Gensim - Creating LSI & HDP Topic Model

This chapter deals with creating Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) and Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP) topic model with regards to Gensim.
The topic modeling algorithms that was first implemented in Gensim with Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI). It is also called Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). It got patented in 1988 by Scott Deerwester, Susan Dumais, George Furnas, Richard Harshman, Thomas Landaur, Karen Lochbaum, and Lynn Streeter.
In this section we are going to set up our LSI model. It can be done in the same way of setting up LDA model. We need to import LSI model from gensim.models.
Actually, LSI is a technique NLP, especially in distributional semantics. It analyses the relationship between a set of documents and the terms these documents contain. If we talk about its working, then it constructs a matrix that contains word counts per document from a large piece of text.
Once constructed, to reduce the number of rows, LSI model use a mathematical technique called singular value decomposition (SVD). Along with reducing the number of rows, it also preserves the similarity structure among columns.
In matrix, the rows represent unique words and the columns represent each document. It works based on distributional hypothesis, i.e. it assumes that the words that are close in meaning will occur in same kind of text.
Here, we are going to use LSI (Latent Semantic Indexing) to extract the naturally discussed topics from dataset.
The dataset which we are going to use is the dataset of ’20 Newsgroups’ having thousands of news articles from various sections of a news report. It is available under Sklearn data sets. We can easily download with the help of following Python script −
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train')

Let’s look at some of the sample news with the help of following script −
newsgroups_train.data[:4]
["From: lerxst@wam.umd.edu (where's my thing)\nSubject: 
WHAT car is this!?\nNntp-Posting-Host: rac3.wam.umd.edu\nOrganization: 
University of Maryland, College Park\nLines: 15\n\n 
I was wondering if anyone out there could enlighten me on this car 
I saw\nthe other day. It was a 2-door sports car,
looked to be from the late 60s/\nearly 70s. It was called a Bricklin. 
The doors were really small. In addition,\nthe front bumper was separate from 
the rest of the body. This is \nall I know. If anyone can tellme a model name, 
engine specs, years\nof production, where this car is made, history, or 
whatever info you\nhave on this funky looking car, 
please e-mail.\n\nThanks,\n- IL\n ---- brought to you by your neighborhood 
Lerxst ----\n\n\n\n\n",

"From: guykuo@carson.u.washington.edu (Guy Kuo)\nSubject: 
SI Clock Poll - Final Call\nSummary: Final call for SI clock reports\nKeywords: 
SI,acceleration,clock,upgrade\nArticle-I.D.: shelley.1qvfo9INNc3s\nOrganization: 
University of Washington\nLines: 11\nNNTP-Posting-Host: carson.u.washington.edu\n\nA 
fair number of brave souls who upgraded their SI clock oscillator have\nshared their 
experiences for this poll. Please send a brief message detailing\nyour experiences with 
the procedure. Top speed attained, CPU rated speed,\nadd on cards and adapters, heat 
sinks, hour of usage per day, floppy disk\nfunctionality with 800 and 1.4 m floppies 
are especially requested.\n\nI will be summarizing in the next two days, so please add 
to the network\nknowledge base if you have done the clock upgrade and haven't answered 
this\npoll. Thanks.\n\nGuy Kuo <guykuo@u.washington.edu>\n",

'From: twillis@ec.ecn.purdue.edu (Thomas E Willis)\nSubject: 
PB questions...\nOrganization: Purdue University Engineering Computer 
Network\nDistribution: usa\nLines: 36\n\nwell folks, my mac plus finally gave up the 
ghost this weekend after\nstarting life as a 512k way back in 1985. sooo, i\'m in the 
market for a\nnew machine a bit sooner than i intended to be...\n\ni\'m looking into 
picking up a powerbook 160 or maybe 180 and have a bunch\nof questions that (hopefully) 
somebody can answer:\n\n* does anybody know any dirt on when the next round of 
powerbook\nintroductions are expected? i\'d heard the 185c was supposed to make 
an\nappearence "this summer" but haven\'t heard anymore on it - and since i\ndon\'t 
have access to macleak, i was wondering if anybody out there had\nmore info...\n\n* has 
anybody heard rumors about price drops to the powerbook line like the\nones the duo\'s 
just went through recently?\n\n* what\'s the impression of the display on the 180? i 
could probably swing\na 180 if i got the 80Mb disk rather than the 120, but i don\'t 
really have\na feel for how much "better" the display is (yea, it looks great in 
the\nstore, but is that all "wow" or is it really that good?). could i solicit\nsome 
opinions of people who use the 160 and 180 day-to-day on if its worth\ntaking the disk 
size and money hit to get the active display? (i realize\nthis is a real subjective 
question, but i\'ve only played around with the\nmachines in a computer store breifly 
and figured the opinions of somebody\nwho actually uses the machine daily might prove 
helpful).\n\n* how well does hellcats perform? ;)\n\nthanks a bunch in advance for any 
info - if you could email, i\'ll post a\nsummary (news reading time is at a premium 
with finals just around the\ncorner... :( )\n--\nTom Willis \\ twillis@ecn.purdue.edu 
\\ Purdue Electrical 
Engineering\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\
n"Convictions are more dangerous enemies of truth than lies." - F. W.\nNietzsche\n',

