Document: 398 U.S. 419 90 S.Ct. 1752 26 L.Ed.2d 370 William EVANS et al., Appellants,v.Tillye CORNMAN al. No. 236. Argued Jan. 22, 1970. Decided June 15, Robert F. Sweeney, Baltimore, Md., for appellants. Richard Schifter, Washington, D.C., appellees. Opinion of the Court by Mr. Justice MARSHALL, announced STEWART. 1 Appellees live on grounds National Institutes Health (NIH), a federal reservation or enclave located within geographical boundaries Montgomery County in State Maryland. In October 1968, Permanent Board Registry that persons living NIH did not meet residency requirement Art. 1, § Maryland Constitution. Accordingly, such were qualified to vote elections, and names those previously registered would be removed from county's voter rolls. then instituted present suit against members Board, requesting three-judge Federal District convened enjoin as unconstitutional this application law. 2 After issued temporary restraining order so appellees who had could November 1968 general election,1 case was considered pleadings stipulations fact. The requested permanent injunction, holding deny right them equal protection laws. Cornman v. Dawson, 295 F.Supp. 654 (D.C.Md.1969). Thereafter, motion appellants intervene additional defendants granted, direct apeal prosecuted under 28 U.S.C. 1253. We noted probable jurisdiction, 396 812, 80, 24 65 (1969), we affirm. 3 Under I, 8, cl. 17, United States Constitution, Congress is empowered 'exercise exclusive Legislation all Cases whatsoever * over Places purchased Consent Legislature which Same shall be, Erection Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, other needful Buildings.' NIH, medical research facility owned operated Government, one places subject congressional power. commenced operation more than 30 years ago, when land residential buildings built allow scientists doctors near their work. It become reservation, however, until 1953 ceded jurisdiction property States.2 4 Before time, resided register County; they continued do so, apparently without question, another 15 years. 1963, involving residents enclave, Royer Election Supervisors, 231 Md. 561, 191 A.2d 446, Appeals ruled resident 'a State' meaning term provision governs qualifications. 5 decision prompted action election officials case. Appellants rely heavily it urge simply are may, course, require 'all applicants actually fulfill requirements bona fide residence.' Carrington Rash, 380 89, 96, 85 775, 780, 13 675 (1965). 'But if fact residents, with intention making (the State) home indefinitely, they, have an opportunity political representation.' Id., at 94, 779. 6 What said Carrington, rejecting context different artificial gloss requirement, applicable here well. clearly Maryland, treated state census determining apportionment. They only ceased part created. However, 'fiction state' specifically rejected Howard Commissioners Louisville, 344 624, 627, 73 465, 467, 97 L.Ed. 617 (1953), cannot resurrected vote. 7 argue even may constitutionally structure its laws This has, recognized 'have long been held broad powers determine conditions suffrage exercised.' Lassiter Northampton 360 45, 50, 79 985, 989, 1072 (1959). At same there can no doubt date 'once franchise granted electorate, lines drawn inconsistent Equal Protection Clause Fourteenth Amendment.' Harper Virginia Elections, 383 663, 665, 86 1079, 1081, 16 169 (1966); see Williams Rhodes, 393 23, 29, 89 5, 9, 21 (1968). Moreover, vote, citizen's link his government, protective fundamental rights privileges. See Yick Wo Hopkins, 118 356, 370, 1064, 1071, 220 (1886); Wesberry Sanders, 376 84 526, 534, 11 481 (1964). And before restricted, purpose restriction assertedly overriding interests served must close constitutional scrutiny. 8 sole interest asserted justify limitation essentially insure citizens primarily substantially interested affected electoral decisions voice them. Without deciding assumed sufficiently compelling limitations suffrage, least regard some elections. Kramer Union School District, 395 621, 632, 1886, 1892, 23 583 (1969); Cipriano City Houma, 701, 704, 1897, 1899, 647 (1969). clear claim lightly accepted. has dilute person's give weight interests, see, e.g., Reynolds Sims, 377 533, 1362, 12 506 (1964), lesser rule hardly complete denial supra, 626—627, 1889. All too often, lack 'substantial interest' might mean interest, "(f)encing out' sector population because way impermissible.' 9 According appellants, less affairs Constitution vests 'exclusive whatsoever' enclaves Congress. cite dating back Justices, 42 Mass. 580 (1841), Sinks Reese, 19 Ohio St. 306 (1870), denying ground them.3 need consider, whether these early cases Amendment, relationship between changed considerably since decided. As noted, now permitted extend important aspects areas. While true still restrict well bounds, Offutt Housing Co. Sarpy County, 351 253, 76 814, 100 1151 (1956), disinterested denied depends actual today, what sometime future. 10 numerous vital ways decisions. Thus, elected representatives enact new criminal sanctions make changes presently effect, apply equally grounds. Assimilative Crimes Act, 18 13, 'acts punishable any enactment effective situated.' Sharpnack, 355 286, 287, 78 291, 292, 282 (1958). Further, concerned spending taxing levy collect income, gasoline, sales, use taxes—the major sources revenues—on enclaves. §§ 104—110. unemployment workmen's compensation likewise work 3305(d); 40 290. required automobiles obtain drivers' permits license plates State; process courts; themselves resort courts divorce child adoption proceedings; send children public schools. factors led 'conclude balance (appellees) extent violation Amendment vote.' F.Supp., 659. resist conclusion, arguing pay real taxes constitute large revenues local school budgets.4 does purport exclude polls tax-exempt property, so. supra; supra. Of differences not, most far theoretical real.5 case, differences, along whatever others exist, come establishing degree disinterest total exclusion franchise. day-to-day affairs, just connected prior area came neighbors off enclave. nearly every election, federal, state, local, offices Presidency board, entire variety ballot propositions, stake residents. concluded, entitled protect exercising judgment Affirmed. 14 BLACKMUN took consideration appellees, commencement suit. two sought but allowed lived Md.Ann.Code, 34. addition Appeals, number court rulings effect. See, Herken Glynn, 151 Kan. 855, 101 P.2d 946 (1940); Arledge Mabry, 52 N.M. 303, 197 884 (1948); McMahon Polk, S.D. 296, N.W. 77 (1897); ex rel. Lyle Willett, 117 Tenn. 334, S.W. 299 (1906). contrary line recent granting Arapajolu McMenamin, 113 Cal.App.2d 824, 249 318 (1952); Rothfels Southworth, Utah 2d 169, 356 612 (1960); Adams Londeree, 139 W.Va. 748, 83 S.E.2d 127 (1954). Except lessee's leased States, 2667(e), provided all, virtually otherwise exempt taxes. To compensate exemption, increased amounts federal-aid-to-education funds paid respect employees property. 20 236—244, 631—645. severance personal (which not), collected Similarly, service State's unorganized militia never called up) compulsory education myriad regulatory licensing provisions enforceable instance practical effect cited. also Chicago R.I. & Pacific R. McGlinn, 114 542, 1005, 29 270 (1885); Stewart Sadrakula, 309 60 431, 596 (1940). Perhaps differances crimes committed where live, while defined law, authorities, whereas acts authorities occurred If difference lessens appellees' law enforcement policy certainly substantially. including undoubtedly how enforced throughout State.

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