Python Data Access - Quick Guide

The Python standard for database interfaces is the Python DB-API. Most Python database interfaces adhere to this standard.
You can choose the right database for your application. Python Database API supports a wide range of database servers such as −
GadFly
mSQL
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Microsoft SQL Server 2000
Informix
Interbase
Oracle
Sybase
Here is the list of available Python database interfaces: Python Database Interfaces and APIs. You must download a separate DB API module for each database you need to access. For example, if you need to access an Oracle database as well as a MySQL database, you must download both the Oracle and the MySQL database modules.
MySQL Python/Connector is an interface for connecting to a MySQL database server from Python. It implements the Python Database API and is built on top of the MySQL.
First of all, you need to make sure you have already installed python in your machine. To do so, open command prompt and type python in it and press Enter. If python is already installed in your system, this command will display its version as shown below −
C:\Users\Tutorialspoint>python
Python 3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 22:22:05) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

Now press ctrl+z and then Enter to get out of the python shell and create a folder (in which you intended to install Python-MySQL connector) named Python_MySQL as −
>>> ^Z
C:\Users\Tutorialspoint>d:
D:\>mkdir Python_MySQL

PIP is a package manager in python using which you can install various modules/packages in Python. Therefore, to install Mysql-python mysql-connector-python you need to make sure that you have PIP installed in your computer and have its location added to path.
You can do so, by executing the pip command. If you didn’t have PIP in your system or, if you haven’t added its location in the Path environment variable, you will get an error message as −
D:\Python_MySQL>pip
'pip' is not recognized as an internal or external command,
operable program or batch file.

To install PIP, download the get-pip.py to the above created folder and, from command navigate it and install pip as follows −
D:\>cd Python_MySQL
D:\Python_MySQL>python get-pip.py
Collecting pip
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8d/07/f7d7ced2f97ca3098c16565efbe6b15fafcba53e8d9bdb431e09140514b0/pip-19.2.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.4MB)
|████████████████████████████████| 1.4MB 1.3MB/s
Collecting wheel
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/00/83/b4a77d044e78ad1a45610eb88f745be2fd2c6d658f9798a15e384b7d57c9/wheel-0.33.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: pip, wheel
Consider adding this directory to PATH or, if you prefer to suppress this warning, use --no-warn-script-location.
Successfully installed pip-19.2.2 wheel-0.33.6

Once you have Python and PIP installed, open command prompt and upgrade pip (optional) as shown below −
C:\Users\Tutorialspoint>python -m pip install --upgrade pip
Collecting pip
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8d/07/f7d7ced2f97ca3098c16565efbe6b15fafcba53e8d9bdb431e09140514b0/pip-19.2.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Python Data Access
4
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 19.0.3
Uninstalling pip-19.0.3:
Successfully uninstalled pip-19.0.3
Successfully installed pip-19.2.2

Then open command prompt in admin mode and install python MySQL connect as −
C:\WINDOWS\system32>pip install mysql-connector-python
Collecting mysql-connector-python
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/99/74/f41182e6b7aadc62b038b6939dce784b7f9ec4f89e2ae14f9ba8190dc9ab/mysql_connector_python-8.0.17-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting protobuf>=3.0.0 (from mysql-connector-python)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/09/0e/614766ea191e649216b87d331a4179338c623e08c0cca291bcf8638730ce/protobuf-3.9.1-cp37-cp37m-win32.whl
Collecting six>=1.9 (from protobuf>=3.0.0->mysql-connector-python)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/73/fb/00a976f728d0d1fecfe898238ce23f502a721c0ac0ecfedb80e0d88c64e9/six-1.12.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\program files (x86)\python37-32\lib\site-packages (from protobuf>=3.0.0->mysql-connector-python) (40.8.0)
Installing collected packages: six, protobuf, mysql-connector-python
Successfully installed mysql-connector-python-8.0.17 protobuf-3.9.1 six-1.12.0

To verify the installation of the create a sample python script with the following line in it.
import mysql.connector

If the installation is successful, when you execute it, you should not get any errors −
D:\Python_MySQL>python test.py
D:\Python_MySQL>

Simply, if you need to install Python from scratch. Visit the Python Home Page.
Click on the Downloads button, you will be redirected to the downloads page which provides links for latest version of python for various platforms choose one and download it.
For instance, we have downloaded python-3.7.4.exe (for windows). Start the installation process by double-clicking the downloaded .exe file.
Check the Add Python 3.7 to Path option and proceed with the installation. After completion of this process, python will be installed in your system.
To connect with MySQL, (one way is to) open the MySQL command prompt in your system as shown below −
It asks for password here; you need to type the password you have set to the default user (root) at the time of installation.
Then a connection is established with MySQL displaying the following message −
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.12-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

You can disconnect from the MySQL database any time using the exit command at mysql> prompt.
mysql> exit
Bye

Before establishing connection to MySQL database using python, assume −
That we have created a database with name mydb.
That we have created a database with name mydb.
We have created a table EMPLOYEE with columns FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX and INCOME.
We have created a table EMPLOYEE with columns FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX and INCOME.
The credentials we are using to connect with MySQL are username: root, password: password.
The credentials we are using to connect with MySQL are username: root, password: password.
You can establish a connection using the connect() constructor. This accepts username, password, host and, name of the database you need to connect with (optional) and, returns an object of the MySQLConnection class.
Following is the example of connecting with MySQL database "mydb".
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Executing an MYSQL function using the execute() method
cursor.execute("SELECT DATABASE()")

# Fetch a single row using fetchone() method.
data = cursor.fetchone()
print("Connection established to: ",data)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
On executing, this script produces the following output −
D:\Python_MySQL>python EstablishCon.py
Connection established to: ('mydb',)

You can also establish connection to MySQL by passing credentials (user name, password, hostname, and database name) to connection.MySQLConnection() as shown below −
from mysql.connector import (connection)

#establishing the connection
conn = connection.MySQLConnection(user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Closing the connection
conn.close()

You can create a database in MYSQL using the CREATE DATABASE query.
Following is the syntax of the CREATE DATABASE query −
CREATE DATABASE name_of_the_database

Following statement creates a database with name mydb in MySQL −
mysql> CREATE DATABASE mydb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

If you observe the list of databases using the SHOW DATABASES statement, you can observe the newly created database in it as shown below −
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| logging            |
| mydatabase         |
| mydb               |
| performance_schema |
| students           |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
26 rows in set (0.15 sec)

After establishing connection with MySQL, to manipulate data in it you need to connect to a database. You can connect to an existing database or, create your own.
You would need special privileges to create or to delete a MySQL database. So if you have access to the root user, you can create any database.
Following example establishes connection with MYSQL and creates a database in it.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping database MYDATABASE if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP database IF EXISTS MyDatabase")

#Preparing query to create a database
sql = "CREATE database MYDATABASE";

#Creating a database
cursor.execute(sql)

#Retrieving the list of databases
print("List of databases: ")
cursor.execute("SHOW DATABASES")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
List of databases:
[('information_schema',), ('dbbug61332',), ('details',), ('exampledatabase',), ('mydatabase',), ('mydb',), ('mysql',), ('performance_schema',)]
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create tables in MYSQL database. Here, you need to specify the name of the table and, definition (name and datatype) of each column.
Following is the syntax to create a table in MySQL −
CREATE TABLE table_name(
   column1 datatype,
   column2 datatype,
   column3 datatype,
   .....
   columnN datatype,
);
Following query creates a table named EMPLOYEE in MySQL with five columns namely, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX and, INCOME.
mysql> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.42 sec)
The DESC statement gives you the description of the specified table. Using this you can verify if the table has been created or not as shown below −
mysql> Desc Employee;
+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field      | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| FIRST_NAME | char(20) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| LAST_NAME  | char(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| AGE        | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| SEX        | char(1)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| INCOME     | float    | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+------------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.07 sec)

The method named execute() (invoked on the cursor object) accepts two variables −
A String value representing the query to be executed.
A String value representing the query to be executed.
An optional args parameter which can be a tuple or, list or, dictionary, representing the parameters of the query (values of the place holders).
An optional args parameter which can be a tuple or, list or, dictionary, representing the parameters of the query (values of the place holders).
It returns an integer value representing the number of rows effected by the query.
Once a database connection is established, you can create tables by passing the CREATE TABLE query to the execute() method.
In short, to create a table using python 7minus;
Import mysql.connector package.
Import mysql.connector package.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Then, execute the CREATE TABLE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the CREATE TABLE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Following example creates a table named Employee in the database mydb.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb'
)

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Dropping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")

#Creating table as per requirement
sql ='''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
You can add new rows to an existing table of MySQL using the INSERT INTO statement. In this, you need to specify the name of the table, column names, and values (in the same order as column names).
Following is the syntax of the INSERT INTO statement of MySQL.
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2,column3,...columnN)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);

Following query inserts a record into the table named EMPLOYEE.
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES ('
   Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000
);

You can verify the records of the table after insert operation using the SELECT statement as −
mysql> select * from Employee;
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| Mac        | Mohan     | 20   | M    | 2000   | 
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

It is not mandatory to specify the names of the columns always, if you pass values of a record in the same order of the columns of the table you can execute the SELECT statement without the column names as follows −
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000);

The execute() method (invoked on the cursor object) accepts a query as parameter and executes the given query. To insert data, you need to pass the MySQL INSERT statement as a parameter to it.
cursor.execute("""INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) 
   VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)""")

To insert data into a table in MySQL using python −
import mysql.connector package.
import mysql.connector package.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above
Then, execute the INSERT statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the INSERT statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
The following example executes SQL INSERT statement to insert a record into the EMPLOYEE table −
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Preparing SQL query to INSERT a record into the database.
sql = """INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
   VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)"""

try:
   # Executing the SQL command
   cursor.execute(sql)

   # Commit your changes in the database
   conn.commit()

except:
   # Rolling back in case of error
   conn.rollback()

# Closing the connection
conn.close()
You can also use “%s” instead of values in the INSERT query of MySQL and pass values to them as lists as shown below −
cursor.execute("""INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)""", 
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000))

Following example inserts a record into the Employee table dynamically.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Preparing SQL query to INSERT a record into the database.
insert_stmt = (
   "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)"
   "VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
)
data = ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000)

try:
   # Executing the SQL command
   cursor.execute(insert_stmt, data)
   
   # Commit your changes in the database
   conn.commit()

except:
   # Rolling back in case of error
   conn.rollback()

print("Data inserted")

# Closing the connection
conn.close()
Data inserted

You can retrieve/fetch data from a table in MySQL using the SELECT query. This query/statement returns contents of the specified table in tabular form and it is called as result-set.
Following is the syntax of the SELECT query −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;

Assume we have created a table in MySQL with name cricketers_data as −
CREATE TABLE cricketers_data(
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Date_Of_Birth date,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);

And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
insert into cricketers_data values(
   'Shikhar', 'Dhawan', DATE('1981-12-05'), 'Delhi', 'India');
insert into cricketers_data values(
   'Jonathan', 'Trott', DATE('1981-04-22'), 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
insert into cricketers_data values(
   'Kumara', 'Sangakkara', DATE('1977-10-27'), 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
insert into cricketers_data values(
   'Virat', 'Kohli', DATE('1988-11-05'), 'Delhi', 'India');
insert into cricketers_data values(
   'Rohit', 'Sharma', DATE('1987-04-30'), 'Nagpur', 'India');
Following query retrieves the FIRST_NAME and Country values from the table.
mysql> select FIRST_NAME, Country from cricketers_data;
+------------+-------------+
| FIRST_NAME | Country     |
+------------+-------------+
| Shikhar    | India       |
| Jonathan   | SouthAfrica |
| Kumara     | Srilanka    |
| Virat      | India       |
| Rohit      | India       |
+------------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

