Document: 418 U.S. 24 94 S.Ct. 2655 41 L.Ed.2d 551 Viola N. RICHARDSON, as County Clerk, etc., Petitioner,v.Abran RAMIREZ et al. No. 72—1589. Argued Jan. 15, 1974. Decided June 24, Syllabus After the three individual respondents, who had been convicted of felonies and completed their sentences paroles, were refused registration to vote in different California counties respectively because felony convictions, they brought a class petition, on behalf themselves all other ex-felons similarly situated, for writ mandate Supreme Court, naming defendants Secretary State county election officials denied them 'individually representatives other' State, challenging constitutionality respondents' disenfranchisement ground, inter alia, that provisions Constitution implementing statutes disenfranchised equal protection. The named decided not contest action told court would henceforth register ex-felons, including whose paroles expired. Prior return date writ, added (instead allowing her intervene) another official (petitioner here) was defendant similar by an ex-felon pending Court Appeal. holding first-named officials' acquiescence did render case moot, went hold constitutional statutory question, applied expired, violated Equal Protection Clause Fourteenth Amendment, but issue peremptory writ. Held: 1. In view its unusual procedural history California, is moot. Pp. 34—40. (a) Court's adding petitioner after action, at time when (who join petition this Court) still party answered complaint, indicates considered suit be only plaintiffs, also regarded petitioner's opponent Appeal suit, both unnamed member referred complaint one actually seeking county, action. 38—40. (b) Being rendered which relief nature declaratory granted, decision below binding thus dispositive decides federal question presented members classes represented continuing controversy continues Court. Brockington v. Rhodes, 396 41, 90 206, 209, distinguished. P. 40. 2. disenfranchising felons have does violate Clause, 41—56. understanding framers reflected express language § 2 exempts from sanction reduced congressional representation resulting denial citizens' right vote, such 'participation rebellion, or crime,' historical judicial interpretation Amendment's applicability state laws felons, controlling significance distinguishing those limitations franchise has held invalid under Clause. 54—55. Section 1 Amendment "largely through ac-Protection dealing with voting rights it does, could meant bar outright form expressly exempted less drastic imposed forms disenfranchisement. 55. (c) Even if made part accident political exigency rather than relation bore sections Amendment," respondents contend, preclude looking guidance interpreting 1, since much any sections, how became important what says means. 9 Cal.3d 199, 107 Cal.Rptr. 137, 507 P.2d 1345, reversed remanded. Duncan M. James, Dist. Atty. Mendocino County, Ukiah, Cal., petitioner. George J. Roth, Los Angeles, amicus curiae, special leave Martin R. Glick, San Francisco, respondents. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion service respective paroles. They filed compel voters.1 claimed, others application persons 'infamous crime' protection Federal Constitution. 'as terms incarceration parole article II XX, section 11, denying suffrage crime, together several Elections Code disqualification . clause Amendment.' Ramirez Brown, 216—217, 149, 1357 (1973). We granted certiorari, 414 816, 45, 38 49 Article provided adoption 1879 '(l)aws shall made' exclude bribery, perjury, forgery, malfeasance office, 'or high crimes.' At registration, former Art, II, 'no alien ineligible citizenship, no idiot, insane person, person infamous hereafter embezzlement misappropriation public money, able read English write his name, ever exercise privileges elector State.'2 Sections 310 321 provide affidavit show whether affiant 'a disqualifies (him) voting.'3 383, 389, 390 direct clerk cancel voters 'any crime money.'4 14240 14246 permit voter's qualifications challenged ground he felony' 'the money.'5 provides statute restoration either order completion probation,6 or, prison term served, executive pardon rehabilitation proceedings.7 procedure may obtain review