'From: jgreen@amber (Joe Green)\nSubject: Re: Weitek P9000 ?\nOrganization: Harris 
Computer Systems Division\nLines: 14\nDistribution: world\nNNTP-Posting-Host: 
amber.ssd.csd.harris.com\nX-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL9]\n\nRobert J.C. Kyanko 
(rob@rjck.UUCP) wrote:\n > abraxis@iastate.edu writes in article <
abraxis.734340159@class1.iastate.edu>:\n> > Anyone know about the Weitek P9000 
graphics chip?\n > As far as the low-level stuff goes, it looks pretty nice. It\'s 
got this\n > quadrilateral fill command that requires just the four
points.\n\nDo you have Weitek\'s address/phone number? I\'d like to get some 
information\nabout this chip.\n\n--\nJoe Green\t\t\t\tHarris 
Corporation\njgreen@csd.harris.com\t\t\tComputer Systems Division\n"The only thing that 
really scares me is a person with no sense of humor."\n\t\t\t\t\t\t-- Jonathan 
Winters\n']

We need Stopwords from NLTK and English model from Scapy. Both can be downloaded as follows −
import nltk;
nltk.download('stopwords')
nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md', disable=['parser', 'ner'])

In order to build LSI model we need to import following necessary package −
import re
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pprint import pprint
import gensim
import gensim.corpora as corpora
from gensim.utils import simple_preprocess
from gensim.models import CoherenceModel
import spacy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Now we need to import the Stopwords and use them −
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
stop_words = stopwords.words('english')
stop_words.extend(['from', 'subject', 're', 'edu', 'use'])

Now, with the help of Gensim’s simple_preprocess() we need to tokenise each sentence into a list of words. We should also remove the punctuations and unnecessary characters. In order to do this, we will create a function named sent_to_words() −
def sent_to_words(sentences):
   for sentence in sentences:
      yield(gensim.utils.simple_preprocess(str(sentence), deacc=True))
data_words = list(sent_to_words(data))

As we know that bigrams are two words that are frequently occurring together in the document and trigram are three words that are frequently occurring together in the document. With the help of Gensim’s Phrases model, we can do this −
bigram = gensim.models.Phrases(data_words, min_count=5, threshold=100)
trigram = gensim.models.Phrases(bigram[data_words], threshold=100)
bigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(bigram)
trigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(trigram)

Next, we need to filter out the Stopwords. Along with that, we will also create functions to make bigrams, trigrams and for lemmatisation −
def remove_stopwords(texts):
   return [[word for word in simple_preprocess(str(doc)) 
   if word not in stop_words] for doc in texts]
def make_bigrams(texts):
   return [bigram_mod[doc] for doc in texts]
def make_trigrams(texts):
   return [trigram_mod[bigram_mod[doc]] for doc in texts]
def lemmatization(texts, allowed_postags=['NOUN', 'ADJ', 'VERB', 'ADV']):
   texts_out = []
   for sent in texts:
      doc = nlp(" ".join(sent))
      texts_out.append([token.lemma_ for token in doc if token.pos_ in allowed_postags])
   return texts_out

We now need to build the dictionary & corpus. We did it in the previous examples as well −
id2word = corpora.Dictionary(data_lemmatized)
texts = data_lemmatized
corpus = [id2word.doc2bow(text) for text in texts]

