DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bzkh189g8
title: Data for: Environmental complexity mitigates the demographic impact of sexual selection

description: Sexual selection and the evolution of costly mating strategies can
 negatively impact population demography and adaptive potential. While
 laboratory studies have documented outcomes stemming from these processes,
 theory suggests that the demographic impact of sexual selection is
 contingent on the environment and therefore may have been overestimated in
 simple laboratory settings. Here we find support for this claim. We
 exposed copies of beetle lines, previously evolved with or without sexual
 selection, to a 10-generation heatwave while maintaining half of them in a
 simple environment and the other half in a complex environment.
 Populations with an evolutionary history of sexual selection maintained
 larger sizes and more stable growth rates in complex (relative to simple)
 environments, an effect not seen in populations that evolved without
 sexual selection. These results have implications for evolutionary
 forecasting and suggest that the demographic impact of sexual selection in
 natural populations might be lower than predicted.
description: # Data for: Environmental complexity mitigates the demographic impact of
 sexual selection ##
 Description of the data and file structure The data underlying all
 analyses is available in the Excel file containing 5 spreadsheets, or as
 separate txt files, with the following names; "Trait-values of
 founding lines" (used to ordinate experimental evolution line
 founders and test for differences between regimes in evolution of mating
 traits - Fig 1B) Means for each of the six evolution lines (given by the
 "Evolution Regime" and "founder" columns) for the
 following traits: \- Sperm competition success (given as the proportion of
 offspring sired in competition with a reference male) \- Sperm production
 (estimated number of sperm, matured over 25h, transferred by a male to a
 female) \- remating rate (a relative measure of the probability of
 remating in the first 24h following the first mating) \- male-male
 fertility decline (the proportional decline in fertility in males being
 co-reared with two other males (relative to isolated males). \- Female
 fertility (lifetime production of offspring from a single mating and
 removal of male mating partner) \- Male fertility (lifetime production of
 offspring from a single mating and removal of female mating partner) \-
 female phenoloxidase (size-corrected abundance of phenolixidase in the
 female abdomen, A420/min/g) \- male mate search (a relative measure of the
 efficiency of males to find females in a spatial search task). \- Female
 LRS (lifetime offspring production in competition with another reference
 female) \- Male LRS (lifetime offspring production in competition with
 another reference male) The first six rows containing data are the
 estimated means for each line. The next six rows (7-12) contain the same
 data but with the addition of imputing values for missing data
 ("NA" in top 6 rows) based on the global mean of all other lines
 measured for the trait. These rows were used in PCA and for statistical
 testing, which thus is a conservative test. "Censused population
 size" (corresponding to Fig. 2), Given is information of the identity
 of each population ("jar.ID"), which "evolution
 regime" and "founder" it belonged to, in which
 "environmental treatment" it was put, and on which "cabinet
 shelf" it was placed during the heat wave. For each population, the
 number of beetles ("beetles transferred") is given for each
 generation of the heatwave with the corresponding temperature in a given
 generation. "Data from petri-dishes". For each population (See
 above), two petri-dishes were isolated after the adults in a population
 had died at a given generation. The number of beans isolated in each dish,
 as well as the number of beetles hatching out from the beans, were counted
 in each generation. From this data, the number of beetles per bean was
 calculated. If no beetles hatched out, the beans were not counted.
 "Population growth rates" (corresponding to Fig. 3) Based on the
 data from the censused population size and offspring produced in
 petri-dishes (see above), we calculated two estimates of population growth
 rate per population. This was done by taking the approximated number of
 offrings produced in the whole jar at generation t+1 and dividing it by
 the censused population size at generation t. The approximated number of
 offspring produced in the whole jar was given by multiplying the number of
 emerged offspring per bean in the petri-dishes, with the approximate
 number of beans in the whole population jar (~330 beans). The final 9
 columns (labelled "GR2", "GR3"...) are the per capita
 growth rate for the corresponding generation tacked column-wise to ease
 calculation of population instability measures for each experimental
 population, as reported in the publication. "Reproductive
 traits" (corresponding to Figs. 4 & 5). In addition to the data
 described in the sheet "Data from petri-dishes" (see above), we
 also counted the number of hatched and unhatched eggs in each petri-dish
 at generations 5 & 7. From this, we calculated the proportion of
 hatched eggs ("egg hatchability"), the fecundity (corresponding
 to "eggs per bean") and larval survival (the number of hatched
 eggs that turned into an adult that emerged from the bean). For each
 population, it is also given if it survived all 10 generations of the
 heatwave or not. All calculations based on raw data are also described in
 the manuscript. Variables and factor levels are names as referred to in
 the manuscript. All missing data are labelled "NA" ##
 Sharing/Access information * ## Code/Software Annotated code accompanying
 this publication's analyses and Figures has been deposited with this
 publication via Zenodo (file named "Code for analyses Ecology
 Letters.R").