DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rr4xgxdhk
title: Phenological mismatch is less important than total nectar availability for checkerspot butterflies

description: Changes in phenology are a conspicuous fingerprint of climate change,
 leading to fears that phenological mismatches among interacting species
 will be a leading cause of population declines and extinction. We used
 quantile regression to analyze museum collection data and estimate changes
 in the phenological overlap of Baltimore checkerspot butterflies and
 twelve common nectar plant species over several decades in two geographic
 regions. We combined these museum data with field estimates of each
 species’ flower density and nectar sugar production to estimate changes in
 resource availability caused by shifts in phenological overlap.
 Phenological overlap (measured as the proportion of plant flowering during
 the flight period of an average butterfly) decreased through time,
 primarily because the flowering period of nectar plants was longer, but
 the flight period of butterflies was shorter in recent years. Our study
 was also motivated by the hypothesis that phenological mismatches may be
 more severe in the southern region due to a midsummer dearth in floral
 resources, but this hypothesis was not supported by our data. Although
 phenological overlap was somewhat smaller in the southern region, changes
 in overlap through time were similar in both regions. When phenological
 overlap was weighted by nectar sugar production of different species, the
 overlap increased in the southern region but decreased in the northern
 region (the opposite of our prediction). Overall, nectar resources were
 much more abundant at study sites in our northern region than in our
 southern region, possibly due to differences in land management. Our study
 demonstrates the complexities of phenological mismatch of interacting
 species, and highlights that phenological changes may have small impacts
 on population viability.
description: # Phenological mismatch is less important than total nectar availability
 for checkerspot butterflies
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rr4xgxdhk](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rr4xgxdhk) ## Description of the data and file structure These data are from a study of changes in phenology of Baltimore checkerspot butterflies (Euhpydryas phaeton) and their common nectar plants. Data were collected in two sets of sites, one near Boston Massachusetts and one near Baltimore Maryland, with an aim to understanding contemporary spatial variation in nectar plant abundance and phenological overlap, as well as changes in historical phenology. This package contains five data sets.  Two ("bcb formatted.csv", "herbarium formatted.csv") include specimen sightings of Baltimore checkerspot butterflies and common nectar plants (respectively) compiled from museums and herbaria (respectively).  Three describe a study of nectar plants in the field, including information on species abundance and phenology ("transects.csv"), nectar sugar per flower ("nectar.csv"), and floral longevity ("longevity.csv"). The package also includes the R scripts we used to format these data.  Data derived from BAMONA (Butterflies and Moths of North America) have been redacted from these files and need to be downloaded directly from their website ([https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org(opens in new window)](https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/)) with addribution to BAMONA.  Therefore, the code will reproduce the analyses for checkerspot butterfly sighting data, but not lead to the same conclusions unless those data are obtained explicitly.  These rows of data are shown as "NA" for all information except the source of the record. ### Files and variables #### File: bcb\_formatted.csv **Description:** records of Baltimore checkerspot butterflies from zoological collections ##### Variables * ocurrenceID: The ID number for that record. Most are provided by the database. For UCONN, UWM, and AMNH one of us (JA) assigned ID numbers * collectionCode: For GBIF and SCAN, the collection code is the abbreviation for the museum the record is from (i.e. MCZ) or the observation network it is from (i.e. iNaturalist). For BAMONA, it’s the name of the group that provided the data. MABC=Massachusetts Butterfly Club, BFNC=Notes on the Butterflies of North Carolina Database, VTBS=Vermont Butterfly Survey. ‘Individual’ means a specific person’s name was provided, and ‘None’ means that the data source was not specified. For UCONN, the collection code is MABA for the Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas Vouchers, Wagner for the Wagner collection, and UCONN for the specimens from the main University of Connecticut collection. Other databases/museums have the same collection code for all records.For GBIF and SCAN, the collection code is the abbreviation for the museum the record is from (i.e. MCZ) or the observation network it is from (i.e. iNaturalist). For