DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5060039
title: A long-term hydrometeorological observations from the Lammin-Suo peatland station

description: <strong>Introduction</strong> The Lammin-Suo peatland station is located near Ilichevo settlement in Vyborgskiy district, Leningrad region, Russia in a hilly area with numerous sandy hills up to 150 m high, followed by deep pans. The Lammin-Suo peatland refers to raised bogs, the most common type of bog in the North-West of Russia. The research at the Lammin-Suo peatland station focuses on hydrology, meteorology, soil processes and the landscape evolution of the peatland. This dataset presents hydrological, hydrogeological, and meteorological data collected at the Lammin-Suo peatland station over the period from 1 January 1952 to 31 December 2020. Monitored parameters include air temperature, air humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, cloudiness, precipitation, evaporation, snow depth, peat temperature, swamp water level, groundwater level and temperature. <strong>File naming conventions</strong> <strong>observation-type_periodicity_start-end_[meteostation_number].csv</strong> <em>observation-type</em>: evaporation / groundwater-level / groundwater-temp / surface-elevation / meteo / peat-temp / precipitation / swamp-water-level <em>periodicity</em>: hourly / daily / 10d (<em>ten days</em>) / annual / 5y (<em>five years</em>) <em>start-end</em>: time coverage of the dataset <em>[meteostation_number]</em>: optional, encountered only in <em>meteo_….csv</em> <strong>Observation types and file contents</strong> <strong>1. Evaporation</strong> 1.1 Methods Evaporation is measured directly using the evaporimeter (model GGI-B1000). Measurements are performed in ten-day intervals during the growing season. Evaporimeters are installed at 6 sites located in different types of micro landscape. 1.2 Measurement site description Site 1. Coordinates: 60.245613 N 29.812111 E; Data period: 1956-2020; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, rare inclusions of pine. Site 2. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1971-1976; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge and hollow). Site 2.1. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1962-1965; 1968-1970; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge). Site 2.1. Coordinates: 60.240252 N 29.821496; Data period: 1962-1965; 1968-1970; Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (hollow). Site 3. Coordinates: 60.240459 N 29.808622 E; Data period: 1966; 1968; 1970-1976; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp). Site 4. Coordinates: 60.237556 N 29.825795 E; Data period: 1968; 1970-1974; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (hummocks). 1.3 File contents <strong>evaporation_10d_1956-2020.csv</strong> - measured values of evaporation with a ten-day resolution: START_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d END_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d DAYS is amount of days between START_DATE and END_DATE (days) SITE is evaporation measurement site EVAPORATION is evaporation amount between START_DATE and END_DATE (mm) <strong>evaporation_annual_1956-2020.csv</strong> - evaporation values aggregated by growing seasons: START_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d END_DATE format is %Y-%m-%d SITE is evaporation measurement site EVAPORATION is evaporation amount between START_DATE and END_DATE (mm) <strong>2. Swamp water level</strong> 2.1 Methods Swamp water levels are measured manually inside swamp water wells and in the Dve Sestry Lake. Measurements are carried out once every five days throughout the year. In Well 104, the swamp water levels are measured daily. The swamp water levels are given relative to the swamp surface elevation in the area around each well. The swamp surface elevations in the area around each well were measured every 5 years (1965-1995). 2.2 Measurement site description Well 101. Coordinates: 60.245924 N 29.811311 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp, near the lakes). Well 102. Coordinates: 60.245107 N 29.81284 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp, near the lakes). Well 102a. Coordinates: 60.244715 N 29.813525 E; Data period: 1975-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine. Well 103. Coordinates: 60.244362 N 29.814135 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp). Well 104. Coordinates: 60.243698 N 29.816094 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp). Well 105. Coordinates: 60.242622 N 29.816963 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp). Well 106. Coordinates: 60.241961 N 29.818287 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine (near the ridge-hollow complex). Well 107. Coordinates: 60.241045 N 29.819898 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge and hollow). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine. Well 107a. Coordinates: 60.242059 N 29.818111 E; Data period: 1970-1975 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (ridge). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine. Well 107b. Coordinates: 60.240165 N 29.821447 E; Data period: 1970-2020 (active). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex (hollow). Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine. Well 108. Coordinates: 60.237523 N 29.825965 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (hummocks). Well 109. Coordinates: 60.235011 N 29.830004 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southern edge of the swamp). Well 210. Coordinates: 60.240464 N 29.808541 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp). Well 211. Coordinates: 60.240833 N 29.809519 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Ridge-hollow complex. Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood. Well 212. Coordinates: 60.245206 N 29.819994 E; Data period: 1950-1984 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (edge of the swamp, near the ridge-hollow complex). Well 313. Coordinates: 60.235481 N 29.821126 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, sedge, inclusions of birch and pine. Well 314. Coordinates: 60.236543 N 29.823923 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood. Well 315. Coordinates: 60.239574 N 29.831197 E; Data period: 1950-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood. Well 316. Coordinates: 60.240463 N 29.832775 E; Data period: 1950-2020 (active). