DOI: 10.5061/dryad.r2170
title: Data from: Taxonomic revision of deep-sea Ostracoda from the Arctic Ocean

description: Taxonomic revision of deep-sea Ostracoda from the Arctic Ocean was
 conducted to reduce taxonomic uncertainty that will improve our
 understanding of species’ecology, biogeography and relationship to faunas
 from other deep-sea regions. Fifteen genera and 40 species were examined
 and (re-)illustrated with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy
 images, covering most of known deep-sea species in the central Arctic
 Ocean. Seven new species are described: Bythoceratina lomonosovensis n.
 sp., Cytheropteron parahamatum n. sp.,Cytheropteron lanceae n.
 sp.,Cytheropteron irizukii n. sp., Pedicythere arctica n. sp.,Cluthia
 whatleyi n. sp.,Krithe hunti n. sp. This study provides a robust taxonomic
 baseline for application to paleoceanographical reconstruction and
 biodiversity analyses in this climatically sensitive region.
description: High-resolution Plate
 1Plate 1: All SEM images.
 Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–3 Polycope arcys Joy and Clark 1977. 1, USNM
 594082, PS2179, 9–10 cm; RV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594083, PS2186-5, 10–11
 cm; LV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594084, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view.
 4–9 Polycope bispinosa Joy and Clark 1977. 4, USNM 594085, PS2186-5, 10–11
 cm; RV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594086, PS2186-5, 10–11 cm; RV, lateral
 view. 6, USNM 594087, PS2179, 9–10 cm; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594088,
 PS2164-4, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594089, Geomar 23243-1, 90–91
 cm; LV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594090, Geomar 23243-1, 180–181 cm; LV,
 lateral view.YasuharaPlate1h.tifHigh-resolution Plate 2Plate 2: All SEM images. Scale bar represents 500 µm. 1–2 Polycope bireticulata Joy and Clark 1977. 1, USNM 594091, PS2177-1, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594092, PS2177-1, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 3 Polycope reticulata Müller, 1894, USNM 594093, PS2179, 9–10 cm; RV, lateral view. 4–5 Polycope semipunctata Joy and Clark 1977. 4, USNM 594094, PS2186-5, 10–11 cm; RV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594095, PS2200-5, 183 cm; RV, lateral view. 6–9 Polycope moenia Joy and Clark 1977. 6, USNM 594096, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594097, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594098, PS2200-5, 123 cm; RV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594099, PS2177-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate2h.tifHigh-resolution Plate 3Plate 3: All SEM images. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1 Polycope punctata Sars 1869 sensu Joy and Clark (1977), USNM 594100, PS2177-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 2–5, 8 Polycope inornata Joy and Clark 1977. 2, USNM 594101, PS2177-1, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594102, PS2164-4, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594103, PS2177-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594104, PS2177-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594107, PS2179-3, 17–18 cm; LV, lateral view. 6–7 Polycope sp. 1. 6, USNM 594105, Geomar 23243-1, 55 cm; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594106, Geomar 23243-1, 60–61 cm; RV, lateral view. 9–10 Polycope horrida Joy and Clark 1977. 9, USNM 594108, NP26 sta 5, 80–82 cm; RV, lateral view. 10, USNM 594109, NP26 sta 5, 77.5–79 cm; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate3.tifHigh-resolution Plate 4Plate 4 All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–7 Argilloecia cf. robinwhatleyi Yasuhara, Okahashi and Cronin 2009. 1, USNM 594110, PS2200-5, 178 cm; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594111, PS2200-5, 178 cm; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594112, PS2200-5, 183 cm; RV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594113, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; LV, internal view. 5, USNM 594114, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; RV, internal view. 6, USNM 594115, 10/2, 24–26 cm; LV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594116, 10/2, 24–26 cm; RV, lateral view. 8–9 Argilloecia cf. conoidea Sars 1923. 