DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13863108
title: Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: 2024 (VERSION 1) DATABASE

description:  Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: 2024 (VERSION 1) DATABASE 

 Date: September 30, 2024;        DOI 10.5281/zenodo.13863109

 https://zenodo.org/records/13863109

Introduction to the First Version

This first version of the database includes bony fishes belonging to families present in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) biogeographic region that associate with coral and rocky reefs. That region extends from Magdalena Bay on the southwest coast of Baja California, through the Gulf of California and south to about Cabo Blanco, northern Peru, and includes five isolated oceanic islands and island groups: Clipperton, Cocos, the Galapagos archipelago, Malpelo and the Revillagigedo archipelago.

The objective here is to provide a database of the entire regional fauna of reef-associated bony fishes that includes information on its taxonomic composition and a range of biological and biogeographic characteristics of listed species. This is intended to facilitate comparisons of the structure of equivalent regional faunas in different biogeographic regions, and for examining local variation in faunal structure within the TEP.

Greater Caribbean reefs down to depths of ~250-300 m have reef-fish faunas dominated by members of typical shallow-reef families of bony fishes (Baldwin et al 2018). A database for reef-associated bony fishes in Greater Caribbean (Robertson & Tornabene, 2023) focuses on species belonging to those families, because those are what are traditionally considered to be Reef Fishes. This database takes the same approach.

The list includes not only TEP endemics and other eastern Pacific species that also occur to the north and south of the TEP but also transpacific species (Robertson et. al. 2004) that dispersed across the 4000 km wide East Pacific Barrier and have resident populations in the TEP. It does not include non-native species introduced for aquaculture purposes (e.g. Rachycentron canadum, Sparus aurata) or that have passed through the Panama Canal from the Caribbean and occur in the TEP (e.g. Megalops atlanticus). Species other than regional endemics, which dominate the fauna, are considered to be residents in the TEP if there are numerous records of them in the region, particularly records in different years and at different locations. 

Members of a few families of bony fishes that are found only on deep-water reefs (i.e. often below the 150 m lower limit of the mesophotic zone) and have no representatives associated with shallow reefs in the TEP, are not included among the Reef Fish families. Between them those families have only a few (13) reef-associated species resident in the TEP that live on deep reefs. Another 60 species (28 of them Transpacifics; see below) of reef-associated fishes that do not appear to have resident populations in the TEP also are not included in the current list.

Reef-associated fishes include not only demersal and benthic species that use consolidated hard substrata found on both coral- and rocky reefs, but also demersal and benthic species that use soft bottoms (sand, gravel, mud, seagrass and macroalgal beds growing on sediment, estuaries and mangroves) immediately adjacent to or within the matrices of reefs.  Benthic species are restricted to living on and in the benthic habitats, whereas Demersal species use and rely on both the bottom and the near-bottom water column. These two categories both relate to the behavior of fishes during the day, which, in some cases, changes at night. The Flashlight Fish Phthanophaneron harveyi is not included because it apparently hides in deeper water reefs during the day and enters shallow water only at night. Apogonids and Holocentrids are benthic during the day, but demersal when they become active at night, and day-active demersal species often become cryptobenthic at night by hiding within reef substrata (e. g. some wrasses rest in reef structures, while others bury themselves in sand). Reef-associated fishes also include Pelagic species that live in the water column and facultatively associate with reefs, are regularly seen over and immediately adjacent to them, and have trophic interactions with organisms on reefs. They do so either by contributing food to reefs (e.g. parasites removed from pelagic fishes such as Mola alexandrini in the Galapagos by reef fishes; see images of that activity in iNaturalist) or by extracting food from them, e.g. by preying on reef fishes. For example, Yellowfin Tuna, Thunnus albacares (and Silky Shark, Carcharhinus falciformis) prey on Cephalopholis colonus at Cocos Island; see Auster et al. 2019). Usage of the term reef-associated here  is similar to the definition used by FishBase (https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/glossary/glossary.php ) in that it includes fishes living near as well as on reefs, but more expansive than FishBase’s restriction of the term to coral reefs.

Species found almost exclusively in fresh- to brackish water also are excluded from the list. Finally, excluded species include a few taxa of oceanic pelagic fishes that are found in surface waters that may be seen in the general vicinity reefs: Exocoetidae, Xiphiidae, Istiophoridae and some of the large (Thunnus) tunas. 

Cryptobenthic fishes are species that are “visually and/or behaviorally cryptic” due to their form and coloration, and to their maintaining “a close association with the benthos” (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003), by living directly on or within it. While cryptobenthic species are a major component of the diversity of reef fishes, they are strongly under-represented in visual surveys of reef-fish assemblages made by divers. The diversity and the numerical abundance of cryptobenthic fishes is revealed only through the use of piscicides (Ackerman & Bellwood 2000; Willis 2001; Smith-Vaniz et al. 2006; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2008; Alzate et al. 2014,) or anaesthetics (Kovacic et al. 2012; Robertson & Smith-Vaniz 2010) that flush such fishes out of the substratum for collection and identification. The list indicates which species have been classed as cryptobenthic. While individuals of some cryptobenthic species, such as Muraenids and Apogonids may regularly be seen during the day on reefs, it is not possible to know what fraction of their populations the invisible individuals represent (Willis 2001; Alzate et al 2014). On the other hand, some species belonging to families that contain many cryptobenthic species but, because they school in the water just above the substratum are actually demersal, and the Garden Eels (Heteroconger spp.) that extend their long, slender bodies to feed in the water column above their burrows are not classed as cryptobenthic here because they can be reliably censused visually.

