DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnktm
title: Incorporation of nitrogen-doped carbon dots synthesized from pomelo peels into PVA as highly antioxidant and UV-blocking food packaging film

description: This dataset supports a study on the synthesis and application of
 nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-doped CDs) derived from the albedo of pomelo
 peel waste via hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C for 12 hours. Urea was
 added as a nitrogen source in varying amounts (0–2.0 g) to modify the
 surface chemistry of CDs, influencing their optical, antioxidant, and
 UV-blocking properties. The dataset includes raw and processed data on
 particle size (TEM and DLS), UV–vis absorption, fluorescence emission
 spectra, zeta potential, quantum yield measurements, UV-blocking
 measurement, and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay). Mechanical, thermal,
 and barrier properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films incorporating
 different CD loadings are also provided. These data were used to evaluate
 the multifunctional performance of the CDs-loaded PVA films as active
 packaging materials. The dataset enables reproducibility and facilitates
 further analysis of biomass-derived carbon dots for food packaging
 applications.
description: # Incorporation of nitrogen-doped carbon dots synthesized from pomelo
 peels into PVA as highly antioxidant and UV-blocking food packaging film
 **Dataset DOI:** 10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnktm ## Description of the Data and
 File Structure This dataset provides the raw and processed data necessary
 to replicate the analyses of: 1. The effect of the amount of urea added in
 the synthesis on the properties of the resulting carbon dots (CDs). 2. The
 effect of the type and amount of the incorporated CDs on the properties of
 the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films. The dataset is organized in two Excel
 files: * `Datasets_for_CDs_characterization.xlsx` *
 `Datasets_for_film_characterization.xlsx` ## Files and Variables ### 1.
 `Datasets_for_CDs_characterization.xlsx` **Description:** Contains raw and
 processed data for the characterization of CDs. Samples are labeled
 according to the amount of urea (0.0–2.0 g) used during synthesis. For
 example, `CDs-0g`, `CDs-0.5g`, `CDs-1.0g`, and `CDs-2.0g` correspond to
 carbon dots synthesized with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g of urea,
 respectively. **Sheets included:** #### Sheet 1: **UV–Vis of CDs**
 `CDs-0g_wavelength (nm)`: wavelength (in nm) measured for the sample
 `CDs-0g`. `CDs-0g_Abs.` : absorbance intensity of the sample `CDs-0g`. The
 same naming convention is applied to the other samples (`CDs-0.5g`,
 `CDs-1.0g`, and `CDs-2.0g`). #### Sheet 2: **Fluorescence spectra of CDs**
 Organized into three categories:\ a) `Fluorescence spectra of different
 CDs types at excitation 365 nm`: measured for samples `CDs-0g`,
 `CDs-0.5g`, `CDs-1.0g`, `CDs-2.0g`. Each dataset includes columns:
 `Wavelength (nm)`: measured wavelength in nanometers `Intensity (a.u.)`:
 measured fluorescence intensity in arbitrary units b) `Fluorescence
 spectra of CDs-1.0g at various excitation wavelengths`: measured at
 `Excitation 325 nm`, `Excitation 365 nm`, `Excitation 405 nm`. Each
 dataset includes columns: `Wavelength (nm)`: measured wavelength in
 nanometers `Intensity (a.u.)`: measured fluorescence intensity in
 arbitrary units c) `Fluorescence spectra of CDs-1.0g under different NaCl
 concentrations (excitation at 365 nm)`: measured in `NaCl 0M`, `NaCl
 0.5M`, `NaCl 1.0M`, `NaCl 1.5M, NaCl 2.0M`. Each dataset includes columns:
 `Wavelength (nm)`: measured wavelength in nanometers `Intensity (a.u.)`:
 measured fluorescence intensity in arbitrary units #### Sheet 3: **FTIR of
 CDs** This sheet contains the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of
 the `albedo powder`, `CDs-0g`, `CDs-0.5g`, `CDs-1.0g`, and `CDs-2.0g`
 samples. Each dataset includes: * `Wavenumber (cm-1)` * `Transmittance
 (%)` #### Sheet 4: **Zeta potentials of CDs** Includes `Zeta potential
 (mV)` and `Intensity (a.u.)` of the samples `CDs-0g`, `CDs-0.5g`,
 `CDs-1.0g`, `CDs-2.0g`. #### Sheet 5: **DLS of CDs** Dynamic Light
 Scattering (DLS) size distribution of the samples `CDs-0g`, `CDs-0.5g`,
 `CDs-1.0g`, `CDs-2.0g`. Each dataset includes columns: `Size (nm)` and
 `Intensity (a.u.)` #### Sheet 6: **Quantum Yield** Categories:
 `Fluorescence Spectra`, `Absorbance Spectra`, and `Quantum Yield
 Calculation`. * `Sample`: quinine sulphate, CDs-0g, CDs-0.5g, CDs-1.0g,
 CDs-2.0g. * Columns for Fluorescence and Absorbance: `Wavelength (nm)`,
 `Intensity (a.u.)`. * `Quantum Yield Calculation`: ·        ·       
 *`F`*: Integrated fluorescence emission intensity obtained upon excitation
 at 350 nm. ·        *`A`*: Absorbance at 350 nm. The Quantum yield can be
 calculated using the equation: ``` Y_x = Y_s × (F_x / F_s) × (A_s / A_x) ×
 (η_x / η_s)^2 ``` where Y = quantum yield, η = refractive index (1.33), s
 = standard fluorophore, x = sample. --- ### 2.