You can also retrieve all the values of each record using * instated of the name of the columns as −
mysql> SELECT * from cricketers_data;
+------------+------------+---------------+----------------+-------------+
| First_Name | Last_Name  | Date_Of_Birth | Place_Of_Birth | Country     |
+------------+------------+---------------+----------------+-------------+
| Shikhar    | Dhawan     | 1981-12-05    | Delhi          | India       |
| Jonathan   | Trott      | 1981-04-22    | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica |
| Kumara     | Sangakkara | 1977-10-27    | Matale         | Srilanka    |
| Virat      | Kohli      | 1988-11-05    | Delhi          | India       |
| Rohit      | Sharma     | 1987-04-30    | Nagpur         | India       |
+------------+------------+---------------+----------------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

READ Operation on any database means to fetch some useful information from the database. You can fetch data from MYSQL using the fetch() method provided by the mysql-connector-python.
The cursor.MySQLCursor class provides three methods namely fetchall(), fetchmany() and, fetchone() where,
The fetchall() method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the remaining ones).
The fetchall() method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the remaining ones).
The fetchone() method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
The fetchone() method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
The fetchmany() method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
The fetchmany() method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
Note − A result set is an object that is returned when a cursor object is used to query a table.
rowcount − This is a read-only attribute and returns the number of rows that were affected by an execute() method.
Following example fetches all the rows of the EMPLOYEE table using the SELECT query and from the obtained result set initially, we are retrieving the first row using the fetchone() method and then fetching the remaining rows using the fetchall() method.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchone();
print(result)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000.0)
[('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000.0), ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'M', 5000.0)]

Following example retrieves first two rows of the EMPLOYEE table using the fetchmany() method.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchmany(size =2);
print(result)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000.0), ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000.0)]

If you want to fetch, delete or, update particular rows of a table in MySQL, you need to use the where clause to specify condition to filter the rows of the table for the operation.
For example, if you have a SELECT statement with where clause, only the rows which satisfies the specified condition will be retrieved.
Following is the syntax of the WHERE clause −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]

Assume we have created a table in MySQL with name EMPLOYEES as −
mysql> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
And if we have inserted 4 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
mysql> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES
   ('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000),
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000);
Following MySQL statement retrieves the records of the employees whose income is greater than 4000.
mysql> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE INCOME > 4000;
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| Raj        | Kandukuri | 20   | M    | 7000   |
| Ramya      | Ramapriya | 25   | F    | 5000   |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

To fetch specific records from a table using the python program −
import mysql.connector package.
import mysql.connector package.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Then, execute the SELECT statement with WHERE clause, by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the SELECT statement with WHERE clause, by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Following example creates a table named Employee and populates it. Then using the where clause it retrieves the records with age value less than 23.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table
insert_stmt = "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) 
   VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"

data = [('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000), ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000),('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000)]
cursor.executemany(insert_stmt, data)
conn.commit()

#Retrieving specific records using the where clause
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE <23")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000.0), ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000.0)]

While fetching data using SELECT query, you can sort the results in desired order (ascending or descending) using the OrderBy clause. By default, this clause sorts results in ascending order, if you need to arrange them in descending order you need to use “DESC” explicitly.
Following is the syntax SELECT column-list
FROM table_name
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY column1, column2,.. columnN] [ASC | DESC]; of the ORDER BY clause:

Assume we have created a table in MySQL with name EMPLOYEES as −
mysql> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
And if we have inserted 4 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
mysql> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES
   ('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000),
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000);

Following statement retrieves the contents of the EMPLOYEE table in ascending order of the age.
mysql> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY AGE;
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| Krishna    | Sharma    |   19 |    M |   2000 |
| Raj        | Kandukuri |   20 |    M |   7000 |
| Ramya      | Ramapriya |   25 |    F |   5000 |
| Mac        | Mohan     |   26 |    M |   2000 |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.04 sec)

You can also retrieve data in descending order using DESC as −
mysql> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY FIRST_NAME, INCOME DESC;
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| Krishna    | Sharma    |   19 |    M |   2000 |
| Mac        | Mohan     |   26 |    M |   2000 |
| Raj        | Kandukuri |   20 |    M |   7000 |
| Ramya      | Ramapriya |   25 |    F |   5000 |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

To retrieve contents of a table in specific order, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object and, pass the SELECT statement along with ORDER BY clause, as a parameter to it.
In the following example we are creating a table with name and Employee, populating it, and retrieving its records back in the (ascending) order of their age, using the ORDER BY clause.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table
insert_stmt = "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) 
   VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"

data = [('Krishna', 'Sharma', 26, 'M', 2000), 
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 29, 'F', 5000),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000)]
cursor.executemany(insert_stmt, data)
conn.commit()

#Retrieving specific records using the ORDER BY clause
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE ORDER BY AGE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000.0), 
   ('Krishna', 'Sharma', 26, 'M', 2000.0), 
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000.0), 
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 29, 'F', 5000.0)
]

In the same way you can retrieve data from a table in descending order using the ORDER BY clause.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving specific records using the ORDERBY clause
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE ORDER BY INCOME DESC")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000.0), 
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 29, 'F', 5000.0), 
   ('Krishna', 'Sharma', 26, 'M', 2000.0), 
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000.0)
]

UPDATE Operation on any database updates one or more records, which are already available in the database. You can update the values of existing records in MySQL using the UPDATE statement. To update specific rows, you need to use the WHERE clause along with it.
Following is the syntax of the UPDATE statement in MySQL −
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];

You can combine N number of conditions using the AND or the OR operators.
Assume we have created a table in MySQL with name EMPLOYEES as −
mysql> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
And if we have inserted 4 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
mysql> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES
   ('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000),
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000);

Following MySQL statement increases the age of all male employees by one year −
mysql> UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = 'M';
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Rows matched: 3 Changed: 3 Warnings: 0

If you retrieve the contents of the table, you can see the updated values as −
mysql> select * from EMPLOYEE;
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| Krishna    | Sharma    | 20   | M    | 2000   |
| Raj        | Kandukuri | 21   | M    | 7000   |
| Ramya      | Ramapriya | 25   | F    | 5000   |
| Mac        | Mohan     | 27   | M    | 2000   |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

To update the records in a table in MySQL using python −
import mysql.connector package.
import mysql.connector package.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Then, execute the UPDATE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the UPDATE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
The following example increases age of all the males by one year.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Preparing the query to update the records
sql = '''UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = 'M' '''
try:
   # Execute the SQL command
   cursor.execute(sql)
   
   # Commit your changes in the database
   conn.commit()
except:
   # Rollback in case there is any error
   conn.rollback()
   
#Retrieving data
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Displaying the result
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 22, 'M', 2000.0), 
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 23, 'M', 7000.0), 
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 26, 'F', 5000.0)
]

To delete records from a MySQL table, you need to use the DELETE FROM statement. To remove specific records, you need to use WHERE clause along with it.
Following is the syntax of the DELETE query in MYSQL −
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause]

Assume we have created a table in MySQL with name EMPLOYEES as −
mysql> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
And if we have inserted 4 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
mysql> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES
   ('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000),
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000);

Following MySQL statement deletes the record of the employee with FIRST_NAME ”Mac”.
mysql> DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FIRST_NAME = 'Mac';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec)
If you retrieve the contents of the table, you can see only 3 records since we have deleted one.
mysql> select * from EMPLOYEE;
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| Krishna    | Sharma    | 20   | M    | 2000   |
| Raj        | Kandukuri | 21   | M    | 7000   |
| Ramya      | Ramapriya | 25   | F    | 5000   |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

If you execute the DELETE statement without the WHERE clause all the records from the specified table will be deleted.
mysql> DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.09 sec)

If you retrieve the contents of the table, you will get an empty set as shown below −
mysql> select * from EMPLOYEE;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

DELETE operation is required when you want to delete some records from your database.
To delete the records in a table −
import mysql.connector package.
import mysql.connector package.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the mysql.connector.connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the connection object created above.
Then, execute the DELETE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the DELETE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Following program deletes all the records from EMPLOYEE whose AGE is more than 20 −
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
print("Contents of the table: ")
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Preparing the query to delete records
sql = "DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > '%d'" % (25)

try:
   # Execute the SQL command
   cursor.execute(sql)
   
   # Commit your changes in the database
   conn.commit()
except:
   # Roll back in case there is any error
   conn.rollback()

#Retrieving data
print("Contents of the table after delete operation ")
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Contents of the table:
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 22, 'M', 2000.0), 
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 23, 'M', 7000.0), 
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 26, 'F', 5000.0), 
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000.0), 
   ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0)]

Contents of the table after delete operation:
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 22, 'M', 2000.0), 
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 23, 'M', 7000.0), 
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000.0)]

You can remove an entire table using the DROP TABLE statement. You just need to specify the name of the table you need to delete.
Following is the syntax of the DROP TABLE statement in MySQL −
DROP TABLE table_name;

Before deleting a table get the list of tables using the SHOW TABLES statement as follows −
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_mydb  |
+-----------------+
| contact         |
| cricketers_data |
| employee        |
| sample          |
| tutorials       |
+-----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Following statement removes the table named sample from the database completely −
mysql> DROP TABLE sample;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.29 sec)

Since we have deleted the table named sample from MySQL, if you get the list of tables again you will not find the table name sample in it.
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_mydb  |
+-----------------+
| contact         |
| cricketers_data |
| employee        |
| tutorials       |
+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

You can drop a table whenever you need to, using the DROP statement of MYSQL, but you need to be very careful while deleting any existing table because the data lost will not be recovered after deleting a table.
To drop a table from a MYSQL database using python invoke the execute() method on the cursor object and pass the drop statement as a parameter to it.
Following table drops a table named EMPLOYEE from the database.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb'
)

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method 
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving the list of tables print("List of tables in the database: ") 
   cursor.execute("SHOW Tables") print(cursor.fetchall())

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists cursor.execute
   ("DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE") print("Table dropped... ")

#Retrieving the list of tables print(
   "List of tables after dropping the EMPLOYEE table: ") 
   cursor.execute("SHOW Tables") print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection conn.close()
List of tables in the database:
[('employee',), ('employeedata',), ('sample',), ('tutorials',)]
Table dropped...
List of tables after dropping the EMPLOYEE table:
[('employeedata',), ('sample',), ('tutorials',)]

If you try to drop a table which does not exist in the database, an error occurs as −
mysql.connector.errors.ProgrammingError: 1051 (42S02): 
   Unknown table 'mydb.employee'

You can prevent this error by verifying whether the table exists before deleting, by adding the IF EXISTS to the DELETE statement.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving the list of tables
print("List of tables in the database: ")
cursor.execute("SHOW Tables")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
print("Table dropped... ")

#Retrieving the list of tables
print("List of tables after dropping the EMPLOYEE table: ")
cursor.execute("SHOW Tables")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
List of tables in the database:
[('employeedata',), ('sample',), ('tutorials',)]
Table dropped...
List of tables after dropping the EMPLOYEE table:
[('employeedata',), ('sample',),
('tutorials',)]

While fetching records if you want to limit them by a particular number, you can do so, using the LIMIT clause of MYSQL.
Assume we have created a table in MySQL with name EMPLOYEES as −
mysql> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
And if we have inserted 4 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
mysql> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES
   ('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000),
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'F', 5000),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000);
Following SQL statement retrieves first two records of the Employee table using the LIMIT clause.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE LIMIT 2;
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
| Krishna    | Sharma    | 19   | M    | 2000   |
| Raj        | Kandukuri | 20   | M    | 7000   |
+------------+-----------+------+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

If you invoke the execute() method on the cursor object by passing the SELECT query along with the LIMIT clause, you can retrieve required number of records.
To drop a table from a MYSQL database using python invoke the execute() method on the cursor object and pass the drop statement as a parameter to it.
Following python example creates and populates a table with name EMPLOYEE and, using the LIMIT clause it fetches the first two records of it.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE LIMIT 2'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching the data
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 26, 'M', 2000.0), ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000.0)]

If you need to limit the records starting from nth record (not 1st), you can do so, using OFFSET along with LIMIT.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE LIMIT 2 OFFSET 2'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching the data
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 29, 'F', 5000.0), ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000.0)]

