DOI: 10.5061/dryad.80gb5mkwk
title: Modulation of posterior default mode network activity during interoceptive attention and relation to mindfulness

description: Background: Interoceptive attention to internal sensory signals, such as
 the breath, is fundamental to mindfulness. However, interoceptive
 attention can be difficult to study and the vast majority of
 investigations of the neural correlates of mindfulness-based attention
 rely on subjective and retrospective measures. Response consistency is an
 established method for evaluating variability of attention on
 exteroceptive attention tasks but has rarely been applied to interoceptive
 attention task. Methods: In this study, we measured consistency of
 response times on a breath-monitoring task in individuals across the
 lifespan (15-91 years of age, n=324) with simultaneous
 electroencephalography (EEG).  Results: We found that consistency
 on this breath monitoring task was positively correlated with attentive
 performance on an exteroceptive inhibitory control task. EEG source
 reconstruction showed that on-task alpha band (8-12 Hz) activity was
 greater than that measured at rest. Low consistency/longer breath
 responses were associated with elevated brain activity relative to high
 consistency responses particularly in posterior default mode network
 (pDMN) brain regions. pDMN activity was inversely linked with functional
 connectivity to the fronto-parietal network (FPN) and the cinguloopercular
 network (CON) on task but not at rest, suggesting a role for these frontal
 networks in on-task regulation of pDMN activity. pDMN activity was greater
 in subjects reporting low subjective mindfulness, and was adaptively
 modulated by task difficulty in an independent experiment. Conclusions:
 Elevated pDMN alpha activity serves as an objective neural marker for low
 consistency responding during interoceptive breath attention, scales with
 task difficulty and is associated with low subjective mindfulness.
description: # Title of Dataset: Modulation of posterior default mode network activity
 during interoceptive attention and relation to mindfulness Brief summary
 of dataset contents, contextualized in experimental procedures and
 results. ## Description of the Data and file structure The xlsx file
 contains the study data as per its six reported results sections. The ten
 spreadsheets correspond to data presented in the eight figurers: (1)
 Demographics, (2) Fig 2A, (3) Fig 2BD, (4) Fig 2C, (5) Fig 3, (6) Fig 4,
 (7) Fig 5, (8) Fig 6, (9) Fig 7, (10), Fig 8 Spreadsheet (1) -
 Demographics SubjectIndex: Subject Study ID age bin: Subject age bin in
 years, bin 1 (age&lt;18), 2 (age 18-29), 3 (age 30-39), 4 (age 40-49), 5
 (age 50-59), 6 (age 60-69), 7 (age 70-79), 8 (age 80-89), 9 (age &gt;90)
 gender: Subject Gender, 1: male, 2: female ethnicity: Subject ethnicity,
 1: Caucasian; 2: Black/African American; 3: Native Hawaiian or Other
 Pacific Islander; 4: Asian; 5: Native American; 6: More than one
 ethnicity; 7: Other sesscore: socio-economic score per the family
 affluence scale, range 0-9; 0-2 low, 3-5: middle, 6-9 high Median_BT:
 median breathing response time for monitoring every two breath cycles
 MAD_BT: median absolute deviation of response time for monitoring every
 two breath cycles Consistency: Consistency of response time for monitoring
 every two breath cycles Mindfulness: self-report on Mindful Attention
 Awareness Scale (MAAS) Depression: self-report on PHQ9 depression scale
 global_efficiency: efficiency averaged across the four exteroceptive
 cognitive tasks gw_efficiency_go: efficiency of the "Go Wait"
 inhibitory control task mf_efficiency: efficiency of the "Middle
 Fish" interference processing task ls_span_efficiency: span weighted
 efficiency of the "Lost Star" working memory task\
 fo_efficiency: efficiency of the "Face Off" emotion bias task
 Nhigh: number of high consistency trials Nlow: number of low consistency
 trials Ntotal: total number of trials % high: % high consistency trials
 %low: % low consistency trials Spreadsheet (2) - Fig 2A Freq: frequency
