JPA - Quick Guide

Any enterprise application performs database operations by storing and retrieving vast amounts of data. Despite all the available technologies for storage management, application developers normally struggle to perform database operations efficiently.
Generally, Java developers use lots of code, or use the proprietary framework to interact with the database, whereas using JPA, the burden of interacting with the database reduces significantly. It forms a bridge between object models (Java program) and relational models (database program).
Relational objects are represented in a tabular format, while object models are represented in an interconnected graph of object format. While storing and retrieving an object model from a relational database, some mismatch occurs due to the following reasons:
Granularity : Object model has more granularity than relational model.
Granularity : Object model has more granularity than relational model.
Subtypes : Subtypes (means inheritance) are not supported by all types of relational databases.
Subtypes : Subtypes (means inheritance) are not supported by all types of relational databases.
Identity : Like object model, relational model does not expose identity while writing equality.
Identity : Like object model, relational model does not expose identity while writing equality.
Associations : Relational models cannot determine multiple relationships while looking into object domain model.
Associations : Relational models cannot determine multiple relationships while looking into object domain model.
Data navigation : Data navigation between objects in an object network is different in both models.
Data navigation : Data navigation between objects in an object network is different in both models.
Java Persistence API is a collection of classes and methods to persistently store the vast amounts of data into a database which is provided by the Oracle Corporation.
To reduce the burden of writing codes for relational object management, a programmer follows the ‘JPA Provider’ framework, which allows easy interaction with database instance. Here the required framework is taken over by JPA.
Earlier versions of EJB, defined persistence layer combined with business logic layer using javax.ejb.EntityBean Interface.
While introducing EJB 3.0, the persistence layer was separated and specified as JPA 1.0 (Java Persistence API). The specifications of this API were released along with the specifications of JAVA EE5 on May 11, 2006 using JSR 220.
While introducing EJB 3.0, the persistence layer was separated and specified as JPA 1.0 (Java Persistence API). The specifications of this API were released along with the specifications of JAVA EE5 on May 11, 2006 using JSR 220.
JPA 2.0 was released with the specifications of JAVA EE6 on December 10, 2009 as a part of Java Community Process JSR 317.
JPA 2.0 was released with the specifications of JAVA EE6 on December 10, 2009 as a part of Java Community Process JSR 317.
JPA 2.1 was released with the specification of JAVA EE7 on April 22, 2013 using JSR 338.
JPA 2.1 was released with the specification of JAVA EE7 on April 22, 2013 using JSR 338.
JPA is an open source API, therefore various enterprise vendors such as Oracle, Redhat, Eclipse, etc. provide new products by adding the JPA persistence flavor in them. Some of these products include:
Hibernate, Eclipselink, Toplink, Spring Data JPA, etc.
Java Persistence API is a source to store business entities as relational entities. It shows how to define a PLAIN OLD JAVA OBJECT (POJO) as an entity and how to manage entities with relations.
The following image shows the class level architecture of JPA. It shows the core classes and interfaces of JPA.
The following table describes each of the units shown in the above architecture.
The above classes and interfaces are used for storing entities into a database as a record. They help programmers by reducing their efforts to write codes for storing data into a database so that they can concentrate on more important activities such as writing codes for mapping the classes with database tables.
In the above architecture, the relations between the classes and interfaces belong to the javax.persistence package. The following diagram shows the relationship between them.
The relationship between EntityManagerFactory and EntityManager is one-to-many. It is a factory class to EntityManager instances.
The relationship between EntityManagerFactory and EntityManager is one-to-many. It is a factory class to EntityManager instances.
The relationship between EntityManager and EntityTransaction is one-to-one. For each EntityManager operation, there is an EntityTransaction instance.
The relationship between EntityManager and EntityTransaction is one-to-one. For each EntityManager operation, there is an EntityTransaction instance.
The relationship between EntityManager and Query is one-to-many. Many number of queries can execute using one EntityManager instance.
The relationship between EntityManager and Query is one-to-many. Many number of queries can execute using one EntityManager instance.
The relationship between EntityManager and Entity is one-to-many. One EntityManager instance can manage multiple Entities.
The relationship between EntityManager and Entity is one-to-many. One EntityManager instance can manage multiple Entities.
Most contemporary applications use relational database to store data. Recently, many vendors switched to object database to reduce their burden on data maintenance. It means object database or object relational technologies are taking care of storing, retrieving, updating, and maintaining data. The core part of this object relational technology is mapping orm.xml files. As xml does not require compilation, we can easily make changes to multiple data sources with less administration.
Object Relational Mapping (ORM) briefly tells you about what is ORM and how it works. ORM is a programming ability to covert data from object type to relational type and vice versa.
The main feature of ORM is mapping or binding an object to its data in the database. While mapping, we have to consider the data, the type of data, and its relations with self-entity or entities in any other table.
Idiomatic persistence : It enables you to write the persistence classes using object oriented classes.
Idiomatic persistence : It enables you to write the persistence classes using object oriented classes.
High Performance : It has many fetching techniques and hopeful locking techniques.
High Performance : It has many fetching techniques and hopeful locking techniques.
Reliable : It is highly stable and Used by many professional programmers.
Reliable : It is highly stable and Used by many professional programmers.
The ORM architecture looks as follows.
The above architecture explains how object data is stored into relational database in three phases.
The first phase, named as the object data phase, contains POJO classes, service interfaces, and classes. It is the main business component layer, which has business logic operations and attributes.
For example let us take an employee database as schema.
Employee POJO class contains attributes such as ID, name, salary, and designation. It also contains methods like setter and getter of those attributes.
Employee POJO class contains attributes such as ID, name, salary, and designation. It also contains methods like setter and getter of those attributes.
Employee DAO/Service classes contain service methods such as create employee, find employee, and delete employee.
Employee DAO/Service classes contain service methods such as create employee, find employee, and delete employee.
The second phase, named as mapping or persistence phase, contains JPA provider, mapping file (ORM.xml), JPA Loader, and Object Grid.
JPA Provider : It is the vendor product that contains the JPA flavor (javax.persistence). For example Eclipselink, Toplink, Hibernate, etc.
JPA Provider : It is the vendor product that contains the JPA flavor (javax.persistence). For example Eclipselink, Toplink, Hibernate, etc.
Mapping file : The mapping file (ORM.xml) contains mapping configuration between the data in a POJO class and data in a relational database.
Mapping file : The mapping file (ORM.xml) contains mapping configuration between the data in a POJO class and data in a relational database.
JPA Loader : The JPA loader works like a cache memory. It can load the relational grid data. It works like a copy of database to interact with service classes for POJO data (attributes of POJO class).
JPA Loader : The JPA loader works like a cache memory. It can load the relational grid data. It works like a copy of database to interact with service classes for POJO data (attributes of POJO class).
Object Grid : It is a temporary location that can store a copy of relational data, like a cache memory. All queries against the database is first effected on the data in the object grid. Only after it is committed, it affects the main database.
Object Grid : It is a temporary location that can store a copy of relational data, like a cache memory. All queries against the database is first effected on the data in the object grid. Only after it is committed, it affects the main database.
The third phase is the relational data phase. It contains the relational data that is logically connected to the business component. As discussed above, only when the business component commits the data, it is stored into the database physically. Until then, the modified data is stored in a cache memory as a grid format. The process of the obtaining the data is identical to that of storing the data.
The mechanism of the programmatic interaction of above three phases is called as object relational mapping.
The mapping.xml file is to instruct the JPA vendor to map the Entity classes with the database tables.
Let us take an example of Employee entity which contains four attributes. The POJO class of Employee entity named Employee.java is as follows:
public class Employee 
{
	private int eid;
	private String ename;
	private double salary;
	private String deg;
	public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg) 
	{
		super( );
		this.eid = eid;
		this.ename = ename;
		this.salary = salary;
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	
	public Employee( ) 
	{
		super();
	}
	
