cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.mlr8pw
title: Transition Metal Phosphorous Trisulfides as Cathode Materials for High Temperature Batteries

description: The challenging environments of high temperature and high pressure prevalent on the Venus surface limit the battery options for Venus landers and surface probes. High temperature batteries employing Li alloy anodes, molten salt electrolytes and FeS cathodes were demonstrated to be resilient and operational for several days. For further improvements in performance, i.e., both specific energy and operational life, new high-capacity cathode materials are needed. Transition metal phosphorus trisulfides (TMPS3) are promising with considerably higher (2X) specific capacity, specific energy and energy density, by virtue of their ability to react with more than two lithium ions. This papers describes the assessment of these cathodes for high temperature batteries to power future Venus landers and probes. Various metal phosphorus trisulfides, manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel phosphorus trisulfides were synthesized and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and tested in our high-temperature laboratory cells at 475 oC using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic discharges at different rates. All these cathodes, except Co, showed reversible behavior in cyclic voltammetric measurements. In the discharge tests, NiPS3 displayed the best capacity in both C/20 and C/720 rates, with higher voltages and slightly higher capacity than FeS, followed by FePS3, while MnPS3 displayed relatively poor performance at C/20. Cathodes extracted from the discharged cells were analyzed using XRD and shown contain transition metal (Fe or Ni) and Li2S, as expected from the reaction scheme.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.8hkk7u
title: Large Array of Low Frequency Readout Quantum Capacitance Detectors

description: Quantum capacitance detectors (QCDs) are photon shot noise-limited terahertz detectors based on a single Cooper-pair box superconducting qubit. The QCD has demonstrated photon shot noise-limited performance for 1.5 THz radiation under loading conditions between 10-20 and 10-18 W and single photon detection and counting at that frequency. We report here fabrication and preliminary characterization of a 441 pixel array of QCDs with readout frequencies between 700 and 850MHz.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.8ke3e4
title: CONVCAST: AN EMBEDDED CONVOLUTIONAL LSTM BASED ARCHITECTURE FOR PRECIPITATION NOWCASTING USING SATELLITE DATA

description: Nowcasting of precipitation is a difficult spatiotemporal task because of the non-uniform characterizationof meteorological structures over time. Recently, convolutional LSTM has been shown to besuccessful in solving various complex spatiotemporal based problems. In this research, we proposea novel precipitation nowcasting architecture ‘Convcast’ to predict various short-term precipitationevents using satellite data. We train Convcast with ten consecutive NASA’s IMERG precipitation datasets each at intervals of 30 minutes. We use the trained neural network model to predict the eleventhprecipitation data of the corresponding ten precipitation sequence. Subsequently, the predicted precipitationdata are used iteratively for precipitation nowcasting of up to 150 minutes lead time. Convcastachieves an overall accuracy of 0.93 with an RMSE of 0.805 mm/h for 30 minutes lead time, andan overall accuracy of 0.87 with an RMSE of 1.389 mm/h for 150 minutes lead time. Experimentson the test dataset demonstrate that Convcast consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art opticalflow based nowcasting algorithms. Results from this research can be used for nowcasting of weatherevents from satellite data as well as for future on-board processing of precipitation data.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.sgbzpw
title: Introducing spatially distributed Fire Danger from Earth Observations (FDEO) Using satellite-based data in the Contiguous United States

