cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.12760/01-2016-1-02
title: Unsupervised classification of satellite images using K-Harmonic Means Algorithm and Cluster Validity Index.

description: In this paper, we are presenting a process, which is intended to detect the optimal number of clusters in multispectral remotely sensed images. The proposed process is based on the combination of both the K-Harmonic means and cluster validity index with an angle-based method. The experimental results conducted on both synthetic data sets and real data sets confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. On the other hand, the comparison between the well-known K-means algorithm and the K-Harmonic means shows the superiority of the latter.
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-2-04
title: Recent developments in ATCOR for atmospheric compensation and radiometric processing of imaging spectroscopy data

description: Recent developments in atmospheric compensation are summarized in this paper with emphasis on algorithms implemented in the ATCOR model. First, achievements and current limitations in haze and aerosol detection and correction as well as in BRDF correction are outlined. Secondly, correction approaches for high resolution spectral variations in the reflectance outputs are described. The inherent problem of high resolution imaging spectroscopy is that smallest spectral variations of the instrument response during data acquisition, radiative transfer model errors in atmospheric gas absorption, and errors in the employed solar irradiance spectrum lead to significant spectral variations after atmospheric compensation. Applying spectral recalibration and using air pressure dependent processing is shown to improve the comparability of the radiometrically corrected reflectance data to the ground measurements and to modelled spectra. Remaining open issues are the aerosol scattering compensation below 420 nm wavelength, the model-based BRDF correction in rugged terrain, and the correct consideration of spectral band width during processing.
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-1-10
title: The applicability of remote sensing and geodetic methods for studying water bodies on the western White Sea coast

description: The article presents the results of field studies carried out by the Department of Land Hydrology, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, in the area near the White Sea Biological Station, Moscow State University (Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea) in January, June, and September 2014 and January 2015. The objects of studies were the unique lakes on the White Sea coast at different stages of their isolation and separation from the sea. Geodetic methods were applied to determine the surface elevation of modern lakes. The degree of isolation of the studied water bodies was estimated and used to identify the following types of lakes: those permanently disconnected from the sea, those having such connection periodically, and those having it permanently in the form of daily tidal influence. The decrease in seawater inflow caused by ice cover was estimated with the use of a conductivity data logger. In winter, the study area is difficult to access and to work in; therefore, remote sensing products such as GlobSnow were used to determine water storage in the snow cover yet another that affects water level and water chemistry in lakes after snow melting. It was shown that large-scale satellite data could be used for assessing the total snow water equivalent in a small area along coast zone. However snow surveys are still in need to determine the local characteristics and spatial variability of snow cover on the ice cover of lakes and lake watersheds. The ground-based observations of snow storage in winters 2010, 2014, and 2015 were compared with remote sensing data obtained by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (the GlobSnow project).
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-2-03
title: Multi-angle hyperspectral observations using fluorescence and PRI to detect plant stress and productivity in a cornfield

description: The effects of seasonal water stress and nitrogen availability, which significantly impact plant productivity, can be monitored remotely using reflectance and fluorescence measurements which are commonly acquired under varying viewing and illumination geometries. During the growing seasons of 2012 and 2014, we collected canopy fluorescence, hyperspectral reflectance spectra, and biophysical measurements in corn plots established for nitrogen (N) and water augmentation within a USDA/Beltsville experimental cornfield also hosting an eddy covariance flux tower. There were four N application levels (0 percent N, 50 percent N, 100 percent N, 200 percent N) of the optimal level of 140 kg/ha, and two water availabilities (watered, not-watered) to produce eight treatment plots.
We examined the behaviour of the Solar Induced Fluorescence (SIF) and the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) during morning and afternoon periods for nine days throughout the 2012 growing season, including early, vegetative, reproductive, and senescent phenological growth stages. The SIF was retrieved from high resolution spectra using the 3-wavelength Fraunhofer Line Depth method in both oxygen absorption bands associated with the two chlorophyll fluorescence peaks in the red at 687 nm and the far-red at 760 nm. PRI was calculated as a Normalized Difference Reflectance Index using two wavelengths at 531 and 570 nm. 
At each collection, directional measurements were obtained for the SIFs and PRI at 15 degrees view-zenith angle increments along the solar principal plane, in order to quantify the maximum anisotropy associated with the cornfield bidirectional reflectance and fluorescence distribution functions. Along the solar principal plane, the maximum and minimum values at the hotspot and the coldspot, respectively, were determined and used to calculate an Anisotropy Difference Index (ANDI) as coldspot minus hotspot. We found that the various SIF values and PRI all exhibited significant anisotropy across the growing season, and these seasonal ANDI profiles differed significantly among these four observation types. Anisotropy for far-red SIF760 always exceeded that for red SIF687 (less than 0.001 W/(m2 sr)), at each phenologic stage, and was greatest in mid-season during early reproductive phases. Also at mid-season, ANDI was highest for the SIF Ratio (SIF687/SIF760) but lowest for the PRI. ANDI for SIFs was most variable for watered plots over the season. Nitrogen application rates did not significantly affect the observed anisotropy. We include examples of data acquired in 2014 for cornfield anisotropy obtained with our custom tower-mounted FUSION system, and the new FluoWat leaf clip.
DOI: 10.12760/01-2015-1-04
title: Monitoring cultural heritage environments in Svalbard: Smeerenburg, a whaling station on Amsterdam island.

