Document: 346 U.S. 235 73 S.Ct. 1069 97 L.Ed. 1575 UNITED STATESv.GRAINGER. STATES v. CLAVERE et al. (two cases). Nos. 634 to 636. Argued May 4 and 5, 1953. Decided June 15, Mr. John F. Davis, Washington, D.C., for appellant. Jack J. Miller, Stockton, Cal., appellee Grainger. V. Lewis, San Francisco, appellees Clavere Justice BURTON delivered the opinion of Court. 1 These cases were argued immediately following No. 548, Bridges United States, 1055. They concern Wartime Suspension Limitations Act which we found inapplicable offenses stated in indictment. cases, however, involve different hold applicable instant indictments committed 1945 1946 that States may thus prosecute them 1952.1 2 The principal questions here are: (1) whether Act2 suspended running general three-year statute limitations3 as violations false claims clause False Claims Act,4 (2) if so, such offenses, 1952, timely. For reasons hereafter stated, our answer each question is affirmative. 3 filed 1952 District Court Northern California. indictment charges Grainger, 16 counts, with having 'unlawfully, knowingly, wilfully fraudulently' presented payment Commodity Credit Corporation, at various times 1945, upon corporation certifying had made certain purchases wool prices, knowing 'to be false, fictitious fraudulent * *.' It charges, further, knowingly falsely certified Corporation he paid higher prices than actually did.5 635 Kennedy, 15 like 1946, including several based their certifications when they knew no purchases. 5 636 one count, conspiring make Corporation6 by making somewhat comparable 1947. A second count Clavere, Kennedy Shapiro engaging a conspiracy, overt acts 1946.7 6 Appellees moved dismiss on ground, among others, was barred limitations. granted motions dismissed indictments. That court's unreported concludes statement: 7 'Accordingly, holds that, all three indictments, limitations fixed 18 USC section 582 its successor, (Supp. V) (3282), applies. Because defendants are charged violated or conspired violate does not 'denominate' proscribed therein 'frauds,' not, so many words, have an 'ingredient' 'defrauding attempt defraud States,' neither 1942 nor successor 1948 can apply.' 8 appealed directly this Court, under U.S.C. § 3731, U.S.C.A. 3731.8 9 1. limitations9 Act10 violations, Flase Act.11 10 A. While spelled out detail, sufficiently clear least show attempts obtain payments from amounts accused been him or, least, high those paid. are, therefore, pecuniary nature required these pass contention, discussed case, order apply them, only must defrauding agency thereof, but also concerning property. 11 B. ourselves alleged occurred 1946. They, precede President's proclamation December 31, declared hostilities World War II terminated day.12 come within period Syspension Smith, 342 225, 72 260, 96 252. 12 C. Fraud essential ingredient charged. Cases clause, distinguished statement Act. Such provides that— 13 'Whoever shall present approval, any America stockholder, claim against Government fictitious, fined more $10,000 imprisoned ten years, both.' 52 Stat. 197, 80, now 287, 287. 14 it involved. And, what important issue here, offense defined kind directed. 'When war involving fraud attempted thereof manner, conspiracy until years after termination proclaimed President concurrent resolution Congress.' 3287, 3287. 17 In determining applies, benefit conclusion heretofore reached limited include ingredient.13 next constitutes fraud. Our problem simpler case there mere connection specified necessarily includes involved because that. substantive induced representations—constituting carries charge inducing attempting induce money property element deceit earmark fraud.14 contains ingredient. difference between clauses emphasized codification has placed former 287 latter 1001 U.S.C.(Supp. V), §§ 1001. We conclude added time wartime frauds 19 emphasis Roberts, speaking Scharton, 285 518, 521—522, 416, 417, 76 917. 20 'Moreover, concluding section, though denominated proviso, excepting therefore narrowly construed. McElvain, 272 633, 639, 47 219 (220) 71 451. do statutory crimes, liberally interpreted favor repose, ought extended construction embrace so-called statutes creating offenses.' 21 argue language limits merely ingredient, Congress 'denominated' 'frauds' using very word derivatives. 