</sub> are calculated from δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>siderite</sub> that formed at seasonal temperatures ranging from −2 to 14.5 °C, with a mean annual temperature of 6.3 °C. At 6.3 °C, the δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>w</sub> calculated from siderite ranged between −22.23 and −20.89‰ V-SMOW. Ingested water compositions are estimated from dinosaur teeth assuming body temperatures of 37 °C and local relative humidity of 77.5%, resulting in values ranging from −28.7 to −20.4‰ V-SMOW, suggesting consumption of meteoric water and orographically depleted runoff from the Brooks Range. The ranges in calculated δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>meteoric water</sub> are compatible between the two proxies, and are mutually corroborating evidence of extremely <sup>18</sup>O-depleted precipitation at high latitudes during the Late Cretaceous relative to those generated using general circulation models. This depletion is proposed to result from increased rainout effects from an intensified hydrological cycle, which probably played a role in sustaining polar warmth.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453407.v1
title: Use of multiple oxygen isotope proxies for elucidating Arctic Cretaceous palaeo-hydrology

description: Stable oxygen isotope analysis of siderite and dinosaur tooth enamel phosphate from the Campanian–Maastrichtian Prince Creek Formation, Alaska, USA, are analysed to determine the palaeohydrology of the ancient Colville Basin north of the Ancestral Brooks Range. δ<sup>18</sup>O of freshwater siderites relative to V-PDB ranges between −14.86 and −16.21‰. Dinosaur tooth enamel δ<sup>18</sup>O from three different sites (Kikak–Tegoseak, Pediomys Point, Liscomb) range between +3.9‰ and +10.2.0‰. δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>meteoric water</sub> are calculated from δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>siderite</sub> that formed at seasonal temperatures ranging from −2 to 14.5 °C, with a mean annual temperature of 6.3 °C. At 6.3 °C, the δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>w</sub> calculated from siderite ranged between −22.23 and −20.89‰ V-SMOW. Ingested water compositions are estimated from dinosaur teeth assuming body temperatures of 37 °C and local relative humidity of 77.5%, resulting in values ranging from −28.7 to −20.4‰ V-SMOW, suggesting consumption of meteoric water and orographically depleted runoff from the Brooks Range. The ranges in calculated δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>meteoric water</sub> are compatible between the two proxies, and are mutually corroborating evidence of extremely <sup>18</sup>O-depleted precipitation at high latitudes during the Late Cretaceous relative to those generated using general circulation models. This depletion is proposed to result from increased rainout effects from an intensified hydrological cycle, which probably played a role in sustaining polar warmth.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453404
title: Origin and evolution of Avalonia: evidence from U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes in zircon from the Mira terrane, Canada, and the Stavelot–Venn Massif, Belgium

description: Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircon from Neoproterozoic–Cambrian clastic sedimentary rocks in the Mira terrane (Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada; West Avalonia) and the Stavelot–Venn Massif (East Belgium; East Avalonia) support deposition on an originally coherent microcontinent. Crustal evolution trends defined by ϵHf<sub>(t)</sub> values varying with age reflect juvenile magma production in the source continent at 1.2–2.2 and 2.4–3.1 Ga. Mixing of juvenile and recycled crust in continental magmatic arcs is recognized at 0.5–0.72, 1.4–1.7, 1.8–2.2 and 2.4–2.7 Ga. These results concur with the crustal evolution in Amazonia, the likely parent craton. Crustal evolution in Avalonia is recorded in detrital and magmatic zircon from Neoproterozoic arcs (680–550 Ma). Positive ϵHf<sub>(t)</sub> values suggest juvenile input and mixing with recycled crust. Most negative ϵHf<sub>(t)</sub> values represent recycling of predominantly Mesoproterozoic underlying crust. Avalonian arc magmatism was followed by late Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian sedimentation in various belts in West Avalonia. These belts were juxtaposed by strike-slip during late early Cambrian deposition in a rift basin. The youngest detrital zircon population (<em>c</em>. 517 Ma) probably represents synrift magmatism before break-up of Avalonia. Migmatization at 406 ± 2 Ma in a xenolith from the East Avalonian crust reflects post-collisional heating.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453398
title: Potential and limits of combining studies of coarse- and fine-grained sediments for the coastal event history of a Caribbean carbonate environment