	public int getEid( ) 
	{
		return eid;
	}
	public void setEid(int eid)  
	{
		this.eid = eid;
	}
    public String getEname( ) 
	{
		return ename;
	}
	public void setEname(String ename) 
	{
		this.ename = ename;
	}
	
	public double getSalary( ) 
	{
		return salary;
	}
	public void setSalary(double salary) 
	{
		this.salary = salary;
	}
	
	public String getDeg( ) 
	{
		return deg;
	}
	public void setDeg(String deg) 
	{
		this.deg = deg;
	}
}
The above code is the Employee entity POJO class. It contain four attributes eid, ename, salary, and deg. Consider these attributes as the table fields in a table and eid as the primary key of this table. Now we have to design the hibernate mapping file for it. The mapping file named mapping.xml is as follows:
<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<entity-mappings xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm    
                        http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm_1_0.xsd"
                        version="1.0">
    <description> XML Mapping file</description>
    <entity class="Employee">        
        <table name="EMPLOYEETABLE"/>
        <attributes>
            <id name="eid">
                <generated-value strategy="TABLE"/>
            </id>
            <basic name="ename">
                <column name="EMP_NAME" length="100"/>
            </basic>
            <basic name="salary">
            </basic>
            <basic name="deg">
            </basic>
        </attributes>
    </entity>
</entity-mappings>
The above script is used for mapping the entity class with the database table. In this file
<entity-mappings> : tag defines the schema definition to allow entity tags into xml file.
<entity-mappings> : tag defines the schema definition to allow entity tags into xml file.
<description> : tag provides a description about application.
<description> : tag provides a description about application.
<entity> : tag defines the entity class which you want to convert into table in a database. Attribute class defines the POJO entity class name.
<entity> : tag defines the entity class which you want to convert into table in a database. Attribute class defines the POJO entity class name.
<table> : tag defines the table name. If you want to have identical names for both the class as well as the table, then this tag is not necessary.
<table> : tag defines the table name. If you want to have identical names for both the class as well as the table, then this tag is not necessary.
<attributes> : tag defines the attributes (fields in a table).
<attributes> : tag defines the attributes (fields in a table).
<id> : tag defines the primary key of the table. The <generated-value> tag defines how to assign the primary key value such as Automatic, Manual, or taken from Sequence.

<id> : tag defines the primary key of the table. The <generated-value> tag defines how to assign the primary key value such as Automatic, Manual, or taken from Sequence.
<basic> : tag is used for defining remaining attributes for table.
<basic> : tag is used for defining remaining attributes for table.
<column-name> : tag is used to define user-defined table field names in the table.
<column-name> : tag is used to define user-defined table field names in the table.
Generally xml files are used to configure specific components, or mapping two different specifications of components. In our case, we have to maintain xml files separately in a framework. That means while writing a mapping xml file, we need to compare the POJO class attributes with entity tags in the mapping.xml file.
Here is the solution. In the class definition, we can write the configuration part using annotations. Annotations are used for classes, properties, and methods. Annotations start with ‘@’ symbol. Annotations are declared prior to a class, property, or method. All annotations of JPA are defined in the javax.persistence package.
Here list of annotations used in our examples are given below.
The Java class encapsulates the instance values and their behaviors into a single unit called object. Java Bean is a temporary storage and reusable component or an object. It is a serializable class which has a default constructor and getter and setter methods to initialize the instance attributes individually.
Bean contains its default constructor or a file that contains serialized instance. Therefore, a bean can instantiate another bean.
Bean contains its default constructor or a file that contains serialized instance. Therefore, a bean can instantiate another bean.
The properties of a bean can be segregated into Boolean properties or non-Boolean properties.
The properties of a bean can be segregated into Boolean properties or non-Boolean properties.
Non-Boolean property contains getter and setter methods.
Non-Boolean property contains getter and setter methods.
Boolean property contain setter and is method.
Boolean property contain setter and is method.
Getter method of any property should start with small lettered get (java method convention) and continued with a field name that starts with capital letter. For example, the field name is salary therefore the getter method of this field is getSalary ().
Getter method of any property should start with small lettered get (java method convention) and continued with a field name that starts with capital letter. For example, the field name is salary therefore the getter method of this field is getSalary ().
Setter method of any property should start with small lettered set (java method convention), continued with a field name that starts with capital letter and the argument value to set to field. For example, the field name is salary therefore the setter method of this field is setSalary ( double sal ).
Setter method of any property should start with small lettered set (java method convention), continued with a field name that starts with capital letter and the argument value to set to field. For example, the field name is salary therefore the setter method of this field is setSalary ( double sal ).
For Boolean property, is method to check if it is true or false. For Example the Boolean property empty, the is method of this field is isEmpty ().
For Boolean property, is method to check if it is true or false. For Example the Boolean property empty, the is method of this field is isEmpty ().
This chapter takes you through the process of setting up JPA on Windows and Linux based systems. JPA can be easily installed and integrated with your current Java environment following a few simple steps without any complex setup procedures. User administration is required while installation.
Let us now proceed with the steps to install JPA.
First of all, you need to have Java Software Development Kit (SDK) installed on your system. To verify this, execute any of the following two commands depending on the platform you are working on.
If the Java installation has been done properly, then it will display the current version and specification of your Java installation. A sample output is given in the following table.
Open command console and type:
\>java –version
Java version "1.7.0_60"
Java (TM) SE Run Time Environment (build 1.7.0_60-b19)
Java Hotspot (TM) 64-bit Server VM (build 24.60-b09,mixed mode)
Open command terminal and type:
$java –version
java version "1.7.0_25"
Open JDK Runtime Environment (rhel-2.3.10.4.el6_4-x86_64)
Open JDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 23.7-b01, mixed mode)
We assume the readers of this tutorial have Java SDK version 1.7.0_60 installed on their system.
We assume the readers of this tutorial have Java SDK version 1.7.0_60 installed on their system.
In case you do not have Java SDK, download its current version from http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html and have it installed.
In case you do not have Java SDK, download its current version from http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html and have it installed.
Set the environment variable JAVA_HOME to point to the base directory location where Java is installed on your machine. For example,
Append the full path of Java compiler location to the System Path.
Execute the command java -version from the command prompt as explained above.
You can go through the JPA installation by using any of the JPA Providers from this tutorial, e.g., Eclipselink, Hibernate. Let us follow the JPA installation using Eclipselink. For JPA programming, we require to follow the specific folder framework, therefore it is better to use IDE.
Download Eclipse IDE form following link https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/ Choose the EclipseIDE for JavaEE developer that is Eclipse indigo.
Unzip the Eclipse zip file in C drive. Open Eclipse IDE.
Eclipselink is a library therefore we cannot add it directly to Eclipse IDE. For installing JPA using Eclipselink you need to follow the steps given below.
Create a new JPA project by selecting File->New->JPA Project in the Eclipse IDE as follows:

Create a new JPA project by selecting File->New->JPA Project in the Eclipse IDE as follows:
You will get a dialog box named New JPA Project. Enter project name tutorialspoint_JPA_Eclipselink, check the jre version and click next:

You will get a dialog box named New JPA Project. Enter project name tutorialspoint_JPA_Eclipselink, check the jre version and click next:
Click on download library (if you do not have the library) in the user library section.

Click on download library (if you do not have the library) in the user library section.
Select the latest version of Eclipselink library in the Download library dialog box and click next as follows:

Select the latest version of Eclipselink library in the Download library dialog box and click next as follows:
Accept the terms of license and click finish for download library.

Accept the terms of license and click finish for download library.
6.	Downloading starts as is shown in the following screenshot.

