cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.25921/f7kg-g258
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Wertz - Pembina Golf Course - QUMA - ITRDB ND007

description: Estimates of future flood risks are based on the observations of past floods, but instrumental records of basin hydrology are often too short to assess potential changes in the frequency or magnitude of extreme floods over time. In this study, we show that bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.) growing along the Red River of the North in North Dakota and Minnesota preserve evidence of past floods within their annual growth rings. Rings formed during major floods often displayed (i) marked reductions in the size of their earlywood vessels or (ii) a more diffuse distribution of vessels throughout the increment. Because of the correspondence between major floods and widespread anatomical anomalies within riparian oaks, we suggest that these features can be described as "flood rings." The frequency of flood-ring formation varied substantially along the river, which implies that this evidence can only provide an accurate estimate of flood history when it is obtained from many trees sampled across a dense network of sites. The rate of flood-ring formation is primarily influenced by flood magnitude but is also controlled by the timing and duration of inundation relative to the period of cambial growth. Although flood-affected oaks are imperfect recorders of past floods, this approach offers significant potential as a means to estimate the preinstrumental flood history of the Red River within the United States.
description: NOAA Template Raw Measurements file added 2019-02-08.
DOI: 10.25921/fryk-2c10
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Aravena - Ten Mile - PCEN - ITRDB CANA454

description: Tree ring data from the International Tree Ring Data Bank and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology archives.  Most data sets include raw treering measurements (most are annual ring width, with some collections of earlywood or latewood width or wood density), plus chronologies (standardized growth indices for a site compiled from multiple treering samples). Reconstructions of climate variables are included with some of these data sets.  Each data type is stored in a separate data file; the data type is coded into the file name. For details please see: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treeinfo.htmll
description: NOAA Template Raw Measurements file added 2019-02-04.
DOI: 10.25921/fedn-nk13
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Northwest African Margin Calcium Carbonate, Organic Carbon and Opal over the last 20,000 Years

description: The intertropical convergence zone and the African monsoon system are highly sensitive to climate forcing at orbital and millennial timescales. Both systems influence the strength and direction of the trade winds along northwest Africa and thus directly impact coastal upwelling. Sediment cores from the northwest African margin record upwelling-related changes in biological productivity connected to changes in regional and hemispheric climate. We present records of 230Th-normalized biogenic opal and Corg fluxes using a meridional transect of four cores from 19°N–31°N along the northwest African margin to examine changes in paleoproductivity since the last glacial maximum. We find large changes in biogenic fluxes synchronous with changes in eolian fluxes calculated using end-member modeling, suggesting that paleoproductivity and dust fluxes were strongly coupled, likely linked by changes in wind strength. Opal and Corg fluxes increase at all sites during Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas, consistent with an overall intensification of the trade winds, and changes in the meridional flux gradient indicate a southward wind shift at these times. Biogenic fluxes were lowest, and the meridional flux gradients were weakest during the African Humid Period when the monsoon was invigorated due to precessional changes, with greater rainfall and weaker trade winds over northwest Africa. These results expand the spatial coverage of previous paleoproxy studies showing similar changes, and they provide support for modeling studies showing changes in wind strength and direction consistent with increased upwelling during abrupt coolings and decreased upwelling during the African Humid Period.
description: Age models, 230Th-normalized fluxes, dust fluxes and grain size measurements for these samples and cores are available at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:0::::P1_STUDY_ID:16397. Please cite original reference.
DOI: 10.25921/f1y2-7b82
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Shi - Xiaodai - PIMA - ITRDB CHIN073

description: February-April drought strongly affects agriculture and socio-economics in southeastern China, yet its long-term variability has not been assessed due to the shortness of instrumental records. In this study, we reported a 168-year tree-ring width chronology from a steep, low-elevation site with thin soil layers in the Xianxia Mountains, southeastern China. Contrary to the existing chronologies that are mostly temperature sensitive, this chronology contained a strong February-April precipitation signal, indicating great potential for tree-ring based precipitation reconstructions in southeastern China. The reconstruction explained 47.8% of the instrumental variance during 1951-2012. The full reconstruction indicated that there were 3 dry periods (1873-1896, 1924-1971, 1995-2012) and 2 wet periods (1856-1872, 1972-1994) during 1856-2013. The extreme drought in 2011 was not unprecedented for the past 168 years, and the recent severe droughts may be part of interdecadal variations in regional February-April precipitation. Our results also suggested that February-April precipitation in southeastern China was highly influenced by the tropical Pacific climate system, in particular El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

