DOI: 10.5061/dryad.gf1vhhmmm
title: Genetic variation in parental effects contributes to the evolutionary potential of prey responses to predation risk

description: Despite the ubiquity of parental effects and their potential impact on
 evolutionary dynamics, their contribution to the evolution of
 predator-prey interactions remains poorly understood. Using quantitative
 genetics, here we demonstrate that parental effects substantially
 contribute to the evolutionary potential of larval antipredator responses
 in a leaf beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Previous research showed
 that larger L. decemlineata larvae elicit stronger antipredator responses,
 and mothers perceiving predators improved offspring responses by
 increasing intraclutch cannibalism –an extreme form of offspring
 provisioning. We now report substantial additive genetic variation
 underlying maternal ability to induce intraclutch cannibalism, indicating
 the potential of this adaptive maternal effect to evolve by natural
 selection. We also show that paternal size, a heritable trait, impacted
 larval responses to predation risk, but that larval responses themselves
 had little additive genetic variation. Together, these results demonstrate
 how larval responses to predation risk can evolve via two types of
 parental effects, both of which provide indirect sources of genetic
 variation for offspring traits.
description: Data collected in a half-sib breeding experiment. Methods of
 collection and data analyis are provided in manuscript:
 "<i>Genetic variation in parental effects contributes to the
 evolutionary potential of prey responses to predation
 risk"</i> Data is shown in three different
 worksheets: "Larval_responses", "Maternal_responses",
 and "Parent_OffspringSize_regression".
description: Description of variables: 1) In both
 worksheets ("Larval_responses"and "Maternal_responses):
 Sire and Dam identities is provided under "Sire_ID" and
 "Dam_ID". 2) In both worksheets
 ("Larval_responses"and "Maternal_responses):
 "SireSize(mm)" and "DamSize(mm)" indicates
 parents' body size measured as the length of the right elytra
 (mm). 3) In both worksheets
 ("Larval_responses"and "Maternal_responses):
 "Treatment" includes "C"=the predator-free environment
 and "R"=the predation risk treatment. 4)
 "Larval_responses" workshit also includes:
 "LarvalMass(mg)"= mass in milligrams of 4 day old larvae;
 "LeafIntake(mm2)"=amount of leaf consumed by larvae measured as
 consumed leaf area (mm<sup>2</sup>);
 "AssimilationEfficinecy" = ratio of 4-d old larval mass over
 larval mass; "HatchingAsyncrony"=describes how soon a egg will
 hatch ("E"=early hatching, "L"=late
 hatching. 5) "Maternal_responses" worksheet
 also includes: "ClutchSize"=number of eggs in a clutch;
 "No.Larva"= number of hatchlings in a clutch;
 "EggsDamaged"=note about eggs that  had mechanical damaged
 during collection; "NumberOfEggsCorrected"=Total number of
 undamaged eggs, to be used when calculating proportion of cannibalism and
 proportion of hatchlings; "NumberCannibalized"=total number of
 eggs cannibalized; "Cannibalism_proportion"=proportion of eggs
 cannibalized in a clutch; "ProportionLarv"= proportion of
 hatchlings in a clutch. 6)
 "Parent_OffspringSize_regression" worksheet includes:
 "Sire_ID" = Sire identity; "SireSize(mm)" = Sire body
 size measured as length of the right elytra (mm); "Son(mm)"and
 "Daughter(mm)"= body size measured as the length of the right
 elytra (mm) for male and female offspring, respectively.