6.	Downloading starts as is shown in the following screenshot.
After downloading, select the downloaded library in the user library section and click finish.

After downloading, select the downloaded library in the user library section and click finish.
Finally you get the project file in the Package Explorer in Eclipse IDE. Extract all files, you will get the folder and file hierarchy as follows:

Finally you get the project file in the Package Explorer in Eclipse IDE. Extract all files, you will get the folder and file hierarchy as follows:
Any example that we discuss here requires database connectivity. Let us consider MySQL database for database operations. It requires mysql-connector jar to interact with a Java program.
Follow the steps to configure the database jar in your project.
Go to Project properties -> Java Build Path by right click on it. You will get a dialog box as shown in the following screen-shot. Click on Add External Jars.

Go to Project properties -> Java Build Path by right click on it. You will get a dialog box as shown in the following screen-shot. Click on Add External Jars.
Go to the jar location in your system memory, select the file and click on open.

Go to the jar location in your system memory, select the file and click on open.
Click ok on properties dialog. You will get the MySQL-connector Jar into your project. Now you are able to do database operations using MySQL.
Click ok on properties dialog. You will get the MySQL-connector Jar into your project. Now you are able to do database operations using MySQL.
This chapter uses a simple example to demonstrate how JPA works. Let us consider Employee Management as an example. Suppose the Employee Management creates, updates, finds, and deletes the records of an employee. As mentioned, we are using MySQL database for database operations.
The main modules for this example are as follows:
Model or POJO
Employee.java
Model or POJO
Employee.java
Persistence
Persistence.xml
Persistence
Persistence.xml
Service
CreatingEmployee.java
UpdatingEmployee.java
FindingEmployee.java
DeletingEmployee.java

Service
CreatingEmployee.java
UpdatingEmployee.java
FindingEmployee.java
DeletingEmployee.java
Let us take the package hierarchy which we have used in the JPA installation with Eclipselink. Follow the hierarchy for this example as shown below:
Entities are nothing but beans or models. In this example, we will use Employee as an entity. eid, ename, salary, and deg are the attributes of this entity. It contains a default constructor as well as the setter and getter methods of those attributes.
In the above shown hierarchy, create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’, under ‘src’ (Source) package. Create a class named Employee.java under given package as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
public class Employee 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.AUTO) 	
	private int eid;
	private String ename;
	private double salary;
	private String deg;
	public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg) 
	{
		super( );
		this.eid = eid;
		this.ename = ename;
		this.salary = salary;
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	
	public Employee( ) 
	{
		super();
	}
	
	public int getEid( ) 
	{
		return eid;
	}
	public void setEid(int eid)  
	{
		this.eid = eid;
	}
    public String getEname( ) 
	{
		return ename;
	}
	public void setEname(String ename) 
	{
		this.ename = ename;
	}
	
	public double getSalary( ) 
	{
		return salary;
	}
	public void setSalary(double salary) 
	{
		this.salary = salary;
	}
	
	public String getDeg( ) 
	{
		return deg;
	}
	public void setDeg(String deg) 
	{
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Employee [eid=" + eid + ", ename=" + ename + ", salary="
				+ salary + ", deg=" + deg + "]";
	}
}
In the above code, we have used @Entity annotation to make this POJO class an entity.
Before going to next module we need to create database for relational entity, which will register the database in persistence.xml file. Open MySQL workbench and type hte following query.
create database jpadb
use jpadb
This module plays a crucial role in the concept of JPA. In this xml file we will register the database and specify the entity class.
In the above shown package hierarchy, persistence.xml under JPA Content package is as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
                         	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
	<properties>
	   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
                   value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
     	   <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
	       <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="root"/>
	       <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
                   value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
           <property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
	       <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
		           value="create-tables"/>
	</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
In the above xml, <persistence-unit>  tag is defined with a specific name for JPA persistence. The <class> tag defines entity class with package name. The <properties> tag defines all the properties, and <property> tag defines each property such as database registration, URL specification, username, and password. These are the Eclipselink properties. This file will configure the database.
Persistence operations are used for interacting with a database and they are load and store operations. In a business component, all the persistence operations fall under service classes.
In the above shown package hierarchy, create a package named  ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’, under ‘src’ (source) package. All the service classes named as CreateEmloyee.java, UpdateEmployee.java, FindEmployee.java, and DeleteEmployee.java. comes under the given package as follows:
The following code segment shows how to create an Employee class named CreateEmployee.java.
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class CreateEmployee 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		Employee employee = new Employee( ); 
		employee.setEid( 1201 );
		employee.setEname( "Gopal" );
		employee.setSalary( 40000 );
		employee.setDeg( "Technical Manager" );
		entitymanager.persist( employee );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
		
		entitymanager.close( );
		emfactory.close( );
	}
}
In the above code the createEntityManagerFactory () creates a persistence unit by providing the  same unique name which we provide for persistence-unit in persistent.xml file. The entitymanagerfactory object will create the entitymanger instance by using createEntityManager () method. The entitymanager object creates entitytransaction instance for transaction management. By using entitymanager object, we can persist entities into the database.
After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications from eclipselink library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.
For result, open the MySQL workbench and type the following queries.
use jpadb
select * from employee
The effected database table named employee will be shown in a tabular format as follows:
To update the records of an employee, we need to retrieve the existing records form the database, make changes, and finally commit it to the database. The class named UpdateEmployee.java is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class UpdateEmployee 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
				entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		Employee employee=entitymanager.
				find( Employee.class, 1201 );
		//before update
		System.out.println( employee );
		employee.setSalary( 46000 );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
        //after update
		System.out.println( employee );
		entitymanager.close();
		emfactory.close();
	}
}
After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications from Eclipselink library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.
For result, open the MySQL workbench and type the following queries.
use jpadb
select * from employee
The effected database table named employee will be shown in a tabular format as follows:
The salary of employee, 1201 is updated to 46000.
To find the records of an employee, we will have to retrieve the existing data from the database and display it. In this operation, EntityTransaction is not applied while retrieving a record.
The class named FindEmployee.java as follows.
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class FindEmployee 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence
				.createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager();
		Employee employee = entitymanager.
				find( Employee.class, 1201 );
		
		System.out.println("employee ID = "+employee.getEid( ));
		System.out.println("employee NAME = "+employee.getEname( ));
		System.out.println("employee SALARY = "+employee.getSalary( ));
		System.out.println("employee DESIGNATION = "+employee.getDeg( ));
	}
}
After compiling and executing the above program, you will get the following output from the Eclipselink library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.
employee ID = 1201
employee NAME = Gopal
employee SALARY = 46000.0
employee DESIGNATION = Technical Manager
To delete the records of an employee, first we will find the existing records and then delete it. Here EntityTransaction plays an important role.
The class named DeleteEmployee.java as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class DeleteEmployee 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		Employee employee=entitymanager.
				find( Employee.class, 1201 );
		entitymanager.remove( employee );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
		entitymanager.close( );
		emfactory.close( );
	}
}
After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications from Eclipselink library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.
For result, open the MySQL workbench and type the following queries.
use jpadb
select * from employee
The effected database named employee will have null records.
After completion of all the modules in this example, the package and file hierarchy looks as follows:
This chapter describes about JPQL and how it works with persistence units. In this chapter, the given examples follow the same package hierarchy, which we used in the previous chapter.
JPQL stands for Java Persistence Query Language. It is used to create queries against entities to store in a relational database. JPQL is developed based on SQL syntax. But it won’t affect the database directly.
JPQL can retrieve data using SELECT clause, can do bulk updates using UPDATE clause and DELETE clause.
JPQL syntax is very similar to the syntax of SQL. Having SQL like syntax is an advantage because SQL is simple and being widely used. SQL works directly against relational database tables, records, and fields, whereas JPQL works with Java classes and instances.
For example, a JPQL query can retrieve an entity object rather than field result set from a database, as with SQL. The JPQL query structure as follows.
SELECT ... FROM ...
[WHERE ...]
[GROUP BY ... [HAVING ...]]
[ORDER BY ...]
The structure of JPQL DELETE and UPDATE queries are as follows.
DELETE FROM ... [WHERE ...]
 
