cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219457.v2
title: Effect of Organic Residues with Varied Carbon–Nitrogen Ratios on Grain Yield, Soil Health, and Nitrous Oxide Emission from a Rice Agroecosystem

description: Experiments were conducted in an attempt to study the impact of using different organic residues as fertilizers on grain yield, magnitude of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions, and soil characteristics. Five fertilizer treatments including conventional nitrogen (N) fertilizer, cow manure, rice straw, poultry manure, and sugarcane bagasse were applied in the rice field in 2012. The maximum reduction in seasonal N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (10–27%) was observed under the influence of rice straw application over conventional N fertilizer. The experiment was repeated for a second season in 2013 with the same treatments for further confirmation of the results obtained during the first year of experimentation. The application of rice straw also showed a slight advantage by increasing grain yield (4.38 t ha<sup>−1</sup>) compared to control. Important soil properties and plant growth parameters were studied and their relationships with N<sub>2</sub>O emission were worked out. The incorporation of organic residues helped in restoring and improving the soil health and effectively enhancing grain yield with reduced N<sub>2</sub>O emission from rice fields.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219457.v1
title: Effect of Organic Residues with Varied Carbon-Nitrogen Ratios on Grain Yield, Soil Health and Nitrous Oxide Emission from a Rice Agroecosystem

description: Experiments were conducted in an attempt to study the impact of different organic residuesas fertilizers on grain yield, magnitude of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and soil characteristics. Five fertilizer treatments including conventional nitrogen (N) fertilizer, cow manure, rice straw, poultry manure and sugarcane bagasse were applied in the rice field during 2012. Maximum reduction in seasonal N2O emissions (10–27%) was observed under the influence of rice straw application over conventional N fertilizer. The experiment was repeated for a second season during 2013 with the same treatments for further confirmation of the results obtained during the first year of experimentation. Application of rice straw also showed a slight advantage in increasing grain yield (4.38 t ha<sup>−1</sup>) over control. Important soil properties and plant growth parameters were studied and their relationships with N2O emission were worked out. Incorporation of organic residues helped in restoring and improving the soil health and effectively enhancing grain yield with reduced N2O emission from rice fields.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3241672.v4
title: A brief description of general TLR signaling pathway

description: <b>A general overview of TLR signaling pathways. </b>The full names of proteins shown in the figure are as follows. MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88; TIRAP: TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein; IRAK1: IL-1R-associated kinase 1; TRAF6: Tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 6; IKK: Inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB)-kinase; IRF3: Interferon regulatory factor 3; TBK1: TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator (TANK) binding kinase; TRIF: TIR domain-containing adaptor–inducing interferon-β; TRAM: TRIF-related adaptor molecule. Two different but simultaneous pathways of signal transduction are known by which TLRs activate an adaptive immune response. One is through the adaptor MyD88, which is used by all TLRs except for TLR3. TLR3 operates through the TRIF pathway. TLR4 signals through both TRIF and MyD88 pathways. In the MyD88 pathway (also called the canonical pathway), conformational alteration of TLR homo/heterodimers allows binding of the TLR-TIR domain to the MyD88-TIR domains through homotypic TIR-TIR interaction. Subsequently, MyD88 recruits the kinase IRAK4 by death domain (DD)-DD interactions. IRAK4 binds and phosphorylates IRAK1, a natural substrate of IRAK4. Phosphorylated IRAK1 brings TRAF6 to the receptor complex. TRAF6 and IRAK1 dissociate from the receptor complex and form another complex with transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which coexists with the adaptor TAK1-binding protein 2 (TAB2) and activator TAB1 at the plasma membrane. IRAK1 phosphorylates both TAB1 and TAK1, and is degraded afterward, facilitating the translocation of TRAF6, TAK1, TAB1, and TAB2 to the cytoplasm where ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 13 (UBC13) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 (UEV1A) ubiquitinate TRAF6, inducing activation of TAK1. Next, TAK1 phosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IKK complexes. The IKK complex, in turn, phosphorylates the IκB subunit of NF-κB, leading to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. This allows nuclear translocation of NF-κB to induce transcription of target genes. MyD88 works in concert with an upstream DD-lacking adaptor TIRAP, also called MyD88 adaptor-like (MAL), particularly during TLR1/2, 2/6, and TLR4 signaling. The TRIF pathway, also called the MyD88-independent or alternate signaling pathway, is specifically activated by TLR3 and TLR4. TRIF, along with a second, upstream adaptor, TRAM, stimulates IKK-ε and TBK1. IKK-ε, the counterpart of IKK in the canonical pathway, and TBK1 mediate activation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 to induce transcription of antiviral IFNs.<b></b>The figure was redrawn from the published paper (own: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2016.1185415). The figure is uploaded in Wikicommons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TLR_Signaling_pathway.tif
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219316
title: Assessment of ground surface displacement in Taihape landslide, New Zealand, with C- and X-band SAR interferometry

