cometadata/datacite-titles-descriptions-related-identifiers huggingface dataset:
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.b2rbnzsc4
title: Heat and water loss vs shelter: a dilemma in thermoregulatory decision-making for a retreat-dwelling nocturnal gecko

description: Understanding the interaction between upper voluntary thermal limit
 (VTmax) and water loss may aid in predicting responses of ectotherms to
 increasing temperatures within microhabitats. However, the temperature
 (VTmax) at which climate heating will force cool-climate, nocturnal
 lizards to abandon daytime retreats remains poorly known. Here, we
 developed a new laboratory protocol for determining VTmax in the
 retreat-dwelling, viviparous Woodworthia Otago/Southland gecko, based on
 escape behaviour (abandonment of heated retreat). We compared the body
 temperature (Tb) at VTmax, and duration of heating, between two source
 groups with different thermal histories, and among three reproductive
 groups. We also examined continuous changes in Tb (via an attached
 biologger) and total evaporative water loss (EWL) during heating. In the
 field, we measured Tb and microhabitat thermal profiles to establish
 whether geckos reach VTmax in nature. We found that VTmax and duration of
 heating varied between source groups (and thus potentially with prior
 thermal experience), but not among reproductive groups. Moreover, geckos
 reached a peak temperature slightly higher than VTmax before abandoning
 the retreat. Total EWL increased with increasing VTmax and with the
 duration of heating. In the field, pregnant geckos with attached
 biologgers reached VTmax temperature, and temperatures of some separately
 monitored microhabitats exceeded VTmax in hot weather implying that some
 retreats must be abandoned to avoid overheating. Our results suggest that
 cool-climate nocturnal lizards that inhabit daytime retreats may abandon
 retreats more frequently if climate warming persists, implying a trade-off
 between retention of originally occupied shelter and ongoing water loss
 due to overheating.
description: Data collection and processing were described in the
 manuscript.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.ngf1vhhrr
title: Production of mobile invertebrate communities on shallow reefs from temperate to tropical seas

description: Primary productivity of marine ecosystems is largely driven by broad
 gradients in environmental and ecological properties. In contrast,
 secondary productivity tends to be more variable, influenced by bottom-up
 (resource driven) and top-down (predatory) processes, other environmental
 drivers, and mediation by the physical structure of habitats. Here, we use
 a continental-scale dataset on small mobile invertebrates (‘epifauna’),
 common on surfaces in all marine ecosystems, to test influences of
 potential drivers of temperature-standardised secondary production across
 biogeographic scales. We found epifaunal production to be remarkably
 consistent along a temperate to tropical Australian latitudinal gradient
 of 28.6°, spanning kelp forests to coral reefs (~3500 km). Using a model
 selection procedure, epifaunal production was primarily a function of
 biogenic habitat group, which explained up to 45% of total variability.
 Production was otherwise invariant to predictors capturing primary
 productivity, the local biomass of fishes (proxy for predation pressure),
 and environmental, geographic, and human impacts. Highly predictable
 levels of epifaunal productivity associated with distinct habitat groups
 across continental scales should allow accurate modelling of the
 contributions of these ubiquitous invertebrates to coastal food webs, to
 ultimately improve understanding of altered energy transfer throughout
 food webs in the face of ocean warming and other anthropogenic impacts on
 marine ecosystems.
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.1vhhmgqqm
title: Hare's affairs: Lessons learnt from a noninvasive genetic monitoring for tracking mountain hare individuals

