cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kd92s
title: Data from: Sex differences in leucocyte telomere length in a free-living mammal

description: Mounting evidence suggests that average telomere length reflects previous
 stress and predicts subsequent survival across vertebrate species. In
 humans, leucocyte telomere length (LTL) is consistently shorter during
 adulthood in males than in females, although the causes of this sex
 difference and its generality to other mammals remain unknown. Here, we
 measured LTL in a cross-sectional sample of free-living Soay sheep and
 found shorter telomeres in males than in females in later adulthood
 (&gt;3 years of age), but not in early life. This observation was not
 related to sex differences in growth or parasite burden, but we did find
 evidence for reduced LTL associated with increased horn growth in early
 life in males. Variation in LTL was independent of variation in the
 proportions of different leucocyte cell types, which are known to differ
 in telomere length. Our results provide the first evidence of sex
 differences in LTL from a wild mammal, but longitudinal studies are now
 required to determine whether telomere attrition rates or selective
 disappearance are responsible for these observed differences.
description: Watson et al -
 DataData used in analyses
 presented in this paper. Please contact the corresponding author if you
 wish to use this data for anything other than exact replication of our our
 analyses. Note that individual sheep IDs have been scrambled and will not
 correspond to IDs in data associated with other publications using the
 same study system.Watson MEC-16-0976
 Dryad.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p5v4g
title: Data from: Soil biota enhance agricultural sustainability by improving crop yield, nutrient uptake and reducing nitrogen leaching losses

description: 1. Efficient resource use is a key factor for sustainable production and a
 necessity for meeting future global food demands. However, the factors
 that control resource use efficiency in agro-ecosystems are only partly
 understood. 2. We investigated the influence of soil biota on nutrient
 leaching, nutrient-use efficiency and plant performance in outdoor,
 open-top lysimeters comprising a volume of 230 L. The lysimeters were
 filled with sterilized soil in two horizons and inoculated with a reduced
 soil-life inoculum (soil biota ≤11 μm, microbially dominated) and an
 enriched soil-life inoculum [soil organisms ≤2 mm, also containing
 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)]. A crop rotation was planted, and
 nutrient leaching losses, plant biomass and nutrient contents were
 assessed over a period of almost 2 years. 3. In the first year of the
 experiment, enriched soil life increased crop yield (+22%), N uptake
 (+29%) and P uptake (+110%) of maize and strongly reduced leaching losses
 of N (−51%, corresponding to a reduction of 76 kg N ha−1). In the second
 year, wheat biomass (+17%) and P contents (+80%) were significantly
 increased by enriched soil life, but the differences were lower than in
 the first year. 4. Enriched soil life also increased P mobilization from
 soil (+112%) and significantly reduced relative P leaching losses (−25%),
 defined as g P leached per kg P plant uptake, as well as relative N
 leaching losses (−36%), defined as kg N leached per kg N plant uptake,
 demonstrating that nutrient-use efficiency was increased in the enriched
 soil-life treatment. 5. Synthesis and applications. Soil biota are a key
 factor determining resource efficiency in agriculture. The results suggest
 that applying farming practices, which favour a rich and abundant soil
 life (e.g. reduced tillage, organic farming, crop rotation), can reduce
 environmental impacts, enhance crop yield and result in a more sustainable
 agricultural system. However, this needs to be confirmed in field
 situations. Enhanced nutrient-use efficiency obtained through farming
 practices which exert positive effects on soil biota could result in
 reduced amounts of fertilisers needed for agricultural production and
 reduced nutrient losses to the environment, providing benefits of such
 practices beyond positive effects on biodiversity.
description: Soil biota enhance
 agricultural sustainabilityData collected from a
 two year lysimeter experiment investigating the effects of different soil
 biological inoculation treatments on crop yield and nutrient contents and
 nutrient leaching losses. Data is shown for year 1 and 2 separately and
 also cumulatively for the whole duration of the
 experiment.Bender and van der Heijden 2014
 Data.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.c66v3
title: Data from: Integrated and independent evolution of heteromorphic sperm types

