DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7467167
title: Processing steps to generate a Digital Surface Model based on SPOT-7 tri-stereo images published in the study "An assessment of the effects of DEM quality and spatial resolution on a model for mapping lahar inundation areas at volcan Copahue (Argentina & Chile)" in the Journal of South American Earth Sciences https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104138

description: The Digital Surface Model (DSM) was created from SPOT-7 tri-stereo images for the Copahue volcano between the border of Argentina and Chile. Two versions of the DSM are provided: an unfiltered product and a final, filtered product. The final product has a spatial resolution of 5-m and was used for lahar inundation modeling for the Copahue volcano (Viotto, Toyos, and Bookhagen 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104138 : An assessment of the effects of DEM quality and spatial resolution on a model for mapping lahar hazard inundation at Volcán Copahue (Argentina & Chile). <em>Journal of South American Earth Sciences</em> ). The dataset provided should be cited together with the article. <strong>DSM processing </strong> The source images were given by a SPOT-7 snow- and cloud-free triplet (Nadir, Backward and Forward) of 1.5 m spatial resolution from 19 April 2018 (SPOT Image, Airbus Defence and Space GmbH, distributed by CONAE; Dataset ID: <em>SEN_SPOT7_20180419_142955500_000</em>, delivered by CONAE as <em>DS_SPOT7_20180419</em>). The data were processed with the suite of digital photogrammetry tools AMES Stereo Pipeline ASP (Beyer et al., 2018). The procedure for the generation of the DSM is summarized by following steps: The orbital parameters (RCP models) were adjusted using the bundle adjustment tool with no ground control points, since they were unavailable. The scenes were map-projected onto the NASADEM (spatial resolution of 30 m) elevation dataset, assisted by the results of the orbital adjustment in Step 1. The stereo correlation of the map-projected scenes including the results of the adjusted orbital parameters, was performed three times, using as first scene (i.e., primary image) the nadir (N), backward (B), and forward (F) images . In each run, the order of images to perform the stereo correlation was: N-F-B, F-N-B, and B-N-F. Thus, three point clouds were generated. Specific ASP correlator settings (other than defaults parameters; for details see the provided stereo-default file) were set in the following way: <em>Correlation Kernel</em>: 15 x 15 pixels; <em>Sub-pixel Refinement Kernel</em>: 21 x 21 pixels; <em>Subpixel Refinement Mode</em>: 2 (Weighted Affine Adaptive Window Correlator EM) The three point clouds were merged into one point cloud with a regular grid of 5 m (unfiltered product, known as <em>DSM_Copahue_UTM19S_WGS84_5m_raw.tif</em>). The quality of the final point cloud was assessed by comparing the unfiltered DSM with a spatial resolution of 12-m against the WorldDEM<sup>TM</sup> elevation dataset (Collins et al., 2015). The WorldDEM was provided by Airbus Defence and Space GmbH under license for the scope of the Viotto et al., 2022 study. The comparison of the pixel-to-pixel heights above the ellipsoid (WGS84) between the two datasets resulted in a mean difference of 0.67 m and a standard deviation of +/- 4.82 m. Comprehensive details on the methodologies evaluated to create the dataset with ASP, can be found in the corresponding master's thesis “Topografía digital y modelado de lahares en el Volcán Copahue, Argentina-Chile” from S. Viotto (link: https://rdu.unc.edu.ar/handle/11086/15384). Recommended literature about processing DEMs from SPOT imagery is given by Mueting et al., 2021 (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JF006330). <strong>Creation of the Final, Filtered DSM product</strong> The corrections and improvements applied to the unfiltered product to create the final, filtered DSM (named DSM_Copahue_UTM19S_WGS84_5m_VoidFilled.tif) are summarized by following steps. <em>Water Bodies Delineation</em> The delineation of the water bodies was based on a mask created from the free access water bodies datasets provided by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional of Argentina (https://www.ign.gob.ar/ NuestrasActividades/InformacionGeoespacia l/CapasSIG) and