When you have divided the data in two tables you can fetch combined records from these two tables using Joins.
Suppose we have created a table with name EMPLOYEE and populated data into it as shown below −
mysql> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT,
   CONTACT INT
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.36 sec)
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES ('Ramya', 'Rama Priya', 27, 'F', 9000, 101), 
   ('Vinay', 'Bhattacharya', 20, 'M', 6000, 102), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300, 103), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000, 104), 
   ('Trupthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000, 105);
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
Then, if we have created another table and populated it as −
CREATE TABLE CONTACT(
   ID INT NOT NULL,
   EMAIL CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   PHONE LONG,
   CITY CHAR(20)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.49 sec)
INSERT INTO CONTACT (ID, EMAIL, CITY) VALUES 
   (101, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 'Hyderabad'), 
   (102, 'Raja@mymail.com', 'Vishakhapatnam'), 
   (103, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 'Pune'), 
   (104, 'Raja@mymail.com', 'Mumbai');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
Following statement retrieves data combining the values in these two tables −
mysql> SELECT * from EMPLOYEE INNER JOIN CONTACT ON EMPLOYEE.CONTACT = CONTACT.ID;
+------------+--------------+------+------+--------+---------+-----+--------------------+-------+----------------+
| FIRST_NAME | LAST_NAME    | AGE  | SEX  | INCOME | CONTACT | ID  | EMAIL              | PHONE | CITY           |
+------------+--------------+------+------+--------+---------+-----+--------------------+-------+----------------+
| Ramya      | Rama Priya   | 27   | F    | 9000   | 101     | 101 | Krishna@mymail.com | NULL  | Hyderabad      |
| Vinay      | Bhattacharya | 20   | M    | 6000   | 102     | 102 | Raja@mymail.com    | NULL  | Vishakhapatnam |
| Sharukh    | Sheik        | 25   | M    | 8300   | 103     | 103 | Krishna@mymail.com | NULL  | Pune           |
| Sarmista   | Sharma       | 26   | F    | 10000  | 104     | 104 | Raja@mymail.com    | NULL  | Mumbai         |
+------------+--------------+------+------+--------+---------+-----+--------------------+-------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Following example retrieves data from the above two tables combined by contact column of the EMPLOYEE table and ID column of the CONTACT table.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb'
)

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE INNER JOIN CONTACT ON EMPLOYEE.CONTACT = CONTACT.ID'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 26, 'M', 2000, 101, 101, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 9848022338, 'Hyderabad'), 
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000, 102, 102, 'Raja@mymail.com', 9848022339, 'Vishakhapatnam'), 
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 29, 'F', 5000, 103, 103, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 9848022337, 'Pune'), 
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000, 104, 104, 'Raja@mymail.com', 9848022330, 'Mumbai')]

The MySQLCursor of mysql-connector-python (and similar libraries) is used to execute statements to communicate with the MySQL database.
Using the methods of it you can execute SQL statements, fetch data from the result sets, call procedures.
You can create Cursor object using the cursor() method of the Connection object/class.
import mysql.connector

#establishing the connection
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
   user='root', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', database='mydb'
)
#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()
Following are the various methods provided by the Cursor class/object.
callproc()
This method is used to call existing procedures MySQL database.
close()
This method is used to close the current cursor object.
Info()
This method gives information about the last query.
executemany()
This method accepts a list series of parameters list. Prepares an MySQL query and executes it with all the parameters.
execute()
This method accepts a MySQL query as a parameter and executes the given query.
fetchall()
This method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the remaining ones)
fetchone()
This method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
fetchmany()
This method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
etchwarnings()
This method returns the warnings generated by the last executed query.
Following are the properties of the Cursor class −
column_names
This is a read only property which returns the list containing the column names of a result-set.
description
This is a read only property which returns the list containing the description of columns in a result-set.
lastrowid
This is a read only property, if there are any auto-incremented columns in the table, this returns the value generated for that column in the last INSERT or, UPDATE operation.
rowcount
This returns the number of rows returned/updated in case of SELECT and UPDATE operations.
statement
This property returns the last executed statement.
PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. It has more than 15 years of active development phase and a proven architecture that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, data integrity, and correctness.
To communicate with PostgreSQL using Python you need to install psycopg, an adapter provided for python programming, the current version of this is psycog2.
psycopg2 was written with the aim of being very small and fast, and stable as a rock. It is available under PIP (package manager of python)
First of all, make sure python and PIP is installed in your system properly and, PIP is up-to-date.
To upgrade PIP, open command prompt and execute the following command −
C:\Users\Tutorialspoint>python -m pip install --upgrade pip
Collecting pip
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8d/07/f7d7ced2f97ca3098c16565efbe6b15fafcba53e8d9bdb431e09140514b0/pip-19.2.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 19.0.3
Uninstalling pip-19.0.3:
Successfully uninstalled pip-19.0.3
Successfully installed pip-19.2.2

Then, open command prompt in admin mode and execute the pip install psycopg2-binary command as shown below −
C:\WINDOWS\system32>pip install psycopg2-binary
Collecting psycopg2-binary
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/80/79/d0d13ce4c2f1addf4786f4a2ded802c2df66ddf3c1b1a982ed8d4cb9fc6d/psycopg2_binary-2.8.3-cp37-cp37m-win32.whl
Installing collected packages: psycopg2-binary
Successfully installed psycopg2-binary-2.8.3

To verify the installation, create a sample python script with the following line in it.
import mysql.connector

If the installation is successful, when you execute it, you should not get any errors −
D:\Python_PostgreSQL>import psycopg2
D:\Python_PostgreSQL>

PostgreSQL provides its own shell to execute queries. To establish connection with the PostgreSQL database, make sure that you have installed it properly in your system. Open the PostgreSQL shell prompt and pass details like Server, Database, username, and password. If all the details you have given are appropriate, a connection is established with PostgreSQL database.
While passing the details you can go with the default server, database, port and, user name suggested by the shell.
The connection class of the psycopg2 represents/handles an instance of a connection. You can create new connections using the connect() function. This accepts the basic connection parameters such as dbname, user, password, host, port and returns a connection object. Using this function, you can establish a connection with the PostgreSQL.
The following Python code shows how to connect to an existing database. If the database does not exist, then it will be created and finally a database object will be returned. The name of the default database of PostgreSQL is postrgre. Therefore, we are supplying it as the database name.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="postgres", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Executing an MYSQL function using the execute() method
cursor.execute("select version()")

# Fetch a single row using fetchone() method.
data = cursor.fetchone()
print("Connection established to: ",data)

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Connection established to: (
   'PostgreSQL 11.5, compiled by Visual C++ build 1914, 64-bit',
)
Connection established to: (
   'PostgreSQL 11.5, compiled by Visual C++ build 1914, 64-bit',
)

You can create a database in PostgreSQL using the CREATE DATABASE statement. You can execute this statement in PostgreSQL shell prompt by specifying the name of the database to be created after the command.
Following is the syntax of the CREATE DATABASE statement.
CREATE DATABASE dbname;

Following statement creates a database named testdb in PostgreSQL.
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE testdb;
CREATE DATABASE
You can list out the database in PostgreSQL using the \l command. If you verify the list of databases, you can find the newly created database as follows −
postgres=# \l
                                           List of databases
Name       | Owner    | Encoding | Collate                    | Ctype       |
-----------+----------+----------+----------------------------+-------------+
mydb       | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
postgres   | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
template0  | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
template1  | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
testdb     | postgres | UTF8     | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
(5 rows)

You can also create a database in PostgreSQL from command prompt using the command createdb, a wrapper around the SQL statement CREATE DATABASE.
C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\11\bin> createdb -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres sampledb
Password:

The cursor class of psycopg2 provides various methods execute various PostgreSQL commands, fetch records and copy data. You can create a cursor object using the cursor() method of the Connection class.
The execute() method of this class accepts a PostgreSQL query as a parameter and executes it.
Therefore, to create a database in PostgreSQL, execute the CREATE DATABASE query using this method.
Following python example creates a database named mydb in PostgreSQL database.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="postgres", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Preparing query to create a database
sql = '''CREATE database mydb''';

#Creating a database
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Database created successfully........")

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Database created successfully........

You can create a new table in a database in PostgreSQL using the CREATE TABLE statement. While executing this you need to specify the name of the table, column names and their data types.
Following is the syntax of the CREATE TABLE statement in PostgreSQL.
CREATE TABLE table_name(
   column1 datatype,
   column2 datatype,
   column3 datatype,
   .....
   columnN datatype,
);

Following example creates a table with name CRICKETERS in PostgreSQL.
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age INT,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
You can get the list of tables in a database in PostgreSQL using the \dt command. After creating a table, if you can verify the list of tables you can observe the newly created table in it as follows −
postgres=# \dt
            List of relations
Schema  | Name       | Type  | Owner
--------+------------+-------+----------
public  | cricketers | table | postgres
(1 row)
postgres=#

In the same way, you can get the description of the created table using \d as shown below −
postgres=# \d cricketers
               Table "public.cricketers"
Column          | Type                   | Collation | Nullable | Default
----------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
first_name      | character varying(255) |           |          |
last_name       | character varying(255) |           |          |
age             | integer                |           |          |
place_of_birth  | character varying(255) |           |          |
country         | character varying(255) |           |          |
postgres=#

To create a table using python you need to execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the Cursor of pyscopg2.
The following Python example creates a table with name employee.
import psycopg2

#Establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")

#Creating table as per requirement
sql ='''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Table created successfully........")
conn.commit()
#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Table created successfully........

You can insert record into an existing table in PostgreSQL using the INSERT INTO statement. While executing this, you need to specify the name of the table, and values for the columns in it.
Following is the recommended syntax of the INSERT statement −
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);

Where, column1, column2, column3,.. are the names of the columns of a table, and value1, value2, value3,... are the values you need to insert into the table.
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the CREATE TABLE statement as shown below −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age INT,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
Following PostgreSQL statement inserts a row in the above created table −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS (
   First_Name, Last_Name, Age, Place_Of_Birth, Country) 
   values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=#

While inserting records using the INSERT INTO statement, if you skip any columns names Record will be inserted leaving empty spaces at columns which you have skipped.
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS (First_Name, Last_Name, Country) 
   values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1

You can also insert records into a table without specifying the column names, if the order of values you pass is same as their respective column names in the table.
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=#
After inserting the records into a table you can verify its contents using the SELECT statement as shown below −
postgres=# SELECT * from CRICKETERS;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | 33  | Delhi          | India
Jonathan    | Trott      |     |                | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
Virat       | Kohli      | 30  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | 32  | Nagpur         | India
(5 rows)

The cursor class of psycopg2 provides a method with name execute() method. This method accepts the query as a parameter and executes it.
Therefore, to insert data into a table in PostgreSQL using python −
Import psycopg2 package.
Import psycopg2 package.
Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
Then, execute the INSERT statement(s) by passing it/them as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the INSERT statement(s) by passing it/them as a parameter to the execute() method.
Following Python program creates a table with name EMPLOYEE in PostgreSQL database and inserts records into it using the execute() method −
import psycopg2

#Establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Preparing SQL queries to INSERT a record into the database.
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
   INCOME) VALUES ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
   INCOME) VALUES ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
   INCOME) VALUES ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
   INCOME) VALUES ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000)''')
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX,
   INCOME) VALUES ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')

# Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()
print("Records inserted........")

