Guava - Quick Guide

Guava is an open source, Java-based library and contains many core libraries of Google, which are being used in many of their projects. It facilitates best coding practices and helps reduce coding errors. It provides utility methods for collections, caching, primitives support, concurrency, common annotations, string processing, I/O, and validations.
Standardized − The Guava library is managed by Google.
Standardized − The Guava library is managed by Google.
Efficient − It is a reliable, fast, and efficient extension to the Java  standard library.
Efficient − It is a reliable, fast, and efficient extension to the Java  standard library.
Optimized − The library is highly optimized.
Optimized − The library is highly optimized.
Functional Programming − It adds functional processing capability to Java.
Functional Programming − It adds functional processing capability to Java.
Utilities − It provides many utility classes which are regularly required in programming application development.
Utilities − It provides many utility classes which are regularly required in programming application development.
Validation − It provides a standard failsafe validation mechanism.
Validation − It provides a standard failsafe validation mechanism.
Best Practices − It emphasizes on best practices.
Best Practices − It emphasizes on best practices.
Consider the following code snippet.
public class GuavaTester {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      GuavaTester guavaTester = new GuavaTester();
      
      Integer a =  null;
      Integer b =  new Integer(10);
      System.out.println(guavaTester.sum(a,b));
   }

   public Integer sum(Integer a, Integer b) {
      return a + b;
   }	
}
Run the program to get the following result.
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
   at GuavaTester.sum(GuavaTester.java:13)
   at GuavaTester.main(GuavaTester.java:9)

Following are the problems with the code.
sum() is not taking care of any of the parameters to be passed as null.
sum() is not taking care of any of the parameters to be passed as null.
caller function is also not worried about passing a null to the sum() method accidently.
caller function is also not worried about passing a null to the sum() method accidently.
When the program runs, NullPointerException occurs.
When the program runs, NullPointerException occurs.
In order to avoid the above problems, null check is to be made in each and every place where such problems are present.
Let's see the use of Optional, a Guava provided Utility class, to solve the above problems in a standardized way.
import com.google.common.base.Optional;

public class GuavaTester {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      GuavaTester guavaTester = new GuavaTester();

      Integer invalidInput = null;
      Optional<Integer> a =  Optional.of(invalidInput);
      Optional<Integer> b =  Optional.of(new Integer(10));
      System.out.println(guavaTester.sum(a,b));      
   }

   public Integer sum(Optional<Integer> a, Optional<Integer> b) {
      return a.get() + b.get();
   }	
}
Run the program to get the following result.
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
	at com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull(Preconditions.java:210)
	at com.google.common.base.Optional.of(Optional.java:85)
	at GuavaTester.main(GuavaTester.java:8)

