cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.10247489
title: Potential and promisingness of technical options for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation in Southeast Asian countries

description: Paddy fields are considered as one of the most important sources of anthropogenic methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions. While several technical options have been proposed to reduce these emissions, gaps in data and information based on application of these options in the field are a key barrier to scaling-up. To address these gaps, we conducted a review of literature to analyze the potential of technical options in Southeast Asia (SEA). Using screening criteria based on reliability of experimental data, 31 region-specific cases were selected for the analysis. A meta-analysis indicated that water management options, including single and multiple drainage approaches such as alternative wetting and drying (AWD), significantly reduced CH<sub>4</sub> emissions by 35% as a mean effect size (95% confidential interval: 41–29%), as well as the combined effects of CH<sub>4</sub>+N<sub>2</sub>O (net GWP) by 29% (36–23%). The effect on reducing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in the dry season was significantly larger than that in the wet season. Application of biochar reduced both CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 20% (40% to −7%), while significantly increased rice yield by 28% (8–52%). Other options such as removal of rice straw from the previous crop, composting rice straw and manure, application of sulfate-containing fertilizer, and soil drying in the fallow season also have recognized potential to reduce emissions but require further data and consideration of possible trade-offs. Based on the analysis of mitigation potential, promising technical options were assessed by considering together with constraints and additional co-benefits in order to provide a useful guide for policy makers and rice value chain operators in SEA countries for adopting mitigation options in rice cultivation to tackle climate change and enhance agriculture sector sustainability.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11449500
title: Change in soil microbial biomass and regulating factors in an alpine meadow site on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

description: The change in soil microbial biomass (SMB) content and its direct links to soil organic matter (SOM) and environmental factors are not well understood for high-elevation regions. Therefore, this research investigated the temporal variation of SMB and its relationship with SOM and environmental factors in an alpine meadow site on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in alpine meadows showed monthly and seasonal variations and were higher in colder months, and the soil C/N ratio was higher in winter and in autumn than it was in the other seasons (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, the changes in the SMB C and SMB N contents were notable at monthly and seasonal scales, whereas the SMB C and SMB N contents were higher in the winter and spring than they were in the other seasons (P &lt; 0.05); the ratio of SMB C/SOC was higher in spring than it was in the other seasons; the ratio of the SMB N/TN content was higher in cold or cool months than it was in the other months; and the ratio of the SMB C/SMB N was highest in August (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the SMB C and SMB N contents were significantly positively correlated to the SOC and TN contents (P &lt; 0.01), and the SMB content was also significantly positively correlated to soil water content and air temperature (P &lt; 0.05), or to soil bulk density and soil pH (P &lt; 0.05). The results suggested that the change in the SMB in the alpine meadows was highly regulated by the SOC and TN and by monthly and seasonal changes in the soil bulk density, the soil pH, soil moisture, and air temperatures.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11449500.v1
title: Change in soil microbial biomass and regulating factors in an alpine meadow site on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

description: The change in soil microbial biomass (SMB) content and its direct links to soil organic matter (SOM) and environmental factors are not well understood for high-elevation regions. Therefore, this research investigated the temporal variation of SMB and its relationship with SOM and environmental factors in an alpine meadow site on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in alpine meadows showed monthly and seasonal variations and were higher in colder months, and the soil C/N ratio was higher in winter and in autumn than it was in the other seasons (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, the changes in the SMB C and SMB N contents were notable at monthly and seasonal scales, whereas the SMB C and SMB N contents were higher in the winter and spring than they were in the other seasons (P &lt; 0.05); the ratio of SMB C/SOC was higher in spring than it was in the other seasons; the ratio of the SMB N/TN content was higher in cold or cool months than it was in the other months; and the ratio of the SMB C/SMB N was highest in August (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the SMB C and SMB N contents were significantly positively correlated to the SOC and TN contents (P &lt; 0.01), and the SMB content was also significantly positively correlated to soil water content and air temperature (P &lt; 0.05), or to soil bulk density and soil pH (P &lt; 0.05). The results suggested that the change in the SMB in the alpine meadows was highly regulated by the SOC and TN and by monthly and seasonal changes in the soil bulk density, the soil pH, soil moisture, and air temperatures.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8082083
title: Effect of the long-term application of organic matter on soil carbon accumulation and GHG emissions from a rice paddy field in a cool-temperate region, Japan. -I. Comparison of rice straw and rice straw compost -

