cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.uztdqg
title: Goldstone and Green Bank Planetary Radar Detection of the Lunar Trailblazer Spacecraft - a second look at the data

description: NASA's Lunar Trailblazer small sat mission lost ground contact one day after its launch in late February 2025. We describe observations conducted at Goldstone and Green Bank during the spacecraft emergency and data analysis that was done several months after the critical period has ended. Our goal was to revisit the spin state estimate that was initially reported to the mission team (see Ehlmann et al, for an overview). We found the new analysis largely consistent with the initial findings; the most likely rotation period for the spacecraft is $\sim$10--13~min although we cannot fully exclude the period that is twice as long. The spin pole direction is contained in two symmetric regions on the plane of sky, one prograde and one retrograde.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.korqrw
title: Consistent Soil Moisture and Vegetation Optical Depth from Relatively Calibrated SMOS Brightness Temperatures with SMAP

description: The Soil Moisture Active Passive mission (SMAP, since 2015) from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission (SMOS, since 2009) from The European Space Agency’s (ESA) measure polarimetric brightness temperature (TB) at L-band (1.4 GHz). They provide estimates of surface soil moisture (SM) and L-band vegetation optical depth (L-VOD) approximately every 2-3 days at the equator, with a spatial resolution of ~40 km for a local overpass time of 6 AM/PM. Integrating the AM and PM TB observations from SMAP and SMOS satellite missions can reduce the revisit time to about 1 day over the equator, thus helping to address fast-response hydrologic processes that cannot be addressed with the 2-3 day revisits. This will allow the capture of the SM conditions more often and hence capture the rate of decline due to drainage and recharge to groundwater. This occurs early during dry down after storms. The integration of SMOS measurements also works to fill temporal gaps caused by missing data due to SMAP instrument outages. This paper details the integration of the SMAP and SMOS observations to achieve a combined SM and L-VOD product. The SMOS TB observations interpolated to 40° incidence angle were first relatively calibrated (RC) to generate SMAP-like SMOS TB (RCTB), making the combined TB records consistent spatially and temporally. The SMAP baseline SM and L-VOD retrieval algorithm was then applied to the RCTB records. We showed that after relative calibration (ARC), the bias between the SMAP and SMOS TBs was reduced from 0.5 K to -0.03 K for TB H and from 2.6 K to 0.014 K for TB V in the AM cases. For the PM cases the mean value of differences was reduced from 0.82 K to 0.27 K and from 2.88 K to 0.19 K for TB H and TB V respectively. The comparison of the core validation sites (CVS) in-situ SM to the retrieved SM from the combined TB record showed an unbiased root-mean-square-difference of 0.039 m3/m3 for both AM and PM cases and the retrieved L-VOD demonstrated consistency with independent biomass and tree height estimates. We also showed an improvement in temporal coverage and that the global mean number of visits to each grid went up from 283 (SMAP only) to 446 (SMAP+SMOS) when both AM and PM overpasses are considered.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.x2hp5z
title: Spectral outgoing longwave radiation derived from the Polar Radiant Energy in the Far Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE) Measurements: Algorithms and Validations

description: The far-infrared (&gt;16 µm) spectrum plays a crucial role in Earth's radiation budget but was rarely observed from space before 2024. Two Polar Radiant Energy in the Far Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE) satellites, PREFIRE2 (SAT-2) and PREFIRE1 (SAT-1), were launched in 2024. They measure spectrally resolved radiances from 5 to 53 µm at 0.84 µm spectral resolution. Deriving spectral outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and tracking its changes relative to other polar climate factors are key focuses of the PREFIRE mission. Here we describe a set of algorithms developed to estimate spectral OLR from the PREFIRE L1B-calibrated radiances. Spectral angular distribution models were developed to invert spectral radiance to spectral flux. For the spectral region not covered by the PREFIRE measurements, a principal-component-based linear regression scheme is used to estimate the spectral flux. When the clear-sky spectral OLRs derived from the PREFIRE SAT-2 measurements are compared with counterparts derived from in-situ measurements, the mean differences in broadband and far-IR OLR are 7.5 Wm-2 and 3.4 Wm-2, respectively. The results are also evaluated against collocated broadband and other spectral satellite measurements. The difference (mean ± standard deviation) between the collocated PREFIRE SAT-2 and CERES broadband OLR is 2.8±5.7 Wm-2 and 2.7±6.5 Wm-2 for clear-sky and cloudy-sky footprints, respectively. Similar agreements can be seen from the comparisons with spectral OLR derived from AIRS and CrIS measurements. In general, spectral OLR derived from SAT-2 has better agreement with other collocated measurements than that from SAT-1, which can be attributed to the higher noisy performance of the SAT-1 instrument.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.4acpqv
title: Simulating Spectral Confusion in SPHEREx Photometry and Redshifts

