cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.5ts48
title: Data from: Methods for estimating causal relationships of adverse events with dietary supplements

description: Objective: Dietary supplement use has increased over past decades,
 resulting in reports of potentially serious adverse events. The aim of
 this study was to develop optimised methods to evaluate the causal
 relationships between adverse events and dietary supplements, and to test
 these methods using case reports. Design: Causal relationship assessment
 using prospectively collected data. Setting and participants: 4 dietary
 supplement experts, 4 pharmacists and 11 registered dietitians (5 men and
 14 women) examined 200 case reports of suspected adverse events using the
 modified Naranjo scale and the modified Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
 algorithm. Primary outcome measures: The distribution of evaluation
 results was analysed and inter-rater reliability was evaluated for the two
 modified methods employed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)
 and Fleiss’ κ. Results: Using these two methods, most of the 200 case
 reports were categorised as ‘lack of information’ or ‘possible’ adverse
 events. Inter-rater reliability among entire assessors ratings for the two
 modified methods, based on ICC and Fleiss’ κ, were classified as more than
 substantial (modified Naranjo scale: ICC (95% CI) 0.873 (0.850 to 0.895);
 Fleiss’ κ (95% CI) 0.615 (0.615 to 0.615). Modified FDA algorithm: Fleiss’
 κ (95% CI) 0.622 (0.622 to 0.622). Conclusions: These methods may help to
 assess the causal relationships between adverse events and dietary
 supplements. By conducting additional studies of these methods in
 different populations, researchers can expand the possibilities for the
 application of our methods.
description: DataFile includes data for
 calculating intraclass correlation coefficients and Fleiss' kappa
 shown in the article entitled "Methods for estimating causal
 relationships of adverse events with dietary
 supplements".
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tg539
title: Data from: The evolution of between-species reproductive interference capability under different within-species mating regimes

description: Sexual selection sometimes favors male traits that benefit their bearers,
 but harm their mates. The harmful effects of male traits may also extend
 to females of other species via heterospecific mating interactions. This
 could affect the coexistence of closely related species during secondary
 contact. We examined the evolution of the interspecific interfering
 capability of a beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) with a congener (C.
 maculatus) using C. chinensis males reared under conditions of monogamy
 and polygamy for 17 generations. After experimental evolution, C.
 chinensis males reared under polygamous conditions imposed greater impacts
 on offspring production by C. maculatus females than did C. chinensis
 males reared under monogamous conditions. However, the mechanism by which
 differential mating regimes altered the effect of C. chinensis males on C.
 maculatus females was unclear, because we did not find evidence for the
 expected genital evolution in C. chinensis, despite their body size
 divergence. Our findings suggest that traits that originally evolved
 through sexual selection in two allopatric species could influence the
 coexistence of these species or the likelihood of reinforcement during
 secondary contact.
description: Kyogoku&Sota(2017)EvolutionPhenotype data of experimental evolutionary lines of Callosobruchus chinensis, which were reared under polygamous or monogamous mating regime for 17 generations. Quantified phenotypes are: male genital morphology, male and female body size, reproductive interference capability with Callosobruchus maculatus female.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vt1qd42
title: Data from: Kin discrimination via odour in the cooperatively breeding banded mongoose

