Restricting and Sorting Data Questions

1. Which of the following clause is used to limit the number of rows retrieved from a SELECT query?

LIMIT
WHERE
AND
FROM

LIMIT
WHERE
AND
FROM
Answer: B. The WHERE clause is used to restrict the number of rows returned from a SELECT query.
2. Choose the database elements whose values can be compared in a WHERE clause of a SELECT query.

Column
Sequence
Procedure
Literal

Column
Sequence
Procedure
Literal
Answer: A, D. The WHERE clause can be used to compare the values from columns, literals, arithmetic functions and functions. 
3. What are the elements NOT contained in the WHERE clause predicate of the SELECT query?

Comparison operator
Comparison condition
Column Name
Table Name

Comparison operator
Comparison condition
Column Name
Table Name
Answer: D. Table Name is not required in the WHERE clause predicate.
4. Which of the following values can NOT be returned after evaluation of WHERE clause condition?

UNKNOWN
TRUE
FALSE
NULL

UNKNOWN
TRUE
FALSE
NULL
Answer: A. If the result of the condition in WHERE clause is not known, NULL is returned. In all other scenarios, either TRUE or FALSE is returned.
5. What is the minimum number of WHERE clauses that must be present in a SELECT query?

1
2
0
3

1
2
0
3
Answer: C. The WHERE clause is an optional clause in the SELECT query which is only used to restrict the number of rows.
6. What is the maximum number of WHERE clauses that can be included in a SELECT query?

1
2
0
3

1
2
0
3
Answer: A. The WHERE clause is an optional clause in the SELECT query which can be used only once to restrict the number of rows.  
7. Which of the following statements are correct about the WHERE clause?

Column Alias can be used in WHERE clause to refer a column
Comparison operator is an optional element in WHERE clause condition
Functions can be used as operands in the WHERE clause
There can be multiple WHERE clause in a SELECT query

Column Alias can be used in WHERE clause to refer a column
Comparison operator is an optional element in WHERE clause condition
Functions can be used as operands in the WHERE clause
There can be multiple WHERE clause in a SELECT query
Answer: C. The WHERE clause must have comparison operator to evaluate the condition. It can use function as one of the operand. Only one WHERE clause is allowed in a SELECT query.
8. Write a SELECT query to list down unique departments from EMP table?

SELECT deptno FROM emp;
SELECT DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;
SELECT DISTINCT (deptno) FROM emp;
SELECT empno, DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;

SELECT deptno FROM emp;
SELECT deptno FROM emp;
SELECT DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;
SELECT DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;
SELECT DISTINCT (deptno) FROM emp;
SELECT DISTINCT (deptno) FROM emp;
SELECT empno, DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;
SELECT empno, DISTINCT deptno FROM emp;
Answer: B & C. The keyword DISTINCT is used to filter out the duplicate rows from the SELECT query.
9. Which of the following operations are permitted for date and timestamp columns?

Division
Addition
Subtraction
Concatenation

Division
Addition
Subtraction
Concatenation
Answer: B, C, and D. Addition, subtraction and Concatenation are the operations permitted for date and timestamp columns.
10. From the below operators, which one of them holds the highest precedence level?

Division (/)
Multiplication (*)
Brackets ( () )
Subtraction

Division (/)
Multiplication (*)
Brackets ( () )
Subtraction
Answer: C. Expressions within the brackets hold the highest precedence level.
11. Interpret the output returned by the below SELECT query
SELECT ename, (sysdate - hiredate)
FROM emp;

Number of days in the current year
Number of days in the year when an employee was hired
Number of days spent by employee with the company
The query raises exception "ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE"

Number of days in the current year
Number of days in the year when an employee was hired
Number of days spent by employee with the company
The query raises exception "ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE"
Answer: C. The expression (sysdate-hiredate) returns the number of employment days of an employee with the company. 
12. Which of the below statements correctly describle the DUAL table in Oracle?

DUAL table is a temporary table in Oracle database
DUAL table contains only one character type column known as DUMMY
DUAL table owned by SYS cannot be dropped
A table with the name DUAL can be created by a user in its own schema

DUAL table is a temporary table in Oracle database
DUAL table contains only one character type column known as DUMMY
DUAL table owned by SYS cannot be dropped
A table with the name DUAL can be created by a user in its own schema
Answer: B, C, D. The DUAL table in Oracle is owned by SYS and contains one column DUMMY of type VARCHAR2(1).
13. Determine the type of output returned by the below query
SELECT sysdate - hiredate
FROM emp
WHERE empno=7369;

DATE data type
NUMBER data type
VARCHAR2 data type
The query raises error since arithmetic operations cannot be performed on date columns

DATE data type
NUMBER data type
VARCHAR2 data type
The query raises error since arithmetic operations cannot be performed on date columns
Answer: B. Subtraction between two dates results in numeric difference of days between the two dates
14. Which expressions do NOT return NULL values?

SELECT ((10 + 20) * 50) + null from dual;
SELECT 'this is a '||null||'test with nulls' from dual;
SELECT null/0 from dual;
SELECT null||'test'||null as “Test” from dual;

SELECT ((10 + 20) * 50) + null from dual;
SELECT ((10 + 20) * 50) + null from dual;
SELECT 'this is a '||null||'test with nulls' from dual;
SELECT 'this is a '||null||'test with nulls' from dual;
SELECT null/0 from dual;
SELECT null/0 from dual;
SELECT null||'test'||null as “Test” from dual;
SELECT null||'test'||null as “Test” from dual;
Answer: B, D. Any arithmetic operation with NULL results in NULL.
15. Determine the output of the below query
SELECT 'Tutorial''s Point compiles technical tutorials' FROM DUAL;

Tutorial''s Point compiles technical tutorials
Tutorial's Point compiles technical tutorials
'Tutorial''s Point compiles technical tutorials'
Raises exception "ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated"