Let's understand the important concepts of the above program.
Optional − A utility class, to make the code use the null properly.
Optional − A utility class, to make the code use the null properly.
Optional.of − It returns the instance of Optional class to be used as a parameter. It checks the value passed, not to be ‘null’.
Optional.of − It returns the instance of Optional class to be used as a parameter. It checks the value passed, not to be ‘null’.
Optional.get − It gets the value of the input stored in the Optional class.
Optional.get − It gets the value of the input stored in the Optional class.
Using the Optional class, you can check whether the caller method is passing a proper parameter or not.
If you are still willing to set up your environment for Java programming language, then this section guides you on how to download and set up Java on your machine. Please follow the steps mentioned below to set up the environment.
Java SE is freely available from the link Download Java. So you download a version based on your operating system.
Follow the instructions to download Java and run the .exe to install Java on your machine. Once you have installed Java on your machine, you would need to set environment variables to point to correct installation directories −
We are assuming that you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory −
Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.
Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.
Click on the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.
Click on the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.
Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the Java executable. Example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'.
Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the Java executable. Example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'.
We are assuming that you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory −
Edit the 'C:\autoexec.bat' file and add the following line at the end − 'SET PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'
Edit the 'C:\autoexec.bat' file and add the following line at the end − 'SET PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\java\jdk\bin'
Environment variable PATH should be set to point to where the Java binaries have been installed. Refer to your shell documentation if you have trouble doing this.
Example, if you use bash as your shell, then you would add the following line to the end of your '.bashrc: export PATH=/path/to/java:$PATH'
To write your Java programs, you need a text editor. There are many sophisticated IDEs available in the market. But for now, you can consider one of the following −
Notepad − On Windows machine you can use any simple text editor like Notepad (Recommended for this tutorial), TextPad.
Notepad − On Windows machine you can use any simple text editor like Notepad (Recommended for this tutorial), TextPad.
Netbeans − It is a Java IDE that is open-source and free which can be downloaded from https://www.netbeans.org/index.html.
Netbeans − It is a Java IDE that is open-source and free which can be downloaded from https://www.netbeans.org/index.html.
Eclipse − It is also a Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-source community and can be downloaded from https://www.eclipse.org/.
Eclipse − It is also a Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-source community and can be downloaded from https://www.eclipse.org/.
Download the latest version of Guava jar file from guava-18.0.jar. At the time of writing this tutorial, we have downloaded guava-18.0.jar and copied it into C:\>Guava folder.
Set the Guava_HOME environment variable to point to the base directory location where Guava jar is stored on your machine. Assuming, we've extracted guava-18.0.jar in Guava folder on various Operating Systems as follows.
Set the CLASSPATH environment variable to point to the Guava jar location. Assuming, you have stored guava-18.0.jar in Guava folder on various Operating Systems as follows.
Optional is an immutable object used to contain a not-null object. Optional object is used to represent null with absent value. This class has various utility methods to facilitate the code to handle values as available or not available instead of checking null values.
Following is the declaration for com.google.common.base.Optional<T> class −
@GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
public abstract class Optional<T>
   extends Object
      implements Serializable
static <T> Optional<T>	absent()
Returns an Optional instance with no contained reference.
abstract Set<T> asSet()
Returns an immutable singleton Set whose only element is the contained instance if it is present; an empty immutable Set otherwise.
abstract boolean equals(Object object)
Returns true if object is an Optional instance, and either the contained references are equal to each other or both are absent.
static <T> Optional<T>	fromNullable(T nullableReference)
If nullableReference is non-null, returns an Optional instance containing that reference; otherwise returns absent().
abstract T	get()
Returns the contained instance, which must be present.
abstract int hashCode()
Returns a hash code for this instance.
abstract boolean isPresent()
Returns true if this holder contains a (non-null) instance.
static <T> Optional<T>	of(T reference)
Returns an Optional instance containing the given non-null reference.
abstract Optional<T> or(Optional<? extends T> secondChoice)
Returns this Optional if it has a value present; secondChoice otherwise.
abstract T or(Supplier<? extends T> supplier)
Returns the contained instance if it is present; supplier.get() otherwise.
abstract T or(T defaultValue)
Returns the contained instance if it is present; defaultValue otherwise.
abstract T orNull()
Returns the contained instance if it is present; null otherwise.
static <T> Iterable<T> presentInstances(Iterable<? extends Optional<? extends T>> optionals)
Returns the value of each present instance from the supplied optionals, in order, skipping over occurrences of absent().
abstract String toString()
Returns a string representation for this instance.
abstract <V> Optional<V> transform(Function<? super T,V> function)
If the instance is present, it is transformed with the given Function; otherwise, absent() is returned.
This class inherits methods from the following class −
java.lang.Object
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> Guava.
import com.google.common.base.Optional;

public class GuavaTester {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      GuavaTester guavaTester = new GuavaTester();

      Integer value1 =  null;
      Integer value2 =  new Integer(10);
      
      //Optional.fromNullable - allows passed parameter to be null.
      Optional<Integer> a = Optional.fromNullable(value1);
      
      //Optional.of - throws NullPointerException if passed parameter is null
      Optional<Integer> b = Optional.of(value2);		

      System.out.println(guavaTester.sum(a,b));
   }

   public Integer sum(Optional<Integer> a, Optional<Integer> b) {
      //Optional.isPresent - checks the value is present or not
      System.out.println("First parameter is present: " + a.isPresent());

      System.out.println("Second parameter is present: " + b.isPresent());

      //Optional.or - returns the value if present otherwise returns
      //the default value passed.
      Integer value1 = a.or(new Integer(0));	

      //Optional.get - gets the value, value should be present
      Integer value2 = b.get();

      return value1 + value2;
   }	
}
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
C:\Guava>javac GuavaTester.java

Now run the GuavaTester to see the result.
C:\Guava>java GuavaTester

See the result.
First parameter is present: false
Second parameter is present: true
10

Preconditions provide static methods to check that a method or a constructor is invoked with proper parameter or not. It checks the pre-conditions. Its methods throw IllegalArgumentException on failure.
Following is the declaration for com.google.common.base.Preconditions class −
@GwtCompatible
public final class Preconditions
   extends Object
static void checkArgument(boolean expression)
Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
static void checkArgument(boolean expression, Object errorMessage)
Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
static void checkArgument(boolean expression, String errorMessageTemplate, Object. errorMessageArgs)
Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the calling method.
static int	checkElementIndex(int index, int size)
Ensures that index specifies a valid element in an array, list or a string of size.
static int checkElementIndex(int index, int size, String desc)
Ensures that index specifies a valid element in an array, list, or a string of size.
static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference)
Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference, Object errorMessage)
Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference, String errorMessageTemplate, Object... errorMessageArgs)
Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling method is not null.
static int	checkPositionIndex(int index, int size)
Ensures that index specifies a valid position in an array, list or a string of size.
static int checkPositionIndex(int index, int size, String desc)
Ensures that index specifies a valid position in an array, list or a string of size.
static void checkPositionIndexes(int start, int end, int size)
Ensures that start and end specify a valid positions in an array, list or a string of size, and are in order.
static void checkState(boolean expression)
Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not involving any parameters to the calling method.
static void checkState(boolean expression, Object errorMessage)
Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not involving any parameters to the calling method.
static void checkState(boolean expression, String errorMessageTemplate, Object... errorMessageArgs)
Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling instance, but not involving any parameters to the calling method.
This class inherits methods from the following class −
java.lang.Object
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> Guava.
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;

