DOI: 10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t0v
title: Data from: Macroevolutionary patterns in marine hermaphroditism

description: Most plants and many animals are hermaphroditic; whether the same forces
 are responsible for hermaphroditism in both groups is unclear. The
 well-established drivers of hermaphroditism in plants (e.g., seed
 dispersal potential, pollination mode) have analogues in animals (e.g.,
 larval dispersal potential, fertilization mode), allowing us to test the
 generality of the proposed drivers of hermaphroditism across both groups.
 Here, we test these theories for 1153 species of marine invertebrates,
 from 3 phyla. Species with either internal fertilization, restricted
 offspring dispersal, or small body sizes are more likely to be
 hermaphroditic than species that are external fertilizers, planktonic
 developers, or larger. Plants and animals show different biogeographical
 patterns, however: animals are less likely to be hermaphroditic at higher
 latitudes – the opposite to the trend in plants. Overall, our results
 indicate that similar forces, namely competition amongst offspring or
 gametes, shape the evolution of hermaphroditism across the tree of life.
description: Data for many of the species in our dataset came from previously
 published meta-analyses on various marine invertebrate life-history traits
 (e.g., Marshall et al. 2012, Monro & Marshall 2015), supplemented
 with additional data on hermaphroditism and body size from the literature.
 Data were compiled in Microsoft Excel and phylogenetic logistic
 regressions testing the covariance between hermaphroditism and
 life-history/latitude were analyzed with the ‘phylolm’ package v. 2.6.2
 (Ho and Ané 2014) in RStudio v.4.1717 (R Core Team 2021).
 We extracted our phylogenies from the Open Tree of Life
 (Hinchliff et al. 2015) with the package ‘rotl’ v. 3.0.11 (Michonneau et
 al. 2016) and constructed phylogenetic trees with the package ‘phytools’
 v. 0.7-80 (Revell 2012). Branch lengths for the phylogeny were unknown, so
 we scaled branch lengths using Grafen’s method (Grafen 1989) in the ‘ape’
 package v. 5.6-1 (Paradis and Schliep 2019) 
 Literature Cited Grafen, A. 1989.
 The phylogenetic regression. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.
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 G. Burleigh, R. Chaudhary, L. Cognill, K. Crandall, J. Deng, B. Drew, R.
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description: Programs/software required to open/analyze the data
 files: Microsoft
 Excel (view raw data and metadata, .csv files for analyses)
 Adobe Reader (view PDF's of phylogenetic trees)
 RStudio (open files, manipulate and analyze data)