disqualification.8 3 Each more felonies, served some jail followed successfully terminated parole. Respondent Texas; Lee Gill California. When Luis Obispo Clerk allow him register. Monterey respondent Lee, Stanislaus Registrar Voters (hereafter included references clerks) Gill. 4 All convictions.9 5 May 1972 invoking original jurisdiction.10 defendants11 Obispo, Monterey, Counties register, Clerks Registrars duty determining will vote.' exclusion rolls two grounds. First, contended California's longer withstand scrutiny Amendment. Relying recent voting-rights cases, argued compelling interest must found justify franchise, assert respect ex-felons. Second, State's 58 so lacking uniformity deny due process 'geographical protection.' appended report questionnaries returned based. concluded there wide variation exclusions.12 upheld first contention therefore reach second one. 6 * Before reaching challenge, reached clerks expired That not. way 55 might choose reside, undisputed many among residents challenged. Because posed broad interest, likely recur should receive statewide resolution, exercised 'inherent discretion resolve issue, 'even though event occurring during pendency normally matter moot.' This rule particularly applicable challenges validity laws.' Cal.3d, 203, Cal.Rptr., 139, P.2d, 1347. addition cited Roe Wade, 410 113, 93 705, 35 147 (1973), Goosby Osser, 409 512, 854, 36 (1973) As practical matter, can doubt spirited dispute between parties fact permanent mandate, judgment effect judgment, stem 'definite concrete, touching legal relations having adverse interests.' Aetna Life Insurance Co. Haworth, 300 227, 240—241, 57 461, 464, 81 L.Ed. 617 (1937). By reason relationship last resort left standing, leaves permanently bound conclusion law. Cf. North Dakota Board Pharmacy Snyder's Drug Stores, Inc., 156, 407, 379 7 respects presents stronger arguments concluding live remains cases we addressed mootness. Unlike Moore Ogilvie, 394 814, 89 1493, 23 (1969), particular candidacy apt revived future election, Hall Beals, 200, 214 residence requirement suffered same fate amended statute, here are indefinitely law challenge. While situation supra, described "capable repetition, yet evading review," U.S., S.Ct., 1494, involved best described, against obligation follow laid down court, 'incapable repetition,' review. There strongest sorts arguments, well militate mootness case. 8 But purely considerations never thought adjudicate simply importance, desirability decision, limited case-or-controversy Art. III adjudication actual disputes parties. problem arises because, noted, assured plaintiffs allowed vote. resided Stanislaus, neither defended nor sought here. Petitioner course she concrete reside counties. Thus alone, persuasively present 10 think, however, leads litigation before us residing resided. Stainslaus, defendant, designated Clerks.' likewise defendant. On basis issued alternative directed Voters,' directing 'all exfelons upon demonstrate otherwise fully qualified vote,' cause why done Thus, while words say permitting proceed 'class action,' court's recited subject beneficiaries merely (had) .' treated benefit mandate. 11 Richardson, intervention alleging framed collusive, expected claims plaintiffs. Richardson further alleged lawsuit (also Richardson) right, establish then 12 each obeyed plaintiffs' claim secured overrode contrary appeared generally essential claims. 13 prior Richardson's motion intervene, instead ordered along State. coming resided, clearly situated. reinforced quoted above Had based become precedent Appeal, seem sufficient grant intervene. appear least conclusion, course, allegation enforce claim. 14 obtained sought, whereas remaining class, appeal litigation, system represent part, Bailey Patterson, 369 31, 32—33, 82 549, 550—551, 512 (1962), arisen courts serious proceeded right. Indiana Employment Security Division Burney, 540, 883, 62 liberty prescribe own rules actions, limits United States Constitution, interpret mean albeit 15 209 emphasized finding moot appellant's 'suit purport relief.' Id., 42, 207. said: 16 '(I)n think over. appellant allege intended run office election. He attempt maintain himself putative independent candidates, future. sue situated voters, Ohio seek although avenue too open him. 43, 208. 