cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6075/j0b8562k
title: Data from: Orthographic and phonological preview benefits: Parafoveal processing in skilled and less-skilled deaf readers. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_7_10h; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 60 cm; Screen resolution: 1024 X 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 800 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, questions.pl, jhook5b.pl, EyeDry
description: Publication abstract: Many deaf individuals do not develop the high-level reading skills that will allow them to fully take part into society. To attempt to explain this widespread difficulty in the deaf population, much research has honed in on the use of phonological codes during reading. The hypothesis that the use of phonological codes is associated with good reading skills in deaf readers, though not well supported, still lingers in the literature. We investigated skilled and less-skilled adult deaf readers’ processing of orthographic and phonological codes in parafoveal vision during reading by monitoring their eye movements and using the boundary paradigm. Orthographic preview benefits were found in early measures of reading for skilled hearing, skilled deaf, and less-skilled deaf readers, but only skilled hearing readers processed phonological codes in parafoveal vision. Crucially, skilled and less-skilled deaf readers showed a very similar pattern of preview benefits during reading. These results support the notion that reading difficulties in deaf adults are not linked to their failure to activate phonological codes during reading. Subject population: Adults, deaf, bilingual
DOI: 10.6075/j05q4t14
title: Data from: Frequency Drives Lexical Access in Reading but Not in Speaking: The Frequency-lag Hypothesis. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_7_10h; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 55 cm; Screen resolution: 1280 x 1024; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 2500 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, EyeDry
description: Publication abstract: To contrast mechanisms of lexical access in production versus comprehension we compared the effects of word frequency (high, low), context (none, low constraint, high constraint), and level of English proficiency (monolingual, Spanish-English bilingual, Dutch-English bilingual) on picture naming, lexical decision, and eye fixation times. Semantic constraint effects were larger in production than in reading. Frequency effects were larger in production than in reading without constraining context but larger in reading than in production with constraining context. Bilingual disadvantages were modulated by frequency in production but not in eye fixation times, were not smaller in low-constraint contexts, and were reduced by high-constraint' contexts only in production and only at the lowest level of English proficiency. These results challenge existing accounts of bilingual disadvantages and reveal fundamentally different processes during lexical access across modalities, entailing a primarily semantically driven search in production but a frequency-driven search in comprehension. The apparently more interactive process in production than comprehension could simply reflect a greater number of frequency-sensitive processing stages in production. Subject population: Adults, student, bilingual
DOI: 10.6075/j09g5jrf
title: Data from: Foveal-Parafoveal Overlap Can Facilitate Ongoing Word Identification During Reading. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Publication abstract: Readers continuously receive parafoveal information about the upcoming word in addition to the foveal information about the currently fixated word. Previous research (Inhoff, Radach, Starr, & Greenberg, 2000) showed that the presence of a parafoveal word which was similar to the foveal word facilitated processing of the foveal word. In three experiments, we used the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to manipulate the parafoveal information that subjects received before or while fixating a target word (e.g. news) within a sentence. Specifically a reader’s parafovea could contain a repetition of the target (news), a correct preview of the post-target word (once), an unrelated word (warm), random letters (cxmr), a nonword neighbor of the target (niws), a semantically related word (tale), or a nonword neighbor of that word (tule). Target fixation times were significantly lower in the parafoveal repetition condition than in all other conditions, suggesting that foveal processing can be facilitated by parafoveal repetition. We present a simple model framework that can account for these effects. Subject population: Adults, student
description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_7_10h; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 55 cm; Screen resolution: 1024 x 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 800 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, EyeDry
DOI: 10.6075/j0d798bs
title: Data from: Eye Movements While Reading Biased Homographs: Effects of Prior Encounter and Biasing Context on Reducing the Subordinate Bias Effect. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_7_10h; Font: 14pt Consolas (10 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 61 cm; Screen resolution: 1280 x 1024; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 800 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, EyeDry, questions.pl
description: Publication abstract: Readers experience processing difficulties when reading biased homographs preceded by subordinate-biasing contexts. Attempts to overcome this processing deficit have often failed to reduce the subordinate bias effect (SBE). In the present studies, we examined the processing of biased homographs preceded by single-sentence subordinately-biasing contexts, and varied whether this preceding context contained a prior instance of the homograph or a control word/phrase. Having previously encountered the homograph earlier in the sentence reduced the SBE for the subsequent encounter, whereas simply instantiating the subordinate meaning produced processing difficulty. We compared these reductions in reading times to differences in processing time between dominant-biased repeated and nonrepeated conditions in order to verify that the reductions observed in the subordinate cases did not simply reflect a general repetition benefit. Our results indicate that a strong, subordinate-biasing context can interact during lexical access to overcome the activation from meaning frequency and reduce the SBE during reading. Subject population: Adults
DOI: 10.6075/j0j10122
title: Data from: Eye Movements of Older and Younger Readers when Reading Unspaced Text. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_7_10k; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 55 cm; Screen resolution: 1024 X 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 1000 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, Questions.pl, EyeDry
description: Publication abstract: Older and younger readers read normal and unspaced text as their eye movements were monitored. A high or low frequency word was embedded in each sentence. Global analyses yielded large effects of spacing with unspaced text leading to much longer reading times for both groups, but the older readers had much more difficulty with unspaced text than younger readers. Local analyses of the target word revealed large main effects due to age, spacing, and frequency. In general, the older readers had more difficulty with the unspaced text than younger readers and some reasons why they did so are suggested. Subject population: Adults, student, senior
DOI: 10.6075/j0f769g5
title: Data from: Eye movements and word skipping during reading: Effects of word length and predictability. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Presentation software: EyeTrack (Version Unknown); Font: 14pt Consolas (10 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 55 cm; Screen resolution: 1280 X 1024; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 2000 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop10.pl, Questions.pl, EyeDry
description: Publication abstract: Eye movements were monitored as subjects read sentences containing high- or low-predictable target words. The extent to which target words were predictable from prior context was varied: Half of the target words were predictable, and the other half were unpredictable. In addition, the length of the target word varied: The target words were short (4-6 letters), medium (7-9 letters), or long (10-12 letters). Length and predictability both yielded strong effects on the probability of skipping the target words and on the amount of time readers fixated the target words (when they were not skipped). However, there was no interaction in any of the measures examined for either skipping or fixation time. The results demonstrate that word predictability (due to contextual constraint) and word length have strong and independent influences on word skipping and fixation durations. Furthermore, because the long words extended beyond the word identification span, the data indicate that skipping can occur on the basis of partial information in relation to word identity. Subject population: Adults, student