public class GuavaTester {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      GuavaTester guavaTester = new GuavaTester();

      try {
         System.out.println(guavaTester.sqrt(-3.0));
      } catch(IllegalArgumentException e) {
         System.out.println(e.getMessage());
      }

      try {
         System.out.println(guavaTester.sum(null,3));
      } catch(NullPointerException e) {
         System.out.println(e.getMessage());
      }

      try {
         System.out.println(guavaTester.getValue(6));
      } catch(IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
         System.out.println(e.getMessage());
      }
   }

   public double sqrt(double input) throws IllegalArgumentException {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(input > 0.0,
         "Illegal Argument passed: Negative value %s.", input);
      return Math.sqrt(input);
   }

   public int sum(Integer a, Integer b) {
      a = Preconditions.checkNotNull(a, "Illegal Argument passed: First parameter is Null.");
      b = Preconditions.checkNotNull(b, "Illegal Argument passed: Second parameter is Null.");

      return a+b;
   }

   public int getValue(int input) {
      int[] data = {1,2,3,4,5};
      Preconditions.checkElementIndex(input,data.length, "Illegal Argument passed: Invalid index.");
      return 0;
   }
}
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
C:\Guava>javac GuavaTester.java

Now run the GuavaTester to see the result.
C:\Guava>java GuavaTester

See the result.
Illegal Argument passed: Negative value -3.0.
Illegal Argument passed: First parameter is Null.
Illegal Argument passed: Invalid index. (6) must be less than size (5)

Ordering can be seen as an enriched comparator with enhanced chaining functionality, multiple utility methods, multi-type sorting capability, etc.
Following is the declaration for com.google.common.collect.Ordering<T> class −
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class Ordering<T>
   extends Object
      implements Comparator<T>
static Ordering<Object> allEqual()
Returns an ordering which treats all values as equal, indicating "no ordering." Passing this ordering to any stable sort algorithm results in no change to the order of elements.
static Ordering<Object> arbitrary()
Returns an arbitrary ordering over all objects, for which compare(a, b) == 0 implies a == b (identity equality).
int binarySearch(List<? extends T> sortedList, T key)
Searches sortedList for key using the binary search algorithm.
abstract int compare(T left, T right)
Compares its two arguments for order.
<U extends T> Ordering<U> compound(Comparator<? super U> secondaryComparator)
Returns an ordering which first uses the ordering this, but which in the event of a "tie", then delegates to secondaryComparator.
static <T> Ordering<T>	compound(Iterable<? extends Comparator<? super T>> comparators)
Returns an ordering which tries each given comparator in order until a non-zero result is found, returning that result, and returning zero only if all comparators return zero.
static <T> Ordering<T>	explicit(List<T> valuesInOrder)
Returns an ordering that compares objects according to the order in which they appear in the given list.
static <T> Ordering<T>	explicit(T leastValue, T... remainingValuesInOrder)
Returns an ordering that compares objects according to the order in which they are given to this method.
static <T> Ordering<T>	from(Comparator<T> comparator)
Returns an ordering based on an existing comparator instance.
<E extends T> List<E> greatestOf(Iterable<E> iterable, int k)
Returns the k greatest elements of the given iterable according to this ordering, in order from greatest to least.
<E extends T> List<E> greatestOf(Iterator<E> iterator, int k)
Returns the k greatest elements from the given iterator according to this ordering, in order from greatest to least.
<E extends T> ImmutableList<E> immutableSortedCopy(Iterable<E> elements)
Returns an immutable list containing elements sorted by this ordering.
boolean isOrdered(Iterable<? extends T> iterable)
Returns true if each element in iterable after the first is greater than or equal to the element that preceded it, according to this ordering.
boolean isStrictlyOrdered(Iterable<? extends T> iterable)
Returns true if each element in iterable after the first is strictly greater than the element that preceded it, according to this ordering
<E extends T> List<E> leastOf(Iterable<E> iterable, int k)
Returns the k least elements of the given iterable according to this ordering, in order from least to greatest.
<E extends T> List<E> leastOf(Iterator<E> elements, int k)
Returns the k least elements from the given iterator according to this ordering, in order from least to greatest.
<S extends T> Ordering<Iterable<S>> lexicographical()
Returns a new ordering which sorts iterables by comparing corresponding elements pairwise until a nonzero result is found; imposes "dictionary order".
<E extends T> E max(E a, E b)
Returns the greater of the two values according to this ordering.
<E extends T> E max(E a, E b, E c, E... rest)
Returns the greatest of the specified values according to this ordering.
<E extends T> E max(Iterable<E> iterable)
Returns the greatest of the specified values according to this ordering.
<E extends T> E max(Iterator<E> iterator)
Returns the greatest of the specified values according to this ordering.
<E extends T> E min(E a, E b)
Returns the lesser of the two values according to this ordering.
<E extends T> E min(E a, E b, E c, E... rest)
Returns the least of the specified values according to this ordering.
<E extends T> E min(Iterable<E> iterable)
Returns the least of the specified values according to this ordering.
<E extends T> E min(Iterator<E> iterator)
Returns the least of the specified values according to this ordering.
static <C extends Comparable> Ordering<C> natural()
Returns a serializable ordering that uses the natural order of the values.
<S extends T> Ordering<S> nullsFirst()
Returns an ordering that treats null as less than all other values and uses this to compare non-null values.
<S extends T> Ordering<S> nullsLast()
Returns an ordering that treats null as greater than all other values and uses this ordering to compare non-null values.
<F> Ordering<F> onResultOf(Function<F,? extends T> function)
Returns a new ordering on F which orders elements by first applying a function to them, then comparing those results using this.
<S extends T> Ordering<S> reverse()
Returns the reverse of this ordering; the Ordering equivalent to Collections.reverseOrder(Comparator).
<E extends T> List<E> sortedCopy(Iterable<E> elements)
Returns a mutable list containing elements sorted by this ordering; use this only when the resulting list may need further modification, or may contain null.
static Ordering<Object> usingToString()
Returns an ordering that compares objects by the natural ordering of their string representations as returned by toString().
This class inherits methods from the following class −
java.lang.Object
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> Guava.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

