cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.15468/dl.4hh8ve
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 830 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima Farw.)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 830 records from 18 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039937-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118684
title: malimbus_malimbicus_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118685
title: malimbus_malimbicus_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.15468/dl.y5gqes
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 44 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rudbeckia laciniata var. ampla (A.Nelson) Cronquist)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 44 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039938-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.25ve2e
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 36 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rudbeckia laciniata var. laciniata)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 36 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039939-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bfc44g
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 924 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 924 records from 7 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039940-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118696
title: nicator_chloris_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118697
title: nicator_chloris_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2mcbpb
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rudbeckia triloba var. rupestris (Chick.) A.Gray)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039941-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.5519/qd.00r06ppp
title: Query on the Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk) (18 records)
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gzvcnw
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 28 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rudbeckia triloba var. triloba)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 28 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039942-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.p3uvu4
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 9816 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Ruellia simplex C.Wright)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 9816 records from 29 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039943-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118698
title: otus_elegans_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118699
title: otus_elegans_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.15468/dl.vb68a3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 6 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Ruellia macrantha (Nees) Van Houtte)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 6 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039944-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2p6yve
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 200 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Ruellia squarrosa Fenzl)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 200 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039945-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.r7c9we
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Ruellia tetrastichantha Lindau)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039946-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118704
title: otus_mirus_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118705
title: otus_mirus_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118700
title: PAPER: ESG, Firm Quality and Stock Returns
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118701
title: PAPER: ESG, Firm Quality and Stock Returns
DOI: 10.15468/dl.s5gryv
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rugonectria castaneicola (W.Yamam. & Oyasu) Hirooka & P.Chaverri)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039947-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.dpc2xp
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex ×muretii Hausskn.)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039948-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.26388499.v3
title: Systematic review of the costs of reproduction in flowering plants

description: Costs of reproduction are frequently invoked to explain the phenotypic effects of reproductive trade-offs. There is abundant evidence that reproductive trade-offs have important effects on plant growth, survival and reproduction. Accordingly, our main objective was not to evaluate whether such trade-offs exist or are important. Instead, we aimed to highlight progress in the understanding of the costs of reproduction since a comprehensive review by Obeso published more than 20 years ago [@obesoCostsReproductionPlants2002b]. We outline the conceptual understanding of reproductive costs and its relation to plant fitness, link this conceptual understanding to sex-allocation theory, and then review the literature on reproductive costs with a focus on studies of flowering plants published since 2002. To do this, we searched the Web of Science Core Collection and used machine-learning software to screen studies for eligibility to mitigate biases in study inclusion. We scored studies in terms of species, methodologies, and the types of reproductive trade-offs examined. Experiments are now commonly used to study the costs of reproduction in plants but reproductive costs are not always apparent when they are studied in natural populations, regardless of whether an experimental manipulation was used. For dioecious plants, reproductive costs tended to be higher for females regardless of plant growth form, but this pattern may have been influenced by the preponderance of studies that measured costs as growth-reproduction trade-offs. There was also evidence indicating that reproductive costs can be size dependent, with a tendency for lower costs in larger plants. Ecological costs of reproduction, variation in the expression of somatic costs of reproduction within seasons and how they scale up to affect demographic costs, and the contribution of the male sex role to somatic and demographic costs of reproduction remain poorly understood.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118709
title: otus_nigrorum_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118710
title: otus_nigrorum_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.15468/dl.m3sd8m
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7198 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex acetosella subsp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb.)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7198 records from 40 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039949-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.26390011.v1
title: reference C<sub>T</sub> calculation

description: here we show the details of the calculations following the Yang method for analyzing real-time quantitative PCR data
DOI: 10.15468/dl.73qkzf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7198 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex acetosella subsp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb.)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7198 records from 40 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039950-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.26390011.v2
title: reference C<sub>T</sub> calculation<sub>T</sub> calculation