17 Here, unlike Brockington, granted. led conclude 18 briefs indicate alignment moot.13 19 most itself embodied implicates familiar Amendment: 20 'Representatives apportioned according numbers, counting whole number excluding Indians taxed. choice electors President Vice States, Representatives Congress, Executive Judicial officers Legislature thereof, male inhabitants being twenty-one years age, citizens abridged, except participation therein proportion bear age State.' (Emphasis supplied.) 21 contends italicized grounded conviction felony. She goes argue adopted prohibit lesser argument seems persuasive unless shown 2, 'except meaning face. 22 'intention' provision is, countless recognize, difficult Not deliberations committees floor debates House Senate, amendment thereafter ratified necessary States. legislative bearing relevant scant indeed; primarily concerned consequence Nonetheless, Congress says. A predecessor contained earlier draft proposed amendment, passed Representatives, defeated Senate early 1866. Joint Committee Fifteen Reconstruction reconvened, short period April 1866, revised redrafted ultimately Journal Committee's proceedings shows motions various voted motions; content discussion Committee. enables trace evolution Committee, throws indirect light intention purpose drafted See B. Kendrick, 104 120 (1914). do know relies Senator Williams Oregon meeting 28, moved strike out version draft, insert place thereof following: 25 states within Union whenever elective portion citizens, rebellion age.' 102. 26 approved proposal lopsided margin, reported change 27 Throughout numerous changes proposed, altered. attracted good deal debates, devoted foreseeable consequences Northern Southern necessity wisdom. What little comment phrase supports plain reading it. 28 Congressman Bingham Ohio, principal architects influential Fifteen, commented follows House: 29 'The equalization Union, North, South, East, West. It makes discrimination. New York colored population fifty thousand. section, great discriminates (except crime,) loses extent representative power Congress. So every Cong.Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 2543 (1866). 30 Two spoke comments. Representative Eliot Massachusetts support enactment follows: 31 'Manifestly national enlarged borders denied. If lost denial, hoped interests work line justice, end impartial enfranchisement disqualified crime.' 2511. 32 Eckley observation: 33 'Under act penalty imprisonment penitentiary, now always disfranchised, restore warrant provided. 34 '. suppose mass people pirates, counterfeiters, criminals, gentlemen willing repeal force give opportunity land piratical crafts come shore assist numerous? And let borne mind these latter offenses crimes committed property; treason nation, people—the highest known law.' 2535. cover exhaustively House, apparently critical decisions Republican Senators unreported series caucuses off floor. Saulsbury Delaware, Democrat majority caucus, observed: 'It very body favor proposition character deliberation days reference amendments, four five subject.' 2869. 37 occasional comments members. Johnson Maryland, opponents argument: 'Now permitted voting. You put footing aliens, rebels, minors, females, heinous character. Murderers, robbers, houseburners, counterfeiters securities time, basis; poor black man, represented, Government.' 3029. 39 Henderson Missouri, speaking April, opposed said this: 40 (the corresponding Senate) excluded negroes educational test retained Under cannot. For purposes, loss disfranchisement negro only; white black, account 'rebellion crime." 3033. Further shed constitutions prohibited, authorized legislature prohibit, crimes.14 42 More impressive mere existence treatment readmitted following Civil War. readmitted, affirmative enabling taken, readmission required submit approval constitution. March 1867, 'An efficient Government Rebel States,' so-called Act. Act Mar. c. 153, Stat. 428. established conditions Confederate provided: 43 'That rebel formed constitution government conformity respects, convention delegates elected old upward, whatever race, color, previous condition, resident year day common law, enjoyed herein stated delegates, ratification submitted examination approval, same, constitution, Thirty-ninth fourteen, declared entitled senators admitted therefrom taking oath prescribed preceding inoperative ..' 