Tutorial''s Point compiles technical tutorials
Tutorial's Point compiles technical tutorials
'Tutorial''s Point compiles technical tutorials'
Raises exception "ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated"
Answer: B. 
16. Examine the TRAINING table as given below:
 Name                                      Null?    Type
 ----------------------------------------- -------- -------------

 TRAINING_ID                               NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
 TRAINING_LOCATION                                  NUMBER(7,2)
 START_DATE                                         DATE
 END_DATE                                           DATE

SELECT NVL (ADD_MONTHS (END_DATE,1),SYSDATE) FROM training;
SELECT TO_DATE (NVL(SYSDATE-END_DATE,SYSDATE)) FROM training;
SELECT NVL(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE,END_DATE),’In Progress’) FROM training;
SELECT NVL(TO_CHAR(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE,END_DATE)),’In Progress’) FROM training;

SELECT NVL (ADD_MONTHS (END_DATE,1),SYSDATE) FROM training;
SELECT NVL (ADD_MONTHS (END_DATE,1),SYSDATE) FROM training;
SELECT TO_DATE (NVL(SYSDATE-END_DATE,SYSDATE)) FROM training;
SELECT TO_DATE (NVL(SYSDATE-END_DATE,SYSDATE)) FROM training;
SELECT NVL(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE,END_DATE),’In Progress’) FROM training;
SELECT NVL(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE,END_DATE),’In Progress’) FROM training;
SELECT NVL(TO_CHAR(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE,END_DATE)),’In Progress’) FROM training;
SELECT NVL(TO_CHAR(MONTHS_BETWEEN(START_DATE,END_DATE)),’In Progress’) FROM training;
Answer: A, D. Use NVL function to provide an alternate value to a column when NULL.
17. What does the selection of columns in a SELECT statement known as?

Retrieval
Selection
Projection
Limiting

Retrieval
Selection
Projection
Limiting
Answer: C. Projection is the ability to select only the required columns in SELECT statement.
18. What does the restriction of rows returned by a SELECT statement known as

Retrieval
Projection
Restricting
Selection

Retrieval
Projection
Restricting
Selection
Answer: C. Restricting is the ability to limit the number of rows by putting certain conditions.
19. Which of the following is true about the query given below?
SELECT col1, col2 
FROM tab1
ORDER BY col1;

All the rows for the column COL1 will be sorted in the Descending order.
All the rows for the column COL1 will be sorted in the Ascending order.
The query will give an error as there is no WHERE clause in the query.
The query will give an error as the ORDER BY clause should include all the columns in the SELECT clause.

All the rows for the column COL1 will be sorted in the Descending order.
All the rows for the column COL1 will be sorted in the Ascending order.
The query will give an error as there is no WHERE clause in the query.
The query will give an error as the ORDER BY clause should include all the columns in the SELECT clause.
Answer: B. By default, the ORDER BY clause sorts the values in ascending order.


20. Which of the following is true about the SQL query given below?
SELECT col1,col2
FROM tab1
WHERE col1 = 'A'
ORDER BY col2 DESC, col1;

It will display the row which has the col1 value as 'A' ordered by the col1 in the descending order and then col2 in the descending order.
The ORDER BY clause will not work as the keyword DESC should be always written in the end of the ORDER BY clause and not in between as given in the query.
The above query will be sorted in descending order on the basis of col2 only and the use of col1 in the ORDER BY clause will be discarded.
It will display the row which has the col1 value as 'A' ordered by the col1 and then followed by col2 as the execution of the ORDER BY clause happens from the order of columns in the 
SELECT statement.

It will display the row which has the col1 value as 'A' ordered by the col1 in the descending order and then col2 in the descending order.
The ORDER BY clause will not work as the keyword DESC should be always written in the end of the ORDER BY clause and not in between as given in the query.
The above query will be sorted in descending order on the basis of col2 only and the use of col1 in the ORDER BY clause will be discarded.
It will display the row which has the col1 value as 'A' ordered by the col1 and then followed by col2 as the execution of the ORDER BY clause happens from the order of columns in the 
SELECT statement.
Answer: C.  Since the COL1 is already filtered and fixed in the query as a scalar value, no sorting will happen on the basis of COL1. 
21. What is true regarding the query given below?
SELECT col1, col2
FROM  tab1
ORDER BY col1,col2
WHERE col2 = 'B';

It executes successfully
It gives the required result with the COL2 value as 'B' but no ordering by the columns COL1 and COL2 because ORDER BY clause appears before the WHERE clause.
It will display the row which has the COL2 value as 'B' ordered by the COL1, COL2.
It throws an error as the ORDER BY clause cannot be written before the WHERE clause in Oracle.

It executes successfully
It gives the required result with the COL2 value as 'B' but no ordering by the columns COL1 and COL2 because ORDER BY clause appears before the WHERE clause.
It will display the row which has the COL2 value as 'B' ordered by the COL1, COL2.
It throws an error as the ORDER BY clause cannot be written before the WHERE clause in Oracle.
Answer: D. The ORDER BY clause must appear after the WHERE clause in the SELECT statement
22. Which two clauses of the SELECT statement are necessary for Selection and Projection?

SELECT, FROM
ORDER BY, WHERE
SELECT, WHERE
SELECT, ORDER BY

SELECT, FROM
ORDER BY, WHERE
SELECT, WHERE
SELECT, ORDER BY
Answer: C.
23. Which of the following WHERE clauses will NOT fit in the below SELECT query?
SELECT ename, deptno, sal 
FROM emp;

WHERE HIREDATE IN ('02-JUN-2004');
WHERE SAL IN ('1000','4000','2000');
WHERE JOB IN (SALES,CLERK);
WHERE COMM BETWEEN 0.1 AND 0.5;

WHERE HIREDATE IN ('02-JUN-2004');
WHERE SAL IN ('1000','4000','2000');
WHERE JOB IN (SALES,CLERK);
WHERE COMM BETWEEN 0.1 AND 0.5;
Answer: C. Character literals must be enclosed within single quotes 
24. Choose the WHERE clause that extracts the DNAME values containing the character literal “er” from the DEPT table.

