DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pc866t1tk
title: Extending aquatic spectral information with the first radiometric IR-B field observations

description: This dataset contains absolute radiometric observations of aquatic and
 celestial targets spanning a spectral range of 313 to 1640nm. Absolute
 radiometric observations were obtained using analog and digital
 instruments with similar hardware and processing. Observations at
 individual wavebands were obtained objectively and independently.
 Radiometric observations of the Moon and the Sun were obtained at Mauna
 Loa (HI) and Mount Laguna (CA), and radiometric observations of aquatic
 targets were obtained in the Southern Ocean, Mission Bay (CA), San Pablo
 Bay (CA), Grizzly Bay (CA), and Lake Tahoe (CA and NV). Additional
 verification (e.g., from satellite matchups, model results, or alternate
 processing methodologies) are included when
 appropriate. Additional methodological details are provided in
 the associated publication.
description: The datasets are summarized as follows:
 SolarPhotometry.csv contains solar Langley observations from
 Mauna Loa and Mount Laguna. Observations are the natural log of instrument
 flux and are presented as a function of air mass. Celestial radiometry was
 obtained using the Optical Sensors for Planetary Energy (OSPREy)
 instrument suite at Mauna Loa, and the newest compact generation of the
 instrument suite (C-OSPREy) at Mount Laguna.
 LunarPhotometry.csv contains Lunar Langley observations from
 Mauna Loa. Observations are the natural log of instrument flux and are
 presented as a function of air mass. Celestial radiometry was obtained
 using the OSPREy instrument suite.
 AquaticRadiometry-SO.csv contains observations (lowest to
 highest) of the normalized water-leaving radiance (Lwn; units: uW cm^-2
 nm^-1 sr^-1) as a function of wavelength. Shipboard observations were
 obtained using a manually pointed radiometer, the Biospherical Surface
 Ocean Reflectance System (BioSORS), in the Southern Ocean under overcast
 sky conditions and oligotrophic oceanic conditions. Verification
 observations are included via an optically simple (case-1) model, as well
 as via satellite matchups (MODIS and VIIRS), with the satellite matchups
 presented as averages since overcast conditions prevent direct
 matchups. AquaticRadiometry-WUS.csv contains
 observations of Lwn obtained using above- and in-water radiometric
 instrumentation at Mission Bay (CA) and Lake Tahoe (CA and NV).
 Above-water observations were obtained using the Compact-Airborne
 Environmental Radiometers for Oceanography (C-AERO) radiometric instrument
 suite. In-water observations were obtained using the
 Compact-Hybridspectral Radiometer (C-HyR) instrument suite. SBA indicates
 above-water observations processed using the skylight-blocked approach
 (SBA). AirborneRadiometry-WUS.csv contains observations
 of Lwn obtained from lowest safe altitude (LSA) airborne remote sensing
 surveys at Grizzly Bay (CA) and Lake Tahoe. For the Lake Tahoe
 observations, verification observations are provided using an optically
 simple (case-1) model. Observations of Lwn at 1245nm, obtained during an
 LSA airborne survey of San Pablo (CA) and Grizzly Bays, are included, with
 corresponding latitude and longitude values. Airborne observations were
 obtained using the C-AERO instrument suite. Additional
 methodological details are provided in the associated
 publication: <pre>Houskeeper, Henry F., and Stanford B.
 Hooker. Extending aquatic spectral information with the first radiometric
 IR-B field observations. <em>PNAS Nexus</em> (Accepted).
 https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad340</pre> Additional
 information on predictive dark-current (PDC) methods and glint
 discretization are provided in the following publications:
 <pre>Houskeeper, H.F., S.B. Hooker, and R.N.  Lind. "Fourteen
 decades of linear responsivity for planetary radiometry.''
 <em>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</em> (In
 Review).</pre> <pre>Hooker, S.B., H.F. Houskeeper, R.N. Lind,
 and K. Suzuki. "One- and two-band sensors and algorithms to
 derive <em>a</em><sub>CDOM</sub>(440) from global
 above- and in-water optical observations."
 <em>Sensors</em> 21, no. 16 (2021): 5384.
 https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165384</pre> <pre>Houskeeper, H.F.,
 S.B. Hooker, and R.M. Kudela. "Spectral range within
 global <em>a</em><sub>CDOM</sub>(440) algorithms
 for oceanic, coastal, and inland waters with application to airborne
 measurements." <em>Remote Sensing of Environment</em>
 253C (2021): 112155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112155</pre>
 <pre>Guild, L.S., R.M. Kudela, S.B. Hooker, S.L. Palacios, and H.F.
 Houskeeper. "Airborne radiometry for calibration, validation, and
 research in oceanic, coastal, and inland waters." <em>Frontiers
 in Environmental Science</em> 8, no.~585529 (2020): 209.
 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.585529</pre> Additional
 information regarding in-water radiometry and field sampling is provided
 in the following publications: <pre>Hooker, S.B., A.
 Matsuoka, R.M. Kudela, Y. Yamashita, K. Suzuki, and H.F. Houskeeper.