description: We model the impact of source confusion on photometry and the resulting spectrophotometric red14 shifts for SPHEREx, a NASA Medium-Class Explorer that is carrying out an all-sky near-infrared spectral survey. Spectral confusion from untargeted background galaxies degrades sensitivity and introduces a spectral bias. Using interpolated spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from the COSMOS2020 catalog, we construct a Monte Carlo library of confusion spectra that captures the cumulative impact from faint galaxies. By injecting confusion realizations into galaxy SEDs and performing forced photometry at known source positions, we quantify photometric and redshift error and bias. For our current expected selection of sources for the cosmology analysis, we find typical 1-σ confusion levels range from 0.8 − 3.8 µJy across 0.75 − 5.0 µm. While negligible at full-sky survey depth, spectral confusion becomes significant in the SPHEREx deep fields, reducing the number of intermediate-precision redshifts and inducing a small systematic overestimation in redshift. In parallel, we also model targeted source blending from beam overlaps, which contributes additional photometric noise without systematic redshift bias, provided that positions are known exactly. Together, confusion and blending vary with the depth of the selected reference sample, revealing a trade-off, where deeper selections reduce confusion but increase blending-induced noise. Our methodology informs optimization of the SPHEREx source selection strategy and future treatments of stellar source blending and confusion.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.hmnoyq
title: On the Connection Between Newton's Shell Theorem, Interior Spherical Bessel Gravity field, and Special Infinite Series

description: Divergence of the spherical harmonic gravity field is a well known issue. This divergence is caused by the divergence of the generating function for the Legendre polynomial inside the Brillouin (circumscribing) sphere of the body. Interior to this sphere, a complementary expansion in terms of spherical Bessel harmonics provides a rigorous model of the field. Our past article derived an algorithm for uniquely calculating the Bessel harmonic coefficients directly from the surface integral of an arbitrary shape with homogeneous density. In another article, we solved for these harmonics for the simplest body: a homogeneous sphere. We discovered that this special case has an analytical expression. Coincidentally, we realize that this is the same problem Newton solved in his Principia in order to derive the Shell Theorem. The equivalency is corroborated by some special infinite series, involving the Riemann zeta function, Dirichlet series, and Bernoulli polynomials, to name a few. In this article we provide the full derivation and elaborate on the intricate properties of the interior spherical Bessel harmonics.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.mtx3x9
title: A Mechanism for Replenishment of Methane in Titan’s Atmosphere by Intrusive Methane Clathrate Hydrate Thermal Destabilisation

description: Titan’s atmospheric methane requires replenishment due to photolysis-driven loss. We have modelled the destabilisation of an upper layer of methane clathrate hydrates (MCH) containing some ammonia (NH3) through thermal interaction with a warm ice intrusion (such as a diapir). Given the potential abundance of MCH in Titan’s crust, the volumes of methane released by such episodic thermal exchange processes are sufficient to maintain Titan’s current atmospheric methane abundance over geological time. The presence of ammonia is required for MCH destabilisation. The destabilisation process relies on the concentration of ammonia in partial melts that form in pockets in the Titan crust. We find that the minimum ammonia content in these pockets of partial melt required for MCH to be a source of methane supply (caused by thermal destabilisation by warm (260 K) ice intrusive bodies) is 26 wt% if the MCH layer is 5 km thick and 21 wt% where the MCH layer is 10 km thick. The volumes of water-ammonia remaining after MCH destabilisation and methane escape can possibly provide sources of postulated cryovolcanic liquids on Titan’s surface.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.unqnl1
title: ANALYZING PAHS AS A TRACER OF ANOMALOUS MICROWAVE EMISSION NEAR THE GALACTIC PLANE USING THE COSMOGLOBE DIRBE REDUCTION

description: The physical mechanism producing Anomalous Microwave Emission (AME) has been an unresolved puzzle for close to 30 years. One candidate mechanism is rotational emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which can have the necessary electric dipole moment and size distribution to account for the AME in representative interstellar environments. However, previous investigations have found that AME is better correlated with the far-infrared dust emission rather than the PAH emission. In this work we analyze the correlations between the AME and the PAH and far-infrared dust emission using the 3.3 µm PAH emission feature as observed by band 3 of the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE). This analysis builds on previous work conducted in individual molecular clouds and extends it into fainter, more diffuse structures. In addition, we utilize the COSMOGLOBE DIRBE reduction for this work, building on previous studies that used the original DIRBE data set. We find that the AME is better correlated with far-infrared dust emission (ρ ∼0.9) than the PAH emission (ρ ∼0.7) in the central |b| ≤ 10◦ region of the sky. This could indicate either that non-PAH dust grains or an alternative physical emission mechanism is primarily responsible for the AME in the Galactic Plane, or that the excitation conditions for mid-infrared emission and for AME from PAHs differ substantially.
DOI: 10.48577/jpl.zkvgru
title: NASA Analysis of Space Mission Options for the 2025 Planetary Defense Conference Hypothetical Asteroid Impact Threat Scenario

