DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0p70
title: Socioeconomic status and decreasing incidence of ocular injuries in Bosnia and Herzegovina

description: Purpose: To examine the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of
 ocular injuries and their association with socioeconomic status
 (SES). Material and Methods: All cases of ocular injuries hospitalized in
 Department of Ophthalmology of University Clinical Center Tuzla,
 Bosnia and Herzegovina, from January 2009 to December 2012
 and January 2017 and December 2019 were prospectively followed.
 The injuries were classified according to Ocular Trauma
 Classification System (OTCS) and Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT).
 Results: This study included a total of 420 eyes from 396 patients. There
 were 162 (38.57%; 95%CI:32.86–44.99) open globe injuries (OGI) and 258
 (61.43%; 95%CI: 54.16–69.4) closed globe injuries (CGI). The
 decrease in incidence of ocular trauma requiring hospitalization was noted
 from 16.7 per 100 000 (95%CI: 13.11–20.97) in 2009 to 9.25 per
 100 000 (95%CI: 6.64–12.55) in 2019 (p=0.006). Most
 injuries occurred in males 341 (81.19%; 95%CI: 72.8–90.28),
 active working patients 258 (61.43%, 95%CI:54.16–69.4), and patients with
 rural residence 285 (67.86%; 95%CI: 60.21–76.21). Almost all
 ocular injuries 418 (99.52%; 95%CI: 90.21–109.54) occurred in
 patients with middle and lower SES categories, and home was the
 most prevalent place of injury in 258 (61.43%, 95%CI: 54.16–69.4)
 patients. The total of 289 (70.49%; 95%CI: 62.59–79.1) patients
 had good final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Poor
 final BCVA was associated with lower ocular trauma score (OTS)
 (p=0.000), poor initial BCVA (p=0.000), penetrating injuries of
 cornea (p=0.004) and sclera (p=0.001), Zone III injuries (p=0.000),
 intraocular foreign body presence (p=0.000), cataract (p=0.002),
 retinal detachment (p=0.001), endophthalmitis (p=0.000)
 and vitreous hemorrhage (p=0.010). Conclusion: This study
 provides a detailed insight into epidemiology and socio-economic
 characteristics of patients hospitalized for ocular injuries.
description: <strong>Material and methods</strong><br>This
 prospective epidemiological study included all consecutive patients with
 ocular injuries hospitalized in Department of Ophthalmology, University
 Clinical Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study covered two time
 periods, the first from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2012 and the second
 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2019. The current study was approved by
 the University Clinical Center Tuzla Ethics Committee on September 1, 2008
 (Approval number: 32-1-2008). A written informed consent was obtained from
 all patients and tenets of the Helsinki Declaration were
 followed. University Clinical Center Tuzla is the only
 tertiary referral center that serves as the main health institution in the
 Tuzla Canton. It offers the emergency and specialized eye care for
 patients with ocular or orbital conditions. Tuzla Canton is in the north
 eastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It covers the area of 2649 square
 km with 445028 inhabitants. The economy includes industries, commerce,
 agriculture, tourism, handicraft, and services. During eleven year period
 from 2009 to 2020, the population of Tuzla canton was relatively
 stable.13 In this study, ocular injury was defined as
 any injury of the eye or adnexa requiring hospitalization.14 The following
 demographic variables were recorded: age, sex, side of the eye involved,
 place of residence, level of education, occupation, and employment status.
 According to the Labor Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina, persons aged 18-65
 are considered able to work. Therefore, for the purposes of this study,
 age was categorized into three groups: less than 18, 18-65, more than 65
 years.12 Based on the highest level of formal education and occupation
 Hollingshead Two-Factor Index of Social Position (ISP) was calculated.15
 Education level and job position were assigned with numeric values ranging
 1-7, and multiplied with weighted scores 7 and 4 for occupation and
 education, respectively. The obtained values were combined to obtain ISP.
