cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kxt5
title: Correspondence, vol. 3, 1991 June 2-30

description: Correspondence, vol. 3, 1991 June 2-30. PART OF A SERIES: Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue investigated how LAPD administrators respond to personnel complaints and allegations of misconduct. Materials in the series were collected and analyzed by the firm for this purpose, and include summaries of witness interviews; article clippings discussing instances of alleged police misconduct; source materials related to the LAPD’s use-of-force policies; a transcript of a court case involving officer misconduct; summaries of personnel complaint statistics; and excerpts taken from the personnel files of officers with multiple complaints and misconduct charges. Also included is correspondence sent and received by the firm over the course of its investigation.1. Spiegel, memo, 1991-06-302. Holliday, fax, 1991-06-29, to Feess3. Feess, fax, 1991-06-29, to Epstein4. Spiegel, fax, 1991-06-28, to Feess5. Spiegel, memo, 1991-06-28, to Drooyan6. Feess, memo, 1991-06-28, to Spiegel7. Drooyan, fax, 1991-06-28, to Feess8. Holliday, memo, 1991-06-27, to Feess9. Holliday, fax, 1991-06-27, to Feess10. Holliday, fax, 1991-06-26, to Feess11. Feess, memo, 1991-06-26, to Spiegel12. Spiegel, fax, 1991-06-25, to Feess13. Selbst, memo, 1991-06-24, to Anderson14. Currey, fax, 1991-06-21, to Ray15. Steinberg, fax, 1991-06-21, to Spiegel16. Drooyan, fax, 1991-06-20, to Feess17. Spiegel, fax, 1991-06-20, to Feess18. Anderson, letter, 1991-06-20, to Feess19. Cincone, fax, 1991-06-19, to Feess20. Drooyan, fax, 1991-06-19, to Feess21. Holliday, memo, 1991-06-18, to Anderson22. Holliday, memo, 1991-06-18, to Spiegel23. Spiegel, fax, 1991-06-17, to Feess24. Spiegel, fax, 1991-06-17, to Feess25. Ray, memo, 1991-06-13, to Christopher26. Orozco, fax, 1991-06-12, to Feess27. Currey, fax, 1991-06-12, to Spiegel28. Kelley, fax, 1991-06-10, to Feess29. Feess, fax, 1991-06-09, to Drooyan30. McClelland, fax, 1991-06-07, to Feess31. Spiegel, fax, 1991-06-06, to Feess32. Steinberg, fax, 1991-06-05, to Feess33. Spiegel, fax, 1991-06-04, to Feess34. Gotlieb, fax, 1991-06-04, to Feess35. Feess, fax, 1991-06-03, to Drooyan36. Ray, fax, 1991-06-0337. Spiegel, memo, 1991-06-0338. Feess, fax, 1991-06-03, to Spiegel
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kyb2
title: Interviews - Vrana, Ken, 1991-05-28

description: Belynda Bridgeland (Latham & Watkins), 633 West 5th Street, Los Angeles, California, USA, memorandum, 1991 May 28, to John B. Sherrell and Ernest J. Getto, re Interview with Ken Vrana. PART OF A SERIES: Latham & Watkins researched a total of 83 civil litigation cases brought against the LAPD pertaining to excessive force and/or improper tactics to ascertain whether the Rodney King incident was in fact the aberration that Chief Daryl Gates described. Included in the series are several materials related to the firm’s investigation and final work product. Specifically, the series contains source materials related to the 83 cases that were studied. These materials include the firm’s own memoranda and notes, statistics on misconduct and police brutality, summaries of the selected cases, recommendations for settlement drafted by the Office of the City Attorney, docket cards, copies of settlement agreements, a master roster of officers named in the civil suits, and excerpts from officers’ personnel files. Also included are summaries of interviews held with police personnel and aggrieved citizens about their perception of problems within the LAPD.
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kxsv
title: Correspondence, vol. 1 (1 of 2), 1991 Apr. 3-30