# Closing the connection
conn.close()
Records inserted........

You can retrieve the contents of an existing table in PostgreSQL using the SELECT statement. At this statement, you need to specify the name of the table and, it returns its contents in tabular format which is known as result set.
Following is the syntax of the SELECT statement in PostgreSQL −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), 
   Age int, Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
Following SELECT query retrieves the values of the columns FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME and, COUNTRY from the CRICKETERS table.
postgres=# SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, COUNTRY FROM CRICKETERS;
first_name  | last_name  | country
------------+------------+-------------
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | India
Jonathan    | Trott      | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | Srilanka
Virat       | Kohli      | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | India
(5 rows)

If you want to retrieve all the columns of each record you need to replace the names of the columns with "*" as shown below −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | 33  | Delhi          | India
Jonathan    | Trott      | 38  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
Virat       | Kohli      | 30  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | 32  | Nagpur         | India
(5 rows)
postgres=#

READ Operation on any database means to fetch some useful information from the database. You can fetch data from PostgreSQL using the fetch() method provided by the psycopg2.
The Cursor class provides three methods namely fetchall(), fetchmany() and, fetchone() where,
The fetchall() method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows, it returns the remaining ones).
The fetchall() method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows, it returns the remaining ones).
The fetchone() method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
The fetchone() method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
The fetchmany() method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
The fetchmany() method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
Note − A result set is an object that is returned when a cursor object is used to query a table.
The following Python program connects to a database named mydb of PostgreSQL and retrieves all the records from a table named EMPLOYEE.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving data
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchone();
print(result)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0)
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0),
('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0),
('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0),
('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]

While performing SELECT, UPDATE or, DELETE operations, you can specify condition to filter the records using the WHERE clause. The operation will be performed on the records which satisfies the given condition.
Following is the syntax of the WHERE clause in PostgreSQL −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [search_condition]

You can specify a search_condition using comparison or logical operators. like >, <, =, LIKE, NOT, etc. The following examples would make this concept clear.
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS ( 
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), 
   Age int, Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
Following SELECT statement retrieves the records whose age is greater than 35 −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS WHERE AGE > 35;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Jonathan    | Trott      | 38  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
(2 rows)
postgres=#

To fetch specific records from a table using the python program execute the SELECT statement with WHERE clause, by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Following python example demonstrates the usage of WHERE command using python.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table
insert_stmt = "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) 
   VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
data = [('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000), 
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 25, 'M', 5000),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000)]
cursor.executemany(insert_stmt, data)

#Retrieving specific records using the where clause
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE <23")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Krishna', 'Sharma', 19, 'M', 2000.0), ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000.0)]

Usually if you try to retrieve data from a table, you will get the records in the same order in which you have inserted them.
Using the ORDER BY clause, while retrieving the records of a table you can sort the resultant records in ascending or descending order based on the desired column.
Following is the syntax of the ORDER BY clause in PostgreSQL.
SELECT column-list
FROM table_name
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY column1, column2, .. columnN] [ASC | DESC];

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS ( 
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), 
   Age int, Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
Following SELECT statement retrieves the rows of the CRICKETERS table in the ascending order of their age −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Virat       | Kohli      | 30  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | 32  | Nagpur         | India
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | 33  | Delhi          | India
Jonathan    | Trott      | 38  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
(5 rows)es:

You can use more than one column to sort the records of a table. Following SELECT statements sort the records of the CRICKETERS table based on the columns age and FIRST_NAME.
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE, FIRST_NAME;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Virat       | Kohli      | 30  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | 32  | Nagpur         | India
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | 33  | Delhi          | India
Jonathan    | Trott      | 38  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
(5 rows)

By default, the ORDER BY clause sorts the records of a table in ascending order. You can arrange the results in descending order using DESC as −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE DESC;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
Jonathan    | Trott      | 38  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | 33  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | 32  | Nagpur         | India
Virat       | Kohli      | 30  | Delhi          | India
(5 rows)

To retrieve contents of a table in specific order, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object and, pass the SELECT statement along with ORDER BY clause, as a parameter to it.
In the following example, we are creating a table with name and Employee, populating it, and retrieving its records back in the (ascending) order of their age, using the ORDER BY clause.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")

#Creating a table
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT, SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME INT,
   CONTACT INT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table
insert_stmt = "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME, CONTACT) VALUES 
   (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)"
data = [('Krishna', 'Sharma', 26, 'M', 2000, 101), 
   ('Raj', 'Kandukuri', 20, 'M', 7000, 102),
   ('Ramya', 'Ramapriya', 29, 'F', 5000, 103),
   ('Mac', 'Mohan', 26, 'M', 2000, 104)]
cursor.executemany(insert_stmt, data)
conn.commit()

#Retrieving specific records using the ORDER BY clause
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE ORDER BY AGE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0)]

You can modify the contents of existing records of a table in PostgreSQL using the UPDATE statement. To update specific rows, you need to use the WHERE clause along with it.
Following is the syntax of the UPDATE statement in PostgreSQL −
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS ( 
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), 
   Age int, Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
Following statement modifies the age of the cricketer, whose first name is Shikhar −
postgres=# UPDATE CRICKETERS SET AGE = 45 WHERE FIRST_NAME = 'Shikhar' ;
UPDATE 1
postgres=#
If you retrieve the record whose FIRST_NAME is Shikhar you observe that the age value has been changed to 45 −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS WHERE FIRST_NAME = 'Shikhar';
first_name  | last_name | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+-----------+-----+----------------+---------
Shikhar     | Dhawan    | 45  | Delhi          | India
(1 row)
postgres=#

If you haven’t used the WHERE clause, values of all the records will be updated. Following UPDATE statement increases the age of all the records in the CRICKETERS table by 1 −
postgres=# UPDATE CRICKETERS SET AGE = AGE+1;
UPDATE 5

If you retrieve the contents of the table using SELECT command, you can see the updated values as −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Jonathan    | Trott      | 39  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 42  | Matale         | Srilanka
Virat       | Kohli      | 31  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | 33  | Nagpur         | India
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | 46  | Delhi          | India
(5 rows)

The cursor class of psycopg2 provides a method with name execute() method. This method accepts the query as a parameter and executes it.
Therefore, to insert data into a table in PostgreSQL using python −
Import psycopg2 package.
Import psycopg2 package.
Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
Then, execute the UPDATE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the UPDATE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Following Python code updates the contents of the Employee table and retrieves the results −
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Fetching all the rows before the update
print("Contents of the Employee table: ")
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE'''
cursor.execute(sql)
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Updating the records
sql = "UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = 'M'"
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Table updated...... ")

#Fetching all the rows after the update
print("Contents of the Employee table after the update operation: ")
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE'''
cursor.execute(sql)
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Contents of the Employee table:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0), 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]
Table updated......
Contents of the Employee table after the update operation:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0), 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 26, 'M', 8300.0)]

You can delete the records in an existing table using the DELETE FROM statement of PostgreSQL database. To remove specific records, you need to use WHERE clause along with it.
Following is the syntax of the DELETE query in PostgreSQL −
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause]

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS ( 
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), 
   Age int, Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
Following statement deletes the record of the cricketer whose last name is 'Sangakkara'. −
postgres=# DELETE FROM CRICKETERS WHERE LAST_NAME = 'Sangakkara';
DELETE 1

If you retrieve the contents of the table using the SELECT statement, you can see only 4 records since we have deleted one.
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
first_name  | last_name | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+-----------+-----+----------------+-------------
Jonathan    | Trott     | 39  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Virat       | Kohli     | 31  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma    | 33  | Nagpur         | India
Shikhar     | Dhawan    | 46  | Delhi          | India
(4 rows)

If you execute the DELETE FROM statement without the WHERE clause all the records from the specified table will be deleted.
postgres=# DELETE FROM CRICKETERS;
DELETE 4

Since you have deleted all the records, if you try to retrieve the contents of the CRICKETERS table, using SELECT statement you will get an empty result set as shown below −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
first_name  | last_name | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+-----------+-----+----------------+---------
(0 rows)

The cursor class of psycopg2 provides a method with name execute() method. This method accepts the query as a parameter and executes it.
Therefore, to insert data into a table in PostgreSQL using python −
Import psycopg2 package.
Import psycopg2 package.
Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
Then, execute the UPDATE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Then, execute the UPDATE statement by passing it as a parameter to the execute() method.
Following Python code deletes records of the EMPLOYEE table with age values greater than 25 −
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving contents of the table
print("Contents of the table: ")
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Deleting records
cursor.execute('''DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > 25''')

#Retrieving data after delete
print("Contents of the table after delete operation ")
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Contents of the table:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0), 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 26, 'M', 8300.0)]
Contents of the table after delete operation:
[('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M', 6000.0)]

You can drop a table from PostgreSQL database using the DROP TABLE statement.
Following is the syntax of the DROP TABLE statement in PostgreSQL −
DROP TABLE table_name;

Assume we have created two tables with name CRICKETERS and EMPLOYEES using the following queries −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), Age int, 
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
postgres=# CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL, LAST_NAME CHAR(20), AGE INT, 
   SEX CHAR(1), INCOME FLOAT
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
Now if you verify the list of tables using the “\dt” command, you can see the above created tables as −
postgres=# \dt;
List of relations
Schema  | Name       | Type  | Owner
--------+------------+-------+----------
public  | cricketers | table | postgres
public  | employee   | table | postgres
(2 rows)
postgres=#

Following statement deletes the table named Employee from the database −
postgres=# DROP table employee;
DROP TABLE

Since you have deleted the Employee table, if you retrieve the list of tables again, you can observe only one table in it.
postgres=# \dt;
List of relations
Schema  | Name       | Type  | Owner
--------+------------+-------+----------
public  | cricketers | table | postgres
(1 row)
postgres=#

If you try to delete the Employee table again, since you have already deleted it, you will get an error saying “table does not exist” as shown below −
postgres=# DROP table employee;
ERROR: table "employee" does not exist
postgres=#

To resolve this, you can use the IF EXISTS clause along with the DELTE statement. This removes the table if it exists else skips the DLETE operation.
postgres=# DROP table IF EXISTS employee;
NOTICE: table "employee" does not exist, skipping
DROP TABLE
postgres=#
You can drop a table whenever you need to, using the DROP statement. But you need to be very careful while deleting any existing table because the data lost will not be recovered after deleting a table.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE emp")
print("Table dropped... ")

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
#Table dropped...

While executing a PostgreSQL SELECT statement you can limit the number of records in its result using the LIMIT clause.
Following is the syntax of the LMIT clause in PostgreSQL −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
LIMIT [no of rows]

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS ( 
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), Age int, 
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values ('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
Following statement retrieves the first 3 records of the Cricketers table using the LIMIT clause −
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS LIMIT 3;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | 33  | Delhi          | India
Jonathan    | Trott      | 38  | CapeTown       | SouthAfrica
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
(3 rows)

If you want to get records starting from a particular record (offset) you can do so, using the OFFSET clause along with LIMIT.
postgres=# SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS LIMIT 3 OFFSET 2;
first_name  | last_name  | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+----------
Kumara      | Sangakkara | 41  | Matale         | Srilanka
Virat       | Kohli      | 30  | Delhi          | India
Rohit       | Sharma     | 32  | Nagpur         | India
(3 rows)
postgres=#

Following python example retrieves the contents of a table named EMPLOYEE, limiting the number of records in the result to 2 −
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE LIMIT 2 OFFSET 2'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching the data
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0), ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0)]

When you have divided the data in two tables you can fetch combined records from these two tables using Joins.
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS and inserted 5 records into it as shown below −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), Age int, 
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values (
   'Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India'
);
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values (
   'Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica'
);
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values (
   'Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka'
);
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values (
   'Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India'
);
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values (
   'Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India'
);
And, if we have created another table with name OdiStats and inserted 5 records into it as −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE ODIStats (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Matches INT, Runs INT, AVG FLOAT, 
   Centuries INT, HalfCenturies INT
);
postgres=# insert into OdiStats values ('Shikhar', 133, 5518, 44.5, 17, 27);
postgres=# insert into OdiStats values ('Jonathan', 68, 2819, 51.25, 4, 22);
postgres=# insert into OdiStats values ('Kumara', 404, 14234, 41.99, 25, 93);
postgres=# insert into OdiStats values ('Virat', 239, 11520, 60.31, 43, 54);
postgres=# insert into OdiStats values ('Rohit', 218, 8686, 48.53, 24, 42);
Following statement retrieves data combining the values in these two tables −
postgres=# SELECT
Cricketers.First_Name, Cricketers.Last_Name, Cricketers.Country,
OdiStats.matches, OdiStats.runs, OdiStats.centuries, OdiStats.halfcenturies
from Cricketers INNER JOIN OdiStats ON Cricketers.First_Name = OdiStats.First_Name;
first_name  | last_name  | country     | matches | runs  | centuries | halfcenturies
------------+------------+-------------+---------+-------+-----------+---------------
Shikhar     | Dhawan     | India       | 133     | 5518  | 17        | 27
Jonathan    | Trott      | SouthAfrica | 68      | 2819  | 4         | 22
Kumara      | Sangakkara | Srilanka    | 404     | 14234 | 25        | 93
Virat       | Kohli      | India       | 239     | 11520 | 43        | 54
Rohit       | Sharma     | India       | 218     | 8686  | 24        | 42
(5 rows)
postgres=#

