DOI: 10.16904/envidat.503
title: Gone-wild grapevines in forests host phytoplasma genotypes linked to grapevines Flavescence doree epidemics in cultivated vineyards and competent vectors

description: “Flavescence dorée” (FD) is a quarantine grapevine disease associated with FD phytoplasmas (FDp). In Switzerland, FD was identified in 2004 in the southernmost part of Canton Ticino (TI) and then rapidly propagated throughout the entire regional winegrowing area despite the mandatory control measures. The reported widespread distribution of gone-wild grapevines (GWGV) in TI raised the hypothesis of a potential role of GWGV as an FDp reservoir and as a habitat for FDp vectors. To test this assumption, GWGV and FDp vectors were sampled in 13 plots to attest their infection status and compare the FDp genetic profiles. The primary (Scaphoideus titanus) and best-candidate alternative (Orientus ishidae) vectors were collected throughout the season and were found in moderate to high abundance in all the study area. The infection rate of both GWGV and S. titanus followed the historical gradient of S. titanus arrival and dispersal in TI with a clear geographic distinction between the southern and northern part of TI. Interestingly, the rate measured for S. titanus was similar to that observed in highly FD-infested cultivated vineyards. Moreover, the genetic profiles of the infected GWGV and S. titanus samples were identical to those commonly observed in cultivated vineyards (map M54). Importantly, four specimens of O. ishidae were also found harboring the same genotype. This study emphasizes the importance of GWGV (and abandoned vineyards) and alternative vectors for the FD epidemics in FD-infested regions, as well as a potential origin for FD outbreaks in areas currently designated as FDp-free.
description: Resource Title: Online_Resource_1.docx
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 URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/cec4b2d9-9530-44c4-9306-d594edae3fbc/resource/5cb014fc-23e8-48dc-a60d-fdadd4630c78/download/online_resource_1.docx
 Description: Phytoplasma sequences from this work and reference strains with their GenBank accession number, hosts, geographic origin and reference.
description: Resource Title: Table_1.docx
 Size: 20794 bytes
 Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
 URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/cec4b2d9-9530-44c4-9306-d594edae3fbc/resource/82445fda-75b9-490c-a8e8-a71958f2e3db/download/table_1.docx
 Description: Plot characteristics in terms of coordinates, region, mean slope, closest distance from nearest cultivated vineyard (DV), distance range between yellow sticky trap and nearest forest edge (DF), last time registered as cultivated vineyard (Last_T); absolute captures (N) and mean captures per hundred leaves (mean/100 leaves ± SE) during nymph collection for Scaphoideus titanus and Orientus ishidae, absolute captures (N) and mean captures per single yellow sticky trap (mean/trap ± SE).
description: Resource Title: Table_2.docx
 Size: 16961 bytes
 Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
 URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/cec4b2d9-9530-44c4-9306-d594edae3fbc/resource/bade5ec3-6d04-4fcb-a35f-dccec84dd114/download/table_2.docx
 Description: Molecular characterization of the Flavescence dorée phytoplasma detected in Scaphoideus titanus and Orientus ishidae specimens collected on gone-wild grapevines; number of analyzed and infected insect specimens and genotype profile for the map, vmpA and malG genes.
description: Resource Title: Table_3.docx
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 Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
 URL: https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/cec4b2d9-9530-44c4-9306-d594edae3fbc/resource/cfc1e011-612e-48ce-99ee-73427264ab12/download/table_3.docx
 Description: Results of molecular analysis for the detection of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples collected from gone-wild grapevines; number of analyzed and infected leaf samples, and map genotype (conducted on all FDp-infected samples).
description: Resource Title: Fig1.tif
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 Description: Location of the experimental plots in Canton Ticino
(a) Location of the study area within Switzerland; T = Ticino
(b) Black dots: plots hosting GWGVs monitored for the presence of FDp-infected insect and plant samples. 
Sopra = Sopraceneri (Ticino); Sotto = Sottoceneri (Ticino). Grey areas = cultivated vineyard area.
description: Resource Title: Fig2a.tif
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 Description: Flavescence dorée detection on the analyzed insect (a) and gone-wild grapevine (b) samples
(a) Circles: location with insect vectors tested for Flavescence dorée phytoplasma; horizontal bar: S. titanus FDp-infected with map-genotype M54; diagonal line top right to bottom left; O. ishidae FDp-infected with map-genotype M54; diagonal line top left to bottom right: O. ishidae FDp-infected with map-genotype M50
(b) Circles: Gone-wild grapevines (GWGV) tested for FDp; vertical bar: symptomatic and FDp-infected samples; horizontal bar: asymptomatic and FDp-infected samples. Sopra = Sopraceneri (Ticino); Sotto = Sottoceneri (Ticino). Grey areas = cultivated vineyard area.
description: Resource Title: Fig3.jpg
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 Description: Phylogenetic tree of the map (a; partial) and vmpA (b) genes sequences from Scaphoideus titanus, Orientus ishidae and gone-wild grapevines obtained in this work and reference strains from Genbank (see Online Resource 1). Maximum likelihood phylogeny based on nucleotide sequences of (A) map (543 bp) and (B) vmpA (465 bp) genes. The numbers on branches indicate the level of bootstrap support (500 replicates). Support values above 70% are labeled. The scale bar shows the number of substitutions per site.