REGULATION (EU) No 540/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 16 April 2014
on the sound level of motor vehicles and of replacement silencing systems, and amending Directive 2007/46/EC and repealing Directive 70/157/EEC
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 114 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (1),
Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure (2),
Whereas:
(1)
In accordance with Article 26(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the internal market comprises an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is to be ensured. To that end, a comprehensive EU type-approval system for motor vehicles is in place. The technical requirements for the EU type-approval of motor vehicles and their silencing systems with regard to permissible sound levels should be harmonised to avoid the adoption of requirements that differ from one Member State to another, and to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market while, at the same time, providing for a high level of environmental protection and public safety, a better quality of life and health, and taking account of road vehicles as a significant source of noise in the transport sector.
(2)
EU type-approval requirements already apply in the context of Union law regulating various aspects of the performance of motor vehicles, such as CO2 emissions from cars and light commercial vehicles, pollutant emissions and safety standards. The technical requirements applicable pursuant to this Regulation should be developed in a way that ensures a consistent approach throughout that Union law, taking into account all relevant noise factors.
(3)
Traffic noise harms health in numerous ways. Protracted noise-related stress can exhaust human physical reserves, disrupt the regulatory capacity of organ functions and hence limit their effectiveness. Traffic noise is a potential risk factor for the development of medical conditions and incidents such as high blood pressure and heart attacks. The effects of traffic noise should be further researched in the same manner as provided for in Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (3).
(4)
Council Directive 70/157/EEC (4) harmonised the different technical requirements of Member States relating to the permissible sound level of motor vehicles and of their exhaust systems for the purpose of the establishment and operation of the internal market. For the purposes of the proper functioning of the internal market and in order to ensure a uniform and consistent application throughout the Union, it is appropriate to replace that Directive by this Regulation.
(5)
This Regulation constitutes a separate Regulation in the context of the type-approval procedure under Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (5). Accordingly, Annexes IV, VI and XI to that Directive should be amended.
(6)
Directive 70/157/EEC refers to Regulation No 51 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) on noise emissions (6), which specifies the test method for noise emissions, and to UNECE Regulation No 59 on uniform provisions concerning the approval of replacement silencing systems (7). As a Contracting Party to the Agreement of UNECE of 20 March 1958 concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted to and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions (8), the Union has decided to apply those Regulations.
(7)
Since its adoption, Directive 70/157/EEC has been substantially amended several times. The most recent reduction of sound level limits for motor vehicles, introduced in 1995, did not have the effects expected. Studies showed that the test method used under that Directive no longer reflected real life driving behaviour in urban traffic. In particular, as pointed out in the Green Paper on the Future Noise Policy of 4 November 1996, the contribution of tyre-rolling noise to total noise emissions was underestimated in the test method.
(8)
This Regulation should therefore introduce a different test method from that laid down in Directive 70/157/EEC. The new method should be based on the test method published by the UNECE Working Party on Noise (GRB) in 2007 which incorporated a 2007 version of the standard ISO 362. The results of monitoring of both the old and the new test methods were submitted to the Commission.
(9)
The new test method is considered to be representative for sound levels during normal traffic conditions, but it is less representative for sound levels under worst case conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to lay down in this Regulation additional sound emission provisions. Those provisions should establish preventive requirements intended to cover driving conditions of the vehicle in real traffic outside the type-approval driving cycle and to prevent cycle beating. Those driving conditions are environmentally relevant and it is important to ensure that the sound emission of a vehicle under street-driving conditions does not differ significantly from what can be expected from the type-approval test result for the specific vehicle.
(10)
This Regulation should also further reduce sound level limits. It should take account of the new stricter noise requirements for motor vehicle tyres laid down in Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (9). Studies highlighting the annoyance and adverse health effects resulting from road traffic noise and the associated costs and benefits should also be taken into account.
