AI with Python â Computer Vision

Computer vision is concerned with modeling and replicating human vision using computer software and hardware. In this chapter, you will learn in detail about this.
Computer vision is a discipline that studies how to reconstruct, interrupt and understand a 3d scene from its 2d images, in terms of the properties of the structure present in the scene.
Computer vision is divided into three basic categories as following −
Low-level vision − It includes process image for feature extraction.
Low-level vision − It includes process image for feature extraction.
Intermediate-level vision − It includes object recognition and 3D scene interpretation
Intermediate-level vision − It includes object recognition and 3D scene interpretation
High-level vision − It includes conceptual description of a scene like activity, intention and behavior.
High-level vision − It includes conceptual description of a scene like activity, intention and behavior.
Image processing studies image to image transformation. The input and output of image processing are both images.
Computer vision is the construction of explicit, meaningful descriptions of physical objects from their image. The output of computer vision is a description or an interpretation of structures in 3D scene.
Computer vision finds applications in the following fields −
Robotics
Localization-determine robot location automatically
Localization-determine robot location automatically
Navigation
Navigation
Obstacles avoidance
Obstacles avoidance
Assembly (peg-in-hole, welding, painting)
Assembly (peg-in-hole, welding, painting)
Manipulation (e.g. PUMA robot manipulator)
Manipulation (e.g. PUMA robot manipulator)
Human Robot Interaction (HRI): Intelligent robotics to interact with and serve people
Human Robot Interaction (HRI): Intelligent robotics to interact with and serve people
Medicine
Classification and detection (e.g. lesion or cells classification and tumor detection)
Classification and detection (e.g. lesion or cells classification and tumor detection)
2D/3D segmentation
2D/3D segmentation
3D human organ reconstruction (MRI or ultrasound)
3D human organ reconstruction (MRI or ultrasound)
Vision-guided robotics surgery
Vision-guided robotics surgery
Security
Biometrics (iris, finger print, face recognition)
Surveillance-detecting certain suspicious activities or behaviors
Transportation
Autonomous vehicle
Safety, e.g., driver vigilance monitoring
Industrial Automation Application
Industrial inspection (defect detection)
Assembly
Barcode and package label reading
Object sorting
Document understanding (e.g. OCR)
For Computer vision with Python, you can use a popular library called OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision). It is a library of programming functions mainly aimed at the real-time computer vision. It is written in C++ and its primary interface is in C++. You can install this package with the help of the following command −
pip install opencv_python-X.X-cp36-cp36m-winX.whl

Here X represents the version of Python installed on your machine as well as the win32 or 64 bit you are having.
If you are using the anaconda environment, then use the following command to install OpenCV −
conda install -c conda-forge opencv

Most of the CV applications need to get the images as input and produce the images as output. In this section, you will learn how to read and write image file with the help of functions provided by OpenCV.
OpenCV provides the following functions for this purpose −
imread() function − This is the function for reading an image. OpenCV imread() supports various image formats like PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, etc.
imread() function − This is the function for reading an image. OpenCV imread() supports various image formats like PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, etc.
imshow() function − This is the function for showing an image in a window. The window automatically fits to the image size. OpenCV imshow() supports various image formats like PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, etc.
imshow() function − This is the function for showing an image in a window. The window automatically fits to the image size. OpenCV imshow() supports various image formats like PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, etc.
imwrite() function − This is the function for writing an image. OpenCV imwrite() supports various image formats like PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, etc.
imwrite() function − This is the function for writing an image. OpenCV imwrite() supports various image formats like PNG, JPEG, JPG, TIFF, etc.
This example shows the Python code for reading an image in one format − showing it in a window and writing the same image in other format. Consider the steps shown below −
Import the OpenCV package as shown −
import cv2
Now, for reading a particular image, use the imread() function −
image = cv2.imread('image_flower.jpg')
For showing the image, use the imshow() function. The name of the window in which you can see the image would be image_flower.
cv2.imshow('image_flower',image)
cv2.destroyAllwindows()
Now, we can write the same image into the other format, say .png by using the imwrite() function −
cv2.imwrite('image_flower.png',image)
The output True means that the image has been successfully written as .png file also in the same folder.
True