UPDATE ... SET ... [WHERE ...]
Scalar functions return resultant values based on input values. Aggregate functions return the resultant values by calculating the input values.
We will use the same example Employee Management as in the previous chapter. Here we will go through the service classes using scalar and aggregate functions of JPQL.
Let us assume the jpadb.employee table contains following records.
Create a class named ScalarandAggregateFunctions.java under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service package as follows.
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;

public class ScalarandAggregateFunctions 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager();
		//Scalar function
		Query query = entitymanager.
		createQuery("Select UPPER(e.ename) from Employee e");
		List<String> list=query.getResultList();
		
		for(String e:list)
		{
			System.out.println("Employee NAME :"+e);
		}
		//Aggregate function
		Query query1 = entitymanager.
				createQuery("Select MAX(e.salary) from Employee e");
		Double result=(Double) query1.getSingleResult();
		System.out.println("Max Employee Salary :"+result);
	}
}
After compilation and execution of the above program you will get the following output on the console panel of Eclipse IDE.
Employee NAME :GOPAL
Employee NAME :MANISHA
Employee NAME :MASTHANVALI
Employee NAME :SATISH
Employee NAME :KRISHNA
Employee NAME :KIRAN
ax Employee Salary :40000.0
Between, And, and Like are the main keywords of JPQL. These keywords are used after Where clause in a query.
Create a class named BetweenAndLikeFunctions.java under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service package as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class BetweenAndLikeFunctions 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
			createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
			createEntityManager();
		//Between
		Query query = entitymanager.
			createQuery( "Select e " +
					     "from Employee e " +
					     "where e.salary " +
					     "Between 30000 and 40000" )
		List<Employee> list=(List<Employee>)query.getResultList( );
		 
		for( Employee e:list )
		{
			System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
			System.out.println("\t Employee salary :"+e.getSalary( ));
		}
		
		//Like
		Query query1 = entitymanager.
			createQuery("Select e " +
					    "from Employee e " +
					    "where e.ename LIKE 'M%'");
		List<Employee> list1=(List<Employee>)query1.getResultList( );
		for( Employee e:list1 )
		{
			System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
			System.out.println("\t Employee name :"+e.getEname( ));
		}
	}
}
After compiling and executing the above program, you will get the following output in the console panel of Eclipse IDE.
Employee ID :1201	 Employee salary :40000.0
Employee ID :1202	 Employee salary :40000.0
Employee ID :1203	 Employee salary :40000.0
Employee ID :1204	 Employee salary :30000.0
Employee ID :1205	 Employee salary :30000.0
Employee ID :1206	 Employee salary :35000.0

Employee ID :1202	 Employee name :Manisha
Employee ID :1203	 Employee name :Masthanvali
To order the records in JPQL, we use the ORDER BY clause. The usage of this clause is same as in SQL, but it deals with entities. The following example shows how to use the ORDER BY clause.
Create a class Ordering.java under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service package as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class Ordering 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
			createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
			createEntityManager();
		//Between
		Query query = entitymanager.
			createQuery( "Select e " +
					     "from Employee e " +
					     "ORDER BY e.ename ASC" );
		List<Employee> list=(List<Employee>)query.getResultList( );
		 
		for( Employee e:list )
		{
			System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
			System.out.println("\t Employee Name :"+e.getEname( ));
		}
	}
}
compiling and executing the above program you will produce the following output in the console panel of Eclipse IDE.
Employee ID :1201	 Employee Name :Gopal
Employee ID :1206	 Employee Name :Kiran
Employee ID :1205	 Employee Name :Krishna
Employee ID :1202	 Employee Name :Manisha
Employee ID :1203	 Employee Name :Masthanvali
Employee ID :1204	 Employee Name :Satish
A @NamedQuery annotation is defined as a query with a predefined query string that is unchangeable. In contrast to dynamic queries, named queries may improve code organization by separating the JPQL query strings from POJO. It also passes the query parameters rather than embedding the literals dynamically into the query string and therefore produces more efficient queries.
First of all, add @NamedQuery annotation to the Employee entity class named Employee.java under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.NamedQuery;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@NamedQuery(query = "Select e from Employee e where e.eid = :id", 
		name = "find employee by id")
public class Employee 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.AUTO) 	
	private int eid;
	private String ename;
	private double salary;
	private String deg;
	public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg) 
	{
		super( );
		this.eid = eid;
		this.ename = ename;
		this.salary = salary;
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	public Employee( ) 
	{
		super();
	}
	
	public int getEid( ) 
	{
		return eid;
	}
	public void setEid(int eid)  
	{
		this.eid = eid;
	}
	
	public String getEname( ) 
	{
		return ename;
	}
	public void setEname(String ename) 
	{
		this.ename = ename;
	}
	
	public double getSalary( ) 
	{
		return salary;
	}
	public void setSalary(double salary) 
	{
		this.salary = salary;
	}
	
	public String getDeg( ) 
	{
		return deg;
	}
	public void setDeg(String deg) 
	{
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Employee [eid=" + eid + ", ename=" + ename + ", salary="
				+ salary + ", deg=" + deg + "]";
	}
}
Create a class named NamedQueries.java under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service package as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class NamedQueries 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
			createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
			createEntityManager();
		Query query = entitymanager.createNamedQuery(
			"find employee by id");
		query.setParameter("id", 1204);
		List<Employee> list = query.getResultList( );
		for( Employee e:list )
		{
			System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
			System.out.println("\t Employee Name :"+e.getEname( ));
		}
	}
}
After compiling and executing of the above program you will get the following output in the console panel of Eclipse IDE.
Employee ID :1204	 Employee Name :Satish
After adding all the above classes the package hierarchy looks as follows:
The most important concept of JPA is to make a duplicate copy of the database in the cache memory. While transacting with a database, the JPA first creates a duplicate set of data and only when it is committed using an entity manager, the changes are effected into the database.
There are two ways of fetching records from the database.
In eager fetching, related child objects are uploaded automatically while fetching a particular record.
In lazy fetching, related objects are not uploaded automatically unless you specifically request for them. First of all, it checks the availability of related objects and notifies. Later, if you call any of the getter method of that entity, then it fetches all the records.
Lazy fetch is possible when you try to fetch the records for the first time. That way, a copy of the whole record is already stored in the cache memory. Performance-wise, lazy fetch is preferable.
JPA is a library which is released with Java specifications. Therefore, it supports all the object-oriented concepts for entity persistence. Till now, we are done with the basics of object relational mapping. This chapter takes you through the advanced mappings between objects and relational entities.
Inheritance is the core concept of any object-oriented language, therefore we can use inheritance relationships or strategies between entities. JPA support three types of inheritance strategies: SINGLE_TABLE, JOINED_TABLE, and TABLE_PER_CONCRETE_CLASS.
Let us consider an example. The following diagram shows three classes, viz. Staff, TeachingStaff, and NonTeachingStaff, and their relationships.
In the above diagram, Staff is an entity, while TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff are the sub-entities of Staff. Here we will use the above example to demonstrate all three three strategies of inheritance.
Single-table strategy takes all classes fields (both super and sub classes) and map them down into a single table known as SINGLE_TABLE strategy. Here the discriminator value plays a key role in differentiating the values of three entities in one table.
Let us consider the above example. TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff are the sub-classes of Staff. As per the concept of inheritance, a sub-class inherits the properties of its super-class. Therefore sid and sname are the fields that belong to both TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff. Create a JPA project. All the modules of this project are as follows:
Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a new java class named Staff.java under given package. The Staff entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorColumn;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE )
@DiscriminatorColumn( name="type" )
public class Staff implements Serializable 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
	private int sid;
	private String sname;
	public Staff( int sid, String sname ) 
	{
		super( );
		this.sid = sid;
		this.sname = sname;
	}
	public Staff( ) 
	{
		super( );
	}
	public int getSid( ) 
	{
		return sid;
	}
	public void setSid( int sid ) 
	{
		this.sid = sid;
	}
	public String getSname( ) 
	{
		return sname;
	}
	public void setSname( String sname ) 
	{
		this.sname = sname;
	}
}
In the above code @DescriminatorColumn specifies the field name (type) and its values show the remaining (Teaching and NonTeachingStaff) fields.
Create a subclass (class) to Staff class named TeachingStaff.java under the com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The TeachingStaff Entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@DiscriminatorValue( value="TS" )
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff 
{
	private String qualification;
	private String subjectexpertise;
	