DOI: 10.6075/j0np22cr
title: Data from: Eye Movements and Display Change Detection During Reading. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Publication abstract: In the boundary change paradigm (Rayner, 1975), when a reader's eyes cross an invisible boundary location, a preview word is replaced by a target word. Readers are generally unaware of such changes due to saccadic suppression. However, some readers detect changes on a few trials and a small percentage of them detect many changes. Two experiments are reported in which we combined eye movement data with signal detection analyses to investigate display change detection. On each trial, readers had to indicate if they saw a display change in addition to reading for meaning. On half the trials the display change occurred during the saccade (immediate condition); on the other half, it was slowed by 15-25 ms (delay condition) to increase the likelihood that a change would be detected. Sentences were presented in an alternating case fashion allowing us to investigate the influence of both letter identity and case. In the immediate condition, change detection was higher when letters changed than when case changed corroborating findings that word processing utilizes abstract (case independent) letter identities. However, in the delay condition (where d' was much higher than the immediate condition), detection was equal for letter and case changes. The results of both experiments indicate that sensitivity to display changes was related to how close the eyes were to the invalid preview on the fixation prior to the display change, as well as the timing of the completion of this change relative to the start of the post-change fixation. Subject population: Adults
description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0.7.10k; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 60cm; Screen resolution: 1280 x 1024; Cut-off for short fixations: 80ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 1000 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, jhook5b.pl, Questions.pl, EyeDry
DOI: 10.6075/j0sf2t33
title: Data from: The Effect of Foveal and Parafoveal Masks on the Eye Movements of Older and Younger Readers. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Publication abstract: In the present study, we examined foveal and parafoveal processing in older compared with younger readers by using gaze-contingent paradigms with 4 conditions. Older and younger readers read sentences in which the text was either a) presented normally, b) the foveal word was masked as soon as it was fixated, c) all of the words to the left of the fixated word were masked, or d) all of the words to the right of the fixated word were masked. Although older and younger readers both found reading when the fixated word was masked quite difficult, the foveal mask increased sentence reading time more than 3-fold (3.4) for the older readers (in comparison with the control condition in which the sentence was presented normally) compared with the younger readers who took 1.3 times longer to read sentences in the foveal mask condition (in comparison with the control condition). The left and right parafoveal masks did not disrupt reading as severely as the foveal mask, though the right mask was more disruptive than the left mask. Also, there was some indication that the younger readers found the right mask condition relatively more disruptive than the left mask condition. Subject population: Adults, senior
description: Presentation software: EyeTrack (Version Unknown); Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 55 cm; Viewing_distance: 55 cm; Screen_resolution: 1024 X 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 1200 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, windowchange.pl, questions.pl, dampdry.exe, posScriptMod.R
DOI: 10.6075/j0x63jtd
title: Data from: Task Effects Reveal Cognitive Flexibility Responding to Frequency and Predictability: Evidence from Eye Movements in Reading and Proofreading. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Publication abstract: It is well-known that word frequency and predictability affect processing time. These effects change magnitude across tasks, but studies testing this use tasks with different response types (e.g., lexical decision, naming, and fixation time during reading; Schilling, Rayner, & Chumbley, 1998), preventing direct comparison. Recently, Kaakinen and Hyönä (2010) overcame this problem, comparing fixation times in reading for comprehension and proofreading, showing that the frequency effect was larger in proofreading than in reading. This result could be explained by readers exhibiting substantial cognitive flexibility, and qualitatively changing how they process words in the proofreading task in a way that magnifies effects of word frequency. Alternatively, readers may not change word processing so dramatically, and instead may perform more careful identification generally, increasing the magnitude of many word processing effects (e.g., both frequency and predictability). We tested these possibilities with two experiments: subjects read for comprehension and then proofread for spelling errors (letter transpositions) that produce nonwords (e.g., trcak for track as in Kaakinen & Hyona) or that produce real but unintended words (e.g., trial for trail) to compare how the task changes these effects. Replicating Kaakinen and Hyona, frequency effects increased during proofreading. However, predictability effects only increased when integration with the sentence context was necessary to detect errors (i.e., when spelling errors produced words that were inappropriate in the sentence; trial for trail). The results suggest that readers adopt sophisticated word processing strategies to accommodate task demands. Subject population: Adults, student
description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_9_0RT; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 60 cm; Screen resolution: 1024 x 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 800 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, EyeDry
DOI: 10.6075/j01z429s
title: Data from: Skipping Syntactically Illegal 'the' Previews: The Role of Predictability. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_7_10h; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 60 cm; Screen resolution: 1024 x 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 1000 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, jhook5m.pl, questions.pl,EyeDry, E-Z Reader 10
description: Publication abstract: Readers tend to skip words, particularly when they are short, frequent, or predictable. Angele and Rayner (2013) recently reported that readers are often unable to detect syntactic anomalies in parafoveal vision. In the present study, we manipulated target word predictability to assess whether contextual constraint modulates the-skipping behavior. The results provide further evidence that readers frequently skip the article the when infelicitous in context. Readers skipped predictable words more often than unpredictable words, even when the, which was syntactically illegal and unpredictable from the prior context, was presented as a parafoveal preview. The results of the experiment were simulated using E-Z Reader 10 by assuming that cloze probability can be dissociated from parafoveal visual input. It appears that when a short word is predictable in context, a decision to skip it can be made even if the information available parafoveally conflicts both visually and syntactically with those predictions. Subject population: Adults, student
DOI: 10.6075/j0w66hp1
title: Data from: Skilled Deaf Readers Have an Enhanced Perceptual Span in Reading. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Publication abstract: Recent evidence suggests that, compared with hearing people, deaf people have enhanced visual attention to simple stimuli viewed in the parafovea and periphery. Although a large part of reading involves processing the fixated words in foveal vision, readers also utilize information in parafoveal vision to preprocess upcoming words and decide where to look next. In the study reported here, we investigated whether auditory deprivation affects low-level visual processing during reading by comparing the perceptual span of deaf signers who were skilled and less-skilled readers with the perceptual span of skilled hearing readers. Compared with hearing readers, the two groups of deaf readers had a larger perceptual span than would be expected given their reading ability. These results provide the first evidence that deaf readers’ enhanced attentional allocation to the parafovea is used during complex cognitive tasks, such as reading. Subject population: Adults, deaf, bilingual
description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0.7.10m; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 70 cm; Screen resolution: 1024 x 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 800 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, windowchange.pl, questions.pl, dampdry.exe, posScriptMod.R
DOI: 10.6075/j00z715d
title: Data from: Semantic Preview Benefit in Reading English: The Effect of Initial Letter Capitalization. In Keith Rayner Eye Movements in Reading Data Collection