description: In this study, we assess the capability of C-band advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data from Envisat and X-band Stripmap SAR from TerraSAR-X to analyse the extremely slow displacement rate of Taihape landslide in the central North Island of New Zealand. The small-baseline subset (SBAS) technique is applied to obtain displacement time series from SAR images between 2003 and 2011. Time-series results suggest that the landslide is active near its toe with maximum line-of-sight (LOS) surface velocity of 6 mm a<sup>–1</sup> between 2003 and 2010, derived from Envisat, and 8 mm a<sup>–1</sup> in the year 2010 to 2011, derived from TerraSAR-X. Comparing TerraSAR-X and Envisat results, the former detects approximately 15 times more coherent pixels for deformation analysis. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) displacement time series show a good agreement with field measurement from prisms installed on the surface of the landslide (maximum root-mean-square error or RMSE &lt;8 mm). In addition to the long-term gravitational slope motion we also observe seasonal uplift and subsidence at the toe, which is attributed to surficial swelling and shrinkage of ground surface in response to cyclic variations in groundwater level.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219310
title: Calculating regional stresses for northern Canterbury: the effect of the 2010 Darfield earthquake

description: We model regional stresses before and after the <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 7.1 Darfield earthquake of September 2010 in Canterbury, New Zealand including crustal structure derived from seismic tomography. Models show that the Banks Peninsula volcanic assemblage acts as a strong, rigid block that pinches out ductile layers in the mid-crust but has little effect on shallower principal stress orientations. Static stress changes from the Darfield earthquake are everywhere &lt;25 MPa except within 5 km of the fault. When added to regional stresses, these create only small rotations of &lt;5° in the orientation of maximum horizontal stress <i>S</i><sub>Hmax</sub>, even near the fault. Predicted stress rotations do not correlate strongly with those inferred from aftershock focal mechanisms. The perturbations caused by earthquake stresses are not significant enough to explain either the magnitude or the sense of <i>S</i><sub>Hmax</sub> rotations near the fault at seismogenic depths.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219313
title: The Kerepehi Fault, Hauraki Rift, North Island, New Zealand: active fault characterisation and hazard

description: The Kerepehi Fault is an active normal fault with a total onshore length of up to 80 km comprising six geometric/rupture segments, with four more offshore segments to the north. For the last 20 ± 2.5 ka the slip rate has been 0.08–0.4 mm a<sup>–1</sup>. Average fault rupture recurrence intervals are 5 ka or less on the central segments and 10 ka or more on low slip rate segments to the north and south. Characteristic earthquakes for a single segment rupture range from <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 5.5 to 7.0, and up to <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 7.2 or 7.4 in the unlikely event of rupture of all the onshore fault segments. Fault rupture would result in damage to unreinforced masonry buildings, chimneys and parapets in Auckland (45 km nearest distant). Very severe damage to buildings in towns within the Hauraki Plains without specific seismic design (those built before 1960) may pose a significant risk to life and livelihood.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219316.v1
title: Assessment of ground surface displacement in Taihape landslide, New Zealand, with C- and X-band SAR interferometry

description: In this study, we assess the capability of C-band advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) data from Envisat and X-band Stripmap SAR from TerraSAR-X to analyse the extremely slow displacement rate of Taihape landslide in the central North Island of New Zealand. The small-baseline subset (SBAS) technique is applied to obtain displacement time series from SAR images between 2003 and 2011. Time-series results suggest that the landslide is active near its toe with maximum line-of-sight (LOS) surface velocity of 6 mm a<sup>–1</sup> between 2003 and 2010, derived from Envisat, and 8 mm a<sup>–1</sup> in the year 2010 to 2011, derived from TerraSAR-X. Comparing TerraSAR-X and Envisat results, the former detects approximately 15 times more coherent pixels for deformation analysis. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) displacement time series show a good agreement with field measurement from prisms installed on the surface of the landslide (maximum root-mean-square error or RMSE &lt;8 mm). In addition to the long-term gravitational slope motion we also observe seasonal uplift and subsidence at the toe, which is attributed to surficial swelling and shrinkage of ground surface in response to cyclic variations in groundwater level.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219310.v1
title: Calculating regional stresses for northern Canterbury: the effect of the 2010 Darfield earthquake

