cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.huad7v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 33961 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-122.3001596999999947 47.4958243999999965, -122.3001596999999947 47.5008914499999975, -122.3001596999999947 47.5095054399999981, -122.3001596999999947 47.5196395400000000, -122.3001596999999947 47.5267334099999985, -122.3001596999999947 47.5363607999999971, -122.3001596999999947 47.5464948999999990, -122.2899892399999970 47.5464948999999990, -122.2752392900000018 47.5464948999999990, -122.2625238100000047 47.5464948999999990, -122.2528600499999953 47.5464948999999990, -122.2376033999999976 47.5464948999999990, -122.2376033999999976 47.5409211500000026, -122.2376033999999976 47.5323071600000020, -122.2376033999999976 47.5247065900000010, -122.2376033999999976 47.5120389599999982, -122.2376033999999976 47.5054518000000030, -122.2376033999999976 47.4958243999999965, -122.2503169600000064 47.4958243999999965, -122.2594720999999964 47.4958243999999965, -122.2711703399999976 47.4958243999999965, -122.2813427100000041 47.4958243999999965, -122.2910064699999992 47.4958243999999965, -122.3001596999999947 47.4958243999999965))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1932",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Living Specimen, Observation, Specimen, Machine Observation)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 33961 records from 21 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0083796-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pje57x
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 57 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Otiorhynchus velutinus Germar, 1823"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 57 records from 13 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004420-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jfabbd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 317 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Mexico",
 "TaxonKey is Ferocactus robustus (Karw. ex Pfeiff.) Britton & Rose"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 317 records from 34 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0250353-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112036002
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1681, Spurlock 1913.14.1681

description: [Text Description:] Record of ram for religious ceremony ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1681; CDLI P421532 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Medium to Dark Gray (N 4.5/ 15.6% R) -discoloration Yellowish White (10YR 9/2) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 3.2 x 2.3 x 1.3 cm (11 g)
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112033470
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1672, Spurlock 1913.14.1672

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1672; CDLI P421523 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Yellowish White (10YR 9/1.5) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 5.9 x 3.9 x 1.9 cm (47 g)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xpz2hf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 128 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-74.2228357999999986 40.7094571000000016, -74.2228357999999986 40.7121160800000013, -74.2228357999999986 40.7147750600000009, -74.2228357999999986 40.7166954300000015, -74.2228357999999986 40.7189112399999971, -74.2228357999999986 40.7218656599999989, -74.2228357999999986 40.7242292000000035, -74.2200325000000021 40.7242292000000035, -74.2179670499999986 40.7242292000000035, -74.2148688799999974 40.7242292000000035, -74.2125083600000011 40.7242292000000035, -74.2091151200000070 40.7242292000000035, -74.2060169500000057 40.7242292000000035, -74.2038039600000019 40.7242292000000035, -74.1993779999999958 40.7242292000000035, -74.1962798200000009 40.7242292000000035, -74.1943619099999978 40.7242292000000035, -74.1908211399999971 40.7242292000000035, -74.1883128999999997 40.7242292000000035, -74.1883128999999997 40.7218656599999989, -74.1883128999999997 40.7180249199999977, -74.1883128999999997 40.7158091000000013, -74.1883128999999997 40.7130024000000006, -74.1883128999999997 40.7094571000000016, -74.1906735999999967 40.7094571000000016, -74.1933291800000063 40.7094571000000016, -74.1955421600000022 40.7094571000000016, -74.1987878700000039 40.7094571000000016, -74.2007057900000007 40.7094571000000016, -74.2051317500000067 40.7094571000000016, -74.2079348599999946 40.7094571000000016, -74.2108855099999971 40.7094571000000016, -74.2142787500000054 40.7094571000000016, -74.2185571800000048 40.7094571000000016, -74.2228357999999986 40.7094571000000016))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1932",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Living Specimen, Observation, Specimen, Machine Observation)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 128 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0083806-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.tn3bxt
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 268 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON((-90.16194 6.20043,-78.00245 6.20043,-78.00245 16.57041,-90.16194 16.57041,-90.16194 6.20043))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Quercus costaricensis Liebm."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 268 records from 17 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0263377-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.g3xts3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 175574 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 175574 records from 233 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004411-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112033381
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1672, Spurlock 1913.14.1672

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1672; CDLI P421523 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Yellowish White (10YR 9/1.5) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 5.9 x 3.9 x 1.9 cm (47 g)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.rettav
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1611 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Allium suaveolens Jacq.",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "Year 1990-2022",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-13 35,48 35,48 72,-13 72,-13 35))",
 {
 "or" : [
 {
 "not" : {
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters" : [
 "is not null"
 ]
 }
 },
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than or equal to 250"
 ]
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1611 records from 14 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0019099-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112033383
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1672, Spurlock 1913.14.1672