description: Kin discrimination is often beneficial for group-living animals as it aids
 in inbreeding avoidance and providing nepotistic help. In mammals, the use
 of olfactory cues in kin discrimination is widespread and may occur
 through learning the scents of individuals that are likely to be
 relatives, or by assessing genetic relatedness directly through assessing
 odour similarity (phenotype matching). We use scent presentations to
 investigate these possibilities in a wild population of the banded
 mongoose Mungos mungo, a cooperative breeder in which inbreeding risk is
 high and females breed communally, disrupting behavioural cues to kinship.
 We find that adults show heightened behavioural responses to unfamiliar
 (extra-group) scents than to familiar (within-group) scents.
 Interestingly, we found that responses to familiar odours, but not
 unfamiliar odours, varied with relatedness. This suggests that banded
 mongooses are either able to use an effective behavioural rule to identify
 likely relatives from within their group, or that phenotype matching is
 used in the context of within-group kin recognition but not extra-group
 kin recognition. In other cooperative breeders, familiarity is used within
 the group and phenotype matching may be used to identify unfamiliar kin.
 However, for the banded mongoose this pattern may be reversed, most likely
 due to their unusual breeding system which disrupts within-group
 behavioural cues to kinship.
description: Banded mongoose scent
 presentation data for DryadThe data file contains
 data collected from presentations of banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) anal
 gland secretion to familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics in Mweya (Uganda)
 in 2014. Response variables are: (1) Total marks: the number of scent
 marks deposited on or around the odour (within 30 cm), including
 urinating, depositing faeces and anal marking. (2) Contact: the time (s)
 spent inspecting the odour (nose within 30 cm). (3) Duration: the time (s)
 before returning to foraging behaviour, defined here as digging in
 topsoil/dung or vegetation or eating food items. Explanatory variables are
 shortened as follows: Recip = Recipient, and Odour = Odour Donor. The Age,
 Sex (1 = female, 0 = male), Pack (social group code), ID (identity code of
 the individual mongoose), and the Relatedness between the donor and
 recipient (calculated using up to 43 microsatellite
 loci).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rj0h0
title: Data from: Interaction between the oculomotor and postural systems during a dual-task: compensatory reductions in head sway following visually-induced postural perturbations promote the production of accurate double-step saccades in standing human adults

description: Humans routinely scan their environment for useful information using
 saccadic eye movements and/or coordinated movements of the eyes and other
 body segments such the head and the torso. Most previous eye movement
 studies were conducted with seated subject and showed that single saccades
 and sequences of saccades (e.g. double-step saccades) made to briefly
 flashed stimuli were equally accurate and precise. As one can easily
 appreciate, most gaze shifts performed daily by a given person are not
 produced from a seated position, but rather from a standing position
 either as subject perform an action from an upright stance or as they walk
 from one place to another. In the experiments presented here, we developed
 a new dual-task paradigm in order to study the interaction between the
 gaze control system and the postural system. Healthy adults (n = 12) were
 required to both maintain balance and produce accurate single-step and
 double-step eye saccades from a standing position. Visually-induced
 changes in head sway were evoked using wide-field background stimuli that
 either moved in the mediolateral direction or in the anteroposterior
 direction. We found that, as in the seated condition, single- and
 double-step saccades were very precise and accurate when made from a
 standing position, but that a tighter control of head sway was necessary
 in the more complex double-step saccades condition for equivalent results
 to be obtained. Our perturbation results support the "common
 goal" hypothesis that state that if necessary, as was the case during
 the more complex oculomotor task, context-dependent modulations of the
 postural system can be triggered to reduced instability and therefore
 support the accomplishment of a suprapostural goal.
description: Sway and eye
 movementsThe data in this file
 were used to generate figs 3-6.Head sway and eye movement
 data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rm718
title: Data from: Adaptations between ecotypes and along environmental gradients in Panicum virgatum

description: Determining the patterns and mechanisms of natural selection in the wild
 is of fundamental importance to understanding the differentiation of
 populations and the evolution of new species. However, it is often unknown
 the extent to which adaptive genetic variation is distributed among
 ecotypes between distinct habitats versus along large-scale geographic
 environmental gradients, such as those that track latitude. Classic
 selection in the wild experiments in switchgrass, Panicum virgatum, tested
 for adaptation at both of these levels of natural variation. Here we
 review what these field experiments, as well as modern agronomic field
 trials, have taught us about natural variation and selection at both the
 ecotype and environmental gradient level in P. virgatum. With the recent
 genome sequencing efforts of P. virgatum, it is poised to become an
 excellent system for understanding the adaptation of grassland species
 across the eastern half of North America. The identification of genetic
 loci involved in different types of adaptations will help to understand
 the evolutionary mechanisms of diversification within P. virgatum and
 provide useful information for the breeding of high yielding cultivars for
 different ecoregions.
description: TableA1Data set used to construct map of ploidy and cytotype in fig. 2.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d112p8r
title: Data from: The African ape-like foot of Ardipithecus ramidus and its implications for the origin of bipedalism

