DOI: 10.5061/dryad.xwdbrv1nr
title: Data from: Human-driven breakdown of predator-prey interactions in the northern Adriatic Sea

description: Long-term baseline data that allow tracking how predator-prey interactions
 have responded to intensifying human impacts are often lacking. Here, we
 assess temporal changes in benthic community composition and interactions
 between drilling predatory gastropods and their molluscan prey using the
 Holocene fossil record of the shallow northern Adriatic Sea, which
 is characterized by a long history of human transformation.
 Molluscan assemblages differ between the Isonzo and Po prodelta, but both
 show consistent temporal trends in the abundance of dominant species.
 Samples of mollusc prey collected at high stratigraphic resolution
 indicate that drilling frequencies have drastically declined in the Po
 prodelta since the mid-20th century, while a weaker trend in the more
 condensed sediments of the Isonzo prodelta is not statistically
 significant. The decrease in drilling predation intensity and the
 community turnover is related to the loss of predatory gastropods,
 increased relative abundance of less-preferred prey, and a rapidly
 progressing infaunalization during the most recent decades. Our results
 align with data showing the substantial depletion of marine resources at
 higher trophic levels in the region and indicate that the strong
 simplification of the food web initiated in the late 19th century
 accelerated further since the mid-20th century.
description: Sediment cores were collected at three stations in the NAS in
 2013, with two stations located in the Po prodelta at 21 m water depth (Po
 3, Po 4), and one station in the Isonzo prodelta  in the Gulf of Trieste
 at 12 m water depth (Panzano). These two deltaic systems are characterized
 by the highest sediment accumulation rates in the northern Adriatic Sea
 and thus provide high, decadal-scale resolution of stratigraphic archives.
 At all three stations the seaﬂoor is muddy. Changes in community
 composition and DF were assessed in two 16-cm-diameter replicate cores at
 each station, which were taken a few meters from each other. These
 replicate cores are very similar in faunal composition and were pooled in
 this study to increase sample size per increment when analyzing DFs and
 community composition. The cores were sliced into 2-cm increments for the
 uppermost 20 cm, and 5-cm-increments below. The smaller increments at the
 top may allow a higher resolution for surface strata, which are
 potentially more intensively affected by anthropogenic impacts. However,
 the thickness of the surface mixed layer (6 cm at Panzano and 16-20 cm at
 Po) and the decadal to centennial scale of time-averaging show that pairs
 of adjacent 2-cm increments can be pooled to obtain a better comparability
 with the 5-cm increments used for the rest of the core.
 The core age models are based on radiocarbon-calibrated amino
 acid racemization of shells of V. gibba from cores M13 and M21 in the Po
 delta and core M28 in the Isonzo prodelta. Time averaging of molluscan
 assemblages in individual increments varies between 10-50 years at the Po
 prodelta and between ~20 years and a few centuries at the Isonzo prodelta.
  Four distinct temporal units were distinguished using the age models
 based on V.gibba, including the middle to late Holocene with 40 samples,
 17th to early 19th century with 21 samples, late 19th to early 20th
 century with 32 samples, and late 20th to 21st century, with 42
 samples.  Sedimentation rates at the station Panzano
 are ~2-4 mm/year and the sedimentary record of the cores covers
 approximately the last 500 years of ecosystem history, providing baseline
 data on variability in DF and community composition before the onset of
 strong human impacts in the 20th century. Conversely, the sediment cores
 from the Po prodelta provide a higher stratigraphic resolution but extend
 back only to the late 19th century due to high sedimentation rates of
 ~10-20 mm/year. Therefore, we included older samples from three sediment
 cores (205-S9, EM-S7 and EM-S13) drilled on the coastal Po plain near
 Ferrara to evaluate the significance of the recent ecological changes in
 the context of longer temporal trends. These older samples represent
 middle to late Holocene prodelta sediments (1.1 to 7.0 ky BP), deposited
 under similar environmental conditions but subsequently buried under the
 prograding delta front and coastal plain deposits, and thus currently
 located at 19 to 26 m below the surface of the present-day Po
 plain.  All samples were sieved using a 1 mm mesh size
 and only complete molluscan shells and valves (&gt;90% preserved) were
 counted and identified to the species level. Abundance of bivalves was
 calculated as the number of articulated specimens plus the combined number
 of left and right valves divided by two. To estimate DF (i.e., the percent
 of prey specimens with complete drill holes representing a proxy for the
 frequency of successful predatory attacks), the total number of drilled
 shells was divided by the total number of bivalve, gastropod and scaphopod
 individuals per core increment. Because only one valve in bivalves is
 usually drilled, DF was corrected using the following equation: DF =
 DV/[(RV + LV)/2 + A], where DV is the total number of drilled valves, RV
 is the total number of right valves, LV the total number of left valves,
 and A the number of articulated individuals. Only samples with at least 20
 individuals were used in the analyses. In addition to the DF of the total
 assemblage we also calculated DFs for bivalves, gastropods and the four
 most abundant species, including the bivalves Varicorbula gibba and
 Kurtiella bidentata and the gastropods Turritellinella tricarinata and
 Tritia varicosa. The four species, however, are not abundant enough in
 temporal bins to make a rigorous comparison of DFs within and between
 cores at the species level (electronic supplementary material, table S3).