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1672; CDLI P421523 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Yellowish White (10YR 9/1.5) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 5.9 x 3.9 x 1.9 cm (47 g)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xwymmb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 293 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Specimen)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Tiliaceae",
 "Year 1900-1990"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 293 records from 33 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0230929-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.uvv43e
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 118 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Bruchela suturalis (J.C.Fabricius, 1792)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 118 records from 26 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004421-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112033433
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1672, Spurlock 1913.14.1672

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1672; CDLI P421523 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Yellowish White (10YR 9/1.5) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 5.9 x 3.9 x 1.9 cm (47 g)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.yg3nnd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 660 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "Geometry" : [
 "POLYGON((-97.54548 20.59937,-97.48894 20.59937,-97.48894 20.72331,-97.54548 20.72331,-97.54548 20.59937))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 660 records from 39 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0019320-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qx6tck
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 38005 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Specimen)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Aquilegia L.",
 "Year 1900-1990"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 38005 records from 417 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0250372-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112033113
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1672, Spurlock 1913.14.1672

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1672; CDLI P421523 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Yellowish White (10YR 9/1.5) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 5.9 x 3.9 x 1.9 cm (47 g)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4c5deh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 226 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Mononeuria minima (Mack.) Dillenb. & Kadereit"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 226 records from 38 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0226658-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ktugxd
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 153 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Kaempferia galanga L.)",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 153 records from 24 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0065105-240506114902167/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112042673
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1741, Spurlock 1913.14.1741

description: [Text Description:] Popular proverb inscribed by teacher and student: "In the town of the vagrants, the lame is a courier." ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1741; CDLI P421592 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Yellowish White (10YR 9/2) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 9 x 8.1 x 3.4 cm (179 g)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.c92upy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 275 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Geometry POLYGON ((-80.2218392000000051 25.7660194999999987, -80.2218392000000051 25.7671838800000010, -80.2218392000000051 25.7688962100000012, -80.2218392000000051 25.7704030499999988, -80.2218392000000051 25.7714304500000004, -80.2218392000000051 25.7728688000000012, -80.2202654299999978 25.7728688000000012, -80.2184180499999968 25.7728688000000012, -80.2173917199999948 25.7728688000000012, -80.2158180299999941 25.7728688000000012, -80.2147232800000012 25.7728688000000012, -80.2132864299999966 25.7728688000000012, -80.2122600999999946 25.7728688000000012, -80.2104127199999937 25.7728688000000012, -80.2093863999999996 25.7728688000000012, -80.2076758599999948 25.7728688000000012, -80.2062389999999965 25.7728688000000012, -80.2045284600000059 25.7728688000000012, -80.2031600300000065 25.7728688000000012, -80.2021337099999982 25.7728688000000012, -80.2006968499999999 25.7728688000000012, -80.1998073000000034 25.7728688000000012, -80.1998073000000034 25.7715674300000011, -80.1998073000000034 25.7706770200000008, -80.1998073000000034 25.7695126399999985, -80.1998073000000034 25.7683482599999998, -80.1998073000000034 25.7674578499999996, -80.1998073000000034 25.7660194999999987, -80.2017231800000019 25.7660194999999987, -80.2030916100000013 25.7660194999999987, -80.2041179299999953 25.7660194999999987, -80.2052126800000025 25.7660194999999987, -80.2063758500000006 25.7660194999999987, -80.2078127000000052 25.7660194999999987, -80.2093863999999996 25.7660194999999987, -80.2103443000000027 25.7660194999999987, -80.2120548399999933 25.7660194999999987, -80.2132180100000056 25.7660194999999987, -80.2145864400000050 25.7660194999999987, -80.2165022399999970 25.7660194999999987, -80.2177338300000002 25.7660194999999987, -80.2190338399999945 25.7660194999999987, -80.2199917500000055 25.7660194999999987, -80.2218392000000051 25.7660194999999987))",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1932",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Living Specimen, Observation, Specimen, Machine Observation)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 275 records from 12 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0083803-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.st9ct6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 76740 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "DatasetKey is EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds",
 "TaxonKey is Scolopacidae"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 76740 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0130410-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.wa7r5n
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 172 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Goodenia affinis de Vriese"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 172 records from 32 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0232269-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/inscriptifact-ouc112042548
title: Cuneiform Tablet 1913.14.1728, Spurlock 1913.14.1728

description: [Text Description:] Administrative tablet ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] Spurlock 1913.14.1728; CDLI P421579 ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Non-Alphabetic Cuneiform ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Light Brown (5YR 6.5/4) Yellowish White (10YR 9/2) Dark Gray (N 3.25/ 7.7% R) ❧ [Physical Object Note:] 5 x 3.4 x 1.6 cm (25 g)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.zy47re
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 181826 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Tilia cordata Mill.",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Year 1990-2020"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 181826 records from 842 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0232238-230224095556074/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.zh9h6v
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 11 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Spain",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Mustela lutreola",
 "Year is 2015"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 11 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0008106-251025141854904/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/806-kcg-cfy
title: Asellus (Asellus) aquaticus aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/v37-7rt-5sp
title: Oniscus asellus Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/0mv-mnv-4ln
title: Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii Brandt, 1833

