cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.31zcrjdpm
title: Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism

description: The immense concentrations of vertebrate species in tropical mountains
 remain a prominent but unexplained pattern in biogeography. A
 long-standing hypothesis suggests that montane biodiversity hotspots
 result from endemic species aggregating within ecologically stable
 localities. Here, the persistence of ancient lineages coincides with
 frequent speciation events, making such areas both 'cradles'
 (where new species arise) and 'museums' (where old species
 survive). Although this hypothesis refers to processes operating at the
 scale of valleys, it remains supported primarily by patterns generated
 from coarse-scale distribution data. Using high-resolution occurrence and
 phylogenetic data on Andean hummingbirds, we find that old and young
 endemic species are not spatially aggregated. The young endemic species
 tend to have non-overlapping distributions scattered along the Andean
 treeline, a long and narrow habitat where populations easily become
 fragmented. By contrast, the old endemic species have more aggregated
 distributions, but mainly within pockets of cloud forests at lower
 elevations than the young endemic species. These findings contradict the
 premise that biogeographical cradles and museums should overlap in valley
 systems where pockets of stable climate persist through periods of climate
 change. Instead, Andean biodiversity hotspots may derive from large-scale
 fluctuating climate complexity in conjunction with local-scale variability
 in available area and habitat connectivity.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.34tmpg4nx
title: Developing elastic mechanisms: Ultrafast motion and cavitation emerge at the millimeter scale in juvenile snapping shrimp

description: Organisms such as jumping froghopper insects and punching mantis shrimp
 use spring-based propulsion to achieve fast motion. Studies of elastic
 mechanisms primarily focus on fully developed and functional mechanisms in
 adult organisms. However, the ontogeny and development of these mechanisms
 can provide important insights into lower size limits of spring-based
 propulsion, the ecological or behavioral relevance of ultrafast movement,
 and the scaling of ultrafast movement. Here we examine the development of
 the spring-latch mechanism in the big claw snapping shrimp, Alpheus
 heterochaelis (Alpheidae). Adult snapping shrimp use an enlarged claw to
 produce high-speed strikes that generate cavitation bubbles. However,
 until now, it was unclear when the elastic mechanism emerges during
 development and whether juvenile snapping shrimp can generate cavitation
 at this size. We reared A. heterochaelis from eggs, through their larval
 and postlarval stages. Starting one month after hatching, the snapping
 shrimp snapping claw gradually developed a spring-actuated mechanism and
 began snapping. We used high-speed videography (300,000 frames s-1) to
 measure juvenile snaps. We discovered that juvenile snapping shrimp
 generate the highest recorded accelerations (5.8x105 ± 3.3x105 m s-2) for
 repeated use and underwater motion and are capable of producing cavitation
 at the millimeter scale. The angular velocity of snaps did not change as
 juveniles grew; however, juvenile snapping shrimp with larger claws
 produced faster linear speeds and generated larger, longer-lasting
 cavitation bubbles. These findings establish the development of the
 elastic mechanism and cavitation in snapping shrimp and provide insights
 into early life-history transitions in spring-actuated mechanisms.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mgqnk992f
title: On the impermanence of species: The collapse of genetic incompatibilities in hybridizing populations

description: Species pairs often become genetically incompatible during divergence,
 which is an important source of reproductive isolation. An idealized
 picture is often painted where incompatibility alleles accumulate and fix
 between diverging species. However, recent studies have shown both that
 incompatibilities can collapse with ongoing hybridization, and that
 incompatibility loci can be polymorphic within species. This paper
 suggests some general rules for the behavior of incompatibilities under
 hybridization. In particular, we argue that redundancy of genetic pathways
 can strongly affect the dynamics of intrinsic incompatibilities. Since
 fitness in genetically redundant systems is unaffected by introducing a
 few foreign alleles, higher redundancy decreases the stability of
 incompatibilities during hybridization, but also increases tolerance of
 incompatibility polymorphism within species. We use simulations and
 theories to show that this principle leads to two types of collapse: in
 redundant systems, exemplified by classical Dobzhansky-Muller
 incompatibilities, collapse is continuous and approaches a quasi-neutral
 polymorphism between broadly sympatric species, often as a result of
 isolation-by-distance. In non-redundant systems, exemplified by
 coevolution among genetic elements, incompatibilities are often stable,
 but can collapse abruptly with spatial traveling waves. As both types are
 common, the proposed principle may be useful in understanding the
 abundance of genetic incompatibilities in natural populations.
description: Simulation at Harvard University FAS Research Computing.
description: Simulation of the birth-death model was
 performed with Julia v1.5 and its package DifferentialEquations.jl
 A discrete jump process can be simulated
 using the recipes here (Discrete Stochastic (Gillespie) Equations). Simulation of spatial systems was performed in SLiM-3.6.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m905qfv48
title: Data from: Behaviour changes techniques that constitute effective planning interventions to improve physical activity and diet behaviour for people with chronic conditions: a systematic review