description: here we show the details of the calculations following the Yang method for analyzing real-time quantitative PCR data
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118719
title: otus_semitorques_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118720
title: otus_semitorques_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.15468/dl.5qhenu
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 264 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. canariensis (Steinh.) Rech.fil.)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 264 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039951-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2fqk0r
title: CCDC 2255994: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Yangtao Shao, Rongrong Huang, Yan Luo, Hexi Wei, Haonan Peng, Yu Fang|2024|Sens.Actuators,B|418|136285|doi:10.1016/j.snb.2024.136285
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2fqk5x
title: CCDC 2255999: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Yangtao Shao, Rongrong Huang, Yan Luo, Hexi Wei, Haonan Peng, Yu Fang|2024|Sens.Actuators,B|418|136285|doi:10.1016/j.snb.2024.136285
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2h4yh3
title: CCDC 2298665: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Melinda Gal, Luiza Gaina, Tamas Lovasz, Emese Gal, Ana-Maria Craciun, Monica Focsan, Alexandru Turza, Dumitrita Rugina, Adrian M.V. Brânzanic, Szilard Pesek, Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu, Castelia Cristea|2024|Spectrochim.Acta,Part A|322|124768|doi:10.1016/j.saa.2024.124768
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2j8qq8
title: CCDC 2332090: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Badri Z. Momeni, Fatemeh Shirvani, Jan Janczak|2024|J.Mol.Struct.|1317|139155|doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.139155
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2j8qr9
title: CCDC 2332091: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

description: Related Article: Badri Z. Momeni, Fatemeh Shirvani, Jan Janczak|2024|J.Mol.Struct.|1317|139155|doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.139155
description: An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9bfatz
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex chrysocarpus Moris)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039952-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.temkzt
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 8 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex confertus × crispus)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 8 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039953-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118729
title: salvia_miltiorrhiza_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118730
title: salvia_miltiorrhiza_zanfona_1.fasta.gz

description: .
DOI: 10.15468/dl.7veeeh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 157 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex conglomeratus x crispus)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 157 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039954-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118731
title: Index of Digitized Armenian Manuscripts

description: The Index of Armenian Manuscripts lists Armenian manuscripts digitized and available in full access in digital libraries. It compiles the main metadata available in the catalogs (dimensions, support, title, number of pages, copy date) and offers direct access to the document. Most of the manuscripts are available via IIIF, and are therefore viewable with the Mirador viewer. They can also be directly annotated and transcribed with the Calfa Vision platform.
Access to certain resources may require the creation of an account on the digital library.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6894290
title: Index of Digitized Armenian Manuscripts

description: The Index of Armenian Manuscripts lists Armenian manuscripts digitized and available in full access in digital libraries. It compiles the main metadata available in the catalogs (dimensions, support, title, number of pages, copy date) and offers direct access to the document. Most of the manuscripts are available via IIIF, and are therefore viewable with the Mirador viewer. They can also be directly annotated and transcribed with the Calfa Vision platform.
Access to certain resources may require the creation of an account on the digital library.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.j6gvb3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 32029 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex crispus var. crispus)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 32029 records from 123 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039955-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118736
title: sanicula_europaea_zanfona_1.fasta.gz
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13118737
title: sanicula_europaea_zanfona_1.fasta.gz
DOI: 10.15468/dl.xnprkq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 6 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex crispus var. robustus Rech.)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 6 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039956-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.dp93z3
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 19 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Rumex kerneri Borbás)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 19 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0039957-240626123714530/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.26388499.v4
title: Systematic review of the costs of reproduction in flowering plants

description: Costs of reproduction are frequently invoked to explain the phenotypic effects of reproductive trade-offs. There is abundant evidence that reproductive trade-offs have important effects on plant growth, survival and reproduction. Accordingly, our main objective was not to evaluate whether such trade-offs exist or are important. Instead, we aimed to highlight progress in the understanding of the costs of reproduction since a comprehensive review by Obeso published more than 20 years ago [@obesoCostsReproductionPlants2002b]. We outline the conceptual understanding of reproductive costs and its relation to plant fitness, link this conceptual understanding to sex-allocation theory, and then review the literature on reproductive costs with a focus on studies of flowering plants published since 2002. To do this, we searched the Web of Science Core Collection and used machine-learning software to screen studies for eligibility to mitigate biases in study inclusion. We scored studies in terms of species, methodologies, and the types of reproductive trade-offs examined. Experiments are now commonly used to study the costs of reproduction in plants but reproductive costs are not always apparent when they are studied in natural populations, regardless of whether an experimental manipulation was used. For dioecious plants, reproductive costs tended to be higher for females regardless of plant growth form, but this pattern may have been influenced by the preponderance of studies that measured costs as growth-reproduction trade-offs. There was also evidence indicating that reproductive costs can be size dependent, with a tendency for lower costs in larger plants. Ecological costs of reproduction, variation in the expression of somatic costs of reproduction within seasons and how they scale up to affect demographic costs, and the contribution of the male sex role to somatic and demographic costs of reproduction remain poorly understood.