Go Programming Language (Introduction) - GeeksforGeeks

05 Mar, 2021
Introduction
Go is a procedural programming language. It was developed in 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson at Google but launched in 2009 as an open-source programming language. Programs are assembled by using packages, for efficient management of dependencies. This language also supports environment adopting patterns alike to dynamic languages. For eg., type inference (y := 0 is a valid declaration of a variable y of type float).
 Beginning with Go programming
There are various online IDEs such as The Go Playground, repl.it, etc. which can be used to run Go programs without installing. 
For installing Go in own PCs or Laptop we need of following two software: Text editor and Compiler Text Editor: Text editor gives you a platform where you write your source code. Following are the list of text editors:  
Windows notepad
OS Edit command
Brief
Epsilon
vm or vi
Emacs
VS Code
Finding a Go Compiler: Go distribution comes as a binary installable for FreeBSD (release 8 and above), Linux, Mac OS X (Snow Leopard and above), and Windows operating systems with 32-bit (386) and 64-bit (amd64) x86 processor architectures. For more instructions about installing. Please visit For installing GO distribution  
Note: Extension of source code file of go language must be .go
Writing first program in Go:  
Go
package main   import "fmt" func main() {      // prints geeksforgeeks     fmt.Println("Hello, geeksforgeeks")}
Output:  
Hello, geeksforgeeks
Explanation of the syntax of Go program: 
Line 1: It contains the package main of the program, which have overall content of the program.It is the initial point to run the program, So it is compulsory to write.
Line 2: It contains import “fmt”, it is a preprocessor command which tells the compiler to include the files lying in the package.
Line 3: main function, it is beginning of execution of program.
Line 4: fmt.Println() is a standard library function to print something as a output on screen.In this, fmt package has transmitted Println method which is used to display the output.
Comment: Comments are used for explaining code and are used in similar manner as in Java or C or C++. Compilers ignore the comment entries and does not execute them. Comments can be of single line or multiple lines.
Single Line Comment: 
Syntax: 
// single line comment
Multi-line Comment: 
Syntax: 
/* multiline comment */
Following is another example:  
Go
package mainimport "fmt" func main() {   fmt.Println("1 + 1 =", 1 + 1)}
Output:  
1 + 1 = 2
Explanation of the above program: In this above program, the same package line, the same import line, the same function declaration and uses the same Println function as we have used in 1st GO program. This time instead of printing the string “Hello, geeksforgeeks” we print the string 1 + 1 = followed by the result of the expression 1 + 1. This expression is made up of three parts: the numeric literal 1 (which is of type int), the + operator (which represents addition) and another numeric literal 1. 
Why this “Go language”?
Because Go language is an effort to combine the ease of programming of an interpreted, dynamically typed language with the efficiency and safety of a statically typed, compiled language. It also aims to be modern, with support for networked and multicore computing. 
What excluding in Go which is present in other languages? 
Go attempts to reduce the amount of typing in both senses of the word. Throughout its design, developers tried to reduce clutter and complexity.
There are no forward declarations and no header files; everything is declared exactly once.
Stuttering is reduced by simple type derivation using the := declare-and-initialize construct.
There is no type hierarchy: types just are, they don’t have to announce their relationships.
Hardware Limitations
We have observed that in a decade, the hardware and processing configuration is changing at a very slow rate. In 2004, P4 was having the clock speed of 3.0 GHz and now in 2018, Macbook pro has the clock speed of Approx (2.3Ghz v 2.66Ghz). To speed up, the functionality we use more processors, but using more processor the cost also increases. And due to this we use limited processors and using limited processor we have a heavy programming language whose threading takes more memory and slows down the performance of our system. Hence, to overcome such problem Golang has been designed in such a way that instead of using threading it uses Goroutine, which is similar to threading but consumes very less memory. Like threading consumes 1MB whereas Goroutine consumes 2KB of memory, hence at the same time, we can have millions of goroutine triggered. So the above-discussed point makes golang a strong language that handles concurrency like C++ and Java. 
Advantages and Disadvantages of Go Language
Advantages:  
Flexible- It is concise, simple and easy to read.Concurrency- It allows multiple process running simultaneously and effectively.Quick Outcome- Its compilation time is very fast.Library- It provides a rich standard library.Garbage collection- It is a key feature of go. Go excels in giving a lot of control over memory allocation and has dramatically reduced latency in the most recent versions of the garbage collector.It validates for the interface and type embedding.
Flexible- It is concise, simple and easy to read.
Concurrency- It allows multiple process running simultaneously and effectively.
Quick Outcome- Its compilation time is very fast.
Library- It provides a rich standard library.
Garbage collection- It is a key feature of go. Go excels in giving a lot of control over memory allocation and has dramatically reduced latency in the most recent versions of the garbage collector.
It validates for the interface and type embedding.
Disadvantages:  
It has no support for generics, even if there are many discussions about it.The packages distributed with this programming language is quite useful but Go is not so object-oriented in the conventional sense.There is absence of some libraries especially a UI tool kit.
It has no support for generics, even if there are many discussions about it.
The packages distributed with this programming language is quite useful but Go is not so object-oriented in the conventional sense.
There is absence of some libraries especially a UI tool kit.
Some popular Applications developed in Go Language
Docker: a set of tools for deploying linux containers
Openshift: a cloud computing platform as a service by Red Hat.
Kubernetes: The future of seamlessly automated deployment processes
Dropbox: migrated some of their critical components from Python to Go.
Netflix: for two part of their server architecture.
InfluxDB: is an open-source time series database developed by InfluxData.
Golang: The language itself was written in Go.
Country wise Companies which are currently using Go Language. 
Features of go language 
Language Design: The designers of the language made a conscious purposeful to keep the language simple and easy to understand. The entire detailing is in a few pages and some interesting design decisions were made through Object-Oriented support in the language.Towards this, the language is opinionated and recommends an idiomatic way of achieving things. It prefers Composition over Inheritance. In Go Language, “Do More with Less” is the mantra.
Package Management: Go merges modern day developer workflow of working with Open Source projects and includes that in the way it manages external packages. Support is provided directly in the tooling to get external packages and publish your own packages in a set of easy commands.
Powerful standard library: Go has powerful standard library, which is distributed as packages.
Static Typing:Go is static typed language. So, in this compiler not just work on compiling the code successfully but also ensures on type conversions and compatibility. Because of this feature Go avoid all those problems which we face in dynamically typed languages.
Testing Support: Go provides us the unit testing features by itself i.e., a simple mechanism to write your unit test parallel with your code because of this you can understand you code coverage by your own tests. And that can be easily used in generating your code documentation as an example.
Platform Independent: Go language is just like Java language as it support platform independency. Due to its modular design and modularity i.e., the code is compiled and is converted into binary form which is as small as possible and hence, it requires no dependency. Its code can be compiled in any platform or any server and application you work on.
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