 "A global end-member approach to
 derive <em>a</em><sub>CDOM</sub>(440) from
 near-surface optical measurements."
 <em>Biogeosciences</em> 17, no. 2 (2020): 475-497.
 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-475-2020</pre> <pre>Hooker,
 S.B., H.F. Houskeeper, R.M. Kudela, K. Suzuki, and R.N. Lind.
 "Verification and validation of hybridspectral radiometry obtained
 from an unmanned surface vessel (USV) in the open and coastal
 oceans." Special Issue, <em>Recent Advances in Ocean Physics,
 Geochemistry and Biology from Unmanned Marine Vehicles</em> in
 <em>Remote Sensing</em> 14, no. 5 (2022): 1084.
 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051084</pre> <pre>Houskeeper,
 H.F., S.B. Hooker, and Ky.C. Cavanaugh. "Spectrally simplified
 approach for leveraging legacy geostationary oceanic observations."
 <em>Applied Optics</em> 61, no. 27 (2022): 7966-7977.
 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.465491</pre> Additional
 information regarding the San Pablo Bay, Grizzly Bay, and Lake Tahoe field
 sampling and airborne campaigns can be accessed via Guild et al. (2021),
 Houskeeper et al. (2021), and via the following publication:
 <pre>Hooker, S.B., H.F. Houskeeper, R.M. Kudela, A. Matsuoka, K.
 Suzuki, and T. Isada. "Spectral modes of radiometric measurements in
 optically complex waters." <em>Continental Shelf
 Research</em> 219 (2021): 104357.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104357</pre> Additional
 information regarding hardware, software, and processing advances relevant
 to the instrumentation used herein can be accessed via the following
 publications: <pre>Hooker, Stanford B., Randall N. Lind,
 John H. Morrow, James W. Brown, Koji Suzuki, Henry F. Houskeeper, Toru
 Hirawake, and Elígio de Ráus Maúre. Advances in above-and in-water
 radiometry, volume 1: enhanced legacy and state-of-the-art instrument
 suites. No. NASA/TP–2018-219033/VOL. 1. 2018.</pre>
 <pre>Hooker, Stanford B., Randall N. Lind, John H. Morrow, James W.
 Brown, Raphael M. Kudela, Henry F. Houskeeper, and Koji Suzuki. Advances
 in above-and in-water radiometry, volume 2: autonomous atmospheric and
 oceanic observing systems. No. GSFC-E-DAA-TN68732. 2018.</pre>
 <pre>Hooker, Stanford B., Randall N. Lind, John H. Morrow, James W.
 Brown, Raphael M. Kudela, Henry F. Houskeeper, and Koji Suzuki. Advances
 in above-and in-water radiometry, volume 3: hybridspectral next-generation
 optical instruments. No. NASA/TP–2018-219033/VOL. 3. 2018.</pre>
description: # Title Spectrally expansive absolute radiometry of celestial and aquatic
 targets [Access this dataset on
 Dryad](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pc866t1tk) This dataset contains
 absolute radiometric observations of aquatic and celestial targets
 spanning a spectral range of 313--1640nm. Data products were obtained
 using multispectral radiometers based on analog or digital components with
 similar hardware and processing (methods are documented in Houskeeper et
 al., 2023). Observations at individual wavebands were obtained objectively
 and independently. Radiometric observations of the Moon and the Sun were
 obtained at Mauna Loa (HI) and Mount Laguna (CA), and radiometric
 observations of aquatic targets were obtained in the Southern Ocean,
 Mission Bay (CA), San Pablo Bay (CA), Grizzly Bay (CA), and Lake Tahoe (CA
 and NV). Additional verification (e.g., from satellite matchups, model
 results, or alternate processing methodologies) are included when
 appropriate. ## Description of the data and file structure The datasets
 are summarized as follows: SolarPhotometry.csv contains solar Langley
 observations from Mauna Loa and Mount Laguna. Observations are the natural
 log of instrument flux and are presented as a function of air mass.
 Celestial radiometry was obtained using the Optical Sensors for Planetary
 Energy (OSPREy) instrument suite at Mauna Loa, and the newest compact
 generation of the instrument suite (C-OSPREy) at Mount Laguna.
 LunarPhotometry.csv contains Lunar Langley observations from Mauna Loa.
 Observations are the natural log of instrument flux and are presented as a
 function of air mass. Celestial radiometry was obtained using the OSPREy
 instrument suite. AquaticRadiometry-SO.csv contains observations (lowest
 to highest) of the normalized water-leaving radiance (Lwn; units: uW cm^-2
 nm^-1 sr^-1) as a function of wavelength. Shipboard observations were
 obtained using a manually pointed radiometer, the Biospherical Surface
 Ocean Reflectance System (BioSORS), in the Southern Ocean under overcast
 sky conditions and oligotrophic oceanic conditions. Verification
 observations are included via an optically simple (case-1) model, as well
 as via satellite matchups (MODIS and VIIRS), with the satellite matchups
 presented as averages since overcast conditions prevent direct matchups.