description: Sperm are a simple cell type with few components, yet they exhibit
 tremendous between-species morphological variation in those components
 thought to reflect selection in different fertilization environments.
 However, within a species, sperm components are expected to be selected to
 be functionally integrated for optimal fertilization of eggs. Here, we
 take advantage of within-species variation in sperm form and function to
 test whether sperm components are functionally and genetically integrated
 both within and between sperm morphologies using a quantitative genetics
 approach. Drosophila pseudoobscura males produce two sperm types with
 different functions but which positively interact together in the same
 fertilization environment; the long eusperm fertilizes eggs and the short
 parasperm appear to protect eusperm from a hostile female reproductive
 tract. Our analysis found that all sperm traits were heritable, but short
 sperm components exhibited evolvabilities 10 times that of long sperm
 components. Genetic correlations indicated functional integration within,
 but not between, sperm morphs. These results suggest that sperm, despite
 sharing a common developmental process, can become developmentally and
 functionally non-integrated, evolving into separate modules with the
 potential for rapid and independent responses to selection.
description: Drosophila_pseudoobscura_quantitativegenetics_sperm_length_dataData collected from D. pseudoobscura derived from Tucson Arizona but cultured in the lab. Using a quantitative genetics design in which sires were mated to multiple dams, we measured sperm head and flagellum length of short, nonfertilizing sperm and long, fertilizing sperm from sons. Data are represented in six columns: sire ID, dam ID, short sperm head length, short sperm flagellum length, long sperm head length, long sperm flagellum length.Drosophila_pseudoobscura_sperm.txt
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1jj472j
title: Data from: Rapid evolution of thermal plasticity in mountain lake Daphnia populations

description: Populations at risk of extinction due to climate change may be rescued by
 adaptive evolution or plasticity. Selective agents, such as introduced
 predators, may enhance or constrain plastic or adaptive responses to
 temperature. We tested responses of Daphnia to temperature by collecting
 populations from lakes across an elevational gradient in the presence and
 absence of fish predators (long-term selection). We subsequently grew
 these populations at two elevations in field mesocosms over two years
 (short-term selection), followed by a common-garden experiment at two
 temperatures in the lab to measure life-history traits. Both long-term and
 short-term selection affected traits, suggesting that genetic variation of
 plasticity within populations enabled individuals to rapidly evolve
 plasticity in response to high temperature. We found that short-term
 selection by high temperature increased plasticity for growth rate in all
 populations. Fecundity was higher in populations from fishless lakes and
 body size showed greater plasticity in populations from warm lakes
 (long-term selection). Neither body size nor fecundity were affected by
 short-term thermal selection. These results demonstrate that plasticity is
 an important component of the life-history response of Daphnia, and that
 genetic variation within populations enabled rapid evolution of plasticity
 in response to selection by temperature.
description: Common-garden experiment
 datadata_Oikos.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6h1s2
title: Data from: Novel clinical evidence of an association between homocysteine and insulin resistance in patients with hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothyroidism

description: Objective: Hypothyroidism (HO) can induce significant metabolic
 dysfunction and increase cardiovascular disease risk. In the present
 study, we investigated the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) and
 insulin resistance (IR) in patients with HO or subclinical hypothyroidism
 (SHO). Methods: A total of 270 subjects were enrolled. All subjects were
 divided into the following three groups: HO, SHO and control. Plasma
 levels of Hcy were measured, and each patient’s homeostatic index of
 insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Statistical analyses were
 carried out to evaluate the correlations among groups and to determine the
 predictors of IR in patients with HO or SHO. Results: The HOMA-IR value
 was significantly higher in the HO group than in the SHO and control
 groups. Plasma levels of Hcy were markedly increased in the HO group
 compared with those of the SHO group and controls. In addition, plasma
 levels of Hcy were positively correlated with the HOMA-IR values in both
 the HO and SHO groups. Multiple linear regression models showed that
 plasma levels of Hcy and free thyroxine (FT4) were the only predictors of
 HOMA-IR in patients with HO or SHO. Conclusions: Plasma levels of Hcy and
 HOMA-IR were increased in patients with HO or SHO. Our results suggest
 that HO and SHO may increase the risk for atherogenesis and cardiovascular
 disease by increased IR. The increased IR induced by hyperhomocysteinemia
 in patients with HO or SHO may partially explain this adverse effect.
description: HCY promotes IR in HO
 and SHODATA.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bm82c
title: Data from: Trace element accumulation in woody plants of the Guadiamar Valley, SW Spain: a large-scale phytomanagement case study