BAMONA, it’s the name of the group that provided the data. MABC=Massachusetts Butterfly Club, BFNC=Notes on the Butterflies of North Carolina Database, VTBS=Vermont Butterfly Survey. ‘Individual’ means a specific person’s name was provided, and ‘None’ means that the data source was not specified. For UCONN, the collection code is MABA for the Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas Vouchers, Wagner for the Wagner collection, and UCONN for the specimens from the main University of Connecticut collection. Other databases/museums have the same collection code for all records. See the end of this document for full list of collection codes * database: The database/museum that each record came from. AMNH: the American Museum of Natural History BAMONA: (Butterflies and Moths of North America): [https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org](https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org) eButterfly: [http://www.e-butterfly.org](http://www.e-butterfly.org) GBIF: (Global Biodiversity Information Facility): [https://www.gbif.org](https://www.gbif.org) McGuire: the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity SCAN: (Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network): [http://scan-bugs.org/portal/](http://scan-bugs.org/portal/) Smithsonian: the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History UCONN: University of Connecticut UWM: University of Wisconsin-Madison * basisOfRecord: observation’ if it was a sighting of the butterfly in the wild, and ‘specimen’ if the butterfly is in a museum or other collection. Note: for some records from eButterfly and BAMONA that didn’t have pictures available online, there’s a chance that the observation/specimen classification may not be correct. * scientificName: Name of the species (Euphydryas phaeton). * eventDate: Date of collection in MM/DD/YYYY format. Only records that had day, month, and year information are included. For ones that give a range of dates for collection, i.e. 6/19/1954-6/22/1954, the middle date was selected (rounded down if necessary, i.e. 6/20/1954,) and a note was made in the notes column. * year: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the year. * month: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the month. * day: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the day. * startDayOfYear: Day of the year the butterfly was collected/observed on (leap years taken into account when calculating, starting from January 1 = 1). * dayCode: The year and day of year together. A variable created to be able to sort records chronologically, since Excel doesn’t recognize dates in the 1800’s as dates. * lifeStage: * ‘adult’ if there is a photograph or notes that verify that it is an adult butterfly. * ‘assumed adult’ if it is either a museum specimen that doesn’t have a photograph (a few museum specimens were larvae/pupae), or a BAMONA observation with no photograph where the organism type was listed as ‘Butterfly’ (some listed as butterfly were actually        caterpillars). * ‘not listed’ if no information is given about whether it is an adult butterfly. It’s probably   an adult, but there’s no way to be sure. * Larva and pupa records have been removed * lifeStageNotes: Notes about why the life stage is listed as ‘assumed adult’. * generalNotes: Notes about any abnormalities/issues with the record. Notes in quotation marks came with the record. * locationNotes: Notes about any issues with the location, or about where the coordinates came from.  Notes in quotation marks came with the record. * stateProvince: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. * county: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. * municipality: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. * locality: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. * decimalLatitude: Latitude for the butterfly’s location. * decimalLongitude: Longitude for the butterfly’s location. * coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: Measure of confidence in the accuracy of the latitude and longitude. * coordinateSource: Where the coordinates came from. Either provided by the collector/database, or looked up online using google maps or GEOLocate. * picture: Is there a picture of the butterfly/specimen available to view online? ‘Y’ for yes, and ‘N’ for no. * recordedBy: Name of the person who collected/observed the butterfly. * within.year.duplicate...place.: notes for identifying duplicate specimens * within.year.duplicate...county.: notes for identifying duplicate specimens * lat2: latitude rounded to the nearest 0.1 * lon2: longitude rounded to the nearest 0.1 * id: unique identifier used for identifying duplicate specimens **List of Collection Codes for butterflies:** **SCAN** ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences Entomology Collection - Live Data BISON: BugGuide/PollardBase CU: Clemson University Arthropod Collection DCH: The Davidson College Entomology Collection FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Myriapods