description: We model regional stresses before and after the <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 7.1 Darfield earthquake of September 2010 in Canterbury, New Zealand including crustal structure derived from seismic tomography. Models show that the Banks Peninsula volcanic assemblage acts as a strong, rigid block that pinches out ductile layers in the mid-crust but has little effect on shallower principal stress orientations. Static stress changes from the Darfield earthquake are everywhere &lt;25 MPa except within 5 km of the fault. When added to regional stresses, these create only small rotations of &lt;5° in the orientation of maximum horizontal stress <i>S</i><sub>Hmax</sub>, even near the fault. Predicted stress rotations do not correlate strongly with those inferred from aftershock focal mechanisms. The perturbations caused by earthquake stresses are not significant enough to explain either the magnitude or the sense of <i>S</i><sub>Hmax</sub> rotations near the fault at seismogenic depths.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219313.v1
title: The Kerepehi Fault, Hauraki Rift, North Island, New Zealand: active fault characterisation and hazard

description: The Kerepehi Fault is an active normal fault with a total onshore length of up to 80 km comprising six geometric/rupture segments, with four more offshore segments to the north. For the last 20 ± 2.5 ka the slip rate has been 0.08–0.4 mm a<sup>–1</sup>. Average fault rupture recurrence intervals are 5 ka or less on the central segments and 10 ka or more on low slip rate segments to the north and south. Characteristic earthquakes for a single segment rupture range from <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 5.5 to 7.0, and up to <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 7.2 or 7.4 in the unlikely event of rupture of all the onshore fault segments. Fault rupture would result in damage to unreinforced masonry buildings, chimneys and parapets in Auckland (45 km nearest distant). Very severe damage to buildings in towns within the Hauraki Plains without specific seismic design (those built before 1960) may pose a significant risk to life and livelihood.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219307
title: A geodetic study of Otago: results of the central Otago deformation network 2004–2014

description: We have analysed 11 years of geodetic data from 30 stations distributed over the Otago Fault System in the South Island of New Zealand. Velocities were estimated from time series corrected for coseismic displacements from the 2004 Macquarie Island and 2007 George Sound earthquakes and the coseismic and the short term postseismic deformation associated with the 2009 Dusky Sound earthquake. By dividing the corrected time series in half we were able to demonstrate the existence of a systematic difference between the pre- and post-earthquake velocity fields, associated with a longer term viscoelastic transient related to the 2009 Dusky Sound earthquake. In the northern part of our study area, the geodetic strain rate data are consistent with elastic strain accumulation on the Alpine Fault while in the south and east, the strain rate tensors are consistent with the Otago Fault System. There is a significant change in orientation in the axis of contraction from east to west across the network that correlates with a transition between the Otago and Waihemo Fault Systems. We also demonstrate significant spatial variation in the rates of strain accumulation that may correlate with active and quiescent parts of the Otago Fault System. However these strain rates represent the average values for the 11 years that the COD network has been observed and may also be influenced by the longer term viscoelastic transient related to the Dusky Sound earthquake.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219307.v1
title: A geodetic study of Otago: results of the central Otago deformation network 2004–2014

description: We have analysed 11 years of geodetic data from 30 stations distributed over the Otago Fault System in the South Island of New Zealand. Velocities were estimated from time series corrected for coseismic displacements from the 2004 Macquarie Island and 2007 George Sound earthquakes and the coseismic and the short term postseismic deformation associated with the 2009 Dusky Sound earthquake. By dividing the corrected time series in half we were able to demonstrate the existence of a systematic difference between the pre- and post-earthquake velocity fields, associated with a longer term viscoelastic transient related to the 2009 Dusky Sound earthquake. In the northern part of our study area, the geodetic strain rate data are consistent with elastic strain accumulation on the Alpine Fault while in the south and east, the strain rate tensors are consistent with the Otago Fault System. There is a significant change in orientation in the axis of contraction from east to west across the network that correlates with a transition between the Otago and Waihemo Fault Systems. We also demonstrate significant spatial variation in the rates of strain accumulation that may correlate with active and quiescent parts of the Otago Fault System. However these strain rates represent the average values for the 11 years that the COD network has been observed and may also be influenced by the longer term viscoelastic transient related to the Dusky Sound earthquake.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219295
title: Origin, evolution and conservation of the honey bees from La Palma Island (Canary Islands): molecular and morphological data