description: The ancestral condition from which humans evolved is critical for
 understanding the adaptive origin of bipedal locomotion. The 4.4
 million-year-old hominin partial skeleton attributed to Ardipithecus
 ramidus preserves a foot that purportedly shares morphometric affinities
 with monkeys, but this interpretation remains controversial. Here I show
 that the foot of Ar. ramidus is most similar to living chimpanzee and
 gorilla species among a large sample of anthropoid primates. The foot
 morphology of Ar. ramidus suggests that the evolutionary precursor of
 hominin bipedalism was African ape-like terrestrial quadrupedalism and
 climbing. The elongation of the midfoot and phalangeal reduction in Ar.
 ramidus relative to the African apes is consistent with hypotheses of
 increased propulsive capabilities associated with an early form of
 bipedalism. This study provides evidence that the modern human foot was
 derived from an ancestral form adapted to terrestrial plantigrade
 quadrupedalism.
description: R script and data
 filesDryad
 data.zip
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0vt58q0
title: Data from: The behavioral origins of novelty: did increased aggression lead to scale-eating in pupfishes?

description: Behavioral changes in a new environment are often assumed to precede the
 origins of evolutionary novelties. Here, we examined whether an increase
 in aggression is associated with a novel scale-eating trophic niche within
 a recent radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island,
 Bahamas. We measured aggression using multiple behavioral assays and used
 transcriptomic analyses to identify differentially expressed genes in
 aggression and other behavioral pathways across three sympatric species in
 the San Salvador radiation (generalist, snail-eating specialist, and
 scale-eating specialist) and two generalist outgroups. Surprisingly, we
 found increased behavioral aggression and differential expression of
 aggression-related pathways in both the scale-eating and snail-eating
 specialists, despite their independent evolutionary origins. Increased
 behavioral aggression varied across both sex and stimulus context in both
 species. Our results indicate that aggression is not unique to
 scale-eating specialists. Instead, selection may increase aggression in
 other contexts such as niche specialization in general or mate
 competition. Alternatively, increased aggression may result from indirect
 selection on craniofacial traits, pigmentation, or metabolism—all traits
 which are highly divergent, exhibit signs of selective sweeps, and are
 affected by aggression-related genetic pathways which are differentially
 expressed in this system. In conclusion, the evolution of a novel
 predatory trophic niche within a recent adaptive radiation does not have
 clear-cut behavioral origins as previously assumed, highlighting the
 multivariate nature of adaptation and the complex integration of behavior
 with other phenotypic traits.
description: St.John_McGirr_Martin_2018This file contains 5 tabs. The first tab contains a description of the file along with descriptions for any codes found in the remainder of the document. The second and third tab contain data for mirror assays. The fourth tab contains data for paired aggression assays. The fifth tab contains data for boldness assays.St.John.McGirr.Martin.2018.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.n33q8cs
title: Data from: The nest defence by the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) - support for the vulnerability hypothesis

description: The majority of altricial bird species defend their brood against
 predators more intensively in nestlings rather than eggs stage. Several
 hypotheses have been proposed to explain this difference. The majority of
 existing experimental studies have recorded a gradually increasing
 intensity of nest defence supporting the reproductive value hypothesis. We
 have compared nest defence in two nesting stages of the red-backed shrike
 against two predators of adult birds and against two predators of nests.
 While the nests with nestlings were defended by parents against three out
 of four predators, nests with eggs were almost not defended at all. This
 rapid change in parent nest defence supports rather the vulnerability
 hypothesis, predicting that the threat to nests with nestlings increases
 rapidly after hatching, as they became more conspicuous due to their
 begging and parental provisioning. Unlike most of the species tested
 previously, the red-backed shrike uses very vigorous mobbing towards
 predators. We suggest that the occurrence of this active mobbing (strikes,
 including physical contact) is a good proxy of the current threat to the
 nest.
description: Strnadová et al. data
 dryadPair ID identifies
 particular pair of shrikes, which was confronted with all five intruders.
 In each pair responses of male and female were scored separately. There
 were five intruders, jay, kestrel, magpie, sparrowhawk and pigeon, all of
 them were stuffed dummies. Experiments were conducted at nests which
 contained eggs or chicks. We recorded three binomial responses, the parent
 guards the intruder (is present within a defined area - intruder
 guarding), the parent gives at least one alarm call (occurrence of alarm
 calling), the parent attacks the dummy at least once (occurrence of
 attack).Strnadová et al. data
 dryad.xls
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kf320
title: Data from: Do immunological, endocrine and metabolic traits fall on a single Pace-of-Life axis? Covariation and constraints among physiological systems