description: Phytomanagement employs vegetation and soil amendments to reduce the
 environmental risk posed by contaminated sites. We investigated the
 distribution of trace elements in soils and woody plants from a large
 phytomanaged site, the Guadiamar Valley (SW Spain), 7 years after a mine
 spill, which contaminated the area in 1998. At spill-affected sites,
 topsoils (0-25 cm) had elevated concentrations of As (129 mg kg(-1)), Bi
 (1.64 mg kg(-1)), Cd (1.44 mg kg(-1)), Cu (115 mg kg(-1)), Pb (210 mg
 kg(-1)), Sb (13.8 mg kg(-1)), Tl (1.17 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (457 mg kg(-1)).
 Trace element concentrations in the studied species were, on average,
 within the normal ranges for higher plants. An exception was white poplar
 (Populus alba), which accumulated Cd and Zn in leaves up to 3 and 410 mg
 kg(-1) respectively. We discuss the results with regard to the
 phytomanagement of trace element contaminated sites.
description: Trace elements in soils
 and plants from Guadiamar River Valley (SW Spain)This data set contains
 information on chemical composition of soils and woody plant biomass from
 the Guadiamar River Valley (SW Spain). The data set corresponds to a
 series of environmental surveys conducted in the Guadiamar River Valley
 (SW Spain), to monitor de fate of contaminating trace-elements in soils
 and aboveground plant biomass (main tree species), after a huge mine
 accident that released acid waters and trace-element contaminated sludge
 into the Guadiamar River basin. Data included in this set were gathered in
 Autumn 2005, six years after the mining accident (occurred in April 1998)
 and subsequent remediation programme.GUADIAMAR_TE2005.csv
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.73g3d
title: Data from: Edge effects enhance selfing and seed harvesting efforts in the insect-pollinated Neotropical tree Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae)

description: Edge effects may affect the mating system of tropical tree species and
 reduce the genetic diversity and variance effective size of collected
 seeds at the boundaries of forest fragments because of a reduction in the
 density of reproductive trees, neighbour size and changes in the behaviour
 of pollinators. Here, edge effects on the genetic diversity, mating system
 and pollen pool of the insect-pollinated Neotropical tree Copaifera
 langsdorffii were investigated using eight microsatellite loci.
 Open-pollinated seeds were collected from 17 seed trees within continuous
 savannah woodland (SW) and were compared with seeds from 11 seed trees at
 the edge of the savannah remnant. Seeds collected from the SW had
 significantly higher heterozygosity levels (Ho=0.780; He=0.831) than seeds
 from the edge (Ho=0.702; He=0.800). The multilocus outcrossing rate was
 significantly higher in the SW (tm=0.859) than in the edge (tm=0.759).
 Pollen pool differentiation was significant, however, it did not differ
 between the SW (=0.105) and the edge (=0.135). The variance effective size
 within the progenies was significantly higher in the SW (Ne=2.65) than at
 the edge (Ne=2.30). The number of seed trees to retain the reference
 variance effective size of 500 was 189 at the SW and 217 at the edge.
 Therefore, it is preferable that seed harvesting for conservation and
 environmental restoration strategies be conducted in the SW, where genetic
 diversity and variance effective size within progenies are higher.
description: MLTR input for the
 edgeThis file contains the
 genotype of eleven mothers and its progeny. The format is ready for MLTR
 program (Ritland, 2002).pf.datMLTR input for the savannah woodlandThis file contains the genotype for 17 mothers and its progeny in closed savannah woodland, ready to use in Ritland's (2002) MLTR program.pd.dat
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.q828j
title: Data from: Validation of NINDS-VCI neuropsychology protocols for vascular cognitive impairment in Taiwan