When you have divided the data in two tables you can fetch combined records from these two tables using Joins.
Following python program demonstrates the usage of the JOIN clause −
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMP INNER JOIN CONTACT ON EMP.CONTACT = CONTACT.ID'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0, 101, 101, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 'Hyderabad'), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0, 102, 102, 'Raja@mymail.com', 'Vishakhapatnam'), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0, 103, 103, 'Krishna@mymail.com ', 'Pune'), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0, 104, 104, 'Raja@mymail.com', 'Mumbai')]

The Cursor class of the psycopg library provide methods to execute the PostgreSQL commands in the database using python code.
Using the methods of it you can execute SQL statements, fetch data from the result sets, call procedures.
You can create Cursor object using the cursor() method of the Connection object/class.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)

#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()
Following are the various methods provided by the Cursor class/object.
callproc()
This method is used to call existing procedures PostgreSQL database.
close()
This method is used to close the current cursor object.
executemany()
This method accepts a list series of parameters list. Prepares an MySQL query and executes it with all the parameters.
execute()
This method accepts a MySQL query as a parameter and executes the given query.
fetchall()
This method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the remaining ones)
fetchone()
This method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
fetchmany()
This method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
Following are the properties of the Cursor class −
description
This is a read only property which returns the list containing the description of columns in a result-set.
astrowid
This is a read only property, if there are any auto-incremented columns in the table, this returns the value generated for that column in the last INSERT or, UPDATE operation.
rowcount
This returns the number of rows returned/updated in case of SELECT and UPDATE operations.
closed
This property specifies whether a cursor is closed or not, if so it returns true, else false.
connection
This returns a reference to the connection object using which this cursor was created.
name
This property returns the name of the cursor.
scrollable
This property specifies whether a particular cursor is scrollable.
SQLite3 can be integrated with Python using sqlite3 module, which was written by Gerhard Haring. It provides an SQL interface compliant with the DB-API 2.0 specification described by PEP 249. You do not need to install this module separately because it is shipped by default along with Python version 2.5.x onwards.
To use sqlite3 module, you must first create a connection object that represents the database and then optionally you can create a cursor object, which will help you in executing all the SQL statements.
Following are important sqlite3 module routines, which can suffice your requirement to work with SQLite database from your Python program. If you are looking for a more sophisticated application, then you can look into Python sqlite3 module's official documentation.
sqlite3.connect(database [,timeout ,other optional arguments])
This API opens a connection to the SQLite database file. You can use ":memory:" to open a database connection to a database that resides in RAM instead of on disk. If database is opened successfully, it returns a connection object.
connection.cursor([cursorClass])
This routine creates a cursor which will be used throughout your database programming with Python. This method accepts a single optional parameter cursorClass. If supplied, this must be a custom cursor class that extends sqlite3.Cursor.
cursor.execute(sql [, optional parameters])
This routine executes an SQL statement. The SQL statement may be parameterized (i. e. placeholders instead of SQL literals). The sqlite3 module supports two kinds of placeholders: question marks and named placeholders (named style).
For example − cursor.execute("insert into people values (?, ?)", (who, age))
connection.execute(sql [, optional parameters])
This routine is a shortcut of the above execute method provided by the cursor object and it creates an intermediate cursor object by calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's execute method with the parameters given.
cursor.executemany(sql, seq_of_parameters)
This routine executes an SQL command against all parameter sequences or mappings found in the sequence sql.
connection.executemany(sql[, parameters])
This routine is a shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor.s executemany method with the parameters given.
cursor.executescript(sql_script)
This routine executes multiple SQL statements at once provided in the form of script. It issues a COMMIT statement first, then executes the SQL script it gets as a parameter. All the SQL statements should be separated by a semi colon (;).
connection.executescript(sql_script)
This routine is a shortcut that creates an intermediate cursor object by calling the cursor method, then calls the cursor's executescript method with the parameters given.
connection.total_changes()
This routine returns the total number of database rows that have been modified, inserted, or deleted since the database connection was opened.
connection.commit()
This method commits the current transaction. If you don't call this method, anything you did since the last call to commit() is not visible from other database connections.
connection.rollback()
This method rolls back any changes to the database since the last call to commit().
connection.close()
This method closes the database connection. Note that this does not automatically call commit(). If you just close your database connection without calling commit() first, your changes will be lost!
cursor.fetchone()
This method fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence, or None when no more data is available.
cursor.fetchmany([size = cursor.arraysize])
This routine fetches the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list. An empty list is returned when no more rows are available. The method tries to fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter.
cursor.fetchall()
This routine fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a list. An empty list is returned when no rows are available.
To establish connection with SQLite Open command prompt, browse through the location of where you have installed SQLite and just execute the command sqlite3 as shown below −
You can communicate with SQLite2 database using the SQLite3 python module. To do so, first of all you need to establish a connection (create a connection object).
To establish a connection with SQLite3 database using python you need to −
Import the sqlite3 module using the import statement.
Import the sqlite3 module using the import statement.
The connect() method accepts the name of the database you need to connect with as a parameter and, returns a Connection object.
The connect() method accepts the name of the database you need to connect with as a parameter and, returns a Connection object.
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
print("Connection established ..........")

Using the SQLite CREATE TABLE statement you can create a table in a database.
Following is the syntax to create a table in SQLite database −
CREATE TABLE database_name.table_name(
   column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY(one or more columns),
   column2 datatype,
   column3 datatype,
   .....
   columnN datatype
);

Following SQLite query/statement creates a table with name CRICKETERS in SQLite database −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
Let us create one more table OdiStats describing the One-day cricket statistics of each player in CRICKETERS table.
sqlite> CREATE TABLE ODIStats (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Matches INT,
   Runs INT,
   AVG FLOAT,
   Centuries INT,
   HalfCenturies INT
);
sqlite
You can get the list of tables in a database in SQLite database using the .tables command. After creating a table, if you can verify the list of tables you can observe the newly created table in it as −
sqlite> . tables
CRICKETERS ODIStats
sqlite>

The Cursor object contains all the methods to execute quires and fetch data etc. The cursor method of the connection class returns a cursor object.
Therefore, to create a table in SQLite database using python −
Establish connection with a database using the connect() method.
Establish connection with a database using the connect() method.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the above created connection object.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the above created connection object.
Now execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the Cursor class.
Now execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the Cursor class.
Following Python program creates a table named Employee in SQLite3 −
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")

#Creating table as per requirement
sql ='''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Table created successfully........")

# Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Table created successfully........

You can add new rows to an existing table of SQLite using the INSERT INTO statement. In this, you need to specify the name of the table, column names, and values (in the same order as column names).
Following is the recommended syntax of the INSERT statement −
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);

Where, column1, column2, column3,.. are the names of the columns of a table and value1, value2, value3,... are the values you need to insert into the table.
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the CREATE TABLE statement as shown below −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
Following PostgreSQL statement inserts a row in the above created table.
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS 
   (First_Name, Last_Name, Age, Place_Of_Birth, Country) values
   ('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite>

While inserting records using the INSERT INTO statement, if you skip any columns names, this record will be inserted leaving empty spaces at columns which you have skipped.
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS 
   (First_Name, Last_Name, Country) values 
   ('Jonathan', 'Trott', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite>

You can also insert records into a table without specifying the column names, if the order of values you pass is same as their respective column names in the table.
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>
After inserting the records into a table you can verify its contents using the SELECT statement as shown below −
sqlite> select * from cricketers;
Shikhar  | Dhawan     | 33 | Delhi  | India
Jonathan | Trott      |    |        | SouthAfrica
Kumara   | Sangakkara | 41 | Matale | Srilanka
Virat    | Kohli      | 30 | Delhi  | India
Rohit    | Sharma     | 32 | Nagpur | India
sqlite>

To add records to an existing table in SQLite database −
Import sqlite3 package.
Import sqlite3 package.
Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the database as a parameter to it.
Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the database as a parameter to it.
The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate with SQLite3. Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above created) Connection object.
The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate with SQLite3. Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above created) Connection object.
Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an INSERT statement as a parameter to it.
Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an INSERT statement as a parameter to it.
Following python example inserts records into to a table named EMPLOYEE −
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

# Preparing SQL queries to INSERT a record into the database.
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Ramya', 'Rama Priya', 27, 'F', 9000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')

# Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()
print("Records inserted........")

# Closing the connection
conn.close()
Records inserted........

You can retrieve data from an SQLite table using the SELCT query. This query/statement returns contents of the specified relation (table) in tabular form and it is called as result-set.
Following is the syntax of the SELECT statement in SQLite −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>
Following SELECT query retrieves the values of the columns FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME and, COUNTRY from the CRICKETERS table.
sqlite> SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, COUNTRY FROM CRICKETERS;
Shikhar  |Dhawan     |India
Jonathan |Trott      |SouthAfrica
Kumara   |Sangakkara |Srilanka
Virat    |Kohli      |India
Rohit    |Sharma     |India
sqlite>
As you observe, the SELECT statement of the SQLite database just returns the records of the specified tables. To get a formatted output you need to set the header, and mode using the respective commands before the SELECT statement as shown below −
sqlite> .header on
sqlite> .mode column
sqlite> SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, COUNTRY FROM CRICKETERS;
First_Name Last_Name            Country
---------- -------------------- ----------
Shikhar    Dhawan               India
Jonathan   Trott                SouthAfric
Kumara     Sangakkara           Srilanka
Virat      Kohli                India
Rohit      Sharma               India
sqlite>

If you want to retrieve all the columns of each record, you need to replace the names of the columns with "*" as shown below −
sqlite> .header on
sqlite> .mode column
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
First_Name Last_Name  Age        Place_Of_Birth Country
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ----------
Shikhar    Dhawan     33         Delhi          India
Jonathan   Trott      38         CapeTown       SouthAfric
Kumara     Sangakkara 41         Matale         Srilanka
Virat      Kohli      30         Delhi          India
Rohit      Sharma     32         Nagpur         India
sqlite>

In SQLite by default the width of the columns is 10 values beyond this width are chopped (observe the country column of 2nd row in above table). You can set the width of each column to required value using the .width command, before retrieving the contents of a table as shown below −
sqlite> .width 10, 10, 4, 10, 13
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar    Dhawan     33   Delhi      India
Jonathan   Trott      38   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Kumara     Sangakkara 41   Matale     Srilanka
Virat      Kohli      30   Delhi      India
Rohit      Sharma     32   Nagpur     India
sqlite>

READ Operation on any database means to fetch some useful information from the database. You can fetch data from MYSQL using the fetch() method provided by the sqlite python module.
The sqlite3.Cursor class provides three methods namely fetchall(), fetchmany() and, fetchone() where,
The fetchall() method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the remaining ones).
The fetchall() method retrieves all the rows in the result set of a query and returns them as list of tuples. (If we execute this after retrieving few rows it returns the remaining ones).
The fetchone() method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
The fetchone() method fetches the next row in the result of a query and returns it as a tuple.
The fetchmany() method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
The fetchmany() method is similar to the fetchone() but, it retrieves the next set of rows in the result set of a query, instead of a single row.
Note − A result set is an object that is returned when a cursor object is used to query a table.
Following example fetches all the rows of the EMPLOYEE table using the SELECT query and from the obtained result set initially, we are retrieving the first row using the fetchone() method and then fetching the remaining rows using the fetchall() method.
Following Python program shows how to fetch and display records from the COMPANY table created in the above example.
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving data
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchone();
print(result)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0)
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0),
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0),
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0),
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)
]

If you want to fetch, delete or, update particular rows of a table in SQLite, you need to use the where clause to specify condition to filter the rows of the table for the operation.
For example, if you have a SELECT statement with where clause, only the rows which satisfies the specified condition will be retrieved.
Following is the syntax of the WHERE clause in SQLite −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [search_condition]

