Introduction of B-Tree

25 Jun, 2022
Introduction: B-Tree is a self-balancing search tree. In most of the other self-balancing search trees (like AVL and Red-Black Trees), it is assumed that everything is in main memory. To understand the use of B-Trees, we must think of the huge amount of data that cannot fit in main memory. When the number of keys is high, the data is read from disk in the form of blocks. Disk access time is very high compared to the main memory access time. The main idea of using B-Trees is to reduce the number of disk accesses. Most of the tree operations (search, insert, delete, max, min, ..etc ) require O(h) disk accesses where h is the height of the tree. B-tree is a fat tree. The height of B-Trees is kept low by putting maximum possible keys in a B-Tree node. Generally, the B-Tree node size is kept equal to the disk block size. Since the height of the B-tree is low so total disk accesses for most of the operations are reduced significantly compared to balanced Binary Search Trees like AVL Tree, Red-Black Tree, ..etc.Time Complexity of B-Tree:  
“n” is the total number of elements in the B-tree.Properties of B-Tree:  
All leaves are at the same level.A B-Tree is defined by the term minimum degree ‘t’. The value of t depends upon disk block size.Every node except root must contain at least t-1 keys. The root may contain minimum 1 key.All nodes (including root) may contain at most 2*t – 1 keys.Number of children of a node is equal to the number of keys in it plus 1.All keys of a node are sorted in increasing order. The child between two keys k1 and k2 contains all keys in the range from k1 and k2.B-Tree grows and shrinks from the root which is unlike Binary Search Tree. Binary Search Trees grow downward and also shrink from downward.Like other balanced Binary Search Trees, time complexity to search, insert and delete is O(log n).Insertion of a Node in B-Tree happens only at Leaf Node.
All leaves are at the same level.
A B-Tree is defined by the term minimum degree ‘t’. The value of t depends upon disk block size.
Every node except root must contain at least t-1 keys. The root may contain minimum 1 key.
All nodes (including root) may contain at most 2*t – 1 keys.
Number of children of a node is equal to the number of keys in it plus 1.
All keys of a node are sorted in increasing order. The child between two keys k1 and k2 contains all keys in the range from k1 and k2.
B-Tree grows and shrinks from the root which is unlike Binary Search Tree. Binary Search Trees grow downward and also shrink from downward.
Like other balanced Binary Search Trees, time complexity to search, insert and delete is O(log n).
Insertion of a Node in B-Tree happens only at Leaf Node.
Following is an example of B-Tree of minimum order 5. Note that in practical B-Trees, the value of the minimum order is much more than 5.  
We can see in the above diagram that all the leaf nodes are at the same level and all non-leaf have no empty sub-tree and have keys one less than the number of their children.Interesting Facts: 
The minimum height of the B-Tree that can exist with n number of nodes and m is the maximum number of children of a node can have is: The maximum height of the B-Tree that can exist with n number of nodes and t is the minimum number of children that a non-root node can have is: and 
The minimum height of the B-Tree that can exist with n number of nodes and m is the maximum number of children of a node can have is: 
The maximum height of the B-Tree that can exist with n number of nodes and t is the minimum number of children that a non-root node can have is: and 
Traversal in B-Tree: Traversal is also similar to Inorder traversal of Binary Tree. We start from the leftmost child, recursively print the leftmost child, then repeat the same process for remaining children and keys. In the end, recursively print the rightmost child. 
Search Operation in B-Tree: Search is similar to the search in Binary Search Tree. Let the key to be searched be k. We start from the root and recursively traverse down. For every visited non-leaf node, if the node has the key, we simply return the node. Otherwise, we recur down to the appropriate child (The child which is just before the first greater key) of the node. If we reach a leaf node and don’t find k in the leaf node, we return NULL.
Logic: Searching a B-Tree is similar to searching a binary tree. The algorithm is similar and goes with recursion. At each level, the search is optimized as if the key value is not present in the range of parent then the key is present in another branch. As these values limit the search they are also known as limiting value or separation value. If we reach a leaf node and don’t find the desired key then it will display NULL.
Algorithm for Searching an Element:-
    BtreeSearch(x, k)
    i = 1

    while i ≤ n[x] and k ≥ keyi[x]        // n[x] means number of keys in x node
           do i = i + 1

    if i  n[x] and k = keyi[x]
           then return (x, i)
    
    if leaf [x]
           then return NIL

    else
           return BtreeSearch(ci[x], k)
Example: Searching 120 in the given B-Tree.  
 Solution:  
 
