DOI: 10.5061/dryad.76nr2
title: Data from: Phylogeny and evolutionary history of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in land plants

description: Background: GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) genes encode signal
 transduction proteins with roles in a variety of biological processes in
 eukaryotes. In contrast to the low copy numbers observed in animals, GSK3
 genes have expanded into a multi-gene family in land plants
 (embryophytes), and have also evolved functions in diverse plant specific
 processes, including floral development in angiosperms. However, despite
 previous efforts, the phylogeny of land plant GSK3 genes is currently
 unclear. Here, we analyze genes from a representative sample of
 phylogenetically pivotal taxa, including basal angiosperms, gymnosperms,
 and monilophytes, to reconstruct the evolutionary history and functional
 diversification of the GSK3 gene family in land plants. Results: Maximum
 Likelihood phylogenetic analyses resolve a gene tree with four major gene
 duplication events that coincide with the emergence of novel land plant
 clades. The single GSK3 gene inherited from the ancestor of land plants
 was first duplicated along the ancestral branch to extant vascular plants,
 and three subsequent duplications produced three GSK3 loci in the ancestor
 of euphyllophytes, four in the ancestor of seed plants, and at least five
 in the ancestor of angiosperms. A single gene in the Amborella trichopoda
 genome may be the sole survivor of a sixth GSK3 locus that originated in
 the ancestor of extant angiosperms. Homologs of two Arabidopsis GSK3 genes
 with genetically confirmed roles in floral development, AtSK11 and AtSK12,
 exhibit floral preferential expression in several basal angiosperms,
 suggesting evolutionary conservation of their floral functions. Members of
 other gene lineages appear to have independently evolved roles in plant
 reproductive tissues in individual taxa. Conclusions: Our phylogenetic
 analyses provide the most detailed reconstruction of GSK3 gene evolution
 in land plants to date and offer new insights into the origins,
 relationships, and functions of family members. Notably, the diversity of
 this “green” branch of the gene family has increased in concert with the
 increasing morphological and physiological complexity of land plant life
 forms. Expression data for seed plants indicate that the functions of GSK3
 genes have also diversified during evolutionary time.
description: Land Plant GSK3
 matrixMAFFT translation
 alignment of 445 plant genes encoding homologs of GSK3.GSK3 phylogenetic
 treeMaximum Likelihood
 phylogenetic tree produced by RAxML 7.3.0 analysis of GSK3 land plant
 matrix with the GTRCAT model of evolutionGSK3 gene
 expressionGene expression data for
 GSK3 homologs in select seed plants. Gene expression levels are measured
 by normalized reads per kilobase per million (RPKM) values per tissue,
 except for Arabidopsis genes where they are measured by normalized
 microarray signal intensities per tissue. Gene expression levels in root,
 stem, seedling, leaf, flower/cone (during pre-meiotic, post-meiotic, and
 post-anthetic developmental stages), and fruit/seed of each species, are
 provided.