DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15514215
title: Effects of the 2024 total solar eclipse upon reception of trans-Atlantic signals in the medium-wave broadcast band, using software defined radio files recorded in Welwyn, UK.

description: Recorded by:  Jack Weber, M0GKC.

Grid square of location recorded:  IO91vu

Maximum obscuration of the sun was 0%, as the eclipse ended in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the recording site.  However, unusual signals were noted from North America during the eclipse period.

These data files are recordings of the entire medium wave broadcast band (535-1705kHz) made during the total solar eclipse of 8 April 2024 from 1930 to 2100UT from Welwyn, UK.   They are part of a set of such recordings made from 1800UT to 2100UT on 7 April, 2024 and 1800UT  to 2100UT on 8 April, 2024.

Data Quality:  Only limitation was some local electrical noise heard above 1500kHz, otherwise, good.

Data files are .wav format, but the archived files are .zip, with about five .wav files packaged together in each .zip file, using the prefix “M0GKC-wideband_332_1868kHz_ “.  

The recordings not included here are available by contacting HamSCI at am-eclipse@hamsci.org if you require this data. 

Antenna:  Terminated delta loop (KAZ antenna) 13m long 5m tall, beaming 280 degrees, pointing roughly to Newfoundland, Miami and Guatemala. Adjustable Vactrol termination was used, but not varied during the recordings. (Although the Vactrol is temperature sensitive, just a 2 C drop occurred over the three-hour record period. The Vactrol was inside a sealed plastic enclosure in a shady area and was never hit by direct sunlight so should only have been affected by the ambient temperature)

Receiver:   Elad FDM-S3; front-end attenuation of 6dB, with center frequency 1110kHz, recording a 1536kHz wide passband, using SDR-Console v3.3, delivering wav RF64 files.    Hardware was locked to a Leo Bodnar GPS (10MHz).

Recording computer time was time locked to Leo Bodnar NTP server.
description: In the AM broadcast band (535-1705kHz), there are roughly two modes of broadcast station signal coverage, one of which occurs in the daytime, and the other at night. During the day time, signals are propagated by ground wave and not usually heard well beyond 150km from the transmitter. However, at night, an absorptive region in the ionosphere, the D-layer, disappears, allowing signals to refract off higher regions of the ionosphere, and to be heard hundreds and even thousands, of kilometers away from the transmitter. 

The radio stations in this band use amplitude modulation, which requires a strong stable carrier wave, well suited for observing changes in signal characteristics over a time period. During the total solar eclipse of 8 April 2024, signals were observed changing from daytime to nighttime mode, and then back again as the moon's shadow moved across North America. 

In addition, as the eclipse ended in the North Atlantic Ocean, and sunset had already occurred across Europe, a brief darkness path was created between North America and Europe.  This meant that trans-Atlantic medium wave signals were briefly observed in both Eastern North America and in Europe and North Africa.

Included in these files is an installation file for the SDR control and playback software, SDR Console (“SDR-Radio V3.3, 64-bit, 2024-02-05_0741.exe”), to allow a first examination of the .wav files; this is courtesy of Simon Brown, G4ELI, its developer.  The latest version is available at https://www.sdr-radio.com/Console .  Instructions for playing back SDR .wav files in SDR Console for the first-time user are found in “OpeningSDRfilesInConsole.pdf” on this site.

There are also reference files to assist in identifying signals heard :

"AMBC Raw List April_2024.xlsx", courtesy of Tim Tromp KE8JFM (https://amdxer.com/ambc/ )

“RDMW-2022-v1.2.2.zip”, courtesy of William Scott, WE7W ( https://radio-timetraveller.blogspot.com/ )

"2023-24_IRCA_Mexican_Log.pdf”, courtesy of International Radio Club of America (https://www.ircaonline.org/ )

"IRCA Slogans - March 22, 2024.pdf" for identifying slogans used by radio stations,  courtesy of International Radio Club of America (https://www.ircaonline.org/ )

"20240409-EuropeAfricaMEListing.pdf" lists all medium wave and longwave broadcasters on the air on 9 April 2024 in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, with transmitter co-ordinates and other information, courtesy of Günter Lorenz, DL3GLF, and MWList.org 

"Exact frequencies of medium wave broadcasters.pdf" is a snapshot of a database of fine scale measurement of the frequencies of MW stations worldwide that were current as of April 9, 2024, the day after the total solar eclipse.  They are also courtesy of Günter Lorenz, DL3GLF, and MWList.org  

"Offsets on Medium Wave – some Notes and Examples.pdf" provides further background about measurement of exact frequencies of received signals and is courtesy of Nils Schiffhauer, DK8OK 

The contents of "Analyser Projects-J Weber.zip" were created by Jack Weber using SDR Console's Data Analyser (found in the View menu).   Each project can be loaded into Data Analyser and will display different 10kHz channel's signal traces, and can provide further information about  the traces. Don Moore's "Unlocking Rare DX Treasures with SDR-Console’s Powerful Data File Analyzer Tool"  ( https://swling.com/blog/2025/01/unlocking-rare-dx-treasures-with-sdr-consoles-powerful-data-file-analyzer-tool/) will gives further program background, as will SDR Console's Help drop-down.

"Screenshots-Data Analyser-J Weber.zip" provides easily accessible screenshots of the Data Analyser projects.

 

Finally, a copy of Carrier Sleuth software (“CarrierSleuthWindowsMay2024.zip”) is included, courtesy of its developer, Chris Smolinski, W3HFU, along with further instructions for use (“CarrierSleuthOverview.pdf” ).   This can be used to view .fft files compressed in “M0GKC-CarrierSleuth-Apr08-09.zip” which will provide waterfall visualizations of all carriers for each 10kHz AM broadcast band channel during the entire recording period.    Carrier Sleuth may also be used to create new .fft files from the data.  The latest version is available at https://www.blackcatsystems.com/software/medium_wave_carrier_display_app.html .

 

(If this data is used for research, cited in an article, paper, poster or presentation, the participants would expect and appreciate the courtesy of receiving credit for their work.  Questions regarding attribution should be directed to HamSCI, at hamsci@hamsci.org .)