description: The influence of the long-term combination of rice straw removal and rice straw compost application on methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions and soil carbon accumulation in rice paddy fields was clarified. In each of the initial and continuous application fields (3 and 39−51 years, respectively), three plots with different applications of organic matter were established, namely, rice straw application (RS), rice straw compost application (SC) and no application (NA) plots, and soil carbon storage (0−15 cm), rice grain yield and CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes were measured for three years. The soil carbon sequestration rate by the organic matter application was higher in the SC plot than in the RS plot for both the initial and continuous application fields, and it was lower in the continuous application field than in the initial application field. The rice grain yield in the SC plot was significantly higher than those in the other plots in both the initial and continuous application fields. Cumulative CH<sub>4</sub> emissions followed the order of the NA plot &lt; the SC plot &lt; the RS plot for both the initial and continuous application fields. The effect of the organic matter application on the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions was not clear. In both the initial and continuous application fields, the increase in CH<sub>4</sub> emission by the rice straw application exceeded the soil carbon sequestration rate, and the change in the net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance calculated by the difference between them was a positive, indicating a net increase in the GHG emissions. However, the change in the GHG balance by the rice straw compost application showed negative (mitigating GHG emissions) for the initial application field, whereas it showed positive for the continuous application field. Although the mitigation effect on the GHG emissions by the combination of the rice straw removal and rice straw compost application was reduced by 21% after 39 years long-term application, it is suggested that the combination treatment is a sustainable management that can mitigate GHG emissions and improve crop productivity.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.8082083.v1
title: Effect of the long-term application of organic matter on soil carbon accumulation and GHG emissions from a rice paddy field in a cool-temperate region, Japan. -I. Comparison of rice straw and rice straw compost -

description: The influence of the long-term combination of rice straw removal and rice straw compost application on methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions and soil carbon accumulation in rice paddy fields was clarified. In each of the initial and continuous application fields (3 and 39−51 years, respectively), three plots with different applications of organic matter were established, namely, rice straw application (RS), rice straw compost application (SC) and no application (NA) plots, and soil carbon storage (0−15 cm), rice grain yield and CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes were measured for three years. The soil carbon sequestration rate by the organic matter application was higher in the SC plot than in the RS plot for both the initial and continuous application fields, and it was lower in the continuous application field than in the initial application field. The rice grain yield in the SC plot was significantly higher than those in the other plots in both the initial and continuous application fields. Cumulative CH<sub>4</sub> emissions followed the order of the NA plot &lt; the SC plot &lt; the RS plot for both the initial and continuous application fields. The effect of the organic matter application on the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions was not clear. In both the initial and continuous application fields, the increase in CH<sub>4</sub> emission by the rice straw application exceeded the soil carbon sequestration rate, and the change in the net greenhouse gas (GHG) balance calculated by the difference between them was a positive, indicating a net increase in the GHG emissions. However, the change in the GHG balance by the rice straw compost application showed negative (mitigating GHG emissions) for the initial application field, whereas it showed positive for the continuous application field. Although the mitigation effect on the GHG emissions by the combination of the rice straw removal and rice straw compost application was reduced by 21% after 39 years long-term application, it is suggested that the combination treatment is a sustainable management that can mitigate GHG emissions and improve crop productivity.
DOI: 10.23635/07
title: Siblings and Friends: The Changing Nature of Children's Lateral Relationships Dataset

