DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15044377
title: A Catalog of Natural Channelrhodopsins

description: This repository is an appendix to the publication [Rozenberg20](10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.056), "Lateral Gene Transfer of Anion-Conducting Channelrhodopsins between Green Algae and Giant Viruses", that is intended to keep the list of the channelrhodopsins (ChRs) presented there as a constantly updated resource that includes updates to the old records, addition of novel unpublished entries, entries from newly published experiments and corrections to the previously published sets.

Most of the credit belongs to the projects that generated and assembled the data that ultimately contained the ChRs (especially, [MMETSP_Keeling14](10.1371/journal.pbio.1001889) and [1KP_initiative19](10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2)) and to the experimentalists who took the challenge of characterizing them. The catalog currently focuses mostly but not exclusively on proteins from cultured organisms.

Although the format might eventually change, the current version of the catalog is composed of two xlsx spreadsheets:



Channelrhodopsins_Original_List.xlsx that represents the original ChR list with additional metadata, but without changes to the sequences and additions and without changing the classification of the ChRs. This file will remain unchanged throughout releases. It contains the following fields:



ID - integer index

Sequence name - unique name of the sequence

Is outgroup (not ChR) - flag indicating whether the sequence is not a ChR (a small number of rhodopsins inherited from [Klapoetke14](10.1038/nmeth.2836) belonged to different families)

Symbol - gene symbol, short alias

Species - source species/strain

Taxonomic group - taxonomic affiliation of the species

ChR group - clade name, if empty indicates clades unknown back then

Bioproject - NCBI bioproject for the sequence

Sequence source - initiative/database/publication the gene nucleotide sequence was part of

Activity - activity confirmed for the exact sequence (potentially, a shorter version or in rare cases an allelic variant thereof). In the original list, selectivity (cation/anion) was indicted for all ChRs with demonstrated channel activity even if selectivity could not be or was not assessed experimentally.

Reference - publication(s) where the activity was demonstrated

Full-length 98%-identity clustering:



Representative - representative sequence for the cluster with an identity of 98%

Cluster - cluster number

Identity - identity % to the reference



Rhodopsin-domain 100%-identity clustering:



Representative - representative sequence for the cluster with an identity of 100% after the 98%-identity clusters were aligned and trimmed to include only the rhodopsin domain

Cluster - cluster number



Sequence - full protein sequence for the entry (this might be the complete sequence of the gene, partial sequence of the gene that was not recovered entirely in the assembly or sequence of a specific construct used for expression)

Is partial sequence - flag indicating whether the rhodopsin domain is truncated

Has indels - flag indicating whether the rhodopsin domain contains indels (unspliced introns in transcripts, gene annotation artifacts)

Sequence completeness comment - comments about the nature of the indels



Channelrhodopsins_Updated_List.xlsx includes amended ChR sequences, manually added entries and novel expressed or otherwise published proteins. In this release all of the sequences with complete rhodopsin domains are assigned to a family (some families have only provisional names). The spreadsheet is structured differently from the first one and focuses more on the unique complete sequences by separating genes from constructs that are derived from them. The redundancy of the dataset was further reduced by combining identical sequences. Highly similar sequences are treated mostly separately. In some cases they have been downgraded to allelic or splice variants, but this is not yet consistent. There are now three sheets:



full_channelrhodopsins - full ChR sequences

fragmented_channelrhodopsins - ChR sequences with incomplete rhodopsin domains

not_channelrhodopsins - additional proteins that have been mentioned in ChR datasets that are not from the ChR family



The sheets have the following fields:



ID - integer index corresponding to the record (new records have IDs >875).

Sequence name - this is the chosen sequence name for the longest version of the sequence

Version - sequence version. Sequences get updated and increment their versions in the following cases:



the correct start codon was identified

a full sequence for the gene was found in an alternative database

a full sequence for the gene has been obtained or corrected from the raw data

gene annotation artifacts have been corrected manually based for the genomic sequence

unspliced introns were found and removed



Reviewed - a somewhat arbitrary flag indicating whether the complete sequence has been manually reviewed

Constructs - NCBI protein accessions of constructs overlapping with the gene indicating the overlapping region. Note that construct are allowed to overlap multiple full-length genes even from nominally different species.

Symbol - short gene alias

Species - species from which the longest representative sequence belongs

Taxonomic group

ChR group - ChR affiliation based on phylogeny

ChR supergroup - ChR supergroup (A: ACRs and green algal CCRs, B: "bacteriorhodopsin-like" CCRs, D: the clade of dinoflagellate and related colpodellid ChRs)

Bioproject - bioproject accession(s) for the data from which the sequence is derived

Sequence source - one or multiple sources for the sequence, preference is given to earlier released publications

Source type - the kind of source(s) (e.g. genome/transcriptome) the sequence comes from

First mention - reference for the source where the gene was first indicated as a ChR. Notice that with highly similar sequences this is sometimes tricky.

Currents - channeling activity. This differentiates between confirmed and unconfirmed selectivities: square brackets specify the likely but unconfirmed selectivity

Cation selectivity - further details on selectivity of cation ChRs

Currents reference

Absorption maximum, nm

Action maximum, nm

Spectra references

Spectra comment

Representative sequence from [Rozenberg20] - representative highly similar sequence (this is inherited from the from the original file: full-length 98% clustering > rhodopsin domain 100% clustering)

Sequence - the amino acid sequence

Superseded identical sequences - identical sequences included in the same record (with species/strain indicated if different)

Splice variants - putative minor splice variants from the same species/strain

Allelic variants - putative minor allelic variations from the same species/strain

Superseded included sequences - shorter sequences included in the record

Superseded incorrect sequences - other sequences that are different due to artifacts

Version comments - brief version history

Other comments




Starting from version 2.0, the repository also contains:



Channelrhodopsins_Alphafold3_structures.zip - raw alphafold3 structures of all of the complete ChRs with retinal.


This is work in progress, use with care. If a formal citation is needed, please cite [Rozenberg20](10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.056), "Lateral Gene Transfer of Anion-Conducting Channelrhodopsins between Green Algae and Giant Viruses" and [Vierock22](10.1126/sciadv.add7729), "WiChR, a highly potassium selective channelrhodopsin for low-light one- and two-photon inhibition of excitable cells". For the most recent phylogeny of ChRs see [Oppermann23](10.7554/eLife.90100.1), "Robust optogenetic inhibition with red-light-sensitive anion-conducting channelrhodopsins", and https://github.com/BejaLab/ACRs.