description: Publication abstract: A major controversy in reading research is whether semantic information is obtained from the word to the right of the currently fixated word (word n+1). Although most evidence has been negative in English, semantic preview benefit has been observed for readers of Chinese and German. In the present experiment, we investigated whether the discrepancy between English and German may be attributable to a difference in visual properties of the orthography: the first letter of a noun is always capitalized in German, but is only occasionally capitalized in English. This visually salient property may draw greater attention to the word during parafoveal preview and thus increase preview benefit generally (and lead to a greater opportunity for semantic preview benefit). We used English target nouns that can either be capitalized (e.g., We went to the critically acclaimed Ballet of Paris while on vacation.) or not (e.g., We went to the critically acclaimed ballet that was showing in Paris.) and manipulated the capitalization of the preview accordingly, to determine whether capitalization modulates preview benefit in English. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm was used with identical, semantically related, and unrelated pre- views. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found numerically larger preview benefits when the preview/ target was capitalized than when it was lowercase. Crucially, semantic preview benefit was not observed when the preview/target word was not capitalized, but was observed when the preview/target word was capitalized. Subject population: Adults
description: Presentation software: EyeTrack_0_7_10h; Font: 14pt Courier New (11 horizontal pixels per character); Viewing distance: 60 cm; Screen resolution: 1024 x 768; Cut-off for short fixations: 80 ms; Cut-off for long fixations: 800 ms; Fixations within n characters merged: 1 character; Software used for data processing: TimDrop.pl, EyeDry
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.21440763.v3
title: Full Methodology BMC Data Note

