cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p6d88
title: Data from: Evolutionary rescue and the coexistence of generalist and specialist competitors: an experimental test

description: Competition for resources is thought to play a critical role in both the
 origins and maintenance of biodiversity. Although numerous laboratory
 evolution experiments have confirmed that competition can be a key driver
 of adaptive diversification, few have demonstrated its role in the
 maintenance of the resulting diversity. We investigate the conditions that
 favor the origin and maintenance of alternative generalist and specialist
 resource-use phenotypes within the same population. Previously, we
 confirmed that competition for hosts among Φ6 bacteriophage in a mixed
 novel (non-permissive) and ancestral (permissive) host microcosm triggered
 the evolution of a generalist phenotype capable of infecting both hosts.
 However, because the newly evolved generalists tended to competitively
 exclude the ancestral specialists, coexistence between the two phenotypes
 was rare. Here, we show that reducing the relative abundance of the novel
 host slowed the increase in frequency of the generalist phenotype,
 allowing sufficient time for the specialist to further adapt to the
 ancestral host. This adaptation resulted in “evolutionary rescue” of the
 specialists, preventing their competitive exclusion by the generalists.
 Thus, our results suggest that competition promotes both the origin and
 maintenance of biodiversity when it is strong enough to favor a novel
 resource-use phenotype, but weak enough to allow adaptation of both the
 novel and ancestral phenotypes to their respective niches.
description: evolution
 experimentFDS competition
 assayshost ratio shift
 competition assaystradeoff AP competition
 assaysVariable name
 definitions
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fq613m13
title: Data from: A test for environmental effects on behavioral isolation in two species of killifish

description: Behavioral isolation is a common and potent mechanism of reproductive
 isolation. Determining the extent to which behavioral isolation varies
 with environmental conditions is critical to understanding speciation and
 the maintenance of species boundaries. Here, we tested the effect of
 salinity on behavioral isolation (female species recognition, male-male
 competition, male species recognition) between two closely related
 killifish (Lucania goodei and L. parva) that differ in salinity tolerance.
 We performed no-choice assays and behavioral trials where males could
 compete and court females in fresh water (0 ppt) and brackish water (15
 ppt). We found high levels of behavioral isolation that did not vary as a
 function of salinity. In behavioral trials, male species recognition of
 females was strong and asymmetric between the two species. Lucania goodei
 males preferred conspecifics and rarely courted or mated with L. parva
 females. Lucania parva males preferred conspecifics but readily courted
 and mated with L. goodei females. This asymmetry matches previously
 documented asymmetries in hybrid offspring fitness. Crosses between L.
 parva males and L. goodei females produce fully viable/fertile hybrids,
 but crosses between L. goodei males and L. parva females produce males
 with reduced fertility. Hence, behavioral isolation may have evolved in
 part due to reinforcement.
description: Female Choice
 DataData from the female
 choice portion of the experimentMale Comp
 DataData for Male
 Choice/Competition portion of experimentIntrinsic Isolation Raw
 DataData used to estimate
 strength of intrinsic isolation
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7266j
title: Data from: Biological control in winter: novel evidence for the importance of generalist predators

description: 1. The role of generalist predators in pest control has been neglected
 because generalists are not able to track pest populations. Generalist
 predators are suggested to be important in spring before specialist
 predators become active. 2. Here, we show that some generalist predators
 are important even during winter, when the majority of arthropod pests and
 their enemies are dormant. We quantified the role of winter-active
 generalist predators on the suppression of pear psylla during winter using
 a discrete nonlinear model of an intraguild predation system. 3. To
 parameterize our model, we conducted a series of experiments on (i)
 functional responses, (ii) prey preferences and (iii) ontogenetic
 development and made observations on the population densities of spiders
 and potential prey. We ran the model for different winter scenarios, that
 is, for very cold and very warm winters. 4. Synthesis and applications. We
 found that winter-active predators considerably suppressed the pear psylla
 population. Predators exerted a stronger effect in a warmer winter than in
 a colder one. Orchard growers thus should avoid use of non-selective
 pesticides during this period and instead aim to support the community of
 generalist predators. Our results suggest more attention should be given
 to encouraging generalist predator populations in other systems, even in
 periods when crops are not producing.
description: dataMeasurements of
 functional response, body sizes, and potential prey
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.475bv7s
title: Data from: Predation selects for smaller eye size in a vertebrate: effects of environmental conditions and sex

