DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11411992
title: 2023 GPS Anomalies, NOTAMs, and Aircraft Traffic

description: The dataset "2023 GPS Anomalies, NOTAMs, and Aircraft Traffic" was collected and generated for the paper "Detecting GPS Anomalies in Aviation Using ADS-B: Correlating Coordinate Gaps and GPS Deviations with NOTAM Warnings."

This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of geospatial and temporal data necessary for analyzing potential GPS anomalies in aviation. The data sources include NOTAMs received from the FAA, and GPS information calculated and extracted from the OpenSky Trino ADS-B database. The dataset contains files such as FAA_and_ICAO_locations, Flights_per_Hour_per_Grid, GPS_Jumps_from_Routes (possible spoofing), GPS_Missing_Coordinates (possible jamming), and two sets of NOTAMs (ICAO and USA). Each file includes detailed columns that capture essential attributes and metrics, enabling thorough examination and correlation of GPS anomalies with NOTAM warnings.

The FAA_and_ICAO_locations files include 21,383 records with identifiers, coordinates, and detailed facility information. This dataset serves as a reference for analyzing the geographical distribution of aviation facilities. The Flights_per_Hour_per_Grid file, with 74,219,036 records, provides hourly flight movement counts within specified grids, offering insights into air traffic patterns and potential disruptions. The GPS_Jumps_from_Routes data, comprising 5,878,276 records, documents deviations in flight paths, capturing metrics such as distances, speeds, and timestamps. This data is crucial for identifying potential GPS spoofing incidents by analyzing unusual jumps between consecutive data points.

The GPS_Missing_Coordinates file, with 53,227 records, highlights periods of missing GPS signals, indicating possible GPS jamming events. This file includes start and end times, distances between known coordinates, and Navigation Integrity Category (NIC) values to assess data quality during null periods. The NOTAM_ICAO_GPS and NOTAM_USA files, with 30,161 and 234,206 records respectively, provide detailed information on NOTAM areas, including geographic extents, active periods, and categories. This allows for a comprehensive analysis of the spatial and temporal correlation between NOTAM warnings and GPS anomalies, facilitating a better understanding of the impact of GPS disruptions on aviation safety and operations.

Summary Table




Category
File Names
Total Records
Columns


FAA and ICAO Locations


FAA_and_ICAO_locations.csv.zip

FAA_and_ICAO_locations.dpkg.zip

21,383
WKT, id, fid, Location_ID, ICAO_ID, IATA_ID, FAA_Location_Code, Facility_Type, Facility_Name, FAA_New_Location_Code, Coordinates, lat, lon, Region, Country_Code, Country, State_Id, State_Name, City, Location, Effective_Date, Site_Id, ADO, ARTCC_Id, ARTCC_Computer_ID, ARTCC_Name, Tie_In_FSS_Id, Tie_In_FSS_Name, NOTAM_Facility_Id, NOTAM_Service


Flights per Hour per Grid


Flights_per_Hour_per_Grid-WKT.csv.zip

Flights_per_Hour_per_Grid-WKT.dpkg.zip

74,219,036
grid_id, hour, movement_count, geometry




GPS Jumps from Routes

(possible spoofing)



GPS_Jumps_from_Routes-2023.csv.zip

GPS_Jumps_from_Routes-2023.dpkg.zip

5,878,276
WKT, id, fid, icao24, callsign, time_before_spoofing, time_of_spoofing, distance, time_difference, speed_m_s, time_start, time_end




GPS Missing Coordinates

(possible jamming)



GPS_Missing_Coordinates-2023.csv.zip

GPS_Missing_Coordinates-2023.dpkg.zip

53,227
WKT, id, icao24, callsign, null_start_time, null_end_time, time_of_previous_not_null_coords, time_of_next_not_null_coords, between_coords_distance_m, null_duration_seconds, between_coords_duration_seconds, avg_nic, min_nic, max_nic, start_time, end_time, start_y, end_x, end_y, start_x


NOTAM ICAO GPS


NOTAM_ICAO_GPS-2023.csv.zip

NOTAM_ICAO_GPS-2023.dpkg.zip

30,161
WKT, id, fid, notam_id, category_name, coordinates_center, radius_nm, radius_mod_nm, notam_number, accountability, location_id, icao_id, domestic_text, icao_text, type, category_id, time_start, time_end


NOTAM USA


NOTAM_USA-2023.csv.zip

NOTAM_USA-2023.dpkg.zip

234,206
WKT, id, fid, notam_id, category_name, is_circle, coordinates_polygon, coordinates_center, radius_nm, faa_location_code, is_faa_location, location_id, is_restricted_area, restricted_area_id, restricted_area_code, category_id, message, notam_number, notam_accountability, moa, type, time_start, time_end




 
 
 
 




 

 

 

Details

Note that all the files are zipped as CSV. The GPKG version is also available where geographical information is present.