You can specify a search_condition using comparison or logical operators. like >, <, =, LIKE, NOT, etc. The following examples would make this concept clear.
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>
Following SELECT statement retrieves the records whose age is greater than 35 −
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS WHERE AGE > 35;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Jonathan   Trott      38   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Kumara     Sangakkara 41   Matale     Srilanka
sqlite>

The Cursor object/class contains all the methods to execute queries and fetch data, etc. The cursor method of the connection class returns a cursor object.
Therefore, to create a table in SQLite database using python −
Establish connection with a database using the connect() method.
Establish connection with a database using the connect() method.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the above created connection object.
Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() method on the above created connection object.
Now execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the Cursor class.
Now execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the Cursor class.
Following example creates a table named Employee and populates it. Then using the where clause it retrieves the records with age value less than 23.
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
   (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000)''')

cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')

#Retrieving specific records using the where clause
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE <23")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0)]

While fetching data using SELECT query, you will get the records in the same order in which you have inserted them.
You can sort the results in desired order (ascending or descending) using the Order By clause. By default, this clause sorts results in ascending order, if you need to arrange them in descending order you need to use “DESC” explicitly.
Following is the syntax of the ORDER BY clause in SQLite.
SELECT column-list
FROM table_name
[WHERE condition]
[ORDER BY column1, column2, .. columnN] [ASC | DESC];

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>
Following SELECT statement retrieves the rows of the CRICKETERS table in the ascending order of their age −
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Virat      Kohli      30   Delhi      India
Rohit      Sharma     32   Nagpur     India
Shikhar    Dhawan     33   Delhi      India
Jonathan   Trott      38   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Kumara     Sangakkara 41   Matale     Srilanka
sqlite>

You can use more than one column to sort the records of a table. Following SELECT statements sorts the records of the CRICKETERS table based on the columns AGE and FIRST_NAME.
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE, FIRST_NAME;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Virat      Kohli      30   Delhi      India
Rohit      Sharma     32   Nagpur     India
Shikhar    Dhawan     33   Delhi      India
Jonathan   Trott      38   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Kumara     Sangakkara 41   Matale     Srilanka
sqlite>

By default, the ORDER BY clause sorts the records of a table in ascending order you can arrange the results in descending order using DESC as −
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS ORDER BY AGE DESC;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Kumara     Sangakkara 41   Matale     Srilanka
Jonathan   Trott      38   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Shikhar    Dhawan     33   Delhi      India
Rohit      Sharma     32   Nagpur     India
Virat      Kohli      30   Delhi      India
sqlite>

To retrieve contents of a table in specific order, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object and, pass the SELECT statement along with ORDER BY clause, as a parameter to it.
In the following example we are creating a table with name and Employee, populating it, and retrieving its records back in the (ascending) order of their age, using the ORDER BY clause.
import psycopg2

#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
   database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
#Setting auto commit false
conn.autocommit = True

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")

#Creating a table
sql = '''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT, SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME INT,
   CONTACT INT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Populating the table
#Populating the table
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
   (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000),
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000),
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')
conn.commit()

#Retrieving specific records using the ORDER BY clause
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE ORDER BY AGE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000, None),
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000, None),
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300, None),
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000, None),
   ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000, None)]

UPDATE Operation on any database implies modifying the values of one or more records of a table, which are already available in the database. You can update the values of existing records in SQLite using the UPDATE statement.
To update specific rows, you need to use the WHERE clause along with it.
Following is the syntax of the UPDATE statement in SQLite −
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>
Following Statement modifies the age of the cricketer, whose first name is Shikhar −
sqlite> UPDATE CRICKETERS SET AGE = 45 WHERE FIRST_NAME = 'Shikhar' ;
sqlite>

If you retrieve the record whose FIRST_NAME is Shikhar you observe that the age value has been changed to 45 −
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS WHERE FIRST_NAME = 'Shikhar';
First_Name Last_Name  Age Place_Of_B  Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar    Dhawan     45   Delhi      India
sqlite>

If you haven’t used the WHERE clause values of all the records will be updated. Following UPDATE statement increases the age of all the records in the CRICKETERS table by 1 −
sqlite> UPDATE CRICKETERS SET AGE = AGE+1;
sqlite>

If you retrieve the contents of the table using SELECT command, you can see the updated values as −
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar    Dhawan     46   Delhi      India
Jonathan   Trott      39   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Kumara     Sangakkara 42   Matale     Srilanka
Virat      Kohli      31   Delhi      India
Rohit      Sharma     33   Nagpur     India
sqlite>

To add records to an existing table in SQLite database −
Import sqlite3 package.
Import sqlite3 package.
Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the database as a parameter to it.
Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the database as a parameter to it.
The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate with SQLite3 . Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above created) Connection object.
The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate with SQLite3 . Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above created) Connection object.
Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an UPDATE statement as a parameter to it.
Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an UPDATE statement as a parameter to it.
Following Python example, creates a table with name EMPLOYEE, inserts 5 records into it and, increases the age of all the male employees by 1 −
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")

#Creating table as per requirement
sql ='''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT
)'''
cursor.execute(sql)

#Inserting data
cursor.execute('''INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
   (FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) VALUES 
   ('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000),
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000),
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000)''')
conn.commit()

#Fetching all the rows before the update
print("Contents of the Employee table: ")
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Updating the records
sql = '''UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE=AGE+1 WHERE SEX = 'M' '''
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Table updated...... ")

#Fetching all the rows after the update
print("Contents of the Employee table after the update operation: ")
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Contents of the Employee table:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0), 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]
Table updated......
Contents of the Employee table after the update operation:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 26, 'M', 8300.0), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0), 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]

To delete records from a SQLite table, you need to use the DELETE FROM statement. To remove specific records, you need to use WHERE clause along with it.
To update specific rows, you need to use the WHERE clause along with it.
Following is the syntax of the DELETE query in SQLite −
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause]

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>
Following statement deletes the record of the cricketer whose last name is 'Sangakkara'.
sqlite> DELETE FROM CRICKETERS WHERE LAST_NAME = 'Sangakkara';
sqlite>

If you retrieve the contents of the table using the SELECT statement, you can see only 4 records since we have deleted one.
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar    Dhawan     46   Delhi      India
Jonathan   Trott      39   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Virat      Kohli      31   Delhi      India
Rohit      Sharma     33   Nagpur     India
sqlite>

If you execute the DELETE FROM statement without the WHERE clause, all the records from the specified table will be deleted.
sqlite> DELETE FROM CRICKETERS;
sqlite>

Since you have deleted all the records, if you try to retrieve the contents of the CRICKETERS table, using SELECT statement you will get an empty result set as shown below −
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS;
sqlite>

To add records to an existing table in SQLite database −
Import sqlite3 package.
Import sqlite3 package.
Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the database as a parameter to it.
Create a connection object using the connect() method by passing the name of the database as a parameter to it.
The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate with SQLite3 . Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above created) Connection object.
The cursor() method returns a cursor object using which you can communicate with SQLite3 . Create a cursor object by invoking the cursor() object on the (above created) Connection object.
Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an DELETE statement as a parameter to it.
Then, invoke the execute() method on the cursor object, by passing an DELETE statement as a parameter to it.
Following python example deletes the records from EMPLOYEE table with age value greater than 25.
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving contents of the table
print("Contents of the table: ")
cursor.execute('''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE''')
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Deleting records
cursor.execute('''DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > 25''')

#Retrieving data after delete
print("Contents of the table after delete operation ")
cursor.execute("SELECT * from EMPLOYEE")
print(cursor.fetchall())

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Contents of the table:
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 26, 'M', 8300.0), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0), 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]
Contents of the table after delete operation
[('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 21, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Tripthi', 'Mishra', 24, 'F', 6000.0)]

You can remove an entire table using the DROP TABLE statement. You just need to specify the name of the table you need to delete.
Following is the syntax of the DROP TABLE statement in PostgreSQL −
DROP TABLE table_name;

Assume we have created two tables with name CRICKETERS and EMPLOYEES using the following queries −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255), Last_Name VARCHAR(255), Age int, 
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255), Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
   FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL, LAST_NAME CHAR(20), AGE INT, 
   SEX CHAR(1), INCOME FLOAT
);
sqlite>
Now if you verify the list of tables using the .tables command, you can see the above created tables in it ( list) as −
sqlite> .tables
CRICKETERS EMPLOYEE
sqlite>

Following statement deletes the table named Employee from the database −
sqlite> DROP table employee;
sqlite>

Since you have deleted the Employee table, if you retrieve the list of tables again, you can observe only one table in it.
sqlite> .tables
CRICKETERS
sqlite>

If you try to delete the Employee table again, since you have already deleted it you will get an error saying “no such table” as shown below −
sqlite> DROP table employee;
Error: no such table: employee
sqlite>

To resolve this, you can use the IF EXISTS clause along with the DELTE statement. This removes the table if it exists else skips the DLETE operation.
sqlite> DROP table IF EXISTS employee;
sqlite>

You can drop a table whenever you need to, using the DROP statement of MYSQL, but you need to be very careful while deleting any existing table because the data lost will not be recovered after deleting a table.
To drop a table from a SQLite3 database using python invoke the execute() method on the cursor object and pass the drop statement as a parameter to it.
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE emp")
print("Table dropped... ")

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Table dropped...

While fetching records if you want to limit them by a particular number, you can do so, using the LIMIT clause of SQLite.
Following is the syntax of the LIMIT clause in SQLite −
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
LIMIT [no of rows]

Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>
And if we have inserted 5 records in to it using INSERT statements as −
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 38, 'CapeTown', 'SouthAfrica');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
sqlite> insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
sqlite>
Following statement retrieves the first 3 records of the Cricketers table using the LIMIT clause −
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS LIMIT 3;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Shikhar    Dhawan     33   Delhi      India
Jonathan   Trott      38   CapeTown   SouthAfrica
Kumara     Sangakkara 41   Matale     Srilanka
sqlite>

If you need to limit the records starting from nth record (not 1st), you can do so, using OFFSET along with LIMIT.
sqlite> SELECT * FROM CRICKETERS LIMIT 3 OFFSET 2;
First_Name Last_Name  Age  Place_Of_B Country
---------- ---------- ---- ---------- -------------
Kumara     Sangakkara 41   Matale     Srilanka
Virat      Kohli      30   Delhi      India
Rohit      Sharma     32   Nagpur     India
sqlite>

If you Invoke the execute() method on the cursor object by passing the SELECT query along with the LIMIT clause, you can retrieve required number of records.
Following python example retrieves the first two records of the EMPLOYEE table using the LIMIT clause.
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving single row
sql = '''SELECT * from EMPLOYEE LIMIT 3'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching the data
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0)]

When you have divided the data in two tables you can fetch combined records from these two tables using Joins.
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the following query −
sqlite> CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Age int,
   Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
   Country VARCHAR(255)
);
sqlite>

Let us create one more table OdiStats describing the One-day cricket statistics of each player in CRICKETERS table.
sqlite> CREATE TABLE ODIStats (
   First_Name VARCHAR(255),
   Matches INT,
   Runs INT,
   AVG FLOAT,
   Centuries INT,
   HalfCenturies INT
);
sqlite>
Following statement retrieves data combining the values in these two tables −
sqlite> SELECT
   Cricketers.First_Name, Cricketers.Last_Name, Cricketers.Country,
   OdiStats.matches, OdiStats.runs, OdiStats.centuries, OdiStats.halfcenturies
   from Cricketers INNER JOIN OdiStats ON Cricketers.First_Name = OdiStats.First_Name;
First_Name Last_Name    Country  Matches    Runs          Centuries  HalfCenturies
---------- ----------   -------  ---------- ------------- ---------- ----------
Shikhar    Dhawan       Indi     133        5518          17         27
Jonathan   Trott        Sout     68         2819          4          22
Kumara     Sangakkara   Sril     404        14234         25         93
Virat      Kohli        Indi     239        11520         43         54
Rohit      Sharma       Indi     218        8686          24         42
sqlite>

Following SQLite example, demonstrates the JOIN clause using python −
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()