description: Systematic monitoring of individuals and their abundance over time has
 become an important tool to provide information for conservation. For
 genetic monitoring studies, noninvasive sampling has emerged as a valuable
 approach, particularly so for elusive or rare animals. Here, we present
 the five-year results of an ongoing noninvasive genetic monitoring of
 mountain hares (Lepus timidus) in a protected area in the Swiss Alps. We
 used nuclear microsatellites and a sex marker to identify individuals and
 assign species to noninvasively collected feces samples. Through including
 a marker for sex identification, we were able to assess sex-ratio changes
 and sex-specific demographic parameters over time. Male abundance in the
 area showed high fluctuations and apparent survival for males was lower
 than for females. Generally, males and females showed only little
 temporary migration into and out of the study area. Additionally, using
 genotyped tissue samples from mountain hares, European hares (Lepus
 europaeus) and their hybrids, we were able to provide evidence for the
 first occurrence of a European hare in the study area at an elevation of
 2300 m a.s.l. in spring 2016. For future monitoring studies, we suggest to
 include complementary analysis methods to reliably infer species
 identities of the individuals analyzed and thus, not only monitor mountain
 hare individual abundance, but also assess the potential threats given
 through competitive exclusion by and hybridization with the European hare.
description: Data originate from a non-invasive sampling of feces of mountain
 hare, <em>Lepus timidus</em>, collected in the Swiss National
 Park over a five-year period (2014-2018). DNA was extracted from the fecal
 samples and genotyped at nuclear microsatellites (simple sequence repeats,
 SSRs) loci and a sex marker using a multi-tube approach. Based on these
 sample-specific genetic fingerprints, individual genotypes were determined
 and population dynamics were derived. Moreover, a comparison with
 genotypes obtained from tissue samples of <em>L. timidus</em>
 and European hare (<em>Lepus europaeus</em>) allowed to assign
 individual genotypes to the respective species or putative
 hybrids.
description: Consensus genotypes and sex of samples from three replicated PCRs
 of noninvasive samples were determined based on a stringent procedure, and
 missing data occurred in some of the genotypes as marked in the data files
 (denoted as 0).
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7pvmcvdqw
title: Data from: Phylogenomic approaches reveal how climate shapes patterns of genetic diversity in an African rain forest tree species

description: The world’s second largest expanse of tropical rain forest is in Central
 Africa and it harbours enormous species diversity. Population genetic
 studies have consistently revealed significant structure across central
 African rain forest plants, in particular a North-South genetic
 discontinuity around the equatorial line, in a continuous expanse of rain
 forest but where a climatic inversion is documented. Here, we took a
 phylogeographic approach by sequencing 351 nuclear markers in 112
 individuals across the distribution of the African rain forest tree
 species Annickia affinis (Annonaceae). We showed for the first time that
 the North-South divide is the result of a single, major colonisation event
 across the climatic inversion from an ancestral population located in
 Gabon. We suggested that differences in ecological niche of populations
 located on either side of this inversion may have contributed to this
 phylogenetic discontinuity. We found evidence for inland dispersal,
 predominantly in northern areas, and variable demographic histories among
 genetic clusters, indicating that populations responded differently to
 past climate change. We show how newly-developed genomic tools can provide
 invaluable insights into our understanding of tropical rain forest
 evolutionary dynamics.
description: Included in this data repository are: 
 Splitstree analysis file RAxML phylogenetic
 tree (rooted) ASTRAL phylogenetic tree
 SNAPP MCC tree and posterior distribution of trees
 Additional tables summarising MaxEnt modelling
 Stairway plot blueprints
DOI: 10.5061/dryad.rjdfn2z85
title: Data from: Genetic variation and phylogeographic structure of Laodelphax striatellus in China based on microsatellite markers

