DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jh9w0vtkk
title: Impacts of anthropogenic emission change scenarios on U.S. water and carbon balances at national and state scales in a changing climate

description: The U.S. water supply and carbon sequestration are increasingly threatened
 by future climate change and air pollution. This study
 investigates the ecohydrological responses to the individual and combined
 impacts of climate change and anthropogenic emission changes at
 two spatial scales by coupling a regional online-coupled meteorology and
 chemistry model (WRF-Chem) and a water balance model (WaSSI). Combined
 effects of climate change and anthropogenic emission changes in
 2046-2055 relative to 2001-2010 over the US enhance hydrological cycle and
 carbon sequestration. However, a drying trend occurs in the central and
 part of the western U.S. Climate change is projected to dominate the
 ecohydrological changes in most regions. Anthropogenic emission changes
 under 2001-2010 climate conditions cools down inland water resource
 regions with 0.01~0.15℃, moisturizes the east and dry the west U.S. More
 stringent anthropogenic emission control enhances precipitation and
 ecosystem production in the east and west but has an opposite
 trend in the central U.S. The ecohydrological modeling in California and
 North Carolina based on 4-km resolution meteorological data in
 2050 and 2005 shows varying changes in magnitudes and spatial
 patterns compared to results based on 36-km resolution meteorological
 data. Projected changes in air pollutant emissions may accelerate climatic
 warming in coastal areas and the state of New Mexico and decrease
 precipitation, runoff, and carbon sequestration in part of the western
 U.S. Strategies to address future possible problems such as heatwaves,
 water stress, and ecosystem productivity should consider the varying
 interplay between air quality control and climate change at
 different spatial scales.
description: # Impacts of Air Pollution Control on U.S. Water and Carbon Balances at
 National and State Scales in a Changing Climate Libo Zhang Kai Duan Yang
 Zhang (Corresponding author:
 [ya.zhang@northeastern.edu](mailto:ya.zhang@northeastern.edu)) Ge Sun Xu
 Liang This dataset includes 2-meter temperature (T2), Precipitation (P),
 evapotranspiration (ET), runoff (R), gross ecosystem production (GEP), and
 net ecosystem production (NEP = - NEE (net ecosystem exchange)) under
 TDM_A1B and TDM_B2 scenarios. These were obtained by driving the Water
 Supply Stress Index (WaSSI) model with the Weather Research and
 Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) data. TDM represents
 the technology driver model used in the paper. ## Description of the data
 and file structure The file name with C means the individual impact of
 climate change, E means the individual impact of emission change, CE means
 the combined impact of climate and emission changes  10-year mean changes
 (2046-2055) based on 36-km WRF-Chem 2-meter temperature (T2) and
 Precipitation (P) over Contiguous United States (CONUS) at CONUS scale
 (ACONUS), 2-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC-2) scale (AWRR), HUC-12 scale
 (ANB). CONUSPLOTS files are used to plot spatial changes plots with HUC12
 latitude and longitude information.  CONUS2005 files include variables
 results from the 1-year base (2005), TDM_A1B (2050), and TDM_B2 (2050)
 based on 36-km WRF-Chem T2 and P over the Contiguous United States
 (CONUS).   CA files include variables results from the 1-year base (2005),
 TDM_A1B (2050), and TDM_B2 (2050) based on 4-km WRF-Chem T2 and P over
 California (CA) state. NC files include variables results from the 1-year
 base (2005), TDM_A1B (2050), and TDM_B2 (2050) based on 4-km WRF-Chem T2
 and P over North Carolina (NC) state. **File1**: CONUSPLOTS_*C*_NEP.csv
 CSV of T2, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEP changes considering climate change only
 under *RCP8.5 or RCP4.5* scenario at HUC-12. | Variable name | Description
 | | :------------------------------ |
 :----------------------------------------------------------- | |
 **HUC-12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or lon** | latitude
 or longitude | | **A1B\_T2 (or B2\_T2)** | T2 changes under RCP8.5 (*or
 RCP4.5)* scenario  | | **A1B\_PRECIP (or B2\_PRECIP)** | Precipitation
 changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenarios  | | **A1B\_ET (or B2\_ET)**
 | ET changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenario  | | **A1B\_Runoff (or
 B2\_Runoff)** | Runoff changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenario  | |
 **A1B\_GEP (or B2\_GEP)** | GEP changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)* 
 scenario  | | **A1B\_NEP (or B2\_NEP)** | NEP changes under RCP8.5 (*or
 RCP4.5)*  scenario  | **File2**: CONUSPLOTS*E*NEP.csv CSV of T2, P, ET, R,
 GEP, and NEP changes considering anthropogenic emission change only under
 TDM_*A1B or TDM*_B2 scenario at HUC-12. | Variable name | Description | |
 :------------------------------ |
 :------------------------------------------------------------ | |
 **HUC-12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or lon** | latitude
 or longitude | | **A1B\_T2 (or B2\_T2)** | T2 changes under TDM\_*A1B (or
 TDM*\_B2) scenario  | | **A1B\_PRECIP (or B2\_PRECIP)** | Precipitation
 changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenario  | | **A1B\_ET (or
 B2\_ET)** | ET changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenario  | |