description: Increased eye size in animals results in a larger retinal image and thus
 improves visual acuity. Thus, larger eyes should aid both in finding food
 as well as detecting predators. On the other hand, eyes are usually very
 conspicuous and several studies have suggested that eye size is associated
 with predation risk. However, experimental evidence is scanty. In this
 study, we address how predation affects variation in eye size by
 performing two experiments using Eurasian perch juveniles as prey and
 either larger individuals or pike as predators. First, we used large
 outdoor tanks to compare selection due to predators on relative eye size
 in open and artificial vegetated habitats. Second, we studied the effects
 of both predation risk and resource levels on phenotypic plasticity in
 relative eye size in indoor aquaria experiments. In the first experiment,
 we found that habitat altered selection due to predators, since predators
 selected for smaller eye size in a non-vegetated habitat, but not in
 vegetated habitat. In the plasticity experiment, we found that fish
 predators induced smaller eye size in males, but not in females, while
 resource levels had no effect on eye size plasticity. Our experiments
 provide evidence that predation risk could be one of the driving factors
 behind variation in eye size within species.
description: Plasticity_experimentPlasticity_experiment_analyzing scriptPredator_Selection_experimentPredator_Selection_experiment_Analyzing_script
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c5n61
title: Data from: Continuous theta burst stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases medium load working memory performance in healthy humans

description: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a key role in working
 memory. Evidence indicates that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
 over the DLPFC can interfere with working memory performance. Here we
 investigated for how long continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over
 the DLPFC decreases working memory performance and whether the effect of
 cTBS on performance depends on working memory load. Forty healthy young
 subjects received either cTBS over the left DLPFC or sham stimulation
 before performing a 2-, and 3-back working memory letter task. An
 additional 0-back condition served as a non-memory-related control,
 measuring general attention. cTBS over the left DLPFC significantly
 impaired 2-back working memory performance for about 15 min, whereas
 3-back and 0-back performances were not significantly affected. Our
 results indicate that the effect of left DLPFC cTBS on working memory
 performance lasts for roughly 15 min and depends on working memory load.
description: Group-based
 dataGroup-based data
 underlying our results and the data points depicted in figure
 2.group_based_data_2cTBS_decrease_working_memory.pdf
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kh312
title: Data from: Evolution of basal metabolic rate in bank voles from a multidirectional selection experiment

description: A major theme in evolutionary and ecological physiology of terrestrial
 vertebrates encompasses the factors underlying the evolution of endothermy
 in birds and mammals and interspecific variation of basal metabolic rate
 (BMR). Here, we applied the experimental evolution approach and compared
 BMR in lines of a wild rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), selected
 for 11 generations for: high swim-induced aerobic metabolism (A), ability
 to maintain body mass on a low-quality herbivorous diet (H) and intensity
 of predatory behaviour towards crickets (P). Four replicate lines were
 maintained for each of the selection directions and an unselected control
 (C). In comparison to C lines, A lines achieved a 49% higher maximum rate
 of oxygen consumption during swimming, H lines lost 1.3 g less mass in the
 test with low-quality diet and P lines attacked crickets five times more
 frequently. BMR was significantly higher in A lines than in C or H lines
 (60.8, 56.6 and 54.4 ml O2 h−1, respectively), and the values were
 intermediate in P lines (59.0 ml O2 h−1). Results of the selection
 experiment provide support for the hypothesis of a positive association
 between BMR and aerobic exercise performance, but not for the association
 of adaptation to herbivorous diet with either a high or low BMR.
description: Raw values of
 BMRFile with raw results of
 the measurements of basal metabolic rate performed on voles from
 generation 11 of the selection experimentSadowska_Koteja_etal_BMR_Appendix-2_2015-03-29.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.663hq
title: Data from: Two extraordinary new pseudopetiolate Carex species from Vietnam (sect. Hemiscaposae, Cyperaceae)

