DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.28848680
title: Data for "Effects of urbanization on local adaptation and eco-evolutionary feedbacks in white clover"

description: Data required for all analyses described in the paper “Effects of urbanization on selection, local adaptation, and eco-evolutionary feedbacks” (2025), testing how urban and rural environments affect the fitness and ecological interactions of white clover (Trifolium repens, L.; Fabaceae). Data is from a reciprocal transplant common garden experiment conducted in 2023 in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada using white clover from urban and rural populations and that either did or did not produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). 

All analyses were conducted in R version 4.4.2

DATA FILES:

1. biomass_2023.csv contains dry end-of-season aboveground biomass data. 

Data Explanation:
Source_Hab: Source population habitat of the white clover plant. U = urban (plant comes from an urban population), R = rural (plant comes from a rural population). 
Population_Num: Source population of the white clover plant, from Santangelo et al. 2020. Populations 1-5 are urban, populations 22-27 are rural. 
Plant_Num: Parent plant within each population. 
ID_Num: Individual number for plants from the same parent. 
Stolon: A or B, two stolon cuttings were taken from each plant to produce the final sample size. 
Tag_ID: Unique identifier for each plant, in the format Population Number - Plant Number - ID Number - Stolon
HCN_Status: 0 or 1, 0 = does not produce HCN, 1 = does produce HCN. 
Site_Hab: Urban or Rural. Habitat of the common garden site where the plant was located. 
Site_ID: Common garden site name
Dry_Biomass_g: biomass data in grams

2. leafarea.csv contains output from Easy Leaf Area analysis of leaf area data from May and July 2023, and May 2024, used to calculate growth rate. 

Data Explanation:
filename: Unique identifier for each plant
May_green: Number of green pixels identified by Easy Leaf Area in the May 2023 area photos
May_red: Number of red pixels (coin for scale) identified by Easy Leaf Area in the May 2023 area photos
May_leafarea: Leaf area (cm) calculated by Easy Leaf Area in the May 2023 area photos
May_photodate: Date the area photo was taken in May 2023
Jul_green: Number of green pixels identified by Easy Leaf Area in the July 2023 area photos
Jul_red: Number of red pixels (coin for scale) identified by Easy Leaf Area in the July 2023 area photos
Jul_leafarea: Leaf area (cm) calculated by Easy Leaf Area in the July 2023 area photos
Jul_photodate: Date the area photo was taken in July 2023
May24_green: Number of green pixels identified by Easy Leaf Area in the May 2024 area photos
May24_red: Number of red pixels (coin for scale) identified by Easy Leaf Area in the May 2024 area photos
May24_leafarea: Leaf area (cm) calculated by Easy Leaf Area in the May 2024 area photos
May24_photodate: Date the area photo was taken in May 2024


3. survival_2023.csv contains overwinter survival data. 

Data Explanation:
Source_Hab: Source population habitat of the white clover plant. U = urban (plant comes from an urban population), R = rural (plant comes from a rural population). 
Population_Num: Source population of the white clover plant, from Santangelo et al. 2020. Populations 1-5 are urban, populations 22-27 are rural. 
Plant_Num: Parent plant within each population. 
ID_Num: Individual number for plants from the same parent. 
Stolon: A or B, two stolon cuttings were taken from each plant to produce the final sample size. 
Tag_ID: Unique identifier for each plant, in the format Population Number - Plant Number - ID Number - Stolon
HCN_Status: 0 or 1, 0 = does not produce HCN, 1 = does produce HCN. 
Site_Hab: Urban or Rural. Habitat of the common garden site where the plant was located. 
Site_ID: Common garden site name
Survival_Sept2023: 0 or 1, 0 = not alive in September 2023 (end of field season), 1 = alive in September 2023. 
Survival_May2024: 0 or 1, 0 = not alive in May 2024, 1 = alive in May 2024

4. Flowers_2023.csv contains data on inflorescence production. 

Data Explanation:
Source_Hab: Source population habitat of the white clover plant. U = urban (plant comes from an urban population), R = rural (plant comes from a rural population). 
Population_Num: Source population of the white clover plant, from Santangelo et al. 2020. Populations 1-5 are urban, populations 22-27 are rural. 
Plant_Num: Parent plant within each population. 
ID_Num: Individual number for plants from the same parent. 
Stolon: A or B, two stolon cuttings were taken from each plant to produce the final sample size. 
Tag_ID: Unique identifier for each plant, in the format Population Number - Plant Number - ID Number - Stolon
HCN_Status: 0 or 1, 0 = does not produce HCN, 1 = does produce HCN. 
Site_Hab: Urban or Rural. Habitat of the common garden site where the plant was located. 
Site_ID: Common garden site name
N_flowers_collected: Number of flower heads collected during seed collections
N_Flowers_notcollected: Number of flower heads not collected (unripe at time of final harvest)
Total_flowers: Total number of flower heads (sum of previous two columns)

5. seedmass_2023.csv contains seed mass data. 