 
In this example, we can see that our search was reduced by just limiting the chances where the key containing the value could be present. Similarly if within the above example we’ve to look for 180, then the control will stop at step 2 because the program will find that the key 180 is present within the current node. And similarly, if it’s to seek out 90 then as 90 < 100 so it’ll go to the left subtree automatically and therefore the control flow will go similarly as shown within the above example.
C++
Java
C#
Javascript
// C++ implementation of search() and traverse() methods#include<iostream>using namespace std; // A BTree nodeclass BTreeNode{    int *keys;  // An array of keys    int t;      // Minimum degree (defines the range for number of keys)    BTreeNode **C; // An array of child pointers    int n;     // Current number of keys    bool leaf; // Is true when node is leaf. Otherwise falsepublic:    BTreeNode(int _t, bool _leaf);   // Constructor     // A function to traverse all nodes in a subtree rooted with this node    void traverse();     // A function to search a key in the subtree rooted with this node.       BTreeNode *search(int k);   // returns NULL if k is not present. // Make the BTree friend of this so that we can access private members of this// class in BTree functionsfriend class BTree;}; // A BTreeclass BTree{    BTreeNode *root; // Pointer to root node    int t;  // Minimum degreepublic:    // Constructor (Initializes tree as empty)    BTree(int _t)    {  root = NULL;  t = _t; }     // function to traverse the tree    void traverse()    {  if (root != NULL) root->traverse(); }     // function to search a key in this tree    BTreeNode* search(int k)    {  return (root == NULL)? NULL : root->search(k); }}; // Constructor for BTreeNode classBTreeNode::BTreeNode(int _t, bool _leaf){    // Copy the given minimum degree and leaf property    t = _t;    leaf = _leaf;     // Allocate memory for maximum number of possible keys    // and child pointers    keys = new int[2*t-1];    C = new BTreeNode *[2*t];     // Initialize the number of keys as 0    n = 0;} // Function to traverse all nodes in a subtree rooted with this nodevoid BTreeNode::traverse(){    // There are n keys and n+1 children, traverse through n keys    // and first n children    int i;    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)    {        // If this is not leaf, then before printing key[i],        // traverse the subtree rooted with child C[i].        if (leaf == false)            C[i]->traverse();        cout << " " << keys[i];    }     // Print the subtree rooted with last child    if (leaf == false)        C[i]->traverse();} // Function to search key k in subtree rooted with this nodeBTreeNode *BTreeNode::search(int k){    // Find the first key greater than or equal to k    int i = 0;    while (i < n && k > keys[i])        i++;     // If the found key is equal to k, return this node    if (keys[i] == k)        return this;     // If the key is not found here and this is a leaf node    if (leaf == true)        return NULL;     // Go to the appropriate child    return C[i]->search(k);}
// Java program to illustrate the sum of two numbers // A BTreeclass Btree {    public BTreeNode root; // Pointer to root node    public int t; // Minimum degree     // Constructor (Initializes tree as empty)    Btree(int t) {        this.root = null;        this.t = t;    }     // function to traverse the tree    public void traverse() {        if (this.root != null)            this.root.traverse();        System.out.println();    }     // function to search a key in this tree    public BTreeNode search(int k) {        if (this.root == null)            return null;        else            return this.root.search(k);    }} // A BTree nodeclass BTreeNode {    int[] keys; // An array of keys    int t; // Minimum degree (defines the range for number of keys)    BTreeNode[] C; // An array of child pointers    int n; // Current number of keys    boolean leaf; // Is true when node is leaf. Otherwise false     // Constructor    BTreeNode(int t, boolean leaf) {        this.t = t;        this.leaf = leaf;        this.keys = new int[2 * t - 1];        this.C = new BTreeNode[2 * t];        this.n = 0;    }     // A function to traverse all nodes in a subtree rooted with this node    public void traverse() {         // There are n keys and n+1 children, traverse through n keys        // and first n children        int i = 0;        for (i = 0; i < this.n; i++) {             // If this is not leaf, then before printing key[i],            // traverse the subtree rooted with child C[i].            if (this.leaf == false) {                C[i].traverse();            }            System.out.print(keys[i] + " ");        }         // Print the subtree rooted with last child        if (leaf == false)            C[i].traverse();    }     // A function to search a key in the subtree rooted with this node.    BTreeNode search(int k) { // returns NULL if k is not present.         // Find the first key greater than or equal to k        int i = 0;        while (i < n && k > keys[i])            i++;         // If the found key is equal to k, return this node        if (keys[i] == k)            return this;         // If the key is not found here and this is a leaf node        if (leaf == true)            return null;         // Go to the appropriate child        return C[i].search(k);     }}