#Retrieving data
sql = '''SELECT * from EMP INNER JOIN CONTACT ON EMP.CONTACT = CONTACT.ID'''

#Executing the query
cursor.execute(sql)

#Fetching 1st row from the table
result = cursor.fetchall();
print(result)

#Commit your changes in the database
conn.commit()

#Closing the connection
conn.close()
[('Ramya', 'Rama priya', 27, 'F', 9000.0, 101, 101, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 'Hyderabad'), 
   ('Vinay', 'Battacharya', 20, 'M', 6000.0, 102, 102,'Raja@mymail.com', 'Vishakhapatnam'), 
   ('Sharukh', 'Sheik', 25, 'M', 8300.0, 103, 103, 'Krishna@mymail.com', 'Pune'), 
   ('Sarmista', 'Sharma', 26, 'F', 10000.0, 104, 104, 'Raja@mymail.com', 'Mumbai')]

The sqlite3.Cursor class is an instance using which you can invoke methods that execute SQLite statements, fetch data from the result sets of the queries. You can create Cursor object using the cursor() method of the Connection object/class.
import sqlite3

#Connecting to sqlite
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()
Following are the various methods provided by the Cursor class/object.
execute()
This routine executes an SQL statement. The SQL statement may be parameterized (i.e., placeholders instead of SQL literals). The psycopg2 module supports placeholder using %s sign
For example:cursor.execute("insert into people values (%s, %s)", (who, age))
executemany()
This routine executes an SQL command against all parameter sequences or mappings found in the sequence sql.
fetchone()
This method fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence, or None when no more data is available.
fetchmany()
This routine fetches the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list. An empty list is returned when no more rows are available. The method tries to fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter.
fetchall()
This routine fetches all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning a list. An empty list is returned when no rows are available.
Following are the properties of the Cursor class −
arraySize
This is a read/write property you can set the number of rows returned by the fetchmany() method.
description
This is a read only property which returns the list containing the description of columns in a result-set.
lastrowid
This is a read only property, if there are any auto-incremented columns in the table, this returns the value generated for that column in the last INSERT or, UPDATE operation.
rowcount
This returns the number of rows returned/updated in case of SELECT and UPDATE operations.
connection
This read-only attribute provides the SQLite database Connection used by the Cursor object.
Pymongo is a python distribution which provides tools to work with MongoDB, it is the most preferred way to communicate with MongoDB database from python.
To install pymongo first of all make sure you have installed python3 (along with PIP) and MongoDB properly. Then execute the following command.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>pip install pymongo
Collecting pymongo
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cb/a6/b0ae3781b0ad75825e00e29dc5489b53512625e02328d73556e1ecdf12f8/pymongo-3.9.0-cp37-cp37m-win32.whl
Installing collected packages: pymongo
Successfully installed pymongo-3.9.0

Once you have installed pymongo, open a new text document, paste the following line in it and, save it as test.py.
import pymongo

If you have installed pymongo properly, if you execute the test.py as shown below, you should not get any issues.
D:\Python_MongoDB>test.py
D:\Python_MongoDB>

Unlike other databases, MongoDB does not provide separate command to create a database.
In general, the use command is used to select/switch to the specific database. This command initially verifies whether the database we specify exists, if so, it connects to it. If the database, we specify with the use command doesn’t exist a new database will be created.
Therefore, you can create a database in MongoDB using the Use command.
Basic syntax of use DATABASE statement is as follows −
use DATABASE_NAME

Following command creates a database named in mydb.
>use mydb
switched to db mydb

You can verify your creation by using the db command, this displays the current database.
>db
mydb

To connect to MongoDB using pymongo, you need to import and create a MongoClient, then you can directly access the database you need to create in attribute passion.
Following example creates a database in MangoDB.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['mydb']
print("Database created........")

#Verification
print("List of databases after creating new one")
print(client.list_database_names())
Database created........
List of databases after creating new one:
['admin', 'config', 'local', 'mydb']

You can also specify the port and host names while creating a MongoClient and can access the databases in dictionary style.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['mydb']
print("Database created........")
Database created........

A collection in MongoDB holds a set of documents, it is analogous to a table in relational databases.
You can create a collection using the createCollection() method. This method accepts a String value representing the name of the collection to be created and an options (optional) parameter.
Using this you can specify the following −
The size of the collection.
The max number of documents allowed in the capped collection.
Whether the collection we create should be capped collection (fixed size collection).
Whether the collection we create should be auto-indexed.
Following is the syntax to create a collection in MongoDB.
db.createCollection("CollectionName")

Following method creates a collection named ExampleCollection.
> use mydb
switched to db mydb
> db.createCollection("ExampleCollection")
{ "ok" : 1 }
>

Similarly, following is a query that creates a collection using the options of the createCollection() method.
>db.createCollection("mycol", { capped : true, autoIndexId : true, size :
6142800, max : 10000 } )
{ "ok" : 1 }
>

Following python example connects to a database in MongoDB (mydb) and, creates a collection in it.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['mydb']

#Creating a collection
collection = db['example']
print("Collection created........")
Collection created........

You can store documents into MongoDB using the insert() method. This method accepts a JSON document as a parameter.
Following is the syntax of the insert method.
>db.COLLECTION_NAME.insert(DOCUMENT_NAME)

> use mydb
switched to db mydb
> db.createCollection("sample")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> doc1 = {"name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"}
{ "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Hyderabad" }
> db.sample.insert(doc1)
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
>

Similarly, you can also insert multiple documents using the insert() method.
> use testDB
switched to db testDB
> db.createCollection("sample")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> data = 
[
   {
      "_id": "1001", 
      "name": "Ram", 
      "age": "26", 
      "city": "Hyderabad"
   }, 
   {
      "_id": "1002", 
      "name" : "Rahim", 
      "age" : 27, 
      "city" : "Bangalore" 
   }, 
   {
      "_id": "1003", 
      "name" : "Robert", 
      "age" : 28, 
      "city" : "Mumbai" 
   }
]
[
   {
      "_id" : "1001",
      "name" : "Ram",
      "age" : "26",
      "city" : "Hyderabad"
   },
   {
      "_id" : "1002",
      "name" : "Rahim",
      "age" : 27,
      "city" : "Bangalore"
   },
   {
      "_id" : "1003",
      "name" : "Robert",
      "age" : 28,
      "city" : "Mumbai"
   }
]
> db.sample.insert(data)
BulkWriteResult
({
   "writeErrors" : [ ],
   "writeConcernErrors" : [ ],
   "nInserted" : 3,
   "nUpserted" : 0,
   "nMatched" : 0,
   "nModified" : 0,
   "nRemoved" : 0,
   "upserted" : [ ]
})
>
Pymongo provides a method named insert_one() to insert a document in MangoDB. To this method, we need to pass the document in dictionary format.
Following example inserts a document in the collection named example.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['mydb']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
doc1 = {"name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"}
coll.insert_one(doc1)
print(coll.find_one())
{
   '_id': ObjectId('5d63ad6ce043e2a93885858b'), 
   'name': 'Ram', 
   'age': '26', 
   'city': 'Hyderabad'
}

To insert multiple documents into MongoDB using pymongo, you need to invoke the insert_many() method.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['mydb']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = 
[
   {
      "_id": "101", 
      "name": "Ram", 
      "age": "26", 
      "city": "Hyderabad"
   },
   {
      "_id": "102", 
      "name": "Rahim", 
      "age": "27", 
      "city": "Bangalore"
   },
   {
      "_id": "103", 
      "name": "Robert", 
      "age": "28", 
      "city": "Mumbai"
   }
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")
print(res.inserted_ids)
Data inserted ......
['101', '102', '103']

You can read/retrieve stored documents from MongoDB using the find() method. This method retrieves and displays all the documents in MongoDB in a non-structured way.
Following is the syntax of the find() method.
>db.CollectionName.find()

Assume we have inserted 3 documents into a database named testDB in a collection named sample using the following queries −
> use testDB
> db.createCollection("sample")
> data = [
   {"_id": "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Bangalore" },
   {"_id": "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }
]
> db.sample.insert(data)

You can retrieve the inserted documents using the find() method as −
> use testDB
switched to db testDB
> db.sample.find()
{ "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Hyderabad" }
{ "_id" : "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Bangalore" }
{ "_id" : "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }
>

You can also retrieve first document in the collection using the findOne() method as −
> db.sample.findOne()
{ "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Hyderabad" }

The find_One() method of pymongo is used to retrieve a single document based on your query, in case of no matches this method returns nothing and if you doesn’t use any query it returns the first document of the collection.
This method comes handy whenever you need to retrieve only one document of a result or, if you are sure that your query returns only one document.
Following python example retrieve first document of a collection −
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['mydatabase']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "101", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "102", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "103", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")
print(res.inserted_ids)

#Retrieving the first record using the find_one() method
print("First record of the collection: ")
print(coll.find_one())

#Retrieving a record with is 103 using the find_one() method
print("Record whose id is 103: ")
print(coll.find_one({"_id": "103"}))
Data inserted ......
['101', '102', '103']
First record of the collection:
{'_id': '101', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
Record whose id is 103:
{'_id': '103', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}

To get multiple documents in a single query (single call od find method), you can use the find() method of the pymongo. If haven’t passed any query, this returns all the documents of a collection and, if you have passed a query to this method, it returns all the matched documents.
#Getting the database instance
db = client['myDB']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "101", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "102", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "103", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Retrieving all the records using the find() method
print("Records of the collection: ")
for doc1 in coll.find():
print(doc1)

#Retrieving records with age greater than 26 using the find() method
print("Record whose age is more than 26: ")
for doc2 in coll.find({"age":{"$gt":"26"}}):
print(doc2)
Data inserted ......
Records of the collection:
{'_id': '101', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '102', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '103', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}
Record whose age is more than 26:
{'_id': '102', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '103', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}

While retrieving using find() method, you can filter the documents using the query object. You can pass the query specifying the condition for the required documents as a parameter to this method.
Following is the list of operators used in the queries in MongoDB.
Following example retrieves the document in a collection whose name is sarmista.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['sdsegf']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"},
   {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": "25", "city": "Pune"},
   {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": "23", "city": "Delhi"},
   {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": "26", "city": "Chennai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Retrieving data
print("Documents in the collection: ")

for doc1 in coll.find({"name":"Sarmista"}):
   print(doc1)
Data inserted ......
Documents in the collection:
{'_id': '1005', 'name': 'Sarmista', 'age': '23', 'city': 'Delhi'}

Following example retrieves the document in a collection whose age value is greater than 26.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['ghhj']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"},
   {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": "25", "city": "Pune"},
   {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": "23", "city": "Delhi"},
   {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": "26", "city": "Chennai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Retrieving data
print("Documents in the collection: ")

for doc in coll.find({"age":{"$gt":"26"}}):
   print(doc)
Data inserted ......
Documents in the collection:
{'_id': '1002', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '1003', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}

While retrieving the contents of a collection, you can sort and arrange them in ascending or descending orders using the sort() method.
To this method, you can pass the field(s) and the sorting order which is 1 or -1. Where, 1 is for ascending order and -1 is descending order.
Following is the syntax of the sort() method.
>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().sort({KEY:1})

Assume we have created a collection and inserted 5 documents into it as shown below −
> use testDB
switched to db testDB
> db.createCollection("myColl")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> data = [
   ... {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   ... {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": 27, "city": "Bangalore"},
   ... {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": 28, "city": "Mumbai"},
   ... {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": 25, "city": "Pune"},
   ... {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": 23, "city": "Delhi"},
   ... {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": 26, "city": "Chennai"}
]
> db.sample.insert(data)
BulkWriteResult({
   "writeErrors" : [ ],
   "writeConcernErrors" : [ ],
   "nInserted" : 6,
   "nUpserted" : 0,
   "nMatched" : 0,
   "nModified" : 0,
   "nRemoved" : 0,
   "upserted" : [ ]
})
Following line retrieves all the documents of the collection which are sorted in ascending order based on age.
> db.sample.find().sort({age:1})
{ "_id" : "1005", "name" : "Sarmista", "age" : 23, "city" : "Delhi" }
{ "_id" : "1004", "name" : "Romeo", "age" : 25, "city" : "Pune" }
{ "_id" : "1006", "name" : "Rasajna", "age" : 26, "city" : "Chennai" }
{ "_id" : "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Bangalore" }
{ "_id" : "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }
{ "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Hyderabad" }

