Overview of Data Structures | Set 3 (Graph, Trie, Segment Tree and Suffix Tree)

02 Jun, 2022
We have discussed below data structures in the previous two sets. Set 1: Overview of Array, Linked List, Queue and Stack. Set 2: Overview of Binary Tree, BST, Heap and Hash. 9. Graph 10. Trie 11. Segment Tree 12. Suffix Tree
Graph: Graph is a data structure that consists of the following two components:
A finite set of vertices is also called nodes.A finite set of ordered pairs of the form (u, v) is called an edge. The pair is ordered because (u, v) is not the same as (v, u) in the case of a directed graph(di-graph). The pair of forms (u, v) indicates that there is an edge from vertex u to vertex v. The edges may contain weight/value/cost.
A finite set of vertices is also called nodes.
A finite set of ordered pairs of the form (u, v) is called an edge. The pair is ordered because (u, v) is not the same as (v, u) in the case of a directed graph(di-graph). The pair of forms (u, v) indicates that there is an edge from vertex u to vertex v. The edges may contain weight/value/cost.
V -> Number of Vertices. E -> Number of Edges. The graph can be classified on the basis of many things, below are the two most common classifications :
Direction: Undirected Graph: The graph in which all the edges are bidirectional.Directed Graph: The graph in which all the edges are unidirectional.Weight: Weighted Graph: The Graph in which weight is associated with the edges.Unweighted Graph: The Graph in which there is no weight associated with the edges.
Direction: Undirected Graph: The graph in which all the edges are bidirectional.Directed Graph: The graph in which all the edges are unidirectional.
Weight: Weighted Graph: The Graph in which weight is associated with the edges.Unweighted Graph: The Graph in which there is no weight associated with the edges.
Graphs can be represented in many ways, below are the two most common representations: Let us take the below example graph to see two representations of the graph.
 
Adjacency Matrix Representation of the above graph
Adjacency List Representation of the above Graph
Time Complexities in case of Adjacency Matrix :
Traversal :(By BFS or DFS) O(V^2)
Space : O(V^2)

Time Complexities in case of Adjacency List :
Traversal :(By BFS or DFS) O(V + E)
Space : O(V+E)
Examples: The most common example of the graph is to find the shortest path in any network. Used in google maps or bing. Another common use application of graphs is social networking websites where the friend suggestion depends on the number of intermediate suggestions and other things.
Trie
Trie is an efficient data structure for searching words in dictionaries, search complexity with Trie is linear in terms of word (or key) length to be searched. If we store keys in a binary search tree, a well-balanced BST will need time proportional to M * log N, where M is the maximum string length and N is the number of keys in the tree. Using trie, we can search the key in O(M) time. So it is much faster than BST. Hashing also provides word search in O(n) time on average. But the advantages of Trie are there are no collisions (like hashing) so the worst-case time complexity is O(n). Also, the most important thing is Prefix Search. With Trie, we can find all words beginning with a prefix (This is not possible with Hashing). The only problem with Tries is they require a lot of extra space. Tries are also known as radix trees or prefix trees.
The Trie structure can be defined as follows :
struct trie_node
{
    int value; /* Used to mark leaf nodes */
    trie_node_t *children[ALPHABET_SIZE];
};


                       root
                    /   \    \
                    t   a     b
                    |   |     |
                    h   n     y
                    |   |  \  |
                    e   s  y  e
                 /  |   |
                 i  r   w
                 |  |   |
                 r  e   e
                        |
                        r

The leaf nodes are in blue.

Insert time : O(M) where M is the length of the string.
Search time : O(M) where M is the length of the string.
Space : O(ALPHABET_SIZE * M * N) where N is number of 
        keys in trie, ALPHABET_SIZE is 26 if we are 
        only considering upper case Latin characters.
Deletion time: O(M)
Example: The most common use of Tries is to implement dictionaries due to prefix search capability. Tries are also well suited for implementing approximate matching algorithms, including those used in spell checking. It is also used for searching Contact from Mobile Contact list OR Phone Directory.
Segment Tree
This data structure is usually implemented when there are a lot of queries on a set of values. These queries involve minimum, maximum, sum, .. etc on an input range of a given set. Queries also involve updating values in the given set. Segment Trees are implemented using an array. 
Construction of segment tree : O(N)
Query : O(log N)
Update : O(log N)
Space : O(N) [Exact space = 2*N-1]
Example: It is used when we need to find the Maximum/Minimum/Sum/Product of numbers in a range.
Suffix Tree
The suffix tree is mainly used to search for a pattern in a text. The idea is to preprocess the text so that the search operation can be done in time linear in terms of pattern length. The pattern searching algorithms like KMP, Z, etc take time proportional to text length. This is really a great improvement because the length of the pattern is generally much smaller than the text. Imagine we have stored the complete work of William Shakespeare and preprocessed it. You can search any string in the complete work in time just proportional to the length of the pattern. But using Suffix Tree may not be a good idea when text changes frequently like text editor, etc. A suffix tree is a compressed trie of all suffixes, so the following are very abstract steps to build a suffix tree from given text. 1) Generate all suffixes of the given text. 2) Consider all suffixes as individual words and build a compressed trie.
  
Example: Used to find all occurrences of the pattern in a string. It is also used to find the longest repeated substring (when the text doesn’t change often), the longest common substring and the longest palindrome in a string. This article is contributed by Abhiraj Smit. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or if you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
HenrySpivey
I_drink_and_i_know_things_
PreetamKalal
anikakapoor
sweetyty
vardaan
chaladiyogitha
Segment-Tree
Suffix-Tree
Trie
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Segment-Tree
Trie
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