description: Wildfire danger assessment is essential for operational allocation of fire management resources; with longer lead prediction, the more efficiently resources can be allocated regionally. Traditional studies focus on meteorological forecasts and fire danger index models (e.g., National Fire Danger Rating System – NFDRS) for predicting fire danger. Meteorological forecasts, however, lose accuracy beyond ~10 days, as such there is no quantifiable method for predicting fire danger beyond 10 days. While some recent studies have statistically related hydrologic parameters and past wildfire area burned or occurrence to fire, no study has used these parameters to develop a monthly spatially distributed predictive model in the contiguous United States. Thus, the objective of this study is to introduce Fire Danger from Earth Observations (FDEO), which uses satellite data over the contiguous United States (CONUS) to enable two-month lead time prediction of wildfire danger, a sufficient lead time for planning purposes and relocating resources. In this study, we use satellite observations of landcover type, vapor pressure deficit, surface soil moisture and the enhanced vegetation index, together with the United States Forest Service (USFS) verified and validated fire database (FPA) to develop spatially gridded probabilistic predictions of fire danger, defined as expected area burned as a deviation from “normal”. The results show that the model predicts spatial patterns of fire danger with 52% overall accuracy over the 2004-2013 record, and up to 75% overall accuracy during the fire season. Overall accuracy is defined as number of pixels with correctly predicted fire probability classes divided by the total number of the studied pixels. This overall accuracy is the first quantified result of two-month lead prediction of fire danger and demonstrates the potential utility of using diverse observational data sets for use in operational fire management resource allocation in the CONUS.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.kkb2wr
title: A Laboratory Demonstration of Picometer Optical Metrology

description: Picometer Wavefront Sensing using the Phase-Contrast Technique
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.hjhvk4
title: Inelastic scattering dynamics of naphthalene and 2-octanone on highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite

description: The inelastic scattering dynamics of the isobaric molecules, naphthalene (C10H8) and 2-octanone (C8H16O), on highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) have been investigated as part of a broader effort to inform the inlet design of a mass spectrometer for the analysis of atmospheric gases during a flyby mission through the atmosphere of a planet or moon. Molecular beam-surface scattering experiments were conducted, and the scattered products were detected with the use of a rotatable mass spectrometer detector. Continuous, supersonic beams were prepared, with average incident translational energies, Ei, of 247.3 and 538.2 kJ mol−1 for naphthalene and 268.6 and 433.8 kJ mol−1 for 2-octanone. These beams were directed at an HOPG surface, held at 530 K, at incident angles, θi, of 30°, 45°, and 70°, and scattered products were detected as a function of their translational energies and scattering angles. The scattering dynamics of both molecules are very similar and mimic the scattering of atoms and small molecules on rough surfaces, where parallel momentum is not conserved, suggesting that the dynamics are dominated by a corrugated interaction potential between the incident molecule and the surface. The effective corrugation of the molecule-surface interaction is apparently caused by the structure of the incident molecule and the consequent myriad available energy transfer pathways between the molecule and the surface during a complex collision event. In addition, the HOPG surface contributes to the corrugation of the interaction potential because it can absorb significant energy from collisions with incident molecules that have high mass and incident energy. Small differences in the scattering dynamics of the two molecules are inferred to arise from the details of the molecule-surface interaction potential, with 2-octanone exhibiting dynamics that suggest a slightly stronger interaction with the surface than naphthalene. These results add to growing body of work on the scattering dynamics of organic molecules on HOPG, from which insight into the hypervelocity sampling and analysis of such molecules may be obtained.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.iut5te
title: Meridional wave propagation in the subtropics and the relationship to the base state flow

description: Qualities of meridional wave propagation in the upper troposphere of the subtropics are analyzed via wavelet analysis using a meridional-temporal partial Morlet wavelet. Results show that power is increased in regions where the corresponding equatorial winds in the upper troposphere are westerly or weakly easterly. Furthermore, equatorward power is enhanced near subtropical jet exit regions whereas poleward power is enhanced in jet entrance regions. Regressions of upper-tropospheric winds, geopotential height and OLR against the wavelet transforms demonstrate that the wavelets are identifying signals with tropical-extratropical interactions that are connected to organized convection in the tropics.The relationship of power with background state flow characteristics, including the horizontal winds and shear, are evaluated. Instead of the zonal wind and meridional shear of the zonal wind, both the meridional wind and the zonal shear of the meridional wind appear to have a clearer relationship with the power. Power is favored for waves whose propagation is aligned in the same direction as the meridional wind, and reduced in the opposite direction. Additionally, power increases with increasing zonal shear of the meridional wind in the Northern Hemisphere and with decreasing zonal shear of the meridional wind in the Southern Hemisphere. Power in the equatorward direction is stronger than in the poleward direction and more heavily influenced by background flow characteristics. Furthermore, power for wavelets with smaller meridional and temporal scales tends to have a higher sensitivity to the background horizontal flow as compared to larger meridional and temporal scales.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.xqrjpi
title: Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of the Acetylene-Ammonia Co-crystal under Titan’s Conditions