(11)
The overall limit values should be reduced with regard to all noise sources of motor vehicles including the air intake over the power train and the exhaust, taking into account the tyre contribution to noise reduction referred to in Regulation (EC) No 661/2009.
(12)
Chapter III of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (10), in accordance with which Member States are required to carry out market surveillance and control products entering the Union market, applies to the products covered by this Regulation.
(13)
Noise is a multifaceted issue with multiple sources and factors that influence the sound perceived by people and the impact of that sound upon them. Vehicle sound levels are partially dependent on the environment in which the vehicles are used, in particular the quality of the road infrastructure, and therefore a more integrated approach is required. Directive 2002/49/EC requires strategic noise maps to be drawn up periodically as regards, inter alia, major roads. The information presented in those maps could form the basis of future research work regarding environmental noise in general, and road surface noise in particular, as well as best practice guides on technological road quality development and a classification of road surface types, if appropriate.
(14)
The Sixth Community Environment Action Programme (11) set out the framework for environmental policy-making in the Union for the period 2002-2012. That programme called for actions in the field of noise pollution to substantially reduce the number of people regularly affected by long-term average levels of noise, particularly from traffic.
(15)
Technical measures to reduce the sound level of motor vehicles have to comply with a set of competing requirements, such as those of reducing noise and pollutant emissions and improving safety whilst keeping the vehicle in question as cheap and efficient as possible. In attempting to comply with all those requirements equally and strike a balance between them, the vehicle industry all too often runs up against the limits of what is currently technically feasible. Vehicle designers have repeatedly managed to push those limits back by using new, innovative materials and methods. Union law should set a clear framework for innovation that can be achieved in a realistic timeframe. This Regulation establishes such a framework and thus provides an immediate incentive for innovation in keeping with the needs of society, whilst in no way restricting the economic freedom that is vital to the industry.
(16)
Noise pollution is primarily a local problem, but one which calls for a Union-wide solution. The first step in any sustainable noise emissions policy should be to devise measures to reduce sound levels at source. Since the target of this Regulation is the noise source that motor vehicles represent, and given that that noise source is by definition a mobile one, national measures alone are not sufficient.
(17)
The provision of information on sound emissions to consumers and public authorities has the potential to influence purchasing decisions and accelerate the transition to a quieter vehicle fleet. Accordingly, manufacturers should provide information on sound levels of vehicles at the point of sale and in technical promotional material. A label, comparable to the labels used for information on CO2 emissions, fuel-consumption and tyre-noise, should inform consumers about the sound emissions of a vehicle. The Commission should undertake an impact assessment on the labelling conditions applicable to air and noise pollution levels and on consumer information. That impact assessment should take into account the different types of vehicles covered by this Regulation (including pure electric vehicles) as well as the effect that such labelling could have on the vehicle industry.
(18)
In order to reduce road traffic noise, public authorities should be able to put in place measures and incentives to encourage the use of quieter vehicles.
(19)
Environmental benefits from hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles have resulted in a substantial reduction of the noise emitted by such vehicles. That reduction has removed an important source of an audible signal that is relied upon by blind and visually impaired pedestrians and cyclists, amongst other road users, to become aware of the approach, presence or departure of those vehicles. As a consequence, industry is developing Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) to compensate for this lack of audible signal in hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles. The performance of such AVAS fitted to vehicles should be harmonised. In developing of those AVAS consideration should be given to the overall impact on noise in communities.
(20)
The Commission should examine the potential of active safety systems in more silent vehicles such as hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles in order to better serve the objective of improving the safety of vulnerable road users in urban areas, such as blind, visually impaired and aurally challenged pedestrians, cyclists and children.
(21)
Vehicle sound levels have a direct impact on the quality of life of Union citizens, in particular in urban areas in which there is little or no electric or underground public transport provision or cycling or walking infrastructure. The target of doubling the number of public transport users that the European Parliament set in its resolution of 15 December 2011 on the Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area - Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system (12) should also be taken into account. The Commission and the Member States should, in accordance with the subsidiarity principle, promote public transport, walking and cycling, with a view to reducing noise pollution in urban areas.