WHERE DNAME IN ('%e%r');
WHERE DNAME LIKE '%er%';
WHERE DNAME BETWEEN 'e' AND 'r';
WHERE DNAME CONTAINS 'e%r';

WHERE DNAME IN ('%e%r');
WHERE DNAME LIKE '%er%';
WHERE DNAME BETWEEN 'e' AND 'r';
WHERE DNAME CONTAINS 'e%r';
Answer: B. The LIKE operator is used to perform wild card search in SQL queries.
25. Which two of the following conditions are equivalent to each other?

WHERE comm IS NULL
WHERE comm = NULL
WHERE comm IN (NULL)
WHERE NOT(comm IS NOT NULL)

WHERE comm IS NULL
WHERE comm = NULL
WHERE comm IN (NULL)
WHERE NOT(comm IS NOT NULL)
Answer: A, D.  The NOT operator can be used to negate the effect of its operand. Therefore (COMM IS NULL) is equivalent to (NOT (COMM IS NOT NULL)).
26. Which of the following clauses are mandatory in an SQL query?

SELECT, FROM
SELECT,FROM,WHERE
SELECT,WHERE
SELECT,WHERE,ORDER BY

SELECT, FROM
SELECT,FROM,WHERE
SELECT,WHERE
SELECT,WHERE,ORDER BY
Answer: A. SELECT and FROM are the mandatory clauses in a SELECT query. 
27. Which three of the following WHERE clause conditions are equivalent to each other?

WHERE SAL <=5000 AND SAL >=2000
WHERE SAL IN (2000,3000,4000,5000)
WHERE SAL BETWEEN 2000 AND 5000
WHERE SAL > 1999 AND SAL < 5001

WHERE SAL <=5000 AND SAL >=2000
WHERE SAL IN (2000,3000,4000,5000)
WHERE SAL BETWEEN 2000 AND 5000
WHERE SAL > 1999 AND SAL < 5001
Answer: A, C, D. The conditions can be made equivalent with the use of IN, BETWEEN and relational operators 
28. Which of the following is true with respect to the below query?
SELECT empno, ename, job
FROM emp
WHERE ename like '_ith%';

It fetches the employee id, name and job of those employees who have 'ith' appearing anywhere in their name. 
It fetches the employee id, name and job of those employees whose name starts with 'ith'.
The query throws an error as two expressions for string matching cannot be written together.
It fetches the employee id, name and job of those employees whose name starts with any alphanumeric character followed by 'ith' and any alphanumeric characters after 'ith'.

It fetches the employee id, name and job of those employees who have 'ith' appearing anywhere in their name. 
It fetches the employee id, name and job of those employees whose name starts with 'ith'.
The query throws an error as two expressions for string matching cannot be written together.
It fetches the employee id, name and job of those employees whose name starts with any alphanumeric character followed by 'ith' and any alphanumeric characters after 'ith'.
Answer: D. 
29. Which of the following is used to end a SQL query?

:
;
.
/

:
;
.
/
Answer: B, D. A semicolon (;) or backslash (/) is used to terminate a query in SQL* Plus and SQL Developer.
30. The employees JAMES and MILLER want to know their department id by querying the database. Which of the following queries will give the required result?

SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'JAMES';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'MILLER';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM dept
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'JAMES' OR ename = 'MILLER' 

SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'JAMES';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'JAMES';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'MILLER';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'MILLER';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM dept
SELECT ename, deptno FROM dept
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'JAMES' OR ename = 'MILLER' 
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'JAMES' OR ename = 'MILLER' 
Answer: D. Multiple conditions can be joined using OR clause. Query execution is successful if either of the two is true.
31. Which of the following is false regarding the WHERE clause?

The WHERE can compare values in columns, literal, arithmetic expressions, or functions.
The WHERE clause contains column name
Column aliases can be used in the WHERE clause. 
The WHERE clause cannot contain list of values or constants.

The WHERE can compare values in columns, literal, arithmetic expressions, or functions.
The WHERE clause contains column name
Column aliases can be used in the WHERE clause. 
The WHERE clause cannot contain list of values or constants.
Answer: C, D.
32. What is the default date format in Oracle?

DD-MON-YY
DD-MON-YYYY
DD-MM-RR
DD-MON-RR

DD-MON-YY
DD-MON-YYYY
DD-MM-RR
DD-MON-RR
Answer: D.  DD-MON-RR is the default date format in Oracle.
33. Predict the output of the below SQL query.
SELECT ename, deptno, sal, comm
FROM emp
WHERE job = 'SALES'
AND hiredate = ”01-JAN-97”;

It fetches the employee data for all SALES employees
It throws an error "ORA-00904: "01-JAN-13": invalid identifier"
Query executes successfully but no results are returned
It fetches the data for all SALES employees who were hired on 01st Jan, 1997

It fetches the employee data for all SALES employees
It throws an error "ORA-00904: "01-JAN-13": invalid identifier"
Query executes successfully but no results are returned
It fetches the data for all SALES employees who were hired on 01st Jan, 1997
Answer: B. Date literals must be enclosed within single quotes.
34. You need to display the names of all the employees having the first name as "GARRY" from the EMPLOYEES table. Which of the following queries will fulfill the requirement?

SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'GARRY%';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '%GARRY%';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'GARRY';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '_ARRY%';

SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'GARRY%';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'GARRY%';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '%GARRY%';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '%GARRY%';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'GARRY';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'GARRY';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '_ARRY%';
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE '_ARRY%';
Answer: C. Wild Cards can be used if certain characters of the search string are unknown.
35. You need to display the employee ID of all the employees who contain a letter 's' in their last name at second position and department ID as 100. Which of the following queries will fetch the required results?

SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '%s%';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '%s_';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '_s_%';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '_s%';

SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '%s%';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '%s%';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '%s_';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '%s_';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '_s_%';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '_s_%';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '_s%';
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 AND last_name LIKE '_s%';
Answer: D. The wildcard character underscore (_) is used to substitute a single character.
36. What will be the outcome of the below query?
SELECT first_name, last_name, dept_id 
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date LIKE '%98';

The first name, last name and the department ID for all the employees who joined in the year 1998 will be displayed. 
The first name, last name and the department ID for all the employees who joined in the year 2098 will be displayed. 
No results will be returned. 
The first name, last name and the department ID for all the employees who joined in the year 1998 between 1st January, 1998 and 31st December, 1998 will be displayed. 

The first name, last name and the department ID for all the employees who joined in the year 1998 will be displayed. 
The first name, last name and the department ID for all the employees who joined in the year 2098 will be displayed. 
No results will be returned. 
The first name, last name and the department ID for all the employees who joined in the year 1998 between 1st January, 1998 and 31st December, 1998 will be displayed. 
Answer: D. The LIKE operator is used to perform wild card search on character and date literals.
37. Which of the following is used to get rows based on a range of values?

UNION ALL
IN
BETWEEN
LIKE

UNION ALL
IN
BETWEEN
LIKE
Answer: C. The BETWEEN operator is used to retrieve rows based on range of values.
38. You need to display the employee IDs of the employees who have their salaries between 20000 (inclusive) and 50000(inclusive). Which of the following queries will fetch the required results?

SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary >=20000 AND salary <=50000;
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary IN (20000, 50000);
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary >20000 AND salary <50000;
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary between 20000 AND 50000;

SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary >=20000 AND salary <=50000;
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary >=20000 AND salary <=50000;
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary IN (20000, 50000);
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary IN (20000, 50000);
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary >20000 AND salary <50000;
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary >20000 AND salary <50000;
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary between 20000 AND 50000;
SELECT emp_id FROM employees WHERE salary between 20000 AND 50000;
Answer: A, D. For larger ranges of values, BETWEEN and relational operators are best suited in the queries. IN operator is not recommended for large range of values.
39. What is true with respect to the below query?
SELECT first_name, last_name 
FROM employees 
WHERE last_name BETWEEN 'B%' AND 'E%';

It will display all the employees having last names starting with the alphabets 'B' till 'E' inclusive of B and exclusive of E. 
It will throw an error as BETWEEN can only be used for Numbers and not strings. 
It will display all the employees having last names starting from 'B' and ending with 'E'. 
It will display all the employees having last names in the range of starting alphabets as 'B' and 'E' excluding the names starting with 'B' and 'E'.

It will display all the employees having last names starting with the alphabets 'B' till 'E' inclusive of B and exclusive of E. 
It will throw an error as BETWEEN can only be used for Numbers and not strings. 
It will display all the employees having last names starting from 'B' and ending with 'E'. 
It will display all the employees having last names in the range of starting alphabets as 'B' and 'E' excluding the names starting with 'B' and 'E'.
Answer: A. The BETWEEN operator works with the range of character values also.
40. What will be the outcome of the query mentioned below?
SELECT employee_id, last_name, first_name, salary, manager_id 
FROM employees 
WHERE manager_id IN (200,100,300);

It will show all the employees who are under the managers having IDs in the range starting from 100 to 300. 
It will show all the employees who are under the managers having IDs 100, 200 or 300. 
It will throw an error as the manager IDs should be put in quotes. 
It will throw an error as the sorting of manager_id in the WHERE clause conflicts with the ORDER BY clause. 

It will show all the employees who are under the managers having IDs in the range starting from 100 to 300. 
It will show all the employees who are under the managers having IDs 100, 200 or 300. 
It will throw an error as the manager IDs should be put in quotes. 
It will throw an error as the sorting of manager_id in the WHERE clause conflicts with the ORDER BY clause. 
Answer: B. The IN operator can be used to provide small and limited number of range.


41. Which of the following clause defines a Membership condition?

BETWEEN
LIKE
IS NULL
IN (NOT IN)

BETWEEN
LIKE
IS NULL
IN (NOT IN)
Answer: D.  The IN operator defines a Membership condition which may use a range of values or a subquery.
42. Which of the following data types can be used within IN operator?

VARCHAR2
NUMBER
DATE
ALL

VARCHAR2
NUMBER
DATE
ALL
Answer: D. The IN operator works with all types of values.
43. You need to display the list of all the employees whose first name starts with “Bryan” or “Jason”. Which of the following queries will fulfill the requirement?

SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'Bryan%' OR first_name LIKE 'Jason%';
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name BETWEEN 'Bryan' and 'Jason' ;
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name IN ('Bryan', 'Jason'); 
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name = 'Bryan' OR first_name = 'Jason'

SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'Bryan%' OR first_name LIKE 'Jason%';
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'Bryan%' OR first_name LIKE 'Jason%';
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name BETWEEN 'Bryan' and 'Jason' ;
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name BETWEEN 'Bryan' and 'Jason' ;
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name IN ('Bryan', 'Jason'); 
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name IN ('Bryan', 'Jason');
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name = 'Bryan' OR first_name = 'Jason'
SELECT emp_id, last_name, first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name = 'Bryan' OR first_name = 'Jason'
Answer: C, D. The IN operator checks for ANY values defined as membership condition.
44. You need to extract details of those departments whose name contains the string '_DXX'. Which of the below WHERE clauses could be used in the SELECT statement to get the required output?