description: The coastal deposits of Bonaire, Leeward Antilles, are among the most studied archives for extreme-wave events (EWEs) in the Caribbean. Here we present more than 400 electron spin resonance (ESR) and radiocarbon data on coarse-clast deposits from Bonaire’s eastern and western coasts. The chronological data are compared to the occurrence and age of fine-grained extreme-wave deposits detected in lagoons and floodplains. Both approaches are aimed at the identification of EWEs, the differentiation between extraordinary storms and tsunamis, improving reconstructions of the coastal evolution, and establishing a geochronological framework for the events. Although the combination of different methods and archives contributes to a better understanding of the interplay of coastal and archive-related processes, insufficient separation, superimposition or burying of coarse-clast deposits and restricted dating accuracy limit the use of both fine-grained and coarse-clast geoarchives to unravel decadal- to centennial-scale events. At several locations, distinct landforms are attributed to different coastal flooding events interpreted to be of tsunamigenic origin. Coastal landforms on the western coast have significantly been influenced by (sub)-recent hurricanes, indicating that formation of the coarse-clast deposits on the eastern coast is likely to be related to past events of higher energy.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453398.v1
title: Potential and limits of combining studies of coarse- and fine-grained sediments for the coastal event history of a Caribbean carbonate environment

description: The coastal deposits of Bonaire, Leeward Antilles, are among the most studied archives for extreme-wave events (EWEs) in the Caribbean. Here we present more than 400 electron spin resonance (ESR) and radiocarbon data on coarse-clast deposits from Bonaire’s eastern and western coasts. The chronological data are compared to the occurrence and age of fine-grained extreme-wave deposits detected in lagoons and floodplains. Both approaches are aimed at the identification of EWEs, the differentiation between extraordinary storms and tsunamis, improving reconstructions of the coastal evolution, and establishing a geochronological framework for the events. Although the combination of different methods and archives contributes to a better understanding of the interplay of coastal and archive-related processes, insufficient separation, superimposition or burying of coarse-clast deposits and restricted dating accuracy limit the use of both fine-grained and coarse-clast geoarchives to unravel decadal- to centennial-scale events. At several locations, distinct landforms are attributed to different coastal flooding events interpreted to be of tsunamigenic origin. Coastal landforms on the western coast have significantly been influenced by (sub)-recent hurricanes, indicating that formation of the coarse-clast deposits on the eastern coast is likely to be related to past events of higher energy.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453392
title: Tectonic evolution of the European Variscan belt constrained by palaeomagnetic, structural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data from the Northern Vosges magmatic arc (eastern France)

description: Geochronology, structural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data from the northern Vosges batholith, which belongs to the Northern Vosges–Mid-German Crystalline Rise arc, show contrasting emplacement modes of southern granodiorites and northern granites. The ENE–WSW-trending fabrics of granodiorites (346–334 Ma) are parallel to the metamorphic cleavage affecting the host rocks developed during regional compression. The NNW–SSE-trending fabrics of younger granitoids (<em>c</em>. 330 Ma) reveal an extensional emplacement mode, associated with a normal shear zone separating the two magmatic suites. Palaeomagnetism shows that the switch from a compressive to an extensional regime coincides with a regional counterclockwise rotation. The 330–325 Ma extension is further supported by palaeomagnetic and seismic data indicating southeastward tilt of the whole batholith. Finally the system is rotated clockwise without any structural overprint. Data from the Early Carboniferous northern Vosges magmatic arc and remote Bohemian Massif suggest that this evolution is valid for the whole eastern branch of the European Variscan belt, for which the following model is proposed: (1) Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous east–west shortening of the Variscides above the Rhenohercynian subduction zone; (2) axial NNW–SSE shortening of the assembled Variscan orogen associated with (3) ‘internal’ sinistral rotation of inherited Rhenohercynian transform faults and shortening of intervening blocks; (4) east–west extension and dextral ‘external’ rotation of blocks between dextrally reactivated transforms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453392.v1
title: Tectonic evolution of the European Variscan belt constrained by palaeomagnetic, structural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data from the Northern Vosges magmatic arc (eastern France)