	public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
			String qualification,String subjectexpertise ) 
	{
		super( sid, sname );
		this.qualification = qualification;
		this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
	}
	
	public TeachingStaff( ) 
	{
		super( );
	}

	public String getQualification( )
	{
		return qualification;
	}

	public void setQualification( String qualification )
	{
		this.qualification = qualification;
	}

	public String getSubjectexpertise( ) 
	{
		return subjectexpertise;
	}

	public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )
	{
		this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
	}
}
Create a subclass (class) to Staff class named NonTeachingStaff.java under the com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The NonTeachingStaff Entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@DiscriminatorValue( value = "NS" )
public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff 
{
	private String areaexpertise;

	public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
			String areaexpertise ) 
	{
		super( sid, sname );
		this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
	}

	public NonTeachingStaff( ) 
	{
		super( );
	}

	public String getAreaexpertise( ) 
	{
		return areaexpertise;
	}

	public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )
	{
		this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
	}
}
Persistence.xml contains the configuration information of database and the registration information of entity classes. The xml file is shown as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	    <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
		<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
		<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
                            value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" 
                            value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
                            value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
                            value="create-tables"/>
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
Service classes are the implementation part of business component. Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’.
Create a class named SaveClient.java under the given package to store Staff, TeachingStaff, and NonTeachingStaff class fields. The SaveClient class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;

public class SaveClient 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		//Teaching staff entity 
		TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(
				1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
		TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(
				2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
		//Non-Teaching Staff entity
		NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(
				3, "Satish", "Accounts");
		NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(
				4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");
		
		//storing all entities
		entitymanager.persist(ts1);
		entitymanager.persist(ts2);
		entitymanager.persist(nts1);
		entitymanager.persist(nts2);
		entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
		entitymanager.close();
		emfactory.close();
	}
}
After compiling and executing the above program you will get notifications on the console panel of Eclipse IDE. Check MySQL workbench for output. The output in a tabular format is shown as follows:
Finally you will get a single table containing the field of all the three classes with a discriminator column named Type (field).
Joined table strategy is to share the referenced column that contains unique values to join the table and make easy transactions. Let us consider the same example as above.
Create a JPA Project. All the project modules are shown below.
Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a new java class named Staff.java under given package. The Staff entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED )
public class Staff implements Serializable 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
	private int sid;
	private String sname;
	public Staff( int sid, String sname ) 
	{
		super( );
		this.sid = sid;
		this.sname = sname;
	}
	public Staff( ) 
	{
		super( );
	}
	public int getSid( ) 
	{
		return sid;
	}
	public void setSid( int sid ) 
	{
		this.sid = sid;
	}
	public String getSname( ) 
	{
		return sname;
	}
	public void setSname( String sname ) 
	{
		this.sname = sname;
	}
}
Create a subclass (class) to Staff class named TeachingStaff.java under the com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The TeachingStaff Entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff 
{
	private String qualification;
	private String subjectexpertise;
	
	public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
			String qualification,String subjectexpertise ) 
	{
		super( sid, sname );
		this.qualification = qualification;
		this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
	}
	
	public TeachingStaff( ) 
	{
		super( );
		
	}

	public String getQualification( )
	{
		return qualification;
	}

	public void setQualification( String qualification )
	{
		this.qualification = qualification;
	}

	public String getSubjectexpertise( ) 
	{
		return subjectexpertise;
	}

	public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )
	{
		this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
	}
}
Create a subclass (class) to Staff class named NonTeachingStaff.java under the com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The NonTeachingStaff Entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")
public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff 
{
	private String areaexpertise;

	public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
			String areaexpertise ) 
	{
		super( sid, sname );
		this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
	}

	public NonTeachingStaff( ) 
	{
		super( );
	}

	public String getAreaexpertise( ) 
	{
		return areaexpertise;
	}

	public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )
	{
		this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
	}
}
Persistence.xml file contains the configuration information of the database and the registration information of entity classes. The xml file is shown as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
                            value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" 
                            value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
                            value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
                            value="create-tables"/>
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
Service classes are the implementation part of business component. Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’.
Create a class named SaveClient.java under the given package to store fields of Staff, TeachingStaff, and NonTeachingStaff class. Then SaveClient class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;

public class SaveClient 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		//Teaching staff entity 
		TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(
				1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
		TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(
				2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
		//Non-Teaching Staff entity
		NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(
				3, "Satish", "Accounts");
		NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(
		4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");
		
		//storing all entities
		entitymanager.persist(ts1);
		entitymanager.persist(ts2);
		entitymanager.persist(nts1);
		entitymanager.persist(nts2);
		
		entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
		entitymanager.close();
		emfactory.close();
	}
}
After compiling and executing the above program you will get notifications in the console panel of Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench.
Here three tables are created and the result of staff table is displayed in a tabular format.
The result of TeachingStaff table is displayed as follows:
In the above table sid is the foreign key (reference field form staff table) The result of NonTeachingStaff table is displayed as follows:
Finally, the three tables are created using their respective fields and the SID field is shared by all the three tables. In the Staff table, SID is the primary key. In the remaining two tables (TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff), SID is the foreign key.
Table per class strategy is to create a table for each sub-entity. The Staff table will be created, but it will contain null values. The field values of Staff table must be shared by both TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff tables.
Let us consider the same example as above.
Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a new java class named Staff.java under given package. The Staff entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS )
public class Staff implements Serializable 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
	private int sid;
	private String sname;
	public Staff( int sid, String sname ) 
	{
		super( );
		this.sid = sid;
		this.sname = sname;
	}
	public Staff( ) 
	{
		super( );
	}
	public int getSid( ) 
	{
		return sid;
	}
	public void setSid( int sid ) 
	{
		this.sid = sid;
	}
	public String getSname( ) 
	{
		return sname;
	}
	public void setSname( String sname ) 
	{
		this.sname = sname;
	}
}
Create a subclass (class) to Staff class named TeachingStaff.java under the com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The TeachingStaff Entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff 
{
	private String qualification;
	private String subjectexpertise;
	
	public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
			String qualification,String subjectexpertise ) 
	{
		super( sid, sname );
		this.qualification = qualification;
		this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
	}
	
	public TeachingStaff( ) 
	{
		super( );
		
