cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.195qg
title: Data from: Genetic and phenotypic variation across a hybrid zone between ecologically divergent tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus)

description: A hybrid zone along an environmental gradient should contain a clinal
 pattern of genetic and phenotypic variation. This occurs because divergent
 selection in the two parental habitats is typically strong enough to
 overcome the homogenizing effects of gene flow across the environmental
 transition. We studied hybridization between two parapatric tree squirrels
 (Tamiasciurus spp.) across a forest gradient over which the two species
 vary in coloration, cranial morphology, and body size. We sampled 397
 individuals at 29 locations across a 600-km transect to seek genetic
 evidence for hybridization; upon confirming hybridization, we examined
 levels of genetic admixture in relation to maintenance of phenotypic
 divergence despite potentially homogenizing gene flow. Applying population
 assignment analyses to microsatellite data, we found that T. douglasii and
 T. hudsonicus form two distinct genetic clusters but also hybridize,
 mostly within transitional forest habitat. Overall, based on this nuclear
 analysis, 48% of the specimens were characterized as T. douglasii, 9% as
 hybrids, and 43% as T. hudsonicus. Hybrids appeared to be reproductively
 viable, as evidenced by the presence of later-generation hybrid genotypes.
 Observed clines in ecologically important phenotypic traits—fur coloration
 and cranial morphology—were sharper than the cline of putatively neutral
 mtDNA, which suggests that divergent selection may maintain phenotypic
 distinctiveness. The relatively recent divergence of these two species
 (probably late Pleistocene), apparent lack of pre-zygotic isolating
 mechanisms, and geographic coincidence of cline centers for both genetic
 and phenotypic variation suggest that environmental factors play a large
 role in maintaining the distinctiveness of these two species across the
 hybrid zone.
description: project_dataMicrosatellite data for 397 individuals
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.144v45c6
title: Data from: The direct and ecological costs of an ant-plant symbiosis

description: How strong is selection for cheating in mutualisms? The answer depends on
 the type and magnitude of the costs of the mutualism. Here we investigated
 the direct and ecological costs of plant defense by ants in the
 association between Cordia nodosa, a myrmecophytic plant, and Allomerus
 octoarticulatus, a phytoecious ant. Cordia nodosa trees produce food and
 housing to reward ants that protect them against herbivores. For nearly 1
 year, we manipulated the presence of A. octoarticulatus ants and most
 insect herbivores on C. nodosa in a full-factorial experiment. Ants
 increased plant growth when herbivores were present but decreased plant
 growth when herbivores were absent, indicating that hosting ants can be
 costly to plants. However, we did not detect a cost to ant colonies of
 defending host plants against herbivores. Although this asymmetry in costs
 suggests that the plants may be under stronger selection than the ants to
 cheat by withholding investment in their partner, the costs to C. nodosa
 are probably at least partly ecological, arising because ants tend scale
 insects on their host plants. We argue that ecological costs should favor
 resistance or traits other than cheating and thus that neither partner may
 face much temptation to cheat.
description: DataAmNat53179file2See readme fileDataAmNat53179file1
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.hp8nv
title: Data from: Compatible and incompatible pathogen-plant interactions differentially affect plant volatile emissions and the attraction of parasitoid wasps