description: What is the significance of sisters and brothers, and friends, in the lives of children and young people? Do such relationships change over time? This project tracked the lives of fifty children from mid-childhood to young adulthood to help answer these questions. It provided a valuable qualitative longitudinal dataset that documents the meanings, experiences and flows of children's prescribed (sibling) and chosen (friendship) relationships. Drawing on varied samples of children from three previous studies (2003-5), living in different UK localities, the project explored how such relationships connect to young people's sense of self as their individual and family biographies unfold. Follow up interviews were conducted in 2007 and 2009.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25527056
title: A new elasmosaurid (Plesiosauria: Sauropterygia) from the López de Bertodano Formation: new data on the evolution of the aristonectine morphology

description: A new elasmosaurid <i>Marambionectes molinai</i> gen. et sp. nov. from the upper Maastrichtian levels of the López de Bertodano Formation is here described. The new taxon is characterized by one autapomorphy: 48 cervical vertebrae with lateral keels in cervicals 5 to 29. The following combination of features also differentiates <i>Marambionectes molinai</i> gen. et sp. nov. from other elasmosaurids: three symphyseal alveoli, symphyseal angle of <i>c.</i> 100°, wide symphyseal sulcus, high and triangular coronoid process, retroarticular process horizontally oriented, circular atlantal cup, low and rounded hypapophyseal keel on atlas-axis complex, cervical centra longer than high (middle cervical with vertebral length index <i>c.</i> 97) and caudal centra without strongly laterally projected parapophyses. The phylogenetic analysis recovers <i>M. molinai</i> gen. et sp. nov. within the Weddellonectia and as a sister group of aristonectines, indicating that the process of decreasing cervical vertebrae numbers, wide symphyseal sulcus and atlas-axis complex with circular atlantal cup and low and rounded hypapophyseal keel started previous to the appearance of aristonectines. In this sense, we suggest that some of the skeletal characteristics of aristonectines were acquired through a process that began in non-aristonectine elasmosaurids, before the appearance of this clade. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:693E0AAA-D03A-42E7-B454-BBA4D481649A
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25527056.v1
title: A new elasmosaurid (Plesiosauria: Sauropterygia) from the López de Bertodano Formation: new data on the evolution of the aristonectine morphology

description: A new elasmosaurid <i>Marambionectes molinai</i> gen. et sp. nov. from the upper Maastrichtian levels of the López de Bertodano Formation is here described. The new taxon is characterized by one autapomorphy: 48 cervical vertebrae with lateral keels in cervicals 5 to 29. The following combination of features also differentiates <i>Marambionectes molinai</i> gen. et sp. nov. from other elasmosaurids: three symphyseal alveoli, symphyseal angle of <i>c.</i> 100°, wide symphyseal sulcus, high and triangular coronoid process, retroarticular process horizontally oriented, circular atlantal cup, low and rounded hypapophyseal keel on atlas-axis complex, cervical centra longer than high (middle cervical with vertebral length index <i>c.</i> 97) and caudal centra without strongly laterally projected parapophyses. The phylogenetic analysis recovers <i>M. molinai</i> gen. et sp. nov. within the Weddellonectia and as a sister group of aristonectines, indicating that the process of decreasing cervical vertebrae numbers, wide symphyseal sulcus and atlas-axis complex with circular atlantal cup and low and rounded hypapophyseal keel started previous to the appearance of aristonectines. In this sense, we suggest that some of the skeletal characteristics of aristonectines were acquired through a process that began in non-aristonectine elasmosaurids, before the appearance of this clade. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:693E0AAA-D03A-42E7-B454-BBA4D481649A
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25163825
title: Recumbirostran ‘microsaurs’ are not amniotes

