DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kwh70rz2s
title: Data from: Wild bees as winners and losers: relative impacts of landscape composition, quality, and climate

description: Wild bees, like many other taxa, are threatened by land use and climate
 change, which in turn jeopardizes pollination of crops and wild plants.
 Understanding how land-use and climate factors interact is critical to
 predicting and managing pollinator populations and ensuring adequate
 pollination services, but most studies have evaluated either land-use or
 climate effects, not both. Further, bee species are incredibly variable,
 spanning an array of behavioral, physiological and life history traits
 that can increase or decrease resilience to land use or climate change.
 Thus, there are likely bee species that benefit, while others suffer, from
 changing climate and land use, but few studies have documented
 taxon-specific trends. To address these critical knowledge gaps, we
 analyzed a long-term dataset of wild bee occurrences from Maryland,
 Delaware, and Washington DC, USA, examining how different bee genera and
 functional groups respond to landscape composition, quality, and climate
 factors. Despite a large body of literature documenting land-use effects
 on wild bees, in this study, climate factors emerged as the main drivers
 of wild-bee abundance and richness. For wild-bee communities in spring and
 summer/fall, temperature and precipitation were more important predictors
 than landscape composition, landscape quality, or topography. However,
 relationships varied substantially between wild-bee genera and functional
 groups. In the Northeast USA, past trends and future predictions show a
 changing climate with warmer winters, more intense precipitation in winter
 and spring, and longer growing seasons with higher maximum temperatures.
 In almost all of our analyses, these conditions were associated with lower
 abundance of wild bees. Wild-bee richness results were more mixed,
 including neutral and positive relationships with predicted temperature
 and precipitation patterns. Thus, in this region and undoubtedly more
 broadly, changing climate poses a significant threat to wild-bee
 communities.
description: Data files:
 <strong>'bee_subcommunity_traits.csv':</strong> functional traits of most abundant, non-parasitics species of wild bees in USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab dataset (BIML). Functional traits include sociality, parasitism, intertegular span, foraging range, native status, and nest location. This is Table S3 in comma separated format for easier re-use. <strong>'richness_cleaned_spring_siteyear.csv':</strong> number of species ('richness') of wild bees in the spring, adjusted to a common sample coverage ('SC_adj') using iNEXT package in R. These data also include climate, topography, landscape composition, and landscape quality predictors. These variables are described in Table 1. <strong>'richness_cleaned_sumfall_siteyear.csv':</strong> number of species ('richness') of wild bees in the summer and fall, adjusted to a common sample coverage ('SC_adj') using iNEXT package in R. <strong>'abund_cleaned_spring_siteyear.csv':</strong> abundance of wild bees in the spring, adjusted by sampling effort (see Kammerer et al 2020 Sci Data for raw USGS BIML datasets and description of sampling effort adjustment). <strong>'abund_cleaned_sumfall_siteyear.csv':</strong> abundance of wild bees in the summer and fall, adjusted by sampling effort (see Kammerer et al 2020 Sci Data for raw USGS BIML datasets and description of sampling effort adjustment). See 'Kammerer_GCB_2020_ReadMe.txt' for a key to all column names.