import com.google.common.collect.Ordering;

public class GuavaTester {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      List<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<Integer>();
      
      numbers.add(new Integer(5));
      numbers.add(new Integer(2));
      numbers.add(new Integer(15));
      numbers.add(new Integer(51));
      numbers.add(new Integer(53));
      numbers.add(new Integer(35));
      numbers.add(new Integer(45));
      numbers.add(new Integer(32));
      numbers.add(new Integer(43));
      numbers.add(new Integer(16));

      Ordering ordering = Ordering.natural();
      System.out.println("Input List: ");
      System.out.println(numbers);		
         
      Collections.sort(numbers,ordering );
      System.out.println("Sorted List: ");
      System.out.println(numbers);
         
      System.out.println("======================");
      System.out.println("List is sorted: " + ordering.isOrdered(numbers));
      System.out.println("Minimum: " + ordering.min(numbers));
      System.out.println("Maximum: " + ordering.max(numbers));
         
      Collections.sort(numbers,ordering.reverse());
      System.out.println("Reverse: " + numbers);

      numbers.add(null);
      System.out.println("Null added to Sorted List: ");
      System.out.println(numbers);		

      Collections.sort(numbers,ordering.nullsFirst());
      System.out.println("Null first Sorted List: ");
      System.out.println(numbers);
      System.out.println("======================");

      List<String> names = new ArrayList<String>();
      
      names.add("Ram");
      names.add("Shyam");
      names.add("Mohan");
      names.add("Sohan");
      names.add("Ramesh");
      names.add("Suresh");
      names.add("Naresh");
      names.add("Mahesh");
      names.add(null);
      names.add("Vikas");
      names.add("Deepak");

      System.out.println("Another List: ");
      System.out.println(names);

      Collections.sort(names,ordering.nullsFirst().reverse());
      System.out.println("Null first then reverse sorted list: ");
      System.out.println(names);
   }
}
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
C:\Guava>javac GuavaTester.java

Now run the GuavaTester to see the result.
C:\Guava>java GuavaTester

See the result.
Input List: 
[5, 2, 15, 51, 53, 35, 45, 32, 43, 16]
Sorted List: 
[2, 5, 15, 16, 32, 35, 43, 45, 51, 53]
======================
List is sorted: true
Minimum: 2
Maximum: 53
Reverse: [53, 51, 45, 43, 35, 32, 16, 15, 5, 2]
Null added to Sorted List: 
[53, 51, 45, 43, 35, 32, 16, 15, 5, 2, null]
Null first Sorted List: 
[null, 2, 5, 15, 16, 32, 35, 43, 45, 51, 53]
======================
Another List: 
[Ram, Shyam, Mohan, Sohan, Ramesh, Suresh, Naresh, Mahesh, null, Vikas, Deepak]
Null first then reverse sorted list: 
[Vikas, Suresh, Sohan, Shyam, Ramesh, Ram, Naresh, Mohan, Mahesh, Deepak, null]