GMNH: University of Georgia Collection of Arthropods HALF: Peter Hall Observations iNaturalist: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations INHS: Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection LEPSOC: The Lepidopterists' Society Season Summary Lyman: Lyman Entomological Museum MCMUC: McMaster University Collection MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University MISSA: Mississippi Entomological Museum MMMN: Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature MSU: The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection OMNH: The Sam Noble Museum Department of Recent Invertebrates PU: The Purdue Entomological Research Collection RALF: Ross A. Layberry Observations TTRSNHM : Tall Timbers Research Station Natural History Museum UAM: University of Alberta Museums, E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum UD: University of Delaware Insect Research Collection UI: William F. Barr Entomological Museum UMNH: Entomology Collection at the Natural History Museum of Utah USNM: United States National Museum, Entomology Collections UWOC: University of Western Ontario Collection YPM: Yale Peabody Museum, Entomology Division **GBIF** ACFC: Agriculture Canada, Fredericton Collection AWC: Alan Wormington Collection CFSF: Canadian Forestry Service Collection, Fredericton CNC: Canadian National Collection EPLV: Espace pour la vie HYO: Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref. iNaturalist: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations NBMC: New Brunswick Museum Collection OMNH: Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History RBINS: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ROM: Royal Ontario Museum UGUC: University of Guelph Collection Ville: Ville de Trois-Rivières Bioblitz   **BAMONA** MABC: Massachusetts Butterfly Club BFNC: Notes on the Butterflies of North Carolina Database VTBS: Vermont Butterfly Survey Individual: a specific person’s name was provided None: the data source was not specified   **UCONN** MABA: Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas Wagner: the Wagner collection UCONN: University of Connecticut   **eButterfly** eButterfly   **Smithsonian** NMNH **UWM** WIRC   **McGuire Center** MGCL   **American Museum of Natural History** AMNH #### File: longevity.csv **Description:** **Counts of how many days an individual flower of a species stays open** ##### Variables * Year: Year the data were collected (2018 or 2019). * State: State where the data was collected(Maryland or Massachusetts). Also has Washington, because that’s where the Achillea millefolium data were collected. * Site: Site where the data were collected. * PlantID: The scientific name (species and genus) of the plant. If only the genus is known, the species is listed as “sp”. * CommonName: A common name for the plant species. * Label: The label number and/or color used to identify the flower in the field. * DaysOpen: The number of days that the flower was open.If the exact number of days open was unsure (i.e.1 or 2), the lower number was used. * Notes: Any notes about the data, either copied from the field data sheets or added later. * StartDate: The first day that data was recorded about that flower. * Day_X (1-17): The state of the flower on each day it was checked (bud, flower, dead, etc.). #### File: nectar.csv **Description:** **Data for washing flowers in the field, and lab analysis of samples for sugar content** ##### Variables * PlantID: The scientific name (species and genus) of the plant. If only the genus is known, the species is listed as “sp”. * CommonName: A common name for the plant species. * Label: The label number on the tube in which the nectar sample was stored. Many samples had an extra copy stored in a tube with the same number. * Absorbance: The absorbance of the sample as read by the spectrophotometer. * Concentration: The sugar concentration of the sample in μg/ml as read by the spectrophotometer. The highest standard was 400 μg/ml, so we can’t accurately quantify the concentration of samples with a reading higher than 400 μg/ml. Samples with a negative concentration have effectively no sugar. * NumberWashed: The number of individual flowers or florets washed as part of one sample. * ConcFlower: Concentration divided by NumberWashed, to get the concentration of nectar in a single flower. * DateAnalyzed: The date that the samples were processed in the lab. * AnalysisNotes: Any notes regarding the lab analysis of the sample. * State: State in which the flowers were washed (Maryland or Massachusetts). Also has Washington, because that’s where the Achillea millefolium data was collected. * Site: Site where the data were collected.   * CollectionNotes: Any notes regarding the washing of the flower, either copied from the field data sheets or added later. * DateBagged: The date the flower was bagged to exclude insects from eating the nectar. * TimeBagged: The time the flower was bagged to exclude insects from eating the nectar. * DateCollected: The date the flower was washed. Flowers were washed approximately 24 hours after they were bagged. * TimeCollected: The time the flower was washed. Flowers were washed approximately 24 hours after they were bagged. * HoursInCooler: How many hours the sample spent in the cooler before being transferred to the -20 freezer. * DateNeg80: The date the sample was transferred to the -80 freezer. * DaysNeg20 : The number of days the sample spent in the -20 freezer before being transferred to the -80 freezer. * DaysNeg80 : The number of days the sample spent in the -80 freezer before being transferred to the -80 freezer. * TransitDate: For samples collected in Maryland, the date the sample was sent to Massachusetts. * Melted: For samples collected in Maryland, indicates whether or not the sample melted while in transit to Massachusetts. #### File: transects.csv **Description:**  **Counts of flowering units in transects at each site** ##### Variables * Year: Year the data wawere s collected. All transect data ares from 2019, because the 2018 transect data were collected following a different protocol. * Date: Date the data were collected. * State: State where the data were collected (Maryland or Massachusetts). * Site: Site where the data were collected.   * Transect: The transect in which the data were collected. Each site had up to ten 20 m x 1 m transects distributed throughout suitable area in the site. * PlantID: The scientific name (species and genus) of the plant. If only the genus is known, the species is listed as “sp”. * CommonName: A common name for the plant species. * FloweringUnit: What was classified as one “flowering unit” of that species (i.e. single flower, inflorescence, head of a composite flower, etc.). Note: flowering units were classified with different naming conventions in Maryland and Massachusetts. * Count: How many blooming flowering units of that species were in that transect. * Notes: Any notes about the data, either copied from the field data sheets or added later. #### File: herbarium\_formatted.csv **Description:** Herbarium specimen records, for use in inferring changes in plant phenology through time ##### Variables * ocurrenceID: The ID number for that record, provided by the database. * database: The database that each record came from. MW for the Consortium of Midwest Herbaria. [http://midwestherbaria.org/portal/](http://midwestherbaria.org/portal/) ,             NE for the Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria. [http://portal.neherbaria.org/portal/](http://portal.neherbaria.org/portal/) * collectionCode: The collection code is the abbreviation for the museum/collection that the record is from.** **See the end of this document for full list of collection codes. * basisOfRecord: ‘observation’ if it was a sighting of the plant in the wild, and ‘specimen’ if the plant is in a museum or other collection. * scientificName: Name of the species of nectar plant. * genus: Scientific name spilt out into genus and species. This is the genus. * specificEpithet: Scientific name spilt out into genus and species. This is the species * eventDate: Date of collection in MM/DD/YYYY format. Only records that had day, month, and year information are included. For ones that give a range of dates for collection, i.e. 6/19/1954-6/22/1954, the middle date was selected (rounded down if necessary, i.e. 6/20/1954,) and a note was made in the notes column.        * year: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the year. * month: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the month. * day: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the day of month. * startDayOfYear: Date described as day of year during the year it was collected on (leap years taken into account when calculating). * dayCode: The year and day of year together. A variable created to be able to sort records chronologically, since Excel doesn’t recognize dates in the 1800’s as dates. * phenology: The life stage of the plant. Determined based on notes, descriptions, or pictures, or provided by the database. The phenology is listed as ‘NA’ if there’s no picture or phenology info provided.               For ones that were determined based on picture:               ‘vegetative’: just leaves present               ‘buds’: just unopened buds               ‘flowering’: has flowers               ‘flowering and buds’: has both flowers and unopened buds present               ‘flowering and fruit’: has both flowers and fruit present               ‘flowering and buds and fruit’: has flowers, buds, and fruit all present               ‘fruit’: has fruit but no flowers               Phenology determination notes for individual species:               Achillea millefolium: the flowers/buds grow in clusters. I classified a cluster as ‘flowering’ if there were any petals present in the cluster, and ‘buds’ if there were no petals present.               Galium spp: not recording if it has buds or not, unless it just has buds and no flowers/fruit, due to difficulty in determining what is a bud.               