description: Objective: To validate the three time-difference neuropsychological
 protocols developed by the National Institute of Health/National Institute
 of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Canadian Stroke
 Network for assessment of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in
 Mandarin-speaking subjects and to investigate the clinical application of
 the shortest form. Methods: Patients aged 50 years or older who had a
 stroke were invited to participate in the study. Clinical diagnosis of VCI
 was made. The NINDS-VCI Neuropsychology Protocols, 60-, 30-, and two
 5-minute protocols, were administered. The criteria validities of the
 cognitive protocols against the diagnoses of stroke and VCI were
 determined via Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The
 optimal cut-off point for the 5-minute protocols total score was estimated
 for clinical use in screening. Results: Eighty-three patients and 53
 controls were recruited during the study period. Patients with stroke
 performed more poorly than the control group in the three
 neuropsychological protocols. Forty-two patients with stroke were
 diagnosed with VCI. VCI was used as the standard to estimate the criteria
 validities. The area under the ROC curve was 0.78, 0.80, 0.75, and 0.73
 for the 60-, 30-, 5-mintue protocol-A and 5-minute protocol-B,
 respectively. Conclusion: These modified neuropsychological protocols can
 be used as valid instruments when performing comprehensive cognitive
 assessment or for screening of VCI in Taiwan.
description: YL_VCI_neuropsychological test
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.6qg3g
title: Data from: Competitive interactions upon secondary contact drive elevational divergence in tropical birds

description: Tropical mountains harbor exceptionally high biodiversity, which is in
 part due to the marked elevational stratification of tropical biotas.
 However, the factors that influence the evolution of elevational
 distributions remain uncertain. I used a database of sister species of
 tropical montane birds from 41 families and three regions—the Neotropics,
 the Himalayas, and New Guinea—to test whether patterns of elevational
 divergence were consistent with (1) a stochastic process, (2) ecological
 sorting of elevational divergence that occurred in allopatry, or (3)
 elevational divergence driven by competitive interactions upon secondary
 contact. The stochastic and ecological sorting hypotheses predict that
 increased elevational divergence in sympatric sister species is explained
 by their greater evolutionary age, whereas the competitive interactions
 hypothesis predicts that elevational divergence is explained by
 geographical overlap. I found that genetic distances were unrelated to
 elevational divergence and that allopatric sister species occupied similar
 elevational distributions regardless of genetic distance in each region.
 Instead, sympatry was the only significant predictor of elevational
 divergence; regardless of evolutionary age, sympatric sister species had
 greater elevational divergence than allopatric sister species in each
 region, as predicted by the competitive interactions hypothesis.
 Importantly, this pattern occurred in all three geographic regions, which
 suggests that competition-driven elevational divergence upon secondary
 contact is a general process of community assembly in tropical montane
 avifaunas.
description: Tropical montane avian
 sister speciesThis database includes
 information for 203 pairs of sister species of birds found in three
 tropical montane regions--the Himalayas, the Neotropics, and New Guinea.
 The pertinent data for each sister species pair include: 1) genetic
 distance, calculated using mitochondrial DNA, 2) a binary measure of
 geographical overlap (sympatry/allopatry), and 3) elevational divergence,
 measured from 0 (no elevational overlap) to 1 (complete elevational
 overlap).Appendix1_22May.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.bb775
title: Data from: An assessment of tree availability as a possible cause of population declines in scavenging raptors