Studies of cryptobenthic reef-fishes often emphasize that many such species derive their crypticity in part from being very small (Miller 1979; Depczynski and Bellwood 2003; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012; Brandl et al 2018). The list indicates which cryptobenthic reef-fishes are small, with a maximum Total Length (TL) </= 5 cm (Depczynski & Bellwood, 2003) and </= 10 cm (Miller 1979; Beldade et al 2006; Kovacic et al 2012). Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) classed the members of 17 families (only 12 of which are in the TEP) that have relatively large numbers of small, cryptobenthic species, share many life-history characteristics and are important for energy flow in reef ecosystems as Core families of Cryptobenthic Reef-fishes (Core CRFs). Members of those families (Apogonidae, Blenniidae, Bythitidae, Callionymidae, Chaenopsidae, Dactyloscopidae, Gobiidae, Gobiesocidae, Labrisomidae, Opistognathidae, Syngnathidae, Tripterygiidae), which Brandl et al. (2018, 2019) also referred to as microbenthic reef fishes, are identified in the list. Shortly before Brandl et al (2018) defined the group of Core CRFs, the Bythitidae was split into two families, Bythitidae and Dinematichthyidae. Both those families are included here as Core CRFs as both have small, cryptobenthic species found on shallow reefs. While many cryptobenthic species in other families also are small, Brandl et al’s. (2018) definition of core CRFs was aimed at the family level, thus excluding some small cryptic species in speciose families that have many large, mobile members (e. g. the Serranidae).

Shallow- and deep-reef fishes: Shallow-water species are those with populations restricted to or concentrated at depths above 40m. Deep-reef species have populations concentrated in or restricted to depths greater than 40m. This depth boundary corresponds to the approximate breakpoint between shallow and deeper (mesophotic and altiphotic) faunal depth-zones on reefs, and the approximate depth breakpoint between research on shallow-water reef fishes based on open-circuit SCUBA, and research at greater depths that rely on mixed gas and Closed-Circuit Rebreather (CCR) technical diving.  Shallow species also include those that may have shallow populations at some sites in the TEP, but only deep populations elsewhere and species in which juveniles are common in shallow water and adults are restricted to deep water.

Simple systems of habitat characterization like those used here cannot capture all the nuances of how different fishes use a variety of habitats and microhabitats. Inevitably there are borderline cases of species that could be classified in either of two alternative habitat categories (e. g. benthic or demersal, deep or shallow). There also are borderline cases relating to whether a species should be regarded as reef-associated or not. A single observation of a species passing nearby during a dive on a reef does not make that a reef-associated species. In addition, geographic variation in whether some species on this list do or do not associate with reefs at any location complicates the situation. I have tried to be conservative in classing species as reef-associated, by relying as much as possible on multiple primary records of such behavior by those species and clearcut descriptions of actual behavior. Otherwise virtually everything could end up classed as reef associated.

Other types of data in the database:

The database also contains information on the maximum and minimum depths of the Depth Range,  maximum Total Length (TL), whether each species is a TEP endemic (with at least 90% of its range in the TEP); whether a species is a Transpacific Immigrant from the central pacific that recruited across the Eastern Pacific Barrier, whether it has a Small Geographic Range (up to 1/3 of the TEP) whether it has a Very Small Geographic range (not more than 10% of the TEP) and whether it is restricted to one or more of the Oceanic Islands in the TEP.

Redlist Extinction Risk category. Since the early 2000s the IUCN Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.org/) has produced a comprehensive set of assessments of TEP fishes. Those include assessments for >90% of the species in the present database. Those assessment documents include much information on habitat usage by those fishes that was relevant to the construction of the present database.  Assigned Redlist categories of extinction risk used here are NE (Not Evaluated), DD (Data Deficient), LC (Least Concern), VU (Vulnerable), NT (Near Threatened), EN (Endangered) and CR (Critically Endangered).

                Sources of data: 

Besides the publications listed in the bibliography, the species list is based on personal observations and research Panama, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, the Revillagigedo and Galapagos archipelagos, Clipperton, Cocos and Malpelo Islands. Much of those data and data based on a large range of other sources is available in the website Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an information system (www.stri.org/sftep). The species list also draws on reviews of photographs in the website www.iNaturalist.org and recent live-fish photographs taken by citizen-scientist underwater photographers (principally Carlos and Allison Estape; see https://carlosestape.photoshelter.com/gallery-list) at the Midriff Islands in the Gulf of California, southern Baja, the Revillagigedo, Cocos and Galapagos Islands and nearshore islands (Coiba area and the Pearl Islands) of Panama.

The reef-associated bony-fish fauna of the TEP 

This first edition of the database includes 739 species belonging to 310 genera and 87 families. Of those 254 (34.4%) are demersal species, 400 (54.1%) are benthic species and 85 (11.5%) are pelagic species. Among them are 222 small (<10cm TL) cryptobenthic forms (30.0% of the fauna) and 261 Core-CRF species (35.3% of the fauna).  Further, only 58 species (7.8% of the total) are deep-reef forms, with 23 of that group demersal (9.1% of all demersal forms), 35 benthic (8.8% of all benthic species), 7 small cryptobenthic types (3.2% of that entire group) and 8 Core-CRF species (3.1% of that entire group).

The classification of families and spelling of scientific names generally follows Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes. (https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/projects/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes

Hosting of this database by Zenodo will allow it to be updated through the production of new versions as new information becomes available.

New information, comments or queries relating to the classification or species list should be directed to robertsondr@si.edu.