description: Carex kucyniakii is a poorly known, morphologically unusual Vietnamese
 sedge (sect. Hemiscaposae, Cyperaceae) that is part of an early diverging
 lineagewithin the genus. Fieldwork in Lào Cai Province resulted in the
 rediscovery of this species near its type locality and the detection of
 significant variation in the morphology of plants in nearby populations.
 Subsequent morphological andmolecular studies revealed that C. kucyniakii
 is a complex of three species. These taxa are endemic to the southern
 slopes of the Hoàng Lien Mountains, in Lào Cai Province, and exhibit
 extraordinary morphological features including the widest leaves known for
 any Cyperaceae (pseudopetiolate and up to 12 cm), and for some taxa
 pink-red inflorescences. Of the three species recognized in the complex,
 C. kucyniakii is characterized by a combination of glabrous perigynia,
 scales, and peduncles, while in C. geographica sp. nov. and C. thinii sp.
 nov. these structures are pubescent/scabrous. In addition, the scales and
 perigynia in C. kucyniakii are green or brown while those in C.
 geographica and C. thinii are suffused with pink or red. Differences in
 pistillate and staminate scale morphology and anther length distinguish
 the latter two species. The Vietnamese Carex flora contains a high
 proportion of morphologically exceptional and poorly understood taxa, many
 from early diverging lineages in the genus. Our findings support the
 supposition that Indochina and East Asia could be the center of origin for
 the world's largest flowering plant genus and that the sedge flora of
 northern Vietnam contains a number of taxonomic novelties still remaining
 to be discovered.
description: Carex kucyniakii
 (Cyperaceae) complex five marker datasetThese data come from the
 five the marker data set (ITS, ETS 1f, matK, ndhF, rps16 – ca. 4400 bp)
 analyzed the Starr et al. (2015. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 88:
 105–120) for the Siderostictae Clade with the incorporation of additional
 individuals not included in their study.Ford_et_al_SYSTBOT
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.4kg17
title: Data from: Sex-specific patterns of aging on sexual ornaments and gametes

description: Sex differences in age-dependent mortality and reproductive success are
 predicted to drive the evolution of sexually dimorphic patterns of
 reproductive investment over life. However, this prediction has not been
 fully explored because it is difficult to measure primary and secondary
 sexual traits over the life spans of males and females. Here we studied a
 population of fowl, Gallus gallus, to gain longitudinal data on a sexual
 ornament (the comb), quantity of gametes produced, and gamete quality
 (sperm velocity and egg mass) of males and females. Our results reveal
 pronounced differences between the sexes in age-specific patterns of
 reproductive investment. In males, comb size decreased linearly with age,
 high sperm quality early in life was associated with reduced sperm quality
 late in life, and high sperm production was related to early death. In
 contrast, female comb size and egg mass were maximized at intermediate
 ages, and fecundity was independent of life span. Finally, the way traits
 were related in males did not change over life, whereas in females the
 association between fecundity and comb size changed from positive to
 negative over the lifetime of a female, indicating that aging may lead to
 trade-offs in investment between traits in females. These results show
 that males and females differ in reproductive investment with age, in
 terms of both the expression of individual traits and their phenotypic
 covariance.
description: Data for analysis in
 Table S1Data used for analysis
 presented in Table S1 and associated figuresData for analysis in
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 Table S3Data used for analysis
 presented in Table S3 and associated figuresData for analysis in
 Table S4Data used for analysis
 presented in Table S4 and associated figuresData for analysis in
 Table S5Data used for analysis
 presented in Table S5 and associated figuresData for analysis in
 Table S6Data used for analysis
 presented in Table S6 and associated figuresData for analysis in
 Table S7Data used for analysis
 presented in Table S7 and associated figures
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.159j5
title: Data from: Mito-nuclear phylogeography of the cyprinid fish Gymnodiptychus dybowskii in the arid Tien Shan region of Central Asia

