cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5625
title: Compound of the Sangu, Nyasa, Tanzania, ca.1894-1918

description: "Ein Sangu-Gehöft bei Utengule. Br. Kootz." ("Sangu village near Utengule. Missionary Kootz."). View of a compound of the Sangu ethnic group near Utengule. The round huts are constructed from clay and have grass roofs. One of them shows a round entrance hole. The compound is surrounded by a stockade. Missionary Dr. Johannes Kootz and two Africans are sitting in front of a hut.; Cf. photo no. 759. -- Johannes Kootz (1869 -1918) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. As a young recruit with Meyer he built up  1894 Rutenganio and Ipyana station, 1895 Utengule station. Here he served as an assistant to Missionary Richard in Utengule from 1895 to 1897. In 1897 till 1915, with a vacation from 1903-1906, he was head (Vorsteher) of  the station. In 1894 he married Elise, née Kretschmer (1870 -1946). Together with his wife Elise Kootz-Kretschmer and Msaturwa Mwachitete he assembled much material concerning the Safwa. She continued the academic work concerning the Safwa after returning to Germany. See her publications: "Die Safwa. Ein ostafrikanischer Volksstamm in seinem Leben und Denken", Berlin 1926, 1929; "Großmutter Narwimba. Was sie erlebte und was sie erlitt", Herrnhut 1925; "Abriß einer Landesgeschichte von Usafwa in Ostafrika", in: Koloniale Rundschau 1929; "Tatu, das geraubte Muwembakind", Herrnhut 1933; "Sichyajunga. Ein Leben in Unruhe", Herrnhut 1938.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5507
title: Women carry charcoal for the furnace, Nyasa, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Arbeitende Frauen bei einem Hochofen in Nika." ("Working women near a furnace in Nika."). Women of the Nika ethnic group carry charcoal for a furnace. They carry it in baskets on their heads. The furnace is to be seen in the background.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5938
title: A catechist visits pagans at Cenqi, China, 1948

description: This is a photograph of a catechist practicing his work. "After graduation from the Catechist school, catechists are sent out to encourage Christians and make contact with pagans."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5510
title: Rutenganio Mission, Tanzania, 1898

description: "Die Station Rutenganio mit Teich. Vorn auf der Straße Schwester Meyer-Kunick mit Heini und Dora." (The mission station Rutenganio with a pond. In front on the road Sister Lydia Meyer-Kunick with Heini and Dora."). The mission station, Rutenganio (viewed from the south), a pond and the garden with banana plants in front. On the footpath in the foreground stands Sister Lydia Meyer and the two children Heini and Dora.; Cf. photo no. 749, box no. Nyassa 1. -- Missionary Lydia Meyer-Kunick (1865-1907) was the first wife of Missionary Theodor Meyer. She was born in Gnadenthal, South Africa, married in 1893 and lived in Rungwe from 1894 to 1907. She died in September 1907 in Rungwe. -- Retouched.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5936
title: Catechist teaching at Wuzhou, China, 1948

description: This is a photograph of a catechist [standing] teaching women and children outdoors while men look on in the right background.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5505
title: Beach near Livingstonia, Malawi, 1894

description: "Strand an einer Bucht des Nyassa-Sees, wo die verlassene Station der Schotten 'Livingstonia' liegt. 1894." Beach at a bay of Lake Nyasa, where the abandoned mission station 'Livingstonia' is situated. 1894."). A group of African people on the beach, mountains in the background. Imprinted on the image: "Strand bei Livingstonia. Ostafrika. No. 463." ("Beach near Livingstonia. East Africa. No. 463").; Photo is very yellowed. -- It is remarked on the passe-partout that the bay is situated near the Scottish mission Livingstonia which was abandoned at that time.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5937
title: Catechist teaching at Wuzhou, China, 1948