 

Bibliography of publications and databases relating to the construction of this list:

1.    Aburto-Oropeza, O. and Balart, E. F. 2001. Community Structure of Reef Fish in Several Habitats of a Rocky Reef in the Gulf of California. Marine Ecology 22: 283-305

2.    Aburto-Oropeza, O. et al. 2015. A framework to assess the health of rocky reefs linking geomorphology, community assemblage, and fish biomass. Ecological Indicators 52: 353-361. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.12.006

3.    Acevedo-Cervantes A. et al. 2018. Geographic range and biology of Spinyeye Rockfish (Sebastes spinorbis Chen, 1975), an endemic species to the Gulf of California, Mexico. California Fish and Game 104: 148-153.

4.    Acevedo-Álvarez, E. A., G. Ruiz-Campos and O. Domínguez-Domínguez  2021 Population-level morphological variation of Anisotremus interruptus (Gill, 1862) (Perciformes: Haemulidae) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4975: 141-158

5.    Ackerman JL, Bellwood DR (2000) Reef fish assemblages: a re-evaluation using enclosed rotenone stations Marine Ecology Progress Series 206:227-237.   doi:10.3354/meps206227

6.    Aguilar-Medrano, R. and Calderon-Aguilera, L.E. 2015. Redundancy and diversity of functional reef fish groups of the Mexican Eastern Pacific. Marine Ecology 2015: 1-15. 10.1111/maec.12253

7.    Allen, G.R. and Robertson, D.R. 1997. An annotated checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, tropical eastern Pacific. Rev. Biol. Trop. 45: 813-843

8.    Alvarez-Filip, L. and Reyes-Bonilla, H. 2006. Comparison of community structure and functional diversity of fishes at Cabo Pulmo coral reef, western Mexico between 1987 and 2003. Proceedings of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium 216-225

9.    Alzate, A. et al. 2012. New Records of Cryptobenthic Fishes in Coral Reef Habitats of Gorgona Island, Colombia, Tropical Eastern Pacific. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. 41: 229-235

10.  Alzate, A., Zapata, F.A., and Giraldo,A. 2014. A comparison of visual and collection-based methods for assessing community structure of coral reef fishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62: 359-371

11.  Anderson Jr., W.D. and Heemstra, P.C. 2012. Review of Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Anthiine Fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Serranidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 102: 204 pp

12.  Anderson, W.D., Jr. 2018. Annotated checklist of anthiadine fishes (Percoidei: Serranidae). Zootaxa 4475: 001-062. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4475.1.1

13.  Arias-Godínez, G. et al. 2021. The effect of coral reef degradation on the trophic structure of reef fishes from Bahía Culebra, North Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Journal of Coastal Conservation 25: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00802-x

14.  Arreola-Robles JL, Elorduy-Garay JF 2002. Reef fish diversity in the region of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. 70: 1-8

15.  Auster, P.J. et al. 2016. Facilitative behavioral interactions between deepwater piscivores at Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64: S187-S196.

16.  Auster PJ, Sánchez-Jiménez A, Rodríguez-Arrieta JA, Quesada AJ, Pérez C, Naranjo-Elizondo B, Blum S, Cortés J. (2016) Facilitative behavioral interactions between deepwater piscivores at Isla de Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop. 2016; 64 (Suppl 1):187-96.

17.  Auster, P.J. et al. 2019. Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Neotropical Ichthyology 17: 1-11. 10.1590/1982-0224-20180165

18.  Ayala Bocos, A., Fernández Rivera Melo, F.J., and Reyes Bonilla,H. 2018. Updated checklist of fishes at Cabo Pulmo reef, Gulf of California, Mexico. Rev. Mar. Cost 10: 9-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/revmar.10-1.1

19.  Ayala-Bocos, A. et al. 2015. New record of the frogfish Fowlerichthys avalonis (Actinopterygii, Antennariidae) at the oceanic Revillagigedo Archipelago, west Mexico. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: 1-4. 10.1017/S1755267215000275

20.  Balart, E. F. et al. 2006. Length–weight relationships of cryptic reef fishes from the southwestern Gulf of California, México. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 22: 316-318.

21.  Baldwin, C. C. and McCosker, J. E. 2001. Wrasses of the Galápagos Islands, with the description of a new deepwater species of Halichoeres (Perciformes: Labridae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 49: 89-100

22.  Baldwin CC, Tornabene L, Robertson DR (2018) Below the mesophotic. Scientific Reports 8:4920   DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-23067-1

23.  Barjau E. et al. 2012. Estructura temporal y espacial de la comunidad de peces arrecifales de la Isla San José, Golfo de California, México. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60: 649-667

24.  Barjau E. et al. 2012. Changes in the taxonomic diversity of the reef fish community of San Jose´ Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. Biodivers Conserv 21: 3543–3554. 10.1007/s10531-012-0378-z

25.  Barraza, J.E. 2014. Peces estuarinos y marinos de El Salvador. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN) 66pp

26.  Bastida-Zavala, J.R. et al. 2013. Marine and coastal biodiversity of Oaxaca, Mexico. Check List 9: 329-390

27.  Beldade R, Erzini K, Goncalves EJ (2006) Composition and temporal dynamics of a temperate rocky cryptobenthic fish assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 86: 1221-1228.

28.  Benfield, S. et al. 2008. A comparison of coral reef and coral community fish assemblages in Pacific Panama and environmental factors governing their structure. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88: 1331-1341. DOI:10.1017/S0025315408002002

29.  Bessudo, S  & Lefèvre Y. 2017, Guia de Peces de la Isla Malpelo Santuario de Fauna y Flora, Colombia, Pacifico Oriental Tropical. Fundacion Malpelo. 366 p.