description: The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax
 striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important
 agricultural pest that has caused serious
 economic losses in the major rice-producing areas of China. To
 effectively manage this insect pest, we analyzed its genetic variation,
 genetic structure and population demographic history. We used nine nuclear
 microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic diversity and population
 genetic structure of SBPH at 43 sampling sites in China. High
 levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation
 among most populations were detected. Overall, neighbour-joining
 dendrograms, STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis
 (PCoA) revealed no genetically distinct groups and exhibited an
 admixed phylogeographic structure in China. Isolation by distance
 (IBD) and
 spatial autocorrelation analyses demonstrated
 no correlation between genetic distance and geographic
 distance. On the other hand, bottleneck analysis
 indicated that SBPH populations had not
 undergone severe bottleneck effects in these regions.
 This study provides useful data for resolving the genetic relationships
 and migration patterns of SBPH and thus contribute to developing
 effective management strategies for this pest.
description: <b>Microsatellite amplification and genotyping</b>  In this study, nine microsatellite loci for SBPH were used. All of these microsatellite loci were explicitly developed for SBPH. Among those, five loci (LS1, LS3, LS6, LS7 and LS8) were chosen from Sun <i>et al</i>. (2012) while other four loci (LS12, LS13, LS15 and LS16) were selected from Sun <i>et al</i>. (2015). These microsatellite loci were assigned unique fluorophores for fluorescent tagging of DNA in a PCR reaction. For these isolated microsatellites, each PCR reaction mixture contained 1.0 units of EasyTaq DNA polymerase, 2.5 mM dNTP mixture, 1×Easy Taq<sup>®</sup>buffer (including 2 mM MgCl2; Transgen), 0.5 µl of DNA template, 0.4 µM each of each primer, which was labeled with fluorochromes (HEX or FAM) (10 pM). Conditions for PCR amplification were as follows: 94 °C for 4 min, 30 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 58 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. Following amplification, the products were visualized at Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) using an ABI 3730XL automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Microsatellite alleles were analyzed using GeneMapper4.0 software (Applied Biosystems).
description: Laodelphax striatellus
 microsatellite data Microsatellite genotype of
 43 Laodelphax striatellus populations sampled in China
DOI: 10.15468/dl.gqr8kt
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 289546 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "TaxonKey" : [
 "is Cyprinus carpio"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 289546 records from 980 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0002448-260126135527185/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.879wbc
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4388 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 {
 "or" : [
 "PublishingCountry is Canada",
 "Country is Canada"
 ]
 },
 "TaxonKey is one of (Symphoricarpos occidentalis (R.Br.) Hook.)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4388 records from 72 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001568-250424135625364/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25934/pr00010187.0
title: Available datapackage for study 'PHASE 3B/4 RANDOMIZED SAFETY ENDPOINT STUDY OF 2 DOSES OF TOFACITINIB IN COMPARISON TO A TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF) INHIBITOR IN SUBJECTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS'

description: This post-marketing study is designed to compare the safety of tofacitinib versus TNF inhibitor with respect to major cardiovascular adverse events and malignancies, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers when given to subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Other safety events, including non-melanoma skin cancers, hepatic events, infections, and efficacy parameters will be collected and evaluated in the study.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.asmbs8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 60 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "BasisOfRecord is Specimen",
 "TaxonKey is Brachycylix vageleri (Harms) R.S.Cowan"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 60 records from 17 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0001569-250424135625364/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.5066/p13jfspu
title: Saipan, data collected from visual surveys during a mock rapid response exercise, October 2023