description: Cultural environments are not static and unchanging, they are subject to a number of site transformation processes. Environmental hazards and human activity are among the primary degradation parameters for cultural heritage in Svalbard. The objective of this contribution is to demonstrate the potential advantages of utilising remote sensing for mapping and monitoring cultural heritage in a high arctic environment such as Svalbard. Our data illustrate how various factors associated to an underlying site transformation impact a cultural environment in Svalbard. Furthermore, our findings are a basis for some clues regarding the use of vegetation as a potentially suitable indicator for cultural heritage monitoring.
We utilised digital aerial photographs (NIR-R-G) and scanner data including the Vexcel Ultracam sensor (RGB-NIR), WorldView-2 satellite imagery, RGB data from an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Ground-based surveys included vegetation cover and species composition analysis. There were differences concerning the various sensor abilities to detect the full range of structures and objects within the cultural environment in Smeerenburg. This performance was highly dependent on image resolution, the character of the structures and objects, as well as the vegetation.
Our data provide strong indications that Smeerenburg as a cultural environment has been impacted by both environmental and anthropogenic processes linked to the site formation since 1990. Using vegetation indices NDVI and a greenness index, this study showed a decrease and damage on vegetation during the period 1990-2014.  Indirectly a pressure on the cultural heritage could be detected, especially around and on the structures. The impact on the cultural environment in Smeerenburg was primarily attributed to coastal erosion, wind, sand drift, trampling and other damage by tourists. The impact from natural hazards such as erosion and sand drift is readily apparent throughout Smeerenburg, but human activity has contributed to the cumulative impact on structures and objects. The wear and tear by tourists to the vulnerable Arctic vegetation and cultural heritage features are exacerbating an ongoing degradation of Smeerenburg as a cultural environment.
We focused on vegetation as a potential useful indicator for cultural heritage monitoring in Svalbard, and we found that data describing the state of the vegetation and the factors that impact the vegetation can provide valuable information for threat and vulnerability assessments and for assessing the state of the cultural environment as a whole.
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-2-01
title: ARTMO's Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) toolbox to quantify driving variables of leaf and canopy radiative transfer models

description: This contribution introduces ARTMO�s new global sensitivity analysis (GSA) toolbox. With the GSA toolbox the majority of ARTMO�s available radiative transfer models (RTMs) can be used for global sensitivity analysis with little user interaction. For a selected RTM output, the global sensitivity analysis identifies most influential and non-influential input variables according to Sobol� first-order and total-order indices. The toolbox can process RTM spectral outputs for any kind of optical sensor setting within the spectral range of 400-2400 nm. Multiple model outputs can be automatically analysed within the same execution, which is of interest for more advanced, multi-output RTMs such as SCOPE. To illustrate its functioning, total-order sensitivity indices results for spectral outputs of PROSPECT-4/5 (leaf) and PROSPECT+SAIL (canopy) RTMs were calculated. Wavelength-dependent key driving and non-influential input variables were identified. The toolbox can be beneficial to the broader remote sensing community to gain insight into vegetation-light interactions and RTM input-output functioning.
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-1-08
title: Hydrological and spectrophotometry research on Kislo-Sladkoye Lake