 `Datasets_for_film_characterization.xlsx` **Description:** Contains raw
 and processed data for characterization of PVA and PVA/CDs films. Films
 are labeled by CD types (CDs-0g, CDs-0.5g, CDs-1.0g, CDs-2.0g) and
 loadings (3%, 5%, 7%, 10%). Example: `PVA/CDs-0g-5%` refers to a PVA film
 incorporating 5 wt% CDs-0g. **Sheets included:** #### Sheet 1: **UV–Vis**
 `Wavelength (nm)` and `Transmittance (%)` for the PVA and PVA/CDs films. *
 `PVA Wavelength (nm)`: Wavelengths (nm) measured for the neat PVA film. *
 `PVA Transmittance (%)`: Transmittance intensity (%) of the neat PVA film.
 The same naming convention applies to other samples, including PVA films
 containing 5 wt% of different types of CDs (`PVA/CDs-0g-5%,
 PVA/CDs-0.5g-5%`, `PVA/CDs-1.0g-5%`, `PVA/CDs-2.0g-5%`) and PVA films
 containing different loadings of CDs-1.0g (`PVA/CDs-1.0g-3%`,
 `PVA/CDs-1.0g-5%`, `PVA/CDs-1.0g-7%`, and `PVA/CDs-1.0g-10%`). #### Sheet
 2: **FTIR** Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the pristine PVA
 film and the PVA films containing different CDs types and loadings
 including `PVA`, `PVA/CDs-0g-5%`, `PVA/CDs-0.5g-5%`, `PVA/CDs-1.0g-5%`,
 `PVA/CDs-2.0g-5%`, and `PVA/CDs-1.0g-3%`, `PVA/CDs-1.0g-5%`,
 `PVA/CDs-1.0g-7%`, `PVA/CDs-1.0g-10%`. Each dataset includes: *
 `Wavenumber (cm⁻¹)` * `Transmittance (%)` #### Sheet 3: **TGA** This sheet
 contains thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data for the same set of films
 described above. Each dataset includes: • `Temperature (°C)` • `Weight
 (%)` #### Sheet 4: **DPPH scavenging** This sheet contains the absorbance
 intensity of the pristine 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution,
 both with and without film immersion, measured at 517 nm. • `Sample`:
 including `DPPH 0.1 mM` and same set of films described above • `Repeat`:
 Each test was performed in triplicate (1, 2, 3). • `Absorbance at 517 nm`:
 the absorbance intensity measured at 517 nm The DPPH radical scavenging
 activity can be calculated using the equation: ``` Antioxidant (%) = (A0 -
 A) / A0 × 100 ``` where A0 = absorbance of pristine DPPH, A = absorbance
 after contact with the film. #### Sheet 5: **Tensile strength &
 Elongation** This sheet includes raw mechanical testing data for the
 PVA-based films. • `Sample`: PVA, PVA/CDs-0g-5%, PVA/CDs-0.5g-5%,
 PVA/CDs-1.0g-5%, PVA/CDs-2.0g-5%, PVA/CDs-1.0g-3%, PVA/CDs-1.0g-5%,
 PVA/CDs-1.0g-7%, and PVA/CDs-1.0g-10%. • `Repeat`: Each test was performed
 three times (n = 3). • `Thickness (mm)`: Measured film thickness. • `Width
 (mm)`: Measured width of each film strip. • `Peak load` (mN): Maximum load
 applied at the breaking point of the sample • `L – Lo (mm)`: Difference
 between the final length (L) and the initial gauge length (L₀ = 24 mm).
 The tensile strength and elongation at break can be calculated using the
 equations: ``` Tensile strength (MPa) = Peak load (mN) / (Thickness (mm) ×
 Width (mm) × 1000) Elongation at break (%) = (L - Lo) / Lo × 100 ``` ####
 Sheet 6: **Water swelling & solubility** This sheet contains raw data
 used to calculate the WVTR of the PVA-based films. ·  `Sample`: Same as
 listed above. ·  `Repeat`: Each test was performed in triplicate (*n =
 3*). ·  `W₀ (g)`: Initial weight of the film-sealed vial. ·  `W₁ (g)`:
 Weight after storage in a drying oven at *45 °C for 20 h.* ·  `A (m²)`:
 Area of the vial opening. The WVTR values were calculated according to the
 equations: ``` Water swelling (%) = (W1 - W0) / W0 × 100 Water solubility
 (%) = (W0 - W2) / W0 × 100 ``` #### Sheet 7: **Water transmission rate
 (WVTR)**\ This sheet contains raw data used to calculate the WVTR of the
 PVA-based films. • `Sample`: Same as listed above. • `Repeat`: Each test
 was performed in triplicate (n = 3). • `W₀ (g)`: Initial weight of the
 film-sealed vial. • `W₁ (g)`: Weight after storage in a drying oven at 45
 °C for 20 h. • `A (m²)`: Area of the vial opening. The WVTR values were
 calculated according to the equations: ``` WVTR (g/(m²·h)) = (W0 - W1) /
 (A × 20) ``` --- ## Code/Software No specialized software is required. All
 data can be accessed and analyzed using **Microsoft Excel**. --- ## Access
 Information * Other publicly accessible locations: None * All data are
 original and derived from the authors’ experiments.