Java Program for Matrix Chain Multiplication | DP-8

12 Dec, 2018
Given a sequence of matrices, find the most efficient way to multiply these matrices together. The problem is not actually to perform the multiplications, but merely to decide in which order to perform the multiplications.
We have many options to multiply a chain of matrices because matrix multiplication is associative. In other words, no matter how we parenthesize the product, the result will be the same. For example, if we had four matrices A, B, C, and D, we would have:
    (ABC)D = (AB)(CD) = A(BCD) = ....

However, the order in which we parenthesize the product affects the number of simple arithmetic operations needed to compute the product, or the efficiency. For example, suppose A is a 10 × 30 matrix, B is a 30 × 5 matrix, and C is a 5 × 60 matrix. Then,
    (AB)C = (10×30×5) + (10×5×60) = 1500 + 3000 = 4500 operations
    A(BC) = (30×5×60) + (10×30×60) = 9000 + 18000 = 27000 operations.

Clearly the first parenthesization requires less number of operations.
Given an array p[] which represents the chain of matrices such that the ith matrix Ai is of dimension p[i-1] x p[i]. We need to write a function MatrixChainOrder() that should return the minimum number of multiplications needed to multiply the chain.
  Input: p[] = {40, 20, 30, 10, 30}   
  Output: 26000  
  There are 4 matrices of dimensions 40x20, 20x30, 30x10 and 10x30.
  Let the input 4 matrices be A, B, C and D.  The minimum number of 
  multiplications are obtained by putting parenthesis in following way
  (A(BC))D --> 20*30*10 + 40*20*10 + 40*10*30

  Input: p[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 30} 
  Output: 30000 
  There are 4 matrices of dimensions 10x20, 20x30, 30x40 and 40x30. 
  Let the input 4 matrices be A, B, C and D.  The minimum number of 
  multiplications are obtained by putting parenthesis in following way
  ((AB)C)D --> 10*20*30 + 10*30*40 + 10*40*30

  Input: p[] = {10, 20, 30}  
  Output: 6000  
  There are only two matrices of dimensions 10x20 and 20x30. So there 
  is only one way to multiply the matrices, cost of which is 10*20*30

Following is a recursive implementation that simply follows the above optimal substructure property.
Java
/* A naive recursive implementation that simply follows   the above optimal substructure property */class MatrixChainMultiplication {    // Matrix Ai has dimension p[i-1] x p[i] for i = 1..n    static int MatrixChainOrder(int p[], int i, int j)    {        if (i == j)            return 0;          int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;          // place parenthesis at different places between first        // and last matrix, recursively calculate count of        // multiplications for each parenthesis placement and        // return the minimum count        for (int k = i; k < j; k++) {            int count = MatrixChainOrder(p, i, k) +                         MatrixChainOrder(p, k + 1, j) +                         p[i - 1] * p[k] * p[j];              if (count < min)                min = count;        }          // Return minimum count        return min;    }      // Driver program to test above function    public static void main(String args[])    {        int arr[] = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 3 };        int n = arr.length;          System.out.println("Minimum number of multiplications is "                                + MatrixChainOrder(arr, 1, n - 1));    }}/* This code is contributed by Rajat Mishra*/
Minimum number of multiplications is 30

Dynamic Programming Solution
Java
// Dynamic Programming Python implementation of Matrix// Chain Multiplication.// See the Cormen book for details of the following algorithmclass MatrixChainMultiplication {    // Matrix Ai has dimension p[i-1] x p[i] for i = 1..n    static int MatrixChainOrder(int p[], int n)    {        /* For simplicity of the program, one extra row and one        extra column are allocated in m[][].  0th row and 0th        column of m[][] are not used */        int m[][] = new int[n][n];          int i, j, k, L, q;          /* m[i, j] = Minimum number of scalar multiplications needed        to compute the matrix A[i]A[i+1]...A[j] = A[i..j] where        dimension of A[i] is p[i-1] x p[i] */          // cost is zero when multiplying one matrix.        for (i = 1; i < n; i++)            m[i][i] = 0;          // L is chain length.        for (L = 2; L < n; L++) {            for (i = 1; i < n - L + 1; i++) {                j = i + L - 1;                if (j == n)                    continue;                m[i][j] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;                for (k = i; k <= j - 1; k++) {                    // q = cost/scalar multiplications                    q = m[i][k] + m[k + 1][j] + p[i - 1] * p[k] * p[j];                    if (q < m[i][j])                        m[i][j] = q;                }            }        }          return m[1][n - 1];    }      // Driver program to test above function    public static void main(String args[])    {        int arr[] = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 };        int size = arr.length;          System.out.println("Minimum number of multiplications is "                             + MatrixChainOrder(arr, size));    }}/* This code is contributed by Rajat Mishra*/
Minimum number of multiplications is 18

Please refer complete article on Matrix Chain Multiplication | DP-8 for more details!
Java Programs
Writing code in comment?
Please use ide.geeksforgeeks.org,
generate link and share the link here.
Iterate Over the Characters of a String in Java
How to Convert Char to String in Java?
How to Get Elements By Index from HashSet in Java?
Java Program to Write into a File
How to Write Data into Excel Sheet using Java?
Java Program to Read a File to String
Comparing two ArrayList In Java
SHA-1 Hash
Java Program to Convert File to a Byte Array
Java Program to Find Sum of Array Elements