Destructors in Python

21 Jan, 2022
Constructors in PythonDestructors are called when an object gets destroyed. In Python, destructors are not needed as much as in C++ because Python has a garbage collector that handles memory management automatically. The __del__() method is a known as a destructor method in Python. It is called when all references to the object have been deleted i.e when an object is garbage collected. Syntax of destructor declaration :  
def __del__(self):
  # body of destructor
Note : A reference to objects is also deleted when the object goes out of reference or when the program ends. Example 1 : Here is the simple example of destructor. By using del keyword we deleted the all references of object ‘obj’, therefore destructor invoked automatically. 
Python3
# Python program to illustrate destructorclass Employee:     # Initializing    def __init__(self):        print('Employee created.')     # Deleting (Calling destructor)    def __del__(self):        print('Destructor called, Employee deleted.') obj = Employee()del obj
Employee created.
Destructor called, Employee deleted.
 
Note : The destructor was called after the program ended or when all the references to object are deleted i.e when the reference count becomes zero, not when object went out of scope.Example 2 :This example gives the explanation of above mentioned note. Here, notice that the destructor is called after the ‘Program End...’ printed. 
Python3
# Python program to illustrate destructor class Employee:     # Initializing    def __init__(self):        print('Employee created')     # Calling destructor    def __del__(self):        print("Destructor called") def Create_obj():    print('Making Object...')    obj = Employee()    print('function end...')    return obj print('Calling Create_obj() function...')obj = Create_obj()print('Program End...')
Calling Create_obj() function...
Making Object...
Employee created
function end...
Program End...
Destructor called
 
Example 3 : Now, consider the following example :  
Python3
# Python program to illustrate destructor class A:    def __init__(self, bb):        self.b = bb class B:    def __init__(self):        self.a = A(self)    def __del__(self):        print("die") def fun():    b = B() fun()
die
 
In this example when the function fun() is called, it creates an instance of class B which passes itself to class A, which then sets a reference to class B and resulting in a circular reference.Generally, Python’s garbage collector which is used to detect these types of cyclic references would remove it but in this example the use of custom destructor marks this item as “uncollectable”. Simply, it doesn’t know the order in which to destroy the objects, so it leaves them. Therefore, if your instances are involved in circular references they will live in memory for as long as the application run. 
gfreundt
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