description: This is a photograph of "one of the graduates of Fr. Meyer's catechist school conducting a village catechumenate." He is standing and teaching men and boys seated at a table.; Born in Iowa, Fr. Meyer was studying for the diocesan priesthood when he heard about Maryknoll and wrote to Fr. James Anthony Walsh in 1914. As a deacon at Maryknoll he became procurator of the Seminary and member of the first Maryknoll governing council. In 1918 he became one of the pioneer departure group to open Maryknoll's first mission in Kongmoon, South China. He spent many years in China but was finally forced to leave by the Communists in 1950.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5646
title: Workers removing bushes from the river bank, Nyasa, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Ipyana, Ausroden des Gestrüpps am Kibila-Fluß." ("Ipyana, African men are removing bushes from the bank of the Kibila River.") Imprinted on the image: "Ausroden des Gestrüpps am Ufer des Kibila. D.O.A. No. 1075" ("Removing the bushes on the river bank of the Kibila. German East Africa 1075").; The Kiwira ('Kibila', 'Kibira') lies near the Tanzania-Malawi border.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m59157
title: Group portrait of Sister M. Aquinata, MM, and catechists, Malabon, Philippines, April 1949

description: Photograph of "catechists (high school students) & Sr. M. Aquinata - St. James Academy, Malabon, P.I., April 1949."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57243
title: Paulus Qweta und Lukas Mkelembe, Baziya, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Baziya. Paulus Qweta und Lukas Mkelembe“ (“Baziya. Paulus Qweta and Lukas Mkelembe“). This photograph shows Paulus Qweta and Lukas Mkelembe, barefooted. They are wearing trousers, jackets and hats, holding sticks in their hands. They are standing in front of a house which is partly overgrown with plants.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m59166
title: Sisters Trinita, Theodore and Elmira with St. Mary's Hall residents, Manila, Philippines, February 1929

description: Group portrait of Maryknoll Sisters Theodore, Trinita and Elmira with the young women who live at St. Mary's Hall. In this photograph, the group poses on the porch under the St. Mary's Hall sign.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m59198
title: Girls of St. Mary's Hall dressed in native costume, Manila, Philippines, 1935