description: The effects of multiple insect attacks on herbivore-induced plant
 volatiles and carnivorous arthropods are increasingly studied.
 Phytopathogens also represent an important threat to plants, and plant
 defense strategies against pathogens and insects are strongly
 interconnected, yet the potential impact of pathogens on insect-induced
 volatiles has been largely overlooked, and degree of pathogenicity rarely
 considered. We investigated how pathogen challenge, with virulent and
 avirulent strains of Xanthomonas campestris either alone or with
 simultaneous Pieris brassicae caterpillar herbivory, affected the volatile
 emissions of Brassica nigra plants. The impact of these volatiles on the
 foraging behavior of Cotesia glomerata parasitoids was then assessed.
 Pathogens themselves induced volatiles that were highly attractive to
 parasitoids, and enhanced the attractiveness of host-infested plant
 volatiles. Chemical analyses revealed that virulent and avirulent strains
 differentially induced plant volatiles, with primarily sesquiterpene,
 homoterpene and green leaf volatile compounds contributing to the
 differences. Strong similarities were found in the blends induced by the
 virulent strain and caterpillar herbivory. Challenge by either virulent or
 avirulent pathogens has a significant impact on plant chemistry and its
 interactions with other community members, demonstrating the importance of
 integrating pathogen- and insect-based research to broaden our knowledge
 of plant defenses under conditions of increasing complexity.
description: Wasp choice assays in
 windtunnel dataThe three data sheets
 show the data for the three types of comparisons that were made: (1) wasp
 choice when offered acaterpillar infested plant and a caterpillar +
 pathogen infected plant (2) wasp choice when offered a healthy plant
 against a singleattacker infected/infected plant and (3) wasp choice when
 offered a caterpillar infested plant against a pathogen infected
 plant.Wasp
 windtunnel data.xlsxVolatile
 dataThis table shows the
 corrected peak areas by fresh plant mass for each sample. For the
 X.campestris pv. campestris infected plant samples, disease severity is
 also noted.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.f2q28dq4
title: Data from: Speciation with gene flow and the genetics of habitat transitions

description: Whether speciation can advance to completion in the face of initially high
 levels of gene flow is a very controversial topic in evolutionary biology.
 Extensive gene exchange is generally considered to homogenize populations
 and counteract divergence. Moreover, the role of introgressive
 hybridization in evolution remains largely unexplored in animals,
 particularly in freshwater zooplankton in which allopatric speciation is
 considered to be the norm. Our work investigates the genetic structure of
 two young ecological species: the pond species, Daphnia pulex and the lake
 species, Daphnia pulicaria. Phylogenetic and population genetics analyses
 were conducted on mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) gene, the
 nuclear Lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) gene, and 21 nuclear microsatellite
 markers in 416 individuals from habitats with various degrees of
 permanence. The strong and consistent phylogenetic discordance between
 nuclear and mitochondrial markers suggests a complex evolutionary history
 of multiple independent habitat transition events that involved
 hybridization and introgression between lake and pond Daphnia. On the
 other hand, the low level of contemporary gene flow between adjacent
 populations indicates the presence of effective habitat isolating
 barriers. The Daphnia system provides strong evidence for a
 divergence-with-gene flow speciation model that involves multiple habitat
 transition events.
description: genepop
 (Daphnia)Microsatellite data
 set
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6hf1pc1
title: Data from: Evaluation of the innate immunostimulatory potential of originator and non-originator copies of insulin glargine in an in vitro human immune model

description: Background: The manufacture of insulin analogs requires sophisticated
 production procedures which can lead to differences in the structure,
 purity, and/or other physiochemical properties of resultant products that
 can affect their biologic activity. Here, we sought to compare originator
 and non-originator copies of insulin glargine for innate immune activity
 and mechanisms leading to differences in these response profiles in an in
 vitro model of human immunity. Methods: An endothelial/dendritic
 cell-based innate immune model was used to study antigen-presenting cell
 activation, cytokine secretion, and insulin receptor signalling pathways
 induced by originator and non-originator insulin glargine products.
 Mechanistic studies included signalling pathway blockade with specific
 inhibitors, analysis of the products in a Toll-like receptor reporter cell
 line assay, and insulin removal from the products by immunopurification.
 Findings: All insulin glargine products elicited at least a minor innate
 immune response comparable to human insulin, but some lots of a
 non-originator copy product induced the elevated secretion of the
 cytokines, IL-8 and IL-6. In studies aimed at addressing the mechanisms
 leading to differential cytokine production by these products, we found
 (1) the inflammatory response was not mediated by bacterial contaminants,
 (2) the innate response was driven by the insulin receptor through the
 MAPK pathway, and (3) the removal of insulin significantly reduced their
 capacity to induce innate activity. No evidence of product aggregates was
 detected, though the presence of some high molecular weight proteins
 argues for the presence of insulin dimers or others contaminants in these
 products. Conclusion: The data presented here suggests some non-originator
 insulin glargine product lots drive heightened in vitro human innate
 activity and provides preliminary evidence that changes in their
 biochemical composition (dimers, impurities) might be responsible for
 their greater immunostimulatory potential.
description: repository data for Plos
 One publication 2018
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d2vh0
title: Data from: Variation in age and size in Fennoscandian three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