30.  Bortone, S.A. 1977. Revision of the Sea Basses of the Genus Diplectrum (Pisces: Serranidae). NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 404: 1-49

31.  Brandl SJ, Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR, Tornabene L (2018) The hidden half: ecology and evolution of cryptobenthic fishes on coral reefs. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 93: 1846 -1873.  https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12423

32.  Bussing, W.A. 2010. A new fish, Peristedion nesium (Scorpaeniformes: Peristediidae) from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58: 1149-1156

33.  Calderon-Aguilera, L.E. et al. 2021. Estimated flows and biomass in a no-take coral reef from the eastern tropical Pacific through network analysis. Ecological Indicators 123: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107359

34.  Campos-Dávila, L. et al. 2005. FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN A GULF OF CALIFORNIA MARINE RESERVE. Bull. Mar. Sci. 77: 347-362

35.  Castañeda-Beltrán E., 1988. Prospección de la fauna ictiológica de isla Clarión, México. Biología Marina, Secretaría de Marina, México, 4: 97-136.

36.  Castellanos-Galindo, G.A., Giraldo, A., and Rubio,E.A. 2005. Community structure of an assemblage of tidepool fishes on a tropical eastern Pacific rocky shore, Colombia. Journal of Fish Biology 67: 392-408. DIO.ORG/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00735.x

37.  Castellanos-Galindo, G.A., Giraldo, A., and Zapata,F.A. 2014. Tidepool fish assemblages of Gorgona Island, Colombian Pacific coast: a local and regional comparison. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62: 373-390.

38.  Castro-Aguirre J.L. y E.F. Balart, 2002. La ictiofauna de las Islas Revillagigedo y sus relaciones zoogeográficas, con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolución. In: M.L. Lozano-Vilano (Ed.), Libro jubilar en Honor al Dr. Salvador Contreras Balderas. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Pp 153-170.

39.  Castellanos-Galindo, G.A., Krumme, U. and Willis, T.J. 2010. Tidal influences on fish distributions on tropical eastern Pacific rocky shores (Colombia). Marine Ecology Progress Series 416: 241-254. 10.3354/meps08768

40.  Chávez-Comparán J.C., M. Patiño-Barragán, G. Calderón-Riveroll, C. Lezama-Cervantes, B. Lara-Chávez, M. Ibarra-Castillas y S. Bautista-Laureano, 2010. Lista de peces generada por censosvisuales submarinos en la isla Socorro Colima, México. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Pesqueras, 27: 72-78.

41.  CCO y Dimar. 2019. CCO y Dimar. (2019). Malpelo es Colombia, Maravilla Estratégica. Bogotá, D.C.: Editorial CCO. Comisión Colombiana del Oceáno, CCO y Dirección General Marítima, Dimar 182pp

42.  Charpy, L. 2009. CHARPY L. (coord.) 2009. — Clipperton, environnement et biodiversité d'un microcosme océanique. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris; IRD, Marseille, 420 p. (Patrimoines naturels; 68). Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris 19pp

43.  Chavez-Comparan, J.C. et al. 2010. Lista de peces generada por censos visuales submarinos en la Isla Socorro Colima, México. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Pesqueras 27: 72-78

44.  Clua, E. and Planes, S. 2019. First record of Carolinas parrotfish (Calotomus carolinus) and king angelfish (Holacanthus passer) around the Clipperton Atoll-La Passion Island (North-Eastern Tropical Pacific). Cybium 43: 285-287. https://doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2019-433-009

45.  Cohen, D.M. 1973. VIVIPAROUS OPHIDIOID FISH GENUS CALAMOPTERYX: NEW SPECIES FROM WESTERN ATLANTIC AND GALAPAGOS. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 86: 339-350

46.  Collette, B.B. 1968. DAECTOR SCHMITTI, A NEW SPECIES OF VENOMOUS TOADFISH FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF CENTRAL AMERICA. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 81: 155-160

47.  Cord, I., Floeter, S. R, Araújo, G. S., Quimbayo, J. P., Robertson, D. R., Victor, B. C., Wirtz, P., Freitas, R., & Rocha, L. A. (2024). Atlantic reef fishes: distributions and life-history traits (Version 1) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13655554

48.  Cortés J., Vargas-Castillo R. and Nivia-Ruiz J. 2012. Marine biodiversity of Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica: published records. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60: 39-71

49.  Cortés, J. 2008. Marine Research at Isla del Coco (Cocos Island), Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56: 186-206

50.  Cruz-Acevedo E., Tolimieri N. and Aguirre-Villaseñor H. 2018. Deep-sea fish assemblages (300−2100 m) in the eastern Pacific off northern Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 592: 225-242. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12502

51.  Del Mar Palacios, M. and Zapata, F.A. 2014. Fish community structure on coral habitats with contrasting architecture in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62: 343-357

52.  Del Moral-Flores, L.F. et al. 2013. Lista anotada de la ictiofauna de las islas del golfo de California, con comentarios sobre sus afinidades zoogeográficas. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 184-214. 10.7550/rmb.27335

53.  Del Moral-Flores, L.F., Gracian-Negrete, J.M. and Gúzman-Camacho, A.F. 2016. PECES DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO DE LAS ISLAS REVILLAGIGEDO: UNA ACTUALIZACIÓN SISTEMÁTICA Y BIOGEOGRÁFICA. BIOCYT Biología, Ciencia y Tecnología 9: 596-619

54.  Depczynski M, Bellwood DR (2003) The role of cryptobenthic reef fishes in coral reef trophodynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 256: 183–191

55.  Dominici-Arosemena, A. and Wolff, M. 2006. Reef fish community structure in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (Panamá): living on a relatively stable rocky reef environment. Helgol Mar Res 60: 287-305. 10.1007/s10152-006-0045-4

