DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pvmcvdnkq
title: Data for: Modeling short-term energetic costs of sonar disturbance to cetaceans using high resolution foraging data

description: Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive and increasing source of disturbance to
 wildlife. Marine mammals exhibit behavioral and physiological responses to
 naval sonar and other sound sources. The lost foraging opportunities and
 elevated locomotor effort associated with sonar disturbance likely carry
 energetic costs, which may lead to population-level consequences. We
 modeled the energetic costs associated with behavioral responses using (1)
 empirical datasets of cetacean feeding rates and prey characteristics and
 (2) allometry of swimming performance and metabolic rates. We applied our
 model to compare the short-term (i.e., the scale of the disturbance
 response; hours to days) energetic costs of a variety of observed
 behavioral responses. Efficient foragers (e.g., baleen whales) incur a
 greater relative energetic cost for mild behavioral responses as compared
 to the most extreme observed response for larger odontocetes (e.g., beaked
 whales). Energetic costs are more sensitive to lost feeding opportunities
 than increased energy expenditure from elevated locomotor effort. In order
 to scale up from short-term costs to long-term effects (months to years),
 future research should address individuals’ capacity to compensate for
 energetic losses as well as energetic thresholds for demographic rates
 (survival, fecundity). We discuss how relative energetic costs correlate
 with species’ pace of life and the implications for conservation planning.
 Synthesis and applications. Current approaches towards understanding the
 Population Consequences of Disturbance (PCoD) often must rely on expert
 opinion due to data deficiency. Our model provides an empirical method for
 linking behavior to energetics, which is critical for managers to make
 informed decisions on actions that may affect marine mammal species.
 Furthermore, our model is applicable to other forms of disturbance, such
 as vessel traffic or seismic exploration, and our scaling approach enables
 risk projections for understudied species.
description: This dataset contains three types of data.
 Prey: the log mean and log standard deviation of energy acquired
 per feeding event (kJ). For single prey item foragers (toothed whales;
 odontoceti), this is the mean and standard deviation of the logged energy
 content of prey (kJ), weighted by diet proportion. For bulk filter feeders
 (rorqual whales; Balaenopteridae), this is the mean and standard deviation
 of the logged biomass density (kg m<sup>-3</sup>) of krill
 swarms in the vicinity of feeding whales, multiplied by predator
 engulfment capacity (m<sup>3</sup>) and prey energy density
 (kJ kg<sup>-1</sup>). Feeding: the number
 of feeding events in an hour by tagged cetaceans. Each row corresponds to
 one hour of a tag deployment. Morphology: the
 representative length (m) and mass (kg) of cetacean species used in the
 analysis.
description: This dataset was formatted to work with the Supplemental
 Information for "Modeling short-term energetic costs of sonar
 disturbance to cetaceans using high resolution foraging data". The
 Supplemental Information is available as an R Markdown file archived at
 Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4646110).