(22)
A vehicle's sound level is partially dependent on how it is used and how well it is maintained following its purchase. Therefore, steps should be taken to raise public awareness in the Union of the importance of adopting a smooth driving style and keeping within the speed limits in force in each Member State.
(23)
In order to simplify the type-approval legislation of the Union, in line with the 2007 recommendations of the CARS 21 Report, it is appropriate to base this Regulation on UNECE Regulations No 51, with regard to the test method, and No 59 with regard to replacement silencing systems.
(24)
To enable the Commission to adapt certain requirements of Annexes I, IV, VIII and X to this Regulation to technical progress, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission in respect of the amendment of the provisions in those Annexes related to the test methods and sound levels. It is of particular importance that the Commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level. The Commission, when preparing and drawing up delegated acts, should ensure a simultaneous, timely and appropriate transmission of relevant documents to the European Parliament and to the Council.
(25)
Since the objective of this Regulation, namely to lay down administrative and technical requirements for the EU type-approval of all new vehicles with regard to their sound level and of replacement silencing systems and components thereof type-approved as separate technical units and intended for those vehicles, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States but can rather, by reason of its scale and effects, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that objective.
(26)
As a consequence of the application of the new regulatory framework laid down pursuant to this Regulation, Directive 70/157/EEC should be repealed,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
Article 1
Subject matter
This Regulation establishes the administrative and technical requirements for the EU type-approval of all new vehicles of the categories referred to in Article 2 with regard to their sound level, and of replacement silencing systems and components thereof type-approved as separate technical units designed and constructed for vehicles of categories M1 and N1 with a view to facilitating their registration, sale and entry into service within the Union.
Article 2
Scope
This Regulation shall apply to vehicles of categories M1, M2, M3, N1, N2 and N3, as defined in Annex II to Directive 2007/46/EC, and to replacement silencing systems and components thereof type-approved as separate technical units designed and constructed for vehicles of categories M1 and N1.
Article 3
Definitions
For the purposes of this Regulation, the definitions laid down in Article 3 of Directive 2007/46/EC apply.
In addition, the following definitions also apply:
(1)
‘type-approval of a vehicle’ means the procedure referred to in Article 3 of Directive 2007/46/EC with regard to sound levels;
(2)
‘vehicle type’ means a category of motor vehicles which do not differ in essential respects such as:
(a)
for vehicles of categories M1, M2 ≤ 3 500 kg, N1 tested in accordance with point 4.1.2.1 of Annex II:
(i)
the shape or materials of the bodywork (particularly the engine compartment and its soundproofing);
(ii)
the type of engine (e.g. positive or compression ignition, two- or four-stroke, reciprocating or rotary piston), number and capacity of cylinders, number and type of carburettors or injection system, arrangement of valves, or the type of electric motor;
(iii)
rated maximum net power and corresponding engine speed(s); however if the rated maximum power and the corresponding engine speed differs only due to different engine mappings, those vehicles may be regarded as of the same type;
(iv)
the silencing system;
(b)
for vehicles of categories M2 > 3 500 kg, M3, N2, N3 tested in accordance with point 4.1.2.2 of Annex II:
(i)
the shape or materials of the bodywork (particularly the engine compartment and its soundproofing);
(ii)
the type of engine (e.g. positive or compression ignition, two- or four-stroke, reciprocating or rotary piston), number and capacity of cylinders, type of injection system, arrangement of valves, rated engine speed (S), or the type of electric motor;
(iii)
vehicles having the same type of engine and/or different overall gear ratios may be regarded as vehicles of the same type.