56.  Dubuc, A., Quimbayo, J.P., Alvarado, J.J., Araya-Arce, T., Arriaga, A., Ayala-Bocos, A., Julio Casas-Maldonado, J., Chasqui, L., Cortés, J., Cupul-Magaña, A., Olivier, D., Olán-González, M., González-Leiva, A., López-Pérez, A., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Smith, F., Rivera, F., Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F.A., Rodríguez-Villalobos, J.C., Segovia, J., Zapata, F.A. and Bejarano, S. (2023), Patterns of reef fish taxonomic and functional diversity in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Ecography, 2023: e06536. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06536

57.  Edgar, G. J. et al. 2004. Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macro-invertebrate communities in the Galapagos archipelago. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1107-1124

58.  Edgar, G.J. et al. 2011. Variation in reef fish and invertebrate communities with level of protection from fishing across the Eastern Tropical Pacific seascape. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 730-743. 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00642.x

59.  Erisman, B.E. et al. 2011. List of coastal fishes of Islas Marías archipelago, Mexico, with comments on taxonomic composition, biogeography, and abundance. Zootaxa 2985: 26-40

60.  Espinoza, M. and Salas, E. 2005. Estructura de las comunidades de peces de arrecife en las Islas Catalinas y Playa Ocotal, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53: 523-536

61.  Fernández-Rivera Melo, F. et al. 2018. Latitudinal variation in structure and function of conspicuous reef fish assemblages along the western Gulf of California. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 89: 1154-1166. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.4.2231

62.  Figueroa-Pico, J., Tortosa, F. S., & Carpio, A. J. (2021). Natural and anthropogenic-induced stressors affecting the composition of fish communities on the rocky reefs of Ecuador. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164, 112018.

63.  Floro JD. 2012 Reef fish community structure at El Pelado Islet marine area, Santa Elena, Ecuador: baseline for MPA establishment. Thesis, ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL CENAIM-ESPOL, ECUADOR.

64.  Fourriére M, Reyes-Bonilla H, Rodríguez-Zaragoza FA, Crane N (2014) Fishes of Clipperton Atoll, Eastern Pacific: checklist, endemism, and analysis of completeness of the inventory. Pac Sci 68:375–395. doi:10. 2984/68.3.7

65.  Fourriére, M., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Ayala-Bocos, A., Ketchum, J. A., & Chávez-Comparan, J. C. (2016). Checklist and analysis of completeness of the reef fish fauna of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico. Zootaxa, 4150: 436–466.

66.  Fourriére, M., Alvarado JJ, Ayala-Bocos A, Cortes J 2017. Updated checklist and analysis of completeness of the marine fish fauna od Isla del Coco, Pacific of Costa Rica. Marine Biodiversity 47: 813-821

67.  Friedlander, A.M. et al. 2012. The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60: 321-338

68.  Friedlander, A.M. et al. 2019. Marine biodiversity from zero to a thousand meters at Clipperton Atoll (Île de La Passion), Tropical Eastern Pacific. PeerJ 7: 01-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7279

69.  Galland, G.R. et al. 2017. Contribution of cryptobenthic fishes to estimating community dynamics of sub-tropical reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 584: 175-184. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12364

70.  Galland, G.R., Aburto-Oropeza, O., and Hastings,P.A. 2011. Irregular schooling behavior   and abandonment of mimicry by the Sabertooth Blenny (Blenniidae) in Cabo Pulmo National Park, Gulf of California, Mexico. Coral Reefs 30: 215. 10.1007/s00338-010-0702-6

71.  Galván-Magaña, F. et al. 1996. LISTA SISTEMÁTICA DE LOS PECES DE LA ISLA CERRALVO, BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MÉXICO. Ciencias Marinas 22: 295-311

72.  Galván-Piña, V.H. et al. 2003. SEASONAL STRUCTURE OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN ROCKY AND SANDY HABITATS IN BAHÍA DE LA PAZ, MEXICO. Bull. Mar. Sci. 72: 19-35

73.  Galván-Villa C.M., López-Uriarte E. and Arreola-Robles J.L. 2011. Diversidad, estructura y variación temporal del ensamble de peces asociados al arrecife coralino de Playa Mora, Bahía de Tenacatita, México. Hidrobiologica 21: 135-146

74.  Galván-Villa, C.M. et al. 2016. Annotated checklist of marine fishes from the Sanctuary of Bahía Chamela, Mexico with occurrence and biogeographic data. ZooKeys 554: 139-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.554.6106

75.  Galván-Villa, C.M. et al. 2010. Ensamblajes de peces arrecifales y su relación con el hábitat bentónico de la Isla Isabel, Nayarit, México. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 45: 311-324.

76.  Giddens J, Goodell W, Friedlander A, Salinas-de-León P, Shepard C, Henning B, Berkenpas E, Sala E and Turchin A (2019) Patterns in Bathyal Demersal Biodiversity and Community Composition Around Archipelagos in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:388. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00388

77.  Gómez, F. and Vieira, C. 1996. ICTIOFAUNA ASOCIADA A LOS ARRECIFES CORALINOS HERMATIPICOS DE LA ENSENADA DE UTRIA, CHOCO, PACIFICO COLOMBIANO. UNIVERSITAS SCIENTIARUM 3: 53-61

78.  Gómez-González, A.E. et al. 2012. Lista sistemática de la ictiofauna en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada, Chiapas, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 83: 674-686. http://dx.doi.org/10.7550/rmb.24468

79.  González-Acosta, A.F. et al. 2018. Diversidad y conservación de los peces de la bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 89: 705-740. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2018.3.2145

80.  González-Acosta, A.F., Rodiles-Hernández, R. and González-Díaz, A.A. 2017. Checklist of the marine and estuarine fishes of Chiapas, Mexico. Marine Biodiversity 48: 1439–1454. 10.1007/s12526-016-0630-y

