OpenShift - Administration

In this chapter, we will cover topics such as how to manage a node, configure a service account, etc.
In OpenShift, we need to use the start command along with OC to boot up a new server. While launching a new master, we need to use the master along with the start command, whereas while starting the new node we need to use the node along with the start command. In order to do this, we need to create configuration files for the master as well as for the nodes. We can create a basic configuration file for the master and the node using the following command.
$ openshift start master --write-config = /openshift.local.config/master

$ oadm create-node-config --node-dir = /openshift.local.config/node-<node_hostname> --node = <node_hostname> --hostnames = <hostname>,<ip_address>

Once we run the following commands, we will get the base configuration files that can be used as the starting point for configuration. Later, we can have the same file to boot the new servers.
apiLevels:
- v1beta3
- v1
apiVersion: v1
assetConfig:
   logoutURL: ""
   masterPublicURL: https://172.10.12.1:7449
   publicURL: https://172.10.2.2:7449/console/
      servingInfo:
         bindAddress: 0.0.0.0:7449
         certFile: master.server.crt
         clientCA: ""
keyFile: master.server.key
   maxRequestsInFlight: 0
   requestTimeoutSeconds: 0
controllers: '*'
corsAllowedOrigins:
- 172.10.2.2:7449
- 127.0.0.1
- localhost
dnsConfig:
   bindAddress: 0.0.0.0:53
etcdClientInfo:
   ca: ca.crt
   certFile: master.etcd-client.crt
   keyFile: master.etcd-client.key
   urls:
   - https://10.0.2.15:4001
etcdConfig:
   address: 10.0.2.15:4001
   peerAddress: 10.0.2.15:7001
   peerServingInfo:
      bindAddress: 0.0.0.0:7001
      certFile: etcd.server.crt
      clientCA: ca.crt
      keyFile: etcd.server.key
   servingInfo:
      bindAddress: 0.0.0.0:4001
      certFile: etcd.server.crt
      clientCA: ca.crt
      keyFile: etcd.server.key
   storageDirectory: /root/openshift.local.etcd
etcdStorageConfig:
   kubernetesStoragePrefix: kubernetes.io
   kubernetesStorageVersion: v1
   openShiftStoragePrefix: openshift.io
   openShiftStorageVersion: v1
imageConfig:
   format: openshift/origin-${component}:${version}
   latest: false
kind: MasterConfig
kubeletClientInfo:
   ca: ca.crt
   certFile: master.kubelet-client.crt
   keyFile: master.kubelet-client.key
   port: 10250
kubernetesMasterConfig:
   apiLevels:
   - v1beta3
   - v1
   apiServerArguments: null
   controllerArguments: null
   masterCount: 1
   masterIP: 10.0.2.15
   podEvictionTimeout: 5m
   schedulerConfigFile: ""
   servicesNodePortRange: 30000-32767
   servicesSubnet: 172.30.0.0/16
   staticNodeNames: []
masterClients:
   externalKubernetesKubeConfig: ""
   openshiftLoopbackKubeConfig: openshift-master.kubeconfig
masterPublicURL: https://172.10.2.2:7449
networkConfig:
   clusterNetworkCIDR: 10.1.0.0/16
   hostSubnetLength: 8
   networkPluginName: ""
   serviceNetworkCIDR: 172.30.0.0/16
oauthConfig:
   assetPublicURL: https://172.10.2.2:7449/console/
   grantConfig:
      method: auto
   identityProviders:
   - challenge: true
   login: true
   name: anypassword
   provider:
      apiVersion: v1
      kind: AllowAllPasswordIdentityProvider
   masterPublicURL: https://172.10.2.2:7449/
   masterURL: https://172.10.2.2:7449/
   sessionConfig:
      sessionMaxAgeSeconds: 300
      sessionName: ssn
      sessionSecretsFile: ""
   tokenConfig:
      accessTokenMaxAgeSeconds: 86400
      authorizeTokenMaxAgeSeconds: 300
policyConfig:
   bootstrapPolicyFile: policy.json
   openshiftInfrastructureNamespace: openshift-infra
   openshiftSharedResourcesNamespace: openshift
projectConfig:
   defaultNodeSelector: ""
   projectRequestMessage: ""
   projectRequestTemplate: ""
   securityAllocator:
      mcsAllocatorRange: s0:/2
      mcsLabelsPerProject: 5
      uidAllocatorRange: 1000000000-1999999999/10000
routingConfig:
   subdomain: router.default.svc.cluster.local
serviceAccountConfig:
   managedNames:
   - default
   - builder
   - deployer
   
masterCA: ca.crt
   privateKeyFile: serviceaccounts.private.key
   privateKeyFile: serviceaccounts.private.key
   publicKeyFiles:
   - serviceaccounts.public.key
servingInfo:
   bindAddress: 0.0.0.0:8443
   certFile: master.server.crt
   clientCA: ca.crt
   keyFile: master.server.key
   maxRequestsInFlight: 0
   requestTimeoutSeconds: 3600