description: Acetylene and ammonia are known to form a stable orthorhombic co-crystal under the surface conditions of Saturn’s moon Titan (1.5 bar, 94 K). Such material represents a potential new class of organic minerals that can play an important role in Titan’s geology. In this work, the thermal expansion of this co-crystalline system has been derived from in situ powder X-ray diffraction data obtained between 85 and 120 K. The results indicate significant anisotropy, with the majori-ty of the expansion occurring along the c axis (~ 2% over the temperature range of interest). Rietveld refinements reveal little changes to the structure as compared to that previously reported by Boese et al. (2009). The expansion is consistent with the alignment of C-H…N interactions along the chains in the a and b axes, and the weak intermolecular bonding in the structural layers along the c axis.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.cgsjea
title: A collage of small planets from the Lick Carnegie Exoplanet Survey : Exploring the super-Earth and sub-Neptune mass regime

description: Analysis of new precision radial velocity measurements from the Lick Automated PlanetFinder and Keck HIRES have yielded the discovery of three new exoplanet candidatesorbiting the nearby stars HD 190007 and HD 216520. We also report new velocitiesfrom the APF and the Planet Finder Spectrograph and updated orbital ts for theknown exoplanet host stars GJ 686 and HD 180617. Of the newly discovered planets,HD 190007 b has a period of P = 11.72 days, an RV semi-amplitude of K = 5.640.55ms􀀀1, a minimum mass of Mpl = 16.461.66 M, and orbits the slightly metal-rich, activeK4V star HD 190007. For HD 216520 b we nd P = 35.45 days, K = 2.280.20 ms􀀀1,and Mpl = 10.260.99 M, while for HD 216520 c, P = 154.43 days, K = 1.290.22 ms􀀀1,and Mpl = 9:44 1:63 M. Both planets orbit the slightly metal-poor, inactive K0V starHD 216520. Our updated best t models for HD 180617 b and GJ 686 b are in goodagreement with the published results. For HD 180617 b we obtain P = 105.91 days andMpl = 12.2141.05 M. For GJ 686 b we nd P = 15.53 days and Mpl = 6.6240.432M. Using an injection-recovery exercise, we nd that HD 190007 b and HD 216520 bare unlikely to have additional planets with masses and orbital periods within a factor oftwo, in marked contrast to 85% of planets in this mass and period range discovered byKepler.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.ljgnmq
title: Photogeologic Map of the Perseverance Rover Field Site in Jezero Crater Constructed by the Mars 2020 Science Team

description: The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landing site is located within Jezero crater, a ~50 km diameter impact crater interpreted to be a Noachian-aged lake basin inside the western edge of the Isidis impact structure. Jezero hosts remnants of a fluvial delta, inlet and outlet valleys, and infill deposits containing diverse carbonate, mafic, and hydrated minerals. Prior to the launch of the Mars 2020 mission, members of the Science Team collaborated to produce a photo-geologic map of the Perseverance landing site in Jezero crater. Mapping was performed at a 1:5000 digital map scale using a ~25 cm/pixel High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) orthoimage mosaic base map and a 1 m/pixel spatial resolution HiRISE stereo digital terrain model. Mapped bedrock and surficial units were distinguished by differences in relative brightness, tone, topography, surface texture, and apparent roughness. Mapped bedrock units are generally consistent with those identified in previously published mapping efforts, but this study’s map includes the distribution of surficial deposits and sub-units of the Jezero delta at a higher level of detail than previous studies. This study considers four possible unit correlations to explain the relative age relationships of major units within the map area. Unit correlations include previously published interpretations as well as those that consider more complex interfingering relationships and alternative relative age relationships. The photo-geologic map presented here is the foundation for scientific hypothesis development and strategic planning for Perseverance’s exploration of Jezero crater.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.rd1c9z
title: The Complex Space Weather Events of 2017 September