description: Group portrait of of fifty-three "girls of St. Mary's Hall dressed in native costume." In this photograph the group poses in front of the entrance to St. Mary's Hall in Manila, 1935.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57241
title: Nikodemus Magwenthsu, the assistant of the missionary and family, Tabase, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Tabase. Nikodemus Magwenthsu, der Gehilfe des Missionars und Familie“ (“Tabase. Nikodemus Magwenthsu, the assistant of the missionary and family“). This photograph shows Nikodemus with his eight children. One child is standing between his legs. The children are barefooted. The photograph was taken in front of a house.; Richard Paul Moths, born in 1872 in Kösen (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1899 he married Helene Ledoux. From 1900 till 1948 he worked as a missionary in South Africa East (Silo, Baziya, Tabase). He died in 1950 in South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5619
title: People of the Lambya ethnic group, Nyasa, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Gruppe von Ba-lambya" ("Ba-lambya group"). A group of six people from the Lambya ethnic group in their village. Two women, two children und two men sit on the ground in front of round huts which are to be seen in the background. Imprinted on the image: "Gruppe von Balambia. Ostafrika No. 783" ("Balambya group. East Africa. No. 783").; Cf. photo no. 747 and 5857, box no. Nyassa 1 and in correlation with photo no. 5508.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57235
title: Herrmann Mtselu, Tabase, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Tabase. Herrmann Mtselu, ein treuer Diener der Mission“ (“Tabase. Herrmann Mtselu, a loyal servant of the mission“). This photograph shows Herrmann Mtselu, standing in a meadow, leaning on a stick, wearing a suit and a hat. The surrounding area is marked by trees and a hilly landscape.; Richard Paul Moths, born in 1872 in Kösen (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1899 he married Helene Ledoux. From 1900 till 1948 he worked as a missionary in South Africa East (Silo, Baziya, Tabase). He died in 1950 in South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57233
title: Singing contest of schoolchildren, Tabase, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: “Tabase. Wettsingen der Schulkinder” (“Tabase. Singing contest of schoolchildren”). This photograph shows approximately twenty schoolchildren (boys and girls), wearing light-coloured blouses or shirts and dark trousers or skirts. They are standing in four lines in front of a European style building, facing the teacher who conducts them. Spectators are sitting in a broader semicircle around them. A European child (left side) is facing the camera.; Richard Paul Moths, born in 1872 in Kösen (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1899 he married Helene Ledoux. From 1900 till 1948 he worked as a missionary in South Africa East (Silo, Baziya, Tabase). He died in 1950 in South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5623
title: Group of Safwa people, Ifwanga, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Safwa-Gruppe aus dem Dorf Ifwanga" ("People from the Safwa ethnic group in their village Ifwanga"). Ifwanga is situated in the Igale Mountains. Women wear typical Safwa necklaces and bangles. Imprinted on the image: "Safuagruppe in Ifuanga. D.O.Afr. Nyassa No. 758" ("Safua group in Ifuanga. G[erman] E[ast] Afr[ica] Nyasa no. 758").; Cf. photo no. 751 and 6831.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57240
title: Abner Silinga, school inspector and family, Tabase, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Tabase. Abner Silinga, Schulinspektor und Familie“ (“Tabase. Abner Silinga, school inspector and family”). This photograph shows Abner Silinga with his family in front of a house. He is sitting with his wife next to him on a bench. He is wearing a suit. His wife is wearing a light-coloured dress and holding a little child in her arms. They are surrounded by their further nine children. They are all neatly dressed.; Richard Paul Moths, born in 1872 in Kösen (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1899 he married Helene Ledoux. From 1900 till 1948 he worked as a missionary in South Africa East (Silo, Baziya, Tabase). He died in 1950 in South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57228
title: An old Tembu, South Africa East, probably 1930

description: „Alter, heidnischer Tembu, der sich in Nxotschane zur Taufe meldet“ (“An old, Heathen Tembu who signs up for the baptism in Nxotschane“).; Samuel Baudert (1879-1956), born as son of the missionary Samuel Baudert in South Africa, was mission director of the Moravian Brethren from 1924 to 1927 and since 1929 their bishop.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5506
title: Nyika village in the process of creation, Nyasa, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Ein Nika-Dorf im Entstehen. Pallissaden als Schutz sichtbar. Mais auf Baum aufgehängt." ("Nyika village in the process of being founded. Stockades as protection visible. Maize hung up on a tree."). Men and women prepare an area in the bush for building a new village. A stockade for protection is already visible. They have hung up corn into the trees to dry. Imprinted on the image: "Nika-Dorf mit Pallisade. D.O.Afr. Nyassa No. 744" ("Nika village and stockade. German East Africa. Nyasa No. 744").
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m59216
title: Group portrait of a Maryknoll Sister and six St. Paul's Hospital nurses , Manila, Philippines, ca. 1928

description: Photograph of a Maryknoll Sister and six St. Paul's Hospital nurses. The group poses on the hospital patio. "About 1928. Back: Miss Manigan, Miss Navad (Chinese mestiza), Miss Fink (German-Japanese mestiza) Front: Miss Sierra (American mestiza), Miss Lioed, Miss Guballa."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57234
title: Outdoor instruction, Tabase, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Tabase. Schulunterricht im Freien“ (“Tabase. Outdoor instruction“). Children are sitting in threes on benches. They are sitting with their backs to the camera. They are neatly dressed. The teacher is standing in front, on the right side, wearing a suit. The pupils are copying something from the two chalkboards. Trees and a European style building are denoting the surrounding area.; Richard Paul Moths, born in 1872 in Kösen (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1899 he married Helene Ledoux. From 1900 till 1948 he worked as a missionary in South Africa East (Silo, Baziya, Tabase). He died in 1950 in South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57911
title: Woman with pearled neck collar, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Heidnische Kaffer-Frau mit Hals-Perlenkranz“ („Heathen Kaffir woman with a pearled neck collar“). A woman, wearing a drapery, a headdress and a pearled necklace.; Wilhelm Friedrich Karl Blohm, born in 1884 in Keffenbrinck (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1911 he married Marie Bürger. He started his missionary work in 1911 in Unyamwezi (East Africa). After being imprisoned by the Belgians from 1916 till 1917 he returned to Germany. From 1922 till 1945 he worked as a missionary in Baziya (South Africa). He died in Baziya in 1945.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57225
title: Getting Christmas presents in Mvenyane (2), South Africa East, probably 1930