// C# program to illustrate the sum of two numbersusing System; // A BTreeclass Btree{  public BTreeNode root; // Pointer to root node  public int t; // Minimum degree   // Constructor (Initializes tree as empty)  Btree(int t)  {    this.root = null;    this.t = t;  }   // function to traverse the tree  public void traverse()  {    if (this.root != null)      this.root.traverse();    Console.WriteLine();  }   // function to search a key in this tree  public BTreeNode search(int k)  {    if (this.root == null)      return null;    else      return this.root.search(k);  }} // A BTree nodeclass BTreeNode{  int[] keys; // An array of keys  int t; // Minimum degree (defines the range for number of keys)  BTreeNode[] C; // An array of child pointers  int n; // Current number of keys  bool leaf; // Is true when node is leaf. Otherwise false   // Constructor  BTreeNode(int t, bool leaf) {    this.t = t;    this.leaf = leaf;    this.keys = new int[2 * t - 1];    this.C = new BTreeNode[2 * t];    this.n = 0;  }   // A function to traverse all nodes in a subtree rooted with this node  public void traverse() {     // There are n keys and n+1 children, traverse through n keys    // and first n children    int i = 0;    for (i = 0; i < this.n; i++) {       // If this is not leaf, then before printing key[i],      // traverse the subtree rooted with child C[i].      if (this.leaf == false) {        C[i].traverse();      }      Console.Write(keys[i] + " ");    }     // Print the subtree rooted with last child    if (leaf == false)      C[i].traverse();  }   // A function to search a key in the subtree rooted with this node.  public BTreeNode search(int k) { // returns NULL if k is not present.     // Find the first key greater than or equal to k    int i = 0;    while (i < n && k > keys[i])      i++;     // If the found key is equal to k, return this node    if (keys[i] == k)      return this;     // If the key is not found here and this is a leaf node    if (leaf == true)      return null;     // Go to the appropriate child    return C[i].search(k);   }} // This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji
<script> // Javascript program to illustrate the sum of two numbers // A BTreeclass Btree{     // Constructor (Initializes tree as empty)    constructor(t)    {        this.root = null;        this.t = t;    }         // function to traverse the tree    traverse()    {        if (this.root != null)            this.root.traverse();        document.write("<br>");    }         // function to search a key in this tree    search(k)    {        if (this.root == null)            return null;        else            return this.root.search(k);    }     } // A BTree nodeclass BTreeNode{     // Constructor    constructor(t,leaf)    {        this.t = t;        this.leaf = leaf;        this.keys = new Array(2 * t - 1);        this.C = new Array(2 * t);        this.n = 0;    }    // A function to traverse all nodes in a subtree rooted with this node    traverse()    {        // There are n keys and n+1 children, traverse through n keys        // and first n children        let i = 0;        for (i = 0; i < this.n; i++) {              // If this is not leaf, then before printing key[i],            // traverse the subtree rooted with child C[i].            if (this.leaf == false) {                C[i].traverse();            }            document.write(keys[i] + " ");        }          // Print the subtree rooted with last child        if (leaf == false)            C[i].traverse();    }         // A function to search a key in the subtree rooted with this node.    search(k)    // returns NULL if k is not present.    {             // Find the first key greater than or equal to k        let i = 0;        while (i < n && k > keys[i])            i++;          // If the found key is equal to k, return this node        if (keys[i] == k)            return this;          // If the key is not found here and this is a leaf node        if (leaf == true)            return null;          // Go to the appropriate child        return C[i].search(k);    }} // This code is contributed by patel2127</script>
The above code doesn’t contain the driver program. We will be covering the complete program in our next post on B-Tree Insertion.There are two conventions to define a B-Tree, one is to define by minimum degree (followed in Cormen book), second is define by order. We have followed the minimum degree convention and will be following same in coming posts on B-Tree. The variable names used in the above program are also kept same as Cormen book for better readability. 
Applications of B-Trees:
It is used in large databases to access data stored in the disk
Searching of data in a data set can be achieved in significantly less time using B tree
With the indexing feature multilevel indexing can be achieved.
Most of the servers also use B-tree approach.
Insertion and Deletion B-Tree Insertion B-Tree DeletionReferences: Introduction to Algorithms 3rd Edition by Clifford Stein, Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. RivestPlease write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above. 
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