Note − The function destroyallWindows() simply destroys all the windows we created.
In OpenCV, the images are not stored by using the conventional RGB color, rather they are stored in the reverse order i.e. in the BGR order. Hence the default color code while reading an image is BGR. The cvtColor() color conversion function in for converting the image from one color code to other.
Consider this example to convert image from BGR to grayscale.
Import the OpenCV package as shown −
import cv2
Now, for reading a particular image, use the imread() function −
image = cv2.imread('image_flower.jpg')
Now, if we see this image using imshow() function, then we can see that this image is in BGR.
cv2.imshow('BGR_Penguins',image)
Now, use cvtColor() function to convert this image to grayscale.
image = cv2.cvtColor(image,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
cv2.imshow('gray_penguins',image)
Humans, after seeing a rough sketch, can easily recognize many object types and their poses. That is why edges play an important role in the life of humans as well as in the applications of computer vision. OpenCV provides very simple and useful function called Canny()for detecting the edges.
The following example shows clear identification of the edges.
Import OpenCV package as shown −
import cv2
import numpy as np
Now, for reading a particular image, use the imread() function.
image = cv2.imread('Penguins.jpg')
Now, use the Canny () function for detecting the edges of the already read image.
cv2.imwrite(‘edges_Penguins.jpg’,cv2.Canny(image,200,300))
Now, for showing the image with edges, use the imshow() function.
cv2.imshow(‘edges’, cv2.imread(‘‘edges_Penguins.jpg’))
This Python program will create an image named edges_penguins.jpg with edge detection.
Face detection is one of the fascinating applications of computer vision which makes it more realistic as well as futuristic. OpenCV has a built-in facility to perform face detection. We are going to use the Haar cascade classifier for face detection.
We need data to use the Haar cascade classifier. You can find this data in our OpenCV package. After installing OpenCv, you can see the folder name haarcascades. There would be .xml files for different application. Now, copy all of them for different use and paste then in a new folder under the current project.
Example
The following is the Python code using Haar Cascade to detect the face of Amitabh Bachan shown in the following image −
Import the OpenCV package as shown −
import cv2
import numpy as np
Now, use the HaarCascadeClassifier for detecting face −
face_detection=
cv2.CascadeClassifier('D:/ProgramData/cascadeclassifier/
haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml')
Now, for reading a particular image, use the imread() function −
img = cv2.imread('AB.jpg')
Now, convert it into grayscale because it would accept gray images −
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
Now, using face_detection.detectMultiScale, perform actual face detection
faces = face_detection.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.3, 5)
Now, draw a rectangle around the whole face −
for (x,y,w,h) in faces:
   img = cv2.rectangle(img,(x,y),(x+w, y+h),(255,0,0),3)
cv2.imwrite('Face_AB.jpg',img)
This Python program will create an image named Face_AB.jpg with face detection as shown
Eye detection is another fascinating application of computer vision which makes it more realistic as well as futuristic. OpenCV has a built-in facility to perform eye detection. We are going to use the Haar cascade classifier for eye detection.
The following example gives the Python code using Haar Cascade to detect the face of Amitabh Bachan given in the following image −
Import OpenCV package as shown −
import cv2
import numpy as np
Now, use the HaarCascadeClassifier for detecting face −
eye_cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier('D:/ProgramData/cascadeclassifier/haarcascade_eye.xml')
Now, for reading a particular image, use the imread() function 
img = cv2.imread('AB_Eye.jpg')
Now, convert it into grayscale because it would accept grey images −
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
Now with the help of eye_cascade.detectMultiScale, perform actual face detection 
eyes = eye_cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, 1.03, 5)
Now, draw a rectangle around the whole face −
for (ex,ey,ew,eh) in eyes:
   img = cv2.rectangle(img,(ex,ey),(ex+ew, ey+eh),(0,255,0),2)
cv2.imwrite('Eye_AB.jpg',img)
This Python program will create an image named Eye_AB.jpg with eye detection as shown −

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