description: Correspondence, vol. 1 (1 of 2), 1991 April 3-30. PART OF A SERIES: Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue investigated how LAPD administrators respond to personnel complaints and allegations of misconduct. Materials in the series were collected and analyzed by the firm for this purpose, and include summaries of witness interviews; article clippings discussing instances of alleged police misconduct; source materials related to the LAPD’s use-of-force policies; a transcript of a court case involving officer misconduct; summaries of personnel complaint statistics; and excerpts taken from the personnel files of officers with multiple complaints and misconduct charges. Also included is correspondence sent and received by the firm over the course of its investigation.1. Feess, fax, 1991-04-30, to Spiegel2. Churchill, letter, 1991-04-30, to Feess3. Cole, letter, 1991-04-29, to Feess4. Feess, letter, 1991-04-29, to Carlson5. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-29, to Feess6. Ramirez questions outline, [1991]7. Epstein, fax, 1991-04-25, to Feess8. Epstein, fax, 1991-04-24, to Feess9. Epstein, memo, 1991-04-2410. Feess, fax, 1991-04-19, to Spiegel11. Feess, fax, 1991-04-19, to Spiegel12. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-19, to Feess13. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-19, to Feess14. Ray, memo, 1991-04-19, to Spiegel15. Mailing address and membership lists, 1991-04-1916. Feess, fax, 1991-04-19, to Drooyan17. Drooyan, fax, 1991-04-19, to Feess18. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-18, to Feess19. Currey, letter, 1991-04-17, to Gotlieb20. Spiegel, memo, 1991-04-16, to Kelley21. Fisher, fax, 1991-04-15, to Feess22. Hall, letter, 1991-04-12, to Christopher23. Michel, memo, 1991-04-12, to Currey24. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-12, to Feess25. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-11, to Feess26. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-11, to Feess27. Feess, letter, 1991-04-10, to Spiegel28. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-10, to Feess29. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-08, to Feess30. Spiegel, memo, 1991-04-0831. Godwin, letter, 1991-04-04, to Bradley32. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-04, to Feess33. Anderson, fax, 1991-04-04, to Feess34. Bradley, letter, 1991-04-03, to Christopher35. Hevener, letter, 1991-04-08, to Gunson
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kyap
title: Interviews - Meyer, Marshall, 1979-1991

description: Derrick Boston (Irell & Manella), memorandum, 1991 April 22, to Gilbert T. Ray, re Marshall Meyer interview. ❧ Marshall W. Meyer résumé, [1991]. ❧ Marshall W. Meyer (Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, letter, 1991 April 22, to Derrick O. Boston (Irell & Manella), 1800 Avenue of the Stars, Los Angeles, California, USA. ❧ LAPD disposition of complaint form. ❧ LAPD personnel complaint form, 1979 April. ❧ LAPD personnel complaint statistical information form, 1986 August (2 copies). ❧ Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners. "Part IV. Officer involved shootings" in Report... concerning the shooting of Eulia Love and the use of deadly force, [s.d.]. PART OF A SERIES: Latham & Watkins researched a total of 83 civil litigation cases brought against the LAPD pertaining to excessive force and/or improper tactics to ascertain whether the Rodney King incident was in fact the aberration that Chief Daryl Gates described. Included in the series are several materials related to the firm’s investigation and final work product. Specifically, the series contains source materials related to the 83 cases that were studied. These materials include the firm’s own memoranda and notes, statistics on misconduct and police brutality, summaries of the selected cases, recommendations for settlement drafted by the Office of the City Attorney, docket cards, copies of settlement agreements, a master roster of officers named in the civil suits, and excerpts from officers’ personnel files. Also included are summaries of interviews held with police personnel and aggrieved citizens about their perception of problems within the LAPD.
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kxst
title: Correspondence, vol. 1 (1 of 2), 1991 Apr. 3-30

