DOI: 10.7280/d1w113
title: Data from: Genetic potential for changes in breeding systems: Predicted and observed trait changes during artificial selection for male and female allocation in a gynodioecious species

description: Premise: Evolution of separate sexes from hermaphroditism often proceeds
 through gynodioecy, but genetic constraints on this process are poorly
 understood. Genetic (co-)variances and between-sex genetic correlations
 were used to predict evolutionary responses of multiple reproductive
 traits in a sexually dimorphic gynodioecious species, and predictions were
 compared with observed responses to artificial selection. Methods:
 Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae) is an endemic Hawaiian lineage with
 hermaphroditic, gynodioecious, subdioecious, and dioecious species. We
 measured genetic parameters of Schiedea salicaria and used them to predict
 evolutionary responses of 18 traits in hermaphrodites and females in
 response to artificial selection for increased male (stamen) biomass in
 hermaphrodites or increased female (carpel, capsule) biomass in females.
 Observed responses over two generations were compared with predictions in
 replicate lines of treatments and controls. Results: In only two
 generations, both stamen biomass in hermaphrodites and female biomass in
 females responded markedly to direct selection, supporting a key
 assumption of models for evolution of dioecy. Other biomass traits, pollen
 and ovule numbers, and inflorescence characters important in wind
 pollination evolved indirectly in response to selection on sex allocation.
 Responses generally followed predictions from multivariate selection
 models, with some responses unexpectedly large due to increased genetic
 correlations as selection proceeded. Conclusions: Results illustrate the
 power of artificial selection and utility of multivariate selection models
 incorporating sex differences. They further indicate that pollen and ovule
 numbers and inflorescence architecture could evolve in response to
 selection on biomass allocation to male versus female function, producing
 complex changes in plant phenotype as separate sexes evolve.
description: Baseline generation data come from a partial diallel crossing
 design of <em>Schiedea salicaria</em> in the greenhouse. Two
 generations of artificial selection were carried out to select for either
 high male (stamen) biomass or high female (carpel plus capsule) biomass.
 Traits measured included the traits directly selected (average male
 biomass and average female biomass) plus biomass of other flower parts,
 the potentially correlated traits of pollen number, ovule number, and
 several inflorescence traits (inflorescence length, number of flowers per
 inflorescence, and pedicel length). Biomass of individual parts was
 obtained by drying and weighing to 0.01 mg.  Pollen number was obtained
 from a particle counter or hemacytometers (in generation 2 only). Where
 possible, traits were measured separately for terminal flowers and lateral
 flowers. Data were entered into spreadsheets. Each line of data contains
 mean values for traits of an individual plant. Baseline generation data
 are in "Basefinal". Generation 1 data are indicated by
 "G1". Generation 2 data are indicated by "G2".
 Analysis was performed with SAS ver 9.3.
description: Data files are all .csv or .txt files. A
 README file is provided for each data set. Missing data is indicated by
 "."