description: Objectives: Action planning is a brief and effective behaviour change
 technique (BCT) to improve physical activity (PA) and diet behaviour (DB).
 This study aimed to identify critical BCTs and mechanisms of action (MoA)
 to interpret the effectiveness of planning interventions based on the
 health action process approach (HAPA) model. Design: Systematic review
 Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science, CIHNAL (EBSCO), PsycInfo (EBSCO),
 Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection (EBSCO), psyARTICLES, and
 Medline were searched for studies from January 1990 to September 2021
 published in English. Eligibility Criteria: Experiment involving action
 planning intervention to improve PA or DB in community-dwelling adult
 patients with chronic conditions. Data extraction and synthesis: Two
 reviewers independently coded the planning interventions into BCT
 combinations and MoA assemblies. Outcome was dichotomized according to the
 statistical power and Cohen's d. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment
 tool and the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Intervention
 assessment tool were used to assess the quality of RCTs and non-RCTs,
 respectively. Results: From the 52 included studies, 46 BCTs were
 identified and linked to 21 MoAs. Long-term facilitators for planning
 intervention included 'self-monitoring of behaviour',
 'problem solving', 'instruction on how to perform the
 behaviour', and 'goal setting (behaviour)'. The most
 frequently occurring MoA was "beliefs about capabilities". The
 effective intervention groups had higher MoA scores that corresponded to
 the HAPA model constructs than the ineffective groups. Conclusions: The
 findings from this review may inform scientific and effective planning
 intervention designs for community-dwelling people with chronic conditions
 in the future.
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/14650337
title: &lt;{{7*8}}vvvvv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m905qfv49
title: Stable motifs delay species loss in simulated food webs

description: Some three-species motifs (unique patterns of interactions between three
 species) are both more stable when modelled in isolation and
 over-represented in empirical food webs. This suggests that these motifs
 may reduce extinction risk for species participating in them, ultimately
 stabilizing the food web as a whole. We test whether a species' time
 to extinction following a perturbation is related to its participation in
 stable and unstable motifs and assess how motif roles covary with a
 species' degree or trophic level. We found that species' motif
 roles are related to their times to extinction following a disturbance.
 Specifically, having a larger proportion of the motif role made up by the
 omnivory motif was associated with longer times to extinction, even though
 the omnivory motif is less stable than the others in when modelled in
 isolation. While motif roles were associated with extinction risk, they
 also varied strongly with degree and trophic level. This means that these
 simpler measures of a species' role may be sufficient to roughly
 predict which species are most vulnerable to disturbance (though motif
 roles can be used to refine these predictions), but that studies of
 species' motif participation can also reasonably comment on
 vulnerability to extinction. Previous research showed that certain motifs
 appear more frequently in stable webs; we show that this is at least in
 part because participating in these motifs provides protection from
 extinction.
description: Food webs were simulated using the script
 simulate_initial_foodwebs.jl. Species removals were simulated using the
 script simulate_removals.jl.
description: Both scripts require Julia and were written to be compatible with
 Julia version 1.6.3. Code used to simulate food webs and disturbance
 dynamics are available from the Zenodo Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6377974 (Cirtwill and Wootton 2022).
DOI: 10.25349/d9ng89
title: Efficient Creation and Morphological Analysis of ABC Triblock Terpolymer Libraries