Objects class provides helper functions applicable to all objects such as equals, hashCode, etc.
Following is the declaration for com.google.common.base.Objects class −
@GwtCompatible
public final class Objects
   extends Object
static boolean	equal(Object a, Object b)
Determines whether two possibly-null objects are equal.
static <T> T	firstNonNull(T first, T second)
Deprecated. Use MoreObjects.firstNonNull(T, T) instead. This method is scheduled for removal in June 2016.
static int hashCode(Object... objects)
Generates a hash code for multiple values.
static Objects.ToStringHelper	toStringHelper(Class<?> clazz)
Deprecated. Use MoreObjects.toStringHelper(Class) instead. This method is scheduled for removal in June 2016
static Objects.ToStringHelper	toStringHelper(Object self)
Deprecated. Use MoreObjects.toStringHelper(Object) instead. This method is scheduled for removal in June 2016.
static Objects.ToStringHelper	toStringHelper(String className)
Deprecated. Use MoreObjects.toStringHelper(String) instead. This method is scheduled for removal in June 2016.
This class inherits methods from the following class −
java.lang.Object
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> Guava.
import com.google.common.base.Objects;

public class GuavaTester {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
      Student s1 = new Student("Mahesh", "Parashar", 1, "VI");	
      Student s2 = new Student("Suresh", null, 3, null);	
	  
      System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));
      System.out.println(s1.hashCode());	
      System.out.println(
         Objects.toStringHelper(s1)
         .add("Name",s1.getFirstName()+" " + s1.getLastName())
         .add("Class", s1.getClassName())
         .add("Roll No", s1.getRollNo())
         .toString());
   }
}

class Student {
   private String firstName;
   private String lastName;
   private int rollNo;
   private String className;

   public Student(String firstName, String lastName, int rollNo, String className) {
      this.firstName = firstName;
      this.lastName = lastName;
      this.rollNo = rollNo;
      this.className = className;		
   }

   @Override
   public boolean equals(Object object) {
      if(!(object instanceof Student) || object == null) {
         return false;
      }
      Student student = (Student)object;
      // no need to handle null here		
      // Objects.equal("test", "test") == true
      // Objects.equal("test", null) == false
      // Objects.equal(null, "test") == false
      // Objects.equal(null, null) == true		
      return Objects.equal(firstName, student.firstName)  // first name can be null
         && Objects.equal(lastName, student.lastName)     // last name can be null
         && Objects.equal(rollNo, student.rollNo)	
         && Objects.equal(className, student.className);  // class name can be null
   }

   @Override
   public int hashCode() {
      //no need to compute hashCode by self
      return Objects.hashCode(className,rollNo);
   }
   
   public String getFirstName() {
      return firstName;
   }
   
   public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
      this.firstName = firstName;
   }
   
   public String getLastName() {
      return lastName;
   }
   
   public void setLastName(String lastName) {
      this.lastName = lastName;
   }
   
   public int getRollNo() {
      return rollNo;
   }
   
   public void setRollNo(int rollNo) {
      this.rollNo = rollNo;
   }
   
   public String getClassName() {
      return className;
   }
   
   public void setClassName(String className) {
      this.className = className;
   }
}
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
C:\Guava>javac GuavaTester.java