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/0yr-3c7-pdd
title: Oniscus asellus Linnaeus, 1758

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/s98-waz-qna
title: Porcellio spinicornis Say, 1818

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14974455
title: GWSD: A Graded Word Sense Disambiguation Dataset

description: The GWSD Dataset (Graded Word Sense Disambiguation Dataset) is a sense-annotated dataset designed for studying diachronic word usage and semantic change. It contains:

- 2584 word usages from the Oxford English Dicitonary (OED) and 

- 2584 automatically generated word usage examples.

In particular, the automatically generated word usage are obtained using Janus,  a fine-tuned language model trained on the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), allowing for temporally aligned and sense-specific word usage examples spanning historical periods from 1700–2010. Each usage is paired with a sense definition and human annotated how well the definition express the meaning of the word in that particular usage (0:Cannot decide, 1:Unrelaed, 2:Distantly Related, 3:Closely Related, 4:Identical)..We used Amazon Mechanical Turk to collect annotations from crowd workers based in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, or Australia.The dataset is particularly useful for word sense disambiguation (WSD), historical linguistics, lexical semantic change detection (LSCD), and diachronic NLP tasks.

Dataset ContentEach entry in the dataset corresponds to a word sense usage example, structured as follows:

Text: The full sentence containing the target word.Start, End: Character indices marking the position of the target word in the sentence.Lemma: The base (root) form of the target word.POS Tag: Part-of-speech tag (e.g., "nn" for nouns, "vb" for verbs, "jj" for adjectives).Sense Definition: The dictionary-provided meaning of the word in this context.Text Year: The historical year for which the usage is generated/originated.Text Source: The model/source from which the sentence was generated (i.e. OED/Janus).OED Ground Truth: The reference sense label from the Oxford English Dictionary (scale 1–4).Annotators: The list of human annotators who evaluated the sense correctness.Annotations: Scores provided by annotators, typically on a 0–4 scale.Annotation Time: The time (in seconds) taken by each annotator to assess the sentence.

 

CitationIf you use this dataset in your research, please cite the following paper:

Pierluigi Cassotti, Nina Tahmasebi; Sense-specific Historical Word Usage Generation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2025; 13 690–708. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00761
DOI: 10.3535/5d5-wnw-c3c
title: Limnoria lignorum (Rathke, 1799)

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.3535/q7c-4q1-kd2
title: Janira maculosa Leach, 1814

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14974454
title: GWSD: A Graded Word Sense Disambiguation Dataset

description: The GWSD Dataset (Graded Word Sense Disambiguation Dataset) is a sense-annotated dataset designed for studying diachronic word usage and semantic change. It contains:

- 2584 word usages from the Oxford English Dicitonary (OED) and 

- 2584 automatically generated word usage examples.

In particular, the automatically generated word usage are obtained using Janus,  a fine-tuned language model trained on the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), allowing for temporally aligned and sense-specific word usage examples spanning historical periods from 1700–2010. Each usage is paired with a sense definition and human annotated how well the definition express the meaning of the word in that particular usage (0:Cannot decide, 1:Unrelaed, 2:Distantly Related, 3:Closely Related, 4:Identical)..We used Amazon Mechanical Turk to collect annotations from crowd workers based in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, or Australia.The dataset is particularly useful for word sense disambiguation (WSD), historical linguistics, lexical semantic change detection (LSCD), and diachronic NLP tasks.

Dataset ContentEach entry in the dataset corresponds to a word sense usage example, structured as follows:

Text: The full sentence containing the target word.Start, End: Character indices marking the position of the target word in the sentence.Lemma: The base (root) form of the target word.POS Tag: Part-of-speech tag (e.g., "nn" for nouns, "vb" for verbs, "jj" for adjectives).Sense Definition: The dictionary-provided meaning of the word in this context.Text Year: The historical year for which the usage is generated/originated.Text Source: The model/source from which the sentence was generated (i.e. OED/Janus).OED Ground Truth: The reference sense label from the Oxford English Dictionary (scale 1–4).Annotators: The list of human annotators who evaluated the sense correctness.Annotations: Scores provided by annotators, typically on a 0–4 scale.Annotation Time: The time (in seconds) taken by each annotator to assess the sentence.

 

CitationIf you use this dataset in your research, please cite the following paper:

Pierluigi Cassotti, Nina Tahmasebi; Sense-specific Historical Word Usage Generation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2025; 13 690–708. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00761