description: Multiblock copolymers with increasingly complex block sequences—for
 example, triblock terpolymers—offer unique opportunities to create
 nanostructured materials, but this potential has been hindered by a vast
 design space that complicates the exploration of structure–property
 relationships. Here, we report a versatile and scalable strategy to
 separate parent ABC and isomeric ACB triblock terpolymers into libraries
 of fractionated samples spanning a wide range of compositions. Using a
 combination of controlled polymerization and automated chromatography, the
 synthesis and separation of less than 10 ABC and ACB parent materials gave
 rise to over 100 purified triblock terpolymers. Separations follow
 systematic and predictable trends in volume fraction resulting from an
 adsorption-based mechanism where chains rich in non-polar blocks elute
 first followed by more polar derivatives, yielding fractions with improved
 purity in composition and molar-mass dispersity. As evidenced by small
 angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), fractionation significantly enhances
 long-range order compared to as-synthesized parent materials and allows
 for the definitive identification of various nanoscale morphologies. This
 user-friendly separation strategy significantly increases the availability
 of well-defined ABC triblock terpolymer libraries to the polymer community
 while also improving sample quality and accelerating discovery.
description: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Solution
 state<em> </em><sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic
 resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded on a Varian 600 MHz spectrometer.
 Chemical shifts (<em>δ</em>) are reported in ppm relative to
 residual protio-solvent in CDCl<sub>3</sub> (7.26
 ppm). Size Exclusion Chromatography: Size-exclusion
 chromatography (SEC) was conducted on a Waters Alliance HPLC System, 2690
 Separation Module using chloroform with 0.25% triethylamine as the eluent
 with a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Refractive index traces from a Waters
 2410 Differential Refractometer detector were used for estimates of the
 molar mass and dispersity relative to linear polystyrene standards with a
 chloroform mobile phase. Small Angle X-Ray
 Scattering: SAXS measurements of bulk samples were conducted using a
 custom-built SAXS diffractometer at the Materials Research Laboratory
 (MRL) X-ray facility (University of California, Santa Barbara). For these
 experiments, 1.54 Å Cu Kα X-rays were generated using a Genix 50 W X-ray
 microsource (50 μm micro-focus) equipped with FOX2D collimating multilayer
 optics (Xenocs, France) and high efficiency scatterless single
 crystal/metal hybrid slits. Differential Scanning
 Calorimetry: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed using a
 TA Instruments DSC Q2000 from –90 to 55 °C at a heating/cooling rate of 10
 °C/min using 3–5 mg of sample in a sealed Tzero aluminum pan.
DOI: 10.7291/d1pd7m
title: Did extreme nest predation favor the evolution of obligate brood parasitism in a duck?

description: Obligate brood parasites depend entirely on other species to raise their
 offspring. Most avian obligate brood parasites have altricial offspring
 that require enormous amounts of post-hatching parental care, and the
 large fecundity boost that comes with complete emancipation from parental
 care likely played a role in the independent evolution of obligate
 parasitism in several altricial lineages. The evolution of obligate
 parasitism in the black-headed duck, however, is puzzling because its
 self-feeding precocial offspring should not constrain parental fecundity
 of a potential brood parasite in the way that altricial offspring do. We
 used an experimental nest predation study to test the idea that high nest
 predation rates played a role in the evolution of brood parasitism in this
 enigmatic duck. Experimental duck eggs in untended nests suffered massive
 rapid predation, while eggs in tended nests of the three main hosts, all
 aggressive nest-defenders, had very high success, illustrating the
 benefits of parasitizing these 'bodyguard' hosts.
description: Painted hen eggs were added to (1) artificial nests placed in a
 wetland in Argentina and (2) to active nests of three host species placed
 in a nearby wetland, in the same year (1994). We checked nests regularly
 to determine whether the nest (real or fake) still contained any eggs or
 had been depredated. We then recorded for each nest either the number of
 days until the nest was depredated (start of experiment is day 0) or for
 nests that survived, the date of the last nest check. Nests that survived
 to the end of the experiment were all censored for the survival
 notes.
description: The data file is an Excel data file. To analyze the data we
 imported the data into JMP and used Cox proportional hazard survival
 analyses to compare survival rates of the different treatments. We
 considered nests no longer surviving when all eggs had disappeared. We
 also examined patterns of partial predation (not all eggs taken) in terms
 of whether complete vs partial predation differed among
 treatments.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.k98sf7m8n
title: Data from: Why do ants differ in acclimatory ability? Biophysical mechanisms behind cuticular hydrocarbon acclimation across species