44 introduced bill, establishment military 2d 1360—1361 (1867). recounted it: 45 'As bill originally came bald naked without limitation duration ten unrepresented. This, my dangerous experiment. 46 unwilling embark experiment pure rule, modified adopting Blaine Sherman amendment. conceded asked sort limit duration. adopt universal suffrage, regardless color none, regulation themselves, session soon make cease admitted, even see fit them.' 1641. 47 acts 1868 1870 admitting Arkansas, attached condition admission. 22, 1868, 69, 72. 48 'Whereas pursuance second, eighteen hundred sixty-seven, supplementary thereto, government, republican, duly fourteen: Therefore, 'Be enacted Arkansas fundamental condition: changed deprive citizen recognized, punishment whereof convicted, equally State: Provided, alteration prospective regard voters.' 'under State' Drake Missouri. 40th 2600 (1868). Drake's explanation introducing illuminating. expressed concern restriction, misuse exception disenfranchise Negroes: 50 'There objection crime. authorizes men deprived convicted.' defect that, easy thing set men, men.' Ibid. 51 'fundamental condition' readmitting also, slight variations language, Carolina, South Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, later. 25, 70, 73. again Acts Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, Georgia 1870. 26, 1970, 10, 62; Feb. 1870, 12, 63; 23, 19, 67; 30, 39, 80; July 299, 363. 52 convincing evidence confirmed discussed felons. Although given plenary consideration precise constitutionally indicated exclusions occasions. toward century, bigamists polygamists territorial Utah Idaho. Marphy Ramsey, 114 747, (1885); Davis Beason, 133 333, 637 (1890). Much recently strongly suggested dicta violates provision. Lassiter Northampton Elections, 360 79 985, 1072 (1959), where Carolina's imposition literacy voting, said, id., 51, 990: 53 'Residence requirements, criminal record (Davis 345—347, 301—302, 637) obvious examples indicating factors take into 54 Still recently, summarily affirmed three-judge District Courts rejecting Fincher Scott, 352 F.Supp. 117 (MDNC1972), aff'd, 411 961, 2151, 681 (1973); Beacham Braterman, 182 (S.D.Fla.), (1969). Both relied Green 380 F.2d 445 (1967), cert. denied, 389 1048, 88 768, 840 (1968), Appeals Second Circuit challenge York's require convening district court. Despite settled our invalidating state-imposed restrictions violative invalidate well. rely Dunn Blumstein, 405 330, 92 995, 274 (1972), Bullock Carter, 134, 849, Kramer Free School District, 395 621, 1886, 583 Cipriano City Houma, 701, 1897, 647 conclusions 'compelling interest' 56 seen, invalidated rely. refusal accept Harlan's position dissents Reynolds Sims, 377 533, 589, 84 1362, 1395, 506 (1964), Carrington Rash, 89, 97, 85 775, 780, 675 (1965), rights, dictates opposite result. need go nearly far Harlan rest demonstrably sound Nor look Pressed amici curia, contentions notions outmoded, modern rehabilitating exfelon role society participating serving term. means discount forum properly weigh balance advanced provisions. values over other. correct, advocate indeed enlightened sensible one, presumably around view. so, failure evidence, least, sides argument. erred longer, consistent total lack enforcement separate protection, believe consider address ourselves Accordingly, reverse remand inconsistent opinion. 59 ordered. 60 MARSHALL, whom BRENNAN joins, dissenting. 61 today holds strip paid debt running afoul result view, unsound analysis already rejected straining result, I disregarded jurisdiction. reasons, respectfully dissent. brief retracing full views. below,1 unrelated county—Ramirez County. elector.'2 63 Plaintiffs issuance registration. labeled solely code named, defendants, them, agreed suit.3 point voluntarily afforded 64 Subsequently, intervene sued lower controversy. instant name suing plaintiff herein. 65 opinion, took merits issue. not, afford sought. 