Minimize number of unique characters in string - GeeksforGeeks

17 Sep, 2018
Given two strings A and B. Minimize the number of unique characters in string A by either swapping A[i] with B[i] or keeping it unchanged. The number of swaps can be greater than or equal to 0. Note that A[i] can be swapped only with same index element in B. Print the minimum number of unique characters. Constraints: 0 < length of A ≤ 15.
Examples:
Input : A = ababa
        B = babab
Output : 1
Swapping all b's in string A, with
a's in string B results in string
A having all characters as a. 

Input : A = abaaa
        B = bbabb
Output : 2
Initially string A has 2 unique
characters. Swapping at any index 
does not change this count.

Approach: The problem can be solved using backtracking. Create a map in which key is A[i] and value is count of corresponding character. The size of the map tells the number of distinct characters as only those elements which are present in string A are present as key in map. At every index position, there are two choices: either swap A[i] with B[i] or keep A[i] unchanged. Start from index 0 and do following for each index:
Keep A[i] unchanged, increment count of A[i] by one in map and call recursively for next index.Backtrack by decreasing count of A[i] by one, swap A[i] with B[i], increment count of A[i] by one in map and again recursively call for next index.
Keep A[i] unchanged, increment count of A[i] by one in map and call recursively for next index.
Backtrack by decreasing count of A[i] by one, swap A[i] with B[i], increment count of A[i] by one in map and again recursively call for next index.
Keep a variable ans to store overall minimum value of distinct characters. In both the cases mentioned above, when entire string is traversed compare current number of distinct characters with overall minimum in ans and update ans accordingly.
Implementation:
// CPP program to minimize number of// unique characters in a string.  #include <bits/stdc++.h>using namespace std;  // Utility function to find minimum// number of unique characters in string.void minCountUtil(string A, string B,                  unordered_map<char, int>& ele,                  int& ans, int ind){      // If entire string is traversed, then    // compare current number of distinct    // characters in A with overall minimum.    if (ind == A.length()) {        ans = min(ans, (int)ele.size());        return;    }      // swap A[i] with B[i], increase count of    // corresponding character in map and call    // recursively for next index.    swap(A[ind], B[ind]);    ele[A[ind]]++;    minCountUtil(A, B, ele, ans, ind + 1);      // Backtrack (Undo the changes done)    ele[A[ind]]--;      // If count of character is reduced to zero,    // then that character is not present in A.    // So remove that character from map.    if (ele[A[ind]] == 0)         ele.erase(A[ind]);            // Restore A to original form.    // (Backtracking step)    swap(A[ind], B[ind]);      // Increase count of A[i] in map and    // call recursively for next index.    ele[A[ind]]++;    minCountUtil(A, B, ele, ans, ind + 1);      // Restore the changes done    // (Backtracking step)    ele[A[ind]]--;    if (ele[A[ind]] == 0)         ele.erase(A[ind]);    }  // Function to find minimum number of// distinct characters in string.int minCount(string A, string B){    // Variable to store minimum number    // of distinct character.    // Initialize it with length of A    // as maximum possible value is    // length of A.    int ans = A.length();      // Map to store count of distinct    // characters in A. To keep    // complexity of insert operation    // constant unordered_map is used.    unordered_map<char, int> ele;      // Call utility function to find    // minimum number of unique    // characters.    minCountUtil(A, B, ele, ans, 0);      return ans;}  int main(){    string A = "abaaa";    string B = "bbabb";      cout << minCount(A, B);    return 0;}
2

Time Complexity: O(2n)Auxiliary Space: O(n)
SahilMalik1
cpp-unordered_map
Backtracking
Strings
Strings
Backtracking
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