allowDisabledDocker: true
apiVersion: v1
dnsDomain: cluster.local
dnsIP: 172.10.2.2
dockerConfig:
   execHandlerName: native
imageConfig:
   format: openshift/origin-${component}:${version}
   latest: false
kind: NodeConfig
masterKubeConfig: node.kubeconfig
networkConfig:
   mtu: 1450
   networkPluginName: ""
nodeIP: ""
nodeName: node1.example.com

podManifestConfig:
   path: "/path/to/pod-manifest-file"
   fileCheckIntervalSeconds: 30
servingInfo:
   bindAddress: 0.0.0.0:10250
   certFile: server.crt
   clientCA: node-client-ca.crt
   keyFile: server.key
volumeDirectory: /root/openshift.local.volumes

This is how the node configuration files look like. Once we have these configuration files in place, we can run the following command to create master and node server.
$ openshift start --master-config = /openshift.local.config/master/master-
config.yaml --node-config = /openshift.local.config/node-<node_hostname>/node-
config.yaml

In OpenShift, we have OC command line utility which is mostly used for carrying out all the operations in OpenShift. We can use the following commands to manage the nodes.
$ oc get nodes
NAME                             LABELS
node1.example.com     kubernetes.io/hostname = vklnld1446.int.example.com
node2.example.com     kubernetes.io/hostname = vklnld1447.int.example.com

$ oc describe node <node name>

$ oc delete node <node name>

$ oadm manage-node <node1> <node2> --list-pods [--pod-selector=<pod_selector>] [-o json|yaml]

$ oadm manage-node <node1> <node2> --evacuate --dry-run [--pod-selector=<pod_selector>]

In OpenShift master, there is a built-in OAuth server, which can be used for managing authentication. All OpenShift users get the token from this server, which helps them communicate to OpenShift API.
There are different kinds of authentication level in OpenShift, which can be configured along with the main configuration file.
Allow all
Deny all
HTPasswd
LDAP
Basic authentication
Request header
While defining the master configuration, we can define the identification policy where we can define the type of policy that we wish to use.
Allow All
oauthConfig:
   ...
   identityProviders:
   - name: Allow_Authontication
      challenge: true
      login: true
      provider:
         apiVersion: v1
         kind: AllowAllPasswordIdentityProvider

This will deny access to all usernames and passwords.
oauthConfig:
   ...
   identityProviders:
   - name: deny_Authontication
      challenge: true
      login: true
      provider:
         apiVersion: v1
         kind: DenyAllPasswordIdentityProvider

HTPasswd is used to validate the username and password against an encrypted file password.
For generating an encrypted file, following is the command.
$ htpasswd </path/to/users.htpasswd> <user_name>

Using the encrypted file.
oauthConfig:
   ...
   identityProviders:
   - name: htpasswd_authontication
      challenge: true
      login: true
      provider:
         apiVersion: v1
         kind: HTPasswdPasswordIdentityProvider
         file: /path/to/users.htpasswd

This is used for LDAP authentication wherein LDAP server plays a key role in authentication.
oauthConfig:
   ...
   identityProviders:
   - name: "ldap_authontication"
      challenge: true
      login: true
      provider:
         apiVersion: v1
         kind: LDAPPasswordIdentityProvider
         attributes:
            id:
            - dn
            email:
            - mail
            name:
            - cn
            preferredUsername:
            - uid
         bindDN: ""
         bindPassword: ""
         ca: my-ldap-ca-bundle.crt
         insecure: false
         url: "ldap://ldap.example.com/ou=users,dc=acme,dc=com?uid"

This is used when the validation of username and password is done against a server-to-server authentication. The authentication is protected in the base URL and is presented in JSON format.
oauthConfig:
   ...
   identityProviders:
   - name: my_remote_basic_auth_provider
      challenge: true
      login: true
      provider:
         apiVersion: v1
         kind: BasicAuthPasswordIdentityProvider
         url: https://www.vklnld908.int.example.com/remote-idp
         ca: /path/to/ca.file
         certFile: /path/to/client.crt
         keyFile: /path/to/client.key

Service accounts provide a flexible way of accessing OpenShift API exposing the username and password for authentication.
Service account uses a key pair of public and private key for authentication. Authentication to API is done using a private key and validating it against a public key.
ServiceAccountConfig:
   ...
   masterCA: ca.crt
   privateKeyFile: serviceaccounts.private.key
   publicKeyFiles:
   - serviceaccounts.public.key
   - ...

