DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ngf1vhj6h
title: <em>Machaerium acutifolium</em> complex morphometry

description: The neotropical jacarandá species of the Machaerium acutifolium complex
 (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) are among the most widely distributed in the
 genus, occurring in six countries of South America, where it displays
 great ecological and economic importance. Across its distribution in
 almost all Brazilian biomes, M. acutifolium presents an evident phenotypic
 plasticity, mainly in the shape and size of the leaflets, that led to the
 description of different taxonomic entities over the years. However, the
 significant morphological variation observed within the complex’s species
 prompts consideration for further studies. Here, we re-evaluate the
 taxonomic delimitation within the M. acutifolium species complex using
 morphometric and bioclimatic data. A nomenclatural review and
 morphological assessment of M. acutifolium and related species were
 carried out to support the PCA morphometric analyses of 23 vegetative and
 27 reproductive characters, from a total of 99 specimens as well
 as eco-geographic features of 131 specimens.
description: # *Machaerium acutifolium* complex morphometry Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.ngf1vhj6h](10.5061/dryad.ngf1vhj6h) ## Description of the
 data and file structure We selected 99 specimens representing “*Machaerium
 acutifolium*”, from which 79 specimens are trees from Central, Southeast
 and Southern regions of Brazil, and 20 specimens are shrubs and/or trees
 growing in the Northeast region. In this sample, 51 are flowering
 specimens and 48 represent fruiting specimens. We assessed 23 continuous
 vegetative characters and 27 continuous reproductive characters taken from
 mature samples. To explore the ecological variation of species in the
 climatic space, we used 131 accurately georeferenced specimens to extract
 bioclimatic variables from the WorldClim v.2.1 model layers database ###
 Files and variables #### File: Supplemental_TableS1.xlsx
 **Description:** All continuous morphometric variables were measured in
 **centimeters (cm)**, except for ratios, which are **dimensionless**, and
 leaflet areas, which are expressed in **square centimeters (cm²)**. A
 total of **23 continuous vegetative** and **27 continuous reproductive**
 characters were measured from **166 mature samples**. ### Measurement
 scheme * Each continuous variable was measured **three times per
 specimen** (columns with suffix **1, 2, and 3**, e.g., *PL1, PL2, PL3*). *
 The suffix **M** indicates the **mean value** calculated from the three
 measurements (e.g., *PLM*). * Some cells in the dataset contain **NULL**
 values. These values indicate that the information was **not available at
 the time of data collection** or **could not be obtained for a given
 specimen** (e.g., damaged, incomplete, or missing structures). NULL values
 do **not** indicate that the variable is not applicable; rather, they
 represent missing observations. No data were intentionally hidden. ###
 Vegetative characters * **PLM** – Petiole length (cm) * **RLM** – Rachis
 length (cm) * **BPLM** – Basal pulvinule length (cm) * **LBLM** – Basal
 leaflet length (cm) * **WBLM** – Basal leaflet width at the widest point
 (cm) * **DBLM** – Distance from leaflet base to point of maximum width,
 basal leaflet (cm) * **RLWBM** – Ratio of basal leaflet length to width
 (unitless) * **RBWM** – Ratio of distance from leaflet base to maximum
 width, basal leaflet (unitless) * **ABLM** – Basal leaflet area (cm²) *
 **MPLM** – Middle leaflet pulvinule length (cm) * **LMLM** – Middle
 leaflet length (cm) * **WMLM** – Middle leaflet width at the widest point
 (cm) * **DMLM** – Distance from leaflet base to point of maximum width,
 middle leaflet (cm) * **RLWM** – Ratio of middle leaflet length to width
 (unitless) * **RMWM** – Ratio of distance from leaflet base to maximum
 width, middle leaflet (unitless) * **AMLM** – Middle leaflet area (cm²) *
 **TPLM** – Terminal leaflet pulvinule length (cm) * **LTLM** – Terminal
 leaflet length (cm) * **WTLM** – Terminal leaflet width at the widest
 point (cm) * **DTLM** – Distance from leaflet base to point of maximum
 width, terminal leaflet (cm) * **RLWTM** – Ratio of terminal leaflet
 length to width (unitless) * **RTWM** – Ratio of distance from leaflet
 base to maximum width to width, terminal leaflet (unitless) * **ATLM** –
 Terminal leaflet area (cm²) ### Reproductive characters * **BRL** –
 Bracteole length (cm) * **BRW** – Bracteole width (cm) * **CLL** – Calyx
 length (cm) * **CLW** – Calyx width (cm) * **SPL** – Standard petal length
 (cm) * **SPW** – Standard petal width (cm) * **WPL** – Wing petal length
 (cm) * **WPW** – Wing petal width (cm) * **KPL** – Keel petal length (cm)
 * **KPW** – Keel petal width (cm) * **SSL** – Staminal sheath length (cm)
 * **SFL** – Staminal filament length (cm) * **ATHL** – Anther length (cm)
 * **ATW** – Anther width (cm) * **NEL** – Nectary length (cm) * **NEW** –
 Nectary width (cm) * **GSL** – Gynoecium stipe length (cm) * **OVL** –
 Ovary length (cm) * **OVW** – Ovary width at the widest point (cm) *
 **STL** – Style length (cm) * **SCL** – Seed chamber length (cm) * **SCW**
 – Seed chamber width (cm) * **WFLM** – Fruit wing length (cm) * **WFWM** –
 Fruit wing width (cm) * **TFL** – Total fruit length (cm) * **RSCW** –
 Ratio of seed chamber length to wing length (unitless) #### File:
 Supplemental_TableS2.xlsx **Description:** To explore the ecological
 variation of species in the climatic space, we used 131 accurately
 georeferenced specimens to extract bioclimatic variables from the
 WorldClim v.2.1 model layers database. The file **Supplemental_TableS2**
 was used in the analysis to retrieve and associate **WorldClim bioclimatic
 variables** with each sample. This spreadsheet was employed by the
 analysis code as a reference to link specimen locality information with
 the corresponding bioclimatic data extracted from WorldClim. The use of
 this file ensures consistency between the occurrence data and the
 environmental variables used in subsequent analyses. ##### Variables *
 Annual Precipitation (BIO12) * Coefficient of Variation (BIO 15) ##
 Code/software **Input files:**\ The script
 **Script_morphometric_analysis.R**, uploaded in the Dryad repository, uses
 the input file **Supplemental_TableS1.csv**, which is also available in
 the same Dryad deposit.\ The script **Script_ecological_analysis.R**,
 uploaded in Dryad, uses the input file **Supplemental_TableS2.csv**, which
 is likewise available in the same Dryad repository. All analyses were made
 using the R packages *ade4* (Dray and Dufour 2007),
 *factoextra* (Kassambara and Mundt 2020), *FactoMineR* (Sebastien et al.
 2008), *tibble* (Müller and Wickham 2023), *tidyverse* (Wickham et al.
 2019), and *vegan* (Oksanen et al. 2022), while the graphics were plotted
 using functions from the packages *ggplot2* (Villanueva and Chen 2019),
 *cowplot* (Wilke 2020), and *viridis* (Garnier et al. 2023). To produce
 the ecological analysis and the distribution map, we used the R packages
 *rnaturalearth* (Massicotte and South 2023), *rnaturalearthdata* (South
 2017), *sf* (Pebesma 2018), and the graphics using functions from the
 packages *ggplot2* (Villanueva and Chen 2019), *cowplot* (Wilke 2020),
 *viridis* (Garnier et al. 2023), *ggspatial* (Dunnington 2023), *ggmap*
 (Kahle and Wickham 2013).