DOI: 10.3886/icpsr00001.v4
title: United States Historical Election Returns, 1824-1968
title: Version 4

description: Please read the <strong>collection notes</strong> below; there are many points to be aware of for this collection prior to analysis.
This collection of historical election data contains state
files that list county-level returns for over 90 percent of all
elections to the offices of president, governor, United States
senator, and United States representative from 1824 through 1968. The
data files include returns for all parties and candidates (as well as
write-in and scattering votes if available for individual states), and
for special elections as well as regularly-scheduled contests. Over
1,000 individual party names and many additional unaffiliated
candidates are included.
description: The purpose of this study is to capture United States county-level historical election returns over the time period of 1824 to 1968.
description: Variables within each dataset in this study contain variables capturing state code, county name, congressional district numbers over time, and county-level election returns.
description: Datasets: 
DS0: Study-Level Files
DS1: Election Returns for Connecticut, 1824-1860
DS2: Election Returns for Connecticut, 1861-1904
DS3: Election Returns for Connecticut, 1906-1942
DS4: Election Returns for Connecticut, 1944-1968
DS5: Election Returns for Maine, 1824-1873
DS6: Election Returns for Maine, 1874-1902
DS7: Election Returns for Maine, 1906-1944
DS8: Election Returns for Maine, 1946-1968
DS9: Election Returns for Massachusetts, 1824-1855
DS10: Election Returns for Massachusetts, 1856-1895
DS11: Election Returns for Massachusetts, 1896-1928
DS12: Election Returns for Massachusetts, 1930-1964
DS13: Election Returns for Massachusetts, 1964-1968
DS14: Election Returns for New Hampshire, 1824-1871
DS15: Election Returns for New Hampshire, 1872-1875
DS16: Election Returns for New Hampshire, 1876-1918
DS17: Election Returns for New Hampshire, 1920-1926
DS18: Election Returns for New Hampshire, 1928-1964
DS19: Election Returns for New Hampshire, 1966-1968
DS20: Election Returns for Rhode Island, 1824-1866
DS21: Election Returns for Rhode Island, 1867-1899
DS22: Election Returns for Rhode Island, 1900-1903
DS23: Election Returns for Rhode Island, 1904-1938
DS24: Election Returns for Rhode Island, 1940-1944
DS25: Election Returns for Rhode Island, 1946-1968
DS26: Election Returns for Vermont, 1824-1866
DS27: Election Returns for Vermont, 1867-1910
DS28: Election Returns for Vermont, 1912-1914
DS29: Election Returns for Vermont, 1916-1950
DS30: Election Returns for Vermont, 1952-1958
DS31: Election Returns for Vermont, 1960-1968
DS32: Election Returns for Delaware, 1823-1876
DS33: Election Returns for Delaware, 1878-1920
DS34: Election Returns for Delaware, 1922-1926
DS35: Election Returns for Delaware, 1928-1968
DS36: Election Returns for New Jersey, 1824-1874
DS37: Election Returns for New Jersey, 1876-1882
DS38: Election Returns for New Jersey, 1883-1922
DS39: Election Returns for New Jersey, 1924-1953
DS40: Election Returns for New Jersey, 1954-1968
DS41: Election Returns for New York, 1824-1854
DS42: Election Returns for New York, 1856-1884
DS43: Election Returns for New York, 1885-1906
DS44: Election Returns for New York, 1908-1922
DS45: Election Returns for New York, 1923-1933
DS46: Election Returns for New York, 1934-1938
DS47: Election Returns for New York, 1940-1952
DS48: Election Returns for New York, 1954-1968
DS49: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1824-1876
DS50: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1878-1882
DS51: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1884-1899
DS52: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1900
DS53: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1901-1915
DS54: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1916-1928
DS55: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1930-1964
DS56: Election Returns for Pennsylvania, 1966-1968
DS57: Election Returns for Illinois, 1824-1878
DS58: Election Returns for Illinois, 1880-1910
DS59: Election Returns for Illinois, 1912-1930
DS60: Election Returns for Illinois, 1932-1968
DS61: Election Returns for Indiana, 1824-1872
DS62: Election Returns for Indiana, 1874-1926
DS63: Election Returns for Indiana, 1928-1968
DS64: Election Returns for Michigan, 1835-1874
DS65: Election Returns for Michigan, 1876-1886
DS66: Election Returns for Michigan, 1888-1920
