DOI: 10.5061/dryad.10278
title: Data from: Functional mismatch in a bumble bee pollination mutualism under climate change

description: Ecological partnerships, or mutualisms, are globally widespread,
 sustaining agriculture and biodiversity. Mutualisms evolve through the
 matching of functional traits between partners, such as tongue length of
 pollinators and flower tube depth of plants. Long-tongued pollinators
 specialize on flowers with deep corolla tubes, whereas shorter-tongued
 pollinators generalize across tube lengths. Losses of functional guilds
 because of shifts in global climate may disrupt mutualisms and threaten
 partner species. We found that in two alpine bumble bee species, decreases
 in tongue length have evolved over 40 years. Co-occurring flowers have not
 become shallower, nor are small-flowered plants more prolific. We argue
 that declining floral resources because of warmer summers have favored
 generalist foraging, leading to a mismatch between shorter-tongued bees
 and the longer-tubed plants they once pollinated.
description: Tongue length density
 function parameter estimationThis is R script when
 run on the following five files [“Bumble bee community workers past -
 Front Range.csv”, “Bumble bee community workers past - Pennsylvania
 Mountain.csv”, “Bumble bee community workers present - Front Range.csv”,
 “Bumble bee community workers present - Pennsylvania Mountain.csv”,
 “Bumble bee tongue length - Macior 1974.csv”] will produce the parameter
 estimates for the multi-modal tongue length density function of 1000
 simulated bumble bee communities. Two example outputs from this R script
 (those analyzed statistically for the above manuscript) are included in
 these data files [i.e., “Data from 'Tongue length density function
 parameters estimation' - Front Range.csv” and “Data from 'Tongue
 length density function parameters estimation' - Pennsylvania
 Mountain.csv”]Bumble bee community
 workers past - Front RangeThis is the list of
 bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by L. W. Macior (1974) at Niwot
 Ridge Long Term Ecological Research Site and Mount Evans Wilderness Area
 in Colorado. Data from Mt. Evans and Niwot Ridge combined as in Macior
 1974. Used in “Tongue length density function parameter
 estimation.r”.Bumble bee community
 workers past - Pennsylvania MountainThis is the list of
 bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by P. A. Byron (1980) at
 Pennsylvania Mountain, CO. Used in “Tongue length density function
 parameter estimation.r”Bumble bee community
 workers present - Front RangeThis is the list of
 bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by Nicole Miller-Struttmann and
 colleagues between 2012 and 2014 at Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological
 Research site and Mount Evans Wilderness Area in Colorado. Data from Mt.
 Evans and Niwot Ridge combined as in Macior 1974. Used in “Tongue length
 density function parameter estimation.r”Bumble bee community
 workers present - Pennsylvania MountainThis is the list of
 bumble bees (Bombus workers) as collected by Jenni Geib and colleagues in
 2008, 2011 and 2013 at Pennsylvania Mountain, CO. Used in “Tongue length
 density function parameter estimation.r”Bumble bee tongue length
 - Macior 1974Tongue length
 measurements from Macior 1974. Used in “Tongue length density function
 parameter estimation.r” COLUMN DETAILS: BB.SPECIES - bumble bee species
 name MEAN - mean tongue length (mm) STANDARD.DEVIATION - standard
 deviation in tongue length (mm)Data from 'Tongue
 length density function parameters estimation' - Front
 RangeSample output (used in
 the associated manuscript) from the R script “Tongue length density
 function parameter estimation.r”. Provides the proportion of individual
 bumble bees in each subpopulation (short and long-tongued) and mean and
 standard deviation of tongue length in each subpopulation of bumble bees
 in the Front Range in the past and present. Bumble bee community data from
 Mt. Evans Wilderness Area and Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research
 site combined as in Macior 1974. COLUMN DETAILS: REPLICATE - iteration
 from the resampling code (ranges from 1-1000) lambda1 - proportion of
 individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees mu1 - mean
 tongue length of the individuals in the short-tongued subpopulation of
 bumble bees sigma1 - standard deviation of tongue length for individuals
 in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees lambda2 - proportion of
 individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees mu2 - mean
 tongue length of the individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of
 bumble bees sigma2 - standard deviation of tongue length for individuals
 in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees TIME – the timeframe
 during which the bees were originally collected in the Front Range (Mt.
