DOI: 10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3g2h
title: Dynamical forces drive cell and organ morphology changes during embryonic development

description: Cells, tissues, and organs must change shape in precise ways during
 embryonic development to execute their functions. Multiple mechanisms
 including biochemical signaling pathways and biophysical forces help drive
 these morphology changes, but it has been difficult to tease apart their
 contributions, especially from tissue-scale dynamic forces that are
 typically ignored. We use a combination of mathematical models and in vivo
 experiments to study a simple organ in the zebrafish embryo called
 Kupffer’s vesicle. Modeling indicates that dynamic forces generated by
 tissue movements in the embryo produce shape changes in Kupffer’s vesicle
 that are observed during development. Laser ablations in the zebrafish
 embryo that alter these forces result in altered organ shapes matching
 model predictions. These results demonstrate that dynamic forces sculpt
 cell and organ shape during embryo development.
description: # Dynamical forces drive cell and organ morphology changes during
 embryonic development Dataset DOI:
 [10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3g2h](10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3g2h) ## Description of the
 data and file structure The details of the experiments are provided in the
 paper.  ### Files and variables #### File:
 Fig-control-snapshots-speed-both.png **Description:** KV middle plane and
 the corresponding lumen boundary for the computation of KV speed in
 unablated control experiments. #### File: Fig-nc-snapshots-speed-both.png
 **Description:** KV middle plane and the corresponding lumen boundary for
 the computation of KV speed in notochord ablation experiments. #### File:
 Fig-pc-snapshots-speed-both.png **Description:** KV middle plane and the
 corresponding lumen boundary for the computation of KV speed in posterior
 cells ablation experiments. #### File:
 Fig-control-ablation-snapshots-shape-both.png **Description:** KV middle
 plane and the corresponding lumen boundary for the computation of lumen
 shape in control ablation experiments. #### File:
 Fig-control-snapshots-shape-both.png **Description:** KV middle plane and
 the corresponding lumen boundary for the computation of lumen shape in
 unablated control experiments. #### File: Fig-nc-snapshots-shape-both.png
 **Description:** KV middle plane and the corresponding lumen boundary for
 the computation of lumen shape in notochord ablation experiments. ####
 File: Fig-pc-snapshots-shape-both.png **Description:** KV middle plane and
 the corresponding lumen boundary for the computation of lumen shape in
 posterior cells ablation experiments. #### File:
 Fig-control-ablation-snapshots-speed-both.png **Description:** KV middle
 plane and the corresponding lumen boundary for the computation of KV speed
 in control ablation experiments. #### File:
 KV\_cilia\_data\_Fig\_3C-D.xlsx **Description:** The total number of KV
 cilia observed in unablated and NC-ablated embryos in experiments. #####
 Variables * Blind code, Ablation date, Embryo, Treatment, Number of
 anterior cilia (na), Number of posterior cilia (np), Ratio of number of
 anterior to posterior cilia (na/np), total number of cilia (ntotal),
 percentage of anterior cilia (% ant), percentage of posterior cilia (%
 post), Supplemental table Embryo number #### File:
 KV\_Na-Np\_ratio\_\_Fig\_3E.xlsx **Description:** Ratio of the number of
 anterior and posterior cells of KV obtained from 3D vertex simulation.
 ##### Variables * ensemble number, ratio of the number of anterior and
 posterior cells of KV #### File:
 KV\_cell\_apical\_width\_data\_Fig\_4C-D.xlsx **Description:** KV cell
 shapes obtained from experiments. "apical width unablated" sheet
 contains apical cell width in unablated condition (control condition).
 "apical width NC ablated" sheet contains apical cell width in
 notochord ablation condition. The "Embryo averages" sheet
 contains average statistics of apical cell width.  #####
 Variables * (in apical width unablated sheet): Date, Code,
 Embryo, Pixel to micron conversion, Index of Anterior cell, width of
 anterior cell in pixel, width of anterior cell in micron, Index of
 Posterior cell, width of posterior cell in pixel, width of  posterior cell
 in micron * (in apical width NC ablated sheet): Date, Code, Embryo, Pixel
 to micron conversion, Index of Anterior cell, width of anterior cell in
 pixel, width of anterior cell in micron, Index of Posterior cell, width of
 posterior cell in pixel, width of  posterior cell in micron * (in Embryo
 averages): average width of anterior cells in unabated condition in
 microns, average width of anterior cells in notochord ablation condition
 in microns, average width of posterior cells in unabated condition in
 microns, average width of posterior  cells in notochord ablation condition
 in microns #### File: KV\_anterior\_cell\_shape\_\_Fig\_4E.xlsx
 **Description:** KV anterior cell shapes obtained from 3D vertex
 simulation. ##### Variables * ensemble number and apical width #### File:
 KV\_posterior\_cell\_shape\_\_Fig\_4F.xlsx **Description:** KV posterior
 cell shapes obtained from 3D vertex simulation. ##### Variables * ensemble
 number and apical width #### File: lumen-speed-data-experiments.xlsx
 **Description:** The speed of KV lumen in control and different ablation
 experiments. ##### Variables * embryo number, somite stages, speed ####
 File: lumen-shape-data-experiments.xlsx **Description:** The shape of the
 lumen in control and different ablation experiments ##### Variables *
 embryo number, somite stages, shape order parameter #### File:
 lumen-speed-data-simulation.xlsx **Description:** The speed of KV lumen in
 control and different ablation cases obtained from 3D vertex simulation.
 ##### Variables * ensemble number, speed in control, and speed in
 notochord ablation,  speed in posterior cell ablation #### File:
 lumen-shape-data-simulation.xlsx **Description:** The shape order
 parameter of KV lumen in control and different ablation cases obtained
 from 3D vertex simulation. ##### Variables * ensembles, shape order
 parameter in control and shape order parameter in notochord
 ablation, shape order parameter in posterior cell ablation ##
 Code/software Imagemagick and its equivalent software to see the images.