WHERE dept_id LIKE '%_DXX%' ESCAPE '_'
WHERE dept_id LIKE '%\_DXX%' ESCAPE '\'
WHERE dept_id LIKE '%_D123%' ESCAPE '%_'
WHERE dept_id LIKE '%\_D123%' ESCAPE '\_'

WHERE dept_id LIKE '%_DXX%' ESCAPE '_'
WHERE dept_id LIKE '%\_DXX%' ESCAPE '\'
WHERE dept_id LIKE '%_D123%' ESCAPE '%_'
WHERE dept_id LIKE '%\_D123%' ESCAPE '\_'
Answer: B.
45. Which statement is true regarding the default behavior of the ORDER BY clause?

In a character sort, the values are case-sensitive.
NULL values are not considered at all by the sort operation.
Only those columns that are specified in the SELECT list can be used in the ORDER BY clause.
Numeric values are displayed from the maximum to the minimum value if they have decimal positions.

In a character sort, the values are case-sensitive.
NULL values are not considered at all by the sort operation.
Only those columns that are specified in the SELECT list can be used in the ORDER BY clause.
Numeric values are displayed from the maximum to the minimum value if they have decimal positions.
Answer: A. The ORDER BY clause does a case sensitive sorting with character values.
46. You need to generate a report of all employees from the EMPLOYEES table based on the following conditions:
1. The Employee first name should not begin with 'T' or 'N'.
2. The Employee's salary should be more than 20000.
3. The Employee should have been hired after 1st January 2010.
Which WHERE clause would give the required result?

WHERE first_name NOT LIKE 'T%' OR first_name NOT LIKE 'N%' AND salary > 20000 AND hire_date > '1-JAN-10'
WHERE (first_name NOT LIKE 'T%' AND first_name NOT LIKE 'N%')OR salary > 20000 OR hire_date > '1-JAN-10'
WHERE first_name NOT LIKE 'T%' AND first_name NOT LIKE 'N%' AND salary > 20000 AND hire_date > '1-JAN-10'
WHERE (first_name NOT LIKE '%T%' OR first_name NOT LIKE '%N%') AND(salary > 20000 AND hire_date > '1-JAN-10')

WHERE first_name NOT LIKE 'T%' OR first_name NOT LIKE 'N%' AND salary > 20000 AND hire_date > '1-JAN-10'
WHERE (first_name NOT LIKE 'T%' AND first_name NOT LIKE 'N%')OR salary > 20000 OR hire_date > '1-JAN-10'
WHERE first_name NOT LIKE 'T%' AND first_name NOT LIKE 'N%' AND salary > 20000 AND hire_date > '1-JAN-10'
WHERE (first_name NOT LIKE '%T%' OR first_name NOT LIKE '%N%') AND(salary > 20000 AND hire_date > '1-JAN-10')
Answer: C. 
47. Using the EMPLOYEES table, you need to display the names of all employees hired after January 1, 2013, starting with the freshers. Which query would give the required result? (Choose all that apply.)

SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY 2 DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY first_name DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY 1 DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date "START DATE" FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY "START DATE" DESC;

SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY 2 DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY 2 DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY first_name DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY first_name DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY 1 DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY 1 DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date "START DATE" FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY "START DATE" DESC;
SELECT first_name, hire_date "START DATE" FROM employees WHERE hire_date > '01-JAN-13' ORDER BY "START DATE" DESC;
Answer: A, D.
48. Using the EMPLOYEES table, you need to find out the names and salaries of all the employees hired in departments 100 and 101 in the time interval 15th March '12 to 15th October '13. Which two queries would give the required result? (Choose two.)

SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE dept_id IN (100,101) AND hire_date BETWEEN '15-MAR-12' AND '15-OCT-12';
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 OR dept_id =101 AND hire_date >='15-MAR-12' OR hire_date <='15-OCT-12';
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE (dept_id BETWEEN 100 AND 101) AND (hire_date IN ('15-MAR-12','15-OCT-12'));
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE (dept_id = 100 OR dept_id =101) AND (hire_date >='15-MAR-12' AND hire_date <='15-OCT-12');

SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE dept_id IN (100,101) AND hire_date BETWEEN '15-MAR-12' AND '15-OCT-12';
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE dept_id IN (100,101) AND hire_date BETWEEN '15-MAR-12' AND '15-OCT-12';
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 OR dept_id =101 AND hire_date >='15-MAR-12' OR hire_date <='15-OCT-12';
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE dept_id = 100 OR dept_id =101 AND hire_date >='15-MAR-12' OR hire_date <='15-OCT-12';
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE (dept_id BETWEEN 100 AND 101) AND (hire_date IN ('15-MAR-12','15-OCT-12'));
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE (dept_id BETWEEN 100 AND 101) AND (hire_date IN ('15-MAR-12','15-OCT-12'));
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE (dept_id = 100 OR dept_id =101) AND (hire_date >='15-MAR-12' AND hire_date <='15-OCT-12');
SELECT first_name, salary FROM employees WHERE (dept_id = 100 OR dept_id =101) AND (hire_date >='15-MAR-12' AND hire_date <='15-OCT-12');
Answer: A, D. 
49. Using the EMPLOYEES table, you issue the following query to generate the names, current salary and the salary increased after an appraisal by 25%. The increased salary for all the employees should be above 30000.
SELECT first_name, salary,
salary + (salary *0.25) "INCREASED_SALARY"
FROM employees
WHERE increased_salary >30000;
The query throws an error ORA-00904. What is the reason for the error?

The parenthesis is missing in the expression used in SELECT statement.
Single quotes must be used to define a column alias.
Column alias cannot be used in the WHERE clause.
Column alias in the WHERE clause must be enclosed within double quotation marks.