description: Correspondence, vol. 1 (1 of 2), 1991 April 3-30. PART OF A SERIES: Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue investigated how LAPD administrators respond to personnel complaints and allegations of misconduct. Materials in the series were collected and analyzed by the firm for this purpose, and include summaries of witness interviews; article clippings discussing instances of alleged police misconduct; source materials related to the LAPD’s use-of-force policies; a transcript of a court case involving officer misconduct; summaries of personnel complaint statistics; and excerpts taken from the personnel files of officers with multiple complaints and misconduct charges. Also included is correspondence sent and received by the firm over the course of its investigation.1. Feess, fax, 1991-04-30, to Spiegel2. Churchill, letter, 1991-04-30, to Feess3. Cole, letter, 1991-04-29, to Feess4. Feess, letter, 1991-04-29, to Carlson5. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-29, to Feess6. Ramirez questions outline, [1991]7. Epstein, fax, 1991-04-25, to Feess8. Epstein, fax, 1991-04-24, to Feess9. Epstein, memo, 1991-04-2410. Feess, fax, 1991-04-19, to Spiegel11. Feess, fax, 1991-04-19, to Spiegel12. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-19, to Feess13. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-19, to Feess14. Ray, memo, 1991-04-19, to Spiegel15. Mailing address and membership lists, 1991-04-1916. Feess, fax, 1991-04-19, to Drooyan17. Drooyan, fax, 1991-04-19, to Feess18. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-18, to Feess19. Currey, letter, 1991-04-17, to Gotlieb20. Spiegel, memo, 1991-04-16, to Kelley21. Fisher, fax, 1991-04-15, to Feess22. Hall, letter, 1991-04-12, to Christopher23. Michel, memo, 1991-04-12, to Currey24. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-12, to Feess25. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-11, to Feess26. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-11, to Feess27. Feess, letter, 1991-04-10, to Spiegel28. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-10, to Feess29. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-08, to Feess30. Spiegel, memo, 1991-04-0831. Godwin, letter, 1991-04-04, to Bradley32. Spiegel, fax, 1991-04-04, to Feess33. Anderson, fax, 1991-04-04, to Feess34. Bradley, letter, 1991-04-03, to Christopher35. Hevener, letter, 1991-04-08, to Gunson
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kz0f
title: 5.0. General counsel press releases / misc. (1 of 2), 1969 May 11 - 1991 May

description: General Counsel Press/Miscellaneous, 1969 May 11 - 1991 May. PART OF A SERIES: The series pertains to the work of Munger, Tolles & Olson, the firm responsible for coordinating the activities and proceedings of the Independent Commission's legal counsel. Included are legal briefs, court transcripts, and memoranda; press releases and article clippings about the Rodney King incident and the subsequent creation of the Independent Commission; summaries of witness interviews; analyses of legislation regarding the role and purview of peace officers; work plans and outlines developed by Commission staff; draft copies developed for all sections of the Commission report; supplemental materials for the report, including a copy of the Rodney King arrest log, law enforcement literature, and public opinion surveys; materials distributed and reviewed during Commission meetings; letters of interest submitted to Chairman Christopher from prospective Commission members and organizations; and lists of bills and Commission expenditures.1. Do the police prevent crime?, 1974-10-062. Is the court handcuffing the cops?, 1969-05-113. The gaspacho Gestapo, 1991-054. The LAPD after 'Crazy Ed', 1978-01; A rogue's gallery of past chiefs, 1978-015. 13 Lexis Nexis search results on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles, 19916. 13 Lexis Nexis search results on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles, 19917. 4 Lexis Nexis search results on police brutality, 19918. 6 Lexis Nexis search results on police brutality, 19919. In LA, taking on the chief of police is not good politics, 1991-04-0710. This is no time to play the mob, 1991-04-0911. 22 Lexis Nexis search results on latinos in Los Angeles, 199112. Avoiding the L.A. syndrome, 1991-03-3013. Jury in L.A. weighs a death in custody, 1991-04-0814. The leader has to make the decisions, 1991-04-1015. How to police the police, 1991-03-3016. Police brutality is not the norm, 1991-04-0517. Top San Jose cop retires, joins Hoover, 1991-04-0418. What next in the police furor?, 1991-04-0519. Lawyer for panel that probed NYPD will testify here, 1991-04-1220. Suit charges Powell used force in '89, 1991-04-2021. Klan's attempt to recruit police probed, 1991-04-2022. 4 opponents back Wright in 8th district, 1991-04-2023. Los Angeles police chief offers apology to minorities for remarks, 1991-04-2024. Recalls target Gates, police commission, 1991-04-2125. Cops and kids: fear fuels cycle of distrust, 1991-04-2226. 1 million pages of files sought in LAPD inquiry, 1991-04-2527. Top legal talent scrutinizing LAPD, 1991-04-2628. Getto, letter, 1991-04-26, to Christopher29. The gaspacho Gestapo, 1991-05
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kxsq
title: Rick Silverman work product (3 of 4), 1991 Apr. 18 - July