We already implemented everything that is required to train the LSI model. Now, it is the time to build the LSI topic model. For our implementation example, it can be done with the help of following line of codes −
lsi_model = gensim.models.lsimodel.LsiModel(
   corpus=corpus, id2word=id2word, num_topics=20,chunksize=100
)

Let’s see the complete implementation example to build LDA topic model −
import re
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pprint import pprint
import gensim
import gensim.corpora as corpora
from gensim.utils import simple_preprocess
from gensim.models import CoherenceModel
import spacy
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
stop_words = stopwords.words('english')
stop_words.extend(['from', 'subject', 're', 'edu', 'use'])
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
newsgroups_train = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train')
data = newsgroups_train.data
data = [re.sub('\S*@\S*\s?', '', sent) for sent in data]
data = [re.sub('\s+', ' ', sent) for sent in data]
data = [re.sub("\'", "", sent) for sent in data]
print(data_words[:4]) #it will print the data after prepared for stopwords
bigram = gensim.models.Phrases(data_words, min_count=5, threshold=100)
trigram = gensim.models.Phrases(bigram[data_words], threshold=100)
bigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(bigram)
trigram_mod = gensim.models.phrases.Phraser(trigram)
def remove_stopwords(texts):
   return [[word for word in simple_preprocess(str(doc)) 
   if word not in stop_words] for doc in texts]
def make_bigrams(texts):
   return [bigram_mod[doc] for doc in texts]
def make_trigrams(texts):
   return [trigram_mod[bigram_mod[doc]] for doc in texts]
def lemmatization(texts, allowed_postags=['NOUN', 'ADJ', 'VERB', 'ADV']):
   texts_out = []
   for sent in texts:
      doc = nlp(" ".join(sent))
      texts_out.append([token.lemma_ for token in doc if token.pos_ in allowed_postags])
return texts_out
data_words_nostops = remove_stopwords(data_words)
data_words_bigrams = make_bigrams(data_words_nostops)
nlp = spacy.load('en_core_web_md', disable=['parser', 'ner'])
data_lemmatized = lemmatization(
   data_words_bigrams, allowed_postags=['NOUN', 'ADJ', 'VERB', 'ADV']
)
print(data_lemmatized[:4]) #it will print the lemmatized data.
id2word = corpora.Dictionary(data_lemmatized)
texts = data_lemmatized
corpus = [id2word.doc2bow(text) for text in texts]
print(corpus[:4]) #it will print the corpus we created above.
[[(id2word[id], freq) for id, freq in cp] for cp in corpus[:4]] 
#it will print the words with their frequencies.
lsi_model = gensim.models.lsimodel.LsiModel(
   corpus=corpus, id2word=id2word, num_topics=20,chunksize=100
)
We can now use the above created LSI model to get the topics.
The LSI model (lsi_model) we have created above can be used to view the topics from the documents. It can be done with the help of following script −
pprint(lsi_model.print_topics())
doc_lsi = lsi_model[corpus]

[
   (0,
   '1.000*"ax" + 0.001*"_" + 0.000*"tm" + 0.000*"part" +    0.000*"pne" + '
   '0.000*"biz" + 0.000*"mbs" + 0.000*"end" + 0.000*"fax" + 0.000*"mb"'),
   (1,
   '0.239*"say" + 0.222*"file" + 0.189*"go" + 0.171*"know" + 0.169*"people" + '
   '0.147*"make" + 0.140*"use" + 0.135*"also" + 0.133*"see" + 0.123*"think"')
]

Topic models such as LDA and LSI helps in summarising and organising large archives of texts that is not possible to analyse by hand. Apart from LDA and LSI, one other powerful topic model in Gensim is HDP (Hierarchical Dirichlet Process). It’s basically a mixed-membership model for unsupervised analysis of grouped data. Unlike LDA (its’s finite counterpart), HDP infers the number of topics from the data.
For implementing HDP in Gensim, we need to train corpus and dictionary (as did in the above examples while implementing LDA and LSI topic models) HDP topic model that we can import from gensim.models.HdpModel. Here also we will implement HDP topic model on 20Newsgroup data and the steps are also same.
For our corpus and dictionary (created in above examples for LSI and LDA model), we can import HdpModel as follows −
Hdp_model = gensim.models.hdpmodel.HdpModel(corpus=corpus, id2word=id2word)

The HDP model (Hdp_model) can be used to view the topics from the documents. It can be done with the help of following script −
pprint(Hdp_model.print_topics())