description: In this work, a description of the hydrological features of the lake Kislo-Sladkoye is given. The present work is a part of complex research on bottom topography, hydrological characteristics, water light absorption spectra at different depths, benthos communities, and ecological features of macrobenthic and terrestrial organisms. Vertical profiles of coloured layers, illumination, temperature, salinity, redox potential, acidity and oxygen content were analysed in August 2014 at different positions in the lake. According to the analysis of data, the water column is divided into strata: (a) zone of wind mixing (0 - 0.5 m); (b) halocline (0.5 - 1.5 m); (c) area with high oxygen concentration (1 - 1.5 m); (d) thermocline (1.5 - 3 m); (e) hydrosulfuric zone (2.5 m to the bottom).
Phytoplankton is dominated by cryptophyte flagellates Rhodomonas sp. and green-coloured cocci. In the coloured layers, the following pigments were detected by spectrophotometry: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll c or g, and phycoerythrin. Therefore, the presence of cryptophytae algae (genus Rhodomonas), unicellular phototrophic organisms contain-ing chlorophyll b, and green sulfur bacteria is shown. The distribution of the layers: 0 - 1.7 m: or-ganisms are virtually absent; 1.7- 2.2 m: cyanobacteria; 2.2 - 2.4 m: light absorption peaks corre-sponding to phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a and b appear, a large number of cryptophytae algae (genus Rhodomonas) and unicellular green algae. 2.4 - 2.7 m: concentration of pigments decline, a small amount of cells with chlorophyll b and cryptophytae algae; 2.7 - 4 m: green sulfur bacteria. 
For the first time, a theoretical explanation of changes in the lake Kislo-Sladkoye following a spring tide is given. Densities of seawater and lake water were calculated and the results show that seawater penetrated the lake at a depth of 1.55 m during the spring tide.
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-1-05
title: Distribution of Adder's Tongue (Ophioglossum vulgatum L.) in the vicinity of the White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University (Kandalaksha Gulf)

description: Ophioglossum vulgatum L., a potential indicator of separating water reservoirs, has a wide distribution all over the world. However, this Pteridophyte rarely grows in large populations, its colonies generally consist of only a few or single plants and therefore this fern is considered a protected species in most of the regions.
In the vicinity of the White Sea Biological Station (WSBS) of Moscow State University, Adder's tongue is found in great density near Kislo-Sladkoye lake. In the early 2000's this species was found growing in mass in some areas around the lake. In July 2014, we found a small population near the Lower Ershovskoye lake estuary. In order to clarify the distribution of Ophioglossum over Kindo peninsula, a coastline registration survey was conducted in order to map the fern's populations and reveal its growth conditions.
Three new populations were found corresponding to proposed characteristic plant associations and abiotic factors supposedly limiting the fern's distribution. Ophioglossum vulgatum grows on slightly sloping coastal meadows near separating sea bays. It requires sufficient light, moderate moisture with low salinity (0.5-5.0 psu) and a pH of 7.37-8.65. Adder's tongue is accompanied by Poa pratensis L., Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link., Rhinanthus minor L., and Parnassia palustris L. The population is limited by a Dianthus superbus L. zone from one side and Lathyrus japonicus Willd. with Cornus suecica L. from the other side.
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-1-06
title: Influence of temperature and salinity on the survival of some benthic invertebrates in laboratory conditions

description: Separating sea bays create a complex habitat forcing its denizens to quickly adapt to changing conditions different from those in the sea: salinity, temperature, chemical composition etc. Animals vary in tolerance of changing life conditions. Thus, investigating the borders of adaptive abilities in the animals living in these waters is extremely interesting and allows us to better understand the functioning of both marine and continental water ecosystems.
In this study, we have chosen several marine, brackish and freshwater inhabitants in order to study their adaptation potentials under laboratory conditions. The animals were kept in water mixtures with a salinity range of 0-24 psu and at different temperatures. Three Gammaridae species showed different salinity preferences: G. lacustris only survived in fresh and slightly brackish water, M. obtusatus did not tolerate any freshening, while G. oceanicus showed a wide range of salinity tolerance.
Chironomus salinarius showed high mortality in the laboratory. Coleopterans demonstrated no preferences in salinity. Amphipods survived better at low temperatures, chironomides and beetles at room temperature. High temperatures (30 degree C) are detrimental to all subjects regardless of salinity. At low temperatures, (0...4 degree C), amphipods stand a greater range of salinities than at higher temperatures.
DOI: 10.12760/01-2015-1-03
title: Monitoring municipal solid waste small magnitude landfill settlement with DInSAR.

description: Municipal solid waste landfill has been suffering from well-documented, post-closure settlement over a long period of time. Settlement may lead to various undesirable phenomena such as cracks, failure of the cover system and surface ponding contamination surrounding areas and the aquifer. In this paper we highlight how differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Interferometry (DInSAR) is capable of monitoring landfill settlements on different spatial and temporal scales. We focus our attention on the Montegrosso-Pallareta landfill (Potenza, Italy) using COSMO-SkyMed interferometric data. Results are compared with a solid waste landfill settlement model, showing good agreement between measurements and expected deformation.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13514960.v1
title: 2bRAD-M simulated and sequenced datasets 2

description: 2bRAD-M simulated and sequenced datasetstypical low biomass samples including: 16S and 2bRAD-M for underarm, car and home samples, and 16S and 2bRAD-M for fecal samples.
DOI: 10.12760/02-2015-1-03
title: A simple method to demonstrate that ice formation creates stratification in salt meromictic lakes