description: Rick Silverman work product (3 of 4), 1991 April 18 - July. PART OF A SERIES: The circumstances surrounding the beating of Rodney King led many to believe that the incident was racially motivated and reflected a spirit of bias and discrimination within the LAPD. Irell & Manella analyzed in depth the LAPD's recruitment, hiring, training, and promotion practices to determine if bias and intolerance were in fact pervasive issues within the Department. The series includes materials related to Irell and Manella's work product, including the firm’s correspondence; summaries of personnel files for potential recruits; records of the Leon Panduro case, in which a citizen was shot by a probationary officer; minutes from the LAPD Professional Advisory Committee maintained between 1983 and 1991; witness files, which consist of written testimony and supplemental materials; and notes, outlines, and drafts maintained over the course of Irell and Manella’s investigation.1. Independent Commission membership directory, [1991]2. Independent Commission staff directory, 1991-05-093. Independent Commission membership directory, 1991-04-224. Ray, fax, 1991-06-03, re Security procedures5. Ray, memo, 1991-06-03, re Security procedures6. Vernon notes, [1991]7. LaMothe, memo, 1991-04-10, to Huebner8. Independent Commission meeting schedule (1991 June-July), 1991-06-259. Independent Commission meeting schedule (1991 June), 1991-06-0410. Independent Commission witness list, 1991-07-0811. Police Academy training outline, 1991-04-1912. Morgan, fax, 1991-05-29, to Spiegel13. Huebner, memo, 1991-05-10, to Spiegel14. Independent Commission Personnel Issues Group, outline, 1991-04-2415. Independent Commission Personnel Issues Group, tasks, 1991-04-2616. Top legal talent scrutinizing LAPD, 1991-04-2617. Spiegel, memo, 1991-04-2218. Anderson, memo, 1991-04-19, to Christopher19. Indepdendent Commission topic 3 work plan, 1991-04-1820. Indepdendent Commission topic 4 work plan, 1991-04-1821. Indepdendent Commission topic 5 work plan, 1991-04-1922. Indepdendent Commission topic 6 work plan, 1991-04-1923. Indepdendent Commission topics 7-9 work plan, 1991-04-1924. Latham & Watkins work plan, 1991-04-19
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kz0e
title: 6. 13 Lexis Nexis search results on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles, 1991

description: 13 Lexis Nexis search results and full-text articles on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles (1991 March 23 - 1991 January 14), 1991. Missing are pages 43-45. General Counsel Press/Miscellaneous. PART OF A SERIES: The series pertains to the work of Munger, Tolles & Olson, the firm responsible for coordinating the activities and proceedings of the Independent Commission's legal counsel. Included are legal briefs, court transcripts, and memoranda; press releases and article clippings about the Rodney King incident and the subsequent creation of the Independent Commission; summaries of witness interviews; analyses of legislation regarding the role and purview of peace officers; work plans and outlines developed by Commission staff; draft copies developed for all sections of the Commission report; supplemental materials for the report, including a copy of the Rodney King arrest log, law enforcement literature, and public opinion surveys; materials distributed and reviewed during Commission meetings; letters of interest submitted to Chairman Christopher from prospective Commission members and organizations; and lists of bills and Commission expenditures.
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kxtq
title: Rick Silverman work product (2 of 4), 1981 - 1991 July 8

