DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7h44j104q
title: Data from: Experimental manipulation of polyandry in a marine gastropod reveals how the number of mates affects reproductive output, offspring size, and the distribution of paternity within broods

description: Polyandry, where females mate with multiple males, often mediates how
 ecological and evolutionary forces shape populations, with various
 explanations for why it occurs. However, these explanations often stem
 from separate studies on model species, field observations, or lab
 experiments. Given polyandry's potential context-dependent effects,
 it is crucial to design studies that concurrently test multiple hypotheses
 within wild populations. Therefore, we conducted two experiments over two
 years that experimentally manipulated the number of males a female mates
 with in the marine gastropod, the Florida crown conch (Melongena corona).
 We tested whether experimentally increasing polyandry leads to more
 offspring, larger offspring at hatching, and broods with greater variation
 in offspring size and higher genetic diversity. We also investigated
 paternity skew, the effects of mate order, male size, and copulating time
 on paternity. We genotyped 3,157 offspring from 20 mothers to quantify
 paternity share at hatching. We found that females mating with more males
 did not produce more offspring or larger offspring than monandrous females
 at the embryo or hatching stage. However, multiple mating increased
 within-brood variation in offspring size at hatching, possibly as a
 response to exploitative intracapsular competition for oxygen in mixed
 broods or sire effects. Paternity share within broods at hatching was
 skewed, rather than evenly distributed, resulting in a lower effective
 number of sires compared to the number of mates. Paternity share per brood
 declined with mate order and increased with copulation duration, but was
 unaffected by male size. Overall, the commonly hypothesized consequences
 of polyandry were not observed in our experiments. Instead, we hypothesize
 that multiple mating in this species arises from convenience polyandry or
 mate encounter rates.
description: This README.txt file was generated on 2024-December-19 by Dr. Alexandra
 Hooks GENERAL INFORMATION 1\. Title of Dataset: Experimental manipulation
 of polyandry in a marine gastropod reveals how number of mates affects
 reproductive output, mean and variation in offspring size, and the
 distribution of paternity within broods. 2\. Author Information A.
 Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Scott Burgess
 Institution: Florida State University Address: 319 Stadium Drive,
 Tallahassee, FL, USA 32306 Email:
 [sburgess@bio.fsu.edu](mailto:sburgess@bio.fsu.edu) B. Lead author Contact
 Information Name: Alexandra Hooks Current Institution: [Smithsonian
 Environmental Research
 Center](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e8eb8183e1f5ed4f199d77c00fa0322016d1217837eadbd0919fcc957ce2302fJmltdHM9MTczNDU2NjQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=0812744f-3675-6410-2e4e-6115373a652e&psq=serc&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zZXJjLnNpLmVkdS8&ntb=1) Address: 647 Counters Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD Email: [hooksa@si.edu](mailto:hooksa@si.edu) Previous Institution: Florida State University Address: 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL, USA 32306 3\. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): 2018-2019 4\. Geographic location of data collection: Turkey Point, Florida, USA 5\. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: Florida State University Department of Biological Science, Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Padi Foundation, Association of University Women, National Science Foundation. The RMD files contain the code for data cleaning, statistical analysis, and plotting, along with narrative text that explains each step. By running these RMD files, the figures can be regenerated as they appear in the manuscript, ensuring reproducibility. DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1\. File List: Figure 2.Rmd Figure 3.Rmd Figure 4.Rmd Figure 5.Rmd Figure 6.Rmd Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 offspring number.csv * blank cells in offspring number.csv are due to no data being present for that individual. For instance, if a female mated with one male, the columns male 2-6 will be blank. In the same sense, females that mated once will only have male1's length measured. * N/A in offspring number.csv indicate data that should exist but was not recorded due to error. For instance, some females that mated 4 times may have two males with a length of N/A due to those male lengths not being measured.  diversityDat.csv * diversityDat.csv records all offspring that have been measured but only a subset was genotyped. The father identity for offspring from monandrous females were identified as the male that were visually seen copulating. Father identity from offspring produced by polyandrous females was determined through microsatellites. Blank cells for father identity are offspring that were not genotyped in the polyandrous female treatment.   PaternityFile.csv 2\. Relationship between files: Figure 2.R uses Offspring_Number.csv Figure 3.R uses Data for Figure 2 Figure 4.R uses diversityDat.csv Figure 5.R uses Data for Figure 2 & 4.csv, and PaternityFile.csv Figure 6.R uses Data for Figure 4 and PaternityFile.csv Table 1 uses Data for Figure 2.R and Figure 3.R Table 2 uses Data for Figure 2.R and Figure 3.R Table 3 uses Data for Figure 5.R 3\. Metadata Data for Figure 2 and 3 (Offspring_Number.csv) | date.hatched | First emergence of a hatchling from an egg capsule | | -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | date.laid | Date the egg string was laid by the mother | | mother.id | Unique identifier for each mother | | capsule.id | Unique identifier for each egg capsule within a mother's egg string | | offspring.num | Unique identifier for each offspring within a mother's egg capsule (includes both embryo and hatchling counts) | | type | Identifying offspring as embryo (E) or hatchling (H) | | genetics | Indicating if offspring was genotyped | | father.mate | Number of males a female mated with | | treatment | Indicating if a mother mated once (1x) or with multiple males (Mx) | | year | Year of mating experiment | | dev.time | Days of offspring spent developing within an egg capsule before hatching | | male1-6 | Unique identifier and order of mated males | | male1-6.length | Male length in mm of mated males in order in which they mated | | male1-6.width | Male width in mm of mated males in order in which they mated | | cop.reliable | Identifier if mate time of each group of males for a given mother was recorded | | male1-6.cop | Copulation time in hours of a male and female | | mate.day | The date in which the female mated with the last male of her treatment | | block | The week in which females were mated 0-7 weeks | | mother.length | Length in mm of known mother | | lay.time | Time in days it took for females to lay eggs after mating | | es1-6 | Number of fertilized egg capsules laid on that numbered egg string | | total.ec | Total number of egg capsules laid over the reproductive season (2019 only) | | num.string | Number of egg strings laid over the reproductive season (2019 only) | | prob.lay | Listed as 0 or 1 for if the mother laid an egg string (1) or if she never laid (0) | Data for Figure 4 (diversityDat.csv) | mother.id | Unique identifier for each mother | | -------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | capsule.id | Unique identifier for each egg capsule within a mother's egg string | | indiv.id | Number assigned to offspring in each egg capsule for each mother | | offspring.size | size of hatchlings in µm | | dev.time | Days of offspring spent developing within an egg capsule before hatching | | genetics | Indicating if offspring was genotyped | | father.id | Identity of the father for a given individual | | father.length | Length of father in mm for a genotyped offspring | | father.cop | Time of copulation of identified sire in hours | | father.mate | Number of males a female mated with | | father.detect | Number of fathers detected in all egg capsules combined for a given mother | | mother.length | Length in mm of known mother | | treatment | Indicating if a mother mated once (1x) or with multiple males (Mx) | | male1-6: | Unique identifier and order of mated males | | male1-6.length | Male length in mm of mated males in order in which they mated | | cop.reliable | Identifier if mate time of each group of males for a given mother was recorded | | male1-6 cop | Copulation time in hours of a male and female | Data for PaternityFile.csv (used in Figure 5 and 6) | OffspringID | Unique identifier for each hatchling in 2019 | | ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | InferredDad1 | The inferred father identification estimated from the program Colony. | | ProbDad1 | The probability an individual (OffspringID) belongs to the InferredDad1 |