22 believe sought phrase 'involving manner'15 fairly identifiable whatever words defined, did seek limit applicability labeled particular symbol. Act, met requirement identifying 'any *.'16 combination either falsity, fiction enough. same reasoning applies claims, 23 2. finding through 1952. 24 effect extending prosecution applied. 25 When enacted August 24, 1942, during first year II, provided inception expiration existing follows: 26 '* indictable statutes, 30, earlier resolution, President, designate. *' (Emphasis supplied.) 56 747—748. 27 There doubt meaning 'running' enactment. simply 1945—that is, about years—unless suspension cut short President. obvious purpose add (or shorter period) otherwise available frauds. 28 difficulty introduced amendment July 1, 1944. specific contracts changed read— 29 'The performance contract related two Houses Congress. 58 667. 30 language, read inescapable. 'running limitations' remains precisely date designated President), new date. later. movable occur Under less. 1944 amendment, just clearly expired hostilities. 31 precise 1944, reenacted October 3, dealing connected handling Surplus Property 781. then carried into 590a. 32 CFR, Supp. 77 78, automatically caused resumption 1949. Accordingly, relation suspension, limitation prescribed 3282, began run January 1950, 33 252, held applied before length controversy period, mentioned implication concurring dissenting opinions published behalf majority members opinion: 34 'These illustrate intended should subsequent 25, 1939, cessation hostilities, Congress' intention give Department six investigate prosecute. plus portion regular yet passed.' page 231, 263. 35 This 527, Klinger, Cir., 199 F.2d 645, day affirmed evenly divided 345 979, 1129. States. 36 Criminal Code, 1948, effective September change situation. repealed amended reference Chapter 479, Stat., 62 862, 868. At time, substantially 828. point saving note preceding saves rights liabilities sections. suggest periods resulting leaving would terminate 1951. agree suggestion. reenactment codification. makes 3287 3282 prospectively forthwith manner provisions remained continuously identical precodification form. Codification contemplates, implies produces continuity law clarified form rather interruption. 37 denied. judgment reversed cause remanded further proceedings consistent opinion. 38 Reversed remanded. 39 BLACK, FRANKFURTER DOUGLAS, adopting Judge Learned Hand affirm dismissing 40 JACKSON took part consideration decision case. act Any Proclamation No.2714, 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, 601 note, Supp., 77—78, explicit enough set forth paragraphs numbered 2, 4, Count Two, issuance endorsement checks described constituted accordingly, appear them. items separately parties, avoid application conclusions absence consideration. 3282. 35(A) Delaware stockholder. served loans expansion production commodities. 713—713a—9, 713—713a 9; 1938, 659—678. See also, Charter 29, 1070, amended, 714—714o, 714—714o. 1096, 88, 371, 371. 51 83, 286, 286. supra. 'An appeal taken district courts direct Supreme criminal instances: 'From setting aside, information, where invalidity information founded. sustaining motion bar, defendant put jeopardy. 3731. notices appeal, said orders respective combined jurisdiction relied right bar Government, suggests appeals Court's founded seeks restrict us view without extension found. treat presenting both issues. Borden Co., 308 188, 60 182, 84 181; Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 304, 57 216, 81 255. Hark, 320 531, 536, 64 359, 361, 88 290; Goldman, 277 229, 236—237, 48 486, 488, 862; Barber, 72, 209, 211, 55 99; Kissel, 218 601, 606, 124, 125, 54 1168. 'Except expressly law, person prosecuted, tried, punished offense, capital, unless instituted committed.' acquisition, care, handling, custody, control disposition real personal (3) negotiation, procurement, award, performance, for, interim financing, cancelation, other settlement, contract, subcontract, purchase war, inventory contractor agency, above originated amplified contained terms shown went 1948. 747—748, 667, 781, 84, 85. 80 subdivided placing U.S.C special became 286 V, 77—78. 917; 219, 451; Noveck, 271 201, 46 476, 70 904. Marzani 83 U.S.App.D.C. 168 133, equally 335 895, 69 299, 93 431, 336 922, 513, 1075, 'whoever statements representations matter department stockholder 1001, arising need references generally referring whole. 197.

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