cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17784030
title: DS1_Cliodynamics_Zenodo_Package

description: This repository contains all data files, Python scripts, and derived figures required to fully reproduce the analyses and results reported in the article Europe 1495–1945 as a Dissipative Structure: War Cycles, Dual Saturation, and New Insights for Cliodynamics (Piepers, 2025) and its Supplemental Material. The study treats the European great-power system between 1495 and 1945 (DS1) as a dissipative war structure with four accelerating cycles, a finite-time singularity in systemic-war cadence and severity, long-run structural tightening (population, connectedness κ, state consolidation, external control), and the dual saturation of internal integration and external expansion. All figures and tables in the main text and Supplemental Material can be regenerated from the contents of this archive. The repository is organised as a flat directory with four main components: Python scripts (analysis pipeline); Core data files (CSV); Derived figures (PNG); Manifest (integrity and verification).
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17784031
title: DS1_Cliodynamics_Zenodo_Package

description: This repository contains all data files, Python scripts, and derived figures required to fully reproduce the analyses and results reported in the article Europe 1495–1945 as a Dissipative Structure: War Cycles, Dual Saturation, and New Insights for Cliodynamics (Piepers, 2025) and its Supplemental Material. The study treats the European great-power system between 1495 and 1945 (DS1) as a dissipative war structure with four accelerating cycles, a finite-time singularity in systemic-war cadence and severity, long-run structural tightening (population, connectedness κ, state consolidation, external control), and the dual saturation of internal integration and external expansion. All figures and tables in the main text and Supplemental Material can be regenerated from the contents of this archive. The repository is organised as a flat directory with four main components: Python scripts (analysis pipeline); Core data files (CSV); Derived figures (PNG); Manifest (integrity and verification).
DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.28050.52167
title: Revisiòn academica (Enna, Alicia perla, gustavo Valenzuela)-01
DOI: 10.15468/dl.t3thrg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1675 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Human Observation, Specimen)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Stenochlaena palustris"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1675 records from 59 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021476-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.3rj4cz
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7616396 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "StateProvince is one of (Oregon, Oregon (OR), Oregon (State))",
 "Year 2023-2024"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7616396 records from 66 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021467-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.z5hhmh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3920327 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Repatriated is TRUE",
 "Country is Norway",
 {
 "or" : [
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is null",
 "CoordinateUncertaintyInMeters is less than or equal to 10000"
 ]
 },
 {
 "not" : {
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds"
 ]
 }
 },
 {
 "not" : {
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is (Table 3) Relative abundance of Azolla spp., peridinoid dinocysts, gonyaulacoid dinocysts, non-saccate pollen, bisaccate pollen and spores from the Lomonosov Ridge during different Arctic coring expeditions"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3920327 records from 1826 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0021455-251120083545085/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-62854
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.nkshms
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1061 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Tectonatica pusilla (Say, 1822)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1061 records from 26 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0072874-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.5cfn72
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 176 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Bathyporeia nana Toulmond, 1966"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 176 records from 21 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0114119-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-63368
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.vstwdt
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 176 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Rhyncholaelia digbyana (Lindl.) Schltr."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 176 records from 35 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0102995-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.dyfn8m
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 25226 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "TaxonKey is Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825)",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 25226 records from 56 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0078433-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-63225
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.j8hv9x
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 3 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Paramunna macquariensis Just & Wilson, 2004"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 3 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0128113-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.rkwmu9
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1298 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Prosthechea fragrans (Sw.) W.E.Higgins"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1298 records from 148 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0095841-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-63165
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.fs03wi
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 12746 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Ara chloropterus G.R.Gray, 1859",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 12746 records from 54 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0033053-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.a8csfn
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 148 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Atelopus mindoensis Peters, 1973"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 148 records from 8 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0104819-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.j68vvy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 16 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Elaphognathia ferox (Haswell, 1884)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 16 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0118367-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-63189
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.a9rpvc
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset listing the 11356 species recorded in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 {
 "or" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Observation",
 "BasisOfRecord is Machine Observation",
 "BasisOfRecord is Human Observation",
 "BasisOfRecord is Material sample",
 "BasisOfRecord is Literature Occurrence",
 "BasisOfRecord is Unknown evidence"
 ]
 },
 "Country is Korea, Republic of",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset's 11356 records were derived from 59 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0061454-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.bdu6cm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "VerbatimScientificName is one of (Paraelona majewsky (Frauenfeld, 1862), Paraelona majewsky, , , , , )",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Country is Ukraine"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0128722-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-63271
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.npnr35
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 67 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Elasmopus spinidactylus Chevreux, 1907"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 67 records from 12 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0118409-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-62869
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.mjnr9r
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 107 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Tympanis hypopodia Nyl.",
 {
 "or" : [
 "Country is United States of America",
 "Country is Canada"
 ]
 },
 {
 "not" : {
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Global database of alien macrofungi"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 107 records from 10 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0146210-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.vwffzf
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1633 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Arcopsis adamsi (Dall, 1886)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1633 records from 48 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0067366-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.58q5nw
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 7 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Echinolittorina wallaceana D.Reid, 2007"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 7 records from 4 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0086733-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-62867
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.3qqk39
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "VerbatimScientificName is one of (Lazarenkia kozlovii (Laz.) Boiko, Lazarenkia kozlovii, , , , , )",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen)"
 ]
 }
 },
 "Country is Ukraine"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0128817-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ewkmm9
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 116636 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Aves, Mammalia, Amphibia, Tracheophyta, Reptilia)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "Geometry POLYGON((174.5833333 -37.0916667,174.9833333 -37.0916667,174.9833333 -36.8,174.5833333 -36.8,174.5833333 -37.0916667))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 116636 records from 61 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0054270-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-62951
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 43, nos. 1-52, 6 Jan. - 28 Dec. 1967

