DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pc866t1ng
title: Data from: Light environment influences mating behaviours during the early stages of divergence in tropical butterflies

description: Speciation is facilitated when traits under divergent selection also act
 as mating cues. Fluctuations in sensory conditions can alter signal
 perception independently of adaptation to the broader sensory environment,
 but how this fine scale variation may constrain or promote behavioural
 isolation has received little attention. The warning patterns of
 Heliconius butterflies are under selection for aposematism and act as
 mating cues. Using computer vision, we extracted behavioural data from
 1481 hours of video footage, for 387 individuals. We show that the
 putative hybrid species H. heurippa and its close relative H. timareta
 linaresi differ in their response to divergent warning patterns, but that
 these differences are strengthened with increased local illuminance.
 Trials with live individuals reveal low-level assortative mating that is
 sufficiently explained by differences in visual attraction. Finally,
 results from hybrid butterflies are consistent with linkage between a
 major warning pattern gene and the corresponding behaviour, though the
 differences in behaviour we observe are unlikely to cause rapid
 reproductive isolation as predicted under a model of hybrid trait
 speciation. Overall, our results reveal that the contribution of
 ecological mating cues to reproductive isolation may depend on the
 immediate sensory conditions during which they are displayed to
 conspecifics.
description: Behavioural data was collected in two separate experiments. In
 our manuscript, it's supplementary R Markdown and our GitHub
 repository
 (https://github.com/SpeciationBehaviour/visual_preference_heurippa_linaresi) more detailed explanations can be found. <strong>mounted_female_data_doi--10_dot_1098_slash_rspb_dot_2021-0157.csv</strong>: Males of <em>H. heurippa</em>, <em>H. t. linaresi</em> and hybrids between the two species were presented with a dead female of each species, each of which had a camera pointing on it. Chunks with male behaviour were then extracted from video material using motion detection software. We then scored by eye which male individual (identified by a code on the wings) interacted with which female type at what time of the day. For pure males, we additionally scored the broad light environment at the <em>H. heurippa</em> female as 'sunny', 'cloudy' or 'woodland shade'. Finally, we combined this data with measurements from illuminance loggers positioned in the proximity of each female.  <strong>tetrad_data_doi--10_dot_1098_slash_rspb_dot_2021-0157.txt</strong>: Two males (one of each species) and two females (one of each species) were put into an insectary cage until the first mating occured (the experiment then ended). The combination of male and female species that mated was noted. For the table, we combined the counts for each specific male-female combination.
description: <strong>mounted_female_data_doi--10_dot_1098_slash_rspb_dot_2021-0157.csv</strong> contains several NA values in various columns, specifically columns: "HC_model_ID", "TLC_model_ID", "light_HC", "light_TLC", "grayscale_mean_at_visited", "light_class_HC", "temp", "hum", "HC_type", "exp_line", "pref_other_males". Of major importance for the analyses presented in the paper are the columns 1) "light_HC", 2) "light_TLC" and 3) "light_class_HC". 1) and 2) are illuminance measurements (in <em>lux</em>) taken either at the HC (<em>H. heurippa</em>) or the TLC (<em>H. timareta linaresi</em>) female. Missing values occurred because of technical issues (logger battery empty, etc.). 3) are the broad light environments at the <em>H. heurippa</em> female that we scored by eye from video material. This was only done for interactions of males from pure species, hence all hybrid data has NA (and a few data points for pure males, for which corresponding video frames could not be extracted).