	}

	public String getQualification( )
	{
		return qualification;
	}
	public void setQualification( String qualification )
	{
		this.qualification = qualification;
	}

	public String getSubjectexpertise( ) 
	{
		return subjectexpertise;
	}

	public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )
	{
		this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
	}
}
Create a subclass (class) to Staff class named NonTeachingStaff.java under the com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The NonTeachingStaff Entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff 
{
	private String areaexpertise;

	public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname, 
			String areaexpertise )
			{
		super( sid, sname );
		this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
	}

	public NonTeachingStaff( ) 
	{
		super( );
	}

	public String getAreaexpertise( ) 
	{
		return areaexpertise;
	}

	public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )
	{
		this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
	}
}
Persistence.xml file contains the configuration information of database and registration information of entity classes. The xml file is shown as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
                            value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" 
                            value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
                            value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
                            value="create-tables"/>
			</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
Service classes are the implementation part of business component. Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’.
Create a class named SaveClient.java under the given package to store Staff, TeachingStaff, and NonTeachingStaff class fields. The SaveClient class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;
public class SaveClient 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		//Teaching staff entity 
		TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(
				1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
		TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(
				2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
		//Non-Teaching Staff entity
		NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(
				3, "Satish", "Accounts");
		NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(
				4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");
		
		//storing all entities
		entitymanager.persist(ts1);
		entitymanager.persist(ts2);
		entitymanager.persist(nts1);
		entitymanager.persist(nts2);
		
		entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
		entitymanager.close();
		emfactory.close();
	}
}
After compiling and executing the above program, you will get notifications on the console panel of Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench.
Here the three tables are created and the Staff table contains null records.
The result of TeachingStaff is displayed as follows:
The above table TeachingStaff contains fields of both Staff and TeachingStaff Entities.
The result of NonTeachingStaff is displayed as follows:
The above table NonTeachingStaff contains fields of both Staff and NonTeachingStaff Entities.
This chapter takes you through the relationships between Entities. Generally the relations are more effective between tables in the database. Here the entity classes are treated as relational tables (concept of JPA), therefore the relationships between Entity classes are as follows:
@ManyToOne Relation
@OneToMany Relation
@OneToOne Relation
@ManyToMany Relation
Many-To-One relation between entities exists where one entity (column or set of columns) is referenced with another entity (column or set of columns) containing unique values. In relational databases, these relations are applied by using foreign key/primary key between the tables.
Let us consider an example of a relation between Employee and Department entities. In unidirectional manner, i.e., from Employee to Department, Many-To-One relation is applicable. That means each record of employee contains one department id, which should be a primary key in the Department table. Here in the Employee table, Department id is the foreign Key.
The following diagram shows the Many-To-One relation between the two tables.
Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_MTO. All the modules of this project are discussed below.
Follow the above given diagram for creating entities. Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named Department.java under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Department 
{
    @Id 
    @GeneratedValue( strategy=GenerationType.AUTO )
    private int id;
    private String name;

    public int getId() 
    {
    	return id;
    }
    
    public void setId(int id) 
    {
    	this.id = id;
    }
    
    public String getName( )
    {
    	return name;
    }
    
    public void setName( String deptName )
    {
    	this.name = deptName;
    }
}
Create the second entity in this relation - Employee entity class named Employee.java under ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;

@Entity
public class Employee 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy= GenerationType.AUTO ) 	
	private int eid;
	private String ename;
	private double salary;
	private String deg;
	@ManyToOne
	private Department department;
	
	public Employee(int eid, 
			String ename, double salary, String deg) 
	{
		super( );
		this.eid = eid;
		this.ename = ename;
		this.salary = salary;
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	
	public Employee( ) 
	{
		super();
	}
	
	public int getEid( ) 
	{
		return eid;
	}
	public void setEid(int eid)  
	{
		this.eid = eid;
	}
	
	public String getEname( ) 
	{
		return ename;
	}
	public void setEname(String ename) 
	{
		this.ename = ename;
	}
	
	public double getSalary( ) 
	{
		return salary;
	}
	public void setSalary(double salary) 
	{
		this.salary = salary;
	}
	
	public String getDeg( ) 
	{
		return deg;
	}
	public void setDeg(String deg) 
	{
		this.deg = deg;
	}
		
	public Department getDepartment() {
		return department;
	}

	public void setDepartment(Department department) {
		this.department = department;
	}
}
Persistence.xml file is required to configure the database and the registration of entity classes.
Persitence.xml will be created by the eclipse IDE while creating a JPA Project. The configuration details are user specifications. The persistence.xml file is shown as follows: 

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" 
             xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" 
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
             http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
			          value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
                            value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
			          value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
			          value="create-tables"/>
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
This module contains the service classes, which implements the relational part using the attribute initialization. Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The DAO class named ManyToOne.java is created under given package. The DAO class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspointeclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class ManyToOne 
{
	public static void main( String[ ] args ) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		//Create Department Entity
		Department department = new Department();
		department.setName("Development");
		//Store Department
		entitymanager.persist(department);
		
		//Create Employee1 Entity
		Employee employee1 = new Employee();
		employee1.setEname("Satish");
		employee1.setSalary(45000.0);
		employee1.setDeg("Technical Writer");
		employee1.setDepartment(department);

		//Create Employee2 Entity
		Employee employee2 = new Employee();
		employee2.setEname("Krishna");
		employee2.setSalary(45000.0);
		employee2.setDeg("Technical Writer");
		employee2.setDepartment(department);

		//Create Employee3 Entity
		Employee employee3 = new Employee();
		employee3.setEname("Masthanvali");
		employee3.setSalary(50000.0);
		employee3.setDeg("Technical Writer");
		employee3.setDepartment(department);
		
		//Store Employees
		entitymanager.persist(employee1);
		entitymanager.persist(employee2);
		entitymanager.persist(employee3);
				
		entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
		entitymanager.close();
		emfactory.close();
	}
}
After compiling and executing the above program, you will get notifications on the console panel of Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench. In this example, two tables are created.
Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of Department table will be displayed as follows:
Select * from department
Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of Employee table will be displayed as follows.
Select * from employee
In the above table Deparment_Id is the foreign key (reference field) from the Department table.
In this relationship, each row of one entity is referenced to many child records in other entity. The important thing is that child records cannot have multiple parents. In a one-to-many relationship between Table A and Table B, each row in Table A can be linked to one or multiple rows in Table B.
Let us consider the above example. Suppose Employee and Department tables in the above example are connected in a reverse unidirectional manner, then the relation becomes One-To-Many relation. Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_OTM. All the modules of this project are discussed below.
Follow the above given diagram for creating entities. Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named Department.java under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;

@Entity
public class Department 
{
    @Id 
    @GeneratedValue( strategy=GenerationType.AUTO )
    private int id;
    private String name;
    
    @OneToMany( targetEntity=Employee.class )
    private List employeelist;

    public int getId() 
    {
    	return id;
    }
    
    public void setId(int id) 
    {
    	this.id = id;
    }
    
    public String getName( )
    {
    	return name;
    }
    
    public void setName( String deptName )
    {
    	this.name = deptName;
    }

    public List getEmployeelist() 
    {
	return employeelist;
    }

    public void setEmployeelist(List employeelist) 
    {
	this.employeelist = employeelist;
    }
}
Create the second entity in this relation -Employee entity class, named Employee.java under ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Employee 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy= GenerationType.AUTO ) 	
	private int eid;
	private String ename;
	private double salary;
	private String deg;
		
	public Employee(int eid, 
			String ename, double salary, String deg) 
	{
		super( );
		this.eid = eid;
		this.ename = ename;
		this.salary = salary;
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	
	public Employee( ) 
	{
		super();
	}
	
	public int getEid( ) 
	{
		return eid;
	}
	public void setEid(int eid)  
	{
		this.eid = eid;
	}
	
	public String getEname( ) 
	{
		return ename;
	}
	public void setEname(String ename) 
	{
		this.ename = ename;
	}
	
	public double getSalary( ) 
	{
		return salary;
	}
	public void setSalary(double salary) 
	{
		this.salary = salary;
	}
	
	public String getDeg( ) 
	{
		return deg;
	}
	public void setDeg(String deg) 
	{
		this.deg = deg;
	}	
}
The persistence.xml file is as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" 
             xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" 
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
             http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
			          value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" 
                            value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
			          value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
			          value="create-tables"/>
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
This module contains the service classes, which implements the relational part using the attribute initialization. Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The DAO class named OneToMany.java is created under given package. The DAO class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspointeclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class OneToMany 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		//Create Employee1 Entity
		Employee employee1 = new Employee();
		employee1.setEname("Satish");
		employee1.setSalary(45000.0);
		employee1.setDeg("Technical Writer");
								