description: Variation in demographic and physiological attributes of life-history is
 thought to fall on one single axis, a phenomenon termed the Pace-of-Life.
 A slow Pace-of-Life is characterized by low annual reproduction, long life
 span and low metabolic rate, a fast Pace-of-Life by the opposite
 characteristics. The existence of a single axis has been attributed to
 constraints among physiological mechanisms that are thought to restrict
 evolutionary potential. In that case, physiological traits should covary
 in the same fashion at the levels of individual organisms and species. We
 examined covariation at the levels of individual and subspecies in three
 physiological systems (metabolic, endocrine and immune) using four
 stonechat subspecies with distinct life-history strategies in a common
 garden set-up. We measured basal metabolic rate, corticosterone as
 endocrine measure, and six measures of constitutive immunity. Metabolic
 rate covaried with two indices of immunity at the individual level, and
 with corticosterone concentrations and one index of immunity at the
 subspecies level, but not with other measures. The different patterns of
 covariation among individuals and among subspecies demonstrate that links
 among physiological traits are loose and suggest that these traits can
 evolve independent of each other.
description: DataVersteeghetal_JEB_2012BMR, immune and corticosterone data used in the article by Versteegh et al. in Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bd203r4
title: Data from: The hatching mechanism of 130-million-year-old insects: an association of neonates, egg shells and egg bursters in Lebanese amber

description: Hatching is a pivotal moment in the life of most animals. Diverse
 chemical, behavioural and mechanical methods have evolved in metazoans to
 break the egg membranes. Among them, many arthropod and vertebrate embryos
 hatch using ephemeral, frequently convergent structures known as egg
 bursters. However, the evolutionary processes by which hatching mechanisms
 and related embryonic structures became established in deep time are
 poorly understood due to a nearly complete absence from the fossil record.
 Herein we describe an exceptional c. 130‐million‐year‐old association in
 Lebanese amber composed of multiple neonate green lacewing larvae,
 Tragichrysa ovoruptora gen. et sp. nov. (Neuroptera, Chrysopoidea), and
 conspecific egg remains. Egg bursters with a serrated blade bearing a
 short process are attached to three longitudinally split egg shells.
 Embryos of extant green lacewing relatives (Chrysopidae) utilize this egg
 burster morphotype to open a vertical slit on the egg, after which the
 burster is moulted and left joined to the empty egg shell. Additionally,
 the new larval species has extremely elongate dorsal tubercles, an
 adaptation to carry exogenous debris for protection and camouflage also
 known from other Cretaceous chrysopoids but absent in modern relatives.
 The present discovery demonstrates that the hatching mechanism of modern
 green lacewings was established in the chrysopoid lineage by the Early
 Cretaceous and proves through direct fossil evidence how some
 morphological traits related to hatching and linked behaviours, at least
 in insect embryos, have been subject to a high degree of evolutionary
 conservatism.
description: Supporting Information
 for "The hatching mechanism of 130-million-year-old insects: an
 association of neonates, egg shells, and egg bursters in Lebanese
 amber"This Supporting
 Information document contains a single Supplementary File including
 Supplementary Text (“Review on egg bursters” and “Extended data for Figure
 6”), Supplementary Table 1 (“Morphological features of the egg in extant
 neuropterid taxa”), and Supplementary References.Supporting Information for The
 hatching mechanism of 130-million-year-old insects an association of
 neonates, egg shells, and egg bursters in Lebanese
 amber.docx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.v6p45
title: Data from: The importance of phytoplankton biomolecule availability for secondary production

