DOI: 10.5061/dryad.mw6m90666
title: Understanding smallholder decision-making to increase farm tree diversity: Enablers and barriers for forest landscape restoration in Western Kenya

description: We conducted surveys with 620 smallholder farmers across Vihiga County in
 Western Kenya using an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
 to investigate potential drivers of smallholder intentions to grow more
 diverse woody plants on their farms. Data provided here are the anonymised
 survey responses to the TPB questions. Responses to open-ended questions
 are not included in this open-access data.
description: # Understanding smallholder decision-making to increase farm tree
 diversity: Enablers and barriers for forest landscape restoration in
 Western Kenya
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mw6m90666](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mw6m90666) ## Description of the data and file structure The survey_data file contains anonymised survey responses to the TPB questions. An explanation of all variables in the data file can be found in the metadata or README files. To ensure that no more than three indirect identifiers for human subjects were included (here: household status, education, and relative wealth), the following variables were excluded from the open-access dataset: age, sex, household size, and land tenure status. ### README | variable  | explanation | | :--------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ID | assigned ID for each farmer | | hh\_head | household head status (yes =1/no =0) | | education | level of completed education (0 = no formal education, 1 = primary education, 2 = secondary education, 3 = post school education) | | relative\_wealth | relative wealth calculated based on the KenyaEquity Tool | | farm\_size | size of the farm in points (1 point = 1/8 acre) | | distance | distance to the forest (near/far) | | member | whether farmer is a member in a farmer group | | other\_income | whether farmer has other income apart from farming | | importance\_pollinators | perceived importance of pollinators | | supported\_pollinators | has farmer supported pollinators in the last year | | supported\_pollinators\_byplanting | has farmer supported pollinators in the last year by planting trees/shrubs | | planted\_exotic | planted any exotic trees in the last year | | planted\_indigenous | planted any indigenous trees in the last year | | planted\_indigenous\_exotic | planted any trees (exotic or indigenous) in the last year | | consequences\_eucalyptus | experience negative consequences from eucalyptus | | intention | likelihood to diversify trees and shrubs on the farm in the next year | | attitude1 | perceived importance of diversifying | | attitude2 | level of contendedness with diversifying | | attitude3 | perceived level of benefit from diverisfying | | e\_soil | expected likelihood of diversification to increase soil fertility | | e\_pollinators | expected likelihood of diversification to increase pollinators | | e\_yield | expected likelihood of diversification to increase yield | | e\_livelihoods | expected likelihood of diversification to increase livelihood benefits | | e\_harmful\_animals | expected likelihood of diversification to increase visitation of harmful wildlife | | e\_climatechange | expected likelihood of diversification to contribute towards mitigating climate change | | b\_soil | perceived importance of increasing soil fertility | | b\_pollinators | perceived importance of increasing pollinator abundance | | b\_yield | perceived importance of increasing crop yield | | b\_livelihoods | perceived importance of increasing livelihood benefits | | b\_harmful\_animals | perceived importance of avoiding visitation of harmful wildlife | | b\_climatechange | perceived importance of mtigating climate change | | subnorm1 | opinion of other people about me diversifying | | subnorm2 | likelihood of others to diversify trees on their own farms | | n\_family | opinion of family members toward diversification | | n\_leaders | opinion of community elders and leaders toward diversification | | n\_otherfarmers | opinion of other farmers toward diversification | | n\_NGOs | opinion of NGOs toward diversification | | n\_farmersgroups | opinion of farmers groups toward diversification | | n\_ministry | opinion of Mnistry of Agriculture toward diversification | | n\_media | opinion of media programmes toward diversification | | s\_family | importance of opinion of family members | | s\_leaders | importance of opinion of community elders and leaders | | s\_otherfarmers | importance of opinion of other farmers | | s\_NGOs | importance of opinion of NGOs | | s\_farmergroups | importance of opinion of farmers groups | | s\_ministry | importance of opinion of Ministry of Agriculture | | s\_media | importance of opinion of media programmes | | pbcontrol1 | Perceived control over diversifying trees | | pbcontrol2 | Perceived difficulty to diversify trees | | c\_knowledge | Level of available knowledge to diversify | | c\_farmsize | Level of available farm size to diversify | | c\_material | Level of available planting material to diversify | | c\_finance | Level of available financial resources to diversify | | c\_time | Level of available time to diversify | | p\_knowledge | Perceived difficulty of not having sufficient knowledge to diversify | | p\_farmsize | Perceived difficulty of not having enough land to diversify | | p\_time | Perceived difficulty of not having sufficient time to diversify | | p\_material | Perceived difficulty of not having sufficient planting material to diversify | | p\_finance | Perceived difficulty of not having sufficient financial resources to diversify | | p\_culture | Perceived difficulty of acting against cultural beliefs to diversify |