description: We evaluated the phylogeography and historical demography of the cyprinid
 fish Gymnodiptychus dybowskii (subfamily Schizothoracinae) across three
 northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) river systems in the Tien Shan
 range: the Kaidu River, Ili River and Junggar Basin. Results from both
 mtDNA (16S rRNA and Cyt b) and nuDNA (RAG-2) resolved three reciprocally
 monophyletic clades, one in each of the three river basins. Estimated
 divergence times (highest posterior density (HPD) 2.4–3.7 Mya) are
 consistent with the hypothesis that these three clades are products of
 vicariance resulting from the intensive uplift of QTP and Tien Shan, and
 resulting expansion of the Taklimakan and Gurbantunggut deserts. Several
 lines of evidence indicate dynamic demographic histories for the three
 clades, with late Quaternary population bottlenecks and expansions in the
 Kaidu and Ili rivers and, possibly, a Holocene decline in the Junggar
 Basin. For conservation purposes, the three clades should be treated as
 species or minimally, as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). They
 have experienced decades of anthropogenic disturbance and preservation of
 the three species/ESUs will require more sustainable management of the
 aquatic resources.
description: 16S
 rRNA-HapSpecimens were collected
 from the Ili River, Kaidu River, and Junggar Basin in Xinjiang，China. DNA
 sequences were edited using the program DNASTAR 5.0 (DNASTAR Inc.), and
 were aligned using CLUSTALW as implemented in MEGA 5.05Cytb-HapSpecimens were collected from the Ili River, Kaidu River, and Junggar Basin in Xinjiang，China. DNA sequences were edited using the program DNASTAR 5.0 (DNASTAR Inc.), and were aligned using CLUSTALW as implemented in MEGA 5.05cytb-Hap.fasRag2-HapSpecimens were collected from Ili River,Kaidu River, and Junggar Basin in Xinjiang，China.DNA sequences were edited using the program DNASTAR 5.0 (DNASTAR Inc.), and were aligned using CLUSTALW as implemented in MEGA 5.05
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jq6n2
title: Data from: Alate susceptibility in ants

description: Pathogens are predicted to pose a particular threat to eusocial insects
 because infections can spread rapidly in colonies with high densities of
 closely related individuals. In ants, there are two major castes: workers
 and reproductives. Sterile workers receive no direct benefit from
 investing in immunity, but can gain indirect fitness benefits if their
 immunity aids the survival of their fertile siblings. Virgin reproductives
 (alates), on the other hand, may be able to increase their investment in
 reproduction, rather than in immunity, because of the protection they
 receive from workers. Thus, we expect colonies to have highly immune
 workers, but relatively more susceptible alates. We examined the survival
 of workers, gynes, and males of nine ant species collected in Peru and
 Canada when exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. For
 the seven species in which treatment with B. bassiana increased ant
 mortality relative to controls, we found workers were significantly less
 susceptible compared with both alate sexes. Female and male alates did not
 differ significantly in their immunocompetence. Our results suggest that,
 as with other nonreproductive tasks in ant colonies like foraging and nest
 maintenance, workers have primary responsibility for colony immunity,
 allowing alates to specialize on reproduction. We highlight the importance
 of colony-level selection on individual immunity in ants and other
 eusocial organisms.
description: Alate_susceptibility_in_ants_survival_dataFirst excel sheet has data from survival assays of ants under the control and the fungus treatment for all species. Second excel sheet has the body length measurements for all species.Alate_susceptibility_in_ants_data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gh31g
title: Data from: Utterance-final position and pitch marking aid word learning in school-age children