 **A1B\_Runoff (or B2\_Runoff)** | Runoff changes under TDM\_*A1B (or
 TDM*\_B2) scenario  | | **A1B\_GEP (or B2\_GEP)** | GEP changes under
 TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2)  scenario  | | **A1B\_NEP (or B2\_NEP)** | NEP
 changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenario  | **File3**:
 CONUSPLOTS_*CE*_NEP.csv CSV of T2, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEP changes
 considering both of climate change and anthropogenic emission change under
 TDM_*A1B with RCP8.5 or TDM*_B2 with RCP4.5 scenarios at HUC-12. |
 Variable name | Description | | :------------------------------ |
 :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC-12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or lon** | latitude or longitude | | **A1B\_T2 (or B2\_T2)** | T2 changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_PRECIP (or B2\_PRECIP)** | Precipitation changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_ET (or B2\_ET)** | ET changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_Runoff (or B2\_Runoff)** | Runoff changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5)  scenarios  | | **A1B\_GEP (or B2\_GEP)** | GEP changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_NEP (or B2\_NEP)** | NEP changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | **File4**: ACONUS_C.xlsx sheet of T2, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEP changes considering climate change only under RCP8.5 or RCP4.5 scenario over CONUS | Variable name | Description | | :------------------------------ | :----------------------------------------------------------- | | **A1B\_T2 (or B2\_T2)** | T2 changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)* scenarios  | | **A1B\_PRECIP (or B2\_PRECIP)** | Precipitation changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenarios  | | **A1B\_ET (or B2\_ET)** | ET changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenarios  | | **A1B\_Runoff (or B2\_Runoff)** | Runoff changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenarios  | | **A1B\_GEP (or B2\_GEP)** | GEP changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenarios  | | **A1B\_NEP (or B2\_NEP)** | NEP changes under RCP8.5 (*or RCP4.5)*  scenarios  | **File5**: ACONUS_E.xlsx sheet of T2, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEP changes considering anthropogenic emission change only under TDM_*A1B or TDM*_B2 scenario over CONUS | Variable name | Description | | :------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------- | | **A1B\_T2 (or B2\_T2)** | T2 changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenarios  | | **A1B\_PRECIP (or B2\_PRECIP)** | Precipitation changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenarios  | | **A1B\_ET (or B2\_ET)** | ET changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenarios  | | **A1B\_Runoff (or B2\_Runoff)** | Runoff changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenarios  | | **A1B\_GEP (or B2\_GEP)** | GEP changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2)  scenarios  | | **A1B\_NEP (or B2\_NEP)** | NEP changes under TDM\_*A1B (or TDM*\_B2) scenarios  | **File6**: ACONUS_CE.xlsx sheet of T2, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEP changes considering both of climate change and anthropogenic emission change under TDM_*A1B with RCP8.5 or TDM*_B2 with RCP4.5 scenarios over CONUS | Variable name | Description | | :------------------------------ | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **A1B\_T2 (or B2\_T2)** | T2 changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_PRECIP (or B2\_PRECIP)** | Precipitation changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_ET (or B2\_ET)** | ET changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_Runoff (or B2\_Runoff)** | Runoff changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5)  scenarios  | | **A1B\_GEP (or B2\_GEP)** | GEP changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | | **A1B\_NEP (or B2\_NEP)** | NEP changes under TDM\_*A1B and RCP8.5 (or TDM*\_B2 and RCP4.5) scenarios  | **File7**: AWRR_C.xlsx sheets of T, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEE changes considering climate change only under *RCP8.5 or* RCP4.5 scenarios over HUC-2. First row is under RCP8.5 and second row is under RCP4.5. Column 1-18 correspond to 1-18 HUC-2 **File8**: AWRR_E.xlsx sheets of T, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEE changes considering anthropogenic emission change only under *TDM_A1B or TDM_B2* scenarios over HUC-2. First row is under RCP8.5 and second row is under RCP4.5. Column 1-18 correspond to 1-18 HUC-2 **File9**: AWRR_CE.xlsx sheets of T, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEE changes considering both of climate change and anthropogenic emission change under TDM_*A1B with RCP8.5 and TDM_*B2 with RCP4.5 scenarios over HUC-2. First row is under RCP8.5 and second row is under RCP4.5. Column 1-18 correspond to 1-18 HUC-2 **File10**: ANB_C.xlsx sheets of T, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEE changes considering climate change only under *RCP8.5 and* RCP4.5 scenarios over HUC-2 WRR. First column is under RCP8.5 and second column is under RCP4.5. Row 1-82773 are based on HUC-12 WRR. The list of HUC-12 can be found in the first column of file 1. **File11**: ANB_E.xlsx sheets of T, P, ET, R, GEP, and NEE changes considering anthropogenic emission change only under *RCP8.5 and* RCP4.5 scenarios over HUC-2 WRR. First column is under TDM_A1B and second column is under TDM_B2. Row 1-82773 are based on HUC-12 WRR. The list of HUC-12 can be found in the