1. FAA_and_ICAO_locations.csv.zip and FAA_and_ICAO_locations.dpkg.zip



Total Records: 21,383

Columns:



WKT: Well-Known Text representation of a point in the CSV file, or a geometry field in the DPKG file.

id: Unique identifier for each record.

fid: Feature identifier.

Location_ID: Identifier for the location.

ICAO_ID: ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) identifier.

IATA_ID: IATA (International Air Transport Association) identifier.

FAA_Location_Code: FAA location code.

Facility_Type: Type of facility (e.g., airport, heliport).

Facility_Name: Name of the facility.

FAA_New_Location_Code: New location code by FAA.

Coordinates: Coordinates of the location.

lat: Latitude of the location.

lon: Longitude of the location.

Region: Geographical region of the location.

Country_Code: Country code of the location.

Country: Country name of the location.

State_Id: State identifier.

State_Name: Name of the state.

City: City name.

Location: General location information.

Effective_Date: Effective date of the record.

Site_Id: Site identifier.

ADO: Airport District Office.

ARTCC_Id: ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center) identifier.

ARTCC_Computer_ID: ARTCC computer identifier.

ARTCC_Name: Name of the ARTCC.

Tie_In_FSS_Id: Tie-in Flight Service Station identifier.

Tie_In_FSS_Name: Name of the Tie-in Flight Service Station.

NOTAM_Facility_Id: NOTAM (Notice to Airmen) facility identifier.

NOTAM_Service: Indicates if NOTAM service is available (Y/N).




 

2. Flights_per_Hour_per_Grid-WKT.csv.zip and Flights_per_Hour_per_Grid-WKT.dpkg.zip



Total Records: 74,219,036

Columns:



grid_id: Identifier for the grid.

hour: Timestamp for the hour.

movement_count: Number of flights in each 0.5x0.5 degree grid during each hour of year 2023.

geometry: Well-Known Text representation of a polygon in the CSV file, or a geometry field in the DPKG file.




 

3. GPS_Jumps_from_Routes-2023.csv.zip and GPS_Jumps_from_Routes-2023.dpkg.zip



Total Records: 5,878,276

Columns:



WKT: Well-Known Text representation of a linestring in the CSV file, or a geometry field in the DPKG file.

id: Unique identifier for each record.

fid: Feature identifier.

icao24: ICAO 24-bit aircraft address.

callsign: Callsign of the aircraft.

time_before_spoofing: Timestamp before the spoofing event.

time_of_spoofing: Timestamp of the spoofing event.

distance: Distance of the jump in meters.

time_difference: Time difference between two coordinates in seconds.

speed_m_s: Speed in meters per second.

time_start: Start time of the record.

time_end: End time of the record.




 

4. GPS_Missing_Coordinates-2023.csv.zip and GPS_Missing_Coordinates-2023.dpkg.zip



Total Records: 53,227

Columns:



WKT: Well-Known Text representation of a linestring in the CSV file, or a geometry field in the DPKG file.

id: Unique identifier for each record.

icao24: ICAO 24-bit aircraft address.

callsign: Callsign of the aircraft.

null_start_time: Start time of missing GPS coordinates.

null_end_time: End time of missing GPS coordinates.

time_of_previous_not_null_coords: Time of the last known good GPS coordinates before the null period.

time_of_next_not_null_coords: Time of the first known good GPS coordinates after the null period.

between_coords_distance_m: Distance between the previous and next known good coordinates in meters.

null_duration_seconds: Duration of the null period in seconds.

between_coords_duration_seconds: Duration between the previous and next known good coordinates in seconds.

avg_nic: Average Navigation Integrity Category (NIC) during the period.

min_nic: Minimum NIC during the period.

max_nic: Maximum NIC during the period.

start_time: Human-readable start time of the null period.

end_time: Human-readable end time of the null period.

start_y: Latitude of the start point.

end_x: Longitude of the end point.

end_y: Latitude of the end point.

start_x: Longitude of the start point.