description: The growth and reproduction of animals is affected by their access to
 resources. In aquatic ecosystems, the availability of essential
 biomolecules for filter-feeding zooplankton depends greatly on
 phytoplankton. Here, we analyzed the biochemical composition, i.e., the
 fatty acid, sterol and amino acid profiles and concentrations as well as
 protein, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of 17 phytoplankton
 monocultures representing the seven most abundant phytoplankton classes in
 boreal and sub-arctic lakes. To examine how the differences in the
 biochemical composition between phytoplankton classes affect their
 nutritional quality for consumers, we assessed the performance of Daphnia,
 on these diets. Furthermore, we defined the most important biomolecules
 regulating the somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia, expecting that
 higher concentrations of certain biomolecules are needed for reproduction
 than for growth. Finally, we combined these results with phytoplankton
 field data from over 900 boreal and sub-arctic lakes in order to estimate
 whether the somatic growth of Daphnia is sterol-limited when the natural
 phytoplankton communities are cyanobacteria-dominated. Our analysis shows
 that Daphnia grows best with phytoplankton rich in sterols, ω-3 fatty
 acids, protein, and amino acids. Their reproduction follows food sterol
 and ω-3 concentration as well as C:P-ratio being two times higher in
 Daphnia feeding on cryptophytes than any other diet. Interestingly, we
 found that a high dietary ω-6 fatty acid concentration decreases both
 somatic growth and reproduction of Daphnia. When combined with
 phytoplankton community composition field data, our results indicate that
 zooplankton is constantly limited by sterols in lakes dominated by
 cyanobacteria (≥40% of total phytoplankton biomass), and that the absence
 of cryptophytes can severely hinder zooplankton production in nature.
description: phytoplankton_dataAll laboratory data from phytoplankton collected during the experiments.daphnia_dataAll data from Daphnia experiments.
DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.23268.44160
title: DR JOSE GNANA BABU Aftermath Of Acute And Chronic Administration Of Chloroform Leaf Extract Of Vernonia Amygdalina On Blood Glucose Levels In Normoglycaemic And Streptozocin-Induced Hyperglycaemic Mice
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.nk27k
title: Data from: Sex as a strategy against rapidly evolving parasites

description: Why is sex ubiquitous when asexual reproduction is much less costly? Sex
 disrupts coadapted gene complexes; it also causes costs associated with
 mate finding and the production of males who do not themselves bear
 offspring. Theory predicts parasites select for host sex, because
 genetically variable offspring can escape infection from parasites adapted
 to infect the previous generations. We examine this using a facultative
 sexual crustacean, Daphnia magna, and its sterilizing bacterial parasite,
 Pasteuria ramosa. We obtained sexually and asexually produced offspring
 from wild-caught hosts and exposed them to contemporary parasites or
 parasites isolated from the same population one year later. We found rapid
 parasite adaptation to replicate within asexual but not sexual offspring.
 Moreover, sexually produced offspring were twice as resistant to infection
 as asexuals when exposed to parasites that had coevolved alongside their
 parents (i.e. the year two parasite). This fulfils the requirement that
 the benefits of sex must be both large and rapid for sex to be favoured by
 selection.
description: SexParasitismProcB2016Column headings are consistent with terms in the manuscript. Jar, block, family, generation refer to experimental jar, experimental block, host family and host generation. Parayear refers to the year when parasites were sampled from the wild (year 1 or year 2). Famsize refers to the number of host genotypes per family (two where there is an asexual and a single sexual genotype; three when there is an asexual and two sexual genotypes). D.perjar is the number of host Daphnia per jar; infected the number of infected hosts and uninfected the number of uninfected hosts. Spd refers to the density of parasite spores per infected Daphnia.