[
   (0,
   '0.009*line + 0.009*write + 0.006*say + 0.006*article + 0.006*know + '
   '0.006*people + 0.005*make + 0.005*go + 0.005*think + 0.005*be'),
   (1,
   '0.016*line + 0.011*write + 0.008*article + 0.008*organization + 0.006*know '
   '+ 0.006*host + 0.006*be + 0.005*get + 0.005*use + 0.005*say'),
   (2,
   '0.810*ax + 0.001*_ + 0.000*tm + 0.000*part + 0.000*mb + 0.000*pne + '
   '0.000*biz + 0.000*end + 0.000*wwiz + 0.000*fax'),
   (3,
   '0.015*line + 0.008*write + 0.007*organization + 0.006*host + 0.006*know + '
   '0.006*article + 0.005*use + 0.005*thank + 0.004*get + 0.004*problem'),
   (4,
   '0.004*line + 0.003*write + 0.002*believe + 0.002*think + 0.002*article + '
   '0.002*belief + 0.002*say + 0.002*see + 0.002*look + 0.002*organization'),
   (5,
   '0.005*line + 0.003*write + 0.003*organization + 0.002*article + 0.002*time '
   '+ 0.002*host + 0.002*get + 0.002*look + 0.002*say + 0.001*number'),
   (6,
   '0.003*line + 0.002*say + 0.002*write + 0.002*go + 0.002*gun + 0.002*get + '
   '0.002*organization + 0.002*bill + 0.002*article + 0.002*state'),
   (7,
   '0.003*line + 0.002*write + 0.002*article + 0.002*organization + 0.001*none '
   '+ 0.001*know + 0.001*say + 0.001*people + 0.001*host + 0.001*new'),
   (8,
   '0.004*line + 0.002*write + 0.002*get + 0.002*team + 0.002*organization + '
   '0.002*go + 0.002*think + 0.002*know + 0.002*article + 0.001*well'),
   (9,
   '0.004*line + 0.002*organization + 0.002*write + 0.001*be + 0.001*host + '
   '0.001*article + 0.001*thank + 0.001*use + 0.001*work + 0.001*run'),
   (10,
   '0.002*line + 0.001*game + 0.001*write + 0.001*get + 0.001*know + '
   '0.001*thing + 0.001*think + 0.001*article + 0.001*help + 0.001*turn'),
   (11,
   '0.002*line + 0.001*write + 0.001*game + 0.001*organization + 0.001*say + '
   '0.001*host + 0.001*give + 0.001*run + 0.001*article + 0.001*get'),
   (12,
   '0.002*line + 0.001*write + 0.001*know + 0.001*time + 0.001*article + '
   '0.001*get + 0.001*think + 0.001*organization + 0.001*scope + 0.001*make'),
   (13,
   '0.002*line + 0.002*write + 0.001*article + 0.001*organization + 0.001*make '
   '+ 0.001*know + 0.001*see + 0.001*get + 0.001*host + 0.001*really'),
   (14,
   '0.002*write + 0.002*line + 0.002*know + 0.001*think + 0.001*say + '
   '0.001*article + 0.001*argument + 0.001*even + 0.001*card + 0.001*be'),
   (15,
   '0.001*article + 0.001*line + 0.001*make + 0.001*write + 0.001*know + '
   '0.001*say + 0.001*exist + 0.001*get + 0.001*purpose + 0.001*organization'),
   (16,
   '0.002*line + 0.001*write + 0.001*article + 0.001*insurance + 0.001*go + '
   '0.001*be + 0.001*host + 0.001*say + 0.001*organization + 0.001*part'),
   (17,
   '0.001*line + 0.001*get + 0.001*hit + 0.001*go + 0.001*write + 0.001*say + '
   '0.001*know + 0.001*drug + 0.001*see + 0.001*need'),
   (18,
   '0.002*option + 0.001*line + 0.001*flight + 0.001*power + 0.001*software + '
   '0.001*write + 0.001*add + 0.001*people + 0.001*organization + 0.001*module'),
   (19,
   '0.001*shuttle + 0.001*line + 0.001*roll + 0.001*attitude + 0.001*maneuver + '
   '0.001*mission + 0.001*also + 0.001*orbit + 0.001*produce + 0.001*frequency')
]

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