first column of file 1. **File12**: ANB_CE.xlsx sheets of T, P, ET, R, GEP, NEE changes considering both of climate change and anthropogenic emission change under TDM_*A1B with RCP8.5 and TDM_*B2 with RCP4.5 scenarios over HUC-2 WRR. Row 1-82773 are based on HUC-12 WRR. The list of HUC-12 can be found in the first column of file 1. **File13**: CONUS2005_T2.csv CSV of T2 from PRISM data and simulations at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :--------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc (or Base*\_wrf)** | simulated averaged historical base T2 with (or without) bias correction | | **A1B\_*bc\_current (or A1B\_wrf*\_current)** | simulated averaged historical T2 with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current(or B2\_wrf\_current)** | simulated averaged historical T2 with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_B2 | **File14**: CONUS2005_P.csv CSV of Precipitation from PRISM data and simulations at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :--------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data  | | **Base\_*bc (or Base*\_wrf)** | simulated averaged historical monthly base precipitation with (or without) bias correction | | **A1B\_*bc\_current (or A1B\_wrf*\_current)** | simulated averaged historical monthly precipitation with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current(or B2\_wrf\_current)** | simulated averaged historical monthly precipitation with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_B2 | **File15**: CONUS2005_*other_*NEP.csv CSV of ET, R, GEP, and NEP from baseline simulation, and simulations under TDM*A1B or TDM_*B2 scenario at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :---------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated base ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation | | **A1B\_*bc\_current for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current *for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation under TDM\_B2 | **File16**: CA_T2.csv CSV of T2 from PRISM data and simulations over CA state at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :--------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc (or Base*\_wrf)** | simulated averaged historical base T2 with (or without) bias correction | | **A1B\_*bc\_current (or A1B\_wrf*\_current)** | simulated averaged historical T2 with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current(or B2\_wrf\_current)** | simulated averaged historical T2 with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_B2 | **File17**: CA_P.csv CSV of Precipitation from PRISM data and simulations over CA state at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :--------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc (or Base*\_wrf)** | simulated averaged historical monthly base precipitation with (or without) bias correction | | **A1B\_*bc\_current (or A1B\_wrf*\_current)** | simulated averaged historical monthly precipitation with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current(or B2\_wrf\_current)** | simulated averaged historical monthly precipitation with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_B2 | **File18**: CA_*other_*NEP.csv CSV of ET, R, GEP, and NEP from baseline simulation, and simulations under TDM*A1B or TDM_*B2 scenario over CA state at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :---------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated base ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation | | **A1B\_*bc\_current for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current *for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation under TDM\_B2 | **File19**: NC_T2.csv CSV of T2 from PRISM data and simulations over NC state at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :--------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc (or Base*\_wrf)** | simulated averaged historical base T2 with (or without) bias correction | | **A1B\_*bc\_current (or A1B\_wrf*\_current)** | simulated averaged historical T2 with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current(or B2\_wrf\_current)** | simulated averaged historical T2 with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_B2 | **File20**: NC_P.csv CSV of Precipitation from PRISM data and simulations over NC state at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :--------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc (or Base*\_wrf)** | simulated averaged historical monthly base precipitation with (or without) bias correction | | **A1B\_*bc\_current (or A1B\_wrf*\_current)** | simulated averaged historical monthly precipitation with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current(or B2\_wrf\_current)** | simulated averaged historical monthly precipitation with (or without) bias correction under TDM\_B2 | **File21:** NC_*other_*NEP.csv CSV of ET, R, GEP, and NEP from baseline simulation, and simulations under TDM*A1B or TDM_*B2 scenario over NC state at HUC-12 | Variable | Description | | :---------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **HUC\_12** | 12-digit hydrologic unit code | | **lat or long** | latitude or longitude | | **PRISM** | Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) data | | **Base\_*bc for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation | | **A1B\_*bc\_current for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation under TDM\_A1B | | ***B2\_bc\_*****current *for ET, R, GEP, and NEP, respectively*** | simulated ET, R, GEP, NEP using bias corrected T2 and Precipitation under TDM\_B2 |