Rudbeckia hirta: some specimens were collected because they were unusual flower forms/mutations. A note was made if this made it difficult to tell the phenology               Eutrochium spp: can be difficult to tell the difference between flowers and buds. If a flower has split open, the fruit is visible, even if the plant is not actually fruiting yet. * phenologyNotes: Notes about issues/difficulties in determining phenology. * generalNotes: Notes about any abnormalities/issues with the record. * locationNotes: Notes about any issues with the location, or about where the coordinates came from. * stateProvince: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is the state or province of collection. * county: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is the county of collection. * municipality: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is the municipality (town or city) of collection. * locality: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is other locality information * decimalLatitude: Latitude for the plant’s location. * decimalLongitude: Longitude for the plant’s location. * coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: Measure of confidence in the accuracy of the latitude and longitude. * picture: Is there a picture of the plant available to view online? ‘Y’ for yes, and ‘N’ for no. * pictureChecked: Has the picture been checked for phenology/additional location information? ‘Y’ for yes, ‘N’ for no (if the picture hasn’t been checked yet), ‘NA’ for no picture. * inBCBrange: Is this record from a state/province where Baltimore checkerspots have also been found? ‘Y’ for yes, ‘?’ if the state is unknown but can be determined by checking the picture. All that are ‘N’ for no have been removed. * buds: Does the plant have buds? ‘Y’ for yes ‘N’ for no ‘maybe’ if the phenology of the plant or the description is unclear and there may be buds ‘unknown’ if the phenology of the plant is unknown. In addition, most galium records have ‘unknown’ for buds, due to the difficulties in identifying buds * flowers: Does the plant have flowers?               ‘Y’ for yes               ‘N’ for no               ‘maybe’ if the phenology of the plant or the description is unclear and there may be flowers               ‘unknown’ if the phenology of the plant is unknown.**            ** * fruit: Does the plant have fruit?               ‘Y’ for yes               ‘N’ for no               ‘maybe’ if the phenology of the plant or the description is unclear and there may be fruit               ‘unknown’ if the phenology of the plant is unknown.**            ** * coordinateSource: Where the coordinates came from. Either provided by the collector, by the database, or looked up online using google maps or GEOLocate. * coordinateUncertaintySource: Whether the coordinate uncertainty was included with the record (provided), given by    the website that calculated the coordinates (GEOLocate), or if I calculated it myself (best estimate). * recordedBy: Name of the person who collected the plant, if provided. * references: The link from the database to the online record. * lat2: latitude rounded to the nearest 0.1 * lon2: longitude rounded to the nearest 0.1 * id: unique identifier used for identifying duplicate specimens * **List of Collection Codes for plants:** **Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria (NE)** A: Harvard University Herbaria, Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum ACAD: E. C. Smith Herbarium, Acadia University AMES: Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria ASRI: Audubon Society of Rhode Island Herbarium BART: Bartlett Arboretum Herbarium BRU: Brown University Herbarium BSN: Boston University, Stuart K. Harris Herbarium CBS: Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Connecticut Botanical Society CCNL: Connecticut College, Charles B. Graves Herbarium CCSU: Central Connecticut State University, Orville Bissett Herbarium CHRB: Rutgers University, Chrysler Herbarium CONN: University of Connecticut, George Safford Torrey Herbarium ECON: Harvard University Herbaria, Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames GH: Harvard University Herbaria, The Gray Herbarium GRCH: Colgate University, George R. Cooley Herbarium HF: Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard Forest Herbarium KESC: Keene State College Herbarium KIRI: University of Rhode Island Herbarium LEH: Lehigh University, Francis J. Trembley Herbarium MAINE: University of Maine Herbaria MASS: University of Massachusetts Amherst, Herbarium MT: Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre, Marie-Victorin Herbarium NEBC: Harvard University Herbaria, New England Botanical Club NFLD: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Agnes Marion Ayre Herbarium NHA: University of New Hampshire, Albion R. Hodgdon Herbarium NY: New York Botanical Garden QFA: Herbier Louis-Marie, Université Laval SEINet: Southwest Environmental Information Network SPWH: MBLWHOI Library Herbarium, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution VT: University