description: Rick Silverman work product (2 of 4), 1981 - 1991 July 8. PART OF A SERIES: The circumstances surrounding the beating of Rodney King led many to believe that the incident was racially motivated and reflected a spirit of bias and discrimination within the LAPD. Irell & Manella analyzed in depth the LAPD's recruitment, hiring, training, and promotion practices to determine if bias and intolerance were in fact pervasive issues within the Department. The series includes materials related to Irell and Manella's work product, including the firm’s correspondence; summaries of personnel files for potential recruits; records of the Leon Panduro case, in which a citizen was shot by a probationary officer; minutes from the LAPD Professional Advisory Committee maintained between 1983 and 1991; witness files, which consist of written testimony and supplemental materials; and notes, outlines, and drafts maintained over the course of Irell and Manella’s investigation.1. Silverman, notes, [1991]2. Public meeting notes, 1991-05-083. Committee meeting notes, 1991-05-074. Staff meeting notes, 1991-05-075. Commission public meeting notes, 1991-05-016. Staff meeting notes, 1991-04-307. Johnson interview notes, 1991-04-238. Militello notes, [1991]9. Staff meeting notes, [1991]10. Public meeting, agenda, 1991-05-0111. Chief Brewer notes, 1991-04-1812. Team meeting notes, 1991-04-0813. Miller, fax, [1991], to Silverman14. Silverman, memo, 1991-06-05, to Ray15. Spiegel, fax, 1991-07-03, to Silverman16. Silverman, memo, 1991-05-04, to LaMothe17. Silverman, memo, 1991-05-04, to Spiegel18. Riley training presentation, 1991-05-0319. Silverman, memo, 1991-05-02, to LaMothe20. Murphy questions, [1991]21. Silverman, memo, 1991-05-01, to LaMothe22. Silverman, memo, 1991-05-01, to LaMothe23. Silverman, memo, 1991-05-01, to Holliday24. Silverman, memo, 1991-04-30, to LaMothe25. Silverman, memo, 1991-04-30, to Spiegel26. Silverman, memo, 1991-04-30, to LaMothe27. Silverman, memo, 1991-04-30, to LaMothe28. Huffman, memo, 1991-04-29, to Spiegel29. Huffman, memo, 1991-04-26, to Spiegel30. Silverman, memo, 1991-04-25, to LaMothe31. Huebner, memo, 1991-04-19, to LaMothe32. Armstrong notes, 1991-04-1733. Silverman, memo, 1991-05-31, to LaMothe34. Travis, fax, 1991-05-16, to Silverman35. Spiegel, fax, 1991-05-16, to Silverman36. Ray, fax, 1991-05-16, to Spiegel37. Hirsch, memo, 1991-05-03, to Silverman
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kz0c
title: 5.0. General counsel press releases / misc. (1 of 2), 1969 May 11 - 1991 May

