cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.3535/zzm-cth-33q
title: Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-55y-8b3
title: Alnus incana var. subsp. incana var. incana

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-7zv-n7g
title: Carex vesicaria L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-91e-tl0
title: Oxalis acetosella L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-c0v-gz8
title: Cochlearia danica L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-gvc-kc7
title: Thelypteris palustris Schott

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-rcr-b9a
title: Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-t7m-8e1
title: Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-w63-040
title: Persicaria lapathifolia subsp. pallida (With.) Á. Löve

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzn-z22-rbl
title: Carex disticha Huds.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzp-6ce-l88
title: Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzp-ayx-bwb
title: Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzp-bxs-y9w
title: Plantae

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzp-jdw-8s3
title: Blitum bonus-henricus (L.) Rchb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-54v-waz
title: Euphorbia helioscopia L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-824-71v
title: Salix phylicifolia L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-9yr-5ny
title: Plantae

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-crl-f08
title: Noccaea Moench

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-enb-l55
title: Poa pratensis L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-hkb-6qz
title: Poa pratensis L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-hy5-ktc
title: Ribes alpinum L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-mjl-05v
title: Viscaria vulgaris Röhl.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-r89-eel
title: Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-zp1-5yh
title: Juncus conglomeratus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-3zy-yll
title: Scirpus radicans Schkuhr

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-bzy-38k
title: Carex acutiformis Ehrh.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-ehn-n99
title: Juncus bulbosus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzq-bbv-fg9
title: Juncus triglumis L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-4gt-3j6
title: Viscaria alpina (L.) G. Don

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-kg5-2s5
title: Carex vaginata Tausch

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-thz-fj8
title: Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-x11-npn
title: Stellaria longifolia (Regel) Muhl. ex Willd.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-xtm-xxd
title: Scheuchzeria palustris L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-82p-sj0
title: Amaranthus albus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/hh9asl
title: 00_ReadMe_file.txt

description: 00_ReadMe_file.txt
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/zngvbk
title: 01_Tidslinje_datainnhenting.pdf

description: 01_Tidslinje_datainnhenting.pdf
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-8n1-wb7
title: Ranunculus confervoides (Fr.) Fr.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-9v5-nlv
title: Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/3ejpfv
title: 02_Guide_for_deltagende_observasjon_tjenestekontorene.pdf

description: 02_Guide_for_deltagende_observasjon_tjenestekontorene.pdf
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-jn7-c01
title: Phedimus hybridus (L.) 't Hart

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/cjwgzi
title: 04_Intervjuguide_yngre_person_med_demens.pdf

description: 04_Intervjuguide_yngre_person_med_demens.pdf
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/rdewjd
title: 03_Guide_for_deltagende_observasjon_dagavdelingene.pdf

description: 03_Guide_for_deltagende_observasjon_dagavdelingene.pdf
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-nhs-tby
title: Saxifraga tridactylites L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-q2n-5jf
title: Carex rostrata Stokes

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/i7oufk
title: 05_Intervjuguide_individuelt_intervju_saksbehandler.pdf

description: 05_Intervjuguide_individuelt_intervju_saksbehandler.pdf
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-rgr-v7r
title: Linum catharticum L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-s3n-lyv
title: Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O.Schwarz

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/dcoxqs
title: 07_Intervjuguide_individuelle_intervjuer_med_demenssykepleier.pdf

description: 07_Intervjuguide_individuelle_intervjuer_med_demenssykepleier.pdf
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/rg8iqo
title: 06_Intervjuguide_individuelt_intervju_helsepersonell_dagavdelingen.pdf

description: 06_Intervjuguide_individuelt_intervju_helsepersonell_dagavdelingen.pdf
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-vma-xtl
title: Thalictrum simplex L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-wcz-lez
title: Fragaria vesca L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/n3pfss
title: 08_Fokusgruppeintervju_saksbehandlere.pdf

description: 08_Fokusgruppeintervju_saksbehandlere.pdf
DOI: 10.3535/zzr-gdq-enp
title: Triglochin maritima L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzs-j5f-r4h
title: Dianthus deltoides L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.23218754/t1dqgo
title: 09_Fokusgruppeintervju_helsepersonell.pdf

description: 09_Fokusgruppeintervju_helsepersonell.pdf
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-3bv-emk
title: Rubus caesius L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-6q9-jqn
title: Poa pratensis L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-8d1-b4f
title: Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y.Schouten & Veldkamp

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-bna-qbz
title: Carex acutiformis Ehrh.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-c75-7cq
title: Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Börner

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-dmd-s16
title: Potamogeton perfoliatus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-wjn-y9e
title: Ranunculus acris L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-32b-qzx
title: Sagittaria × lunata C.D.Preston & Uotila