 index Mean: mean scalp power SEM: standard error on the mean of scalp
 power Spreadsheet (3) - Fig 2BD high Cons: source localized alpha activity
 for 68 rois during high consistency trials low Cons: source localized
 alpha activity for 68 rois during low consistency trials diff: source
 localized alpha activity for low minus high consistency trials rest:
 source localized alpha activity for resting state data Spreadsheet (4) -
 Fig 2C lowrr_alpha: Correlation between low consistency trial alpha
 activity and Rest alpha activity in all ROIs highrr_alpha: Correlation
 between high consistency trial alpha activity and Rest alpha activity in
 all ROIs highlowr_alpha: Correlation between high consistency trial alpha
 activity and low consistency alpha activity in all ROIs Spreadsheet (5) -
 Fig 3 lowCons: Low Consistency Trial Network Activity shown for 5 brain
 networks: FPN, CON, aDMN, pDMN, mtDMN highCons: High Consistency Trial
 Network Activity shown for 5 brain networks: FPN, CON, aDMN, pDMN, mtDMN
 df: Low minus High Trial Network Activity shown for 5 brain networks: FPN,
 CON, aDMN, pDMN, mtDMN r: Resting State Network Activity shown for 5 brain
 networks: FPN, CON, aDMN, pDMN, mtDMN naming format is
 "Network"_"trial type" Spreadsheet(6) - Fig 4 Dunn
 Clark test FDR corrected P value for network correlation between FPN vs
 pDMN and CON vs pDMN for high consistency vs rest and low consistency vs
 rest pDMN_FPN lowCons connectivity - Network activity between pDMN and FPN
 during low consistency trials for each participant pDMN_CON lowCons
 connectivity - Network activity between pDMN and CON during low
 consistency trials for each participant Spreadsheet (7) - Fig 5 Low Cons:
 Left Precuneus Activity on low consistency trials High Cons: Left
 Precuneus Activity on high consistency trials Diff Cons: Left Precuneus
 Activity on low minus high consistency trials age: participant age group:
 Mindfulness group defined by median split dep: self-report on PHQ9
 depression scale Spreadsheet (8) - Fig 6 Interoceptive Consistency L1:
 Consistency at L1 of adaptive interoceptive attention task Interoceptive
 Consistency L2+: Consistency at higher levels (L2+) of adaptive
 interoceptive attention task Response Time L1: Response Time at L1 of
 adaptive interoceptive attention task Interoceptive Consistency L2+:
 Response Time at higher levels (L2+) of adaptive interoceptive attention
 task L1 Alpha Activity on Low Consistency Trials: Alpha activity parsed in
 pDMN on L1 Low Consistency Trials L1 Alpha Activity on High Consistency
 Trials: Alpha activity parsed in pDMN on L1 High Consistency Trials L2+
 Alpha Activity on Low Consistency Trials: Alpha activity parsed in pDMN on
 L2+ Low Consistency Trials L2+ Alpha Activity on High Consistency Trials:
 Alpha activity parsed in pDMN on L2+ High Consistency Trials Spreadsheet
 (9) - Fig 7 highCI: average inspiration breath time for high consistency
 trials highCE: average expiration breath time for high consistency trials
 highCCycle: average breath cycle for high consistency trials lowCI:
 average inspiration breath time for low consistency trials lowCE: average
 expiration breath time for low consistency trials lowCCycle: average
 breath cycle for low consistency trials consistency: Consistency of
 response time for monitoring every two breath cycles pDMN low: pDMN
 network activity during low consistency trials pDMN high: pDMN network
 activity during high consistency trials pDMN diff: pDMN network activity
 during low minus high consistency trials groups: groups defined by breath
 cycle during low consistency trials lowPhase: Average breath phase of
 button press during low consistency trials fastPhase: Average breath phase
 of button press during high consistency trials Spreadsheet (10) - Fig 8
 Correlation values between source localized alpha activity using 22
 channels vs 63 channels across all 68 rois ## Sharing/access Information
 Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: N/A Was data
 derived from another source? No