Case conversion (Lower to Upper and Vice Versa) of a string using BitWise operators in C/C++ - GeeksforGeeks

28 Aug, 2018
Given a string, write a function that converts it either from lower to upper case or from upper to lower case using the bitwise operators &(AND), |(OR), ~(NOT) in place and returns the string.
Many of us know that Bitwise manipulations are faster than performing arithmetic operations for a compiler as the data is stored in binary form 0’s and 1’s.
Examples:
Input : "LowerToUpPer"
Output : "LOWERTOUPPER"
   Letters already in the uppercase remains the same. 
   while rest get converted to uppercase.

Input : "UPPerTOloweR"
Output : "uppertolower"
   Letters already in the lowercase remains the same.
   while rest get converted to lowercase.

1.Lower to Upper CaseThis method simply subtracts a value of 32 from the ASCII value of lowercase letter by Bitwise ANDing (&) with negation (~) of 32 converting the letter to uppercase.
// C++ program to convert a string from// lower to upper case.#include<stdio.h>  const int x = 32;  // Converts a string to uppercasechar *toUpperCase(char *a){    for (int i=0; a[i]!='\0'; i++)        a[i] = a[i] & ~x;      return a;}  // Driver Codeint main(){    char str[] = "SanjaYKannA";      //Here it's recommended to use character array    //as it's stored in read-write area.    //If a pointer is used it's stored    //in read-only memory as a string literal.      printf("%s", toUpperCase(str));      return 0;}
Output:
SANJAYKANNA

2.Upper to Lower CaseSimilarly, it adds a value of 32 to the ASCII value of uppercase letter by Bitwise ORing (|) with 32 converting the letter to lowercase.
// C++ program to convert a string from// upper to lower case.#include<stdio.h>const int x = 32;  // Converts a string to lowercasechar * toLowerCase(char *a){    for (int i=0; a[i]!='\0'; i++)        a[i] = a[i] | x;      return a;}  // Driver Codeint main(){    char str[] = "SanjaYKannA";    printf("%s", toLowerCase(str));    return 0;}
Output:
sanjaykanna

Explanation:The ASCII table is constructed in such way that the binary representation of lowercase letters is almost identical of binary representation of uppercase letters.
Character ‘A’ is integer 65 = (0100 0001)2, while character ‘a’ is integer 97 = (0110 0001)2.The difference between the ASCII values of ‘a’ and ‘A’ is 32.
So we can easily change the case of the letters either from Upper to lower or lower to upper by adding or subtracting the difference from the letters using bitwise operators as shown above.
Exercise:Implement a function that change the case of a string such that GeeksFoRgeekS turns gEEKSfOrGEEKs .
This article is contributed by Sanjay Kumar Ulsha from JNTUH College Of Engineering, Hyderabad. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
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