description: These data were created in October 2023 while completing nocturnal visual surveys for brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) as part of an early detection and rapid response training exercise. They contain data on counts of lizards, small mammals, and birds documented while completing surveys. There are no brown treesnake counts because no snakes were detected during the exercise.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.2mfxhm
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 4401570 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is one of (Elaenia mesoleuca (Deppe, 1830), Stilpnia preciosa (Cabanis, 1851), Empidonomus varius (Vieillot, 1818), Myiarchus ferox (Gmelin, 1789), Ailuroedus crassirostris (Paykull, 1815), Stilpnia cyanoptera (Swainson, 1834), Stilpnia cayana (Linnaeus, 1766), Celeus flavescens (J.F.Gmelin, 1788), Brotogeris chiriri (Vieillot, 1818), Brotogeris tirica (Gmelin, 1788), Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1810), Pyroderus scutatus (Shaw, 1792), Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818, Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot, 1822), Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein, 1823), Ramphastos toco P.L.S.Müller, 1776, Pteroglossus aracari (Linnaeus, 1758), Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818, Saltator similis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837, Pteropus scapulatus Peters, 1862, Turdus flavipes Vieillot, 1818, Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788), Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815, Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850, Leptotila rufaxilla (Richard & Bernard, 1792), Ramphastos vitellinus M.H.K.Lichtenstein, 1823, Pipraeidea melanonota (Vieillot, 1819), Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789), Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766, Hemicycliophora biloculata Colbran, 1969, Puccinia calcitrapae DC., Aethes rubigana (Treitschke, 1830), Phytomyza lappae Goureau, 1851, Cleonis pigra (J.A.Scopoli, 1763), Papaipema arctivorens Hampson, 1910, Stylogaster neglecta Williston, 1883, Tenthredo mesomela Linnaeus, 1758, Melanagromyza lappae (Loew, 1850), Ascochyta doronici Allesch., Pyrenopeziza arctii (W.Phillips) Nannf., Pleurophragmium parvisporum (Preuss) Hol.-Jech., Trypeta zoe Meigen, 1826, Terellia tussilaginis (Fabricius, 1775), Tephritis bardanae (Schrank, 1803), Sarcopodium circinatum Ehrenb., Diaporthe arctii (Lasch) Nitschke, Erysiphe depressa (Wallr.) Schltdl., Bremia lactucae Regel, Lagopus leucura (Richardson, 1831), Ceriporiopsis herbicola Fortey & Ryvarden)",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 4401570 records from 1298 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0013816-250515123054153/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25326/3cpj-tb08
title: perfluoro-3-methyl-2-butanone  + None - Photolysis - 2017-08-24

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/kv0f-vp70
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-05-29

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/98t5-bn65
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-02

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/mtgw-kx84
title: Cooking organic aerosol fresh and aged + None - Aerosol study - physical properties - 2016-07-14

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/vr1t-c435
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-15

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/4agg-h365
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-22

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/m58a-yy44
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-26

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/5hgt-cv91
title: perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone  + None - Photolysis - 2013-09-27

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/z8ny-f406
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-14

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/m166-vw77
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-20

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.15468/dl.65j3g8
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 38 records in GBIF matching the query:
SELECT
 kingdom,
 kingdomkey,
 phylum,
 phylumkey,
 class,
 classkey,
 "order",
 orderkey,
 family,
 familykey,
 genus,
 genuskey,
 species,
 specieskey,
 "year",
 IF(ISNULL(kingdomkey), NULL, SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (
 PARTITION BY kingdomkey, "year")) kingdomcount,
 IF(ISNULL(phylumkey), NULL, SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (
 PARTITION BY phylumkey, "year")) phylumcount,
 IF(ISNULL(classkey), NULL, SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (
 PARTITION BY classkey, "year")) classcount,
 IF(ISNULL(orderkey), NULL, SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (
 PARTITION BY orderkey, "year")) ordercount,
 IF(ISNULL(familykey), NULL, SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (
 PARTITION BY familykey, "year")) familycount,
 IF(ISNULL(genuskey), NULL, SUM(COUNT(*)) OVER (
 PARTITION BY genuskey, "year")) genuscount,
 COUNT(*) occurrences,
 MIN(GBIF_TEMPORALUNCERTAINTY(eventdate, eventtime)) mintemporaluncertainty,
 MIN(COALESCE(coordinateuncertaintyinmeters, 1000)) mincoordinateuncertaintyinmeters
FROM
 occurrence
WHERE
 occurrence.countrycode = 'PL'
 AND occurrence.hascoordinate = TRUE
 AND occurrence.hasgeospatialissues = FALSE
 AND occurrence.occurrencestatus = 'PRESENT'
 AND (occurrence.taxonkey = 8002952 OR occurrence.acceptedtaxonkey = 8002952 OR occurrence.kingdomkey = 8002952 OR occurrence.phylumkey = 8002952 OR occurrence.classkey = 8002952 OR occurrence.orderkey = 8002952 OR occurrence.familykey = 8002952 OR occurrence.genuskey = 8002952 OR occurrence.specieskey = 8002952)
 AND (occurrence."year" &gt;= 1000 AND occurrence."year" &lt;= 2025)
 AND NOT GBIF_STRINGARRAYCONTAINS(occurrence.issue, 'TAXON_MATCH_FUZZY', TRUE)
 AND (occurrence.distancefromcentroidinmeters &gt;= 2000.0 OR occurrence.distancefromcentroidinmeters IS NULL)
 AND NOT occurrence.basisofrecord IN ('FOSSIL_SPECIMEN', 'LIVING_SPECIMEN')
 AND (occurrence.specieskey IS NOT NULL AND occurrence."year" IS NOT NULL)
GROUP BY
 occurrence.kingdom,
 occurrence.kingdomkey,
 occurrence.phylum,
 occurrence.phylumkey,
 occurrence.class,
 occurrence.classkey,
 occurrence."order",
 occurrence.orderkey,
 occurrence.family,
 occurrence.familykey,
 occurrence.genus,
 occurrence.genuskey,
 occurrence.species,
 occurrence.specieskey,
 occurrence."year"