The parenthesis is missing in the expression used in SELECT statement.
Single quotes must be used to define a column alias.
Column alias cannot be used in the WHERE clause.
Column alias in the WHERE clause must be enclosed within double quotation marks.
Answer: C. A column alias cannot be used in WHERE clause conditions but can be used in SELECT statement and ORDER BY clause.
50. You need to display employee names from the EMPLOYEES table that belong to the Department id 100 with minimum salary as either 2000 or 4000 and no job_id. You issue the following query.
SELECT first_name, dept_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE dept_id = 100 AND (salary = 2000 OR salary = 4000) 
AND job_id <> '';
Which statement is true regarding the above query?

It executes successfully but returns no result.
It executes successfully and returns the required result.
It generates an error because the condition specified for job_id is not valid.
It generates an error because the condition specified for the salary column is not valid.

It executes successfully but returns no result.
It executes successfully and returns the required result.
It generates an error because the condition specified for job_id is not valid.
It generates an error because the condition specified for the salary column is not valid.
Answer: A. The condition (salary = 2000 OR salary = 4000) results in FALSE because an employee cannot held multiple salaries at a time.
51. Which three tasks can be performed using SQL functions built into Oracle Database? (Choose three.)

Displaying a date in a non-default format
Finding the number of characters in an expression
Substituting a character string in a text expression with a specified string
Combining more than two columns or expressions into a single column in the output

Displaying a date in a non-default format
Finding the number of characters in an expression
Substituting a character string in a text expression with a specified string
Combining more than two columns or expressions into a single column in the output
Answer: A, B, C. Use formatting functions (TO_CHAR, TO_DATE), and character functions (LENGTH, REPLACE) to achieve the objectives.
52. You need to generate a report that displays the IDs of all employees in the EMPLOYEES table whose salary is at least 25% more than the value 20000. The details should be displayed in the descending order of the salary.  You issue the following query.
SELECT emp_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary>=20000*0.25 
ORDER BY salary*0.25 DESC;
Which statement is true regarding the above query?

It executes and produces the required result.
It produces an error because an expression cannot be used in the ORDER BY clause.
It produces an error because the DESC option cannot be used with an expression in the ORDER BY clause.
It produces an error because the expression in the ORDER BY clause should also be specified in the SELECT clause.

It executes and produces the required result.
It produces an error because an expression cannot be used in the ORDER BY clause.
It produces an error because the DESC option cannot be used with an expression in the ORDER BY clause.
It produces an error because the expression in the ORDER BY clause should also be specified in the SELECT clause.
Answer: A. The ORDER BY clause can contain column expressions.
53. Examine the structure and data of the TRAININGS table:
 Name                                      Null?    Type
 ----------------------------------------- -------- -------------

 TRAINING_ID                               NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
 TRAINING_LOCATION                                  NUMBER(7,2)
 START_DATE                                         DATE
 END_DATE                                           DATE
TRAINING_ID      START_DATE                      TRAINING_COST
------ ---------------- -------------------------------------------------
11 	                 01-JAN-10 			1000
22 		  01-FEB-10 			2000
33 		  01-MAR-10 			3000
Dates are stored in the default date format dd-mon-rr in the TRAININGS table. Which three SQL statements would execute successfully? (Choose three.)

SELECT start_date + '10' FROM trainings;
SELECT * FROM trainings WHERE start_date = '01-01-10';
SELECT training_cost FROM trainings WHERE training_id > '11';
SELECT * FROM trainings WHERE start_date ='01-JANUARY-10';

SELECT start_date + '10' FROM trainings;
SELECT start_date + '10' FROM trainings;
SELECT * FROM trainings WHERE start_date = '01-01-10';
SELECT * FROM trainings WHERE start_date = '01-01-10';
SELECT training_cost FROM trainings WHERE training_id > '11';
SELECT training_cost FROM trainings WHERE training_id > '11';
SELECT * FROM trainings WHERE start_date ='01-JANUARY-10';
SELECT * FROM trainings WHERE start_date ='01-JANUARY-10';
Answer: A, C, D.
54. Which of the following statements is/are true with respect to the below query?
SELECT emp_id, first_name 
FROM employees
ORDER BY dept_id;

ORDER BY clause should contain only those columns which are in the SELECT statement. 
The above query will sort the result set in descending order. 
ORDER BY clause can contain any column in the related table, not necessarily the columns in the SELECT statement. 
It throws an error on execution. 

ORDER BY clause should contain only those columns which are in the SELECT statement. 
The above query will sort the result set in descending order. 
ORDER BY clause can contain any column in the related table, not necessarily the columns in the SELECT statement. 
It throws an error on execution. 
Answer: C. The ORDER BY clause can use a column to sort the data which is not selected in the column list but is contained in the table used in FROM clause.
55. Which feature of ORDER BY clause is demonstrated in the below query?
SELECT emp_id, first_name “EmpName”
FROM employees
ORDER BY "EmpName";

ORDER BY clause should contain only those columns which are in the SELECT statement. 
The above query will sort the result set in descending order of first names of employees.
ORDER BY clause works with column aliases. 
The SELECT query throws an error on execution because column alias cannot be used in ORDER BY clause.

ORDER BY clause should contain only those columns which are in the SELECT statement. 
The above query will sort the result set in descending order of first names of employees.
ORDER BY clause works with column aliases. 
The SELECT query throws an error on execution because column alias cannot be used in ORDER BY clause.
Answer: C. The ORDER BY clauses works fine with the column aliases used in SELECT statement. 
56. What is true about the query given below?
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date 
FROM employees
ORDER BY 2;

It executes successfully sorting the query results based on the JOB_ID. 
The ORDER BY clause cannot contain a numeric. 
The ORDER BY clause will not function as none of the columns in the SELECT statement are used in the ORDER BY clause.
The query throws an error on execution. 