8, USNM 594117, 10/2, 24–26 cm; LV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594118, 10/2, 24–26 cm; RV, lateral view. 10Australoecia posteroacuta Coles and Whatley, 1989, USNM 594119, 10/2, 24–26 cm; RV, lateral view. 11 Argilloecia sp. 1, USNM 594120, 10/2, 24–26 cm; LV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate4h.tifHigh-resolution Plate 5Plate 5: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bars represent 1 mm. 1–2 Bythoceratina lomonosovensis n. sp. 1, USNM 594121, PS2179-3, 11–12 cm; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594122, PS2179-3, 15–16 cm; RV, lateral view. 3–4 Bythoceratina scaberrima (Brady 1886). 3, USNM 594123, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594124, PS2185-4, 12–13 cm; RV, lateral view. 5–7 Cytheropteron parahamatum n. sp. 5, USNM 594125, Meteor 23454-2; LV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594126, Meteor 23454-2; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594127, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; RV, lateral view. 8–9 Cytheropteron carolinae Whatley and Coles 1987. 8, USNM 594128, PS1704-3; LV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594129, PS1698-2; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate5.tifHigh-resolution Plate 6Plate 6: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–12 Pseudocythere caudata Sars 1866. 1, USNM 594130, PS2186-5, 10–11 cm; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594131, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594132, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594133, 10/2, 4–6 cm; LV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594134, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594135, PS2186-5, 10–11 cm; LV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594136, Geomar 23243-1, 100–101 cm; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594137, 10/2, 4–6 cm; RV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594138, 10/2, 4–6 cm; LV, lateral view. 10, USNM 594139, Geomar 23243-1, 100–101 cm; RV, lateral view. 11, USNM 594140, 10/2, 4–6 cm; LV, lateral view. 12, USNM 594141, 10/2, 4–6 cm; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate6.tifHigh-resolution Plate 7Plate 7: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–3 Cytheropteron higashikawai Ishizaki 1981. 1, USNM 594142, PS1893-1; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594143, PS1893-1; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594144, Geomar 23243-1, 64 cm; LV, lateral view. 4–7 Cytheropteron sedovi Schneider, 1962. 4, USNM 594145, PS2195-4, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594146, Pl-91-AR-BC02; LV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594147, PS2179-3, 9–10 cm; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594148, PS2179-3, 9–10 cm; LV, lateral view. 8 Cytheropteron lanceae n. sp., USNM 594149, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate7.tifHigh-resolution Plate 8Plate 8: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–8 Cytheropteron perlaria Hao 1988. 1, USNM 594150, PS1905-1; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594151, PS1698-2; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594152, NP-19/18; RV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594153, NP-19/18; RV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594154, NP-19/19; LV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594155, NP-19/19; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594156, NP-19/19; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594157, NP-19/19; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate8.tifHigh-resolution Plate 9Plate 9: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–4 Cytheropteron groenlandicum Whatley and Eynon 1996. 1, USNM 594158, PS1905-1; RV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594159, PS1698-2; LV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594160, NP-19/19; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594161, NP-19/19; RV, lateral view. 5–6 Cytheropteron irizukii n. sp. 5, USNM 594162, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594163, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 7–9 Cytheropteron scoresbyi Whatley and Eynon 1996. 7, USNM 594164, Pl-91-AR-BC02; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594165, Meteor 23454-2; RV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594166, Meteor 23454-2; LV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate9.tifHigh-resolution Plate 10Plate 10: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm.1, 3 Cytheropteron aielloi Yasuhara, Okahashi and Cronin 2009. 