ER and Relational Models - GeeksforGeeks

09 Oct, 2019
    Students(rollno: integer, sname: string)
    Courses(courseno: integer, cname: string)
    Registration(rollno: integer, courseno: integer, percent: real)
      "Find the distinct names of all students who score 
       more than 90% in the course numbered 107"
Option A:

This is a SQL query expression. It first perform a cross product of Students 
and Registration, then WHERE clause only keeps those rows in the cross product 
set where the student is registered for course no 107, and percentage is > 90. 
Then select distinct statement gives the distinct names of those students as the 
result set.


Option B:

This is a relational algebra expression. It first perform a NATURAL JOIN 
of Students and Registration (NATURAL JOIN implicitly joins on the basis 
of common attribute, which here is rollno ), then the select operation( sigma) 
keeps only those rows where the student is registered for courseno 107,
and percentage is > 90. And then the projection operation (pi) projects only 
distinct student names from the set.

Note: Projection operation (pi) always gives the distinct result.

Option C:

This is a Tuple Relational Calculus (TRC) language expression,
It is not a procedural language (i.e. it only tells “what to do”, 
not “how to do”). It just represents a declarative mathematical 
expression.

Here T is a Tuple variable.

From left to right, it can be read like this, “It is a set of
tuples T, where, there exists a tuple S in Relation Students, and 
there exist a tuple R in relation Registration, such that 
S.rollno = R.rollno AND R.couseno = 107 AND R.percent > 90 AND 
T.sname = S.sname”. And the schema of this result is (sname), i.e. each 
tuple T will contain only student name, because only T.sname has been defined 
in the expression.

As TRC is a mathematical expression, hence it is expected to give only distinct result set.

Option D:

This is a Domain Relational Calculus (DRC) language expression. 
This is also not procedural. Here SN is a Domain Variable. It can be read 
from left to right like this “The set of domain variable SN, where, 
there exist a domain variable SR , and a domain variable Rp, such that, 
SN and SR domain variables is in relation Students and SR,107,RP is a domain
variables set in relation Registration, AND RP > 90 “

Above, SN represents sname domain attribute in Students relation, SR 
represents rollno domain attribute in Students relation, and RP represents 
percentage domain attribute in Registration relation.
The schema for the result set is (SN), i.e. only student name.

As DRC is a mathematical expression, hence it is expected to
give only distinct result set.


    Students(rollno: integer, sname: string)
    Courses(courseno: integer, cname: string)
    Registration(rollno: integer, courseno: integer, percent: real)
      "Find the distinct names of all students who score 
       more than 90% in the course numbered 107"
Option A:

This is a SQL query expression. It first perform a cross product of Students 
and Registration, then WHERE clause only keeps those rows in the cross product 
set where the student is registered for course no 107, and percentage is > 90. 
Then select distinct statement gives the distinct names of those students as the 
result set.


Option B:

This is a relational algebra expression. It first perform a NATURAL JOIN 
of Students and Registration (NATURAL JOIN implicitly joins on the basis 
of common attribute, which here is rollno ), then the select operation( sigma) 
keeps only those rows where the student is registered for courseno 107,
and percentage is > 90. And then the projection operation (pi) projects only 
distinct student names from the set.

Note: Projection operation (pi) always gives the distinct result.

Option C:

This is a Tuple Relational Calculus (TRC) language expression,
It is not a procedural language (i.e. it only tells “what to do”, 
not “how to do”). It just represents a declarative mathematical 
expression.

Here T is a Tuple variable.

From left to right, it can be read like this, “It is a set of
tuples T, where, there exists a tuple S in Relation Students, and 
there exist a tuple R in relation Registration, such that 
S.rollno = R.rollno AND R.couseno = 107 AND R.percent > 90 AND 
T.sname = S.sname”. And the schema of this result is (sname), i.e. each 
tuple T will contain only student name, because only T.sname has been defined 
in the expression.

As TRC is a mathematical expression, hence it is expected to give only distinct result set.

Option D:

This is a Domain Relational Calculus (DRC) language expression. 
This is also not procedural. Here SN is a Domain Variable. It can be read 
from left to right like this “The set of domain variable SN, where, 
there exist a domain variable SR , and a domain variable Rp, such that, 
SN and SR domain variables is in relation Students and SR,107,RP is a domain
variables set in relation Registration, AND RP > 90 “

Above, SN represents sname domain attribute in Students relation, SR 
represents rollno domain attribute in Students relation, and RP represents 
percentage domain attribute in Registration relation.
The schema for the result set is (SN), i.e. only student name.

As DRC is a mathematical expression, hence it is expected to
give only distinct result set.


Table A
Id   Name    Age
----------------
12   Arun    60
15   Shreya  24
99   Rohit   11


Table B
Id   Name   Age
----------------
15   Shreya  24
25   Hari    40
98   Rohit   20
99   Rohit   11


Table C
Id   Phone  Area
-----------------
10   2200   02  
99   2100   01

M ( M1, M2, M3, P1)
P ( P1, P2 )
N ( P1, N1, N2 )
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