description: Purpose of Collection: Climatology NOAA Template Raw Measurements file added 2019-04-08.
DOI: 10.25921/fvpv-zs61
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - GRIP Ice Core Texture and Fabric Data

description: A comprehensive study of textures and fabrics has been carried out on the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core. Crystal sizes and c axis orientations have been measured on thin sections with conventional techniques, yielding new information on the growth, rotation and recrystallization of ice crystals in the Greenland Ice Sheet. Normal grain growth is found to persist to a depth of 700 m in the core, where the onset of polygonization due to increasing strain prevents a further increase in grain size in the Holocene ice. Smaller crystals are observed in the Wisconsin ice, larger crystals are found in the Eemian ice, and the crystal size is found to vary with climatic parameters in these periods. This dependence, which probably results from variable impurity content in the ice, persists to a depth of 2930 m. Coarse-grained ice, probably resulting from rapid growth of crystals at comparatively high temperatures, is found in the lowest 100 m of the core. The data on c axis orientations reveal a steady evolution of the fabric from random near the surface to a strong single maximum in the lower part of the ice sheet. A significant strengthening is not observed at the Holocene-Wisconsin transition. The fabric development indicates that vertical compression at the ice divide is the main mode of deformation down to a depth of 2850 m. The evolution toward a single maximum fabric hardens the ice against vertical compression but softens it against simple shear. Evidence of simple shear deformation is clearly observed between 2850 m and 2950 m depth. Stretched fabrics in coarse-grained ice in the lowest 100 m could be due to tensional stresses; this ice is unlikely to be undergoing any significant horizontal deformation at the present time.
description: Average horizontal and vertical crystal diameters are given, obtained by
linear-intercept measurements on thin sections.  The data making up the 36 fabric diagrams published in the article (Thorstiensson, 1997) are included in a separate file.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10709611
title: Beyond-classical computation in quantum simulation

description: This data repository is intended to support the findings of the research article 'Beyond-classical performance in quantum simulation'.

v2 has a corrected annealing schedule ADV1.csv and explanation in the README.

v2 removed correlations for 5x5x8 diamond at 7ns, which are not converged for MPS and were erroneously included in v1.

v3 has additional QPU data for large instances, as well as PEPS data and NQS data.

v4 (this version) has harmonized title and funding information.

Funding: Work at UBC was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Alliance Quantum Program (Grant ALLRP-578555), CIFAR and the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, Quantum Materials and Future Technologies Program. A.N. acknowledges the support of computational resources from the Advanced Research Computing at the University of British Columbia. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. G.A. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Quantum Science Center. This research was supported in part by the National Science Centre (NCN), Poland under projects 2019/35/B/ST3/01028 (J.D.) and 2020/38/E/ST3/00150 (M.M.R.). R.G.M. was supported by NSERC. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported in part by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade. J. Carrasquilla acknowledges support of NSERC, Compute Canada, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) AI chair program. Resources used in preparing this research were provided, in part, by the Province of Ontario, the Government of Canada through CIFAR, and companies sponsoring the Vector Institute  www.vectorinstitute.ai/#partners . A. Sandvik acknowledges support from the Simons Foundation, Grant No. 511064.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14063693
title: Beyond-classical computation in quantum simulation

description: This data repository is intended to support the findings of the research article 'Beyond-classical performance in quantum simulation'.

v2 has a corrected annealing schedule ADV1.csv and explanation in the README.

v2 removed correlations for 5x5x8 diamond at 7ns, which are not converged for MPS and were erroneously included in v1.

v3 has additional QPU data for large instances, as well as PEPS data and NQS data.

v4 (this version) has harmonized title and funding information.

Funding: Work at UBC was supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Alliance Quantum Program (Grant ALLRP-578555), CIFAR and the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, Quantum Materials and Future Technologies Program. A.N. acknowledges the support of computational resources from the Advanced Research Computing at the University of British Columbia. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. G.A. acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, Quantum Science Center. This research was supported in part by the National Science Centre (NCN), Poland under projects 2019/35/B/ST3/01028 (J.D.) and 2020/38/E/ST3/00150 (M.M.R.). R.G.M. was supported by NSERC. Research at Perimeter Institute is supported in part by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade. J. Carrasquilla acknowledges support of NSERC, Compute Canada, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) AI chair program. Resources used in preparing this research were provided, in part, by the Province of Ontario, the Government of Canada through CIFAR, and companies sponsoring the Vector Institute  www.vectorinstitute.ai/#partners . A. Sandvik acknowledges support from the Simons Foundation, Grant No. 511064.
DOI: 10.25921/f2mf-jw94
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Lac Noir, Quebec 1,000 Year Pollen Data and Climate Reconstructions