1, USNM 594167, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594169, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; RV, lateral view. 2 Cytheropteron scoresbyi Whatley and Eynon 1996, USNM 594168, Meteor 23453-1; RV, lateral view. 4–5 Cytheropteron carolinae Whatley and Coles 1987. 4, USNM 594170, Meteor 23453-1; LV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594171, Meteor 23453-1; RV, lateral view. 6–9 Cytheropteron pseudoinflatum Whatley and Eynon 1996. 6, USNM 594172, PS2200-5, 123 cm; LV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594173, Meteor 23453-1; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594174, PS2200-5, 123 cm; RV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594175, Meteor 23453-1; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate10.tifHigh-resolution Plate 11Plate 11: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–2 Cytheropteron pseudoinflatum Whatley and Eynon 1996. 1, USNM 594176, Meteor 23455-2; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594177, Meteor 23455-2; RV, lateral view. 3–6 Eucytherura delineata, Whatley and Eynon 1996. 3, USNM 594178, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594179, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594180, NP-19/20; LV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594181, NP-19/20; RV, lateral view. 7–10 Pedicythere neofluitans, Joy and Clark 1977. 7, USNM 594182, PS2186-5, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594183, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594184, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 10, USNM 594185, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate11.tifHigh-resolution Fig. 12Plate 12: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm. 1–2 Pedicythere arctica n. sp. 1, USNM 594186, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594187, NP-19/19; LV, lateral view. 3 Eucythere argus (Sars 1866), USNM 594188, NP26 sta 5, 78–80 cm; LV, lateral view. 4–8 Cluthia whatleyi n. sp. 4, USNM 594189, NP-19/20; LV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594190, NP-19/20; RV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594191, PS2202-2, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594192, NP-19/10; RV, internal view. 8, USNM 594193, NP-19/10; LV, internal view.YasuharaPlate12.tifHigh-resolution Plate 13Plate 13: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–11 Krithe hunti n. sp. 1, USNM 594194, Meteor 23454-2; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594195, Meteor 23454-2; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594196, PS1698-2; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594197, PS1707-1; RV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594198, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594199, Meteor 23454-2; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594200, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594201, NP-26/32, 8.5–9.5 cm; RV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594202, Geomar 23243-1, 63 cm; RV, lateral view. 10, USNM 594203, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, lateral view. 11, USNM 594204, NP-26/32, 78–80 cm; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate13.tifHigh-resolution Plate 14Plate 14: All SEM images. Scale bar represents 1 mm. 1–11 Krithe hunti n. sp. 1, USNM 594205, PS2163-2, 0–1 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 2, USNM 594206, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, A-1, lateral view. 3, USNM 594207, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; RV, A-1, lateral view. 4, USNM 594208, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, A-2, lateral view. 5, USNM 594209, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; RV, A-2, lateral view. 6, USNM 594210, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, A-3, lateral view. 7, USNM 594211, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; RV, A-3, lateral view. 8, USNM 594212, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, A-4, lateral view. 9, USNM 594213, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; RV, A-4, lateral view. 10, USNM 594214, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; LV, A-5, lateral view. 11, USNM 594215, NP-26/32, 2.5–5.0 cm; RV, A-5, lateral view. 12–25 Krithe minima Coles, Whatley and Moguilevsky 1994. 