However, if the differences in point (b) provide for different target conditions, as described in point 4.1.2.2 of Annex II, those differences shall be regarded as a change of type;
(3)
‘technically permissible maximum laden mass’ (M) means the maximum mass allocated to a vehicle on the basis of its construction features and its design performance; the technically permissible laden mass of a trailer or of a semi-trailer includes the static mass transferred to the towing vehicle when coupled;
(4)
‘rated maximum net power’ (Pn) means the engine power expressed in kW and measured by the UNECE method pursuant to UNECE Regulation No 85 (13).
If the rated maximum net power is reached at several engine speeds, the highest engine speed shall be used;
(5)
‘standard equipment’ means the basic configuration of a vehicle including all features that are fitted without giving rise to any further specifications on configuration or equipment level but equipped with all the features required under the regulatory acts mentioned in Annex IV or Annex XI to Directive 2007/46/EC;
(6)
‘mass of the driver’ means a mass rated at 75 kg located at the driver's seating reference point;
(7)
‘mass of a vehicle in running order’ (mro) means
(a)
in the case of a motor vehicle:
the mass of the vehicle, with its fuel tank(s) filled to at least 90 % of its or their capacity/ies, including the mass of the driver, the fuel and liquids, fitted with the standard equipment in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and, where they are fitted, the mass of the bodywork, the cabin, the coupling and the spare wheel(s) as well as the tools;
(b)
in the case of a trailer:
the mass of the vehicle including the fuel and liquids, fitted with the standard equipment in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications, and, when they are fitted, the mass of the bodywork, additional coupling(s), the spare wheel(s) and the tools;
(8)
‘rated engine speed’ (S) means the declared engine speed in min-1 (rpm) at which the engine develops its rated maximum net power pursuant to UNECE Regulation No 85 or, where the rated maximum net power is reached at several engine speeds, the highest one of those speeds;
(9)
‘power to mass ratio index’ (PMR) means a numerical quantity calculated in accordance with the formula set out in point 4.1.2.1.1 of Annex II;
(10)
‘reference point’ means one of the following points:
(a)
in the case of vehicles of categories M1 and N1:
(i)
for front engine vehicles, the front end of the vehicle;
(ii)
for mid engine vehicles, the centre of the vehicle;
(iii)
for rear engine vehicles, the rear end of the vehicle.
(b)
in the case of vehicles of categories M2, M3, N2 and N3, the border of the engine closest to the front of the vehicle.
(11)
‘target acceleration’ means acceleration at a partial throttle condition in urban traffic as derived from statistical investigations;
(12)
‘engine’ means the power source without detachable accessories;
(13)
‘reference acceleration’ means the required acceleration during the acceleration test on the test track;
(14)
‘gear ratio weighting factor’ (k) means a dimensionless numerical quantity used to combine the test results of two gear ratios for the acceleration test and the constant speed test;
(15)
‘partial power factor’ (kP) means a numerical quantity with no dimension used for the weighted combination of the test results of the acceleration test and the constant speed test for vehicles;
(16)
‘pre-acceleration’ means the application of an acceleration control device prior to AA' for the purpose of achieving stable acceleration between AA' and BB' as referred to in Figure 1 of the Appendix to Annex II;
(17)
‘locked gear ratios’ means the control of transmission such that the transmission gear cannot change during a test;
(18)
‘silencing system’ means a complete set of components necessary for limiting the noise produced by an engine and its exhaust;
(19)
‘silencing system of different types’ means silencing systems which significantly differ in respect of at least one of the following:
(a)
trade names or trade marks of their components;
(b)
the characteristics of the materials constituting their components, except for the coating of those components;
(c)
the shape or size of their components;
(d)
the operating principles of at least one of their components;
(e)
the assembly of their components;
(f)
the number of exhaust silencing systems or components;
(20)
‘design family of silencing system or silencing system components’ means a group of silencing systems, or components thereof, in which all of the following characteristics are the same:
(a)
the presence of net gas flow of the exhaust gases through the absorbing fibrous material when in contact with that material;
(b)
the type of the fibres;
(c)
where applicable, binder material specifications;
(d)
average fibre dimensions;
(e)
minimum bulk material packing density in kg/m3;
(f)
maximum contact surface between the gas flow and the absorbing material;
(21)
‘replacement silencing system’ means any part of the silencing system, or components thereof, intended for use on a vehicle, other than a part of the type fitted to the vehicle when submitted for EU type-approval pursuant to this Regulation;
(22)
‘Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System’ (AVAS) means a system for hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles which provides sound to signal the vehicle's presence to pedestrians and other road users;
(23)
‘point of sale’ means a location where vehicles are stored and offered for sale to consumers;
(24)
‘technical promotional material’ means technical manuals, brochures, leaflets and catalogues, whether they appear in printed, electronic or online form, as well as websites, and the purpose of which is to promote vehicles to the general public.