Data Explanation:
Source_Hab: Source population habitat of the white clover plant. U = urban (plant comes from an urban population), R = rural (plant comes from a rural population). 
Population_Num: Source population of the white clover plant, from Santangelo et al. 2020. Populations 1-5 are urban, populations 22-27 are rural. 
Plant_Num: Parent plant within each population. 
ID_Num: Individual number for plants from the same parent. 
Stolon: A or B, two stolon cuttings were taken from each plant to produce the final sample size. 
Tag_ID: Unique identifier for each plant, in the format Population Number - Plant Number - ID Number - Stolon
HCN_Status: 0 or 1, 0 = does not produce HCN, 1 = does produce HCN. 
Site_Hab: Urban or Rural. Habitat of the common garden site where the plant was located. 
Site_ID: Common garden site name
Seed_mass_g: mass of seeds produced in grams

6. herbivory.csv contains herbivory data. Herbivory was evaluated as the percentage of leaf area missing from each leaflet on three leaves per plant at two time points: July and August. 

Source_Hab: Source population habitat of the white clover plant. U = urban (plant comes from an urban population), R = rural (plant comes from a rural population). 
Population_Num: Source population of the white clover plant, from Santangelo et al. 2020. Populations 1-5 are urban, populations 22-27 are rural. 
Plant_Num: Parent plant within each population. 
ID_Num: Individual number for plants from the same parent. 
Stolon: A or B, two stolon cuttings were taken from each plant to produce the final sample size. 
Tag_ID: Unique identifier for each plant, in the format Population Number - Plant Number - ID Number - Stolon
HCN_Status: 0 or 1, 0 = does not produce HCN, 1 = does produce HCN. 
Site_Hab: Urban or Rural. Habitat of the common garden site where the plant was located. 
Site_ID: Common garden site name

Jul_Leaf1_leaflet1: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 1, leaflet 1
Jul_Leaf1_leaflet2: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 1, leaflet 2
Jul_Leaf1_leaflet3: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 1, leaflet 3
Jul_Leaf2_leaflet1: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 2, leaflet 1
Jul_Leaf2_leaflet2: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 2, leaflet 2
Jul_Leaf2_leaflet3: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 2, leaflet 3
Jul_Leaf3_leaflet1: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 3, leaflet 1
Jul_Leaf3_leaflet2: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 3, leaflet 2
Jul_Leaf3_leaflet3: Leaf area missing in July on Leaf 3, leaflet 3

Aug_Leaf1_leaflet1: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 1, leaflet 1
Aug_Leaf1_leaflet2: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 1, leaflet 2
Aug_Leaf1_leaflet3: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 1, leaflet 3
Aug_Leaf2_leaflet1: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 2, leaflet 1
Aug_Leaf2_leaflet2: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 2, leaflet 2
Aug_Leaf2_leaflet3: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 2, leaflet 3
Aug_Leaf3_leaflet1: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 3, leaflet 1
Aug_Leaf3_leaflet2: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 3, leaflet 2
Aug_Leaf3_leaflet3: Leaf area missing in August on Leaf 3, leaflet 3

Jul_Leaf1_Total: Mean leaf area missing in July on Leaf 1
Jul_Leaf2_Total: Mean leaf area missing in July on Leaf 2
Jul_Leaf3_Total: Mean leaf area missing in July on Leaf 3

Aug_Leaf1_Total: Mean leaf area missing in August on Leaf 1
Aug_Leaf2_Total: Mean leaf area missing in August on Leaf 2
Aug_Leaf3_Total: Mean leaf area missing in August on Leaf 3

Jul_Average: Mean percent leaf area missing across all leaves in July
Aug_Average: Mean percent leaf area missing across all leaves in August

Jul_VertHerb: Binary vertebrate herbivory in July (0 = no vertebrate herbivory; 1 = vertebrate herbivory). Vertebrate herbivory was assigned when at least 1 leaf was completely missing. 
Aug_VertHerb: Binary vertebrate herbivory in August (0 = no vertebrate herbivory; 1 = vertebrate herbivory). Vertebrate herbivory was assigned when at least 1 leaf was completely missing. 

Jul_InvertHerb: Binary invertebrate herbivory in July (0 = no invertebrate herbivory; 1 = invertebrate herbivory). Invertebrate herbivory was assigned when there was &gt;1 and &lt; 100% leaf area missing on at least 1 leaf. 
Aug_InvertHerb: Binary invertebrate herbivory in August (0 = no invertebrate herbivory; 1 = invertebrate herbivory). Invertebrate herbivory was assigned when there was &gt;1 and &lt; 100% leaf area missing on at least 1 leaf. 

Jul_Leaf1_Vert: Binary vertebrate herbivory in July (0 = no vertebrate herbivory; 1 = vertebrate herbivory) on leaf 1. Vertebrate herbivory was assigned when the leaf was completely missing. 
Jul_Leaf2_Vert: Binary vertebrate herbivory in July (0 = no vertebrate herbivory; 1 = vertebrate herbivory) on leaf 2. Vertebrate herbivory was assigned when the leaf was completely missing. 
Jul_Leaf3_Vert: Binary vertebrate herbivory in July (0 = no vertebrate herbivory; 1 = vertebrate herbivory) o