DOI: 10.3886/icpsr37692
title: Survey of Prison Inmates, United States, 2016
title: Archival Version

description: To fulfill part of its mission, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) conducted the Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI), a national, wide-ranging survey of prisoners age 18 or older who were incarcerated in state or federal correctional facilities within the United States. SPI provides national statistics on prisoner characteristics across a variety of domains, such as current offense and sentence, incident characteristics, firearm possession and sources, criminal history, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, family background, drug and alcohol use and treatment, mental and physical health and treatment, and facility programs and rules violations. SPI can also be used to track changes in these characteristics over time, describe special populations of prisoners, and identify policy-relevant changes in the state and federal prison populations. Formerly the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities (SISFCF), this survey was renamed SPI with the 2016 iteration.
description: From January through October 2016, data were collected through face-to-face interviews with prisoners using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). In a CAPI interview, interviewers read questions aloud and enter responses directly into a laptop computer, allowing skip patterns and other routing criteria to be implemented automatically. SPI interviews averaged approximately 50 minutes, including about 2 minutes for the consent process and 48 minutes to complete the survey. Interviews were conducted in English (94 percent) and Spanish (6 percent).
description: Responses from interviewed prisoners in the 2016 SPI were weighted to provide national estimates. Each interviewed prisoner was assigned an initial weight corresponding the inverse of the probability of selection within each sampled prison. A series of adjustment factors were applied to the initial weight to minimize potential bias due to non-response and to provide national estimates.
description: Response Rates: A total of 364 prisons (306 state and 58 federal) participated in the 2016 survey out of the 385 selected (32 state and 61 federal). The other 21 prisons were not included, either due to non-response or ineligibility. The first-stage participation rate (i.e., the response rate among selected prisons) was 98.4 percent: 98.1 percent for state prisons (all but 6 out of 312) and 100 percent for federal prisons.
A total of 24,848 prisoners participated (20,064 state and 4,784 federal) in the 2016 SPI based on a sample of 37,058 prisoners (30,348 state and 6,710 federal). The second-stage response (i.e., the response rate among selected prisoners) was 70.0 percent: 69.3 percent among state prisoners and 72.8 percent among federal prisoners.
description: The 2016 SPI was a stratified two-stage sample design in which prisons were selected in the first stage and prisoners within sampled facilities were selected in the second stage. A total of 364 prisons (306 state and 58 federal) participated in the 2016 SPI out of 385 selected (324 state and 61 federal), which included 15 sampled prisons that were deemed ineligible. A total of 24,848 prisoners participated (20,064 state and 4,784 federal) in the 2016 SPI, based on a sample of 37,058 prisoners (30,348 state and 6,710 federal), which included 1,549 sampled prisoners who were deemed ineligible for the survey.
description: Datasets: 
DS0: Study-Level Files
DS1: Public-Use U.S. Data (state and federal combined)
DS2: Public-Use State Data
DS3: Restricted-Use U.S. Data
description: The SPI sample was selected from a universe of 2,001 unique prisons (1,808 state and 193 federal) that were either enumerated in the 2012 Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities or had opened between the completion of the census and July 2014. The target population for the 2016 SPI was male and female prisoners age 18 or older who were held in a state prison or were serving a sentence to federal prison in the U.S. during 2016.
description: computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI)The accompanying study documentation that is available for download as part of this data collection contains additional information to help users understand and utilize the Survey of Prison Inmates, United States, 2016 data:

Please see the ICPSR PDF codebooks for additional information on the methodology, an appendix of offense codes, and the 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI) Questionnaire. There are dataset-specific PDF codebooks for DS1 Public-Use U.S. Data (state and federal combined), DS2 Public-Use State Data, and DS3 Restricted-Use U.S. Data.
Please see the study-level PDF User's Guide for information about variance estimation.
Other study-level files available for download include SAS code for the reconstruction of the derived variables on the 2016 SPI data file and a jackknife multipliers Excel file for direct variance estimation using replicate weights in the Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016. The SAS code is downloadable as a zipped package along with an accompanying PDF README file.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics - Survey of Prison Inmates Data Analysis Tool (SPI DAT) provides a dynamic online analysis tool which allows users to examine select characteristics of prisoners based on data collected through the Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016.