description: “Kaffern in Mvenyane, die sich ‘Christmas-Box’ holen wollen” (“Kaffirs in Mvenyane want to to get the ‘Christmas-Box’“). Children, men and women are standing in multi-lines, wearing indigenous clothes, some are covered in light-coloured blankets. The surroundings are marked by shrubs and trees.; Samuel Baudert (1879-1956), born as son of the missionary Samuel Baudert in South Africa, was mission director of the Moravian Brethren from 1924 to 1927 and since 1929 their bishop.; c.f. picture no. IMP-HRN-BOX-SAO-2-07038.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5403
title: Nika village and granary, Nika, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Inneres eines Nika-Dorfes. In der Mitte Getreidespeicher, rechts u. links Wohnhütten. Im Hintergrund ein Stück Palisade, die um das Dorf herumgeht. Dahinter sumpfiger Busch." ("Inside a Nika (Nyika) village. In the centre of the image villagers from the Nyika ethnic group. Behind them is the granary; local huts to their right and left side. A part of the stockade which surrounds the village is to be seen in the background, swampy bush behind it.").; Cf. photo no. 724.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5404
title: Furnace, Nika, Tanzania, [s.d.]

description: "Ein Hochofen in Nika zum Schmelzen von Roheisen-Erz. Die Frauen schaffen Brennholz u. Holzkohle heran." ("A furnace of the Nika ethnic group. Women carry wood and charcoal for the furnace.").; Cf. photo no. 743.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m59162
title: Students inside San Bartolome Church on St. James Day, Malabon, Philippines, July 25, 1947

description: Photograph of St. James Academy students standing in rows inside San Bartolome Church on St. James Day, July 25, 1947.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57237
title: Willy and Peter Mazwi, Tabase, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Tabase. Eingeborener Prediger Peter Mazwi (rechts), Willy Mazwi (links)“ („Tabase. Indigenous preacher Peter Mazwi [right], Willy Mazwi [left]“). Photograph of Peter and Willy Mazwi who are standing in a meadow. They are wearing suits and coats. There are trees and a fence in the background.; Petrus, S. Mazwi, born in 1859 in Gosen (South Africa), was an indigenous brother and worked as a  teacher in Engotini, Enstwasi and for 20 years in Tabase. In Baziya, he was active as an evangelist, national assistant and teacher in the year 1882. He married Clara Dywili  born in 1862) and worked as a missionary assistant from 1895 up to 1900 in Tabase, later in Elukolweni.--William S. Mazwi, born in 1861 in Gosen (South Africa), was an indigenous brother of the Moravian Church. He worked as a teacher in Gosen from 1882 till 1898, as a national assistant in Elukolweni in 1900 and as a mission assistant in Mvenyane (1900), Nxotshane / Griqualand (1904-1931) and Silo (1933). He retired in 1935.--Richard Paul Moths, born in 1872 in Kösen (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1899 he married Helene Ledoux. From 1900 till 1948 he worked as a missionary in South Africa East (Silo, Baziya, Tabase). He died in 1950 in South Africa.; c.f. picture no. IMP-HRN-BOX-SAO-3-07576.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57852
title: Bringing pumpkins to the market, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Kinder bringen Kürbisse auf den Markt“ („Children are bringing pumpkins to the market“). Three young persons standing in a line, wearing draperies, bangles and necklaces, carrying pumpkins on their heads. The one on the left side has a white painted face.; Wilhelm Friedrich Karl Blohm, born in 1884 in Keffenbrinck (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1911 he married Marie Bürger. He started his missionary work in 1911 in Unyamwezi (East Africa). After being imprisoned by the Belgians from 1916 till 1917 he returned to Germany. From 1922 till 1945 he worked as a missionary in Baziya (South Africa). He died in Baziya in 1945.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m59232
title: Maryknoll Sisters Eleanor and Frederica doing social service work in the Walled City, Manila, Philippines, 1938

