DOI: 10.21950/gfkhu3
title: Evaluation of Siderophores Generated by Pseudomonas Bacteria and Their Possible Application as Fe Biofertilizers

description: &lt;p&gt;The application of synthetic iron chelates to overcome iron deficiency in crops is leading to a high impact on the environment, making it necessary to find more friendly fertilizers. A promising alternative is the application of biodegradable iron chelates, such as those based on siderophores. In the present work, seven bacterial strains of the genus Pseudomonas were selected for their ability to secrete pyoverdine, a siderophore with a high affinity for iron, which could be used as a biofertilizer. The concentration of siderophores secreted by each bacterium expressed as desferrioxamine B equivalents, and the pyoverdine concentration was determined. Their potential as Fe biofertilizers was determined based on their capacity to complex Fe, determining the maximum iron complexation capacity at alkaline pH and selecting the RMC4 strain. The biostimulant capacity of the RMC4 strain was evaluated through the secretion of organic acids such as the hormone Indol-3-acetic acid or glutamic acid, among others, in a kinetic assay. Finally, the genome of RMC4 was determined, and the strain was identified as Pseudomonas monsensis. The annotated genome was screened for genes and gene clusters implicated in biofertilization and plant growth promotion. Besides iron mobilization, genes related to phosphorus solubilization, production of phytohormones and biological control, among others, were observed, indicating the suitability of RMC4 as an inoculant. In conclusion, RMC4 and its siderophores are promising sources for Fe biofertilization in agriculture.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;All data generated during the investigation is incuded in the dataset: genomic analysis, iron complexation, CAS bacteria determination, identification and quantification of compounds secreted by the selected bacterium. &lt;/p&gt;
description: Methodology:
 In the present work, seven bacterial strains of the genus Pseudomonas were selected for their ability to secrete pyoverdine, a siderophore with a high affinity for iron, which could be used as a bio-fertilizer. The concentration of siderophores secreted by each bacterium expressed as desferri-oxamine B equivalents, and the pyoverdine concentration was determined. Their potential as Fe biofertilizers was determined based on their capacity to complex Fe, determining the maximum iron complexation capacity at alkaline pH, selecting the RMC4 strain. The biostimulant capacity of the RMC4 strain was evaluated through the organic acid's secretion such as the hormone In-dol-3-acetic acid or glutamic acid, among others in a kinetic assay. Finally, the genome of RMC4 was determined and the strain was identified as Pseudomonas monsensis

Funding:
Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Ministerio de Economía y Competi-tividad through project RTI2018-096268-B-I00, and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, and Feder funds through the projects PID2022-141721OB-C21 and PID2021-125070OB-I00 J. M. Lozano is recipient of the FPI grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PRE-2019-091246). M. Montoya is recipient of the Margarita Salas grant of the Ministerio de Universidades and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (RD 289/2021) supported by the European Union Next-GenerationEU.