description: We investigated the effects of word order and prosody on word learning in
 school-age children. Third graders viewed photographs belonging to one of
 three semantic categories while hearing four-word nonsense utterances
 containing a target word. In the control condition, all words had the same
 pitch and, across trials, the position of the target word was varied
 systematically within each utterance. The only cue to word–meaning mapping
 was the co-occurrence of target words and referents. This cue was present
 in all conditions. In the Utterance-final condition, the target word
 always occurred in utterance-final position, and at the same fundamental
 frequency as all the other words of the utterance. In the Pitch peak
 condition, the position of the target word was varied systematically
 within each utterance across trials, and produced with pitch contrasts
 typical of infant-directed speech (IDS). In the Pitch
 peak + Utterance-final condition, the target word always occurred in
 utterance-final position, and was marked with a pitch contrast typical of
 IDS. Word learning occurred in all conditions except the control
 condition. Moreover, learning performance was significantly higher than
 that observed with simple co-occurrence (control condition) only for the
 Pitch peak + Utterance-final condition. We conclude that, for school-age
 children, the combination of words' utterance-final alignment and
 pitch enhancement boosts word learning.
description: Filippi_Laaha_Fitch_datasetDataset including participants' responses for each semantic category and learning condition.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8210
title: Data from: Multiple benefits drive helping behavior in a cooperatively breeding bird: an integrated analysis

description: Several hypotheses exist to explain the seemingly altruistic helping
 behavior of cooperative breeders, although the general utility of these
 hypotheses remains unclear. While the potential importance of inclusive
 fitness benefits (kin selection) is traditionally widely appreciated, it
 is increasingly recognized that direct benefits may be more important than
 assumed. We use an integrative two-step framework to assess support for
 current hypotheses in purple-crowned fairy-wrens, a species where
 subordinates vary in relatedness to breeders and helping increases
 productivity. After establishing that assumptions of pay-to-stay and
 social prestige hypotheses (predicting that helping functions as
 'paying rent' to stay on the territory or as a signal of
 individual quality, respectively) were not met, and that parentage by
 subordinates is extremely rare, we tested whether subordinates adjusted
 nestling feeding rates following the predictions of the kin selection and
 group augmentation hypotheses. Benefits of kin selection result from
 investment in relatives, and group augmentation benefits accrue when
 subordinates invest more in their own future helpers, for example when
 they have a better chance of inheriting the breeding position. We found
 that subordinates fed siblings more than unrelated nestlings, indicating
 that kin selection could facilitate cooperation. Moreover, the effect of
 relatedness on feeding effort varied depending on the probability of
 inheriting a breeding position, suggesting that active group augmentation
 can explain investment by unrelated subordinates. This statistical
 interaction would have gone undetected had we not considered both factors
 simultaneously, illustrating that a focus on single hypotheses could lead
 to underestimation of their importance in explaining cooperative breeding.
description: FeedingRatesFile used for the analyses of feeding rates by subordinates purple-crowned fairy-wrens.InheritanceProbabilityFile used to calculate inheritance probability of subordinate purple-crowned fairy-wrens when opposite sex breeders disappeared, in relation to the relatedness between the subordinate and remaining breeder.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nf27r
title: Data from: Thermal plasticity of growth and development varies adaptively among alternative developmental pathways

description: Polyphenism, the expression of discrete alternative phenotypes, is often a
 consequence of a developmental switch. Physiological changes induced by a
 developmental switch potentially affect reaction norms, but the evolution
 and existence of alternative reaction norms remains poorly understood.
 Here, we demonstrate that, in the butterfly Pieris napi (Lepidoptera:
 Pieridae), thermal reaction norms of several life history traits vary
 adaptively among switch-induced alternative developmental pathways of
 diapause and direct development. The switch was affected both by
 photoperiod and temperature, ambient temperature during late development
 having the potential to override earlier photoperiodic cues. Directly
 developing larvae had higher development and growth rates than diapausing
 ones across the studied thermal gradient. Reaction norm shapes also
 differed between the alternative developmental pathways, indicating
 pathway-specific selection on thermal sensitivity. Relative mass
 increments decreased linearly with increasing temperature and were higher
 under direct development than diapause. Contrary to predictions,
 population phenology did not explain trait variation or thermal
 sensitivity, but our experimental design probably lacks power for finding
 subtle phenology effects. We demonstrate adaptive differentiation in
 thermal reaction norms among alternative phenotypes, and suggest that the
 consequences of an environmentally dependent developmental switch
 primarily drive the evolution of alternative thermal reaction norms in P.
 napi.
description: growth and development
 of final-instar Pieris napi larvaeKivelä et al.
 2015_Evolution_data.csv