Cryptography Introduction - GeeksforGeeks

13 Feb, 2020
Cryptography is the study and practice of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. It deals with developing and analyzing protocols which prevents malicious third parties from retrieving information being shared between two entities thereby following the various aspects of information security.
Secure Communication refers to the scenario where the message or data shared between two parties can’t be accessed by an adversary. In Cryptography, an Adversary is a malicious entity, which aims to retrieve precious information or data thereby undermining the principles of information security.
Data Confidentiality, Data Integrity, Authentication and Non-repudiation are core principles of modern-day cryptography.
Confidentiality refers to certain rules and guidelines usually executed under confidentiality agreements which ensure that the information is restricted to certain people or places.Data integrity refers to maintaining and making sure that the data stays accurate and consistent over its entire life cycle.Authentication is the process of making sure that the piece of data being claimed by the user belongs to it.Non-repudiation refers to ability to make sure that a person or a party associated with a contract or a communication cannot deny the authenticity of their signature over their document or the sending of a message.
Confidentiality refers to certain rules and guidelines usually executed under confidentiality agreements which ensure that the information is restricted to certain people or places.
Data integrity refers to maintaining and making sure that the data stays accurate and consistent over its entire life cycle.
Authentication is the process of making sure that the piece of data being claimed by the user belongs to it.
Non-repudiation refers to ability to make sure that a person or a party associated with a contract or a communication cannot deny the authenticity of their signature over their document or the sending of a message.
Consider two parties Alice and Bob. Now, Alice wants to send a message m to Bob over a secure channel.So, what happens is as follows.The sender’s message or sometimes called the Plaintext, is converted into an unreadable form using a Key k. The resultant text obtained is called the Ciphertext. This process is known as Encryption. At the time of receival, the Ciphertext is converted back into the plaintext using the same Key k, so that it can be read by the receiver. This process is known as Decryption.
Alice (Sender)       Bob (Receiver)
C = E (m, k)  ---->    m = D (C, k) 
Here, C refers to the Ciphertext while E and D are the Encryption and Decryption algorithms respectively.
Let’s consider the case of Caesar Cipher or Shift Cipher as an example.As the name suggests, in Caesar Cipher each character in a word is replaced by another character under some defined rules. Thus, if A is replaced by D, B by E and so on. Then, each character in the word would be shifted by a position of 3. For example:
Plaintext : Geeksforgeeks
Ciphertext : Jhhnvirujhhnv 
Note that even if the adversary knows that the cipher is based on Caesar Cipher, it cannot predict the plaintext as it doesn’t have the key in this case which is to shift the characters back by three places.
Refer for Introduction to Crypto-terminologies.
cryptography
Computer Networks
GATE CS
cryptography
Computer Networks
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