of Vermont, Pringle Herbarium, New England vascular plants WCSU: Western Connecticut State University Herbarium WGCH: Wilton Garden Club Herbarium WSCH: Westfield State University Herbarium YPM: Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History **Consortium of Midwest Herbaria (MW)** A:  Harvard University Herbaria, Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum AASU: Armstrong State University Herbarium ALA: University of Alaska Museum ALBC: Albion College ANHC: Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission Herbarium APCR: Arkansas Tech University Herbarium APSC: Austin Peay State University Herbarium ARCH: Archbold Biological Station ARIZ: University of Arizona Herbarium ASC: Northern Arizona University, Deaver Herbarium ASU: Arizona State University AUA: Auburn University, John D. Freeman Herbarium AVCH: City of Alexandria Herbarium BALT: Towson University BCH: Berry College Herbarium BCWS: Burgundy Center for Wildlife Studies, Coopers Cove Herbarium BDI: Putnam Museum and Science Center BDWR: Bridgewater College Herbarium BENN: Bennington College Herbarium BEREA: Berea College, Ralph L. Thompson Herbarium BHO: Ohio University, Bartley Herbarium BOON: Appalachian State University, I. W. Carpenter, Jr. Herbarium BRIT: BRIT Philecology Herbarium BRU: Brown University Herbarium BRY: Brigham Young University, S. L. Welsh Herbarium BUT: Butler University, Friesner Herbarium CALVIN: Calvin College CATU: Catawba College Herbarium CAU: Campbell University Herbarium CHIC: Chicago Botanic Garden CHRB: Rutgers University, Chrysler Herbarium CINC: University of Cincinnati, Margaret H. Fulford Herbarium CLEMS: Clemson University Herbarium CM: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Herbarium CMC: Central Michigan University CMN: Canadian Museum of Nature COLO: University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Herbarium Vascular Plant Collection CONV: Converse College Herbarium CS: Colorado State University Herbarium CSCN: High Plains Herbarium at Chadron State College DBG: Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium DEK: Northern Illinois University Herbarium DES: Desert Botanical Garden Herbarium DOV: Delaware State University, Claude E. Phillips Herbarium DSC: Delta State University DUKE: Duke University ECON: Harvard University Herbaria, Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames ECUH: East Carolina University Herbarium EIU: Eastern Illinois University, Stover-Ebinger Herbarium EKY: Eastern Kentucky University, Ronald L. Jones Herbarium EMC: Eastern Michigan University Herbarium ETSU: East Tennessee State University, John C. Warden Herbarium F: Field Museum of Natural History FARM: Longwood University, Harvill-Stevens Herbarium FLAS: University of Florida Herbarium FLD: Fort Lewis College Herbarium FMUH: Francis Marion University Herbarium FSU: Florida State University's Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium FTU: University of Central Florida Herbarium FUGR: Furman University, Ives Herbarium GA: University of Georgia Herbarium GAS: Georgia Southern University Herbarium GEO: Emory University Herbarium GH: Harvard University Herbaria, The Gray Herbarium GMUF: George Mason University, Ted R. Bradley Herbarium GREE: UNC Herbarium GSW: Georgia Southwestern State University Herbarium GVSC: Grand Valley State University HBSH: Highlands Biological Station Herbarium HCHM: Hope College HEND: Henderson State University Herbarium HLSD: Hillsdale College Herbarium HNT: Huntington Botanical Gardens Herbarium HPC: Howard Payne University Herbarium HTTU: Tennessee Technological University Herbarium HUDC: Howard University Herbarium HUNT: Huntington University Herbarium HXC: Hendrix College Herbarium ICHAUWAY: Jones Center at Ichauway Herbarium ILL: University of Illinois Herbarium ILLS: Illinois Natural History Survey IND: Indiana University Herbarium, Deam Herbarium ISTC: University of Northern Iowa, Grant Herbarium JEF: Indiana University Southeast Herbarium JMUH: James Madison University Herbarium KANU: University of Kansas Ronald L. McGregor Herbarium KE: Kent State University Herbarium KNK: Northern Kentucky University, John W. Thieret Herbarium KSP: Pittsburg State University, Theodore M. Sperry Herbarium LCDI: Luther College LEA: University of Lethbridge Herbarium LFCC: Lord Fairfax Community College Herbarium LOB: California State University, Long Beach Herbarium LSU: Louisiana State University, Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium LSUA: Louisiana State University of Alexandria Herbarium LSUS: Louisiana State University Shreveport, D. T. MacRoberts Herbarium LYN: Lynchburg College, Ramsey-Freer Herbarium MARY: University of Maryland, Norton-Brown Herbarium MCA: Muhlenberg College MDKY: Morehead State University Herbarium MEM: University of Memphis Herbarium MESA: Colorado Mesa University, Walter A. Kelley Herbarium MICH: University of Michigan Herbarium MIN: J. F. Bell Museum of Natural History Herbarium MISS: University of Mississippi, Thomas M. Pullen Herbarium MISSA: Mississippi