DS67: Election Returns for Michigan, 1922-1928
DS68: Election Returns for Michigan, 1930-1960
DS69: Election Returns for Michigan, 1962-1968
DS70: Election Returns for Ohio, 1824-1873
DS71: Election Returns for Ohio, 1874-1878
DS72: Election Returns for Ohio, 1879-1916
DS73: Election Returns for Ohio, 1918-1920
DS74: Election Returns for Ohio, 1922-1948
DS75: Election Returns for Ohio, 1950
DS76: Election Returns for Ohio, 1952-1968
DS77: Election Returns for Wisconsin, 1848-1884
DS78: Election Returns for Wisconsin, 1886-1890
DS79: Election Returns for Wisconsin, 1892-1926
DS80: Election Returns for Wisconsin, 1928-1931
DS81: Election Returns for Wisconsin, 1932-1968
DS82: Election Returns for Iowa, 1846-1887
DS83: Election Returns for Iowa, 1888-1923
DS84: Election Returns for Iowa, 1924-1926
DS85: Election Returns for Iowa, 1928-1958
DS86: Election Returns for Iowa, 1960-1968
DS87: Election Returns for Kansas, 1862-1898
DS88: Election Returns for Kansas, 1900-1936
DS89: Election Returns for Kansas, 1938-1943
DS90: Election Returns for Kansas, 1944-1968
DS91: Election Returns for Minnesota, 1857-1902
DS92: Election Returns for Minnesota, 1904-1908
DS93: Election Returns for Minnesota, 1910-1946
DS94: Election Returns for Minnesota, 1948-1950
DS95: Election Returns for Minnesota, 1952-1968
DS96: Election Returns for Missouri, 1824-1872
DS97: Election Returns for Missouri, 1874-1922
DS98: Election Returns for Missouri, 1924-1968
DS99: Election Returns for Nebraska, 1866-1908
DS100: Election Returns for Nebraska, 1910-1912
DS101: Election Returns for Nebraska, 1914-1948
DS102: Election Returns for Nebraska, 1950-1952
DS103: Election Returns for Nebraska, 1954-1968
DS104: Election Returns for North Dakota, 1889-1926
DS105: Election Returns for North Dakota, 1928-1962
DS106: Election Returns for North Dakota, 1964-1968
DS107: Election Returns for South Dakota, 1889-1932
DS108: Election Returns for South Dakota, 1934-1968
DS109: Election Returns for Virginia, 1824-1888
DS110: Election Returns for Virginia, 1893-1929
DS111: Election Returns for Virginia, 1930-1932
DS112: Election Returns for Virginia, 1933-1968
DS113: Election Returns for Alabama, 1824-1874
DS114: Election Returns for Alabama, 1876-1918
DS115: Election Returns for Alabama, 1920-1960
DS116: Election Returns for Alabama, 1962-1968
DS117: Election Returns for Arkansas, 1836-1890
DS118: Election Returns for Arkansas, 1892-1902
DS119: Election Returns for Arkansas, 1904-1940
DS120: Election Returns for Arkansas, 1942
DS121: Election Returns for Arkansas, 1944-1968
DS122: Election Returns for Florida, 1845-1900
DS123: Election Returns for Florida, 1902-1914
DS124: Election Returns for Florida, 1916-1956
DS125: Election Returns for Florida, 1958-1968
DS126: Election Returns for Georgia, 1824-1860
DS127: Election Returns for Georgia, 1868-1930
DS128: Election Returns for Georgia, 1932-1946
DS129: Election Returns for Georgia, 1948-1968
DS130: Election Returns for Louisiana, 1824-1892
DS131: Election Returns for Louisiana, 1894-1938
DS132: Election Returns for Louisiana, 1940-1948
DS133: Election Returns for Louisiana, 1950-1968
DS134: Election Returns for Mississippi, 1824-1896
DS135: Election Returns for Mississippi, 1898-1941
DS136: Election Returns for Mississippi, 1942-1951
DS137: Election Returns for Mississippi, 1952-1968
DS138: Election Returns for North Carolina, 1824-1874
DS139: Election Returns for North Carolina, 1876-1928
DS140: Election Returns for North Carolina, 1930-1936
DS141: Election Returns for North Carolina, 1938-1968
DS142: Election Returns for South Carolina, 1824-1894
DS143: Election Returns for South Carolina, 1896-1904
DS144: Election Returns for South Carolina, 1906-1940
DS145: Election Returns for South Carolina, 1942-1968
DS146: Election Returns for Texas, 1846-1896
DS147: Election Returns for Texas, 1898-1931
DS148: Election Returns for Texas, 1932-1936
DS149: Election Returns for Texas, 1937-1968
DS150: Election Returns for Kentucky, 1824-1875
DS151: Election Returns for Kentucky, 1876-1880
DS152: Election Returns for Kentucky, 1882-1928
DS153: Election Returns for Kentucky, 1929-1959
DS154: Election Returns for Kentucky, 1960-1968
DS155: Election Returns for Maryland, 1824-1880
DS156: Election Returns for Maryland, 1882-1924
DS157: Election Returns for Maryland, 1926-1968
DS158: Election Returns for Oklahoma, 1907-1938
DS159: Election Returns for Oklahoma, 1940-1948
DS160: Election Returns for Oklahoma, 1950-1968