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (southeastern edge of the swamp). Well 317. Coordinates: 60.240795 N 29.8339 E; Data period: 1972-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southeastern edge of the swamp). Well 318. Coordinates: 60.242222 N 29.831263 E; Data period: 1978-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, pine, dwarf shrub (southeastern edge of the swamp). Well 319. Coordinates: 60.242781 N 29.831563 E; Data period: 1978-1989 (closed). Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub. Dve Sestry Lake. Coordinates: 60.245241 N 29.812483 E; Data period: 1968-2020 (active). Water level in the lake Dve Sestry. Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (edge of the swamp). 2.3 File contents <strong>swamp-water-level_daily_1950-2020.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d SW_WELL is the well (lake) name SW_LEVEL is the swamp water level (cm) <strong>surface-elevation_5y_1965-1995.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y WELL_NO is the well number WELL_TYPE is the well type (SW - swamp water, GW - groundwater) SURF_ELEV is the surface elevation above sea level (m) <strong>3. Groundwater level</strong> 3.1 Methods Groundwater level was measured manually inside groundwater wells. Measurements were carried out daily or once every five days during the year. Groundwater levels are given relative to the surface elevation in the area around each well. Surface elevations in the area around each well were measured every 5 years (1970-1995). Well 359. Coordinates: 60.246014 N 29.811157 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active); Well depth: 5.6 m; Location: edge of the swamp, near the lakes. 3.2 Measurement site description Well 360. Coordinates: 60.246631 N 29.809902 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.17 m; Location: the foot of the kame hill. Well 361. Coordinates: 60.247386 N 29.811244 E; Data period: 1964-1980 (closed). Well depth: 15.0 m; Location: the kame hill, near the station. Well 362. Coordinates: 60.246119 N 29.821464 E; Data period: 1964-1983 (closed). Well depth: 10.33 m; Location: on the hillside of esker. Well 363. Coordinates: 60.241874 N 29.836113 E; Data period: 1964-1972 (closed). Well depth: 18.41 m; Location: on the northeastern slope of the kame hill. Well 364. Coordinates: 60.243446 N 29.8047 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.06 m; Location: near the stream West-1. Well 365. Coordinates: 60.239495 N 29.805881 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 3.07 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest. Well 366. Coordinates: 60.239645 N 29.805699 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.63 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest. Well 367. Coordinates: 60.239796 N 29.805541 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 1.99 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest. Well 369. Coordinates: 60.231555 N 29.834127 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.69 m; Location: in the forest, 150 m from the swamp edge, 50 m from the stream Southern. Well 374. Coordinates: 60.245337 N 29.812419 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.72 m; Location: the swamp, near the Dve Sestry Lake. Well 375. Coordinates: 60.237548 N 29.826021 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.68 m; Location: southeast of the swamp. Well 376. Coordinates: 60.240623 N 29.833485 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.09 m; Location: southeast of the swamp, 50 m from the swamp edge. Well 377. Coordinates: 60.243370 N 29.815802 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 9.44 m; Location: central part of the swamp. Well 378. Coordinates: 60.23461 N 29.819447 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.26 m; Location: a swampy forest, 80 m from the swamp edge. Well 379. Coordinates: 60.234373 N 29.818323 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.35 m; Location: a swampy forest, 100 m from the swamp edge. Well 386. Coordinates: 60.246681 N 29.822289 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 10.00 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, 19 m from the Bolotny stream. Well 387. Coordinates: 60.247045 N 29.82321 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 5.13 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker, 115 m from well 386. Well 388. Coordinates: 60.247988 N 29.820518 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 4.96 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, at the head of the Bolotny stream. Well 389. Coordinates: 60.247668 N 29.819822 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 9.0 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker. Well 390. Coordinates: 60.247418 N 29.822103E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 12.6 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp. 3.3 File contents <strong>groundwater-level_daily_1964-1986.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d GW_WELL is the well name GW_LEVEL is the groundwater level (cm) <strong>surface-elevation_5y_1965-1995.