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-80b-dbr
title: Stuckenia vaginata (Magnin) Holub

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-csn-hql
title: Rabelera holostea (L.) M. T. Sharples & E. A. Tripp

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-dnb-bb4
title: Salix myrsinifolia subsp. myrsinifolia

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-gpd-5gx
title: Lolium remotum Schrank

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-jbx-ac6
title: Scheuchzeria palustris L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-md8-nt5
title: Carex arenaria L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-nsk-nke
title: Plantae

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-v9g-bl8
title: Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-5sm-ptj
title: Myrica gale L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzt-rx3-qhm
title: Carex loliacea L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzv-znm-m19
title: Juncus stygius L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-0g5-rnr
title: Blitum bonus-henricus (L.) Rchb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-1yq-je3
title: Ononis spinosa subsp. procurrens (Wallr.) Briq.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-7ka-zvv
title: Fragaria vesca L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-964-1w6
title: Rumex longifolius DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-gq8-f4y
title: Juncus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-p32-cb2
title: Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbysh.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-wzm-g7c
title: Lipandra polysperma (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzw-zfj-m8d
title: Erysimum virgatum Roth

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzx-03f-ndc
title: Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. alpina

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzx-4q5-khj
title: Carex rotundata Wahlenb.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzx-dvw-pxh
title: Juncus bulbosus L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzx-q3h-kfb
title: Chenopodium suecicum Murr

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gdb8gj
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is China",
 "TaxonKey is Begonia peltatifolia"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13 records from 6 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0062970-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-16d-jey
title: Luzula spicata (L.) DC.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-1jy-fx8
title: Carex L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-1pe-blz
title: Geum rivale L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-5t4-fh5
title: Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O.Schwarz

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-6br-ycs
title: Draba nemorosa L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-alq-w6a
title: Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-qeh-1rh
title: Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-w8w-wly
title: Filipendula vulgaris Moench

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzz-5fe-cjr
title: Sisymbrium altissimum L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzz-6ad-87k
title: Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzx-yz1-ehq
title: Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzy-dn4-hew
title: Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzz-hvg-60n
title: Saxifraga granulata L.

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.17026/ss/ltkfrj
title: Drugs Monologen interview Ton van der Lee

description: Drugs Monologen was een digital storytelling en oral history project van de Open Universiteit (Faculteit Cultuurwetenschappen) en het Poppi Drugs Museum dat liep van oktober 2023 tot oktober 2025. Het project draaide om het bestuderen van de Nederlandse drugsgeschiedenis vanuit het perspectief van mensen die zelf drugs gebruikten in de periode ca. 1960-2000. In dit kader vonden 28 oral history interviews en 5 thematische groepsinterviews plaats. Daarnaast werd een speciale app ontwikkeld waarmee deelnemers op de Drugs Monologen website hun eigen historische ‘monoloog’ konden vertellen en bijdragen aan het onderzoek. Deze laatste methode leverde 51 monologen op. De oral history interviews, groepsinterviews en monologen waarvoor van de verteller toestemming werd verkregen voor gebruik voor toekomstig onderzoek zijn hier bewaard. Bij alle Nederlandstalige items is een transcriptie toegevoegd. Dit item maakt deel uit van deze datacollectie. Vanwege de privacygevoelige aard van de data kunnen deze alleen worden geraadpleegd na via de daartoe bestemde knop toestemming te hebben aangevraagd en verkregen voor toegang tot deze dataset.
DOI: 10.3535/zzz-k31-9gk
title: Plantae

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.3535/zzz-z21-254
title: Persicaria maculosa Gray

description: Digital Specimen for the physical specimen hosted at Finnish Museum of Natural History.
DOI: 10.23642/usn.22586455
title: Search strategies for a review on self determination theory

description: DATASET MIGRATED FROM FIGSHARE: &lt;p&gt;This dataset consists of the search documentation for a review on self-determination theory. It contains strategies for the databases  &lt;em&gt;Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo (Ovid), Academic Search Premier (EBSCOhost), Business Source Elite (EBSCOhost), Social Science Premium Collection (ProQuest), Oria, NORA/Research Portal Denmark and SwePub&lt;/em&gt;. See the readme.txt for further documentation. &lt;/p&gt;
DOI: 10.23642/usn.22586455/fz9ikv
title: narrative_self_determination-theory.docx

description: narrative_self_determination-theory.docx
DOI: 10.23642/usn.22586455/j3rb1n
title: narrative_self_determination-theory.pdf

description: narrative_self_determination-theory.pdf
DOI: 10.23642/usn.22586455/btmhw1
title: search_self_determination-theory.docx

description: search_self_determination-theory.docx
DOI: 10.23642/usn.22586455/ka8zh4
title: ReadMe.txt