description: Photograph of "Manila 1938 - Sisters Eleanor and Frederica doing social service work in one of the courtyards in the Walled City. Washing, cooking, etc all done in the courtyard." The Sisters, with the help of three nurses from St. Paul's Hospital, tend to the medical needs of a group of children. The Sister on the right bandages a crying child's head.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57223
title: Getting Christmas presents in Mvenyane, South Africa East, probably 1930

description: „Heidnische Kaffern holen sich in Mvenyane zu Weihnachten Geschenke“ („Heathen Kaffirs getting Christmas presents in Mvenyane“). People are going to a European building, getting Christmas presents. Three Europeans standing on the balcony and distributing them.; Samuel Baudert (1879-1956), born as son of the missionary Samuel Baudert in South Africa, was mission director of the Moravian Brethren from 1924 to 1927 and since 1929 their bishop.; c.f. picture no. IMP-HRN-BOX-SAO-2-07048.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57827
title: Two teachers, Tabase, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Tabase. 2 Lehrer. Der Alte ist ein tüchtiger Arbeiter, der Kurze ein Freund des Lehrers, sitzend: Siminela, dahinter d. Große: Uguqu“ („Tabase. 2 teachers. The old one is a hearty worker, the short one a friend of the teacher, sitting: Siminela, behind the big one: Uguqu“). Group portraits of four men in suits in front of a building. One of them is sitting on a chair, the other ones are standing behind. The one on the right side is holding a stick in his left hand.; Richard Paul Moths, born in 1872 in Kösen (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1899 he married Helene Ledoux. From 1900 till 1948 he worked as a missionary in South Africa East (Silo, Baziya, Tabase). He died in 1950 in South Africa.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m59159
title: Sister Patricia Marie, MM with boys' glee club, Malabon, Philippines, 1948

description: Photograph of "Sr. Patricia Marie with boys' glee club, Malabon 1948."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5891
title: A statue at a cemetery at Chihli, China, 1909

description: This is a photograph of the "statue of a military mandarin in a cemetery near Sien-Hsien.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5620
title: Expedition in the bush, Nyasa, Tanzania, ca. 1894-1915

description: "Marsch durch den Busch im Sangu-Land" ("March trought the bush in sangu land"). Missionary Johannes Kootz on an expedition through the thorn woods in the Sangu region near Ihaha. He rides a horse and is accompanied by indigenous people.; Johannes Kootz (1869 -1918) was a missionary of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. As a young recruit with Meyer he built up  1894 Rutenganio and Ipyana station, 1895 Utengule station. Here he served as an assistant to Missionary Richard in Utengule from 1895 to 1897. In 1897 till 1915, with a vacation from 1903-1906, he was head (Vorsteher) of  the station. In 1894 he married Elise, née Kretschmer (1870 -1946). Together with his wife Elise Kootz-Kretschmer and Msaturwa Mwachitete he assembled much material concerning the Safwa. She continued the academic work concerning the Safwa after returning to Germany. See her publications: "Die Safwa. Ein ostafrikanischer Volksstamm in seinem Leben und Denken", Berlin 1926, 1929; "Großmutter Narwimba. Was sie erlebte und was sie erlitt", Herrnhut 1925; "Abriß einer Landesgeschichte von Usafwa in Ostafrika", in: Koloniale Rundschau 1929; "Tatu, das geraubte Muwembakind", Herrnhut 1933; "Sichyajunga. Ein Leben in Unruhe", Herrnhut 1938.; Photo included from the box of duplicates.; One photo included from the box of duplicates. -- Photo is yellowed.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57230
title: People having received the 'Christmas-Box', Mvenyane, South Africa East, probably 1930