Now run the GuavaTester to see the result.
C:\Guava>java GuavaTester

See the result.
false
85871
Student{Name=Mahesh Parashar, Class=VI, Roll No=1}

Range represents an interval or a sequence. It is used to get a set of numbers/ strings lying in a particular range.
Following is the declaration for com.google.common.collect.Range<C> class −
@GwtCompatible
public final class Range<C extends Comparable>
   extends Object
      implements Predicate<C>, Serializable
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> all()
Returns a range that contains every value of type C.
boolean apply(C input)Deprecated.
Provided only to satisfy the Predicate interface; use contains(C) instead.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> atLeast(C endpoint)
Returns a range that contains all values greater than or equal to endpoint.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> atMost(C endpoint)
Returns a range that contains all values less than or equal to endpoint.
Range<C> canonical(DiscreteDomain<C> domain)
Returns the canonical form of this range in the given domain.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> closed(C lower, C upper)
Returns a range that contains all values greater than or equal to lower and less than or equal to upper.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> closedOpen(C lower, C upper)
Returns a range that contains all values greater than or equal to lower and strictly less than upper.
boolean contains(C value)
Returns true if value is within the bounds of this range.
boolean containsAll(Iterable<? extends C> values)
Returns true if every element in values is contained in this range.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> downTo(C endpoint, BoundType boundType)
Returns a range from the given endpoint, which may be either inclusive (closed) or exclusive (open), with no upper bound.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> encloseAll(Iterable<C> values)
Returns the minimal range that contains all of the given values.
boolean encloses(Range<C> other)
Returns true if the bounds of other do not extend outside the bounds of this range.
boolean equals(Object object)
Returns true if object is a range having the same endpoints and bound types as this range.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> greaterThan(C endpoint)
Returns a range that contains all values strictly greater than endpoint.
int hashCode()
Returns a hash code for this range.
boolean hasLowerBound()
Returns true if this range has a lower endpoint.
boolean hasUpperBound()
Returns true if this range has an upper endpoint.
Range<C> intersection(Range<C> connectedRange)
Returns the maximal range enclosed by both this range and connectedRange, if such a range exists.
boolean isConnected(Range<C> other)
Returns true if there exists a (possibly empty) range which is enclosed by both this range and other.
boolean isEmpty()
Returns true if this range is of the form [v..v) or (v..v].
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> lessThan(C endpoint)
Returns a range that contains all values strictly less than endpoint.
BoundType lowerBoundType()
Returns the type of this range's lower bound: BoundType.CLOSED if the range includes its lower endpoint, BoundType.OPEN if it does not.
C lowerEndpoint()
Returns the lower endpoint of this range.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> open(C lower, C upper)
Returns a range that contains all values strictly greater than lower and strictly less than upper.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> openClosed(C lower, C upper)
Returns a range that contains all values strictly greater than lower and less than or equal to upper.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> range(C lower, BoundType lowerType, C upper, BoundType upperType)
Returns a range that contains any value from lower to upper, where each endpoint may be either inclusive (closed) or exclusive (open).
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> singleton(C value)
Returns a range that contains only the given value.
Range<C> span(Range<C> other)
Returns the minimal range that encloses both this range and other.
String toString()
Returns a string representation of this range, such as "[3..5)" (other examples are listed in the class documentation).
BoundType upperBoundType()
Returns the type of this range's upper bound: BoundType.CLOSED if the range includes its upper endpoint, BoundType.OPEN if it does not.
C upperEndpoint()
Returns the upper endpoint of this range.
static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> upTo(C endpoint, BoundType boundType)
Returns a range with no lower bound up to the given endpoint, which may be either inclusive (closed) or exclusive (open).
This class inherits methods from the following class −
java.lang.Object
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> Guava.
import com.google.common.collect.ContiguousSet;
import com.google.common.collect.DiscreteDomain;
import com.google.common.collect.Range;
import com.google.common.primitives.Ints;

public class GuavaTester {

   public static void main(String args[]) {
      GuavaTester tester = new GuavaTester();
      tester.testRange();
   }

   private void testRange() {

      //create a range [a,b] = { x | a <= x <= b}
      Range<Integer> range1 = Range.closed(0, 9);	
      System.out.print("[0,9] : ");
      printRange(range1);		
      
      System.out.println("5 is present: " + range1.contains(5));
      System.out.println("(1,2,3) is present: " + range1.containsAll(Ints.asList(1, 2, 3)));
      System.out.println("Lower Bound: " + range1.lowerEndpoint());
      System.out.println("Upper Bound: " + range1.upperEndpoint());

      //create a range (a,b) = { x | a < x < b}
      Range<Integer> range2 = Range.open(0, 9);
      System.out.print("(0,9) : ");
      printRange(range2);

      //create a range (a,b] = { x | a < x <= b}
      Range<Integer> range3 = Range.openClosed(0, 9);
      System.out.print("(0,9] : ");
      printRange(range3);

      //create a range [a,b) = { x | a <= x < b}
      Range<Integer> range4 = Range.closedOpen(0, 9);
      System.out.print("[0,9) : ");
      printRange(range4);

      //create an open ended range (9, infinity
      Range<Integer> range5 = Range.greaterThan(9);
      System.out.println("(9,infinity) : ");
      System.out.println("Lower Bound: " + range5.lowerEndpoint());
      System.out.println("Upper Bound present: " + range5.hasUpperBound());

      Range<Integer> range6 = Range.closed(3, 5);	
      printRange(range6);

      //check a subrange [3,5] in [0,9]
      System.out.println("[0,9] encloses [3,5]:" + range1.encloses(range6));

      Range<Integer> range7 = Range.closed(9, 20);	
      printRange(range7);
      
      //check ranges to be connected		
      System.out.println("[0,9] is connected [9,20]:" + range1.isConnected(range7));
      Range<Integer> range8 = Range.closed(5, 15);	