description: Geochronology, structural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data from the northern Vosges batholith, which belongs to the Northern Vosges–Mid-German Crystalline Rise arc, show contrasting emplacement modes of southern granodiorites and northern granites. The ENE–WSW-trending fabrics of granodiorites (346–334 Ma) are parallel to the metamorphic cleavage affecting the host rocks developed during regional compression. The NNW–SSE-trending fabrics of younger granitoids (<em>c</em>. 330 Ma) reveal an extensional emplacement mode, associated with a normal shear zone separating the two magmatic suites. Palaeomagnetism shows that the switch from a compressive to an extensional regime coincides with a regional counterclockwise rotation. The 330–325 Ma extension is further supported by palaeomagnetic and seismic data indicating southeastward tilt of the whole batholith. Finally the system is rotated clockwise without any structural overprint. Data from the Early Carboniferous northern Vosges magmatic arc and remote Bohemian Massif suggest that this evolution is valid for the whole eastern branch of the European Variscan belt, for which the following model is proposed: (1) Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous east–west shortening of the Variscides above the Rhenohercynian subduction zone; (2) axial NNW–SSE shortening of the assembled Variscan orogen associated with (3) ‘internal’ sinistral rotation of inherited Rhenohercynian transform faults and shortening of intervening blocks; (4) east–west extension and dextral ‘external’ rotation of blocks between dextrally reactivated transforms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453389
title: Geochemistry, palaeoenvironments and timing of Aptian organic-rich beds of the Paja Formation (Curití, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)

description: At the Curití Quarry, Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, a 23.35 m section includes a 6.3 m interval of organic-rich marlstones, calcareous clay-shales and clay-shales devoid of benthic fossils and bioturbation, at the base of the Paja Formation. It overlies carbonate ramp deposits of the Rosablanca Formation, with the topmost layer containing reworked and phosphatized assemblages of middle Barremian to lowest Aptian ammonites of the genera <em>Pulchellia</em>, <em>Gerhardtia</em>, <em>Toxancycloceras</em>, <em>Karsteniceras</em> and <em>Prodeshayesites</em>. High-resolution analyses of the section, including total inorganic carbon (TIC, 0.09–50 wt%), total organic carbon (TOC, up to 8.4%) and stable carbon isotope measurements (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org</sub> between −22.05‰ and −20.47‰) allow the determination of the stratigraphic relationship between the organic-rich level within the Paja Formation and Oceanic Anoxic Event-1a (OAE-1a). The range of values and the overall pattern of the δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org</sub> curve are comparable with the Lower Aptian interval C7. Thus, the organic-rich shale interval of the Paja Formation at the Curití section, showing characteristics of oxygen-depleted conditions, was deposited after OAE-1a, which is known to occur between isotopic levels C3 and C6.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453389.v1
title: Geochemistry, palaeoenvironments and timing of Aptian organic-rich beds of the Paja Formation (Curití, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia)

description: At the Curití Quarry, Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, a 23.35 m section includes a 6.3 m interval of organic-rich marlstones, calcareous clay-shales and clay-shales devoid of benthic fossils and bioturbation, at the base of the Paja Formation. It overlies carbonate ramp deposits of the Rosablanca Formation, with the topmost layer containing reworked and phosphatized assemblages of middle Barremian to lowest Aptian ammonites of the genera <em>Pulchellia</em>, <em>Gerhardtia</em>, <em>Toxancycloceras</em>, <em>Karsteniceras</em> and <em>Prodeshayesites</em>. High-resolution analyses of the section, including total inorganic carbon (TIC, 0.09–50 wt%), total organic carbon (TOC, up to 8.4%) and stable carbon isotope measurements (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org</sub> between −22.05‰ and −20.47‰) allow the determination of the stratigraphic relationship between the organic-rich level within the Paja Formation and Oceanic Anoxic Event-1a (OAE-1a). The range of values and the overall pattern of the δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org</sub> curve are comparable with the Lower Aptian interval C7. Thus, the organic-rich shale interval of the Paja Formation at the Curití section, showing characteristics of oxygen-depleted conditions, was deposited after OAE-1a, which is known to occur between isotopic levels C3 and C6.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453386
title: A high-precision <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age for hydrated impact glass from the Dellen impact, Sweden