It executes successfully sorting the query results based on the JOB_ID. 
The ORDER BY clause cannot contain a numeric. 
The ORDER BY clause will not function as none of the columns in the SELECT statement are used in the ORDER BY clause.
The query throws an error on execution. 
Answer: A. Numeric position of the column can be used in the ORDER BY clause.
57. You need to list the employees details for different jobs but only one at a time.
SELECT emp_id, first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE job_id....;
Which of the following is an easier way to achieve the same in SQL* Plus?

Substitute each Job Id at a time
Use * to list details of all employees
Use &JOB to prompt for user input every time the query is executed
Declare session variables to substitute Job Id values in the query

Substitute each Job Id at a time
Use * to list details of all employees
Use &JOB to prompt for user input every time the query is executed
Declare session variables to substitute Job Id values in the query
Answer: C. The &X notation haults the query execution and prompts for user input every time the query is executed. 
58. Which of the following statements is true regarding substitution variables in SQL?

The same query can be executed for different values using the substitution variables. 
Using the substitution variables, one needs to alter the WHERE clause every time. 
Substitution variables are not supported in Oracle. 
There is a limitation that a value is supposed to be entered in the substitution variables every time during the execution of a query.

The same query can be executed for different values using the substitution variables. 
Using the substitution variables, one needs to alter the WHERE clause every time. 
Substitution variables are not supported in Oracle. 
There is a limitation that a value is supposed to be entered in the substitution variables every time during the execution of a query.
Answer: A. 
59. Which of the following data type is assigned to Substitution variables?

VARCHAR2
DATE
NO DATA TYPE
NUMBER

VARCHAR2
DATE
NO DATA TYPE
NUMBER
Answer: C.  Substitution variables do not have the data type of their own but comply with the column's data type with whom they are used. 
60. Which among the following is true about substitution variables?

The value entered in the variables remains constant and the user cannot change the values after the execution of the query for the first time. 
The value is stored in the variables after the query executes once. 
The substitution variables only support NUMBERS.
The value stored in the substitution variables (using a single ampersand) is used for the first execution and gets discarded. 

The value entered in the variables remains constant and the user cannot change the values after the execution of the query for the first time. 
The value is stored in the variables after the query executes once. 
The substitution variables only support NUMBERS.
The value stored in the substitution variables (using a single ampersand) is used for the first execution and gets discarded. 
Answer: D. 
61. Which of the following is a correct syntax for Substitution variables in SQL* Plus?

:var
$var
&var
&&var

:var
$var
&var
&&var
Answer: C, D.
62. Which of the following Substitution variables will take the entered value once and then keeps it for the rest of the session?

&&var
&var
:var
::var

&&var
&var
:var
::var
Answer: A. A substitution variable with double ampersand repeatedly uses the value once provided by the user. 
63. Which of the following is true about substitution variables?

Only NUMBERS can be entered as values. 
Only Character strings can be entered as values. 
Both Numbers and Characters can be entered as values.
None of the above. 

Only NUMBERS can be entered as values. 
Only Character strings can be entered as values. 
Both Numbers and Characters can be entered as values.
None of the above. 
Answer: C. 
64. What is true about the query given below?
SELECT first_name, last_name, employee_id, salary 
FROM employees 
WHERE employee_id = &eid;

It throws an error "ORA-00904: "&eid": invalid identifier"
It executes successfully. 
The WHERE clause can't have substitution variables. 
The query prompts for a value to be entered for the variable &eid and executes successfully taking a valid value of employee_id. 

It throws an error "ORA-00904: "&eid": invalid identifier"
It executes successfully. 
The WHERE clause can't have substitution variables. 
The query prompts for a value to be entered for the variable &eid and executes successfully taking a valid value of employee_id. 
Answer: B, D. 
65. Choose the statements which hold true about the query given below.
SELECT first_name, last_name, &&prompt_col 
FROM employees
ORDER BY &&promp_col;

It throws an error as the use of the substitution variable prompt_col is not allowed. 
It executes successfully but the result set is not sorted. 
It executes successfully but the variable value entered in the SELECT statement is ignored. 
It executes successfully and the value of the substitution variable is maintained throughout the session.

It throws an error as the use of the substitution variable prompt_col is not allowed. 
It executes successfully but the result set is not sorted. 
It executes successfully but the variable value entered in the SELECT statement is ignored. 
It executes successfully and the value of the substitution variable is maintained throughout the session.
Answer: D. A substitution variable can be used in all the clauses of SQL query.
66. Which of the following commands is used to create and assign a value to a substitution variable in SQL* Plus?

&var
&&var
SET
DEFINE

&var
&&var
SET
DEFINE
Answer: D. Use DEFINE command in SQL* Plus to declare a substitution variable in a session.
67. What will be the outcome of the below activity in SQL* Plus?
DEFINE eid = 117 

SELECT first_name, last_name, employee_id, salary 
FROM employees 
WHERE employee_id = &eid;

The SELECT query throws error as substitution variables cannot be defined in the session. 
It prompts the user to enter the value for the variable &eid.
It executes successfully with the employee ID substituted as 117. 
It ignores the DEFINE command because the substitution variable is declared without ampersand (&) sign.

The SELECT query throws error as substitution variables cannot be defined in the session. 
It prompts the user to enter the value for the variable &eid.
It executes successfully with the employee ID substituted as 117. 
It ignores the DEFINE command because the substitution variable is declared without ampersand (&) sign.
Answer: C. 
68. What is the command to remove the value of the substitution variable set by the command DEFINE?

UNDEFINE
SET OFF
DELETE
CLEAR

UNDEFINE
SET OFF
DELETE
CLEAR
Answer: A. Use UNDEFINE command to delete a substitution variable from the session
69. Which of the following commands is used to check the substitution variables values before and after execution of an SQL query?