66 ordering potential certiorari memorandum opposing A. 67 reasons time. am persuaded rests adequate ground. 68 'This foundation adhered principle judgments Our correct incorrectly adjudge rights. wrong judgments, opinions. advisory corrected views laws, amount nothing opinion.' Herb Pitcairn, 324 117, 125—126, 459, 463, 789 (1945). 69 relief. entirety 70 purpose, discharged, denied.' 217, (1973).4 71 accompanying assertion unconstitutional taken. Since nonetheless 44, 208, example, discretionary, declined registered seemed unnecessary.5 certainly indication question. 72 creates interesting anomaly purporting disposition affirm below. reversing, directs demonstrates classic example laws,' 126, 463; hence offer Whether agree disagree provisions, necessarily remain 73 aware purports speculating Such speculation totally unfounded. Neither mentions judgment. face appears issuing proceeding us, jurisdiction 'proceedings extraordinary mandamus, prohibition.' Calif.Const., 6, (Supp.1974). Exclusive suits vested, Superior Courts.6 74 construing affording observations heeded officials. true 'is revise opinions.' 463. One heed To 'declaration law' reviewable rationale grounds, rendering doctrine virtual nullity. cites proceeding. But, closer inspection, ante, n. 13, courts, equivalent III, free opinions.7 75 issues B 76 Assuming, arguendo, presented. concede Ante, 36. premises assumption county. fact, circumstances case, appropriate determine 77 forced crucial bases jurisdiction—the action—is highly speculative. notes, titled originators show-cause tracked complaint. was, designation. lengthy once refer representatives, indicia class-action status. Rather, describes 201, 138, 1346. proceeds list and, footnote, explain League Women nonprofit organizations 'in capacity (as) chief elections officer California,' notes '(u)pon joined additional (defendant).' 202 description plainly inappropriate speculation, fashioned C 78 assuming us. beyond find foreclosed possible disenfranchisement, presents, members, capable disagree. general justificability part. proposition, case-orcontroversy III.8 'evading review' Pacific Terminal ICC, 219 498, 515, 279, 283, (1911), 333 998, rule—an insure intervening events threaten invariably plaintiff's 80 category evidenced struck durational participate scheduled August 1970. preliminary next November then, met three-month requirement. nonetheless, satisfied one-year merits, observing '(a)lthough appellee plaintiff) Tennessee requirements review." 816 (89 1) (1969).' 998. thereby, remained members,9 evade Obviously passage few months threatening virtually foreclose woman pregnant standing Texas abortion existed filed, later stages appeal. review, termination pregnancy moot—even ended effected filed. '(T)he human gestation usual appellate complete. effectively 125, 713. 83 threads cases—in continue applied, inevitably mature rending resolution lawsuit. Roe, pregnancy, Dunn, period, occurrence election,10 statute. instance, threatened insulate deprivation danger suggestions Where involving inveriably foreclosed—the repetition requires satisfaction tests answer suggestion claimed must, 'capable repetition.' element where, immediate mooted events, suffer satisfies test. reside.11 invocation doctrine. fails. raised concerns time-related status-based deprivation, plaintiffs.12 reaches late access past record, status giving rise terminate 86 ways ex-felon.13 voter suitable raising presently intermediate court.14 did, ex-felon. Once completes serve vehicle doctrine's authority 87 detract '(e)ven arising assumes jurisdiction.' Carolina Rice, 404 244, 246, 402, 404, U.S.2d 413 (1971). satisfy III. D abandoned allegedly illegal practice '(m)ere voluntary cessation conduct case; compelled '(t)he ways.' (But a) subsequent absolutely clear wrongful behavior reasonably recur.' Concentrated Phosphate Export Assn., 393 361, 364, 344 (1968); accord, W. T. Grant Co., 345 629, 632, 894, 897, 97 1303 (1953). depend likelihood disenfranchisement.15 none sole Richardson. None counties, surely sum, seeks use "oldest thread justiciability opinions." Flast Cohen, 392 83, 96, 1942, 1950, 947 (1968). nevertheless exfelons, dissent construes authorization operation crime'; joint committee containing rebellion' emerged