12, USNM 594216, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; RV, A-3, lateral view. 13, USNM 594217, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; LV, A-2, lateral view. 14, USNM 594218, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; RV, A-2, lateral view. 15, USNM 594219, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; LV, A-1, lateral view. 16, USNM 594220, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; RV, A-1, lateral view. 17, USNM 594221, PS1913-5, 0–2 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 18, USNM 594222, Meteor 23455-2; RV, adult, lateral view. 19, USNM 594223, PS2212-6, 6–7 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 20, USNM 594224, PS2179-3, 9–10 cm; RV, adult, lateral view. 21, USNM 594225, Geomar 23243-1, 100–101 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 22, USNM 594226, Meteor 23455-2; RV, adult, lateral view. 23, USNM 594227, Geomar 23243-1, 180–181 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 24, USNM 594228, PS2212-6, 6–7 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 25, USNM 594229, PS2179-3, 9–10 cm; RV, adult, lateral view.YasuharaPlate14.tifHigh-resolution Plate 15Plate 15: All SEM images. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm (except scale bar for 5b that represents 50 µm). 1–3 Acetabulastoma arcticum Schornikov 1970. 1, USNM 594230, PS2189-1, 0–1 cm; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594231, PS2164-4, 0–1 cm; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594232, PS2200-5, 183 cm; LV, lateral view. 4 Paradoxostomatid sp. 1, USNM 594233, 10/2, 24–26 cm; RV, lateral view. 5–6 Paracytherois chukchiensis Joy and Clark 1977. 5a–b, USNM 594234, PS2200-5, 178 cm; RV, adult, lateral view (5a, whole view; 5b, closeup view). 6, USNM 594235, PS2200-5, 178 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 7–11 Microcythere medistriata (Joy and Clark 1977). 7, USNM 594236, PS2179, 9–10 cm; RV, adult, lateral view. 8, USNM 594237, PS2200-5, 183 cm; LV, adult, lateral view. 9, USNM 594238, NP-19/9; RV, adult, lateral view. 10, USNM 594239, NP-19/10; LV, adult, lateral view. 11, USNM 594240, NP-19/10; LV, adult, internal view.YasuharaPlate15.tifHigh-resolution Plate 16Plate 16: All SEM images and adult specimens. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm. 1–2 Microcythere medistriata (Joy and Clark 1977). 1, USNM 594241, NP-19/10; RV, internal view. 2, USNM 594242, NP-19/18; LV, internal view. 3–10 Henryhowella asperrima (Reuss 1850). 3, USNM 594243, Meteor 23456-6; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594244, Meteor 23456-6; RV, lateral view. 5, USNM 594245, PS2184-3, 1–2 cm; LV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594246, Meteor 23457-3; RV, lateral view. 7, USNM 594247, Geomar 23243-1, 48 cm; LV, lateral view. 8, USNM 594248, Meteor 23457-3; RV, lateral view. 9, USNM 594249, Geomar 23243-1, 210–211 cm; LV, lateral view. 10, USNM 594250, Geomar 23243-1, 100–101 cm; RV, lateral view.YasuharaPlate16.tifHigh-resolution Text-fig. 2Text-fig. 2 The SEM images of Cytheropteron sedovi Schneider, 1962 and Cytheropteron lanceae n. sp. 1–4, Cytheropteron sedovi. 1, USNM 594251, AF07-31, 37–41 cm; LV, lateral view. 2, USNM 594252, AF07-31, 150–154 cm; RV, lateral view. 3, USNM 594253, AF07-31, 7–11 cm; LV, lateral view. 4, USNM 594254, AF07-31, 0–4 cm; LV, lateral view. 5–6, Cytheropteron lanceae. 5, USNM 594255, AF07-31, 330–333 cm; RV, lateral view. 6, USNM 594256, AF07-31, 37–41 cm; LV, lateral view. Scale bar represents 1 mm.YasuharaText-Fig2.tifHigh-resolution Text-fig. 3Text-fig. 3 The SEM image of topotype specimen (RV) of Cytheropteron vespertilio (Reuss 1850) from the former clay pit of Baden-Sooss in Lower Austria (stratotype of the Badenian), Vienna Basin, Miocene, Lower Badenian, Upper Lagenidae Zone (Rögl et al. 2008). Courtesy of Dr. Irene Zorn. Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.Yasuhara_Text-fig3-360.tifAppendix 1Appendix 1. Detailed information of the specimens used for the present study. USNM: accession number. T: type (P: paratype. H: holotype). V: valve (L: left. R: right). A: adult. A-1: last juvenile instar (adult minus one). F: female. M: male.Yasuhara_app1-USNM-fin.xlsTable 1Table 1. Sample list. Lat: latitude. Long: longitude. WD: water depth (m).Yasuhara_Tab1.xlsTable 2Table 2. Size of selected ostracod specimens. USNM: accession number. T: type (P: paratype. H: holotype). V: valve (L: left. R: right). A: adult. F: female. M: male. L: Length (mm). H: Height (mm).Yasuhara_Tab2-USNM.xls