 

5. NOTAM_ICAO_GPS-2023.csv.zip and NOTAM_ICAO_GPS-2023.dpkg.zip



Total Records: 30,161

Columns:



WKT: Well-Known Text representation of a polygon in the CSV file, or a geometry field in the DPKG file.

id: Unique identifier for each record.

fid: Feature identifier.

notam_id: NOTAM identifier.

category_name: Name of the NOTAM category.

coordinates_center: Center coordinates of the NOTAM area.

radius_nm: Radius in nautical miles.

radius_mod_nm: Modified radius in nautical miles.

notam_number: NOTAM number.

accountability: Accountability of the NOTAM.

location_id: Location identifier.

icao_id: ICAO identifier.

domestic_text: Text of the NOTAM for domestic purposes.

icao_text: Text of the NOTAM for ICAO purposes.

type: Type of NOTAM.

category_id: Identifier for the NOTAM category.

time_start: Start time of the NOTAM.

time_end: End time of the NOTAM.




 

6. NOTAM_USA-2023.csv.zip and NOTAM_USA-2023.dpkg.zip



Total Records: 234,206

Columns:



WKT: Well-Known Text representation of a polygon in the CSV file, or a geometry field in the DPKG file.

id: Unique identifier for each record.

fid: Feature identifier.

notam_id: NOTAM identifier.

category_name: Name of the NOTAM category.

is_circle: Indicates if the NOTAM area is a circle (1) or not (0).

coordinates_polygon: Coordinates of the polygon vertices.

coordinates_center: Center coordinates of the NOTAM area.

radius_nm: Radius in nautical miles.

faa_location_code: FAA location code.

is_faa_location: Indicates if it is an FAA location (1) or not (0).

location_id: Location identifier.

is_restricted_area: Indicates if it is a restricted area (1) or not (0).

restricted_area_id: Restricted area identifier.

restricted_area_code: Code for the restricted area.

category_id: Identifier for the NOTAM category.

message: NOTAM message.

notam_number: NOTAM number.

notam_accountability: NOTAM accountability.

moa: Military Operations Area (MOA) identifier.

type: Type of NOTAM.

time_start: Start time of the NOTAM.

time_end: End time of the NOTAM.




 

References



Following references were used to update NOTAMs with WKT polygons:

 

airport-data.com. (n.d.). USA airports by FAA code. https://www.airport-data.com/usa-airports/faa-code/A.html

DoD. (2019). Flight information publication area planning special use airspace. NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. https://www.cnatra.navy.mil/assets-global/docs/area-planning-1A-20190815.pdf

FAA. (n.d.-a). Airport Data and Information Portal.  https://adip.faa.gov/agis/public/#/airportSearch/advanced

FAA. (n.d.-b). US ICAO location finder. https://www.notams.faa.gov/common/icao/USA.html

FAA. (2017a, September 30). Encodes/decodes—Aeronautical data [Template]. https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/aero_data/loc_id_search/Encodes_Decodes/

FAA. (2017b, October 12). Aeronautical information manual—Official guide to  basic flight Information and ATC procedures. https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/media/AIM_Basic_dtd_10-12-17.pdf#page=142

FAA. (2021, July 26). Order JO 7350.9Z - Location identifiers [Template]. https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1040529

FAA. (2023a). Pilot’s handbook of aeronautical knowledge. https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak

FAA. (2023b, June 1). Airport Data [Template]. https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/aero_data/Airport_Data/

FAA. (2024, February 16). Order JO 7400.10F - Special Use Airspace [Template]. https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/Order_7400.10F_2024_-_final_-signed.pdf

ICAO. (2022). North Atlantic (NAT) air navigation plan Volume I (Doc 9634). https://www.icao.int/EURNAT/EUR%20and%20NAT%20Documents/NAT%20Documents/_eANP%20NAT%20Doc9634/Doc9634%20NAT%20eANP%20Vol%20I.pdf
ProAirPilot.com. (2024). Complete list of NOTAM abbreviations. https://proairpilot.com/notam-abbreviations.html

SkyVector. (n.d.). Search for Airports by ICAO ID or name. https://skyvector.com/airports

 

 

Following is the reference to our source of GPS and traffic data, the OpenSky ADS-B database

 





Schäfer, M., Strohmeier, M., Lenders, V., Martinovic, I., & Wilhelm, M. (2014). Bringing up OpenSky: A large-scale ADS-B sensor network for research. IPSN-14 Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPSN.2014.6846743