DOI: 10.5061/dryad.wm37pvmpm
title: Maternal effects of climate warming and nitrogen deposition vary with home and introduced ranges

description: Maternal effects allow offspring to cope with changing environments. While
 the immediate effects of climate warming and nitrogen (N) deposition are
 well documented, their maternal effects have been little studied. We
 conducted a 6-year maternal experiment with Solidago canadensis, native to
 North America and invasive in China, and two offspring experiments to
 address how maternal warming, maternal N-addition and population source
 interacted to influence offspring performance. Maternal effects of warming
 and N-addition on seed traits, leaf dry matter content, and whole-plant
 biomass were stronger in S. canadensis offspring from China than in
 offspring from North America. Matched maternal-offspring environments
 allowed offspring to perform better compared to mismatched environments;
 offspring grown under warming flowered and produced seeds within a growing
 season only when their maternal plants were previously exposed to warming.
 Offspring environments influenced its performance and also modulated
 maternal effects. We suggest that the maternal effects of simulated
 climate warming and N deposition could vary ranges, and our findings imply
 that maternal warming could advance the reproductive phenology of
 offspring.
description: (1) Seed mass: we collected the seeds from maternal plants and
 air-dried them, selected 100 seeds from five mesocosms per maternal
 environment, and determined their air-dried mass (mg); the thousand-seed
 mass (mg) was calculated as follows: hundred-seed mass × 10. (2) Seed
 germination: seed germination was checked daily; the seed germination rate
 (%) was calculated as follows: (the number of germinated seeds/the initial
 number of seeds) × 100%. (3) Chlorophyll content: we selected three leaves
 from each individual and recorded three readings with a portable
 chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Konica Minolta, Japan) per leaf, and then all
 readings per individual were averaged. (4) Leaf dry matter content (LDMC):
 we determined the mass of a water-saturated fresh leaf after rehydrating
 it at room temperature for 24 h, and then determined its dry mass after
 oven-drying at 85 °C for 24 h; LDMC (mg g<sup>-1</sup>) was
 calculated as the ratio of leaf oven-dry mass to leaf water-saturated
 fresh mass. (5) Flowering and seed-setting date: the onset of the first
 flowering and seed-setting was observed every 1–3 days; from the
 observations, we could determine the number of days from 1 April (i.e.,
 day of year, DOY) for flowering and seed-setting phases. (6) Whole-plant
 biomass: at the end of the experiment, we harvested all plants and
 separated them into shoots and roots; all harvested plants were oven-dried
 at 65 °C for 48 h and then weighed; the whole-plant biomass (g) was
 defined as the sum of dry shoot biomass and dry root biomass. (7)
 Shoot/root ratio: we calculated a shoot/root ratio based on shoot biomass
 and root biomass.
description: README_ZhouFunctEcol2021.xlsx contains metadata for each of the
 following datasheets: Zhou_FE2021_biomass.csv file
 contains the shoot biomass, root biomass, and whole-plant biomass of
 offspring individuals grown under different conditions.
 Zhou_FE2021_chlorophyll.csv file contains the leaf chlorophyll
 content of offspring individuals grown under different
 conditions. Zhou_FE2021_flowering date.csv file
 contains the flowering date of offspring individuals grown under different
 conditions. Zhou_FE2021_leaf dry matter content.csv
 file contains the leaf dry matter content of offspring individuals grown
 under different conditions. Zhou_FE2021_seed
 germination.csv file contains the seed germination rate of maternal
 individuals grown under different conditions.
 Zhou_FE2021_seed mass.csv file contains the seed mass of maternal
 individuals grown under different conditions.
 Zhou_FE2021_seed-setting date.csv file contains the seed-setting
 date of offspring individuals grown under different conditions.
 Zhou_FE2021_shoot root ratio.csv file contains the shoot/root
 ratio of offspring individuals grown under different conditions.