MATLAB - Variables

In MATLAB environment, every variable is an array or matrix.
You can assign variables in a simple way. For example,
x = 3	       % defining x and initializing it with a value
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
x = 3

It creates a 1-by-1 matrix named x and stores the value 3 in its element. Let us check another example,
x = sqrt(16) 	% defining x and initializing it with an expression
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
x = 4

Please note that −
Once a variable is entered into the system, you can refer to it later.
Once a variable is entered into the system, you can refer to it later.
Variables must have values before they are used.
Variables must have values before they are used.
When an expression returns a result that is not assigned to any variable, the system assigns it to a variable named ans, which can be used later.
When an expression returns a result that is not assigned to any variable, the system assigns it to a variable named ans, which can be used later.
For example,
sqrt(78)
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans =  8.8318

You can use this variable ans −
sqrt(78);
9876/ans
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans =  1118.2

Let's look at another example −
x = 7 * 8;
y = x * 7.89
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
y =  441.84

You can have multiple assignments on the same line. For example,
a = 2; b = 7; c = a * b
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
c = 14

The who command displays all the variable names you have used.
who

MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
Your variables are:
a    ans  b    c   

The whos command displays little more about the variables −
Variables currently in memory
Type of each variables
Memory allocated to each variable
Whether they are complex variables or not
whos

MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
Attr Name        Size        Bytes      Class
==== ====        ====        ====       ===== 
   a             1x1           8        double
   ans           1x70         757        cell
   b             1x1           8        double
   c             1x1           8        double

Total is 73 elements using 781 bytes     

The clear command deletes all (or the specified) variable(s) from the memory.
clear x     % it will delete x, won't display anything
clear       % it will delete all variables in the workspace
            %  peacefully and unobtrusively 

Long assignments can be extended to another line by using an ellipses (...). For example,
initial_velocity = 0;
acceleration = 9.8;
time = 20;
final_velocity = initial_velocity + acceleration * time
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
final_velocity = 196

By default, MATLAB displays numbers with four decimal place values. This is known as short format.
However, if you want more precision, you need to use the format command.
The format long command displays 16 digits after decimal.
For example −
format long
x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result−
x = 17.2319816406394

Another example,
format short
x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
x = 17.232

The format bank command rounds numbers to two decimal places. For example,
format bank
daily_wage = 177.45;
weekly_wage = daily_wage * 6
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
weekly_wage = 1064.70

MATLAB displays large numbers using exponential notation.
The format short e command allows displaying in exponential form with four decimal places plus the exponent.
For example,
format short e
4.678 * 4.9
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans = 2.2922e+01

The format long e command allows displaying in exponential form with four decimal places plus the exponent. For example,
format long e
x = pi
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
x = 3.141592653589793e+00

The format rat command gives the closest rational expression resulting from a calculation. For example,
format rat
4.678 * 4.9
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans = 34177/1491 

A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers. MATLAB allows creating two types of vectors −
Row vectors
Column vectors
Row vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in square brackets, using space or comma to delimit the elements.
For example,
r = [7 8 9 10 11]
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
r =

   7    8    9   10   11 

Another example,
r = [7 8 9 10 11];
t = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
res = r + t
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
res =

         9         11         13         15         17

Column vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in square brackets, using semicolon(;) to delimit the elements.
c = [7;  8;  9;  10; 11]
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
c =
       7       
       8       
       9       
      10       
      11  

A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers.
In MATLAB, a matrix is created by entering each row as a sequence of space or comma separated elements, and end of a row is demarcated by a semicolon. For example, let us create a 3-by-3 matrix as −
m = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
m =
       1              2              3       
       4              5              6       
       7              8              9       


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