DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b8465
title: Data from: Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal

description: An improved understanding of how a parasite species exploits its genetic
 repertoire to colonize novel hosts and environmental niches is crucial to
 establish the epidemiological risk associated with emergent pathogenic
 genotypes. Trypanosoma cruzi, a genetically heterogeneous, multi-host
 zoonosis, provides an ideal system to examine the sylvatic diversification
 of parasitic protozoa. In Bolivia, T. cruzi I, the oldest and most
 widespread genetic lineage, is pervasive across a range of ecological
 clines. High-resolution nuclear (26 loci) and mitochondrial (10 loci)
 genotyping of 199 contemporaneous sylvatic TcI clones was undertaken to
 provide insights into the biogeographical basis of T. cruzi evolution.
 Three distinct sylvatic parasite transmission cycles were identified: one
 highland population among terrestrial rodent and triatomine species,
 composed of genetically homogenous strains (Ar = 2.95; PA/L = 0.61; DAS =
 0.151), and two highly diverse, parasite assemblages circulating among
 predominantly arboreal mammals and vectors in the lowlands (Ar = 3.40 and
 3.93; PA/L = 1.12 and 0.60; DAS = 0.425 and 0.311, respectively). Very
 limited gene flow between neighbouring terrestrial highland and arboreal
 lowland areas (distance ~220 km; FST = 0.42 and 0.35) but strong
 connectivity between ecologically similar but geographically disparate
 terrestrial highland ecotopes (distance &gt;465 km; FST = 0.016–0.084)
 strongly supports ecological host fitting as the predominant mechanism of
 parasite diversification. Dissimilar heterozygosity estimates (excess in
 highlands, deficit in lowlands) and mitochondrial introgression among
 lowland strains may indicate fundamental differences in mating strategies
 between populations. Finally, accelerated parasite dissemination between
 densely populated, highland areas, compared to uninhabited lowland foci,
 likely reflects passive, long-range anthroponotic dispersal. The impact of
 humans on the risk of epizootic Chagas disease transmission in Bolivia is
 discussed.
description: Table S1: Panel of
 Bolivian T. cruzi TcI biological clonesPanel of Bolivian T.
 cruzi biological clones assembled for analysis.Table_S1_Panel_of_Bolivian_T_cruzi_TcI_biological_clones.docxTable S2: Panel of microsatellite loci and primersPanel of microsatellite loci and primers employed in this study.Table_S2_Panel_of_microsatellite_loci_and_primers.docxConcatenated maxicircle sequence alignmentTen mitochondrial gene fragments sequenced and concatenated from 78 T. cruzi TcI biological clones.Mitochondrial maximum-likelihood phylogenyMaximum-likelihood tree constructed from concatenated maxicircle sequences for 78 sylvatic Bolivian TcI clones and 24 additional TcI isolates from across the Americas.Microsatellite neighbour-joining phylogenyUnrooted Neighbour-Joining tree based on DAS values between MLGs generated from 199 sylvatic Bolivian TcI clones.Supplementary File S1 T cruzi microsatellite alleles at 26 lociMicrosatellite allele sizes amplified at 26 loci across 199 TcI biological clones.