		//Create Employee2 Entity
		Employee employee2 = new Employee();
		employee2.setEname("Krishna");
		employee2.setSalary(45000.0);
		employee2.setDeg("Technical Writer");
								
		//Create Employee3 Entity
		Employee employee3 = new Employee();
		employee3.setEname("Masthanvali");
		employee3.setSalary(50000.0);
		employee3.setDeg("Technical Writer");
		
		//Store Employee
		entitymanager.persist(employee1);
		entitymanager.persist(employee2);
		entitymanager.persist(employee3);
		
		//Create Employeelist
		List<Employee> emplist = new ArrayList();
		emplist.add(employee1);
		emplist.add(employee2);
		emplist.add(employee3);
		
		//Create Department Entity
		Department department= new Department();
		department.setName("Development");
		department.setEmployeelist(emplist);
				
		//Store Department
		entitymanager.persist(department);
		
		entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
		entitymanager.close();
		emfactory.close();
	}
}
After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications in the console panel of Eclipse IDE. For output check MySQL workbench as follows.
In this project three tables are created. Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of department_employee table will be displayed as follows:
Select * from department_Id;
In the above table, deparment_id and employee_id are the foreign keys (reference fields) from department and employee tables.
Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of department table will be displayed in a tabular format as follows.
Select * from department;
Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of employee table will be displayed as follows:
Select * from employee;
In One-To-One relationship, one item can be linked to only one other item. It means each row of one entity is referred to one and only one row of another entity.
Let us consider the above example. Employee and Department in a reverse unidirectional manner, the relation is One-To-One relation. It means each employee belongs to only one department. Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_OTO. All the modules of this project are discussed below.
Follow the above given diagram for creating entities. Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named Department.java under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Department 
{
    @Id 
    @GeneratedValue( strategy=GenerationType.AUTO )
    private int id;
    private String name;
   
    public int getId() 
    {
    	return id;
    }
    
    public void setId(int id) 
    {
    	this.id = id;
    }
    
    public String getName( )
    {
    	return name;
    }
    
    public void setName( String deptName )
    {
    	this.name = deptName;
    }
}
Create the second entity in this relation -Employee entity class, named Employee.java under ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;

@Entity
public class Employee 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy= GenerationType.AUTO ) 	
	private int eid;
	private String ename;
	private double salary;
	private String deg;
	
	@OneToOne
	private Department department;
		
	public Employee(int eid, 
			String ename, double salary, String deg) 
	{
		super( );
		this.eid = eid;
		this.ename = ename;
		this.salary = salary;
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	
	public Employee( ) 
	{
		super();
	}
	
	public int getEid( ) 
	{
		return eid;
	}
	public void setEid(int eid)  
	{
		this.eid = eid;
	}
	
	public String getEname( ) 
	{
		return ename;
	}
	public void setEname(String ename) 
	{
		this.ename = ename;
	}
	
	public double getSalary( ) 
	{
		return salary;
	}
	public void setSalary(double salary) 
	{
		this.salary = salary;
	}
	
	public String getDeg( ) 
	{
		return deg;
	}
	public void setDeg(String deg) 
	{
		this.deg = deg;
	}

	public Department getDepartment() 
	{
		return department;
	}

	public void setDepartment(Department department) 
	{
		this.department = department;
	}	
}
Persistence.xml file as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" 
             xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" 
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
             http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
			          value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" 
                            value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
			          value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
			          value="create-tables"/>
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The DAO class named OneToOne.java is created under the given package. The DAO class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspointeclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class OneToOne 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		//Create Department Entity
		Department department = new Department();
		department.setName("Development");
		
		//Store Department
		entitymanager.persist(department);
		
		//Create Employee Entity
		Employee employee = new Employee();
		employee.setEname("Satish");
		employee.setSalary(45000.0);
		employee.setDeg("Technical Writer");
		employee.setDepartment(department);
		
		//Store Employee
		entitymanager.persist(employee);
		
		entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
		entitymanager.close();
		emfactory.close();
	}
}
After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications in the console panel of Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench as follows.
In the above example, two tables are created. Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of department table will be displayed as follows:
Select * from department
Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of employee table will be displayed as follows:
Select * from employee
Many-To-Many relationship is where one or more rows from one entity are associated with more than one row in other entity.
Let us consider an example of a relation between two entities: Class and Teacher. In bidirectional manner, both Class and Teacher have Many-To-One relation. That means each record of Class is referred by Teacher set (teacher ids), which should be primary keys in the Teacher table and stored in the Teacher_Class table and vice versa. Here, the Teachers_Class table contains both the foreign key fields. Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_MTM. All the modules of this project are discussed below.
Create entities by following the schema shown in the diagram above. Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named Clas.java under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;

@Entity
public class Clas 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
	private int cid;
	private String cname;
	
	@ManyToMany(targetEntity=Teacher.class)
	private Set teacherSet;
	
	public Clas() 
	{
		super();
	}
	public Clas(int cid, 
			String cname, Set teacherSet) 
	{
		super();
		this.cid = cid;
		this.cname = cname;
		this.teacherSet = teacherSet;
	}
	public int getCid() 
	{
		return cid;
	}
	public void setCid(int cid) 
	{
		this.cid = cid;
	}
	public String getCname() 
	{
		return cname;
	}
	public void setCname(String cname) 
	{
		this.cname = cname;
	}
	public Set getTeacherSet() 
	{
		return teacherSet;
	}
	public void setTeacherSet(Set teacherSet) 
	{
		this.teacherSet = teacherSet;
	}	  
}
Create the second entity in this relation -Employee entity class, named Teacher.java under ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;

@Entity
public class Teacher 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
	private int tid;
	private String tname;
	private String subject;
	
	@ManyToMany(targetEntity=Clas.class)
	private Set clasSet;
	
	public Teacher() 
	{
		super();
	}
	public Teacher(int tid, String tname, String subject, 
			Set clasSet) 
	{
		super();
		this.tid = tid;
		this.tname = tname;
		this.subject = subject;
		this.clasSet = clasSet;
	}
	public int getTid() 
	{
		return tid;
	}
	public void setTid(int tid) 
	{
		this.tid = tid;
	}
	public String getTname() 
	{
		return tname;
	}
	public void setTname(String tname) 
	{
		this.tname = tname;
	}
	public String getSubject() 
	{
		return subject;
	}
	public void setSubject(String subject) 
	{
		this.subject = subject;
	}
	public Set getClasSet() 
	{
		return clasSet;
	}
	public void setClasSet(Set clasSet) 
	{
		this.clasSet = clasSet;
	}
}
Persistence.xml file  as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" 
             xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" 
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
             http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
			          value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" 
                            value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
			          value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
			          value="create-tables"/>
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The DAO class named ManyToMany.java is created under given package. The DAO class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Clas;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Teacher;

public class ManyToMany 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
		
		//Create Clas Entity
		Clas clas1=new Clas(0,"1st",null);
		Clas clas2=new Clas(0,"2nd",null);
		Clas clas3=new Clas(0,"3rd",null);
		