      //intersection
      printRange(range1.intersection(range8));

      //span
      printRange(range1.span(range8));
   }

   private void printRange(Range<Integer> range) {		
   
      System.out.print("[ ");
      
      for(int grade : ContiguousSet.create(range, DiscreteDomain.integers())) {
         System.out.print(grade +" ");
      }
      System.out.println("]");
   }
}
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
C:\Guava>javac GuavaTester.java

Now run the GuavaTester to see the result.
C:\Guava>java GuavaTester

See the result.
[0,9] : [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ]
5 is present: true
(1,2,3) is present: true
Lower Bound: 0
Upper Bound: 9
(0,9) : [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]
(0,9] : [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ]
[0,9) : [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]
(9,infinity) : 
Lower Bound: 9
Upper Bound present: false
[ 3 4 5 ]
[0,9] encloses [3,5]:true
[ 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ]
[0,9] is connected [9,20]:true
[ 5 6 7 8 9 ]
[ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ]

Throwables class provides utility methods related to Throwable interface.
Following is the declaration for com.google.common.base.Throwables class −
public final class Throwables
   extends Object
static List<Throwable> getCausalChain(Throwable throwable)
Gets a Throwable cause chain as a list.
static Throwable getRootCause(Throwable throwable)
Returns the innermost cause of throwable.
static String getStackTraceAsString(Throwable throwable)
Returns a string containing the result of toString(), followed by the full, recursive stack trace of throwable.
static RuntimeException propagate(Throwable throwable)
Propagates throwable as-is if it is an instance of RuntimeException or Error, or else as a last resort, wraps it in a RuntimeException then propagates.
static <X extends Throwable> void propagateIfInstanceOf(Throwable throwable, Class<X> declaredType)
Propagates throwable exactly as-is, if and only if it is an instance of declaredType.
static void propagateIfPossible(Throwable throwable)
Propagates throwable exactly as-is, if and only if it is an instance of RuntimeException or Error.
static <X extends Throwable> void propagateIfPossible(Throwable throwable, Class<X> declaredType)
Propagates throwable exactly as-is, if and only if it is an instance of RuntimeException, Error, or declaredType.
static <X1 extends Throwable,X2 extends Throwable>void propagateIfPossible(Throwable throwable, Class<X1> declaredType1, Class<X2> declaredType2)
Propagates throwable exactly as-is, if and only if it is an instance of RuntimeException, Error, declaredType1, or declaredType2.
This class inherits methods from the following class −
java.lang.Object
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> Guava.
import java.io.IOException;

import com.google.common.base.Objects;
import com.google.common.base.Throwables;

public class GuavaTester {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
   
      GuavaTester tester = new GuavaTester();

      try {
         tester.showcaseThrowables();
         
      } catch (InvalidInputException e) {
         //get the root cause
         System.out.println(Throwables.getRootCause(e));
      
      } catch (Exception e) {
         //get the stack trace in string format
         System.out.println(Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e));
      }

      try {
         tester.showcaseThrowables1();

      } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println(Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e));
      }
   }

   public void showcaseThrowables() throws InvalidInputException {
      try {
         sqrt(-3.0);
      } catch (Throwable e) {
         //check the type of exception and throw it
         Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf(e, InvalidInputException.class);
         Throwables.propagate(e);
      }
   }

   public void showcaseThrowables1() {
      try {
         int[] data = {1,2,3};
         getValue(data, 4);
      } catch (Throwable e) {
         Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf(e, IndexOutOfBoundsException.class);
         Throwables.propagate(e);
      }
   }

   public double sqrt(double input) throws InvalidInputException {
      if(input < 0) throw new InvalidInputException();
      return Math.sqrt(input);
   }

   public double getValue(int[] list, int index) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {
      return list[index];
   }

   public void dummyIO() throws IOException {
      throw new IOException();
   }
}

class InvalidInputException extends Exception {
}
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
C:\Guava>javac GuavaTester.java

Now run the GuavaTester to see the result.
C:\Guava>java GuavaTester

See the result.
InvalidInputException
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 4
   at GuavaTester.getValue(GuavaTester.java:52)
   at GuavaTester.showcaseThrowables1(GuavaTester.java:38)
   at GuavaTester.main(GuavaTester.java:19)