description: A pollen profile from a lake with varved sediments sampled at continuous 10-year intervals and spanning the past 1000 years was analyzed to understand the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activity on forests in southwestern Quebec. Pollen assemblages were dominated by arboreal taxa, primarily Pinus, Tsuga, Betula and Fagus. Between 990 and 1560 AD, pollen accumulation rates and percentages of hardwoods (Betula, Fagus, Acer, Ulmus, Tilia) and Tsuga were relatively high. At 1560 AD, PARs of many hardwood taxa (Fagus, Acer, Betula, Fraxinus, Ulmus) and Tsuga abruptly decreased, some remaining low for the remainder of the record (Tsuga, Fagus, Acer), but others increasing after 50 years (Betula, Fraxinus). An increase in non-arboreal pollen between 1810 and 2010 AD was caused by European settlement of the area. The transition in the pollen assemblages beginning at 1560 AD and a climate reconstruction based on these data shows an abrupt climate cooling had a significant impact on the pollen accumulation rates of the region within a couple of decades. A synthesis of this record with other high-resolution and well-dated pollen data from the conifer-hardwood forest of eastern North America shows consistent results across the whole area, indicating that very-high resolution pollen data can provide insight into multi-decadal climate variability and its impact on forest vegetation.
description: High-resolution (decadal scale) pollen and sediment physical properties record from Lac Noir, southwestern Quebec, spanning the past 1,000 years. Chronology is based on varve counts except for the upper 6.5 cm, which is based on 210Pb.
DOI: 10.25921/fpp4-yp05
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Grudd - Torneträsk - PISY - ITRDB SWED334

description: Tree-ring widths from 880 living, dry dead, and subfossil northern Swedish pines (Pinus syl vestris L.) have been assembled into a continuous and precisely dated chronology (the Torneträsk chronology) covering the period 5407 BC to ad 1997. Biological trends in the data were removed with autoregressive standardization (ARS) to emphasize year-to-year variability, and with regional curve stan dardization (RCS) to emphasize variability on timescales from decades to centuries. The strong association with summer mean temperature (June-August) has enabled the production of a temperature reconstruction for the last 7400 years, providing information on natural summer-temperature variability on timescales from years to centuries. Numerous cold episodes, comparable in severity and duration to the severe summers of the seventeenth century, are shown throughout the last seven millennia. Particularly severe conditions suggested between 600 and 1 BC correspond to a known period of glacier expansion. The relatively warm conditions of the late twentieth century do not exceed those reconstructed for several earlier time intervals, although replication is relatively poor and confidence in the reconstructions is correspondingly reduced in the pre-Christian period, particularly around 3000, 1600 and 330 bc. Despite the use of the RCS approach in chronology construction, the 7400-year chronology does not express the full range of millennial-timescale temperature change in northern Sweden.
description: Purpose of Collection:
 Climatology - temperature analyses
  Detrending:
 Regional curve (RCS) detrending

 Cores are stored at:
 Stockholm University Tree-Ring Laboratory 
 Notes: An arbitrary timescale is used, ranging from 1593-9010. Subtract 7000 to get calendar dates (BCE/CE). Chronology in columnar format below COFECHA statistics in the notes file. 

 NOAA Template Raw Measurements file added 2019-02-05.
DOI: 10.25921/f4kt-w547
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Solar Variability Over the Last 3000 Years

description: Aims. The Sun shows strong variability in its magnetic activity, from Grand minima to Grand maxima, but the nature of the variability is not fully understood, mostly because of the insufficient length of the directly observed solar activity records and of uncertainties related to long-term reconstructions. Here we present a new adjustment-free reconstruction of solar activity over three millennia and study its different modes. Methods. We present a new adjustment-free, physical reconstruction of solar activity over the past three millennia, using the latest verified carbon cycle, 14C production, and archeomagnetic field models. This great improvement allowed us to study different modes of solar activity at an unprecedented level of details. Results. The distribution of solar activity is clearly bi-modal, implying the existence of distinct modes of activity. The main regular activity mode corresponds to moderate activity that varies in a relatively narrow band between sunspot numbers 20 and 67. The existence of a separate Grand minimum mode with reduced solar activity, which cannot be explained by random fluctuations of the regular mode, is confirmed at a high confidence level. The possible existence of a separate Grand maximum mode is also suggested, but the statistics is too low to reach a confident conclusion. Conclusions. The Sun is shown to operate in distinct modes - a main general mode, a Grand minimum mode corresponding to an inactive Sun, and a possible Grand maximum mode corresponding to an unusually active Sun. These results provide important constraints for both dynamo models of Sun-like stars and investigations of possible solar influence on Earth's climate.
description: Solar variability, reconstructed from 14C data (Roth and Joos, 2013) using new archeomagnetic data (Licht et al., 2013)
DOI: 10.25921/ft7z-3511
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Lake Jøkelvatnet, Arctic Norway 12,000 Year Sediment Titanium Data