description: Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), magnetic clouds (MCs), sheaths, corotating interaction regions (CIRs), solar wind high-speed streams (HSSs), fast forward shocks (FSs), reverse waves (RWs), stream interfaces, and heliospheric current sheet crossings detected upstream of the Earth and their geoeffectiveness are studied during 2017 September. The most intense geomagnetic storm (SYM-H peak = -146 nT) starting on September 7 had a 3-step main phase. A compound interplanetary structure resulting from a FS encountering and compressing the upstream MC southward interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs) caused the first two steps of the storm. A magnetospheric supersubstorm (SSS: SML &lt; -2500 nT) led to the third and most intense step. The MC and FS were associated with two fast halo CMEs (hCMEs) that erupted on September 4 and 6, respectively. The MC of the second hCME/ICME created another intense storm (SYM-H peak = -115 nT) on September 8. A second SSS was recorded during main phase of this storm. Intense geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) occurred during the SSSs. Two moderate magnetic storms (-50 nT &gt; SYM-H &gt; -100 nT) were caused by sheath and CIR southward IMFs, respectively. Among 6 FSs detected during this period, 3 were associated with ICMEs and 3 with CIRs. The FSs and their associated sheaths caused sudden impulses (SI+s) of magnitude from +11 to +56 nT, and led to magnetospheric relativistic electron flux decreases. The RWs caused SI-s and substorm recoveries by reducing southward IMFs. The HSSs were related to the increase/acceleration of relativistic electron fluxes.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.3elqsg
title: Reduced European aerosol emissions suppress winter extremes over northern Eurasia

description: Winter extreme weather events receive major public attention due to their serious impacts[1], but the dominant factors regulating their interdecadal trends have not been clearly established[2,3]. Here we show that the radiative forcing due to geospatially redistributed anthropogenic aerosols mainly determined the spatial variations of winter extreme weather in the northern hemisphere during 1970-2005, a unique transition period for global aerosol forcing[4]. Over this period, the local Rossby wave activity and extreme events (top 10% in wave amplitude) exhibited marked declining trends at high latitudes, mainly in northern Eurasia. The combination of long-term observational data and a state-of-the-art climate model reveals the unambiguous signature of anthropogenic aerosols on the wintertime jet stream, planetary wave activity, and surface temperature variability on inter-decadal timescales. In particular, warming due to aerosol reductions in Europe enhances the meridional temperature gradient on the jet’s poleward flank and strengthens the zonal wind, resulting in a significant suppression in extreme events over Northern Eurasia. These results exemplify how aerosol forcing can impact large-scale extratropical atmospheric dynamics and illustrate the importance of anthropogenic aerosols and their spatiotemporal variability in assessing the drivers of extreme weather in historical and future climate.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.egihc2
title: Landscape analyses using eDNA metabarcoding and Earth observation predict community biodiversity in California

description: Unique ecosystems globally are under threat from ongoing anthropogenic environmental change. Effective conservation management requires more thorough biodiversity surveys that can reveal system-level patterns and that can be applied rapidly across space and time. Environmental DNA, community science and remote sensing have each been offered as methods to reduce the discrepancy between the magnitude of change and historical approaches to measure it. Here, we integrate these approaches to evaluate California’s biodiversity and provide critical community-level characterization. We collected 278 samples in Spring 2017 across coastal, shrub and lowland forest sites, and analyzed their eDNA patterns together with environmental variables to produce statewide biodiversity-based maps. We recovered 16,118 taxonomic entries and identified environmental variables that predict alpha, beta, and zeta diversity. Local habitat classification was diagnostic of community composition, illuminating a characteristic of biodiversity hotspots. Using gradient forest models, environmental variables predicted 35% of the variance in eDNA patterns at the family level, with elevation, sand percentage, and greenness (NDVI32) as the top predictors. In addition to this indication of substantial environmental filtering, we also found a positive relationship between environmentally predicted families and their numbers of biotic interactions. In aggregate, these analyses showed that strong eDNA community-environment correlation is a general characteristic of temperate ecosystems, and may explain why communities easily destabilize under disturbances. Integrating eDNA into biodiversity mapping has promise to produce large scale, high resolution assessments that promote a more comprehensive and predictive understanding of the factors that influence biodiversity and enhance its maintenance.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.v20boo
title: Range-Constrained Pose Graph-based SLAM: Applications to Deployable Ranging Beacons for Unknown Environment Exploration