description: Full methodology for generating MAGs from cat fecal microbiomes using Hi-C proximity ligation in combination with shotgun sequencing. The data (raw sequences, contigs, and MAGs) were submitted to BMC Research Notes as a Data Note and are available to download from NCBI.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8210330
title: Benne: A Modular Data Stream Clustering Algorithm with Flexible Design Choices

description: All of the source dataset with preprocessed format [id features class] that have been used for evaluation in the paper.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8210331
title: Benne: A Modular Data Stream Clustering Algorithm with Flexible Design Choices

description: All of the source dataset with preprocessed format [id features class] that have been used for evaluation in the paper.
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/6244557
title: Alpaca_farsi
DOI: 10.3886/e146341v1-140625
title: NIH SEER U.S. Population Data - 1969-2019

description: The county population estimates currently used in the SEER*Stat software to calculate cancer incidence and mortality rates are available for download (see Download U.S. Population Data). They represent a modification of the intercensal and Vintage 2019 annual time series of July 1, county population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin produced by the U.S. Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program, in collaboration with the National Center for Health Statistics, and with support from the NCI through an interagency agreement. <br><br>The files were downloaded and archived on July 28, 2021 by the American Economic Association's Data Editor.<br><br>
description: Persons residing in the United States<br>.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.23848920
title: Science Fiction Fan Podcast Data_Episode Sample

description: This data is from a 2023 study on citations made in science fiction fan podcasts. This the sample of podcast episodes analyzed in the study by Amber Sewell for their FanLIS presentation.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.23848920.v1
title: Science Fiction Fan Podcast Data_Episode Sample

description: This data is from a 2023 study on citations made in science fiction fan podcasts. This the sample of podcast episodes analyzed in the study by Amber Sewell for their FanLIS presentation.