description: Amniota is a tetrapod clade that includes extant mammals and reptiles, including birds, as well as a wealth of extinct taxa extending over 318 million years of Earth’s history. For over three decades, Amniota has been treated as a crown group, but the content of stem amniotes has varied among large-scale analyses of Palaeozoic tetrapods. Nine recent phylogenetic studies on Palaeozoic tetrapods, all derived from each other, have potentially changed our perspectives on amniote origins and early evolution. The first of these analyses posited that two particular clades of Palaeozoic tetrapods, Recumbirostra and Lysorophia, both previously considered to be lepospondyl stem-amniotes, are actually amniotes. This raises the possibility that early amniotes included both small fossorial and terrestrial animals, some of which show strong evidence of limb reduction. Here we show that the strange position of these small, often fossorial and limb-reduced tetrapods in Amniota is the result of two fundamental flaws: (1) the phylogenetic analysis combines two separate data matrices that were each designed to test only patterns of relationships among early anamniote tetrapods; and (2) the absence of key amniote characters. Our reanalysis of Palaeozoic tetrapod interrelationships reinstates recumbirostrans and lysorophians outside Amniota. The results of our study impact other recent studies that have simply accepted the codings in the data matrix that resulted in the hypothesis that recumbirostrans are amniotes and raises important questions about the initial diversification of amniotes and the evolution of fossoriality and limb reduction among tetrapods.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25163825.v1
title: Recumbirostran ‘microsaurs’ are not amniotes

description: Amniota is a tetrapod clade that includes extant mammals and reptiles, including birds, as well as a wealth of extinct taxa extending over 318 million years of Earth’s history. For over three decades, Amniota has been treated as a crown group, but the content of stem amniotes has varied among large-scale analyses of Palaeozoic tetrapods. Nine recent phylogenetic studies on Palaeozoic tetrapods, all derived from each other, have potentially changed our perspectives on amniote origins and early evolution. The first of these analyses posited that two particular clades of Palaeozoic tetrapods, Recumbirostra and Lysorophia, both previously considered to be lepospondyl stem-amniotes, are actually amniotes. This raises the possibility that early amniotes included both small fossorial and terrestrial animals, some of which show strong evidence of limb reduction. Here we show that the strange position of these small, often fossorial and limb-reduced tetrapods in Amniota is the result of two fundamental flaws: (1) the phylogenetic analysis combines two separate data matrices that were each designed to test only patterns of relationships among early anamniote tetrapods; and (2) the absence of key amniote characters. Our reanalysis of Palaeozoic tetrapod interrelationships reinstates recumbirostrans and lysorophians outside Amniota. The results of our study impact other recent studies that have simply accepted the codings in the data matrix that resulted in the hypothesis that recumbirostrans are amniotes and raises important questions about the initial diversification of amniotes and the evolution of fossoriality and limb reduction among tetrapods.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.27054300
title: The postcranial skeleton of <i>Amphimoschus</i> Bourgeois, 1873 (Cetartiodactyla, Ruminantia, Pecora) sheds light on its phylogeny and the evolution of the clade Cervoidea

description: Here we present the first description of the postcranial skeleton of <i>Amphimoschus</i>, an enigmatic hornless ruminant known from the late Early to the late Middle Miocene of Eurasia (<i>c</i>. 17.5–13.8 Ma). This new fossil material that includes several elements of the appendicular skeleton comes from the French sites of Pontlevoy (MN5), Aérotrain (MN4), and Artenay (MN4). The postcranial skeleton of <i>Amphimoschus</i> is relevant to determine its phylogenetic affinities within the Pecora and to better understand the evolution of cervoids, the pecoran ruminants more closely related to deer. Our total-evidence tip-dating phylogenetic analysis recovers three well-supported main lineages of crown pecorans (Giraffomorpha, Bovidomorpha and Cervidomorpha) and places <i>Amphimoschus</i> as a basal member of a monophyletic Cervoidea. Thus, we reject the recent assignment of <i>Amphimoschus</i> to the Bovoidea, and confirm the presence of hornless forms at the base of the cervoid clade. We define the Cervoidea as the least inclusive clade of crown pecorans including <i>Amphimoschus</i> and the Cervidae. We also define the Cervidomorpha as the least inclusive clade of crown pecorans containing <i>Namibiomeryx</i> and the Cervidae. Cervidomorphs were relatively successful in the Miocene, spreading through Africa, Eurasia and North America during the Early–Middle Miocene. <i>Amphimoschus xishuiensis</i> Y.-K. Li et al., 2021 is recovered here as the closest sister group to the Bovidae and hence cannot be considered to belong to the genus <i>Amphimoschus</i>. We erect for it the new genus <i>Dimidiomeryx</i>. Our topology adds complexity to the recently revamped hypothesis based on molecular data regarding the single origin of the cranial appendages in pecoran ruminants. <i>Amphimoschus</i> probably had a sitatunga-like lifestyle, sporting sprawling-out fingers with very long third phalanges, long limbs and a general configuration of the appendicular skeleton that probably allowed it to live in swampy/semiaquatic environments.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25690073
title: First <i>Byzantinia</i> from Afro-Arabia and the evolutionary history of extinct cricetodontine rodents investigated through Bayesian phylogenetic inference