 AquaticRadiometry-WUS.csv contains observations of Lwn obtained using
 above- and in-water radiometric instrumentation at Mission Bay (CA) and
 Lake Tahoe (CA and NV). Above-water observations were obtained using the
 Compact-Airborne Environmental Radiometers for Oceanography (C-AERO)
 radiometric instrument suite. In-water observations were obtained using
 the Compact-Hybridspectral Radiometer (C-HyR) instrument suite. SBA
 indicates above-water observations processed using the skylight-blocked
 approach (SBA). AirborneRadiometry-WUS.csv contains observations of Lwn
 obtained from lowest safe altitude (LSA) airborne remote sensing surveys
 at Grizzly Bay (CA) and Lake Tahoe. For the Lake Tahoe observations,
 verification observations are provided using an optically simple (case-1)
 model. Observations of Lwn at 1245nm, obtained during an LSA airborne
 survey of San Pablo (CA) and Grizzly Bays, are included, with
 corresponding latitude and longitude values. Airborne observations were
 obtained using the C-AERO instrument suite. ## Additional Information
 Additional methodological details are provided in the associated
 publication: * Houskeeper, Henry F., and Stanford B. Hooker. Extending
 aquatic spectral information with the first radiometric IR-B field
 observations. PNAS Nexus (Accepted). Additional information on predictive
 dark-current (PDC) methods and glint discretization are provided in the
 following publications: * Houskeeper, H.F., S.B. Hooker, and R.N. Lind.
 "Fourteen decades of linear responsivity for planetary
 radiometry.'' Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (In
 Review). * Hooker, S.B., H.F. Houskeeper, R.N. Lind, and K. Suzuki.
 "One- and two-band sensors and algorithms to derive aCDOM(440) from
 global above- and in-water optical observations." Sensors 21, no. 16
 (2021): 5384. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165384 * Houskeeper, H.F., S.B.
 Hooker, and R.M. Kudela. "Spectral range within global aCDOM(440)
 algorithms for oceanic, coastal, and inland waters with application to
 airborne measurements." Remote Sensing of Environment 253C (2021):
 112155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112155 * Guild, L.S., R.M.
 Kudela, S.B. Hooker, S.L. Palacios, and H.F. Houskeeper. "Airborne
 radiometry for calibration, validation, and research in oceanic, coastal,
 and inland waters." Frontiers in Environmental Science 8, no.\~585529
 (2020): 209. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.585529 Additional
 information regarding in-water radiometry and field sampling is provided
 in the following publications: * Hooker, S.B., A. Matsuoka, R.M. Kudela,
 Y. Yamashita, K. Suzuki, and H.F. Houskeeper. "A global end-member
 approach to derive aCDOM(440) from near-surface optical
 measurements." Biogeosciences 17, no. 2 (2020): 475-497.
 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-475-2020 * Hooker, S.B., H.F. Houskeeper,
 R.M. Kudela, K. Suzuki, and R.N. Lind. "Verification and validation
 of hybridspectral radiometry obtained from an unmanned surface vessel
 (USV) in the open and coastal oceans." Special Issue, Recent Advances
 in Ocean Physics, Geochemistry and Biology from Unmanned Marine Vehicles
 in Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (2022): 1084.
 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14051084 * Houskeeper, H.F., S.B. Hooker, and
 Ky.C. Cavanaugh. "Spectrally simplified approach for leveraging
 legacy geostationary oceanic observations." Applied Optics 61, no. 27
 (2022): 7966-7977. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.465491 Additional
 information regarding the San Pablo Bay, Grizzly Bay, and Lake Tahoe field
 sampling and airborne campaigns can be accessed via Guild et al. (2021),
 Houskeeper et al. (2021), and via the following publication: * Hooker,
 S.B., H.F. Houskeeper, R.M. Kudela, A. Matsuoka, K. Suzuki, and T. Isada.
 "Spectral modes of radiometric measurements in optically complex
 waters." Continental Shelf Research 219 (2021): 104357.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104357 Additional information regarding
 hardware, software, and processing advances relevant to the
 instrumentation used herein can be accessed via the following
 publications: * Hooker, Stanford B., Randall N. Lind, John H. Morrow,
 James W. Brown, Koji Suzuki, Henry F. Houskeeper, Toru Hirawake, and
 Elígio de Ráus Maúre. Advances in above-and in-water radiometry, volume 1:
 enhanced legacy and state-of-the-art instrument suites. No.
 NASA/TP–2018-219033/VOL. 1. 2018. * Hooker, Stanford B., Randall N. Lind,
 John H. Morrow, James W. Brown, Raphael M. Kudela, Henry F. Houskeeper,
 and Koji Suzuki. Advances in above-and in-water radiometry, volume 2:
 autonomous atmospheric and oceanic observing systems. No.
 GSFC-E-DAA-TN68732. 2018. * Hooker, Stanford B., Randall N. Lind, John H.
 Morrow, James W. Brown, Raphael M. Kudela, Henry F. Houskeeper, and Koji
 Suzuki. Advances in above-and in-water radiometry, volume 3:
 hybridspectral next-generation optical instruments. No.
 NASA/TP–2018-219033/VOL. 3. 2018.