description: ReadMe.txt
DOI: 10.23642/usn.22586455/y1lefw
title: search_self_determination-theory.pdf

description: search_self_determination-theory.pdf
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30920489.v2
title: Only peers matter? A longitudinal test of teacher–student and student–student relationships in predicting problematic Internet use via relatedness need frustration", has now been assessed

description: no description
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30920489.v1
title: Only peers matter? A longitudinal test of teacher–student and student–student relationships in predicting problematic Internet use via relatedness need frustration", has now been assessed

description: no description
DOI: 10.23642/usn.21904242
title: Replication data for: Rod and cone dark adaptation in congenital aniridia and its association with retinal structure

description: DATASET MIGRATED FROM FIGSHARE: &lt;p&gt;Abstract&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Purpose:&lt;/strong&gt; To characterize the association between dark-adapted rod and cone sensitivity and retinal structure in &lt;em&gt;PAX6-&lt;/em&gt;related aniridia.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Dark-adaptation curves were measured after 5 minutes exposure to bright light with red (625 nm) and green (527 nm) 2°circular light stimuli presented at ≈20 degrees temporal retinal eccentricity in 27 participants with aniridia (9 males; 11–66 years) and 38 age-matched healthy controls. A two-stage exponential model was fitted to each participant’s responses to determine their cone and rod thresholds over time. The thicknesses of macular inner and outer retinal layers were obtained from optical coherence tomography images in 20 aniridia patients and the 38 healthy controls. Aniridia associated keratopathy (AAK) grade (0­–3) and lens opacities were quantified by clinical examination of the anterior segment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The rod-cone break time was similar between aniridia patients and healthy controls. Dark-adapted cone and the rod thresholds were higher in aniridia compared with healthy controls. In aniridia, foveal outer retinal layer thickness correlated with both final cone- and rod-thresholds. A multiple regression model indicated that foveal outer retinal layer thickness and age were the main explanatory variables to predict both final cone- and rod-thresholds in aniridia when the AAK grade was 2 or less. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The results show that both rod and cone-related function are affected in &lt;em&gt;PAX6-&lt;/em&gt;related aniridia and implies that retinal anatomical and physiological changes extend beyond the area commonly studied in this condition: the central macula.&lt;/p&gt;
DOI: 10.23642/usn.21904242/jfzzdt
title: DA_aniridia.csv

description: DA_aniridia.csv
DOI: 10.23642/usn.21904242/yrktbl
title: DA_healthy_controls.csv

description: DA_healthy_controls.csv
DOI: 10.23642/usn.21904242/fq0ups
title: README.txt

description: README.txt
DOI: 10.23642/usn.21904242/rrokuo
title: OCT_aniridia.csv

description: OCT_aniridia.csv
DOI: 10.23642/usn.21904242/b73gnj
title: README_1.txt

description: README_1.txt
DOI: 10.23642/usn.21904242/6t5r3m
title: Script_DA_function.R

description: Script_DA_function.R
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18018104
title: Seznam vzorků

description: Seznam vzorků
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18018105
title: Seznam vzorků

description: Seznam vzorků
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18017019
title: agalinis_scarlatina_spades_01.fasta.gz
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18017020
title: agalinis_scarlatina_spades_01.fasta.gz
DOI: 10.3886/e232201
title: Replication Data for: Comparing Experimental and Nonexperimental Methods: What Lessons Have We Learned Four Decades After LaLonde (1986)?

description: In 1986, Robert LaLonde published an article comparing nonexperimental estimates to experimental benchmarks (LaLonde 1986). He concluded that the nonexperimental methods at the time could not systematically replicate experimental benchmarks, casting doubt on their credibility. Following LaLonde's critical assessment, there have been significant methodological advances and practical changes, including (i) an emphasis on the unconfoundedness assumption separated from functional form considerations, (ii) a focus on the importance of overlap in covariate distributions, (iii) the introduction of propensity score-based methods leading to doubly robust estimators, (iv) methods for estimating and exploiting treatment effect heterogeneity, and (v) a greater emphasis on validation exercises to bolster research credibility. To demonstrate the practical lessons from these advances, we reexamine the LaLonde data. We show that modern methods, when applied in contexts with sufficient covariate overlap, yield robust estimates for the adjusted differences between the treatment and control groups. However, this does not imply that these estimates are causally interpretable. To assess their credibility, validation exercises (such as placebo tests) are essential, whereas goodness-of-fit tests alone are inadequate. Our findings highlight the importance of closely examining the assignment process, carefully inspecting overlap, and conducting validation exercises when analyzing causal effects with nonexperimental data.
description: The data we use in this paper are publicly available.