Python Data Persistence - Shelve Module

The shelve module in Python’s standard library provides simple yet effective object persistence mechanism. The shelf object defined in this module is dictionary-like object which is persistently stored in a disk file. This creates a file similar to dbm database on UNIX like systems.
The shelf dictionary has certain restrictions. Only string data type can be used as key in this special dictionary object, whereas any picklable Python object can be used as value.
The shelve module defines three classes as follows −
Shelf
This is the base class for shelf implementations. It is initialized with dict-like object.
BsdDbShelf
This is a subclass of Shelf class. The dict object passed to its constructor must support first(), next(), previous(), last() and set_location() methods.
DbfilenameShelf
This is also a subclass of Shelf but accepts a filename as parameter to its constructor rather than dict object.
The open() function defined in shelve module which return a DbfilenameShelf object.
open(filename, flag='c', protocol=None, writeback=False)

The filename parameter is assigned to the database created. Default value for flag parameter is ‘c’ for read/write access. Other flags are ‘w’ (write only) ‘r’ (read only) and ‘n’ (new with read/write).
The serialization itself is governed by pickle protocol, default is none. Last parameter writeback parameter by default is false. If set to true, the accessed entries are cached. Every access calls sync() and close() operations, hence process may be slow.
Following code creates a database and stores dictionary entries in it.
import shelve
s=shelve.open("test")
s['name']="Ajay"
s['age']=23
s['marks']=75
s.close()
This will create test.dir file in current directory and store key-value data in hashed form. The Shelf object has following methods available −
close()
synchronise and close persistent dict object.
sync()
Write back all entries in the cache if shelf was opened with writeback set to True.
get()
returns value associated with key
items()
list of tuples – each tuple is key value pair
keys()
list of shelf keys
pop()
remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
update()
Update shelf from another dict/iterable
values()
list of shelf values
To access value of a particular key in shelf −
s=shelve.open('test')
print (s['age']) #this will print 23
   s['age']=25
print (s.get('age')) #this will print 25
s.pop('marks') #this will remove corresponding k-v pair
As in a built-in dictionary object, the items(), keys() and values() methods return view objects.
print (list(s.items()))
[('name', 'Ajay'), ('age', 25), ('marks', 75)]  

print (list(s.keys()))
['name', 'age', 'marks']

print (list(s.values()))
['Ajay', 25, 75]
To merge items of another dictionary with shelf use update() method.
d={'salary':10000, 'designation':'manager'}
s.update(d)
print (list(s.items()))

[('name', 'Ajay'), ('age', 25), ('salary', 10000), ('designation', 'manager')]

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