description: Late Glacial and Holocene glacier fluctuations are important indicators of climate variability in the northern polar region and contain knowledge vital to understanding and predicting present and future climate changes. However, there still is a lack of robustly dated terrestrial climate records from Arctic Norway. Here, we present a high-resolution relative glacier activity record covering the past ~10,000 cal. a BP from the northern outlet of the Langfjordjøkelen ice cap in Arctic Norway. This record is reconstructed from detailed geomorphic mapping, multi-proxy sedimentary fingerprinting and analyses of distal glacier-fed lake sediments. We used Principal Component Analysis to characterize sediments of glacial origin and trace them in a chain of downstream lakes. Of the variability in the sediment record of the uppermost Lake Jøkelvatnet, 73% can be explained by the first Principal Component axis and tied directly to upstream glacier erosion, whereas the glacial signal becomes weaker in the more distal Lakes Store Rundvatnet and Storvatnet. Magnetic susceptibility and titanium count rates were found to be the most suitable indicators of Holocene glacier activity in the distal glacier-fed lakes. The complete deglaciation of the valley of Sør-Tverrfjorddalen occurred ~10,000 cal. a BP, followed by a reduced or absent glacier during the Holocene Thermal Optimum. The Langfjordjøkelen ice cap reformed with the onset of the Neoglacial ~4100 cal. a BP, and the gradually increasing glacier activity culminated at the end of the Little Ice Age in the early 20th century. Over the past 2000 cal. a BP, the record reflects frequent high-amplitude glacier fluctuations. Periods of reduced glacier activity were centered around 1880, 1600, 1250 and 950 cal. a BP, while intervals of increased glacier activity occurred around 1680, 1090, 440 and 25 cal. a BP. The large-scale Holocene glacier activity of the Langfjordjøkelen ice cap is consistent with regional temperature proxy reconstructions and glacier variability across Norway. Long-term changes in the extent of the northern outlet of the Langfjordjøkelen ice cap largely followed trends in regional summer temperatures, whereas winter season atmospheric variability may have triggered decadal-scale glacial fluctuations and generally affected the amplitude of glacier events.
description: Titanium concentration data from sediment core JØP-112 collected from Lake Jøkelvatnet, Arctic Norway.  Jøkelvatnet is a distal glacier-fed lake of the Langfjordjøkelen ice cap, in the Sør-Tverrfjorddalen valley, Finnmark County, Norway. Keywords: Glaciers, Lake sediments, Late Glacial, Holocene glacier activity, PCA, Arctic Norway, Langfjordjøkelen
DOI: 10.25921/f3jd-5b39
title: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - Greater Tatra Region, 1040-2011 AD, tree ring width, Larix decidua Mill., PAGES Euro-Med 2k Version

description: Tree ring-based temperature reconstructions form the scientific backbone of the current global change debate. Although some European records extend into medieval times, high-resolution, long-term, regional-scale paleoclimatic evidence is missing for the eastern part of the continent. Here we compile 545 samples of living trees and historical timbers from the greater Tatra region to reconstruct interannual to centennial-long variations in Eastern European May-June temperature back to 1040 AD. Recent anthropogenic warming exceeds the range of past natural climate variability. Increased plague outbreaks and political conflicts, as well as decreased settlement activities, coincided with temperature depressions. The Black Death in the mid-14th century, the Thirty Years War in the early 17th century, and the French Invasion of Russia in the early 19th century all occurred during the coldest episodes of the last millennium. A comparison with summer temperature reconstructions from Scandinavia, the Alps, and the Pyrenees emphasizes the seasonal and spatial specificity of our results, questioning those large-scale reconstructions that simply average individual sites.
description:   A total of 545 larch (Larix decidua Mill.) TRW samples were collected at seven forest sites and >30 historical buildings within the greater Tatra region in northern Slovakia 
       (SI Appendix, Fig. S1). All living and historical material originates from approximately the same elevational range between 800 and
       1,200 m asl and is therefore expected to reflect similar climatic information. The 282 recent TRW measurement series were cross-dated and processed at the site level, whereas the 263 relict samples were pooled before their
       dendroclimatological assessment.