To sort the results of a query in ascending or, descending order pymongo provides the sort() method. To this method, pass a number value representing the number of documents you need in the result.
By default, this method sorts the documents in ascending order based on the specified field. If you need to sort in descending order pass -1 along with the field name −
coll.find().sort("age",-1)

Following example retrieves all the documents of a collection arranged according to the age values in ascending order −
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['b_mydb']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['myColl']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"},
   {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": 25, "city": "Pune"},
   {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": 23, "city": "Delhi"},
   {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": 26, "city": "Chennai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Retrieving first 3 documents using the find() and limit() methods
print("List of documents (sorted in ascending order based on age): ")

for doc1 in coll.find().sort("age"):
   print(doc1)
Data inserted ......
List of documents (sorted in ascending order based on age):
{'_id': '1005', 'name': 'Sarmista', 'age': 23, 'city': 'Delhi'}
{'_id': '1004', 'name': 'Romeo', 'age': 25, 'city': 'Pune'}
{'_id': '1006', 'name': 'Rasajna', 'age': 26, 'city': 'Chennai'}
{'_id': '1001', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '1002', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '1003', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}

You can delete documents in a collection using the remove() method of MongoDB. This method accepts two optional parameters −
deletion criteria specifying the condition to delete documents.
deletion criteria specifying the condition to delete documents.
just one, if you pass true or 1 as second parameter, then only one document will be deleted.
just one, if you pass true or 1 as second parameter, then only one document will be deleted.
Following is the syntax of the remove() method −
>db.COLLECTION_NAME.remove(DELLETION_CRITTERIA)

Assume we have created a collection and inserted 5 documents into it as shown below −
> use testDB
switched to db testDB
> db.createCollection("myColl")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> data = [
   ... {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   ... {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": 27, "city": "Bangalore"},
   ... {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": 28, "city": "Mumbai"},
   ... {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": 25, "city": "Pune"},
   ... {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": 23, "city": "Delhi"},
   ... {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": 26, "city": "Chennai"}
]
> db.sample.insert(data)
BulkWriteResult({
   "writeErrors" : [ ],
   "writeConcernErrors" : [ ],
   "nInserted" : 6,
   "nUpserted" : 0,
   "nMatched" : 0,
   "nModified" : 0,
   "nRemoved" : 0,
   "upserted" : [ ]
})
Following query deletes the document(s) of the collection which have name value as Sarmista.
> db.sample.remove({"name": "Sarmista"})
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 })
> db.sample.find()
{ "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Hyderabad" }
{ "_id" : "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Bangalore" }
{ "_id" : "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }
{ "_id" : "1004", "name" : "Romeo", "age" : 25, "city" : "Pune" }
{ "_id" : "1006", "name" : "Rasajna", "age" : 26, "city" : "Chennai" }

If you invoke remove() method without passing deletion criteria, all the documents in the collection will be deleted.
> db.sample.remove({})
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 5 })
> db.sample.find()

To delete documents from a collection of MangoDB, you can delete documents from a collections using the methods delete_one() and delete_many() methods.
These methods accept a query object specifying the condition for deleting documents.
The detele_one() method deletes a single document, in case of a match. If no query is specified this method deletes the first document in the collection.
Following python example deletes the document in the collection which has id value as 1006.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['lpaksgf']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"},
   {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": 25, "city": "Pune"},
   {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": 23, "city": "Delhi"},
   {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": 26, "city": "Chennai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Deleting one document
coll.delete_one({"_id" : "1006"})

#Retrieving all the records using the find() method
print("Documents in the collection after update operation: ")

for doc2 in coll.find():
   print(doc2)
Data inserted ......
Documents in the collection after update operation:
{'_id': '1001', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '1002', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '1003', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}
{'_id': '1004', 'name': 'Romeo', 'age': 25, 'city': 'Pune'}
{'_id': '1005', 'name': 'Sarmista', 'age': 23, 'city': 'Delhi'}

Similarly, the delete_many() method of pymongo deletes all the documents that satisfies the specified condition.
Following example deletes all the documents in the collection whose age value is greater than 26 −
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['sampleDB']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"},
   {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": "25", "city": "Pune"},
   {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": "23", "city": "Delhi"},
   {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": "26", "city": "Chennai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Deleting multiple documents
coll.delete_many({"age":{"$gt":"26"}})

#Retrieving all the records using the find() method
print("Documents in the collection after update operation: ")

for doc2 in coll.find():
   print(doc2)
Data inserted ......
Documents in the collection after update operation:
{'_id': '1001', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '1004', 'name': 'Romeo', 'age': '25', 'city': 'Pune'}
{'_id': '1005', 'name': 'Sarmista', 'age': '23', 'city': 'Delhi'}
{'_id': '1006', 'name': 'Rasajna', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Chennai'}

If you invoke the delete_many() method without passing any query, this method deletes all the documents in the collection.
coll.delete_many({})

You can delete collections using drop() method of MongoDB.
Following is the syntax of drop() method −
db.COLLECTION_NAME.drop()

Following example drops collection with name sample −
> show collections
myColl
sample
> db.sample.drop()
true
> show collections
myColl

You can drop/delete a collection from the current database by invoking drop() method.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['example2']

#Creating a collection
col1 = db['collection']
col1.insert_one({"name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"})
col2 = db['coll']
col2.insert_one({"name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"})
col3 = db['myColl']
col3.insert_one({"name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"})
col4 = db['data']
col4.insert_one({"name": "Romeo", "age": "25", "city": "Pune"})

#List of collections
print("List of collections:")
collections = db.list_collection_names()
for coll in collections:
print(coll)

#Dropping a collection
col1.drop()
col4.drop()
print("List of collections after dropping two of them: ")

#List of collections
collections = db.list_collection_names()

for coll in collections:
   print(coll)
List of collections:
coll
data
collection
myColl
List of collections after dropping two of them:
coll
myColl

You can update the contents of an existing documents using the update() method or save() method.
The update method modifies the existing document whereas the save method replaces the existing document with the new one.
Following is the syntax of the update() and save() methods of MangoDB −
>db.COLLECTION_NAME.update(SELECTION_CRITERIA, UPDATED_DATA)
Or,
db.COLLECTION_NAME.save({_id:ObjectId(),NEW_DATA})

Assume we have created a collection in a database and inserted 3 records in it as shown below −
> use testdatabase
switched to db testdatabase
> data = [
   ... {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   ... {"_id": "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Bangalore" },
   ... {"_id": "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }
]
[
   {
      "_id" : "1001",
      "name" : "Ram",
      "age" : "26",
      "city" : "Hyderabad"
   },
   {
      "_id" : "1002",
      "name" : "Rahim",
      "age" : 27,
      "city" : "Bangalore"
   },
   {
      "_id" : "1003",
      "name" : "Robert",
      "age" : 28,
      "city" : "Mumbai"
   }
]
> db.createCollection("sample")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> db.sample.insert(data)
Following method updates the city value of the document with id 1002.
> db.sample.update({"_id":"1002"},{"$set":{"city":"Visakhapatnam"}})
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.sample.find()
{ "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Hyderabad" }
{ "_id" : "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Visakhapatnam" }
{ "_id" : "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }
Similarly you can replace the document with new data by saving it with same id using the save() method.
> db.sample.save(
   { "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Vijayawada" }
)
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.sample.find()
{ "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Vijayawada" }
{ "_id" : "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Visakhapatnam" }
{ "_id" : "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }

Similar to find_one() method which retrieves single document, the update_one() method of pymongo updates a single document.
This method accepts a query specifying which document to update and the update operation.
Following python example updates the location value of a document in a collection.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['myDB']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "101", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "102", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "103", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Retrieving all the records using the find() method
print("Documents in the collection: ")
for doc1 in coll.find():
print(doc1)
coll.update_one({"_id":"102"},{"$set":{"city":"Visakhapatnam"}})

#Retrieving all the records using the find() method
print("Documents in the collection after update operation: ")

for doc2 in coll.find():
   print(doc2)
Data inserted ......
Documents in the collection:
{'_id': '101', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '102', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '103', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}
Documents in the collection after update operation:
{'_id': '101', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '102', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Visakhapatnam'}
{'_id': '103', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}

Similarly, the update_many() method of pymongo updates all the documents that satisfies the specified condition.
Following example updates the location value in all the documents in a collection (empty condition) −
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['myDB']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['example']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "101", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "102", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "103", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Retrieving all the records using the find() method
print("Documents in the collection: ")
for doc1 in coll.find():
print(doc1)
coll.update_many({},{"$set":{"city":"Visakhapatnam"}})

#Retrieving all the records using the find() method
print("Documents in the collection after update operation: ")

for doc2 in coll.find():
   print(doc2)
Data inserted ......
Documents in the collection:
{'_id': '101', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '102', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '103', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}
Documents in the collection after update operation:
{'_id': '101', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Visakhapatnam'}
{'_id': '102', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Visakhapatnam'}
{'_id': '103', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Visakhapatnam'}

While retrieving the contents of a collection you can limit the number of documents in the result using the limit() method. This method accepts a number value representing the number of documents you want in the result.
Following is the syntax of the limit() method −
>db.COLLECTION_NAME.find().limit(NUMBER)

Assume we have created a collection and inserted 5 documents into it as shown below −
> use testDB
switched to db testDB
> db.createCollection("sample")
{ "ok" : 1 }
> data = [
   ... {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   ... {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": 27, "city": "Bangalore"},
   ... {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": 28, "city": "Mumbai"},
   ... {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": 25, "city": "Pune"},
   ... {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": 23, "city": "Delhi"},
   ... {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": 26, "city": "Chennai"}
]
> db.sample.insert(data)
BulkWriteResult({
   "writeErrors" : [ ],
   "writeConcernErrors" : [ ],
   "nInserted" : 6,
   "nUpserted" : 0,
   "nMatched" : 0,
   "nModified" : 0,
   "nRemoved" : 0,
   "upserted" : [ ]
})
Following line retrieves the first 3 documents of the collection.
> db.sample.find().limit(3)
{ "_id" : "1001", "name" : "Ram", "age" : "26", "city" : "Hyderabad" }
{ "_id" : "1002", "name" : "Rahim", "age" : 27, "city" : "Bangalore" }
{ "_id" : "1003", "name" : "Robert", "age" : 28, "city" : "Mumbai" }

To restrict the results of a query to a particular number of documents pymongo provides the limit() method. To this method pass a number value representing the number of documents you need in the result.
Following example retrieves first three documents in a collection.
from pymongo import MongoClient

#Creating a pymongo client
client = MongoClient('localhost', 27017)

#Getting the database instance
db = client['l']

#Creating a collection
coll = db['myColl']

#Inserting document into a collection
data = [
   {"_id": "1001", "name": "Ram", "age": "26", "city": "Hyderabad"},
   {"_id": "1002", "name": "Rahim", "age": "27", "city": "Bangalore"},
   {"_id": "1003", "name": "Robert", "age": "28", "city": "Mumbai"},
   {"_id": "1004", "name": "Romeo", "age": 25, "city": "Pune"},
   {"_id": "1005", "name": "Sarmista", "age": 23, "city": "Delhi"},
   {"_id": "1006", "name": "Rasajna", "age": 26, "city": "Chennai"}
]
res = coll.insert_many(data)
print("Data inserted ......")

#Retrieving first 3 documents using the find() and limit() methods
print("First 3 documents in the collection: ")

for doc1 in coll.find().limit(3):
   print(doc1)
Data inserted ......
First 3 documents in the collection:
{'_id': '1001', 'name': 'Ram', 'age': '26', 'city': 'Hyderabad'}
{'_id': '1002', 'name': 'Rahim', 'age': '27', 'city': 'Bangalore'}
{'_id': '1003', 'name': 'Robert', 'age': '28', 'city': 'Mumbai'}


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