description: Average age and maximum life span of breeding adult three-spined
 sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were determined in eight
 Fennoscandian localities with the aid of skeletochronology. The average
 age varied from 1.8 to 3.6 years, and maximum life span from three to six
 years depending on the locality. On average, fish from marine populations
 were significantly older than those from freshwater populations, but
 variation within habitat types was large. We also found significant
 differences in mean body size among different habitat types and
 populations, but only the population differences remained significant
 after accounting for variation due to age effects. These results show that
 generation length and longevity in three-spined sticklebacks can vary
 significantly from one locality to another, and that population
 differences in mean body size cannot be explained as a simple consequence
 of differences in population age structure. We also describe a nanistic
 population from northern Finland exhibiting long life spans and small body
 size.
description: To_Dryad_ageAge (years) and standard length (mm) of individuals from 3 Baltic, 3 lake and 2 pond populations.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c5t22
title: Data from: Evolutionarily stable disequilibrium: endless dynamics of evolution in a stationary population

description: Evolution is often conceived as changes in the properties of a population
 over generations. Does this notion exhaust the possible dynamics of
 evolution? Life is hierarchically organized, and evolution can operate at
 multiple levels with conflicting tendencies. Using a minimal model of such
 conflicting multilevel evolution, we demonstrate the possibility of a
 novel mode of evolution that challenges the above notion: individuals
 ceaselessly modify their genetically-inherited phenotype and fitness along
 their lines of descent, without involving apparent changes in the
 properties of the population. The model assumes a population of primitive
 cells (protocells, for short), each containing a population of replicating
 catalytic molecules. Protocells are selected towards maximizing the
 catalytic activity of internal molecules, whereas molecules tend to evolve
 towards minimizing it in order to maximize their relative fitness within a
 protocell. These conflicting evolutionary tendencies at different levels
 and genetic drift drive the lineages of protocells to oscillate endlessly
 between high and low intracellular catalytic activity, i.e., high and low
 fitness, along their lines of descent. This oscillation, however, occurs
 independently in different lineages, so that the population as a whole
 appears stationary. Therefore, ongoing evolution can be hidden behind an
 apparently stationary population owing to conflicting multilevel
 evolution.
description: The source code of the
 modelThis file contains the
 source of the model described in the paper.source.tar.gz
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.74ps0
title: Data from: UV-B radiation interacts with temperature to determine animal performance

description: The interaction between UV-B and temperature can modify the effects of
 climate variability on animal function because UV-B and increasing
 temperatures may increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and
 thereby impair animal performance. However, antioxidant enzyme activities
 are also increased at higher temperatures, which could counteract negative
 effects of increased ROS. Conversely, UV-B exposure at lower temperature
 can exacerbate the effects of ROS because of lower antioxidant enzyme
 activities. Phenotypes can be plastic to compensate for potentially
 negative environmental effects. Plasticity may be induced by conditions
 experienced during pre- or early post-zygotic development, and it may
 occur reversibly within adult organisms (acclimation). Developmental
 plasticity and acclimation may interact to determine phenotypes in
 variable environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that increased
 antioxidant enzyme activities are insufficient to alleviate the
 interactive effects of UV-B and increased temperature on mosquitofish
 (Gambusia holbrooki). Additionally, we tested whether developmental
 conditions influenced the capacity for acclimation to UV-B and temperature
 so that cohorts born in summer at high UV-B and temperature conditions are
 better able to compensate for ROS damage compared to cohorts born in
 winter. We exposed mosquitofish to UV-B and control (no-UV-B) at different
 acclimation temperatures (18, 28 and 32 °C), and measured responses
 acutely at 18, 28 and 32 °C in a fully factorial design. In fish born in
 summer, UV-B had significant negative effects on swimming performance and
 resting metabolic rate at both low (18 °C) and high (32 °C) acclimation
 temperatures, which were accompanied by higher ROS-induced damage. At
 their average temperature experienced naturally (28 °C), fish born in
 summer were not affected by UV-B and showed lower damage and higher
 antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the other acclimation
 temperatures. In contrast, swimming performance of winter-caught fish was
 negatively affected by UV-B at all acclimation temperatures, which was
 paralleled by higher ROS-induced damage and antioxidant enzyme activities
 that did not acclimate. However, metabolic scope was not reduced by UV-B
 or temperature in any of the cohorts. Our results showed that
 developmental conditions modify the capacity for acclimation later in
 life, and that the interaction between developmental and acclimation
 conditions can increase the resilience of animals to environmental
 variability. These results have important implications for understanding
 the evolution of acclimation, and for predictions of how climate change
 affects animal performance.
description: Ghanizadeh et al FE all
 dataExcel file of all data
 used in the manuscript
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.87v741v0
title: Data from: Recent colonization of the Galapagos by the tree Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. (Leguminosae)