Guava introduces many advanced collections based on developers' experience in application development works. Given below is a list of useful collections −
An extension to Set interface to allow duplicate elements.
An extension to Map interface so that its keys can be mapped to multiple values at a time.
An extension to Map interface to support inverse operations.
Table represents a special map where two keys can be specified in combined fashion to refer to a single value.
Guava provides a very powerful memory based caching mechanism by an interface LoadingCache<K,V>. Values are automatically loaded in the cache and it provides many utility methods useful for caching needs.
Following is the declaration for com.google.common.cache.LoadingCache<K,V> interface −
@Beta
@GwtCompatible
public interface LoadingCache<K,V>
   extends Cache<K,V>, Function<K,V>
V apply(K key)
Deprecated. Provided to satisfy the Function interface; use get(K) or getUnchecked(K) instead.
ConcurrentMap<K,V> asMap()
Returns a view of the entries stored in this cache as a thread-safe map.
V get(K key)
Returns the value associated with key in this cache, first loading that value if necessary.
ImmutableMap<K,V> getAll(Iterable<? extends K> keys)
Returns a map of the values associated with keys, creating or retrieving those values if necessary.
V getUnchecked(K key)
Returns the value associated with key in this cache, first loading that value if necessary.
void refresh(K key)
Loads a new value for key, possibly asynchronously.
Create the following java program using any editor of your choice in say C:/> Guava.
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import com.google.common.base.MoreObjects;
import com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder;
import com.google.common.cache.CacheLoader;
import com.google.common.cache.LoadingCache;

public class GuavaTester {
   public static void main(String args[]) {
   
      //create a cache for employees based on their employee id
      LoadingCache<String, Employee> employeeCache = 
         CacheBuilder.newBuilder()
         .maximumSize(100)                             // maximum 100 records can be cached
         .expireAfterAccess(30, TimeUnit.MINUTES)      // cache will expire after 30 minutes of access
         .build(new CacheLoader<String, Employee>() {  // build the cacheloader
            
            @Override
            public Employee load(String empId) throws Exception {
               //make the expensive call
               return getFromDatabase(empId);
            } 
         });

      try {			
         //on first invocation, cache will be populated with corresponding
         //employee record
         System.out.println("Invocation #1");
         System.out.println(employeeCache.get("100"));
         System.out.println(employeeCache.get("103"));
         System.out.println(employeeCache.get("110"));
         
         //second invocation, data will be returned from cache
         System.out.println("Invocation #2");
         System.out.println(employeeCache.get("100"));
         System.out.println(employeeCache.get("103"));
         System.out.println(employeeCache.get("110"));

      } catch (ExecutionException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }

   private static Employee getFromDatabase(String empId) {
   
      Employee e1 = new Employee("Mahesh", "Finance", "100");
      Employee e2 = new Employee("Rohan", "IT", "103");
      Employee e3 = new Employee("Sohan", "Admin", "110");

      Map<String, Employee> database = new HashMap<String, Employee>();
      
      database.put("100", e1);
      database.put("103", e2);
      database.put("110", e3);
      
      System.out.println("Database hit for" + empId);
      
      return database.get(empId);		
   }
}

class Employee {
   String name;
   String dept;
   String emplD;

   public Employee(String name, String dept, String empID) {
      this.name = name;
      this.dept = dept;
      this.emplD = empID;
   }
   
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }
   
   public void setName(String name) {
      this.name = name;
   }
   
   public String getDept() {
      return dept;
   }
   
   public void setDept(String dept) {
      this.dept = dept;
   }
   
   public String getEmplD() {
      return emplD;
   }
   
   public void setEmplD(String emplD) {
      this.emplD = emplD;
   }

   @Override
   public String toString() {
      return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(Employee.class)
      .add("Name", name)
      .add("Department", dept)
      .add("Emp Id", emplD).toString();
   }	
}
Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −
C:\Guava>javac GuavaTester.java

Now run the GuavaTester to see the result.
C:\Guava>java GuavaTester

See the result.
Invocation #1
Database hit for100
Employee{Name=Mahesh, Department=Finance, Emp Id=100}
Database hit for103
Employee{Name=Rohan, Department=IT, Emp Id=103}
Database hit for110
Employee{Name=Sohan, Department=Admin, Emp Id=110}
Invocation #2
Employee{Name=Mahesh, Department=Finance, Emp Id=100}
Employee{Name=Rohan, Department=IT, Emp Id=103}
Employee{Name=Sohan, Department=Admin, Emp Id=110}

Guava introduces many advanced string utilities based on developers' experience in application development works. Following is the list of useful string based utilities −
Utility to join objects, string etc.
Utility to split string.
Utility for character operations.
Utility for changing string formats.
As primitive types of Java cannot be used to pass in generics or in collections as input, Guava provided a lot of Wrapper Utilities classes to handle primitive types as Objects. Following is the list of useful primitive processing utilities −
Utility for primitive byte.
Utility for primitive short.
Utility for primitive int.
Utility for primitive long.
Utility for primitive float.
Utility for primitive double.
Utility for primitive char.
Utility for primitive boolean.
Guava provides Mathematics related Utilities classes to handle int, long and BigInteger. Following is the list of useful utilities −
Math utility for int.
Math utility for long.
Math utility for BigInteger.
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