DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4tmpg4fbk
title: Data from: Population genetics and independently replicated evolution of predator-associated burst speed ecophenotypy in mosquitofish

description: Many species show replicated ecophenotypy due to recurring patterns of
 natural selection. Based on the presence or absence of pursuit predators,
 at least 17 species of fish repeatedly differentiated in body shape in a
 manner that increases burst swimming speed and the likelihood of predator
 escape. The predator-associated burst speed (PABS) ecophenotype is
 characterized by a small head and trunk and enlarged caudal region.
 Mechanisms promoting replicated phenotype-environment association include
 selection (without evolution), a single instance of adaptive evolution
 followed by biased habitat occupation, repeated instances of local
 adaptation, or adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Common garden rearing of
 mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, demonstrated a likely heritable basis for
 PABS phenotypy, but it is unknown whether populations are otherwise
 genetically distinct or whether replicated ecophenotypy represents a
 single or replicated instances of adaptation. To genetically characterize
 the populations and test hypotheses of single or multiple adaptations, we
 characterized variation in 12 polymorphic DNA microsatellites in the
 previously studied G. affinis populations. Populations were genetically
 distinct by multilocus analysis, exhibited high allelic diversity, and
 were heterozygote deficient, which effects were attributed to G. affinis’s
 shoaling nature and habitat patchiness. Genetic and phenotypic distances
 among populations were correlated for non-PABS but not PABS morphology.
 Multilocus analysis demonstrated ecophenotype polyphyly and scattered
 multivariate genetic structure which support only the
 replicated-adaptation model. As all of the diverse tests performed
 demonstrated lack of congruence between patterns of molecular genetic and
 PABS differentiation, it is likely that divergent natural selection drove
 multiple instances of adaptive evolution.Many species show replicated
 ecophenotypy due to recurring patterns of natural selection. Based on the
 presence or absence of pursuit predators, at least 17 species of fish
 repeatedly differentiated in body shape in a manner that increases burst
 swimming speed and the likelihood of predator escape. The
 predator-associated burst speed (PABS) ecophenotype is characterized by a
 small head and trunk and enlarged caudal region. Mechanisms promoting
 replicated phenotype-environment association include selection (without
 evolution), a single instance of adaptive evolution followed by biased
 habitat occupation, repeated instances of local adaptation, or adaptive
 phenotypic plasticity. Common garden rearing of mosquitofish, Gambusia
 affinis, demonstrated a likely heritable basis for PABS phenotypy, but it
 is unknown whether populations are otherwise genetically distinct or
 whether replicated ecophenotypy represents a single or replicated
 instances of adaptation. To genetically characterize the populations and
 test hypotheses of single or multiple adaptations, we characterized
 variation in 12 polymorphic DNA microsatellites in the previously studied
 G. affinis populations. Populations were genetically distinct by
 multilocus analysis, exhibited high allelic diversity, and were
 heterozygote deficient, which effects were attributed to G. affinis’s
 shoaling nature and habitat patchiness. Genetic and phenotypic distances
 among populations were correlated for non-PABS but not PABS morphology.
 Multilocus analysis demonstrated ecophenotype polyphyly and scattered
 multivariate genetic structure which support only the
 replicated-adaptation model. As all of the diverse tests performed
 demonstrated lack of congruence between patterns of molecular genetic and
 PABS differentiation, it is likely that divergent natural selection drove
 multiple instances of adaptive evolution.
description: Data on 12 microsatellite polymorphisms collected on 254 fish
 from 6 populations as described in manuscript. Missing values (6%) were
 imputed with maximum likelihood in JMP. Multivariate analysis of molecular
 variance (MAMOVA) and linear discriminant analyses were conducted in JMP.
 The MAMOVAs were replicated in this archived Excel file for transparency
 and illustrative purposes. A dispersion analysis of multivariate least
 square means (canonical centroids), per DeWitt et al. (2021) was
 illustrated conceptually and conducted in Excel in this archived
 file. Reference: DeWitt TJ, Fuentes JI, Ioerger TR,
 Bishop MP (2021) Rectifying I: three point and continuous fit of the
 spatial autocorrelation metric, Moran’s I, to ideal
 form. <strong><i>Landscape
 Ecology</i></strong> 36: 2897-2918. doi
 10.1007/s10980-021-01256-0
description: Eigendecomposition in the course of the MAMOVAs was performed
 using functions available in the Excel add-in 'Matrix.xla'.
 Version 2.3 was used. However, hard pasted values for eigenvalues and
 eigenvectors are also given if users wish to use that instead of the
 dynamic functions.