description: Maintaining water balance is vital for terrestrial organisms. Insects
 protect themselves against desiccation via cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs).
 CHC layers are complex mixtures of solid and liquid hydrocarbons, with a
 surprisingly diverse composition across species. This variation may
 translate to differential phase behaviour, and hence varying waterproofing
 capacity. This is especially relevant when temperatures change, which
 requires acclimatory CHC changes to maintain waterproofing. Nevertheless,
 the physical consequences of CHC variation are still little understood. We
 studied acclimatory responses and their consequences for CHC composition,
 phase behaviour, and drought survival in three congeneric ant species.
 Colony fragments were kept under cool, warm, and fluctuating temperature
 regimes. Lasius niger and platythorax, both of which are rich in
 methyl-branched alkanes, showed largely predictable acclimatory changes of
 the CHC profile. In both species, warm acclimation increased drought
 resistance. Warm acclimation increased the proportion of solid compounds
 in L. niger but not in L. platythorax. In both species, the CHC layer
 formed a liquid matrix of constantly low viscosity, which contained highly
 viscous and solid parts. This phase heterogeneity may be adaptive,
 increasing robustness to temperature fluctuations. In L. brunneus, which
 is rich in unsaturated hydrocarbons, acclimatory CHC changes were less
 predictable, and warm acclimation did not enhance drought survival. The
 CHC layer was more homogenous, but matrix viscosity changed with
 acclimation. We showed that ant species use different physical mechanisms
 to enhance waterproofing during acclimation. Hence, the ability to
 acclimate, and thus climatic niche breadth, may strongly depend on
 species-specific CHC profile.
description: We studied ants of the three species Lasius niger, Lasius
 platythorax and Lasius brunneus. Per species, 12 colonies were collected
 and divided into sub-groups. These were maintained at different climate
 regimes: constant 20°C, constant 28°C or fluctuating temperature (20°C at
 night and 28°C during the day, with 4h-ramps in between). After three
 weeks, we analysed cuticular hydrocarbons of the ants using GC-MS.
 Viscosity of some of these CHC extracts was analysed using microrheology.
 Melting ranges of the CHCs were determined using differential scanning
 calorimetry (DSC), based on pooled CHC samples. Finally, we determined
 drought survival of the differently acclimated ants at 20°C and at
 28°C.
description: Microsoft Excel
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g1jwstqtf
title: Body and wing morphology, flight metabolic rates, and wingbeat frequencies for 13 stingless bee species

description: Understanding the effect of body size on flight costs is critical for
 development of models of aerodynamics and animal energetics. Prior scaling
 studies that have shown that flight costs scale hypometrically have
 focused primarily on larger (&gt; 100 mg) insects and birds, but most
 flying species are smaller. We studied the flight physiology of thirteen
 stingless bee species over a large range of body sizes (1-115 mg).
 Metabolic rate during hovering scaled hypermetrically (scaling slope =
 2.11). Larger bees had warm thoraxes while small bees were nearly
 ecothermic; however, even controlling for body temperature variation,
 flight metabolic rate scaled hypermetrically across this clade. Despite
 having a lower mass-specific metabolic rate during flight, smaller bees
 could carry the same proportional load. Wingbeat frequency did not vary
 with body size, in contrast to most studies that find wingbeat frequency
 increases as body size decreases. Smaller stingless bees have greater
 relative wing surface area which may help them reduce the energy
 requirements needed to fly. Further, we hypothesize that the relatively
 larger heads of smaller species may change their body pitch in flight.
 Synthesizing across all flying insects, we demonstrate that the scaling of
 flight metabolic rate changes from hypermetric to hypometric at
 approximately 58 mg body mass with hypermetic scaling below (slope=1.2)
 and hypometric scaling (slope=0.67) above 58 mg in body mass. The reduced
 cost of flight likely provides selective advantages for the evolution of
 small body size in insects. The biphasic scaling of flight metabolic rates
 and wingbeat frequencies in insects supports the hypothesis that the
 scaling of metabolic rate is closely related to the power requirements of
 locomotion and cycle frequencies.
description: Flight metaboic rates were measured with flow-through
 respirometry. Full methods are available in the associated
 manuscript.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fbg79cnxs
title: Data from: Testing the success of palaeontological methods in the delimitation of clam shrimp (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) on extant species

