Centroid Decomposition of Tree - GeeksforGeeks

02 Mar, 2022
Background : What is centroid of Tree? Centroid of a Tree is a node which if removed from the tree would split it into a ‘forest’, such that any tree in the forest would have at most half the number of vertices in the original tree.
Suppose there are n nodes in the tree. ‘Subtree size’ for a node is the size of the tree rooted at the node.
   
Let S(v) be size of subtree rooted at node v

   S(v) = 1 + ∑ S(u) 

Here u is a child to v (adjacent and at a depth one 
greater than the depth of v).  

Centroid is a node v such that,

maximum(n - S(v), S(u1), S(u2), .. S(um)) <= n/2

where ui is i'th child to v.
Finding the centroid Let T be an undirected tree with n nodes. Choose any arbitrary node v in the tree. If v satisfies the mathematical definition for the centroid, we have our centroid. Else, we know that our mathematical inequality did not hold, and from this, we conclude that there exists some u adjacent to v such that S(u) > n/2. We make that u our new v and recurse.
We never revisit a node because when we decided to move away from it to a node with subtree size greater than n/2, we sort of declared that it now belongs to the component with nodes less than n/2, and we shall never find our centroid there. In any case we are moving towards the centroid. Also, there are finitely many vertices in the tree. The process must stop, and it will, at the desired vertex.
Algorithm :  
Select arbitrary node vStart a DFS from v, and setup subtree sizesRe-position to node v (or start at any arbitrary v that belongs to the tree)Check mathematical condition of centroid for v If condition passed, return current node as centroidElse move to adjacent node with ‘greatest’ subtree size, and back to step 4
Select arbitrary node v
Start a DFS from v, and setup subtree sizes
Re-position to node v (or start at any arbitrary v that belongs to the tree)
Check mathematical condition of centroid for v If condition passed, return current node as centroidElse move to adjacent node with ‘greatest’ subtree size, and back to step 4
If condition passed, return current node as centroidElse move to adjacent node with ‘greatest’ subtree size, and back to step 4
If condition passed, return current node as centroid
Else move to adjacent node with ‘greatest’ subtree size, and back to step 4
Theorem: Given a tree with n nodes, the centroid always exists. Proof: Clear from our approach to the problem that we can always find a centroid using above steps.
Time Complexity  
Select arbitrary node v: O(1)DFS: O(n)Reposition to v: O(1)Find centroid: O(n)
Select arbitrary node v: O(1)
DFS: O(n)
Reposition to v: O(1)
Find centroid: O(n)
Centroid Decomposition : Finding the centroid for a tree is a part of what we are trying to achieve here. We need to think how can we organize the tree into a structure that decreases the complexity for answering certain ‘type’ of queries.
Algorithm  
Make the centroid as the root of a new tree (which we will call as the ‘centroid tree’)Recursively decompose the trees in the resulting forestMake the centroids of these trees as children of the centroid which last split them.
Make the centroid as the root of a new tree (which we will call as the ‘centroid tree’)
Recursively decompose the trees in the resulting forest
Make the centroids of these trees as children of the centroid which last split them.
The centroid tree has depth O(log n), and can be constructed in O(n lg n), as we can find the centroid in O(n). 
Illustrative Example Let us consider a tree with 16 nodes. The figure has subtree sizes already set up using a DFS from node 1. 
We start at node 1 and see if condition for centroid holds. Remember S(v) is subtree size for v. 
We make node 6 as the root of our centroid, and recurse on the 3 trees of the forest centroid split the original tree into.NOTE: In the figure, subtrees generated by a centroid have been surrounded by a dotted line of the same color as the color of centroid.
We make the subsequently found centroids as the children to centroid that split them last, and obtain our centroid tree. 
NOTE: The trees containing only a single element have the same element as their centroid. We haven’t used color differentiation for such trees, and the leaf nodes represent them.
C++
// C++ program for centroid decomposition of Tree#include <bits/stdc++.h>using namespace std; #define MAXN 1025 vector<int> tree[MAXN];vector<int> centroidTree[MAXN];bool centroidMarked[MAXN]; /* method to add edge between to nodes of the undirected tree */void addEdge(int u, int v){    tree[u].push_back(v);    tree[v].push_back(u);} /* method to setup subtree sizes and nodes in current tree */void DFS(int src, bool visited[], int subtree_size[], int* n){    /* mark node visited */    visited[src] = true;     /* increase count of nodes visited */    *n += 1;     /* initialize subtree size for current node*/    subtree_size[src] = 1;     vector<int>::iterator it;     /* recur on non-visited and non-centroid neighbours */    for (it = tree[src].begin(); it!