description: General Counsel Press/Miscellaneous, 1969 May 11 - 1991 May. PART OF A SERIES: The series pertains to the work of Munger, Tolles & Olson, the firm responsible for coordinating the activities and proceedings of the Independent Commission's legal counsel. Included are legal briefs, court transcripts, and memoranda; press releases and article clippings about the Rodney King incident and the subsequent creation of the Independent Commission; summaries of witness interviews; analyses of legislation regarding the role and purview of peace officers; work plans and outlines developed by Commission staff; draft copies developed for all sections of the Commission report; supplemental materials for the report, including a copy of the Rodney King arrest log, law enforcement literature, and public opinion surveys; materials distributed and reviewed during Commission meetings; letters of interest submitted to Chairman Christopher from prospective Commission members and organizations; and lists of bills and Commission expenditures.1. Do the police prevent crime?, 1974-10-062. Is the court handcuffing the cops?, 1969-05-113. The gaspacho Gestapo, 1991-054. The LAPD after 'Crazy Ed', 1978-01; A rogue's gallery of past chiefs, 1978-015. 13 Lexis Nexis search results on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles, 19916. 13 Lexis Nexis search results on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles, 19917. 4 Lexis Nexis search results on police brutality, 19918. 6 Lexis Nexis search results on police brutality, 19919. In LA, taking on the chief of police is not good politics, 1991-04-0710. This is no time to play the mob, 1991-04-0911. 22 Lexis Nexis search results on latinos in Los Angeles, 199112. Avoiding the L.A. syndrome, 1991-03-3013. Jury in L.A. weighs a death in custody, 1991-04-0814. The leader has to make the decisions, 1991-04-1015. How to police the police, 1991-03-3016. Police brutality is not the norm, 1991-04-0517. Top San Jose cop retires, joins Hoover, 1991-04-0418. What next in the police furor?, 1991-04-0519. Lawyer for panel that probed NYPD will testify here, 1991-04-1220. Suit charges Powell used force in '89, 1991-04-2021. Klan's attempt to recruit police probed, 1991-04-2022. 4 opponents back Wright in 8th district, 1991-04-2023. Los Angeles police chief offers apology to minorities for remarks, 1991-04-2024. Recalls target Gates, police commission, 1991-04-2125. Cops and kids: fear fuels cycle of distrust, 1991-04-2226. 1 million pages of files sought in LAPD inquiry, 1991-04-2527. Top legal talent scrutinizing LAPD, 1991-04-2628. Getto, letter, 1991-04-26, to Christopher29. The gaspacho Gestapo, 1991-05
DOI: 10.25549/independent-ouc11399kz23
title: 5.0. General counsel press releases / misc. (1 of 2), 1969 May 11 - 1991 May

description: General Counsel Press/Miscellaneous, 1969 May 11 - 1991 May. PART OF A SERIES: The series pertains to the work of Munger, Tolles & Olson, the firm responsible for coordinating the activities and proceedings of the Independent Commission's legal counsel. Included are legal briefs, court transcripts, and memoranda; press releases and article clippings about the Rodney King incident and the subsequent creation of the Independent Commission; summaries of witness interviews; analyses of legislation regarding the role and purview of peace officers; work plans and outlines developed by Commission staff; draft copies developed for all sections of the Commission report; supplemental materials for the report, including a copy of the Rodney King arrest log, law enforcement literature, and public opinion surveys; materials distributed and reviewed during Commission meetings; letters of interest submitted to Chairman Christopher from prospective Commission members and organizations; and lists of bills and Commission expenditures.1. Do the police prevent crime?, 1974-10-062. Is the court handcuffing the cops?, 1969-05-113. The gaspacho Gestapo, 1991-054. The LAPD after 'Crazy Ed', 1978-01; A rogue's gallery of past chiefs, 1978-015. 13 Lexis Nexis search results on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles, 19916. 13 Lexis Nexis search results on blacks & latinos in Los Angeles, 19917. 4 Lexis Nexis search results on police brutality, 19918. 6 Lexis Nexis search results on police brutality, 19919. In LA, taking on the chief of police is not good politics, 1991-04-0710. This is no time to play the mob, 1991-04-0911. 22 Lexis Nexis search results on latinos in Los Angeles, 199112. Avoiding the L.A. syndrome, 1991-03-3013. Jury in L.A. weighs a death in custody, 1991-04-0814. The leader has to make the decisions, 1991-04-1015. How to police the police, 1991-03-3016. Police brutality is not the norm, 1991-04-0517. Top San Jose cop retires, joins Hoover, 1991-04-0418. What next in the police furor?, 1991-04-0519. Lawyer for panel that probed NYPD will testify here, 1991-04-1220. Suit charges Powell used force in '89, 1991-04-2021. Klan's attempt to recruit police probed, 1991-04-2022. 4 opponents back Wright in 8th district, 1991-04-2023. Los Angeles police chief offers apology to minorities for remarks, 1991-04-2024. Recalls target Gates, police commission, 1991-04-2125. Cops and kids: fear fuels cycle of distrust, 1991-04-2226. 1 million pages of files sought in LAPD inquiry, 1991-04-2527. Top legal talent scrutinizing LAPD, 1991-04-2628. Getto, letter, 1991-04-26, to Christopher29. The gaspacho Gestapo, 1991-05