		//Store Clas
		entitymanager.persist(clas1);
		entitymanager.persist(clas2);
		entitymanager.persist(clas3);
		
		//Create Clas Set1
		Set<Clas> classSet1 = new HashSet();
		classSet1.add(clas1);
		classSet1.add(clas2);
		classSet1.add(clas3);
		
		//Create Clas Set2
		Set<Clas> classSet2 = new HashSet();
		classSet2.add(clas3);
		classSet2.add(clas1);
		classSet2.add(clas2);
				
		//Create Clas Set3
		Set<Clas> classSet3 = new HashSet();
		classSet3.add(clas2);
		classSet3.add(clas3);
		classSet3.add(clas1);
		
		//Create Teacher Entity
		Teacher teacher1 = new Teacher(0,
				"Satish","Java",classSet1);
		Teacher teacher2 = new Teacher(0,
				"Krishna","Adv Java",classSet2);
		Teacher teacher3 = new Teacher(0,
				"Masthanvali","DB2",classSet3);
		
		//Store Teacher
		entitymanager.persist(teacher1);
		entitymanager.persist(teacher2);
		entitymanager.persist(teacher3);
		
		entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
		entitymanager.close( );
		emfactory.close( );
	}
}
In this example project, three tables are created. Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of teacher_clas table will be displayed as follows:
Select * form teacher_clas
In the above table teacher_tid is the foreign key from teacher table, and classet_cid is the foreign key from class table. Therefore different teachers are allotted to different class.
Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of teacher table will be displayed as follows:
Select * from teacher
Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of clas table will be displayed as follows:
Select * from clas
Criteria is a predefined API that is used to define queries for entities. It is an alternative way of defining a JPQL query. These queries are type-safe, portable, and easy to modify by changing the syntax. Similar to JPQL, it follows an abstract schema (easy to edit schema) and embedded objects. The metadata API is mingled with criteria API to model persistent entity for criteria queries. 
The major advantage of Criteria API is that errors can be detected earlier during the compile time. String-based JPQL queries and JPA criteria based queries are same in performance and efficiency.
The criteria is included into all versions of JPA therefore each step of criteria is notified in the specifications of JPA.
In JPA 2.0, the criteria query API, standardization of queries are developed.
In JPA 2.1, Criteria update and delete (bulk update and delete) are included.
The Criteria and the JPQL are closely related and are allowed to design using similar operators in their queries. It follows javax.persistence.criteria package to design a query. The query structure means the syntax criteria query.
The following simple criteria query returns all instances of the entity class in the data source.
EntityManager em = ...;
CriteriaBuilder cb = em.getCriteriaBuilder();
CriteriaQuery<Entity class> cq = cb.createQuery(Entity.class);
Root<Entity> from = cq.from(Entity.class);
cq.select(Entity);
TypedQuery<Entity> q = em.createQuery(cq);
List<Entity> allitems = q.getResultList();
The query demonstrates the basic steps to create a criteria.
EntityManager instance is used to create a CriteriaBuilder object.
EntityManager instance is used to create a CriteriaBuilder object.
CriteriaQuery instance is used to create a query object. This query object’s attributes will be modified with the details of the query.
CriteriaQuery instance is used to create a query object. This query object’s attributes will be modified with the details of the query.
CriteriaQuery.form method is called to set the query root.
CriteriaQuery.form method is called to set the query root.
CriteriaQuery.select is called to set the result list type.
CriteriaQuery.select is called to set the result list type.
TypedQuery<T> instance is used to prepare a query for execution and specifying the type of the query result.
TypedQuery<T> instance is used to prepare a query for execution and specifying the type of the query result.
getResultList method on the TypedQuery<T> object to execute a query. This query returns a collection of entities, the result is stored in a List.
getResultList method on the TypedQuery<T> object to execute a query. This query returns a collection of entities, the result is stored in a List.
Let us consider the example of employee database. Let us assume the jpadb.employee table contains following records:
Eid	 Ename          Salary	Deg
401	 Gopal	        40000	Technical Manager
402	 Manisha	    40000	Proof reader
403	 Masthanvali    35000	Technical Writer
404  Satish	        30000	Technical writer
405	 Krishna	    30000	Technical Writer
406	 Kiran	        35000	Proof reader
Create a JPA Project in the eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_Criteria. All the modules of this project are discussed below:
Create a package named com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity under ‘src’

Create a class named Employee.java under given package. The class Employee entity is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Employee 
{
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.AUTO) 	
	private int eid;
	private String ename;
	private double salary;
	private String deg;
	public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg) 
	{
		super( );
		this.eid = eid;
		this.ename = ename;
		this.salary = salary;
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	
	public Employee( ) 
	{
		super();
	}
	
	public int getEid( ) 
	{
		return eid;
	}
	public void setEid(int eid)  
	{
		this.eid = eid;
	}
	
	public String getEname( ) 
	{
		return ename;
	}
	public void setEname(String ename) 
	{
		this.ename = ename;
	}
	
	public double getSalary( ) 
	{
		return salary;
	}
	public void setSalary(double salary) 
	{
		this.salary = salary;
	}
	
	public String getDeg( ) 
	{
		return deg;
	}
	public void setDeg(String deg) 
	{
		this.deg = deg;
	}
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Employee [eid=" + eid + ", ename=" + ename + ", salary="
				+ salary + ", deg=" + deg + "]";
	}
}
Persistence.xml file is as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence" 
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence 
             http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
	<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA" 
                        transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
	<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
		<properties>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" 
			          value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" 
			          value="root"/>
			<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" 
			          value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
			<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" 
			          value="create-tables"/>
		</properties>
	</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
This module contains the service classes, which implements the Criteria query part using the MetaData API initialization. Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The class named CriteriaAPI.java is created under given package. The DAO class is shown as follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.TypedQuery;
import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaBuilder;
import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaQuery;
import javax.persistence.criteria.Root;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class CriteriaApi 
{
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{
		EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
				createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
		EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
				createEntityManager( );
		CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entitymanager
				.getCriteriaBuilder();
		CriteriaQuery<Object> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder
				.createQuery();
		Root<Employee> from = criteriaQuery.from(Employee.class);
		
		//select all records
        System.out.println(“Select all records”);
		CriteriaQuery<Object> select =criteriaQuery.select(from);
		TypedQuery<Object> typedQuery = entitymanager
				.createQuery(select);
		List<Object> resultlist= typedQuery.getResultList();
		
		for(Object o:resultlist)
		{
			Employee e=(Employee)o;
			System.out.println("EID : "+e.getEid()
					+" Ename : "+e.getEname());
		}
		
		//Ordering the records 
        System.out.println(“Select all records by follow ordering”);
		CriteriaQuery<Object> select1 = criteriaQuery.select(from);
        select1.orderBy(criteriaBuilder.asc(from.get("ename")));
        TypedQuery<Object> typedQuery1 = entitymanager
        		.createQuery(select);
        List<Object> resultlist1= typedQuery1.getResultList();
		
		for(Object o:resultlist1)
		{
			Employee e=(Employee)o;
			System.out.println("EID : "+e.getEid()
					+" Ename : "+e.getEname());
		}
		
		entitymanager.close( );
		emfactory.close( );
	}
}
After compiling and executing the above program you will get the following output in the console panel of Eclipse IDE.
Select All records
EID : 401 Ename : Gopal
EID : 402 Ename : Manisha
EID : 403 Ename : Masthanvali
EID : 404 Ename : Satish
EID : 405 Ename : Krishna
EID : 406 Ename : Kiran
Select All records by follow Ordering
EID : 401 Ename : Gopal
EID : 406 Ename : Kiran
EID : 405 Ename : Krishna
EID : 402 Ename : Manisha
EID : 403 Ename : Masthanvali
EID : 404 Ename : Satish
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