description: The dating of terrestrial impact craters and impact glasses that exhibit high degrees of mineralogical complexity can be problematic. However, if the maximum potential of the terrestrial impact crater record is to be realized, accurate and precise ages for crater-forming events are critical. Here we report a high-precision <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age for the Dellen impact structure, Sweden. Previous radio-isotopic constraints show a wide variation in age as a result of poor sample characterization and analytical approach. A detailed petrographical and mineralogical study provides a solid foundation for interpretation of step-heating <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar data, culminating in a statistically robust age of 140.82±0.51 Ma (2σ; full external precision) for the Dellen impact event, for which data disfavour an inherited argon component. Primary hydration of the impact melt during cooling–quenching and entrapment of molecular water promoted rapid loss of inherited <sup>40</sup>Ar from the impact melt of rhyolitic composition. Duplicate analyses of the water content and ∂D of the glass give similar values for the former (1.9±0.1 μmol mg<sup>−1</sup>) but unexpectedly low values for the latter (−159±8‰), with scatter beyond the expected analytical reproducibility due to isotopic heterogeneity. This study highlights that the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar technique is unrivalled in its ability to precisely and accurately date the products of hypervelocity collisional events.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453386.v1
title: A high-precision <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age for hydrated impact glass from the Dellen impact, Sweden

description: The dating of terrestrial impact craters and impact glasses that exhibit high degrees of mineralogical complexity can be problematic. However, if the maximum potential of the terrestrial impact crater record is to be realized, accurate and precise ages for crater-forming events are critical. Here we report a high-precision <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age for the Dellen impact structure, Sweden. Previous radio-isotopic constraints show a wide variation in age as a result of poor sample characterization and analytical approach. A detailed petrographical and mineralogical study provides a solid foundation for interpretation of step-heating <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar data, culminating in a statistically robust age of 140.82±0.51 Ma (2σ; full external precision) for the Dellen impact event, for which data disfavour an inherited argon component. Primary hydration of the impact melt during cooling–quenching and entrapment of molecular water promoted rapid loss of inherited <sup>40</sup>Ar from the impact melt of rhyolitic composition. Duplicate analyses of the water content and ∂D of the glass give similar values for the former (1.9±0.1 μmol mg<sup>−1</sup>) but unexpectedly low values for the latter (−159±8‰), with scatter beyond the expected analytical reproducibility due to isotopic heterogeneity. This study highlights that the <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar technique is unrivalled in its ability to precisely and accurately date the products of hypervelocity collisional events.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453383
title: FCs-EK: a new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar neutron flux monitor

description: Sanidine from the Fish Canyon Tuff is regularly used as a neutron flux monitor by <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronologists. A new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff (denoted FCs-EK) has yielded sanidine that relative to FC-2 is confirmed here to have an <em>R</em> value of 0.9997±0.0100, which is indistinguishable from 1. The new sample will allow for continuity as many <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar laboratories have exhausted their supplies of FC-2. FCs-EK is now available in significant quantities from the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453383.v1
title: FCs-EK: a new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar neutron flux monitor

description: Sanidine from the Fish Canyon Tuff is regularly used as a neutron flux monitor by <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronologists. A new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff (denoted FCs-EK) has yielded sanidine that relative to FC-2 is confirmed here to have an <em>R</em> value of 0.9997±0.0100, which is indistinguishable from 1. The new sample will allow for continuity as many <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar laboratories have exhausted their supplies of FC-2. FCs-EK is now available in significant quantities from the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3453380
title: <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar hornblende provenance clues about Heinrich event 3 (H3)

description: Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic are important sources of fresh water, and the sediments they deposit can provide constraints on which sectors of different ice sheets were contributing icebergs. <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar ages of sand-sized hornblende grains provide useful constraints on IRD (ice-rafted detritus) source areas. Heinrich events are intervals of anomalously high percentages of IRD in marine sediment cores of the North Atlantic IRD belt. In contrast to the others, Heinrich event 3 (H3) records a significantly lower flux of IRD. This study compares <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar hornblende age distributions from the interval around and including H3 in giant gravity core EW9303-GGC31 from Orphan Knoll, in the southern part of the Labrador Sea, with piston core V28-82 in the eastern part of the North Atlantic IRD belt. Collectively, these results confirm that H3 represents a Hudson Strait IRD event, but that it was smaller than during H1, H2, H4 and H5, and therefore comprises only a small fraction of the detritus at the eastern North Atlantic location of V28-82. These results support a previously published interpretation of across-strait ice flow during H3 at Hudson Strait.