DS161: Election Returns for Tennessee, 1825-1882
DS162: Election Returns for Tennessee, 1884-1930
DS163: Election Returns for Tennessee, 1932-1968
DS164: Election Returns for West Virginia, 1863-1916
DS165: Election Returns for West Virginia, 1918-1954
DS166: Election Returns for West Virginia, 1956-1968
DS167: Election Returns for Arizona, 1911-1944
DS168: Election Returns for Arizona, 1946-1952
DS169: Election Returns for Arizona, 1954-1968
DS170: Election Returns for Colorado, 1876-1910
DS171: Election Returns for Colorado, 1912-1914
DS172: Election Returns for Colorado, 1916-1946
DS173: Election Returns for Colorado, 1948-1968
DS174: Election Returns for Idaho, 1890-1924
DS175: Election Returns for Idaho, 1926-1934
DS176: Election Returns for Idaho, 1936-1968
DS177: Election Returns for Montana, 1889-1932
DS178: Election Returns for Montana, 1934-1968
DS179: Election Returns for Nevada, 1864-1912
DS180: Election Returns for Nevada, 1914-1924
DS181: Election Returns for Nevada, 1926-1960
DS182: Election Returns for Nevada, 1962-1968
DS183: Election Returns for New Mexico, 1911-1942
DS184: Election Returns for New Mexico, 1944-1968
DS185: Election Returns for Utah, 1896-1936
DS186: Election Returns for Utah, 1938-1946
DS187: Election Returns for Utah, 1948-1968
DS188: Election Returns for Wyoming, 1890-1930
DS189: Election Returns for Wyoming, 1932-1968
DS190: Election Returns for California, 1849-1894
DS191: Election Returns for California, 1896-1900
DS192: Election Returns for California, 1902-1936
DS193: Election Returns for California, 1938-1944
DS194: Election Returns for California, 1946-1968
DS195: Election Returns for Oregon, 1858-1904
DS196: Election Returns for Oregon, 1906-1916
DS197: Election Returns for Oregon, 1918-1952
DS198: Election Returns for Oregon, 1954-1968
DS199: Election Returns for Washington, 1889-1924
DS200: Election Returns for Washington, 1926-1930
DS201: Election Returns for Washington, 1932-1968
DS202: Election Returns for Alaska, 1958-1968
DS203: Election Returns for Hawaii, 1959-1968
description: Smallest Geographic Unit: United States Counties
description: The election data have been matched-merged and fixed-formatted within states. Because of the volume of data available for some states, it was necessary to store the election returns in
more than one file per state.County names have been standardized, including names for counties that have experienced name changes over time. In addition to the names, a county identification number was added to all county-level records. This number allows unique identification of all counties within states.Data for elections to the office of United States representative have been collapsed to the whole-county level.The election data files for each county contain the congressional district number of that county at the time of each election for the office of United States representative. When a county was divided into more than one congressional district, a code value indicating the number of congressional districts into which the county was divided was inserted in place of the congressional district number. It is thus possible to aggregate to the congressional district level all county-level election data (except in the case of split-district counties), and to perform the aggregations for the districts as they were constituted for any Congress.Counties may have been assigned a congressional district number of zero if they were not in existence at the time of the election, did not report vote totals, or did not participate in that election.For election returns data from 1970 to 1990, see "General Election Data for the United States, 1950-1990 (ICPSR 13)."Dataset 32 is titled "Election Returns for Delaware, 1823-1876" and includes data from 1832, while the study title "United States Historical Election Returns, 1824-1968" does not include the year 1823.In datasets 126, 127, 128 and 129 for Georgia, the county identification code for Jackson county is 1510 in the data, however, it should be 1570. Users are advised when analyzing these data by county to either use the county names in variable <strong>V2</strong> or recode the county identification in variable <strong>V3</strong> from 1510 to 1570 for Jackson county.For all data files, <strong>V1</strong> is labeled "ICPR STATE CODE." This reflects previously used institutional title. Users may note difference from currently used acronym, ICPSR, since title change.