description: Fossil spinicaudatan taxonomy heavily relies on carapace features (size,
 shape, ornamentation), and palaeontologists have greatly refined methods
 to study and describe carapace variability. Whether carapace features
 alone are sufficient for distinguishing between species of a single genus
 has remained untested. In our study, we tested common palaeontological
 methods on 481 individuals of the extant Australian genus Ozestheria that
 have been previously assigned to ten species based on genetic analysis.
 All species are morphologically distinct based on geometric morphometrics
 (p ≤ 0.001), but they occupy overlapping regions in Ozestheria
 morphospace. Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape coefficients
 reaches a mean model performance of 93.8% correctly classified individuals
 over all possible 45 pairwise species comparisons. This can be further
 increased by combining the size and shape datasets. Nine of the ten
 examined species are clearly sexually dimorphic but male and female
 morphologies strongly overlap within species with little influence on
 model performance. Ornamentation is commonly species-diagnostic; seven
 ornamentation types are distinguished of which six are species-specific
 while one is shared by four species. A transformation of main ornamental
 features (e.g. from punctate to smooth) can occur among closely related
 species suggesting short evolutionary timescales. Our overall results
 support the taxonomic value of carapace features, which should also
 receive greater attention in the taxonomy of extant species. The extensive
 variation in carapace shape and ornamentation is noteworthy and several
 species would probably have been assigned to different genera or families
 if these had been fossils, bearing implications for the systematics of
 fossil Spinicaudata.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7sqv9s4vr
title: Framework for virtual education of COVID-19 vaccines for Mandarin-speaking learners: An educational intervention module

description: Background: In the United States, patients with limited English
 proficiency face significant barriers to comprehending and acting upon
 health-related information, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The
 ability of health professionals to communicate COVID-19-related
 information to Mandarin-speaking patients has proved critical in
 discussions about vaccine efficacy, side effects, and post-vaccine
 protection. Methods: The authors created a one-hour educational module to
 help Mandarin-speaking medical students better convey COVID-19 vaccine
 information to Mandarin-only speakers. The module is composed of an
 educational guide, which introduced key terminology and addressed commonly
 asked questions, and pre- and post-surveys. The authors recruited 59
 Mandarin-speaking medical students from 31 U.S. academic medical centers,
 all of whom had previously completed a medical Mandarin elective. The
 module and surveys were distributed and completed in August 2021. Data
 analysis measured the change in aggregate mean for subjective five-point
 Likert-scale questions and change in percent accuracy for objective
 knowledge-based questions. Results: The educational module significantly
 improved participants' subjective comfort level in discussing the
 COVID-19 vaccine in English and Mandarin. The largest improvement in both
 English and Mandarin was demonstrated in the participant's ability to
 explain differences between the COVID-19 vaccines, with an aggregate mean
 improvement of 0.39 for English and 1.48 for Mandarin. Survey respondents
 also demonstrated increased percent accuracy in knowledge-based objective
 questions in Mandarin. Conclusions: This module provides Mandarin-learning
 medical students with skills to deliver reliable information to the
 general population and acts as a model for the continued development of
 educational modules for multilingual medical professionals.
description: The data was collected through surveys made on Qualtrics and
 distributed through email listservs. The data was downloaded on Microsoft
 Excel and analyzed through R Studio and GraphPad Prism.