description: The 2025 Planetary Defense Conference (PDC) hypothetical asteroid impact threat exercise is being conducted in coordination with the United Nations-endorsed Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG), exercising SMPAG's processes for assessing space mission options and communicating to decision makers. In this paper, we describe the work performed by our NASA-led team and present the results we contributed to the SMPAG effort for the exercise. Our NASA-led team assessed mission options for asteroid reconnaissance (flyby and rendezvous), deflection, and disruption using several viable techniques: kinetic impactors, ion beam deflection, and nuclear explosive devices. Our simulations and analyses considered how much change-in-velocity an asteroid can tolerate before fragmentation onset, and we worked towards establishing requirements for robustly disrupting an asteroid. Heuristics informed by the simulation results are incorporated into optimization of deflection and disruption mission campaign options. Finally, we make some observations about useful generalizations from these results with potential applicability to any planetary defense scenario.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.c4tzpw
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 23946 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "TaxonKey is Pulsatilla",
 "Year is less than or equal to 2000",
 "Year is greater than or equal to 1970",
 {
 "or" : [
 {
 "not" : {
 "EstablishmentMeans" : [
 "is one of (MANAGED, INTRODUCED)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "EstablishmentMeans is null"
 ]
 },
 {
 "or" : [
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than 1000",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is null"
 ]
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 23946 records from 233 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004923-260221153910048/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.y6jba6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 10655 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Procloeon",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 10655 records from 171 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004925-260221153910048/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.sztcpj
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 511 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Plantae, Aves, Insecta)",
 "Geometry MULTIPOLYGON (((34.34612 31.38035, 34.34807 31.38894, 34.31505 31.38894, 34.3131 31.38035, 34.3021 31.38035, 34.30015 31.37176, 34.26713 31.37176, 34.26518 31.36317, 34.25418 31.36317, 34.25223 31.35458, 34.27424 31.35458, 34.27229 31.346, 34.2833 31.346, 34.27746 31.32023, 34.26646 31.32023, 34.26451 31.31165, 34.24251 31.31165, 34.23863 31.29447, 34.24963 31.29447, 34.24575 31.2773, 34.25675 31.2773, 34.25093 31.25155, 34.28392 31.25155, 34.2878 31.26872, 34.29879 31.26872, 34.30073 31.2773, 34.31173 31.2773, 34.31368 31.28589, 34.32467 31.28589, 34.32856 31.30306, 34.33956 31.30306, 34.34151 31.31165, 34.35251 31.31165, 34.36031 31.346, 34.34931 31.346, 34.35712 31.38035, 34.34612 31.38035)))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 511 records from 12 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004927-260221153910048/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.fey986
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1314 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Plantae, Aves, Insecta)",
 "Geometry MULTIPOLYGON (((29.66933 -4.838636, 29.66867 -4.81434, 29.64868 -4.81434, 29.64911 -4.830537, 29.63911 -4.830537, 29.63933 -4.838636, 29.60933 -4.838636, 29.60999 -4.862933, 29.61999 -4.862933, 29.62043 -4.87913, 29.61043 -4.87913, 29.61087 -4.895328, 29.60087 -4.895328, 29.60131 -4.911526, 29.61131 -4.911526, 29.61154 -4.919626, 29.62154 -4.919626, 29.62131 -4.911526, 29.63131 -4.911526, 29.63154 -4.919626, 29.67154 -4.919626, 29.67176 -4.927725, 29.70176 -4.927725, 29.70132 -4.911526, 29.69132 -4.911526, 29.69087 -4.895328, 29.68087 -4.895328, 29.68065 -4.887229, 29.67065 -4.887229, 29.66999 -4.862933, 29.65999 -4.862933, 29.65933 -4.838636, 29.66933 -4.838636)))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1314 records from 45 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004926-260221153910048/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.z26tvm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 73 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is one of (Nepal, China, India)",
 "TaxonKey is Carpodacus pulcherrimus pulcherrimus"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 73 records from 14 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0007468-250415084134356/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.pw3p74
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4718749 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Phylloscopus trochilus"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4718749 records from 2915 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0007572-250717081556266/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ba9akh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 376 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Argentina",
 "GadmGid is ARG.8_1",
 "TaxonKey is Axis axis"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 376 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0024448-251009101135966/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28831976
title: Chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of Saccharina sculpera

description: Chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of Saccharina sculpera
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28831976.v1
title: Chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of Saccharina sculpera

description: Chromosome-scale genome assembly and annotation of Saccharina sculpera
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29402243
title: Strain displacement in microbiomes via ecological competition

