cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79094
title: Villagers, Kashmir, India, ca.1900

description: “Group in interior of Mountains near Kashmir.” Group portrait of indigenous men, women and boys wearing traditional clothing. Kashmir is located in the mountainous north of India. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments to the villagers of this area.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79049
title: Waterfall, Himachal Pradesh, India, ca.1910

description: “Waterfall on River.” View of rushing water in mountain river. The scene is most likely taken in the Himachal Pradesh area of India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78994
title: Pastors in the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan, ca.1890

description: “Pastors in the Panjab [Punjab].” Portraits of four indigenous pastors. They are (clockwise from top L) Tahl Singh, Nathu Mal, Hakim Singh, Sohan Lal. Nathu Mal was a catechist in Daska. Rev. Hakim Singh was a Sikh convert to Christianity who later became a pastor and missionary. He was based in Wazirabad. Sohan Lal was a Brahman convert from Chamba, who was baptized in 1867. Tahl Singh was also a Sikh convert and preacher.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78999
title: City View, Chamba, India, ca.1900

description: “Chamba.” View of city situated in valley with mountains rising behind. ❧ The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture after the committee of the India Mission turned down his offer of work. When Ferguson retired he handed the mission over to the Church of Scotland. Dr Hutchison took over the running of the Chamba district, in 1873, from William Ferguson and remained there until his death in 1936. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments. ❧ Chamba was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79487
title: Manse, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: The Manse" Exterior view of the house and land of the resident minister. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The Hunter Memorial Hospital was opened in January 1908, making it the first permanent building erected at Kikuyu and by the 6th of January, patients were beginning to be admitted. Smallpox and cases of famine were the most common illnesses. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. In April of the same year, the first day-school was opened for children. By March 1926, The Alliance High School for older boys was established, principled by Mr G.A. Grieve. Crops were grown (maize, beans and sweet potatoes) in part to provide foods for the school children. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79000
title: Church, Chamba, India, ca.1920

description: “Church.” External view of stone church building with tower. Several people are standing in front. ❧ The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture after the committee of the India Mission turned down his offer of work. When Ferguson retired he handed the mission over to the Church of Scotland. Dr Hutchison took over the running of the Chamba district, in 1873, from William Ferguson and remained there until his death in 1936. The church pictured here was built by the Raja of Chamba to replace an earlier one. ❧ Chamba was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79612
title: Zakayo Muturi, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Zakayo Muturi". Portrait of a stonemason at work. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The Hunter Memorial Hospital was opened in January 1908, making it the first permanent building erected at Kikuyu and by the 6th of January, patients were beginning to be admitted. Smallpox and cases of famine were the most common illnesses. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78883
title: Hunterpur group portrait, Sialkot, India, ca.1920

description: Group portrait of women and children at the Hunter Memorial Church where a number of Muslim converts worshiped. The Church was built in memory of Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857. Mr Hunter was the first Church of Scotland missionary to the Punjab and had only arrived in Sialkot that year. The architect was W. B. Harington, executive engineer of the station, and the funds were raised by Mrs Prinsep. The Church was opened on 22 January 1865 by the Rev. Hugh Drennan and nine families of the Meg caste, from Bajwat, were settled on surrounding farmland to establish a local community, Hunterpur. The group in the photograph are possibly members of the local community.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78870
title: Woman and girl, Punjab, India, ca.1900

description: “Susan and Lily”. Portrait of indigenous woman and child at the doorway of a building, the woman sits and the little girl stands next to her holding a western style doll with a porcelain head. The Women’s Association of Foreign Missions (WAFM) arrived in the Punjab in 1888 and was particularly involved in the education of women. They set up girls’ schools and participated in zenanas work where missionaries went to the homes of women and educated them in the apartments, or rooms, to which they were restricted.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79038
title: Native Police, Himachal Pradesh, India, ca.1910

description: “Native police at food.” View of two indigenous policemen seated on the ground eating.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78872
title: Painting of the Royal Court, Punjab, ca.1900

description: "Indian painting" Photograph of a painting of a scene from the Royal Court, the Maharaja sits at the centre on a decorative marble throne surrounded by courtiers and foreign diplomats. The black and white photograph is faded and fails to show up the colours of the original illustration. The illustration is from the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78920
title: View from Fort, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1920