DEFINE
UNDEFINE
SHOW VARIABLE
VERIFY

DEFINE
UNDEFINE
SHOW VARIABLE
VERIFY
Answer: D.Use VERIFY command in SQL*Plus and SQL Developer to check the substitution of values using substitution variables. 
70. Which of the following are valid operators for the WHERE clause?

>=
IS NULL
!=
IS LIKE

>=
IS NULL
!=
IS LIKE
Answer: A, B, C. 
71. Evaluate the following query:
SELECT ename || q'{'s salary is }' || sal
AS "Salary"
FROM emp;

Gives an error because braces cannot be used with [q] operator
Gives error due to data type mismatch
Executes successfully and adds an apostrophe ('s) at the end of each employee's name
Executes successfully and appends the employee name with the literal " {'s start date was } " 

Gives an error because braces cannot be used with [q] operator
Gives error due to data type mismatch
Executes successfully and adds an apostrophe ('s) at the end of each employee's name
Executes successfully and appends the employee name with the literal " {'s start date was } " 
Answer: C.
72. Which of the below WHERE clause predicates will correctly list the employees from department 20?

WHERE deptno IS 20
WHERE deptno 20
WHERE deptno=20
WHERE 20=deptno

WHERE deptno IS 20
WHERE deptno 20
WHERE deptno=20
WHERE 20=deptno
Answer: C, D. The equality operator (=) is used to compare the operands in the condition for equality.
73. Write a SELECT query to list the employees whose salary is greater than 1000.

SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal GREATER THAN 1000 
SELECT ename, sal FROm emp WHERE sal > 1000
SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal >= 1000
SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal MORE THAN 1000

SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal GREATER THAN 1000 
SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal GREATER THAN 1000 
SELECT ename, sal FROm emp WHERE sal > 1000
SELECT ename, sal FROm emp WHERE sal > 1000
SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal >= 1000
SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal >= 1000
SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal MORE THAN 1000
SELECT ename, sal FROM emp WHERE sal MORE THAN 1000
Answer: B. The greater than operator (>) is used to compare the operands in the condition.
74. What would happen when the below query is executed in SQL* Plus?
SELECT ename, sal, deptno
FROM emp
WHERE sal/10 > deptno*10;

Executes successfully and lists the employees whose 10th part of salary is greater than 10 times his department number
Raises error because expressions must be enclosed with parentheses
Raises error because WHERE clause cannot evaluate expressions
Raises error because WHERE clause cannot use literals

Executes successfully and lists the employees whose 10th part of salary is greater than 10 times his department number
Raises error because expressions must be enclosed with parentheses
Raises error because WHERE clause cannot evaluate expressions
Raises error because WHERE clause cannot use literals
Answer: A. The WHERE clause can contain expressions.
75. Determine the error in the below SELECT statement
SELECT ename, deptno, sal
FROM emp
WHERE job=CLERK;

WHERE clause cannot refer the column JOB since it doesn't appears in the SELECT column list
Character literal CLERK must be enclosed within single quotes
Character literal CLERK must be enclosed within parentheses
No error in the query

WHERE clause cannot refer the column JOB since it doesn't appears in the SELECT column list
Character literal CLERK must be enclosed within single quotes
Character literal CLERK must be enclosed within parentheses
No error in the query
Answer: B. Character literals must be enclosed within single quotes
76. Interpret the output of the below SQL query
SELECT ename, deptno, sal
FROM emp
WHERE sysdate-hiredate > 100;

The query lists the employees whose hiredate is atleast 100 days earlier than the current date
The query lists the employees who have worked more than 100 days in the company
The query lists the employees whose hiredate is after 100 days in that year
The query lists the employees who have spent less than 100 days in the company

The query lists the employees whose hiredate is atleast 100 days earlier than the current date
The query lists the employees who have worked more than 100 days in the company
The query lists the employees whose hiredate is after 100 days in that year
The query lists the employees who have spent less than 100 days in the company
Answer: A, B. Dates expressions can be used in WHERE clause
77. Which of the following query will display the employees which are hired after 31st Decemeber, 1982?

SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > '31-DEC-1982';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > to_date('31-DEC-1982','DD-MM-YYYY');
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > to_char('31-DEC-1982','DD-MM-YYYY');
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > 31-DEC-1982;

SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > '31-DEC-1982';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > '31-DEC-1982';
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > to_date('31-DEC-1982','DD-MM-YYYY');
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > to_date('31-DEC-1982','DD-MM-YYYY');
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > to_char('31-DEC-1982','DD-MM-YYYY');
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > to_char('31-DEC-1982','DD-MM-YYYY');
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > 31-DEC-1982;
SELECT ename, deptno FROM emp WHERE hiredate > 31-DEC-1982;
Answer: A, B. Date literals must be enclosed within single quotes.
78. Which of the following WHERE conditions will list employees who were hired on current date?

WHERE sysdate-hiredate=0
WHERE sysdate=hiredate
WHERE sysdate-hiredate<1
WHERE to_date (sysdate,'DD-MON-YYYY') = to_date (hiredate='DD-MON-YYYY')

WHERE sysdate-hiredate=0
WHERE sysdate=hiredate
WHERE sysdate-hiredate<1
WHERE to_date (sysdate,'DD-MON-YYYY') = to_date (hiredate='DD-MON-YYYY')
Answer: C, D. The condition SYSDATE=HIREDATE will not work because SYSDATE contains dynamic timestamp component while hiredate is a static value in the database.
79. What of the following are the valid formats of date literals which can be used in WHERE clause?

24/Mar/95
02-12-1983
19-JUN-2001
31.04.2010

24/Mar/95
02-12-1983
19-JUN-2001
31.04.2010
Answer: A, C. Default format for date literals is DD-MON-RR.

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