DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15407847
title: A dynamic histone-based chromatin regulatory toolkit underpins genome and developmental evolution in an invertebrate clade

description: This repository contains the supplementary data and the custom code used in the publication cited below.

How to use and cite these files and code

All files and code are made publicly available and can be used for further research and other applications. However, if you use these resources in your work, we kindly ask you to cite our original publication.

A dynamic histone-based chromatin regulatory toolkit underpins genome and developmental evolution in an invertebrate clade.Francisco M. Martín-Zamora, Joby Cole, Rory D. Donnellan, Kero Guynes, Allan M. Carrillo-Baltodano, Mark Dickman, Paul J. Hurd, José M. Martín-Durán. Genome Biology 26, 160 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-025-03626-2

Author contact



José M. Martín-Durán (chema.martin<at>qmul.ac.uk) (senior author, corresponding author)

Francisco M. Martín-Zamora (fmartinzamora<at>altoslabs.com) (first author, corresponding author)

Lab website: https://www.martinduranlab.com


Index of data files contents

01-Updated_genomes.tar.gz contains all the relevant genome annotation files and gene models for the three different species after our manual histone gene mining. For each species:



<Species_name>_genome_annotation_report_v1_deleted_entries.xlsx contains a report detailing the list of gene models that were removed from the original genome annotation files and are now replaced by manually curated histone genes.

<Species_name>_genome_annotation_v2.gff3 contains the .gff3 file with the full genome annotation, including the manually curated histone genes

<Species_name>_genome_annotation_mRNA_v2.fa, <Species_name>_genome_annotation_CDS_v2.fa and <Species_name>_genome_annotation_proteins_v2.fa contain the sequences in .fasta/.fa format of the transcripts/mRNAs, the coding sequences (CDS) of said transcripts, and the protein sequences, respectively, of the gene models contained in the .gff3 file.

<Species_name>_genome_annotation_mRNA_report_v2.xlsx contains the report with the full list of gene models after including the manually curated histone genes. This matches the genome annotation from the `.gff3` file and contains many relevant annotations, such as GO terms, PFAM domains, best BLAST hits, PANTHER hits, mRNA and protein sequence, etc.


02-Histone_genes_mining.tar.gz contains the core histones gene models in .gff3 format and the histone mRNA and protein sequences files in .fasta/.fa format for O. fusiformis, C. teleta, and D. gyrociliatus. For both O. fusiformis and C. teleta there are two different gene model files, which match each of the genome assemblies: one at scaffold level, and another one at chromosome level. For each species:



<Species_name>core_histones_annotation.gff3 contains the gene models of the core histone genes.

<Species_name>_mRNA.fa contains the mRNA/transcript sequences of the core histone genes.

<Species_name>_protein.fa contains the protein sequences of the core histone genes.


03-Histone_genes_orthology_assignment.tar.gz contains the multiple sequence alignment files in .fasta/.fa and .pdf formats (and .nexus, where applicable) we used to assign the orthology of the core histone genes, as well as a report on the amino acid changes observed in the core histone genes (and pseudogenes).



Core_histones_alignment.fa and Core_histones_alignment.nexus contain the multiple sequence alignments associated with the maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses we used to assign the orthology of core histone genes.

Core_histones_alignment.pdf is a graphic visualisation of the files described above.

Histone_sequence_differences.docx and Histone_sequence_differences.pdf are reports containing the amino acid differences and their potential impact on hPTM presence between eukaryotic model organisms and annelid histone genes, both canonical and variant, and the identified pseudogenic sequences.


Then, for each core histone family, that is, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4:



<Histone_family>_family_alignment.fa contains the multiple sequence alignments used to investigate amino acid changes in each histone gene (and pseudogene).

<Histone_family>_family_alignment.pdf is a graphic visualisation of the file described above.


04-Gene_expression_profiling.tar.gz contains the gene expression matrices in .txt format in transcripts-per-million (TPM) and after DESeq2 normalisation of the developmental RNA-seq time courses of O. fusiformis, C. teleta, and D. gyrociliatus. These contain all transcripts (i.e., all isoforms per gene model), both split by biological replicates and averaged by developmental stage, after the re-profiling with the updated gene models containing the curated core histone genes. For each species:



RNAseq_<Species_name>_TPM_replicates.txt is the gene expression matrix of all transcripts in TPM split by replicates.

RNAseq_<Species_name>_TPM_average.txt is the gene expression matrix of all transcripts in TPM averaged by developmental stage.

RNAseq_<Species_name>_DESeq2_replicates.txt is the gene expression matrix of all transcripts in DESeq2 normalised values split by replicates.

RNAseq_<Species_name>_DESeq2_average.txt is the gene expression matrix of all transcripts in DESeq2 normalised values averaged by developmental stage.


All files contain a suffix of the form _vDDMMYY that stands for version and the date in which the re-profiling took place.

05-Evolutionary_analysis_H2AX_variants.tar.gz contains the multiple sequence alignment files in `.fasta`/`.fa` and Clustal `.aln` formats (and `.pdf`, where applicable) we used during the evolutionary analyses of H2A.X variants across Eukarya.



H2A.X_selected_species_alignment.fa and H2A.X_selected_speices_alignment.nexus contain the multiple sequence alignments shown to highlight the variability of the position 142 in H2A.X proteins.

H2A.X_selected_species_alignment.pdf is a graphic visualisation of the files described above.

H2A.X_PHI-BLAST_Eukarya_alignment.fa and H2A.X_PHI-BLAST_Eukarya_alignment.aln contain the multiple sequence alignments associated with the maximum likelihood analyses we used to understand the evolution of the C-terminus of H2A.X variants.


Then, for each eukaryotic clade, namely Chordata, Spiralia, Arthropoda, Streptophyta, and Eukarya(_curated):



H2A.X_terminal_motif_alignment_<clade>.fa and H2A.X_terminal_motif_alignment_<clade>.aln contain the alignments corresponding to the C-termini of selected eukaryotic H2A.X sequences that were used to generate the C-terminal motif logos.


06-Histone_modifier_genes_orthology_assignment.tar.gz contains the multiple sequence alignment files in .fasta/.fa and Clustal .aln formats, as well as in .pdf, that we used to assign the orthology of the histone-modifying enzymes genes. For each of the six superfamily alignments, i.e., HDAC, HDM, HAT_typeA, HAT_typeB, KMT, and PRMT:



<Superfamily>_superfamily_alignment.fa and <Superfamily>_superfamily_alignment.nexus contain the multiple sequence alignments associated with the maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses we used to assign the orthology of the histone-modifying enzymes genes.

<Superfamily>_superfamily_alignment.pdf is a graphic visualisation of the files described above.


07-PRMT6_sequence_architecture_analysis.tar.gz contains the multiple sequence alignment in .fasta/.fa and Clustal .aln format, as well as in .pdf, which we used to analyse the sequence conservation of the annelid PRMT6 orthologs.



PRMT6_alignment.fa and PRMT6_alignment.nexus contain the multiple sequence alignments shown to highlight the variability of the substrate and cofactor-binding residues, as well as the critical regions of the enzyme, in the annelid PRMT6 orthologs.

PRMT6_alignment.pdf is a graphic visualisation of the files described above.