DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n2z34tn0n
title: Data from: The role of non-natural foods in the nutritional strategies of monkeys in a human-modified mosaic landscape

description: Many tropical animals inhabit mosaic landscapes including human-modified
 habitat. In such landscapes, animals commonly adjust feeding behavior, and
 may incorporate non-natural foods. These behavioral shifts can influence
 consumers’ nutritional states, with implications for population
 persistence. However, few studies have addressed the nutritional role of
 non-natural food. We examined nutritional ecology of wild blue monkeys to
 understand how dietary habits related to non-natural foods might support
 population persistence in a mosaic landscape. We documented prevalence and
 nutritional composition of non-natural foods in monkey diets to assess how
 habitat use influenced their consumption and their contribution to
 nutritional strategies. While most energy and macronutrients came from
 natural foods, subjects focused non-natural feeding activity on five
 exotic plants and averaged about a third of daily calories from
 non-natural foods. Most non-natural food calories came from non-structural
 carbohydrates and least from protein. Consumption of non-natural foods
 related to time in human-modified habitats, which two groups used
 non-randomly. Non-natural and natural foods were similar in nutrients, and
 the amount of non-natural food consumed drove variation in nutritional
 strategy. When more daily calories came from non-natural foods, females
 consumed a higher ratio of non-protein energy to protein (NPE:P). Females
 also prioritized protein while allowing NPE:P to vary, increasing NPE
 while capitalizing on non-natural foods. Overall, these tropical mammals
 achieved a similar nutrient balance regardless of their intake of
 non-natural foods. Forest and forest-adjacent areas with non-natural
 vegetation may provide adequate nutrient access for consumers, and thus
 contribute to wildlife conservation in mosaic tropical landscapes.
description: The accompanying data file
 summarizes individual all-day focal follows of 24 wild adult female blue
 monkeys in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya, characterizing their daily nutrient
 intake based on observations of feeding behaviour combined with laboratory
 analysis of their foods, as described in:
 Takahashi, MQ, Rothman, JM,
 Cords, M. 2022. The role of non-natural foods in the nutritional
 strategies of monkeys in a human-modified landscape mosaic.
 <em>Biotropica</em> (see both main text and supplementary
 material). Please also refer to the above paper for a list
 of blue monkey foods categorized as natural and non-natural
 foods.   Additional information on the methods used in
 this study can be found in Takahashi, MQ. 2018. The Nutritional Ecology of
 Adult Female Blue Monkeys, <em>Cercopithecus</em>
 <em>mitis</em>, in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. PhD Thesis.
 Columbia University. https://doi.org/10.7916/D86M4PV3.   Variables (columns in data set) are described below, in an order corresponding to the order of columns in the data set, left to right. <strong>Column Title: Group  </strong> Data type= Category Description: Identifies in which of three study groups (named TWS, GSC, GN) subject lived. <strong>Column Title: Month</strong> Data type= Category/Date Description: Formatted as numerical month. Indicates month in which date the data were collected. <strong>Column Title: Day</strong> Data type= Category/Date Description: Formatted as numerical day. Indicates day on which date the data were collected. <strong>Column Title: ID</strong> Data type= Category   Description: Unique identifier for each subject. Subjects are 24 adult female blue monkeys, <em>Cercopithecus</em> <em>mitis</em> <em>stuhlmanni</em>, from a single population inhabiting a ca. 2 km<sup>2</sup> area of the Kakamega Forest, western Kenya, located near the Kakamega Forest Station (0o 19’ N, 34o 52’ E), a site of long-term study of the species. <strong>Column Title: Count.village</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Number of records during daily observation period that a subject was observed in the habitat type <em>village</em> <em>forest</em>. We recorded subject’s location at 30 min intervals, on the hour and half hour.  <strong>Column Title: Count.forest</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Number of records during daily observation period that a subject was observed in the habitat type <em>near</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>forest</em>. We recorded subject’s location at 30 min intervals, on the hour and half hour. <strong>Column Title: Count.plantation</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Number of records during daily observation period that a subject was observed in the habitat type <em>farm</em>/<em>plantation</em> <em>forest</em>. We recorded subject’s location at 30 min intervals, on the hour and half hour. <strong>Column Title: Nat.total.energy.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Sum of protein, lipid, NDF and TNC (units: kcal) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject.  <strong>Column Title: Nat.lipid.kcal</strong> Data Type: Quantitative Description: Daily intake of crude lipid on a dry matter basis (units: kcal) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We assessed crude lipid with a combination of wet chemistry techniques (ether extraction) and near-infrared spectroscopy. Macronutrient intake (grams) of lipid was converted to energetic values (kcal) using the conversion of 9 kcal/gram (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). <strong>Column Title: Nat.NDF.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: NDF=Neutral Detergent Fiber (units: kcal). Daily intake of structural carbohydrates as measured by NDF on a dry matter basis (and accounting for fiber fermentation, and thus digestibility) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We assessed NDF using wet chemistry techniques (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006; Rothman et al. 2008). We converted the intake (grams) of fiber to energetic values (kcal) using the conversion of 3 kcal/gram (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). The caloric value was adjusted by multiplication with a group-specific fiber digestibility coefficient: GN group: 0.37, TWS group: 0.39, GSC group: 0.22. <strong>Column Title: Nat.protein.