description: Lidar-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a critical part of robotic exploration in unknown underground environments. The state-of-the-art algorithms for lidar SLAM suffers from drift, requiring loop closures to correct the errors. However, real-time lidar loop closure methods can be limited by a small search range, large computational load and susceptibility to false matches. Dropped ranging beacons provide an additional source of measurements to reduce localization drift. Existing use of ranging beacons assume known and distributed beacon locations, which is not applicable to unknown environments, where beacons need to be deployed from a robot. We propose two methods to use information from dropped ranging beacons in graph-based SLAM and show, in simulation, the challenges in doing so. We then propose an approach to use dropped beacons for robust loop closure detection to seed lidar loop closure. This approach is proven with operation in underground field tests, and is shown to delivery equivalent accuracy to brute-force local lidarbased loop detection, but at less than 5% of the computational expense.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.mavldy
title: Spectroscopic uncertainty impacts on OCO-2/3 retrievals of XCO2

description: Estimates of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration from satellites now span multiple years and are providing information on key processes in the carbon cycle. Methodology for retrieving CO2 from satellite spectra continues to change as understanding of instrument calibration, other atmospheric constituents, and trace gas spectroscopy improve. In this work, we provide an update to linear error estimates for retrieval of carbon dioxide for the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2/3 (OCO-2/3) due spectroscopic uncertainties. Linear error analysis is used to propagate uncertainties in laboratory conditions and spectroscopic model assumptions to sensitivity in retrieved XCO2 and surface pressure from OCO-2/3. Error estimates due to modeling assumptions for line mixing, collision-induced absorption, and water vapor exhibit noticeable variability across locations and seasons. On the other hand, error estimates due to perturbations in laboratory conditions are nearly constant in space and time. Keywords: Linear error analysis, Carbon dioxide, Orbiting Carbon Observatory, Retrieval, ABSCO, Uncertainty quantication
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.fuuaeh
title: ‘Silent’ Dome Emplacement into a Wet Volcano: Observations from an Effusive Eruption at White Island (Whakaari), New Zealand in Late 2012

description: No abstract available.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.ged5pa
title: Confinement time required to avoid a quick rebound of COVID-19: predictions from a Monte Carlo stochastic model

description: How long should we self-isolate at home to diminish the threat of COVID-19? This is a question that billions of people are wondering early 2020 due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-v2. This virus can produce a severe pneumonia that has killed tens over 210,000of thousands of people so far, was detected for the first time late 2019 in Wuhan (China), and has spread all over the world due, in part, to the difficulty of detecting and isolating asymptomatic or mild-symptomatic cases. In this paper, we explore how long suppression strategies (i.e., home confinement and social distancing) must be put into practice in highly populated cities to reduce the chances that a quick rebound of COVID-19 cases occur again over the next months. This is explored, using New York City (USA), San Francisco (USA), and Madrid (Spain) as case studies, through a simple but realistic Monte Carlo stochastic model that takes into account that part of the undetected infected individuals remain in circulation propagating the virus. Our simulations reflect that, if suppression strategies are not properly applied, they can be counterproductive because there are high chances that the confinement time has to be lengthened without reducing the total number of infections. We also find estimate that, in the most conservative scenario and under the model assumptions, home confinement is effective if applied at least ~110 days in New York City, ~80 days in San Francisco, and ~70 days in Madrid, i.e., until mid-July 2020, early June 2020, and late May 2020, respectively.