description: Microbes commonly live in diverse communities where changes in composition can be critical for health, industry and the environment. Yet, what enables one strain to competitively replace another in these complex conditions remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a general ecological model, which reveals general principles of strain displacement. Ecological invasion rests upon weak resource competition while displacement rests upon strong interference competition e.g. via bacteriocin production. We test these predictions by genetically-engineering Escherichia coli to manipulate both resource and interference competition. We then use our ecological principles to identify strains that out-compete multidrug-resistant clinical isolates via a combination of low resource, but high interference, competition. Experiments with diverse human gut symbionts reveal that displacement also relies on low resource competition with the broader community (low ‘nutrient blocking’). Our work establishes general rules for ecological success in microbiomes and suggests ways to perform targeted displacement of problematic bacteria.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29402243.v1
title: Strain displacement in microbiomes via ecological competition

description: Microbes commonly live in diverse communities where changes in composition can be critical for health, industry and the environment. Yet, what enables one strain to competitively replace another in these complex conditions remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a general ecological model, which reveals general principles of strain displacement. Ecological invasion rests upon weak resource competition while displacement rests upon strong interference competition e.g. via bacteriocin production. We test these predictions by genetically-engineering Escherichia coli to manipulate both resource and interference competition. We then use our ecological principles to identify strains that out-compete multidrug-resistant clinical isolates via a combination of low resource, but high interference, competition. Experiments with diverse human gut symbionts reveal that displacement also relies on low resource competition with the broader community (low ‘nutrient blocking’). Our work establishes general rules for ecological success in microbiomes and suggests ways to perform targeted displacement of problematic bacteria.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29210642
title: Major terrestrial contribution to the dissolved organic carbon budget in the Arctic Ocean

description: This dataset is used in the study to quantify terrestrial dissolved organic concentration and inventory in the Central Arctic Ocean. 
The meaning of each column name are as follows:
sample_tag: defined name for each sample;
category: types of samples, including ocean, lead, pooled_sample, and srfa_standard;
Station, Latitude, Longitude: sampling location during the MOSAiC expedition;
date: sampling date during the MOSAiC expedition;
Region: sampling region during the MOSAiC expedition;
Depth_m: sampling depth (m) during the MOSAiC expedition;
temperature_degree_Celsius: temperature (°C) for each sample;
Salinity: salinity for each sample;
DOC_micromol_L: DOC concentration (µmol L⁻¹) for each sample;
DOC_micromol_kg: DOC concentration (µmol kg⁻¹) for each sample;
delta13C: stable carbon isotope δ13C for each sample;
FDOMsum: integrated FDOM intensity (R.U.) for each sample;
C475_RU: FDOM component C475 (R.U.) for each sample;
TAI: total assigned intensity for each sample;
retention_time_segment: LC-FTMS data was divided into ten retention time segments (one-minute intervals) between 13.3 min and 23.3 min;
retention_time_min: each segment starting time (min);
peak_id: each peak in all retention time segments and samples has unique peak_id;
mf: molecular formula in each peak_id; 
i_magnitude: magnitude for molecular formula in each peak_id.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29210642.v1
title: Major terrestrial contribution to the dissolved organic carbon budget in the Arctic Ocean

description: This dataset is used in the study to quantify terrestrial dissolved organic concentration and inventory in the Central Arctic Ocean. 
The meaning of each column name are as follows:
sample_tag: defined name for each sample;
category: types of samples, including ocean, lead, pooled_sample, and srfa_standard;
Station, Latitude, Longitude: sampling location during the MOSAiC expedition;
date: sampling date during the MOSAiC expedition;
Region: sampling region during the MOSAiC expedition;
Depth_m: sampling depth (m) during the MOSAiC expedition;
temperature_degree_Celsius: temperature (°C) for each sample;
Salinity: salinity for each sample;
DOC_micromol_L: DOC concentration (µmol L⁻¹) for each sample;
DOC_micromol_kg: DOC concentration (µmol kg⁻¹) for each sample;
delta13C: stable carbon isotope δ13C for each sample;
FDOMsum: integrated FDOM intensity (R.U.) for each sample;
C475_RU: FDOM component C475 (R.U.) for each sample;
TAI: total assigned intensity for each sample;
retention_time_segment: LC-FTMS data was divided into ten retention time segments (one-minute intervals) between 13.3 min and 23.3 min;
retention_time_min: each segment starting time (min);
peak_id: each peak in all retention time segments and samples has unique peak_id;
mf: molecular formula in each peak_id; 
i_magnitude: magnitude for molecular formula in each peak_id.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28271483
title: Building Morphologies of the USA Structures Database; a Gauntlet Feature Set

description: Building Morphology features and training labels for 131 million buildings in the USA Structures database.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28271483.v1
title: Building Morphologies of the USA Structures Database; a Gauntlet Feature Set

description: Building Morphology features and training labels for 131 million buildings in the USA Structures database.