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Daily intake of available protein on a dry matter basis (units: kcal) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We assessed available protein with a combination of wet chemistry techniques (subtracting acid detergent insoluble protein from crude protein amount from combustion) and near-infrared spectroscopy. Macronutrient intake (grams) of available protein was converted to energetic values (kcal) using the conversion of 4 kcal/gram (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). <strong>Column Title: Nat.TNC.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Daily intake of TNC (total non-structural carbohydrates) on a dry matter basis (units: kcal) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We computed TNC by subtracting from one the sum of the daily proportions of NDF, protein, lipid, and ash (in terms of grams), then converting the mass intake to caloric intake (with conversion of 4 kcal/g; Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). <strong>Column Title: Nat.NPE.kcal   </strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Non-protein energy (NPE). Sum of lipid, NDF and TNC (units: kcal) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. <strong>Column Title: Nat.NDF.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: NDF=Neutral Detergent Fiber (units: grams) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. Daily intake of structural carbohydrates as measured by NDF on a dry matter basis based on wet chemistry techniques. <strong>Column Title: Nat.ADF.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: ADF=Acid Detergent Fiber (units: grams) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. ADF was measured on a dry matter basis based on wet chemistry techniques. <strong>Column Title: Nat.ADL.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: ADL=Acid Detergent Lignin (units: grams) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. ADL was measured on a dry matter basis based on wet chemistry techniques. <strong>Column Title: Nat.food.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Daily intake of food (sum of protein, lipid, NDF, TNC and ash) on a dry matter basis (units: grams) of <em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.total.energy.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Sum of protein, lipid, NDF and TNC (units: kcal) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject.  <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.lipid.kcal</strong> Data Type: Quantitative Description: Daily intake of crude lipid on a dry matter basis (units: kcal) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We assessed crude lipid with a combination of wet chemistry techniques (ether extraction) and near-infrared spectroscopy. Macronutrient intake (grams) of lipid was converted to energetic values (kcal) using the conversion of 9 kcal/gram (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.NDF.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: NDF=Neutral Detergent Fiber (units: kcal). Daily intake of structural carbohydrates as measured by NDF on a dry matter basis (and accounting for fiber fermentation, and thus digestibility) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We assessed NDF using wet chemistry techniques (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006; Rothman et al. 2008). We converted the intake (grams) of fiber to energetic values (kcal) using the conversion of 3 kcal/gram (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). The caloric value was adjusted by multiplication with a group-specific fiber digestibility coefficient: GN group: 0.37, TWS group: 0.39, GSC group: 0.22. <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.protein.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Daily intake of available protein on a dry matter basis (units: kcal) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We assessed available protein with a combination of wet chemistry techniques (subtracting acid detergent insoluble protein from crude protein amount from combustion) and near-infrared spectroscopy. Macronutrient intake (grams) of available protein was converted to energetic values (kcal) using the conversion of 4 kcal/gram (Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.TNC.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Daily intake of TNC (total non-structural carbohydrates) on a dry matter basis (units: kcal) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. We computed TNC by subtracting from one the sum of the daily proportions of NDF, protein, lipid, and ash (in terms of grams), then converting the mass intake to caloric intake (with conversion of 4 kcal/g; Conklin-Brittain et al. 2006). <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.NPE.kcal</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Non-protein energy (NPE). Sum of lipid, NDF and TNC (units: kcal) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.NDF.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: NDF=Neutral Detergent Fiber (units: grams) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. Daily intake of structural carbohydrates as measured by NDF on a dry matter basis based on wet chemistry techniques. <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.ADF.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: ADF=Acid Detergent Fiber (units: grams) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. ADF was measured on a dry matter basis based on wet chemistry techniques. <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.ADL.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: ADL=Acid Detergent Lignin (units: grams) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. ADL was measured on a dry matter basis based on wet chemistry techniques. <strong>Column Title: Non.Nat.food.g</strong> Data type: Quantitative          Description: Daily intake of food (sum of protein, lipid, NDF, TNC and ash) on a dry matter basis (units: grams) of <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> observed to be eaten by focal subject. <strong>Column Title: natfdgday</strong> Data type: Categorical Description: Classification of whether the day’s caloric intake was majority from <em>non</em>-<em>natural</em> <em>foods</em> (coded as 0) or majority from natural foods (coded as 1).   <strong>References</strong>: Conklin-Brittain NL, Knott CD, Wrangham RW. 2006. Energy intake by wild chimpanzees and orangutans: Methodological considerations and a preliminary comparison. In: Hohmann G, Robbins MM, Boesch C, editors. <em>Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology</em>. Vol. 48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 445–472. Rothman JM, Chapman CA, Pell AN. 2008. Fiber-bound nitrogen in gorilla diets: Implications for estimating dietary protein intake of primates. <em>Am J Primatol</em>. 70(7):690–694.
description: Any software that can open a csv file.