description: “Kaffern, die in Mvenyane ‘Christmas-Box’ empfangen haben” (“Kaffirs who received ’Christmas-Box’ in Mvenyane“). People are in a row, along a roadside. Among them are children and women. Two people are sheltering from the sun with umbrellas. There are a lot of trees, shrubs and brushwood.; Samuel Baudert (1879-1956), born as son of the missionary Samuel Baudert in South Africa, was mission director of the Moravian Brethren from 1924 to 1927 and since 1929 their bishop.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57882
title: Mother with injured child, South Africa East, [s.d.]

description: „Mutter mit Kind auf dem Rücken, das Wunden am Körper und entzündete Halsdrüsen hat“ („Mother with child on the back, who is having wounds on the body and angry neck glands"). A woman wearing draperies, a headdress and an earring, is carrying a child, wearing a necklace, on her back. A man is standing behind them, wearing draperies, bangles, necklaces and a cap, touching the head of the child.; Wilhelm Friedrich Karl Blohm, born in 1884 in Keffenbrinck (Germany), was a carpenter. In 1911 he married Marie Bürger. He started his missionary work in 1911 in Unyamwezi (East Africa). After being imprisoned by the Belgians from 1916 till 1917 he returned to Germany. From 1922 till 1945 he worked as a missionary in Baziya (South Africa). He died in Baziya in 1945.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m5900
title: Goddess of eight arms at Guangzhou, China, [s.d.]

description: This is a photograph of "The Goddess of Eight Arms." Two of the statues' hands are clasped in front of the body with fingers in specific forms and six arms are outstretched from her sides all holding objects. There are two statues on either side of her who bow to her.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57229
title: Making a Christmas tree, South Africa East, probably 1930

description: “Herstellung eines Christbaumes” (“Making a Christmas tree“). Three people are busy to work on a Christmas tree. Two European men are sorting and cleaning up branches of a conifer. A woman is fixing the branches on a strain. In the background are shrubs, trees and a hedge.; Samuel Baudert (1879-1956), born as son of the missionary Samuel Baudert in South Africa, was mission director of the Moravian Brethren from 1924 to 1927 and since 1929 their bishop.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57800
title: Assembly of the chiefs, South Africa East, 1932

description: „Versammlung gelegentlich der mißlungenen Königswahl. Eine Versammlung der Häuptlinge (Tembuland)“ („Assembly on the occasion of the failed king election. An assembly of the chiefs (Tembuland)”). A huge crowd of predominantly men are sitting on a plain in a circle. In the middle a man standing. Huts, trees, horses and hills are marking the background.; Theodor Karl Adolf Hartmann, born in 1892 in Urach (Germany), was a missionary of the Moravian Brethren in South Africa. In 1960 he became bishop. He died in 1964 in St. Michael’son/Sea (Queenstown/South Africa) and was buried in Mvenyane (South Africa).
DOI: 10.25549/impa-m57231
title: A lightning conductor, South Africa East, probably 1930

description: “Ein kaffrischer Blitzableiter (Felsen) unweit Tinana” (“A caffirian lightning conductor (rock) near Tinana“). This is a photograph of a lightning conductor. The environment is marked by a hilly and bleak landscape.; Samuel Baudert (1879-1956), born as son of the missionary Samuel Baudert in South Africa, was mission director of the Moravian Brethren from 1924 to 1927 and since 1929 their bishop.