description: Lack of suitable nesting trees is an increasingly common issue for avian
 conservation given rampant habitat and tree destruction around the world.
 In the African savannah, habitat loss and particularly tree damage caused
 by elephants have been suggested as possible factors in the decline of
 large bird species. Given the recent declines of vultures and other
 scavenging raptors, it is critical to understand if nest availability is a
 limiting factor for these threatened populations. Loss of woodland,
 partially due to elephant populations, has been reported for the
 Mara-Serengeti ecosystem. Data on characteristics of trees used for
 nesting were collected for White-backed, Lappet-faced, White-headed
 vulture, and Tawny eagle nests in Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Nest
 tree characteristics were compared with the distribution of a random
 subsample of trees to assess nest preferences and determine suitability of
 available trees. Nearest neighbor distances were estimated as well as
 availability of preferred nesting trees to determine if tree availability
 is a limiting factor for tree-nesting vultures. Tree availability was
 found to greatly exceed nesting needs for African vultures and Tawny
 eagles. We thus conclude that on a landscape scale, tree availability is
 not a limiting factor for any of the species considered here
 (White-backed, Lappet-faced, White-headed vultures, and Tawny eagles).
description: Nestdata_DryadNest characteristic information for four raptor species (White-backed vulture, Lappet-faced vulture, White-headed vulture, and Tawny eagle) in Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.qg258
title: Data from: The direct cost of traumatic secretion transfer in hermaphroditic land snails: individuals stabbed with a love dart decrease lifetime fecundity

description: Several taxa of simultaneously hermaphroditic land snails exhibit a
 conspicuous mating behaviour, the so-called shooting of love darts. During
 mating, such land snail species transfer a specific secretion by stabbing
 a mating partner's body with the love dart. It has been shown that
 sperm donors benefit from this traumatic secretion transfer, because the
 secretions manipulate the physiology of a sperm recipient and increase the
 donors' fertilization success. However, it is unclear whether
 reception of dart shooting is costly to the recipients. Therefore, the
 effect of sexual conflict and antagonistic arms races on the evolution of
 traumatic secretion transfer in land snails is still controversial. To
 examine this effect, we compared lifetime fecundity and longevity between
 the individuals that received and did not receive dart shooting from
 mating partners in Bradybaena pellucida. Our experiments showed that the
 dart-receiving snails suffered reduction in lifetime fecundity and
 longevity. These results suggest that the costly mating behaviour, dart
 shooting, generates conflict between sperm donors and recipients and that
 sexually antagonistic arms races have contributed to the diversification
 of the morphological and behavioural traits relevant to dart shooting. Our
 findings also support theories suggesting a violent escalation of sexual
 conflict in hermaphroditic animals.
description: Lifetime
 fecundityLifetime fecundity and
 dart receptionfecundity_KKSC2015PRSB.xlsxLongevityLongevity and dart receptionlongevity_KKSC2015PRSB.xlsxsperm.mass weightMale and female investments and dart receptionsperm.mass_KKSC2015PRSB.xlsx
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.3b21m43
title: Data from: Biofilm formation and toxin production provide a fitness advantage in mixed colonies of environmental yeast isolates

description: Microbes can engage in social interactions ranging from cooperation to
 warfare. Biofilms are structured, cooperative microbial communities. Like
 all cooperative communities, they are susceptible to invasion by selfish
 individuals who benefit without contributing. However, biofilms are
 pervasive and ancient, representing the first fossilized life. One
 hypothesis for the stability of biofilms is spatial structure: segregated
 patches of related cooperative cells are able to outcompete unrelated
 cells. These dynamics have been explored computationally and in bacteria;
 however, their relevance to eukaryotic microbes remains an open question.
 The complexity of eukaryotic cell signaling and communication suggests the
 possibility of different social dynamics. Using the tractable model yeast,
 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which can form biofilms, we investigate the
 interactions of environmental isolates with different social phenotypes.
 We find that biofilm strains spatially exclude non-biofilm strains, and
 that biofilm spatial structure confers a consistent and robust fitness
 advantage in direct competition. Furthermore, biofilms may protect against
 killer toxin, a warfare phenotype. During biofilm formation, cells are
 susceptible to toxin from nearby competitors; however, increased spatial
 use may provide an escape from toxin-producers. Our results suggest that
 yeast biofilms represent a competitive strategy, and that principles
 elucidated for the evolution and stability of bacterial biofilms may apply
 to more complex eukaryotes.
description: FitnessDataSummaryThis is a .csv file containing all the data from each colony competition. The first line contains self-explanatory column headers.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.8rd48a
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1004 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Camptotheca acuminata",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1004 records from 52 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001093-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.