 Whereas high-resolution analyses of DFs is not possible for individual
 taxa, we supplemented assemblage level analyses by coarse-resolution
 assessment of the four common species. In that case, core samples were
 pooled into pre-anthropogenic (middle-late Holocene, 17th to early 19th
 century, late 19th to early 20th century) and post-anthropogenic (late
 20th to early 21st century) and Fisher’s test was applied to assess for
 statistical differences between the two sample groups. Predatory
 gastropods, which make up only 1.38% of the total molluscan assemblage,
 are strongly dominated by two species of naticids, Euspira nitida (70%)
 and E. macilenta (20%), while the few muricids (9%) are mostly juveniles
 of Hexaplex trunculus and Bolinus brandaris. We were not able to
 distinguish consistently between drill holes made by these two families of
 shell drilling gastropods. We evaluated stratigraphic
 changes in the composition of molluscan assemblages using non-metric
 multidimensional scaling ordination (NMDS; k=2 dimensions) based on
 square-root-transformed proportional species abundances and Bray-Curtis
 dissimilarities. The differences in molluscan community composition
 between the four temporal units were tested with non-parametric
 permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Differences
 in DFs between the units were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and
 the pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum test, using a posteriori Bonferroni
 correction for multiple comparisons. Distance-based redundancy analysis
 was used to assess whether differences in species-level community
 composition are related to differences in DF.  The principal coordinate
 analysis using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity was performed on the
 square-root-transformed proportional species abundances, and the resulting
 ordination scores were subjected to redundancy analysis, using the
 function “capscale” in the vegan R package. To assess
 stratigraphic trends in the relative abundance of drilling predators, a
 rank correlation between the relative abundance of predators and depth in
 the core was compared to a resampling distribution of Spearman rho values
 under a null model in which the relative abundance of predators is
 constant along the core. The resampling distribution is based on a Monte
 Carlo simulation of vertical trends generated by random drawing of
 drilling predators with probability given by their overall relative
 frequency in cores. At each core level, the total number of simulated
 specimens was based on the actual sample size for this level. For each
 simulation run, a Spearman rho value was calculated for random data.
 Positive rho values indicate an upward decline and negative values
 indicate an upward increase in predator abundance toward the top of the
 core. The two-tailed significance value p is based on the number of
 replicate runs in which the simulated absolute values of rho exceeded the
 observed absolute rho value. The results are based on 10000
 iterations. To assess trends in DF, a serial Monte
 Carlo model was used based on the DF data in a given core. In each
 iteration of the model, a random walk was simulated with an initial
 drilling frequency value based on the value observed at the base of the
 core (when the starting value was selected randomly from among all values
 observed in the core, the results (not shown) are effectively the same).
 Then, values were shifted by adding one first difference, using a first
 difference value observed between two randomly selected adjacent levels.