description: Genetic studies have shown a significant hybridization of local populations of <i>Apis mellifera</i> in the Canary Islands, as a consequence of queen importation. Since La Palma Island was a probable exception to this hybridization rule, a local honey bee Conservation Project was developed. As a first step, the genetic characterization of the population was performed with the scope of generating fundamental knowledge to correctly manage honey bee genetic resources. In this sense, the origin of the Canarian honey bee is at issue, since diverse morphological and genetic studies have shown it to be either African or European. In our study, 499 colonies from La Palma were analyzed using mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites and wing geometric morphometric data. Hybridization from the C evolutionary lineage was observed mainly at mitochondrial level, but this hybridization was focused on a restricted area and hybrid colonies were detected for replacement. All genetic and geometric morphometric results showed the Canarian honey bee clustered with Western European M branch, specifically with <i>A. m. iberiensis</i> subspecies, far from African ones. We concluded that the present Canarian honey bee gene pool would have originated most likely from human introductions from Portugal dating back to the conquest of the islands in the sixteenth century, although an ancestral natural colonization from Iberia cannot be ruled out. Results also showed that Canarian honey bees are genetically differentiated from <i>A. m. iberiensis</i>, probably due to micro-evolutionary processes, such as founder effects, bottleneck and local adaptation. Therefore, we propose the classification of these local populations as a differentiated ecotype of <i>A. m. iberiensis</i>. This study highlights the idiosyncrasy of the Canarian honey bee and the need to protect it, as it is a population that extends considerably the genetic diversity of M branch.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219295.v1
title: Origin, evolution and conservation of the honey bees from La Palma Island (Canary Islands): molecular and morphological data

description: Genetic studies have shown a significant hybridization of local populations of <i>Apis mellifera</i> in the Canary Islands, as a consequence of queen importation. Since La Palma Island was a probable exception to this hybridization rule, a local honey bee Conservation Project was developed. As a first step, the genetic characterization of the population was performed with the scope of generating fundamental knowledge to correctly manage honey bee genetic resources. In this sense, the origin of the Canarian honey bee is at issue, since diverse morphological and genetic studies have shown it to be either African or European. In our study, 499 colonies from La Palma were analyzed using mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites and wing geometric morphometric data. Hybridization from the C evolutionary lineage was observed mainly at mitochondrial level, but this hybridization was focused on a restricted area and hybrid colonies were detected for replacement. All genetic and geometric morphometric results showed the Canarian honey bee clustered with Western European M branch, specifically with <i>A. m. iberiensis</i> subspecies, far from African ones. We concluded that the present Canarian honey bee gene pool would have originated most likely from human introductions from Portugal dating back to the conquest of the islands in the sixteenth century, although an ancestral natural colonization from Iberia cannot be ruled out. Results also showed that Canarian honey bees are genetically differentiated from <i>A. m. iberiensis</i>, probably due to micro-evolutionary processes, such as founder effects, bottleneck and local adaptation. Therefore, we propose the classification of these local populations as a differentiated ecotype of <i>A. m. iberiensis</i>. This study highlights the idiosyncrasy of the Canarian honey bee and the need to protect it, as it is a population that extends considerably the genetic diversity of M branch.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219304.v2
title: Changes in absolute gravity 2000–2015, South Island, New Zealand

description: We quantify changes in gravity that have occurred over the past 15 years at 14 points between latitudes 42.5°S and 44°S in the South Island of New Zealand. Ten of the points form two transects across the Southern Alps and four lie in the epicentral region of the 2010 Canterbury earthquakes. At each location gravity was measured using an absolute gravimeter (FG5–111) with a nominal accuracy of 1 µGal. Observed changes in gravity varied from −53 to +43 µGal in the presence of surface elevation changes in the range −11 cm to +20 cm. Despite the difficulty in quantifying gravitational contributions from surface and subsurface water, uplift in both the Southern Alps and the Christchurch region is consistent with a Bouguer surface gradient of approximately 1.97 µGal cm<sup>–1</sup>, appropriate for the mean density of crustal rocks.
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219256
title: Comparison of self-report and objective measures of moderate-to-vigorous activity with cardiovascular disease risk factors in a population-based cross-sectional study

description: This data was used for the analysis of the paper "<b>Comparison of self-report and objective measures of moderate-to-vigorous activity with cardiovascular disease risk factors in a population-based cross-sectional study" .<br></b>The data is a sub-sample data from the Mitchelstown cohort.<b><br></b>
DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3219250
title: Contributions of facial expressions and body language to the rapid perception of dynamic emotions

description: Correctly perceiving emotions in others is a crucial part of social interactions. We constructed a set of dynamic stimuli to determine the relative contributions of the face and body to the accurate perception of basic emotions. We also manipulated the length of these dynamic stimuli in order to explore how much information is needed to identify emotions. The findings suggest that even a short exposure time of 250 milliseconds provided enough information to correctly identify an emotion above the chance level. Furthermore, we found that recognition patterns from the face alone and the body alone differed as a function of emotion. These findings highlight the role of the body in emotion perception and suggest an advantage for angry bodies, which, in contrast to all other emotions, were comparable to the recognition rates from the face and may be advantageous for perceiving imminent threat from a distance.