 The dataset's 38 records were derived from 15 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009808-250515123054153/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25326/nr6e-8184
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-24

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14726890
title: RxTrends: An R-based Shiny Application for Visualising Open Data on Prescribed Medications in Ireland
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14726891
title: RxTrends: An R-based Shiny Application for Visualising Open Data on Prescribed Medications in Ireland
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15395734
title: RxTrends: An R-based Shiny Application for Visualising Open Data on Prescribed Medications in Ireland
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15474965
title: RxTrends: An R-based Shiny Application for Visualising Open Data on Prescribed Medications in Ireland
DOI: 10.25326/czeq-1814
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-01

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.15468/dl.jaw99e
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 88 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Spain",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "OccurrenceStatus is Present",
 "TaxonKey is Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 88 records from 6 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0009816-250515123054153/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.25326/9ntj-f023
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-05-31

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.25326/m35r-2331
title: + OH - Instruments intercomparison - 2017-06-21

description: Publication of the dataset
DOI: 10.15468/dl.e4r2sw
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 13579 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Melilotus albus",
 "Country is Norway",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 13579 records from 46 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0024805-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.9wcef6
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 12793 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Melilotus albus",
 "Country is Russian Federation",
 "HasCoordinate is true"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 12793 records from 58 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0024806-250811113504898/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
DOI: 10.15468/dl.7d536h
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 0 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "TaxonKey is Xenodermichthys Günther, 1878",
 "HasCoordinate is true",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "BasisOfRecord is one of (Specimen, Living Specimen, Observation, Human Observation, Machine Observation, Material sample, Literature Occurrence, Material citation, Occurrence evidence)",
 "Geometry POLYGON ((8.9648 19.8496,-0.0352 19.8496,-0.0352 10.8496,8.9648 10.8496,8.9648 19.8496))"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 0 records from 0 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0010749-250525065834625/datasets/export for details.
DOI: 10.34740/kaggle/dsv/12012666
title: Peer-to-Peer Boliviano (BOB) Exchange Data
DOI: 10.15468/dl.m9tspg
title: Occurrence Download

description: A dataset containing 719 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query:
{
 "and" : [
 "Country is Ecuador",
 "Geometry POLYGON((-79.70163 -4.66619,-78.97845 -5.01027,-78.41485 -3.88179,-77.84962 -3.08416,-77.07001 -2.85059,-76.0565 -2.22751,-75.35485 -1.37036,-75.35485 -1.00012,-75.17944 -0.90269,-75.31357 -0.00482,-75.73163 0.20111,-76.96951 0.35197,-77.89528 0.97914,-78.96504 1.41231,-80.0414 0.95245,-80.13432 0.23174,-80.99255 -0.68697,-80.91694 -2.35284,-80.14811 -2.79447,-80.28265 -3.81147,-80.53252 -4.48244,-79.70163 -4.66619))",
 "HasGeospatialIssue is false",
 "TaxonKey is Panthera onca",
 "Year 2006-2026"
 ]
}

 The dataset includes 719 records from 12 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0007830-260120142942310/datasets/export for details.
 
Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.