=tree[src].end(); it++)        if (!visited[*it] && !centroidMarked[*it])        {            DFS(*it, visited, subtree_size, n);            subtree_size[src]+=subtree_size[*it];        }} int getCentroid(int src, bool visited[], int subtree_size[], int n){    /* assume the current node to be centroid */    bool is_centroid = true;     /* mark it as visited */    visited[src] = true;     /* track heaviest child of node, to use in case node is       not centroid */    int heaviest_child = 0;     vector<int>::iterator it;     /* iterate over all adjacent nodes which are children       (not visited) and not marked as centroid to some       subtree */    for (it = tree[src].begin(); it!=tree[src].end(); it++)        if (!visited[*it] && !centroidMarked[*it])        {            /* If any adjacent node has more than n/2 nodes,             * current node cannot be centroid */            if (subtree_size[*it]>n/2)                is_centroid=false;             /* update heaviest child */            if (heaviest_child==0 ||                subtree_size[*it]>subtree_size[heaviest_child])                heaviest_child = *it;        }     /* if current node is a centroid */    if (is_centroid && n-subtree_size[src]<=n/2)        return src;     /* else recur on heaviest child */    return getCentroid(heaviest_child, visited, subtree_size, n);} /* function to get the centroid of tree rooted at src. * tree may be the original one or may belong to the forest */int getCentroid(int src){    bool visited[MAXN];     int subtree_size[MAXN];     /* initialize auxiliary arrays */    memset(visited, false, sizeof visited);    memset(subtree_size, 0, sizeof subtree_size);     /* variable to hold number of nodes in the current tree */    int n = 0;     /* DFS to set up subtree sizes and nodes in current tree */    DFS(src, visited, subtree_size, &n);     for (int i=1; i<MAXN; i++)        visited[i] = false;     int centroid = getCentroid(src, visited, subtree_size, n);     centroidMarked[centroid]=true;     return centroid;} /* function to generate centroid tree of tree rooted at src */int decomposeTree(int root){    //printf("decomposeTree(%d)\n", root);     /* get centroid for current tree */    int cend_tree = getCentroid(root);     printf("%d ", cend_tree);     vector<int>::iterator it;     /* for every node adjacent to the found centroid     * and not already marked as centroid */    for (it=tree[cend_tree].begin(); it!=tree[cend_tree].end(); it++)    {        if (!centroidMarked[*it])        {            /* decompose subtree rooted at adjacent node */            int cend_subtree = decomposeTree(*it);             /* add edge between tree centroid and centroid of subtree */            centroidTree[cend_tree].push_back(cend_subtree);            centroidTree[cend_subtree].push_back(cend_tree);        }    }     /* return centroid of tree */    return cend_tree;} // driver functionint main(){    /* number of nodes in the tree */    int n = 16;     /* arguments in order: node u, node v     * sequencing starts from 1 */    addEdge(1, 4);    addEdge(2, 4);    addEdge(3, 4);    addEdge(4, 5);    addEdge(5, 6);    addEdge(6, 7);    addEdge(7, 8);    addEdge(7, 9);    addEdge(6, 10);    addEdge(10, 11);    addEdge(11, 12);    addEdge(11, 13);    addEdge(12, 14);    addEdge(13, 15);    addEdge(13, 16);     /* generates centroid tree */    decomposeTree(1);     return 0;}
Output : 
6 4 1 2 3 5 7 8 9 11 10 12 14 13 15 16
Application:
Consider below example problem 
Given a weighted tree with N nodes,  find the minimum number
of edges in a path of length K, or return -1 if such a path
does not exist.
  1 <= N <= 200000
  1 <= length(i;j) <= 1000000 (integer weights)
  1 <= K <= 1000000 
Brute force solution: For every node, perform DFS to find distance and number of edges to every other node Time complexity: O(N2) Obviously inefficient because N = 200000
We can solve above problem in O(N Log N) time using Centroid Decomposition.
Perform centroid decomposition to get a “tree of subtrees”Start at the root of the decomposition, solve the problem for each subtree as follows Solve the problem for each “child tree” of the current subtree.Perform DFS from the centroid on the current subtree to compute the minimum edge count for paths that include the centroid Two cases: centroid at the end or in the middle of the path
Perform centroid decomposition to get a “tree of subtrees”
Start at the root of the decomposition, solve the problem for each subtree as follows Solve the problem for each “child tree” of the current subtree.Perform DFS from the centroid on the current subtree to compute the minimum edge count for paths that include the centroid Two cases: centroid at the end or in the middle of the path
Solve the problem for each “child tree” of the current subtree.Perform DFS from the centroid on the current subtree to compute the minimum edge count for paths that include the centroid Two cases: centroid at the end or in the middle of the path
Solve the problem for each “child tree” of the current subtree.
Perform DFS from the centroid on the current subtree to compute the minimum edge count for paths that include the centroid Two cases: centroid at the end or in the middle of the path
Two cases: centroid at the end or in the middle of the path
Two cases: centroid at the end or in the middle of the path
Time complexity of centroid decomposition based solution is O(n log n)
Reference : http://www.ugrad.cs.ubc.ca/~cs490/2014W2/pdf/jason.pdf
This article is contributed by Yash Varyani. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above 
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