description: “Sialkot City from Fort looking N.W.” Exterior view of the city from a Fort ❧ Sialkot was a frontier military station, having been annexed by the British in 1849, situated on the fertile plains at the base of the Himalayan range by the Chenab River. When the Church of Scotland chose it as the base for their missionary work in the Punjab in 1857, they sent Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Mutiny that same year. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson, would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Sialkot and throughout the Punjab. Sialkot Fort, built in the 2nd century AD, was used by the British for protection during the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79009
title: Opening of High School, Daska, Pakistan, 1915

description: “To illustrate from the outposts – Punjab. Laying foundation stone of mission school, Daska.” Group portrait of several indigenous men and a few European men in front of brick wall. There is a sign that reads ‘Daska Mission High School Foundation stone laid by E. R. Abbott Esq. Duputy Commissioner March 26th 1915.’ William Scott (1866-1936) pictured on the far left, spent the greater part of his career in Daska and was Principal of the Christian Boys’ Training School. ❧ Daska is situated twenty miles South West of Sialkot. It was the main station from which itineration could be carried out in the surrounding district and from early on had a permanent catechist.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79006
title: Ladies Mission House and School, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Sialkot: new ladies’ Mission House in front and School behind.” External view of ladies mission house and school building. ❧ The Sialkot Ladies Mission was run by the Aberdeen Auxiliary of the Church of Scotland Women’s Association for Foreign Missions. Their first representative had been Miss E.S. Paterson, sister of Rev. Robert Paterson, who arrived in Gujrat in 1888. She was followed by Miss Isabella Plumb (1861-1944) and Miss Mary E. Scorgie (fl.1890) who established the bases for the women’s mission in Sialkot. The Women’s Associations main remit was the education of women in India and involved setting up girls’ schools and teaching in zenanas.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79007
title: Four Veteran Chaplains, India, ca.1880

description: “Four veteran Chaplains who served with Highland Regiments. (clockwise L to R) Rev. James Campbell, D.D., Rev. William Ferguson, Rev. Hugh Drennan, Rev. John Paton, D.D. The best portrait of Mr. Ferguson as he was in the early years of the Chamba Mission.” Four portraits of veteran chaplains. William Ferguson (1821-1904) began the Chamba Mission as an independent venture after the committee of the India Mission turned down his offer of work. When Ferguson retired he handed the mission over to the Church of Scotland. Dr Hutchison took over the running of the Chamba district in 1873
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79082
title: Mission House, Wazirabad, Pakistan, ca.1900

description: “Mission House – Wazirabad.” External view of mission house building. The mission in Wazirabad was established with the arrival of Mohammed Ismail (-1873) who took over the government school in 1863. The town of Wazirabad was founded in 1636 by Shah Jahan (1592-1658) on the banks of the Chenab River and is 45 Kilometres west of Sialkot.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79588
title: Church Service, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Kikuyu Church Service, Sunday 15th August 1926" External view of Church and service being delivered to the indigenous peoples who are seated in front of the church in large numbers. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901.The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78892
title: Missionary being taken up hill on a litter, Darjeeling, ca.1890

description: "Darjeeling. Miss [?] going up the hill to her work in her Dandy…" The town of Darjeeling, in the Eastern Himalayan Field, was established by Arthur Campbell and Lieutenant Robert Napier, it developed as a sanatorium and hill station, and was used by the British as a summer resort. The Church of Scotland founded a mission there, under the supervision of the Reverend William Macfarlane, in 1870. The region has a large ethnic mix with up to ten languages spoken there; these include the Lepcha, Nepalese and Bhutanese peoples. Macfarlane set up a number of schools in the area extending his work to Kalimpong and Sikkim. "DANDY -- A kind of vehicle used in Himalaya, consisting of a strong cloth slung like a hammock to a bamboo staff, and carried by two (or more) men. The traveller [sic] can either sit sideways, or lie on his back" -- Hobson - Jobson. "A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms". 2nd ed. London: John Murray, 1902; p.296.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79437
title: Mission building, Shenyang, China, 1909