81.  González-Murcia, S., Chicas-Batres, F. and Lovo, M.H. 2016. Community structure and height distribution of intertidal rockpool fish in Los Cóbanos, El Salvador. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 11: 227-242

82.  González-Murcia, S., Erdmann, S., and Alvarado-Larios,R. 2020. Is this rock pool suitable habitat? Fish diversity in intertidal rock pools of El Zonte, El Salvador. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 91: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2020.91.3099

83.  González-Murcia, S., Marín-Martínez, C., and Ayala-Bocos,A. 2012. Intertidal rockpool icthyofauna of El Pital, La Libertad, El Salvador. Check List Journal of species lists and distribution 8: 1216-1219

84.  Graham, J.B. 1975. Smithsonian Institution Press, The Biological Investigation of Malpelo Island, Colombia. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 108pp

85.  Grove JS, Long DJ, Robertson DR, Victor BC (2022) List of Fishes of the Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 39, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7065587

86.  Guimarães, R. Z. P.  1999 Revision, phylogeny and comments on biogeography of soapfishes of the genus Rypticus (Teleostei: Serranidae). Bulletin of Marine Science 65: 337-379.

87.  Hastings, P. A. and V. G. Springer 1994 Review of Stathmonotus, with redefinition and phylogenetic analysis of the Chaenopsidae (Teleostei: Blennioidei). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 558: 1-48.

88.  Hastings, P. A. and V. G. Springer 2009 Recognizing diversity in blennioid fish nomenclature (Teleostei: Blennioidei). Zootaxa No. 2120: 3-14.

89.  Hollarsmith J.A. et al. 2020. Habitats and fish communities at mesophotic depths in the Mexican Pacific. Journal of Biogeography 2020: 1-12. 10.1111/jbi.13842

90.  Kovacic M, Patzner RA, Schliewen U (2012) A first quantitative assessment of the ecology of cryptobenthic fishes in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 159: 2731–2742.

91.  Knudsen, S. W. and K. D. Clements.  2013 Revision of the family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Zootaxa 3751: 1-101.

92.  Knudsen, S. W. and K. D. Clements.  2016 World-wide species distributions in the family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 101: 252-266.

93.  Lea, R. N., T. H. Fraser, C. C. Baldwin and M. T. Craig  2022 Five valid species of cardinalfishes of the genus Apogon (Apogonidae) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, with a redescription of A. atricaudus and notes on the distribution of A. atricaudus and A. atradorsatus. Ichthyology & Herpetology 110: 106-114.

94.  Levey M.D. 2005. PATTERNS OF REEF FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE AMONG SELECTED LOCATIONS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA. Faculty of California State University, Stanislaus through Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. Thesis: 1-76

95.  López-Pérez, A. et al. 2014. Corales pétreos, equinodermos y peces asociados a comunidades y arrecifes coralinos del Parque Nacional Huatulco, Pacífico sur mexicano. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 1145-1159. 10.7550/rmb.43848

96.  López-Pérez, R. A. et al. 2012. Species composition, habitat configuration and seasonal changes of coral reef fish assemblages in western Mexico. Journal of applied ichthyology 2012: 1-12. 10.1111/jai.12029

97.  Love, M. S., J. J. Bizzarro, A. M. Cornthwaite, B. W. Frable and K. P. Maslenikov  2021 Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska–Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Zootaxa 5053: 1-285.

98.  Ludt, W. B., M. A. Bernal, E. Kenworthy, E. Salas and P. Chakrabarty  2019 Genomic, ecological, and morphological approaches to investigating species limits: A case study in modern taxonomy from Tropical Eastern Pacific surgeonfishes. Ecology and Evolution 9: 4001-4012

99.  Mascareñas-Osorio, I. et al. 2011. Checklist of conspicuous reef fishes of the Bahía de los Ángeles region, Baja California Norte, Mexico, with comments on abundance and ecological biogeography. Zootaxa 2922: 60-68.

100.  McCarthy, L. V.  1979 Eastern Pacific Rypticus (Pisces: Grammistidae). Copeia 1979: 393-400.

101.  McKinley SJ, Saunders BJ, Rastoin-Laplane E, Salinas-de-León P, Harvey ES (2023) Functional vulnerability and biogeography of reef fish assemblages in the Galapagos Archipelago. Estuar, Coast Shelf Sci 286:108301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108301

102.  McCosker, J.E. and Rosenblatt, R.H. 2010. The Fishes of the Galápagos Archipelago: An Update. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) 61: pp. 167-195

103.  McCosker, J.E. et al. 1997. DEEPSLOPE FISHES COLLECTED DURING THE 1995 ERUPTION OF ISLA FERNANDINA, GALÁPAGOS. Noticias de Galápagos 22-26

104.  Miller PJ (1979) Adaptiveness and implications of small size in Teleosts. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. 44: 263–306

105.  Møller, P.R. et al. 2016. A new classification of viviparous brotulas (Bythitidae) – with the establishment of a new family Dinematichthyidae – based on molecular, morphological and fossil data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 391-408. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.008

106.  Muñoz Fernández, V.T., López Uriarte, E., and Galván Villa,C.M. 2006. Guía de macrofauna marina asociada a comunidades de coral del Pacífico central mexicano: Peces. Universidad de Guadalajara. Centro universitario de ciencias biológicas y agropecuarias. Departamento de ecología 96pp

107.  Olivier D. et al. 2018. Functional biogeography of the reef fishes of the islands of the Gulf of California: Integrating functional divergence into marine conservation. GlobaL Ecology and Conservation 16: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00506