 Evans and Niwot Ridge combined) and Pennsylvania Mountain (1966-1969 and
 1977-1980, respectively)Data from 'Tongue
 length density function parameters estimation' - Pennsylvania
 MountainSample output (used in
 the associated manuscript) from the R script “Tongue length density
 function parameter estimation.r”. Provides the proportion of individual
 bumble bees in each subpopulation (short and long-tongued) and mean and
 standard deviation of tongue length in each subpopulation of bumble bees
 at Pennsylvania Mountain Wilderness Area in the past and present. COLUMN
 DETAILS: REPLICATE - iteration from the resampling code (ranges from
 1-1000) lambda1 - proportion of individuals in the short-tongued
 subpopulation of bumble bees mu1 - mean tongue length of the individuals
 in the short-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees sigma1 - standard
 deviation of tongue length for individuals in the short-tongued
 subpopulation of bumble bees lambda2 - proportion of individuals in the
 long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees mu2 - mean tongue length of the
 individuals in the long-tongued subpopulation of bumble bees sigma2 -
 standard deviation of tongue length for individuals in the long-tongued
 subpopulation of bumble bees TIME – the timeframe during which the bees
 were originally collected in the Front Range (Mt. Evans and Niwot Ridge
 combined) and Pennsylvania Mountain (1966-1969 and 1977-1980,
 respectively)Tube depth density
 function parameter estimationThis is R script when
 run with the following two files [“Bumble bee visits - Front Range.csv”,
 ”Flower tube depth mean and standard deviation.csv”] will produce the
 parameter estimates for the uni-modal tongue length density function of
 1000 simulated bumble bee visitation bouts. One example output from this R
 script (which was analyzed statistically for the above manuscript) is
 included in this set of datafiles [i.e., “Data from 'Tube depth
 density function parameter estimation'.csv”]Bumble bee visits -
 Front RangeThis is the number of
 individuals of each bumble bee species visiting each plant species as
 collected by Macior (1974) and Miller-Struttmann in the past (1966-1969)
 and present (2012-2014). Visitation data from Mt. Evans Wilderness Area
 and Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research combined as in Macior 1974.
 Used in “Tube depth density function parameter
 estimation.r”Flower tube depth mean
 and standard deviationMean and standard
 deviation of flower tube depth for plant species visited by resident
 alpine bumble bees (Bombus balteatus and B. sylvicola). Plant species
 determined according to Webber and Wittmann 2012. Used in “Tube depth
 density function parameter estimation.r” COLUMN DETAILS: PLANT.SPECIES -
 plant species name MEAN - mean flower tube depth (mm) STANDARD.DEVIATION -
 standard deviation of flower tube depth (mm).Data from 'Tube
 depth density function parameter estimation'Sample output (used in
 the above manuscript) from the R script “Tube depth density function
 parameter estimation.r”. Provides the mean and standard deviation of
 flowers visited by bumble bees in the past (1966-1969) and present
 (2012-2014) in the Front Range (visitation data from Mt. Evans Wilderness
 Area and Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site combined as in
 Macior 1974). COLUMN DETAILS: REPLICATE - iteration from the resampling
 code (ranges from 1-1000) mean - mean tube depth (mm) of flowers visited
 by resident alpine bumble bees during each of 1000 resampled visitation
 iterations st.dev - standard deviation in tube depth (mm) of flowers
 visited by resident alpine bumble bees during each of 1000 resampled
 visitation iterations variance - variance in tube depth (mm) of flowers
 visited by resident alpine bumble bees during each of 1000 resampled
 visitation iterations TIME – the timeframe of the original visitation data
 used to simulate the tube depth density functionBumble bee foraging data
 - LubinskiForaging behavior of
 bumble bees (B. balteatus) followed while foraging in the field on
 Pennsylvania Mountain, CO. COLUMN DETAILS: SEQUENCE - the order in which a
 given flower was visited by a bee SPECIES FROM - the plant from which a
 bee departs SPECIES TO - the plant which the bee visits next SWITCH -
 describes whether a bee chose to switch to a different plant species (1)
 or remained consistent (0) between SPECIES FROM and SPECIES TO visits
 FLOWER DENSITY - density of flowers (flowers per m2) in the original
 foraging patch FLIGHT DISTANCE - distance flown between SPECIES FROM and
 SPECIES TO (m) FROM TUBE - tube depth (mm) of species the bee departs TO
 TUBE - tube depth (mm) of plant species the individual bee visits
 nextBumble bee morphology
 dataMorphological
 measurements of bumble bee specimens collected by various individuals at
 Mt. Evans Wilderness Area, Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research site,
 and Pennsylvania Mountain. COLUMN DETAILS: GLOSSA LENGTH ANALYSIS - a
 bivariate operator indicating if a specimen was (1) or was not (0) used in
 the analyses of tongue length presenting in the above article INTERTEGULAR
 SPACE ANALYSIS - a bivariate operator indicating if a specimen was (1) or
 was not (0) used in the analyses of intertegular space presenting in the
 above article PLANT.SPECIES - the plant species on which the bee was
 visiting when collectedNiwot change in
 vegetative coverProportional change in
 vegetative cover and flower depth for eleven historic bumble bee host
 plant species as measured on Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research
 site (Johnson et al. 2011). Vegetative cover in each year (1971 and 2011)
 was summed across all plots, and proportional change in vegetative cover
 for each species was calculated as the difference between vegetative cover
 in 2011 and 1971 weighted by cover in 1971.Penn flower
 densityPeak flower density
 (flowers per meter squared) for six plant species surveyed across five
 habitats [krummholz (KRUM); south and south-east facing slopes (SLOPE);
 wet tundra (SWALE), false summit (FSUMMIT); and true summit (SUMMIT)] on
 Pennsylvania Mountain in the past (1977-1980) and present
 (2012-2014).Plant specimens with
 flower measurementsFlower tube depth
 measurements of plant specimens collected by various individuals collected
 at or with 15km of at Mt. Evans Wilderness Area, Niwot Ridge Long Term
 Ecological Research site.Bumble bee foraging
 modelR script for a simple
 mathematical model modified from Essenberg 2012 to predict foraging
 efficiency of generalist and specialist bees given variation in flight
 speed, flower density, handling time, and the proportion of shallow vs.
 deep flowers in the community. The output of the model describes the
 relative advantage of being a generalist. The generalist is favored when
 its relative advantage is greater than 1.