Encapsulation in C++ - GeeksforGeeks

24 Nov, 2021
In normal terms Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up of data and information under a single unit. In Object Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data and the functions that manipulates them.Consider a real life example of encapsulation, in a company there are different sections like the accounts section, finance section, sales section etc. The finance section handles all the financial transactions and keep records of all the data related to finance. Similarly the sales section handles all the sales related activities and keep records of all the sales. Now there may arise a situation when for some reason an official from finance section needs all the data about sales in a particular month. In this case, he is not allowed to directly access the data of sales section. He will first have to contact some other officer in the sales section and then request him to give the particular data. This is what encapsulation is. Here the data of sales section and the employees that can manipulate them are wrapped under a single name “sales section”.
Encapsulation also lead to data abstraction or hiding. As using encapsulation also hides the data. In the above example the data of any of the section like sales, finance or accounts is hidden from any other section.
In C++ encapsulation can be implemented using Class and access modifiers. Look at the below program:
// c++ program to explain// Encapsulation  #include<iostream>using namespace std;  class Encapsulation{    private:        // data hidden from outside world        int x;              public:        // function to set value of         // variable x        void set(int a)        {            x =a;        }                  // function to return value of        // variable x        int get()        {            return x;        }};  // main functionint main(){    Encapsulation obj;          obj.set(5);          cout<<obj.get();    return 0;}
output:
5

In the above program the variable x is made private. This variable can be accessed and manipulated only using the functions get() and set() which are present inside the class. Thus we can say that here, the variable x and the functions get() and set() are binded together which is nothing but encapsulation.
Role of access specifiers in encapsulation
As we have seen in above example, access specifiers plays an important role in implementing encapsulation in C++. The process of implementing encapsulation can be sub-divided into two steps:
The data members should be labeled as private using the private access specifiersThe member function which manipulates the data members should be labeled as public using the public access specifier
The data members should be labeled as private using the private access specifiers
The member function which manipulates the data members should be labeled as public using the public access specifier
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