 The process was repeated for all successive levels resulting in a random
 time series based on the actual first differences observed in the core. If
 the shift resulted in an impossible negative value of DF, the shift was
 reversed. Alternative runs with negative values converted to 0 (not shown)
 yielded comparable outcomes. The process was repeated 10000 times and the
 resulting set of 10000 time series was used to estimate the range of
 possible trends expected under a random walk. The results were also used
 to estimate significance of changes in DF across the core. In this
 approach, the core was divided into two samples (upper and lower parts of
 the cores) starting from the third increment in the core and then
 successively shifting the boundary between the lower and upper parts to
 find the dividing point that results in the maximum difference in DF. The
 difference was measured using t-statistic (difference between the mean DFs
 between the two parts of the core divided by the standard error). The
 resulting trend was then compared against 95% confidence bands based on
 the analysis of the 10000 Monte Carlo series simulating non-directional
 random trends. In addition, a Spearman rank correlation was computed for
 drilling frequency and core depth (positive correlation indicates an
 upward decrease in drilling predation and negative correlation indicates
 an upward increase in DF). Distribution of expected values of Spearman rho
 was computed based on 10000 Monte Carlo runs. Monte Carlo simulations and
 spearman rank correlations were performed for the total assemblage,
 gastropods and bivalves at all three stations (except for gastropods at
 station Po3 because of a low number of samples with minimum 20
 individuals). Statistical analyses were performed with the software
 package R (v. 4.3.1).
description: # Data from: Human-driven breakdown of predator-prey interactions in the
 northern Adriatic Sea
 [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xwdbrv1nr](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xwdbrv1nr) ## Description of the data and file structure The data are provided in 5 csv files (Age_model.csv, Drilled_rev.csv, Samples_rev.csv, Taxonomy_rev.csv, Total_abundance_rev.csv). Three R-scripts (MCMC_drill_rev2, Predators_rev.R, Zuschin_et_al_2024_R_script_rev5) are provided for the analyses of the 5 data sets listed above. The main R-script is "Zuschin_et_al_2024_R_script_rev5" and it will call the other two R-scripts to action. In addition, we provide all supplementary figures and tables in one file (Zuschin_et_al._figures_tables_ESM) and a file with captions to supplementary figures and tables. ### Files and variables #### File: Total\_abundance\_rev.csv **Description:**  This file is a spreadsheet displaying the number of shells per species per increment (i.e., a sample with unique 'Sample_id') for all studied sediment cores. ##### Variables * Species: Species names of 160 taxa used in this study * Pan_M28_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_4_8 :Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_150_152: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_150_155: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S7_27A.B: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S7_28A: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_18: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_19: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_21: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_22: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_23: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_25_30_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_25_78_83: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S14_31A.B: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S4_17.50_17.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S4_18.50_18.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S4_19.50_19.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_14.50_14.56: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_15.50_15.56: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_16.95_16.9: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_17.9_17.96: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_19.50_19.56: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_19.70_19.76: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_19.76_19.82: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_10.30_10.36: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_10.50_10.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_10.65_10.70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_12.20_12.25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_22.50_22.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_22.74_22.80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_10.60_10.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_11.60_11.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_12.60_12.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_14.60_14.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_16.50_16.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_17.45_17.50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_19.45_19.50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_20.55_20.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_21.55_21.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_22.55_22.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_23.55_23.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_24.55_24.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_25.55_25.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') #### File: Age\_model.csv **Description:**  This file provides all data for the calculation of the age models of the sediment cores taken in the modern northern Adriatic Sea. Note that the samples taken from sediment cores in the Po Plain were assigned to the middle-late Holocene. ##### Variables * St_id: combines info on Station (see below) with depth increment (see below) of the sediment core. * Station: names of the three sampled stations in the modern northern Adriatic Sea (Po3, Po4, Pan). Pan = station Panzano. * Depth_increment: depth range of increments in cores (in cm). * Depth_upper: upper boundary of a sampled increment of the sediment core (in cm) * Depth_lower: lower boundary of a sampled increment of the sediment core (in cm) * Depth_middle: middle of the sampled increment of the sediment core (in cm) * N_dated_shells: the number of age-dated shells of a given increment. NA = no dated shells. * Median_year: the median calendar year of the age distribution of the dated shells in a given increment. NA = no dated shells. * 25th_percentile_year: the 25th percentile year of the age distribution of the dated shells in a given increment. NA = no dated shells. * 75th_percentile_year: the 75th percentile year of the age distribution of the dated shells in a given increment. NA = no dated shells. * Used_for_model: the calendar year of a given increment used for the age model. NA = no dated shells. * Year: the calendar year of a given increment (based on the dated shells) plus interpolated years for increments without dated shells. * Temporal_bin: calendar years used for the age model assigned to one of eight temporal bins. * Unit: calendar years used for the age model assigned to one of three units, which were used for statistical analyses. Note that the samples taken from sediment