DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv5r
title: Data from: Transitions in sex determination mechanisms through parental and sexual antagonism

description: Sex chromosomes carry the sex-determining locus, causing them to be
 differently transmitted to and from females and males. These differences
 lead them to be selected upon in different ways, and hence they are
 predicted to become enriched for sexually- and parentally-antagonistic
 genes. Sexually-antagonistic genes have opposing fitness effects in
 females versus in males; parentally-antagonistic genes have opposing
 fitness effects when inherited maternally versus paternally.
 Sexually-antagonistic selection can drive sex determination transitions,
 whereby an autosome pair becomes a sex chromosome pair in lieu of the
 ancestral sex chromosomes. Whether parentally-antagonistic selection can
 similarly drive sex determination transitions remains unknown. I present a
 model to investigate the potential for transitions in sex determination
 through parentally-antagonistic selection as compared to
 sexually-antagonistic selection. This model assumes an ancestral
 sex-chromosomal sex-determining locus linked to a parentally- or
 sexually-antagonistic gene, and an autosomal parentally- or
 sexually-antagonistic gene in whose vicinity a novel sex-determining gene
 arises. I find that parentally-antagonistic selection can promote the
 spread of novel sex-determining genes as well as maintain ancestral
 sex-determining genes when the invasion of the novel sex-determining gene
 would involve transitions from male to female heterogamety (or vice
 versa), similar to sexually-antagonistic selection. Transitions between
 male and female heterogamety are, however, more likely when the ancestral
 sex-determining locus is linked to a parentally-antagonistic locus.
 Consequently, parentally-antagonistic selection can enable some highly
 unusual evolutionary patterns not encountered in other evolutionary models
 of sex determination. These results provide novel insights into why some
 sex-determining mechanisms may be so evolutionary labile.
description: Data was generated using evolutionary genetic models written in R
 (v. 4.2.1). It was also processed and analyzed in R using RStudio (v.
 2023.06.01).
description: # Data from: Transitions in sex determination mechanisms through parental
 and sexual antagonism
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv5r](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv5r) ## Description of the data and file structure **# ===================== #** **# Manuscript information #** **# ===================== #** Schenkel, MA. 2024. Transitions in sex determination mechanisms through parental and sexual antagonism. CONTACT: Martijn A. Schenkel EMAIL: [maschenkel@gmail.com](mailto:maschenkel@gmail.com), [m.a.schenkel@rug.nl](mailto:m.a.schenkel@rug.nl) ### Files and variables #### File: data\_archive.zip **Description:**  This data archive is structured in a way that it is clear how the various files are used to generate specific elements from the manuscript. This means that most data, analysis scripts, and output files are ordered into folders that correspond to specific figures from the main text or supplementary material. These folders are: **/Figure_1** Contains SVG files (source) for Figure 1, and PDF and PNG versions of said figure. The .SVG files can be opened using e.g. Inkscape, which is freely available online through [https://inkscape.org](https://inkscape.org). **/Figure_2** Contains various folders outlining the data, analysis scripts, etc. that are used to generate Figure 2. A separate README.txt file is included with further details. **/Figure_3** Contains the data, analysis scripts, etc. that are used to generate Figure 3. A separate  README.txt file is included with further details. **/Figure_4** Contains various folders outlining the data, analysis scripts, etc. that are used to generate  Figure 2. A separate README.txt file is included with further details. **/source_code** Contains the source code in .R format for the simulations performed in this manuscript. This file  can be opened using R/RStudio, which are freely available online through [https://cran.r-project.org/](https://cran.r-project.org/) (for R) and [https://posit.co/download/rstudio-desktop/](https://posit.co/download/rstudio-desktop/) (for RStudio). Comments in the source code provide further details on its usage. **/supplementary_figures** Contains various folders outlining the data, analysis scripts, etc. used to generate Supplementary Figures 1 through 3. This folder does not contain an additional README.txt file; instead, the folder /Supplementary_Figure_1 contains an annotated version of the source code that yields the resulting Supplementary Figure 1 in .PDF and .PNG format. Likewise, there is an annotated analysis script in the /Supplementary_Figures_2_3 folder that can be used to generate Supplementary Figures 2 and 3. ## Code/software All source code files can be run using R or within RStudio. Images in .SVG format can be used with Inkscape. ## Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: [https://github.com/MartijnSchenkel/SexDeterminationParentalAntagonism/](https://github.com/MartijnSchenkel/SexDeterminationParentalAntagonism/)