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly. "A full gospel magazine" -- subtitle for vol. 43, nos. 1-39 (6 Jan. - 29 Sept. 1967).
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qyez4y
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 70 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Liopropoma olneyi Baldwin & Johnson, 2014"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 70 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0071930-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ug9gg6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 5 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Phreatia platyclinoides Ridl."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 5 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0076307-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-64966
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 45, nos. 1-52, 2 Jan. - 25 Dec. 1969

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.63ukst
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 144101 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Athene cunicularia (Molina, 1782)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 144101 records from 179 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0067350-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.6sjpcy
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 2813 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Hydrangea quercifolia Bartram",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 2813 records from 56 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0071970-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.av7fy7
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1740566 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "VerbatimScientificName is Melospiza georgiana",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Machine Observation, Human Observation)",
 "Year 2011-2021",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Specimen, Material citation, Material sample)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1740566 records from 11 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0076333-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-64924
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 45, nos. 1-52, 2 Jan. - 25 Dec. 1969

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9nk6s5
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 11513 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Pityogenes chalcographus (C.Linnaeus, 1760))",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 11513 records from 92 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0072875-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-64766
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 45, nos. 1-52, 2 Jan. - 25 Dec. 1969

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.qcq3t6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 340 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Ellobium aurismidae (Linnaeus, 1758)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 340 records from 44 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0086767-220831081235567/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.ggfz5e
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 152 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Hemiplax hirtipes (Heller, 1862)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 152 records from 12 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0078435-200221144449610/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.uvksvv
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 10635 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "VerbatimScientificName is Melozone albicollis",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Machine Observation, Human Observation)",
 "Year 2011-2021",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 {
 "not" : {
 "BasisOfRecord" : [
 "is one of (Fossil, Living Specimen, Specimen, Material citation, Material sample)"
 ]
 }
 }
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 10635 records from 6 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0076342-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25549/pcra-c14-64770
title: Redemption tidings, vol. 45, nos. 1-52, 2 Jan. - 25 Dec. 1969

description: [description english/roman)] Issued weekly.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.q8tux9
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 1698793 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Rosa L."
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 1698793 records from 3324 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0076347-230530130749713/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.mmfnsh
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 70 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "TaxonKey is Adoxophyes privatana (Walker, 1863)",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 70 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0029806-191105090559680/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.tbi0yq
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 23 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Mexico",
 "TaxonKey is Vicia villosa Roth"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 23 records from 14 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0006023-181003121212138/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jke72q
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 6422 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Champsocephalus gunnari Lönnberg, 1905"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 6422 records from 38 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0029427-190918142434337/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.kcj6tu
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 9264 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "DatasetKey" : [
 "is Big Island Invasive Species Committee - Pest Reports - 2005-2010"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 9264 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0005237-210914110416597/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.