cores in the Po Plain (PP) were assigned to the fourth unit (middle-late Holocene) used in the statistical analyses. #### File: Drilled\_rev.csv **Description:**  This file is a spreadsheet displaying the number of drilled shells per species per increment (i.e., a sample with unique 'Sample_id') for all studied sediment cores. ##### Variables * Species: Species names of 160 taxa used in this study * Pan_M28_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M28_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Pan_M29_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_150_152: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M20_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_150_155: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po4_M21_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_0_4: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_4_8: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_8_12: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_12_16: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_16_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_20_25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_25_30: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_30_35: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_35_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_40_45: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_45_50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_50_55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_55_60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_60_65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_65_70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_70_75: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_75_80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_80_85: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_85_90: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_90_95: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M13_95_100: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_100_105: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_105_110: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_110_115: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_115_120: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_120_125: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_125_130: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_130_135: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_135_140: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_140_145: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * Po3_M14_145_150: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S7_27A.B: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S7_28A: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_18: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_19: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_20: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_21: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_22: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_23: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_25_30_40: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_25_78_83: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S14_31A.B: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S4_17.50_17.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S4_18.50_18.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S4_19.50_19.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_14.50_14.56: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_15.50_15.56: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_16.95_16.9: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_17.9_17.96: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_19.50_19.56: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_19.70_19.76: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S7_19.76_19.82: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_10.30_10.36: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_10.50_10.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_10.65_10.70: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_12.20_12.25: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_22.50_22.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_205_S9_22.74_22.80: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_10.60_10.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_11.60_11.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_12.60_12.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_14.60_14.65: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_16.50_16.55: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_17.45_17.50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_19.45_19.50: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_20.55_20.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_21.55_21.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_22.55_22.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_23.55_23.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_24.55_24.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') * PP_EM_S13_25.55_25.60: Sample_id (see file 'Samples_rev.csv') #### File: README.md **Description:**  The data are provided in 5 csv files (Age_model.csv, Drilled_rev.csv, Samples_rev.csv, Taxonomy_rev.csv, Total_abundance_rev.csv). Three R-scripts (MCMC_drill_rev2, Predators_rev.R, Zuschin_et_al_2024_R_script_rev5) are provided for the analyses of the 5 data sets listed above. The main R-script is "Zuschin_et_al_2024_R_script_rev5" and it will call the other two R-scripts to action. In addition we provide all supplementary figures and tables in one file (Zuschin_et_al._figures_tables_ESM) and a file with captions to supplementary figures and tables. #### File: Samples\_rev.csv **Description:**  This file provides information on the samples used in this study. ##### Variables * Sample_id: Combines info on station (see below), sediment core (see below) and increment depth (see below). Each increment is therefore a sample with unique 'Sample_id' * Station: names of the three sampled stations in the modern northern Adriatic Sea (Po3, Po4, Pan) and of the stations sampled in the Po Plain (PP). Pan = station Panzano. * Core: names of the sediment cores sampled at each station. * Depth_increment: depth range of increments in cores (in cm). * Depth_upper: upper boundary of the sampled increment of the sediment core (in cm). * Depth_lower: lower boundary of the sampled increment of the sediment core (in cm). * Depth_middle: middle of the sampled imcrement of the sediment core (in cm). #### File: Taxonomy\_rev.csv **Description:**  This file provides information on systematic affiliation and taxonomy of the studied species. 'NA' is a lack of systematic affiliation at higher systematic level (e.g., genus) if the species could not be identified. ##### Variables * Class: Level of systematic classification * Subclass: Level of systematic classification * Order: Level of systematic classification * Superfamily: Level of systematic classification * Family: Level of systematic classification * Genus: Level of systematic classification * Species: Level of systematic classification ## Code/software Statistical analyses were performed with the software package R (v. 4.3.1) The main R-script is "Zuschin_et_al_2024_R_script_rev5" and it will call the other two R-scripts (MCMC_drill_rev2, Predators_rev.R) to action