Article 4
General obligations of Member States
1. Subject to the dates of phases of application set out in Annex III to this Regulation and without prejudice to Article 23 of Directive 2007/46/EC, Member States shall refuse, on grounds relating to the permissible sound level, to grant EU type-approval in respect of a type of motor vehicle which does not comply with the requirements of this Regulation.
2. From 1 July 2016, Member States shall refuse, on grounds relating to the permissible sound level, to grant EU type-approval in respect of a type of replacement silencing system, or components thereof, as a separate technical unit which does not comply with the requirements of this Regulation.
Member States shall continue to grant EU type-approval, under the terms of Directive 70/157/EEC, to a replacement silencing system, or components thereof, as a separate technical unit intended for vehicles type-approved before the dates of phases of application set out in Annex III to this Regulation.
3. Subject to the dates of phases of application set out in Annex III to this Regulation, Member States shall, on grounds relating to the permissible sound level, consider certificates of conformity for new vehicles to be no longer valid for the purposes of Article 26 of Directive 2007/46/EC, and shall prohibit the registration, sale and entry into service of such vehicles where such vehicles do not comply with this Regulation.
4. Member States shall permit, on grounds relating to the permissible sound level, the sale and entry into service of a replacement silencing system, or components thereof, as a separate technical unit, if it conforms to a type in respect of which a EU type-approval has been granted in accordance with this Regulation.
Member States shall permit the sale and entry into service of replacement silencing systems, or components thereof, holding an EU type-approval as a separate technical unit under the terms of Directive 70/157/EEC intended for vehicles type-approved before the dates of phases of application set out in Annex III to this Regulation.
Article 5
General obligations of manufacturers
1. Manufacturers shall ensure that vehicles, their engine and their silencing system are designed, constructed and assembled so as to enable such vehicles, when in normal use, to comply with this Regulation, despite the vibration to which such vehicles are inherently subjected.
2. Manufacturers shall ensure that silencing systems are designed, constructed and assembled so as to be able to reasonably resist the corrosive phenomena to which they are exposed having regard to the conditions of use of vehicles, including regional climate differences.
3. The manufacturer shall be responsible to the approval authority for all aspects of the approval process and for ensuring conformity of production, whether or not the manufacturer is directly involved in all stages of the construction of a vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit.
Article 6
Additional sound emission provisions (ASEP)
1. This Article shall apply to vehicles of categories M1 and N1 equipped with an internal combustion engine fitted with original equipment manufacturer silencing systems, as well as to replacement silencing systems intended for such categories of vehicles in accordance with Annex IX.
2. Vehicles and replacement silencing systems shall meet the requirements of Annex VII.
3. Vehicles and replacement silencing systems shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of Annex VII, without further testing, if the manufacturer provides technical documents to the approval authority showing that the difference between the maximum and minimum engine speed of the vehicles at BB' as referred to in Figure 1 of the Appendix to Annex II, for any test condition inside the ASEP control range defined in point 2.3 of Annex VII, with respect to conditions set out in Annex II, does not exceed 0,15 x S.