by the Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales in Chile ( https://www.ide.cl/index.php /aguas-continentales/item/1508-catastro-de-lagos). A total of 45 lakes within the area of interest were considered. Lakes with areas below or equal to 25 m2 were smoothed with a median filter in the last step. Lakes with areas above this threshold were filled in with a constant value and their borders were smoothed with a median filter to provide smooth shorelines. <em>2 . Void Filling</em> Voids (other than water bodies) were filled with the tool “Close Gaps” from Saga GIS software. <em>3. Smoothing</em> Finally, the elevation dataset was smoothed with a median filter using a 3 x 3 pixel window, excluding water bodies filled in the step 1. <strong>Final Remarks and Suggestion</strong> The quality assessment of the final version by visual inspection of the hillshades suggested an improvement of the signal to noise ratio. However, the void filling process may be improved. <br> <strong>Dataset Description</strong> Digital Surface Models No Data Value = -9999 Format = float 32 bit File Format = GeoTiff Vertical Datum: WGS84 Projection information: EPSG 32719 (UTM19S) Spatial Resolution: 5m (subfix: <em>_5m</em>) Versions: Unfiltered product: without corrections <em>DSM_Copahue_UTM19S_WGS84_5m_raw.tif</em> Final, filtered product: smoothed and void filled <em>DSM_Copahue_UTM19S_WGS84_5m_VoidFilled.tif</em> Water Bodies Mask No Lake Value = 0 Lakes Values = 1 to 45 File Format= GeoTiff Spatial Resolution: 5m (subfix: <em>_5m</em>) Projection information : EPSG 32719 (UTM19S) <em>WB_mask_5m_UTM19S.tif</em> <strong>Repository structure</strong> |__ 01_Scripts |+ run21_CopahueDSM_AMES_sviotto.sh |+ stereo.default |__ 02_DSMs |+ DSM_Copahue_UTM19S_WGS84_5m_raw.tif |+ DSM_Copahue_UTM19S_WGS84_5m_VoidFilled.tif |+ WB_mask_5m_UTM19S.tif <strong>References</strong> Beyer, R. A., Alexandrov, O., & McMichael, S. (2018). The Ames Stereo Pipeline: NASA's open source software for deriving and processing terrain data. <em>Earth and Space Science</em>, 5, 537– 548. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000409 Collins, J., Riegler, G., Schrader, H., Tinz, M., 2015. Applying terrain and hydrological editing to TanDEM-X data to create a consumer-ready worlddem product. Int. Arch. Photogram. Rem. Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci. 40 (7), 1149. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-1149-2015. Mueting, A., Bookhagen, B., & Strecker, M. R. (2021). Identification of debris-flow channels using high-resolution topographic data: A case study in the Quebrada del Toro, NW Argentina. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</em>, 126, e2021JF006330. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006330 Viotto, S., Toyos, G., & Bookhagen, B. (2022). An assessment of the effects of DEM quality and spatial resolution on a model for mapping lahar hazard inundation at volcán copahue (Argentina & Chile). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 104138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104138
description: {"references": ["Beyer, R. A., Alexandrov, O., & McMichael, S. (2018). The Ames Stereo Pipeline: NASA's open source software for deriving and processing terrain data. Earth and Space Science, 5, 537\u2013 548. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000409", "Collins, J., Riegler, G., Schrader, H., Tinz, M., 2015. Applying terrain and hydrological editing to TanDEM-X data to create a consumer-ready worlddem product. Int. Arch. Photogram. Rem. Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci. 40 (7), 1149. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-1149-2015.", "Mueting, A., Bookhagen, B., & Strecker, M. R. (2021). Identification of debris-flow channels using high-resolution topographic data: A case study in the Quebrada del Toro, NW Argentina. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 126, e2021JF006330. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006330", "Viotto, S., Toyos, G., & Bookhagen, B. (2022). An assessment of the effects of DEM quality and spatial resolution on a model for mapping lahar hazard inundation at volc\u00e1n copahue (Argentina & Chile). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 104138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104138"]}