Use the following command to create a service account
$ Openshift cli create service account <name of server account>

In most of the production environment, direct access to Internet is restricted. They are either not exposed to Internet or they are exposed via a HTTP or HTTPS proxy. In an OpenShift environment, this proxy machine definition is set as an environment variable.
This can be done by adding a proxy definition on the master and node files located under /etc/sysconfig. This is similar as we do for any other application.
/etc/sysconfig/openshift-master
HTTP_PROXY=http://USERNAME:PASSWORD@172.10.10.1:8080/
HTTPS_PROXY=https://USERNAME:PASSWORD@172.10.10.1:8080/
NO_PROXY=master.vklnld908.int.example.com

/etc/sysconfig/openshift-node
HTTP_PROXY=http://USERNAME:PASSWORD@172.10.10.1:8080/
HTTPS_PROXY=https://USERNAME:PASSWORD@172.10.10.1:8080/
NO_PROXY=master.vklnld908.int.example.com

Once done, we need to restart the master and node machines.
/etc/sysconfig/docker
HTTP_PROXY = http://USERNAME:PASSWORD@172.10.10.1:8080/
HTTPS_PROXY = https://USERNAME:PASSWORD@172.10.10.1:8080/
NO_PROXY = master.vklnld1446.int.example.com

In order to make a pod run in a proxy environment, it can be done using −
containers:
- env:
   - name: "HTTP_PROXY"
      value: "http://USER:PASSWORD@:10.0.1.1:8080"

OC environment command can be used to update the existing env.
In OpenShift, the concept of persistent volume and persistent volume claims forms persistent storage. This is one of the key concepts in which first persistent volume is created and later that same volume is claimed. For this, we need to have enough capacity and disk space on the underlying hardware.
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
   name: storage-unit1
spec:
   capacity:
      storage: 10Gi
   accessModes:
   - ReadWriteOnce
   nfs:
      path: /opt
      server: 10.12.2.2
   persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Recycle

Next, using OC create command create Persistent Volume.
$ oc create -f storage-unit1.yaml

persistentvolume " storage-unit1 " created

Claiming the created volume.
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
   name: Storage-clame1
spec:
   accessModes:
      - ReadWriteOnce
   resources:
      requests:
         storage: 5Gi

Create the claim.
$ oc create -f Storage-claim1.yaml
persistentvolume " Storage-clame1 " created

User and role administration is used to manage users, their access and controls on different projects.
Predefined templates can be used to create new users in OpenShift.
kind: "Template"
apiVersion: "v1"
parameters:
   - name: vipin
   required: true
objects:
   - kind: "User"
   apiVersion: "v1"
   metadata:
   name: "${email}"
   
- kind: "Identity"
   apiVersion: "v1"
   metadata:
      name: "vipin:${email}"
   providerName: "SAML"
   providerUserName: "${email}"
- kind: "UserIdentityMapping"
apiVersion: "v1"
identity:
   name: "vipin:${email}"
user:
   name: "${email}"

Use oc create –f <file name> to create users.
$ oc create –f vipin.yaml

Use the following command to delete a user in OpenShift.
$ oc delete user <user name>

ResourceQuotas and LimitRanges are used for limiting user access levels. They are used for limiting the pods and containers on the cluster.
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
   name: resources-utilization
spec:
   hard:
      pods: "10"

$ oc create -f resource-quota.yaml –n –Openshift-sample

$ oc describe quota resource-quota  -n  Openshift-sample
Name:              resource-quota
Namespace:                              Openshift-sample
Resource           Used                  Hard
--------           ----                  ----
pods                3                    10

Defining the container limits can be used for limiting the resources which are going to be used by deployed containers. They are used to define the maximum and minimum limitations of certain objects.
This is basically used for the number of projects a user can have at any point of time. They are basically done by defining the user levels in categories of bronze, silver, and gold.
We need to first define an object which holds the value of how many projects a bronze, silver, and gold category can have. These need to be done in the master-confif.yaml file.
admissionConfig:
   pluginConfig:
      ProjectRequestLimit:
         configuration:
            apiVersion: v1
            kind: ProjectRequestLimitConfig
            limits:
            - selector:
               level: platinum
            - selector:
               level: gold
            maxProjects: 15
            - selector:
               level: silver
            maxProjects: 10
            - selector:
               level: bronze
            maxProjects: 5

Restart the master server.
Assigning a user to a particular level.
$ oc label user vipin level = gold

Moving the user out of the label, if required.
$ oc label user <user_name> level-

Adding roles to a user.
$ oadm policy add-role-to-user  <user_name>

Removing the role from a user.
$ oadm policy remove-role-from-user  <user_name>

Adding a cluster role to a user.
$ oadm policy add-cluster-role-to-user  <user_name>

Removing a cluster role from a user.
$ oadm policy remove-cluster-role-from-user  <user_name>

Adding a role to a group.
$ oadm policy add-role-to-user  <user_name>

Removing a role from a group.
$ oadm policy remove-cluster-role-from-user  <user_name>

Adding a cluster role to a group.
$ oadm policy add-cluster-role-to-group  <groupname>

Removing a cluster role from a group.
$ oadm policy remove-cluster-role-from-group <role> <groupname>

This is one of the most powerful roles where the user has the capability to manage a complete cluster starting from creation till deletion of a cluster.
$ oadm policy add-role-to-user admin <user_name> -n <project_name>

$ oadm policy add-cluster-role-to-user cluster-admin <user_name>


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