description: Moukden [Shenyang] became an important station, in the interior of the Manchuria field, and Hospitals, Schools and Orphanages were built there. The United Presbyterian Mission unified with the Dutch and the Irish Presbyterian Missions in 1890 to form an indigenous Presbytery, named Kuan Tung, with Chinese as the official language.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79027
title: State Hospital, Chamba, India, ca.1900

description: “State Hospital Chamba.” External view of hospital building. Above the entrance is a sign that reads ‘Sham Singh Hospital’. Sham Singh (1866-1905) was Raja of Chamba from 1873 to 1904. His reign was characterized by improvements in nearly every aspect, including reforming the judicial system, constructing roadways, strengthening the military, replacing the bridge of the River Ravi, and building a hospital, post office, and bazaar. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79035
title: Ladies Mission House, Chamba, India, ca.1900

description: “Ladies’ Mission House, Chamba.” External view of mission house with two women standing on porch. The ladies’ mission was the education of women in India and involved setting up girls’ schools and teaching in zenanas. It also included medical work. The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture, and was an independent princely state and came under British influence in 1848. It now forms part of Himachal Pradesh, India.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79013
title: Murray College, Sialkot, ca.1900

description: “Murray College, Sialkot.” External view of brick college building. A sign hangs above the entrance that identifies the building as Murray College. The college was opened in 1889 by Dr. John F W Youngson (1852-1920) and taught languages, sciences, math, history, and gospel subjects. The college, originally known as Scottish Mission College, was nationalised by the Pakistan Government in 1972.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79606
title: Rev Musa Gitau, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: Rev Musa Gitau". Group portrait of people lined up around the side of a newly filled grave, as Reverend Gitau, one of the senior preachers at Kikuyu, presides over the funeral service.The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. The Hunter Memorial Hospital was opened in January 1908, making it the first permanent building erected at Kikuyu and by the 6th of January, patients were beginning to be admitted. Smallpox and cases of famine were the most common illnesses. The mission church was built as a memorial to Dr Ruffelle Scott who originally began the building of a mission church as a memorial to the Reverend Thomas Watson, who died in 1900. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78926
title: College Students, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “College Students Sialkot.” Group portrait of well dressed indigenous men. The photograph possibly shows one of the classes for the Scottish Mission College. The college was opened in 1889 by Dr. Youngson and taught languages, sciences, math, history, and gospel subjects. The college, now known as the Murray College, was nationalised by the Pakistan Government in 1972.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79086
title: G. P. Pradhan and Wife, India, 1901

description: “G. P. Pradhan & Mrs. Pradhan – 4-7-1901.” Portrait of Ganga Prashad seated next to his wife. Ganga Prashad Pradhan (1853-1932) was a convert to Christianity. He later became a pastor in Darjeeling, where he translated the Bible into Nepali.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78921
title: View from Fort, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1920

description: “Sialkot City from Fort looking W.” Exterior view of the city from a Sialkot Fort. ❧ Sialkot was a frontier military station, having been annexed by the British in 1849, situated on the fertile plains at the base of the Himalayan range by the Chenab River. When the Church of Scotland chose it as the base for their missionary work in the Punjab in 1857, they sent Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Mutiny that same year. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson, would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Sialkot and throughout the Punjab. Sialkot Fort, built in the 2nd century AD, was used by the British for protection during the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78917
title: Mission House, Sialkot, Pakistan, ca.1920

description: "Old mission house." Exterior view of mission building. ❧ Sialkot was a frontier military station, having been annexed by the British in 1849, situated on the fertile plains at the base of the Himalayan range by the Chenab River. When the Church of Scotland chose it as the base for their missionary work in the Punjab in 1857, they sent Thomas Hunter (1827-1857) who was murdered with his family during the Indian Mutiny that same year. His successors, John Taylor (1837-1868) and Robert Paterson, would not arrive in Sialkot until 1860 and rapidly expand the field. The mission would open orphanages, girl’s schools, women’s hospitals and do zenana work in Sialkot and throughout the Punjab.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-78931
title: Ladies Mission Home, Gujrat, Pakistan, ca.1910