4. The sound emission of the vehicle or replacement silencing system under typical on-road driving conditions, which are different from those under which the type-approval test set out in Annex II and Annex VII was carried out, shall not deviate from the test result in a significant manner.
5. The manufacturer shall not intentionally alter, adjust, or introduce any mechanical, electrical, thermal, or other device or procedure which is not operational during typical on-road driving conditions solely for the purpose of complying with the sound emission requirements under this Regulation.
6. In the application for type-approval, the manufacturer shall provide a statement, established in accordance with the model set out in the Appendix to Annex VII, that the vehicle type or replacement silencing system to be approved complies with the requirements of this Article.
7. Paragraphs 1 to 6 shall not apply to vehicles of category N1 if one of the following conditions is met:
(a)
the engine capacity does not exceed 660 cm3 and the power-to-mass ratio calculated by using the technically permissible maximum laden mass does not exceed 35;
(b)
the payload is at least 850 kg and the power-to-mass ratio calculated by using the technically permissible maximum laden mass does not exceed 40.
Article 7
Consumer information and labelling
Vehicle manufacturers and distributors shall endeavour to ensure that the sound level of each vehicle in decibels (dB(a)), measured in accordance with this Regulation, is displayed in a prominent position at the point of sale and in technical promotional material.
In the light of the experience gained in the application of this Regulation, the Commission shall, by 1 July 2018 carry out a comprehensive impact assessment on labelling conditions applicable to air and noise pollution levels and on consumer information. The Commission shall report on the findings of that assessment to the European Parliament and to the Council and, if appropriate, submit a legislative proposal.
Article 8
Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS)
Manufacturers shall install AVAS meeting the requirements set out in Annex VIII in new types of hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles by 1 July 2019. Manufacturers shall install AVAS in all new hybrid electric and pure electric vehicles by 1 July 2021. Before those dates, where manufacturers choose to install AVAS in vehicles, they shall ensure that those AVAS comply with the requirements set out in Annex VIII.
The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 10 in order to review Annex VIII and to include more detailed requirements on the performance of AVAS or of active safety systems, taking into account the UNECE work on that issue, by 1 July 2017.
Article 9
Amendment of the annexes
The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 10 to amend Annexes I, IV, VIII and X to adapt them to technical progress.
Article 10
Exercise of the delegation
1. The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
2. The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in the second paragraph of Article 8 and in Article 9 shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years from 16 June 2014.
3. The delegation of power referred to in the second paragraph of Article 8 and in Article 9 may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
4. As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.
5. A delegated act adopted pursuant to the second paragraph of Article 8 or to Article 9 shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or by the Council within a period of two months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.
Article 11
Revision clause
The Commission shall carry out and publish a detailed study on sound level limits by 1 July 2021. The study shall be based on vehicles meeting the latest regulatory requirements. On the basis of the conclusions of that study, the Commission shall, where appropriate, submit a legislative proposal.
Article 12
Amendments to Directive 2007/46/EC
Annexes IV, VI and XI to Directive 2007/46/EC shall be amended in accordance with Annex XI to this Regulation.
Article 13
Transitional provisions
1. In order to check compliance of the test track as described in point 3.1.1 of Annex II, ISO 10844:1994 may be applied as an alternative to ISO 10844:2011 until 30 June 2019.
2. Vehicles with a serial hybrid drive train, which have a combustion engine with no mechanical coupling to the power train, shall be exempted from the requirements of Article 6 until 30 June 2019.
Article 14
Repeal
1. Without prejudice to the second subparagraph of Article 4(2) and the second subparagraph of Article 4(4), Directive 70/157/EEC is repealed with effect from 1 July 2027.
2. References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Regulation and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table set out in Annex XII to this Regulation.
Article 15
Entry into force
1. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
2. It shall apply from 1 July 2016.
3. Point 3.1.1 of Annex II shall apply from 1 July 2019.
4. Part B of Annex XI shall apply from 1 July 2027.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Strasbourg, 16 April 2014.