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y WELL_NO is the well number WELL_TYPE is the well type (SW - swamp water, GW - groundwater) SURF_ELEV is the surface elevation above sea level (m) <strong>4. Groundwater temperature</strong> 4.1 Methods Water temperature in groundwater wells are measured manually with a thermometer (model TM-10). Measurements were taken on the 10th, 20th and the last day of the month during the year. 4.2 Measurement site description Well 359. Coordinates: 60.246014 N 29.811157 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active); Well depth: 5.6 m; Location: edge of the swamp, near the lakes. Well 360. Coordinates: 60.246631 N 29.809902 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.17 m; Location: the foot of the kame hill. Well 361. Coordinates: 60.247386 N 29.811244 E; Data period: 1964-1980 (closed). Well depth: 15.0 m; Location: the kame hill, near the station. Well 362. Coordinates: 60.246119 N 29.821464 E; Data period: 1964-1983 (closed). Well depth: 10.33 m; Location: on the hillside of esker. Well 363. Coordinates: 60.241874 N 29.836113 E; Data period: 1964-1972 (closed). Well depth: 18.41 m; Location: on the northeastern slope of the kame hill. Well 364. Coordinates: 60.243446 N 29.8047 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.06 m; Location: near the stream West-1. Well 365. Coordinates: 60.239495 N 29.805881 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 3.07 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest. Well 366. Coordinates: 60.239645 N 29.805699 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.63 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest. Well 367. Coordinates: 60.239796 N 29.805541 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 1.99 m; Location: southwest edge of the swamp, in the forest. Well 369. Coordinates: 60.231555 N 29.834127 E; Data period: 1964-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.69 m; Location: in the forest, 150 m from the swamp edge, 50 m from the stream Southern. Well 374. Coordinates: 60.245337 N 29.812419 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 5.72 m; Location: the swamp, near the Dve Sestry Lake. Well 375. Coordinates: 60.237548 N 29.826021 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.68 m; Location: southeast of the swamp. Well 376. Coordinates: 60.240623 N 29.833485 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 6.09 m; Location: southeast of the swamp, 50 m from the swamp edge. Well 377. Coordinates: 60.243370 N 29.815802 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 9.44 m; Location: central part of the swamp. Well 378. Coordinates: 60.23461 N 29.819447 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.26 m; Location: a swampy forest, 80 m from the swamp edge. Well 379. Coordinates: 60.234373 N 29.818323 E; Data period: 1965-2020 (active). Well depth: 4.35 m; Location: a swampy forest, 100 m from the swamp edge. Well 386. Coordinates: 60.246681 N 29.822289 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 10.00 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, 19 m from the Bolotny stream. Well 387. Coordinates: 60.247045 N 29.82321 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 5.13 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker, 115 m from well 386. Well 388. Coordinates: 60.247988 N 29.820518 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 4.96 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, at the head of the Bolotny stream. Well 389. Coordinates: 60.247668 N 29.819822 E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 9.0 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp, on the esker. Well 390. Coordinates: 60.247418 N 29.822103E; Data period: 1965-1986 (closed). Well depth: 12.6 m; Location: North of the edge of swamp. 4.3 File contents <strong>groundwater-temp_daily_1974-2020.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d GW_WELL is the well name GW_TEMP is a groundwater temperature (degree Celsuis) <strong>5. Peat temperature</strong> 5.1 Methods Peat temperature monitoring has been carried out daily since 1953 at the two sites. Peat temperature measurements include measurements on the swamp surface (average, minimum, maximum) and at depths of 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160, 240, 290, 320 cm (different depth sets were used throughout the observation period). The swamp surface temperature was measured with thermometer TM-3, maximum thermometer TM-1, minimum thermometer TM-2, and low-degree thermometer TM-9-1. The temperature at the horizons of 5-15 cm was measured with Savinov thermometers. The temperature at the horizons of 20-320 cm was measured with soil-depth thermometers TM-10. 5.2 Measurement site description Site 1. Coordinates: 60.243334 N 29.815287 E; Data period: 1956-2020 (active); Located next to the meteorological site No. 1; Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (central part of the swamp). Site 2. Coordinates: 60.240477 N 29.808621 E; Data period: 1963-1995 (closed); Located next to well 210; Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (edge of the swamp). 5.3 File contents <strong>peat-temp_hourly_1976-2020.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm) PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis) SITE is the observation site, valid values are 1 or 2 <strong>peat-temp_daily_1953-2020.csv</strong> DATE_TIME format is %Y-%m-%d DEPTH is the measurement depth under the peat surface (cm) PEAT_TEMP is the peat temperature (degree Celsuis) OBS_TYPE are daily average/daily min/daily max SITE is the observation site, valid values are 1 or 2 <strong>6. Precipitation</strong> 6.1 Methods Precipitation is measured once per day in winter (15:00) and twice per day in summer (9:00, 15:00). The precipitation data are given as a total daily amount. Precipitation form (solid or liquid) has been observed since 1964. For gauges 2-6 precipitation measurements were carried out during the growing season only (from April/May to October). Instrument is the Tretyakov non-recording precipitation gauge. 6.2 Measurement site description Gauge 1. Coordinates: 60.246979 N 29.810368 E; Data period: 1952-2020 (active); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, cotton grass, inclusions of pine (genetic center of the swamp). Gauge 2. Coordinates: 60.240412 N 29.808487 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, cotton grass, dwarf shrub, inclusions of pine and deadwood (southwest edge of the swamp). Gauge 3. Coordinates: 60.245829 N 29.82098 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, dwarf shrub, pine (northwest edge of the swamp). Gauge 4. Coordinates: 60.235467 N 29.821103 E; Data period: 1963-1976 (closed); Vegetation: Sphagnum, sedge, inclusions of birch and pine (south edge of the swamp). Gauge 5. Coordinates: 60.24037 N