description: This study puts together genetic data and an Approximate Bayesian
 Computation (ABC) approach to infer the time at which the tree Geoffroea
 spinosa colonized the Galápagos Islands. The genetic diversity and
 differentiation between Peru and Galápagos population samples, estimated
 using three chloroplast spacers and six microsatellite loci, reveal
 significant differences between two mainland regions separated by the
 Andes mountains (Inter Andean versus Pacific Coast) as well as a
 significant genetic differentiation of island populations. Microsatellites
 identify two distinct geographic clusters, the Galápagos and the mainland,
 and chloroplast markers show a private haplotype in the Galápagos. The
 nuclear distinctiveness of the InterAndean populations suggests current
 restricted pollen flow, but chloroplast points to cross-Andean dispersals
 via seeds, indicating that the Andes might not be an effective
 biogeographical barrier. The ABC analyses clearly point to the
 colonization of the Galápagos within the last 160,000 years and possibly
 as recently as 4,750 YA (475 generations). Founder events associated with
 colonization of the two islands where the species occurs are detected,
 with Española having been colonized after Floreana. We discuss two
 non-mutually exclusive possibilities for the colonization of the
 Galápagos, recent natural dispersal vs. human introduction.
description: Chloroplast_Peru-GalapagosArlequin data file for the chloroplast markersMicrosatellites_Peru-GalapagosArlequin data file for micorsatellite markersIMa_Gal_2popsIMA2 data file using microsatellite data
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.43792
title: Data from: "ABC" - the Awareness-Body-Chart: a New Tool Assessing Body Awareness

description: Background: Despite the importance of body awareness for health and
 well-being there is still a lack of valid assessment tools to scan proper
 body awareness. To respond to the limitations of questionnaires
 (reading/interpretation problems of subjects) the Awareness-Body-Chart
 (ABC) was designed to assess body awareness by colouring 51 regions
 according to their awareness. The objective of this study was to
 investigate the psychometric characteristics of the ABC. Methods: In a
 questionnaire-study, 106 students in Graz (79 females, 27 males, age
 median 21 (IQR 20 - 23) years) filled in the ABC, furthermore a German
 body awareness questionnaire „KEKS", and the Beck Depression
 Inventory II. Factor structure, internal consistency, and retest
 reliability of the ABC were investigated. Correlations of the ABC with the
 KEKS and the Beck Depression Inventory II and comparisons of subgroups
 were conducted. Results: Through factor analyses, 14 factors with clear
 assignments to body parts could be categorized: cranium, face,
 cervical/lumbar region, chest/abdomen, back, shoulder, upper arm, lower
 arm/elbow, hand, genital area, thigh/hip, knee, lower leg, and foot. The
 14 body parts and the total score showed acceptable to high
 Cronbach's alphas (α = .64 - .97). The test-retest reliability showed
 values between ρ = .71 and ρ = .96. The correlation of the ABC and KEKS (r
 = .66, p &lt; .001) confirmed validity. Further indications of
 validity could be seen in comparisons of subgroups and in correlations
 with the Beck Depression Inventory II. Conclusion: The ABC proved good
 psychometric properties with acceptable to high internal consistency,
 acceptable to high retest reliability and high construct validity. It is
 an easy-to-use tool for clinical settings and research. The ABC opens new
 insights into body awareness-patterns of various subgroups.
description: ABC Data-File
 5.9.2016
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0rf76
title: Data from: Molecular phenotyping of maternally mediated parallel adaptive divergence within Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria

description: When similar selection acts on the same traits in multiple species or
 populations, parallel evolution can result in similar phenotypic changes,
 yet the underlying molecular architecture of parallel phenotypic
 divergence can be variable. Maternal effects can influence evolution at
 ecological timescales and facilitate local adaptation, but their
 contribution to parallel adaptive divergence is unclear. In this study, we
 (i) tested for variation in embryonic acid tolerance in a common garden
 experiment and (ii) used molecular phenotyping of egg coats to investigate
 the molecular basis of maternally mediated parallel adaptive divergence in
 two amphibian species (Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria). Our results on
 three R. arvalis and two R. temporaria populations show that adaptive
 divergence in embryonic acid tolerance is mediated via maternally derived
 egg coats in both species. We find extensive polymorphism in egg jelly
 coat glycoproteins within both species and that acid-tolerant clutches
 have more negatively charged egg jelly – indicating that the glycosylation
 status of the jelly coat proteins is under divergent selection in
 acidified environments, likely due to its impact on jelly water balance.
 Overall, these data provide evidence for parallel mechanisms of adaptive
 divergence in two species. Our study highlights the importance of studying
 intraspecific molecular variation in egg coats and, specifically, their
 glycoproteins, to increase understanding of underlying forces maintaining
 variation in jelly coats.
description: arvalis_survivalExcel file for arvalis survival: first column is the population ID, second column is the male ID, third column is the female ID, fourth column is pH treatment, fifth column is block, sixth column is the place where the experimental unite located, seventh column is the starting number of eggs, eighth column is the fertilized eggs, ninth column is the final survival embryos.temporaria_survivalExcel file for temporaria survival: first column is the population ID, second column is the male ID, third column is the female ID, fourth column is pH treatment, fifth column is block, sixth column is the place where the experimental unite located, seventh column is the starting number of eggs, eighth column is the fertilized eggs, ninth column is the final survival embryos.Phenotyping of egg jellyExcel file: first column is the individual ID, second column is the species, third column is the population ID, fourth to thirteen columns are molecular mass of jelly bands.jelly_SDS_both speceis.xlsxzeta_potentialExcel file for zeta potential: first column is the individual ID, second column is the species, third column is the population ID, fourth column is the zeta potential.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5sk60
title: Data from: Host species of a sexual-parasite do not differentiate between clones of Amazon mollies

description: A major mechanism of pre-zygotic isolation is the ability for individuals
 to recognize conspecifics. In gynogenetic species complexes, the sexual
 host species occur in syntopy with the unisexual species that relies on
 the sexuals’ sperm for reproduction, which provide an excellent
 opportunity for the evolution of fine-tuned species recognition
 capabilities. Here, we examined if males and females from both parental
 species (sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna, and Atlantic molly, P.
 mexicana) can distinguish between different clonal lineages of the hybrid,
 all-female Amazon molly (P. formosa). Both males and females were
 presented with the choice of two different pairings of Amazon mollies: 1)
 a sympatric female and an allopatric female; and 2) two sympatric females.
 We found that neither males nor females of sailfin or Atlantic mollies
 show a preference for a clone type. These results suggest that either the
 parental species do not have the ability to recognize different Amazon
 molly clones or they recognize but do not have a preference for a specific
 Amazon molly clone.
description: Male clonal recog data-
 DryadRaw data for male and
 female preferences in Poecilia latipinna and Poecilia
 formosa