description: The Cricetodontinae is a subfamily of extinct rodents from Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. <i>Byzantinia</i> is a cricetodontine genus that currently includes 10 species. This genus originated in Anatolia in the late Middle Miocene and became extinct at the end of the Miocene. Until now, <i>Byzantinia</i> was known only from Anatolia and Greece. Here, we report isolated molars of <i>Byzantinia</i> from a new locality close to Zahleh, Lebanon. These represent the first remains of <i>Byzantinia</i> from the Arabian area. All these teeth but one, which is very close to <i>Byzantinia dardanellensis</i>, belong to the new taxon <i>Byzantinia rosamariae</i> sp. nov. The evolutionary position of the two Lebanese <i>Byzantinia</i> species allows us to infer an age for this site of approximately 10.9–10 Ma. Bayesian tip-dating phylogenetic analyses, using morphological data for a large variety of cricetodontines, revealed that Anatolia served as the primary centre for speciation and dispersal of this rodent subfamily. This approach allowed us to infer the biogeographical history and time of divergence of the main cricetodontine lineages and sheds light on the evolutionary history of this group. The evolutionary position of the new Lebanese species is intermediate between <i>Byzantinia</i> sp. from Direcik I (Turkey) and <i>B. nikosi</i> from Biodrak (Greece), from which it diverged <i>c</i>. 11.85 Ma. These new Lebanese fossils provide the first physical evidence of the dispersal of these rodents into Afro-Arabia. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2D8FD3C8-26E1-4C62-8D65-9D58666D70A3
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25690073.v2
title: First <i>Byzantinia</i> from Afro-Arabia and the evolutionary history of extinct cricetodontine rodents investigated through Bayesian phylogenetic inference

description: The Cricetodontinae is a subfamily of extinct rodents from Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. <i>Byzantinia</i> is a cricetodontine genus that currently includes 10 species. This genus originated in Anatolia in the late Middle Miocene and became extinct at the end of the Miocene. Until now, <i>Byzantinia</i> was known only from Anatolia and Greece. Here, we report isolated molars of <i>Byzantinia</i> from a new locality close to Zahleh, Lebanon. These represent the first remains of <i>Byzantinia</i> from the Arabian area. All these teeth but one, which is very close to <i>Byzantinia dardanellensis</i>, belong to the new taxon <i>Byzantinia rosamariae</i> sp. nov. The evolutionary position of the two Lebanese <i>Byzantinia</i> species allows us to infer an age for this site of approximately 10.9–10 Ma. Bayesian tip-dating phylogenetic analyses, using morphological data for a large variety of cricetodontines, revealed that Anatolia served as the primary centre for speciation and dispersal of this rodent subfamily. This approach allowed us to infer the biogeographical history and time of divergence of the main cricetodontine lineages and sheds light on the evolutionary history of this group. The evolutionary position of the new Lebanese species is intermediate between <i>Byzantinia</i> sp. from Direcik I (Turkey) and <i>B. nikosi</i> from Biodrak (Greece), from which it diverged <i>c</i>. 11.85 Ma. These new Lebanese fossils provide the first physical evidence of the dispersal of these rodents into Afro-Arabia. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2D8FD3C8-26E1-4C62-8D65-9D58666D70A3