 For patients younger than 18 years the SES was calculated based on status
 of both parents. Based on the ISP values, all patients were categorized
 into three social classes: upper (11-27), middle (28-43), and lower social
 class (44-77). Occupations were grouped into five main categories: manual
 workers, fire and explosion hazard workers, agricultural workers, not
 working, and other.12 Injury information included: time
 of the injury onset (working time 8am-3pm, afternoon 4pm-11pm and late
 evening time 12pm-7am), season of injury (spring, summer, fall, winter),
 time from the injury occurrence to hospital admission (less than 2h,
 2-12h, 12-48h and more than 2 days), duration of hospitalization (1-6
 days; 7-13 days and 14 days or more) and information on the use of eye
 protection. According to the location of ocular injury, the data were
 classified in six groups: work related injuries, home related injuries,
 recreational/sport related injuries, road accident related injuries,
 assaults related injuries, and other various outdoor activities related
 injuries.14 According to injury mechanism patients were grouped into
 following categories: blunt force object, sharp force object, road and
 explosion, biologic or organic material, and other injuries.12
 Clinical eye injury variables included types of injury
 categorized as closed (CGI) or open globe injuries (OGI). Other clinical
 signs such as: eyelid laceration, hyphaema, lens injury, and vitreous
 haemorrhage, were also recorded. The injuries were classified by
 Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT), and the Ocular Trauma Score
 (OTS) was calculated subsequently.<sup>16,17</sup> For the
 purposes of this study the OTS categories one, two, and three were grouped
 as category 1 (low OTS), and categories four and five as category 2 (high
 OTS).12 According to the wound location all injuries were classified as:
 Zone I, Zone II and Zone III injuries defined by Ocular Trauma
 Classification System (OTCS).18 The initial best corrected visual acuity
 (BCVA) was measured upon the hospital admission, while the final BCVA was
 taken on the hospital discharge. Initial and final BCVA were classified as
 no light perception (NLP), light perception (LP)/hand motion (HM),
 1/200–19/200, 20/200–20/50, and ≥20/40. The final BCVA ≥ 20/200 was
 defined as good and final BCVA of less than 20/200 as poor visual
 outcome.19,20 Differences between means were analysed
 by Student t test. The Chi-square or Fisher exact test were used to assess
 the differences between categorical variables, and for continuous
 variables the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. A multivariate
 regression model was used to assess the risk factors for final BCVA.
 Statistically significant P values were considered those &lt;0.05. The
 data were analysed using Stata Statistical Software, version 14.0
 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA).
description: GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of Dataset: Socioeconomic Status and
 Decreasing Incidence of Ocular Injuries in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.
 Author Information A. Principal Investigator Contact Information Name:
 Jasmin Zvornièanin Institution: Department of Ophthalmology, University
 Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Private Healthcare
 Institution Vase zdravlje, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Address: Ulica dr
 Ibre Pašiæa bb, 75000 Tuzla Email: 
 B. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Edita
 Zvornièanin Institution: Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical
 Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Private Healthcare Institution
 Vase zdravlje, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Address: Ulica dr Ibre Pašiæa
 bb, 75000 Tuzla Email: 3. Date of
 data collection: First period from: 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2012
 Second period from: 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2019. 4. Geographic
 location of data collection: Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.
 Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the
 data: No funding was received for this research. SHARING/ACCESS
 INFORMATION 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: NONE 2. Links to
 publications that cite or use the data:
 
 3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: NONE. 4. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: NONE. 5. Was data derived from another source? NO. 6. Recommended citation for this dataset: Zvornicanin, Jasmin; Zvornièanin, Edita. (2021), Data from: Socioeconomic Status and Decreasing Incidence of Ocular Injuries in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dryad, Dataset, doi:10.5061/dryad.rn8pk0p70 DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: SES and decreasing incidence of ocular injuries in B&H 2. Relationship between files, if important: NONE. 3. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: NONE. 4. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? NO. A. If yes, name of file(s) that was updated: i. Why was the file updated? ii. When was the file updated? METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: 2. Methods for processing the data: Differences between means were analysed by Student t test. The Chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to assess the differences between categorical variables, and for continuous variables the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. A multivariate regression model was used to assess the risk factors for final best corrected visual acuity. Statistically significant p values were considered those &lt;0.05. 3. Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: The data were analysed using Stata Statistical Software, version 14.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). 4. Standards and calibration information, if appropriate: NONE. 5. Environmental/experimental conditions: NONE. 6. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: All data was double checked when data was acquired and entered in excel file. 7. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: Jasmin Zvorničanin and Edita Zvorničanin DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [SES and decreasing incidence of ocular injuries in B&H] 1. Number of variables: 43 2. Number of cases/rows: 420 3. Variable List: 1. Year12 – Patients were grouped in two groups, from the first and second study period. 2. AgeGroup18-65 – Age was categorized into three groups: less than 18, 18–65 and more than 65 years. 3. Gender - Male or Female. 4. Rural/Urban – Based on place of residence patients were grouped into 2 categories: Rural or Urban. 5. OccupatCateg - Occupations were grouped into five categories: manual workers, fire and explosion hazard workers, agricultural workers, not working, and other. 6. Employment – If patient was officially employed at the time of the injury. 7. EmployCateg - Category of employment as described in Methods. 8. Education – Level of education as described in Methods. 9. SESscore – Socio-economic score as described in Methods. 10. SESCateg - Based on the index of social position values, all patients were categorized into three social classes: upper (11–27), middle (28–43), and lower social class (44–77). 11. Season - Season of injury: spring, summer, fall, winter. 12. Workday – If injury occurred on working day or weekend. 13. InjuryOnset81624 - Time of the injury onset (working time 8 am–3 pm, afternoon 4 pm–11pm and late evening time 12 pm–7 am). 14. TimeToAdmision2122448 - time from the injury occurrence to hospital admission (less than 2 h, 2–12 h, 12–48 h and more than 2 days). 15. LengthHospital714 – duration of hospitalization (1–6 days; 7–13 days and 14 days or more). 16. LocationInjury – According to the location of ocular injury, the data were classified into six groups: work-related injuries, home-related injuries, recreational/sport- related injuries, road accident-related injuries, assaults-related injuries, and other various outdoor activities related injuries. 17. EyeProtectWork - Information on the use of eye protection in work related injuries. 18. WorkInjury – If injury occurred at the working place. 19. Mechanism - According to injury mechanism, patients were grouped into the following categories: blunt force object, sharp force object, road and explosion, biologic or organic material, and other injuries. 20. BETTtype - The injuries were classified by Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology. 21. TypeOC – Type of ocular injury: closed globe injury (CGI) or open globe injury (OGI). 22. EyesNumb – Number of eyes affected: one or both eyes. 23. SideR1L0 – Side of the affected eye, right or left. 24. Cornea - If cornea was affected by the injury. 25. Sclera - If sclera was affected by the injury. 26. AntChamber - If anterior chamber was affected by the injury. 27. Hyphaema – If hyphaema was present at the hospital admission. 28. LensStatus – Status of the crystalline lens at the hospital admission. 29. Cataract – Presence of cataract at the time of the hospital admission. 30. Vitreous - If corpus vitreum was affected by the injury. 31. Haematovitreus – If there was vitreous hemorrhage at the hospital admission. 32. Retina - If retina was affected by the injury. 33. RetDetachment – If there was retinal detachment present at the hospital admission 34. IOFB – If there was Intraouclar foreign body at the hospital admission. 35. EOFB - If there was extraocular foreign body at the hospital admission. 36. PeriorbitAdnex - If periorbit and ocular adnexa were affected by the injury. 37. OTSCateg –The ocular trauma score (OTS) was categorized into: category 1 low OTS - categories one, two, and three and category 2 high OTS including categories four and five. 38. OTCS - According to the Ocular Trauma Classification System (OTCS) and based on the wound location all injuries were classified as follows: Zone I, Zone II and Zone III injuries. 39. InitialVA – Visual acuty at the hospital admission.Initial and final BCVA were classified as no light perception (NLP), light perception (LP)/hand motion (HM), 1/200–19/200, 20/200–20/50, and ≥20/40. 40. FinalVA – Visual acuity at the hospital discharge. 41. VisualOutcome - The final visual acuity of ≥ 20/200 was defined as good and final visual acuity of less than 20/200 as poor visual outcome. 42. Improvement – Improvement in visual acuity based on initial and final visual outcome. 43. NumberSurg – Number of surgical procedures during the hospitalization. 4. Missing data codes: NONE 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: PCIOL – posterior chamber intraocular lens