108.  Olivier, D., Reyes-Bonilla, H., and Saldívar-Lucio,R. 2022. Multidecadal changes in fish composition and traits diversity in a marine park in the Gulf of California. Biodiversity and Conservation 31: 3197–3216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02484-9

109.  Palacios-Salgado, D.S. et al. 2012. ENDEMIC FISHES OF THE CORTEZ BIOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCE (EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN). Acta Ichthyologica et piscatoria 42: 153-164. 10.3750/AIP2011.42.3.01

110.  Palacios-Salgado, D.S. et al. 2014. Marine fishes of Acapulco, Mexico (Eastern Pacific Ocean). Marine Biodiversity 44: 471–490. 10.1007/s12526-014-0209-4

111.  Palacios-Salgado, D.S. et al. 2014. Carta al Editor. Revista Bio Ciencias 2: 235-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.15741/revbio.02.04.01

112.  Palacios-Salgado, D.S. et al. 2012. ICHTHYODIVERSITY OF SAN JOSE, SAN FRANCISQUITO, AND EL PARDITO ISLANDS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. Acta Ichthyologica et piscatoria 42: 177-191. 10.3750/AIP2011.42.3.03

113.  Palacios-Salgado, D.S. et al. 2015. Biogeographic and latitudinal patterns of demersal fishes in the Mexican Pacific. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95: 411-422. doi:10.1017/S0025315414001593

114.  Palacios-Salgado, D. S., L. Campos-Dávila, J. Granados-Amores, V. H. Cruz-Escalona, M. S. Peterson, X. G. Moreno-Sánchez, R. Aguilar-Medrano, J. R. Flores-Ortega and L. A. Abitia-Cárdenas. 2019. Functional diversity in fish assemblages of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean: A review of two decades of progress in the functional diversity approach. Hidrobiológica 29 (1): 17-40.  DOI:10.24275/uam/izt/dcbs/hidro/2019v29n1/Palacios 

115.  Pérez de-Silva, C.V. et al. 2022. Reef Fish Assemblage in Two Insular Zones within the Mexican Central Pacific. Oceans 3: 204-217. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3020015

116.  Pondella II, D. J. et al. 2005. Biogeography of the nearshore rocky-reef fishes at the southern and Baja California islands. Journal of Biogeography 32: 187-201

117.  Quimbayo, J.P. et al. 2014. REEF FISH FORAGING ASSOCIATIONS AT MALPELO ISLAND, COLOMBIA (TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC). Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. 43: 183-193

118.  Quimbayo, J.P. et al. 2017. Unusual reef fish biomass and functional richness at Malpelo, a remote island in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Environmental Biology of Fishes 100: 149–162. 10.1007/s10641-016-0557-y

119.  Ramírez-Gutiérrez, M. et al. 2007. Fish community structure in San Agustín Bay, Huatulco, Mexico. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80: 419-430

120.  Ramírez-Ortiz, G. et al. 2017. Functional diversity of fish and invertebrates in coral and rocky reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Marine Ecology 38: 1-9. 10.1111/maec.12447

121.  Ramírez-Valdez, A. et al. 2015. THE NEARSHORE FISHES OF THE CEDROS ARCHIPELAGO (NORTH-EASTERN PACIFIC) AND THEIR BIOGEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES. CalCOFL Rep. 56: 1-25

122.  Randall, J.E., 2005. Reef and shore fishes of the South Pacific. New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 720 p.

123.  Randall, J. E.  2007 Reef and shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu. 546 p.

124.  Reyes Bonilla, H. et al. 2010. CHECKLIST AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF FISHES FROM GUADALUPE ISLAND, WESTERN MEXICO. CalCOFL Rep. 51: 195-209

125.  Ricart, A.M. et al. 2016. Coral reef fish assemblages at Clipperton Atoll (Eastern Tropical Pacific) and their relationship with coral cover. Scientia Marina 80: 479-486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04301.12B

126.  Richards, W. J. and McCosker, J. E. 1998. A new species of the genus Bellator (Pisces: Triglidae), with comments on the trigloids of the Gálapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111: 936-941

127.  Ríos-Jara, E. et al. 2008. Listados taxonómicos de la biota marina del Parque Nacional Isla Isabel ( invertebrados, peces y macroalgas). Universidad de Guadalajara. Centro universitario de ciencias biológicas y agropecuarias. Departamento de ecología. 199 pp.

128.  Robertson DR, Allen GR (2024) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 3.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. www.stri.org/sftep

129.  Robertson DR, Cramer K   Marine shore-fishes and biogeographic subdivisions of the Tropical Eastern Pacific.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 380: 1-17.

130.  Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2008) Rotenone: An essential but demonized tool for assessing marine fish diversity. Bioscience 58:165-170.

131.  Robertson DR, Smith-Vaniz WF (2010) Use of clove oil in collecting coral reef fishes for research. Marine Ecology Progress Series.401:295-302

132.  Rodríguez-Zaragoza, F.A et al. 2011. Additive partitioning of reef fish diversity variation: a promising marine biodiversity management tool. Biodivers Conserv 20: 1655-1675. 10.1007/s10531-011-0053-9

133.  Rojas M., P.A. and Zapata P., L.A. 2006. Peces demersales del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona y su área de influencia, Pacífico colombiano. Biota Colombiana 7: 211-244

134.  Rosenblatt, R. H. and W. L. Montgomery 1976 Kryptophaneron harveyi, a new anomalopid fish from the eastern tropical Pacific, and the evolution of the Anomalopidae. Copeia 1976 (no. 3): 510-515.