State University MMNS: Mississippi Museum of Natural Science Herbarium MO: Missouri Botanical Garden MOAR: Morris Arboretum of University of Pennsylvania MOR: Morton Arboretum MOVC: Cornell College Herbarium MSC: Michigan State University MSUB: Montana State University - Billings MTSU: Middle Tennessee State University MU: Miami University, Willard Sherman Turrell Herbarium MUHW: Marshall University MUR: Murray State University Herbarium MWCF: University of Mary Washington Herbarium MWI: Western Illinois University, ​R. M. Myers Herbarium NBYC: Newberry College Herbarium NCSC: North Carolina State University Vascular Plant Herbarium NCSM: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Herbarium NCU: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Herbarium NCZP: North Carolina Zoological Park ND: University of Notre Dame, Greene/Nieuwland Herbarium NEBC: Harvard University Herbaria, New England Botanical Club NHI: Natural History Institute Herbarium NLU: University of Louisiana at Monroe Herbarium NMC: New Mexico State University Herbarium NMCR: New Mexico State University Range Science NO: Tulane Herbarium NY: New York Botanical Garden OBI: Robert F. Hoover Herbarium, Cal Poly State University ODU: Old Dominion University Herbarium OS: Ohio State University Herbarium PAC: Pennsylvania State University Herbarium PEMB: University of North Carolina Pembroke Herbarium PGC: Petersburg Garden Club Herbarium PH: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University PIHG: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry POM: California Botanic Garden Herbarium RARO: Raven Rock State Park Herbarium RENO: University of Nevada Herbarium RM: Rocky Mountain Herbarium RSA: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Herbarium SALK: University of South Carolina Salkehatchie Herbarium SAU: St. Ambrose University SBAC: Silver Bluff Audubon Center Herbarium SBBG: Clifton Smith Herbarium, Santa Barbara Botanic Garden SC: Salem College SCFS: Sagehen Herbarium SDSU: San Diego State University SEINet: General Research Observations SEL: Marie Selby Botanical Gardens Herbarium SELU: Southeastern Louisiana University, Glen N. Montz Herbarium SENEY: Seney National Wildlife Refuge SIM: Staten Island Museum SJNM: San Juan College Herbarium SJSU: San Jose State University, Carl W. Sharsmith Herbarium SNM: Dale A. Zimmerman Herbarium at Western New Mexico University STAR: Arkansas State University SUCO: Jewell and Arline Moss Settle Herbarium at SUNY Oneonta SWANER: Swaner Preserve and EcoCenter SWMT: Rhodes College Herbarium TAWES: Maryland Department of Natural Resources TENN: University of Tennessee TROY: Troy University Herbarium TTC: E.L. Reed Herbarium at Texas Tech University TTRS: Tall Timbers Research Station UAC: University of Calgary Herbarium UAM: University of Arkansas at Monticello UARK: University of Arkansas Herbarium UCAC: University of Central Arkansas Herbarium UCHT: University of Tennessee, Chattanooga UCR: University of California, Riverside Plant Herbarium UNA: University of Alabama UNCA: University of North Carolina, Asheville UNCC: Mecklenburg County Park and Recreation Herbarium UNLV: University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Wesley E. Niles Herbarium UNM: University of New Mexico Herbarium UOS: University of the South - Sewanee Herbarium URV: University of Richmond Herbarium USAM: University of South Alabama Herbarium USCH: University of South Carolina, A. C. Moore Herbarium USCS: University of South Carolina Upstate Herbarium USF: University of South Florida Herbarium USFWS: Patuxent Research Refuge - Maryland USMS: University of Southern Mississippi Herbarium USU: Utah State University Eastern UT: Garrett Herbarium, Natural History Museum of Utah UTM: University of Tennessee Martin Herbarium UVSC: Utah Valley University Herbarium UWFP: University of West Florida UWL: University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse UWM: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee UWSP: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium VCU: Virginia Commonwealth University Herbarium VDB: Vanderbilt University Herbarium VPI: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Massey Herbarium VSC: Valdosta State University Herbarium VSUH: Virginia State University Herbarium VT: University of Vermont, Pringle Herbarium, vascular plants excluding those from New England WCUH: Western Carolina University Herbarium WET: Wartburg College WEWO: Weymouth Woods Sandhills Nature Preserve Herbarium WGC: University of West Georgia Herbarium WILLI: College of William and Mary Herbarium WINU: Winthrop University Herbarium WIS: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Herbarium WMU: Western Michigan University WVA: West Virginia University Herbarium WVW: West Virginia Wesleyan College, George B. Rossbach Herbarium        WVC: Warren Wilson College Herbarium                      ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: * none Data was derived from the following sources: * See description in text and meta data