description: “Ladies Mission Home Gujrat.” Exterior view of a building with a large veranda running around it and built in a traditional style. The Women’s Association for Foreign Missions sent their first missionary, Miss E. S. Paterson, to Gujrat in 1888. Unfortunately she had to return home after two years due to ill health. Misses Helen and Mary Mackichan and Miss Hannah Stephenson continued to run the mission with its emphasis on female education and zenana work. Miss Russell, M.B. was responsible for establishing a thriving medical branch and the Dow Memorial Hospital, funded by the Misses Dow of Montreal in memory of their mother, was opened in Gujrat in 1899.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79486
title: Manse Garden, Kikuyu, Kenya, August 1926

description: “Rev Mr Stevenson, Miss McMurtrie, Mrs Arthur.” Group portrait of the three standing in the Manse Gardens, with a pram shown on the right hand side. Mrs Evelyn Margaret Arthur was the wife of Mr John William Arthur, the medical missionary who was appointed to Kikuyu in 1915. The pram almost certainly belongs to that of Mr and Mrs Arthur's baby daughter Caroline, who was born in 1926. The Kikuyu Mission had been founded on a temporary site by the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1891, before moving to Kikuyu territory in 1898, under the Rev. Thomas Watson. Located on the ‘lower shamba’, the site stands 12 miles from Nairobi, at a distance of approximately 342 miles away from the coast. The Church of Scotland assumed control of the Mission in 1901. ❧ "A Series of Photos illustrating Life and Work at Kikuyu. August 1926. Rev W.B. Stevenson."
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79078
title: Bible Class, Pune, India, ca.1900

description: “The Bible Class. The Service when the Churchyard was consecrated, Pooneh [Pune].” Group portrait of European and indigenous men and women in front of large tent. The Pune mission was operated by the Free Church of Scotland.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79005
title: Barkhurdar Khan, Chamba, India, 1884

description: “To Revd. W. Ferguson with his servant Barkhurdar Khan’s salams and best wishes. Chamba 25th July 1884.” Small portrait of Barkhurdar Khan. Barkhurdar Khan is mentioned in connection with the leper asylum at Chamba as a ‘much-respected native physician and a Christian’ (Jackson, John, Lepers: thirty-six years’ work among them, 1910, p. 20). ❧ The Chamba mission was established, in 1863, by William Ferguson (1821-1904) as an independent venture after the committee of the India Mission turned down his offer of work. When Ferguson retired he handed the mission over to the Church of Scotland. Dr Hutchison took over the running of the Chamba district, in 1873, from William Ferguson and remained there until his death in 1936. Medico-evangelistic work was undertaken amongst the Himalayan slopes and the missionary parties would endure extreme conditions to spread the Christian gospels and provide medical treatments. Mr. Wellesley Bailey (1846-1937) built several leper asylums in the Chamba region as part of his international charity, The Leprosy Mission. The church had great success in preaching the gospel among them.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79042
title: Moravian Mission, Keylong, India, ca.1910

description: “Moravian Mission Kyelang [Keylong].” View of several men chopping wood. The Moravian Mission, under the direction of the Moravian Church, was one of the first large scale Protestant missionary efforts, with missions established throughout much of the world. Moravian missionary efforts were admired by Church of Scotland missionaries, although the two often worked in different parts of Himachal Pradesh. Moravian missionary efforts in the area were centred in Keylong in the Lahoul district, with their eventual goal being to expand into Chinese Tibet.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79069
title: Hay Memorial Training School, Daska, ca.1910

description: “Hay Memorial Training School, Daska. (mealtime).” External view of several boys seated in a line around courtyard. A man is serving food from a large bowl. Daska is situated twenty miles South West of Sialkot. It was the main station from which itineration could be carried out in the surrounding district and from early on had a permanent catechist. William Scott (1866-1936) spent the greater part of his career in Daska and was Principal of the Christian Boys’ Training School.
DOI: 10.25549/impa-c123-79128
title: Temple of Mahadev, Jaipur, India, ca.1900

description: "The Temple of Mahadev in front of the main entrance to the Palace at Achrol." External view of a large tree placed in front of the temple of Mahadev. ❧ United Free Church of Scotland photographs from the Rajputana mission.