135.  Ruiz-Campos, G. et al. 2010. COMPOSITION, DENSITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES OF THE ROCKY INTERTIDAL FISHES IN THE WESTERN COAST OF THE BAJA CALIFORNIA PENINSULA, MEXICO. Colección Ictiológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California & Cuerpo Académico Estudios Relativos a la Biodiversidad 34pp

136.  McKinley S.J. et al. 2022. Functional diversity of reef fish assemblages in the Galapagos Archipelago. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 549: 12 pp. DOI:10.1016/j.jembe.2022.151695

137.  Salas E., Sánchez-Godínez C. and Montero-Cordero A. 2015. Peces marinos de la Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño: Estructura de las comunidades de peces de arrecife y lista taxonómica actualizada de los peces costeros. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63: 97-116

138.  Salas, E. and Alvarado, J.J. 2008. Lista de peces costeros del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, Costa Rica, con anotaciones sobre su ecología. BRENESIA 69: 43-58

139.  Sánchez-Caballero C.A. et al. 2016. Links between fish community structure and habitat complexity of a rocky reef in the Gulf of California threatened by development: implications for mitigation measures. Ocean & Coastal Management 137: 96-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.12.013

140.  Sánchez-Caballero, C.A., Borges-Souza, J.M., and Abelson,A. 2021. Can wrecks serve as exploitable surrogate habitats for degraded natural reefs?. Marine Environmental Research 169: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105399

141.  Sánchez-Jiménez, A. et al. 2018. Updated catalogue of bony fishes observed in deep waters at Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Rev. Biol. Trop. 66: S1-S113

142.  Solano-Barquero, A., Sibaja-Cordero, J.A., and Cortés,J. 2022. Macrofauna Associated With a Rhodolith Bed at an Oceanic Island in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica). Front. Mar. Sci. 9: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.858416

143.  Starnes, W. C.  1988 Revision, phylogeny and biogeographic comments on the circumtropical marine percoid fish family Priacanthidae. Bulletin of Marine Science v. 43 (no. 2): 117-203.

144.  Starr, R.M., Green, K., and Sala,E. 2012. Deepwater fish assemblages at Isla del Coco National Park and Las Gemelas Seamount, Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60: 347-362

145.  Torres-Hernández, E. et al. 2016. Annotated checklist of the coastal ichthyofauna from Michoacán State, Mexico. ZooKeys 606: 99-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.606.9004

146.  Torres-Hernández, E., I. Betancourt-Resendes, M. G. Solís-Guzmán, D. R. Robertson, A. Angulo, J. E. Martínez-Gómez, E. Espinoza and O. Domínguez-Domínguez  2022 Phylogeography and evolutionary history of the Panamic clingfish Gobiesox adustus in the tropical eastern Pacific. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution  173: 1-30.

147.  Torres-Hernández, E., I. Betancourt-Resendes, A. Angulo, D. R. Robertson, E. Barraza, E. Espinoza, P. Díaz-Jaimes and O. Domínguez-Domínguez  2021 A multi-locus approach to elucidating the evolutionary history of the clingfish Tomicodon petersii (Gobiesocidae) in the tropical Eastern Pacific. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 166: 1-14.

148.  Torres-García RQ, Gaither MR, Robertson DR, Torres-Hernández E, Caselle JE, Durand J-D, Angulo A, Espinoza-Herrera E, García-De León FJ, Valdiviezo-Rivera J, Domínguez-Domínguez O. 2024. Geographic genetic variation in the Coral Hawkfish, Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Cirrhitidae), in relation to biogeographic barriers across the Tropical Indo-Pacific. PeerJ 12:e18058, DOI 10.7717/peerj.18058 

149.  Vega, A.J. and Villareal, N. 2003. PECES ASOCIADOS A ARRECIFES Y MANGLARES EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL COIBA. Tecnociencia 5: 65-76

150.  Velasco-Lozano, M.F. et al. 2020. Ensamblajes de peces en la zona mesofótica del Pacífico: Una comparación entre islas continentales y oceánicas de México. Ciencias Marinas 46: 321-342. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v46i4.3112

151.  Victor BC, Frable BW, Ludt WB. 2024. Halichoeres sanchezi n. sp., a new wrasse from the Revillagigedo Archipelago of Mexico, tropical eastern Pacific Ocean (Teleostei: Labridae) PeerJ 12:e16828 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16828

152.  Viesca-Lobatón, C. et al. 2008. Peces arrecifales en la Bahía de los Angeles: recursos naturales y comunidad. Línea base 2007. Danemann, G.D. y Ezcurra, E. (editores). Pronatura Noroeste, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, and San Diego Natural History Museum. México, D.F. 385-427

153.  Villareal-Cavazos, A. et al. 2000. Los peces del arrecife de Cabo Pulmo, Golfo de California, México: Lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía. Rev. Biol. Trop. 48: 413-324

154.  Villegas-Sánchez, C.A. et al. 2009. Rocky-reef fish assemblages at San José Island, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 80: 169-179

155.  Weaver, P.L. 1970. Species diversity and ecology of tidepool fishes in three Pacific coastal areas of Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 17: 165-185

156.  Willis TJ (2001). Visual census methods underestimate density and diversity of cryptic reef fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 1408-1411.

157.  Zapata, F. A. & Morales, Y. (1997). Spatial and temporal patterns of fish diversity in a coral reef at Gorgona Island. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 1: 1029-1034.

158.  Zapata, F.A., A. Tobón & J.L. García.2008. Peces asociados a sistemas rocosos y coralinos en Punta Cruces y Cabo Marzo. p. 35-51. En: A. Giraldo y B. Valencia (Eds.). Chocó: paraíso por naturaleza – Punta Cruces y Cabo Marzo. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. 93 p.