DOI: 10.3886/e173341
title: Data and Code for: "Vulnerability and Clientelism"

description: The code and data in this repository generate the results of the paper “Vulnerability and Clientelism” by Bobonis, Gertler, Gonzalez-Navarro, and Nichter published in the American Economic Review.<br><br>The archive folder “dofiles” contains the code that organizes the data and performs the data analysis. <br><br>The master do file is `0.Master.do'. This do file calls all the other do files in the folder in the required sequence. Executing this do file will perform the following steps:<br><br>`1.Cleaning.do' cleans up the raw datasets. `2.Variable_Construction.do' creates the analysis variables from the raw household survey, `3.Voting_Analysis_Cleaning.do' does the same for the electoral outcomes dataset. These steps result in the workhorse datasets: <br>"data/final_data/clientelism_household_data.dta"<br>"data/final_data/clientelism_individual_data.dta"<br>"data/final_data/clientelism_individual_data_stacked.dta"<br>"data/final_data/voting_data.dta"<br><br>Next, the do file `4.Main_Tables.do' performs the statistical analysis and generates all the tables in the paper in Tex format found in folder "output". Lastly, the do file `5.Appendix_Tables.do' performs the statistical analysis and generates all the figures and tables reported in the online appendix. These figures and tables in pdf and tex format can be found in folders "output/figures" and "output/appendix_tables", respectively. <br>
description: None.
description: Response Rates: From the 1,308 households identified for study participation, 91 percent were successfully interviewed during the baseline survey (Wave 1). During the election year survey (Wave 2), the response rate was higher, at 95 percent of households identified for study participation. In the post-election survey (Wave 3), the response rate decreased to 86 percent of households identified for study participation.
description: Presence of Common Scales: See database and variable descriptors file.
description: The sample selection of households involved two steps. First, 40 municipalities were randomly selected using weights proportional to the number of households without access to piped water and cisterns, according to the most recent administrative data from the federal government’s Cadastro Único. In the second step, clusters of neighboring rural households (i.e., logradouros in the Cadastro Único) were selected at random within the sample municipalities. Up to six eligible households were interviewed in each cluster. In order to ensure independence of observations across neighborhood clusters, we imposed a restriction that clusters be located at least two kilometers away from each other. Our surveys were conducted in 425 neighborhood clusters in 40 municipalities, located in all nine states of the semi-arid region.
description: Rural households in Brazil’s semi-arid zone without reliable access to drinking water in 2011. More specifically, households eligible for the study met the following inclusion criteria: (a) they had no piped drinking water or cistern, (b) they had physical space on their property to build a cistern, and (c) their roofs were at least 40 m2 and composed of metal sheeting or tile (to facilitate rainfall collection).. Smallest Geographic Unit: Sub-municipal neighborhood clusters.
description: computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI); Data and analysis is performed using Stata 17.