description: One of the possible factors determining the vertical stratification of the water column in the coastal meromictic Arctic lakes is the ice formation. When seawater is freezing, the salt brine concentrates in the ice pores and is later released under the ice. The aim of this research was to verify the hypothesis that ice formation is an important mechanism explaining water stratification in salty meromictic lakes of the Arctic coast. 
Seawater samples were frozen at a temperature of -10 degree Celsius for 12-24 hours, and then slowly thawed at room temperature during 1-2 days. Freezing/thawing was performed in 1.5 l and 2 l plastic bottles. In all bottles with initial salinity of 30 psu, a diluted layer with salinities between 3 and 15 psu (average 7 psu) was formed at the surface. Close to the ice/water interface, the salinity varied between 6 and 14 psu. At the bottom a thin layer with a salinity of 40-50 psu was created. These vertical salinity differences were preserved after a period of 24 h. Additional experiments showed that similar water stratification occurred for samples with initial salinities of 27, 24, 20, 15, 10, 6 and 1 psu. The observed phenomena resemble the formation of brine fingers in Antarctic waters.
DOI: 10.12760/01-2015-1-02
title: Deriving a DTM from a DSM by uniform regions and context.

description: A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is typically used in applications such as environment planning, flood risk evaluation and building detection. A Digital Surface Model (DSM) is usually acquired by LASER scanning or from stereoscopic pairs of aerial or satellite images. By contrast, a direct DTM acquisition traditionally requires more effort on the terrain or for scene object classification and the automatic derivation of a DTM from a DSM still faces difficulties. 
We propose in this paper a new DTM from DSM approach that consists of three steps: DSM region segmentation, region selection and height interpolation. First the DSM is segmented into regions of limited slope. A gradient filter is applied to the DSM raster to highlight height transitions. A connected component algorithm labels the different regions separated by those transitions. Secondly, regions whose perimeter is on the average higher than their surrounding are discarded. Finally, a hierarchical interpolation procedure fills the holes in the DSM due to high gradients or discarded regions. 
The proposed algorithm developed for urban areas has been applied to the Vaihingen dataset of the ISPRS benchmark and qualitatively validated by the results of its independent evaluation procedure for building detection. In the context of change detection for database revision, this new DTM extraction was applied to an area in Brussels for which digital aerial imagery and LIDAR measurements are available. This reference data allowed for some quantitative evaluation of the DTM errors.
DOI: 10.12760/03-2014-31
title: Evaluation of Spectral Indices for Differentiating Melt Pond from Sea Ice.

description: Spectral indices using two reflectance bands were evaluated to implement fast differencing the melt pond from sea ice. The spectral indices comprise simple band-ratio calculations and these ratio-based methods can compensate light variations within individual images. The spectral indices developed for emphasizing ice, snow and water were evaluated with fine snow, melting snow having a shallow puddle of water on top and sea water reflectance spectra selected from ex-isting spectral libraries. Pairs of two bands of green and SWIR (shortwave infrared), red and SWIR, green and NIR (near infrared), and green and red wavelength regions were used as input bands for the spectral indices. The differences of the spectral indices between fine snow and water and be-tween melting snow and sea water for every pairs were calculated to compare performance of the spectral indices. The indices using green and SWIR band pairs and red and SWIR band pairs showed larger differences between fine snow and sea water and between melting snow and sea water than the indices using green and NIR band pairs and green and red band pairs. The highest separability inferred from averaged index differences between fine snow and water and between melting snow and water was obtained from the pairs of red and SWIR bands. The results can be applied to planning of a spectral imager specialized for polar region or to choose reasonable bands from existing remote sensing sensors.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12272360.v5
title: 2bRAD-M simulated and sequenced datasets

description: 2bRAD-M paper related datasets16S, WMS and 2bRAD-M for MOCK_CAS and MOCK-MSA1002, and 2bRAD-M for FFPE.
DOI: 10.12760/01-2012-1-02
title: Experimental study on graph-based image segmentation methods in the classification of satellite images.

description: Object recognition is one of the primary tasks in remote sensing. For example, identifying land cover based on satellite images has an important role in agriculture, environmental protection and economics. Image segmentation is an optional elementary step of the classification process. It can improve both accuracy and performance. Graph theory is a powerful tool to describe image processing algorithms. Its theoretical results greatly help in the analysis of methods. In this article four graph-based image segmentation algorithms are compared and evaluated, namely the best merge algorithm of Beaulieu, Goldberg and Tilton, tree merge segmentation of Felzenszwalb, minimum mean cut segmentation of Wang and Siskind, and finally normalised cut algorithm of Shi and Malik. After segmentation, segments are assigned to land cover categories with supervised classification. In turn, the result of classification is used to measure the accuracy of the procedure. Authors will describe the theoretical background and implementation details of segmentation algorithms, and will introduce some possible improvements.