DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8vj6j
title: Data from: The evolution of heat shock protein sequences, cis-regulatory elements, and expression profiles in the eusocial Hymenoptera

description: Background: The eusocial Hymenoptera have radiated across a wide range of
 thermal environments, exposing them to significant physiological
 stressors. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of three families of
 Heat Shock Proteins (Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp40), the primary molecular
 chaperones protecting against thermal damage, across 12 Hymenopteran
 species and four other insect orders. We also predicted and tested for
 thermal inducibility of eight Hsps from the presence of cis-regulatory
 heat shock elements (HSEs). We tested whether Hsp induction patterns in
 ants were associated with different thermal environments. Results: We
 found evidence for duplications, losses, and cis-regulatory changes in two
 of the three gene families. One member of the Hsp90 gene family, hsp83,
 duplicated basally in the Hymenoptera, with shifts in HSE motifs in the
 novel copy. Both copies were retained in bees, but ants retained only the
 novel HSE copy. For Hsp70, Hymenoptera lack the primary heat-inducible
 orthologue from Drosophila melanogaster and instead induce the cognate
 form, hsc70-4, which also underwent an early duplication. Episodic
 diversifying selection was detected along the branch predating the
 duplication of hsc70-4 and continued along one of the paralogue branches
 after duplication. Four out of eight Hsp genes were heat-inducible and
 matched the predictions based on presence of conserved HSEs. For the
 inducible homologues, the more thermally tolerant species, Pogonomyrmex
 barbatus, had greater Hsp basal expression and induction in response to
 heat stress than did the less thermally tolerant species, Aphaenogaster
 picea. Furthermore, there was no trade-off between basal expression and
 induction. Conclusions: Our results highlight the unique evolutionary
 history of Hsps in eusocial Hymenoptera, which has been shaped by gains,
 losses, and changes in cis-regulation. Ants, and most likely other
 Hymenoptera, utilize lineage-specific heat inducible Hsps, whose
 expression patterns are associated with adaptive variation in thermal
 tolerance between two ant species. Collectively, our analyses suggest that
 Hsp sequence and expression patterns may reflect the forces of selection
 acting on thermal tolerance in ants and other social Hymenoptera.
description: 20151211_hsc70-4_mrbayesThis file is a phylogenetic bayesian analysis with MrBayes for 17 insect species of hsc70-420151211_hsp40_mrbayesThis file is a phylogenetic bayesian analysis of hsp40 with MrBayes for 17 species.20151211_hsp83_mrbayesThis file is a phylogenetic bayesian analysis of hsp83 with MrBayes for 17 species.20151211_insect_BIP_hsc70-3_cis-reg_alignmentThis file is a local alignment of the promoter region of hsc70-3 for 17 insect species used to screen for evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory heat shock elements.20151211_insect_hsc70-4_cis-reg_alignmentThis file is a local alignment of the promoter region of hsc70-4 for 17 insect species used to screen for evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory heat shock elements.20151211_insect_hsp40_cis-reg_alignmentThis file is a local alignment of the promoter region of hsc40 for 17 insect species used to screen for evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory heat shock elements.20151211_insect_hsc70-5_cis-reg_alignmentThis file is a local alignment of the promoter region of hsc70-5 for 17 insect species used to screen for evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory heat shock elements.20151211_insect_hsp60_cis-reg_alignmentThis file is a local alignment of the promoter region of hsp60 for 17 insect species used to screen for evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory heat shock elements.20151211_insect_hsp83_cis-reg_alignmentThis file is a local alignment of the promoter region of hsc83 for 17 insect species used to screen for evolutionary conserved cis-regulatory heat shock elements.20151211_insect_BIP_hsc70-3_tree_alignmentThis is a nexus file with an amino acid alignment and maximum likelihood(PhyML) phylogenetic reconstruction of hsc70-3 for 17 insect species.20151211_insect_hsc70-4_tree_alignmentThis is a nexus file with an amino acid alignment and maximum likelihood(PhyML) phylogenetic reconstruction of hsc70-4 for 17 insect species.20151211_insect_BIP_hsc70-4_tree_alignment.nex20151211_insect_hsp83_tree_alignmentThis is a nexus file with an amino acid alignment and maximum likelihood(PhyML) phylogenetic reconstruction of hsp83 for 17 insect species.20151211_insect_hsc70-5_tree_alignmentThis is a nexus file with an amino acid alignment and maximum likelihood(PhyML) phylogenetic reconstruction of hsc70-5 for 17 insect species.20151211_insect_hsp40_tree_alignmentThis is a nexus file with an amino acid alignment and maximum likelihood(PhyML) phylogenetic reconstruction of hsp40 for 17 insect species.20151211_insect_hsp60_tree_alignmentThis is a nexus file with an amino acid alignment and maximum likelihood(PhyML) phylogenetic reconstruction of hsp60 for 17 insect species.