inexplicably tacked on.16 exhaustive explanatory 'other crimes' provision—a unilluminating best.17 91 relatively Republicans controlled abolition slavery weaken dominance.18 alternatives available—either southern representation, unacceptable long-term basis,19 Negroes, sympathetic cause, enfranchised; explicit sufferage Negroes politically unpalatable time.20 resultant compromise. choice—enfranchise Negro lose representation.21 motivation behind purposes noted commentator explained: "It largely ."22 '(I)t quite impossible deliberate source protect recognized states' abridge vote.'23 construed remedy—reduced representation—to cure electoral abuse—the Negroes. exclusive remedy repeatedly rationale. (1964); (1965). 95 discrimination inapplicable judged remedies invoked. Mitchell, 400 112, 260, 272 (1970). excepts 5, implement lowering elections. Brennan, White, myself, observed, 'than supplementary, conceivable indispensable, available §§ 5.' 278, 341. 96 enactments contemporaneous statutes, inapposite. uncommon Hence, surprisingly, excepted chose exempt reduction-of-representation imply disenfranchisement.24 providing approve discriminations inapplicable, forever immunized evolving standards scrutiny. Shapiro Thompson, 618, 638—639, 1322, 1333—1334, 600 freeze clauses conception prevalent disenfranchisement—one-year requirements—specifically Act, intendment (1972). Disenfranchisement like 'constitutional concepts immutably frozen insects trapped Devonian amber.' Dillenburg Kramer, 469 1222, 1226 (CA9 1972). 98 shackled theory era. lines unconstitutionally discriminatory, confined historic equality, restricted fixed catalogue deemed rights.' Harper Virginia 383 663, 669, 1079, 1083, 169 (1966). 99 specifically 100 measured begins observation essence democratic society, heart government,' 555, 1378, 'fundamental' observed 336, 999: 101 repeat labors undertaken analyze (the) detail reviewing selectively distribute franchise. protected e.g., Evans Cornman, 398 419, 421—422, 426, 1752, 1754—1755, 1756, 370 (1970); 626—628, 1889—1890, (1969); 706, 1900, 667, 1081, (1966); 93—94, 778, 779, (1965); supra.' concluded: '(I)f grants denies others, promote interest." 337, 1000. original.) 102 compelling-state-interest applies classification settle threshold 'Compelling shorthand balancing faced balance. heavy burden showing, first, legitimate substantial interest; drawn precision—that excluded; third, reasonable achieve goal interest. E.g., 343, 360, 1003, 1012; 1892, Rosario Rockefeller, 752, 770, 1245, 1256, (Powell, J., dissenting); cf. Memorial Hospital Maricopa 415 250, 1076, 306 (1974); NAACP Button, 371 415, 438, 328, 340, (1963); Shelton Tucker, 364 479, 488, 247, 252, 231 (1960). 103 justifying blanket asserting citizen. Like everyone else, daily lives deeply affected government. 627, 1889. case: doubtful rational policy individuals society. actions governmental decision-making. Furthermore, hindrance efforts rehabilitate convert law-abiding productive citizens.'25 105 disenfranhisement prevent frauds. preventing fraud, sustainable patently overinclusive underinclusive. demonstrated marked propensity abusing ballot violating laws. encompasses showing abuse remainder population. F.2d, 1225. contrast, misdemeanants barred all. tailored articulated goal, crudely excludes large numbers voters. 1892; 106 Moreover, fraud burdensome 353, 1008, 'has disposal variety detect deter feared.' Harman Forssenius, 528, 543, 1177, 1186, Schneider 308 147, 164, 146, 152, 155 (1939). penal sanctions 'Today punishes sections; punished misdemeanors, felony-misdemeanors. Among plethora note, connection, fraudulent registrations (§ 220), buying selling votes (§§ 12000—12008), intimidating threat bribery 29130—29135), twice, fraudulently impersonating 14403, 29430—29431), forgery casting absentee ballots 14690—14692), tampering machines 15280) boxes 17090—17092), forging altering returns 29100 29103), interfering 'with conducting canvass, lawfully exercising canvass fairly conducted' 17093).' 215—216, 147—148, 1355—1356 (footnotes omitted). 108 Given panoply punish misconduct, reforms technological transformed danger.26 109 Another asserted keep pattern subversive orderly 445, 451 (CA2 1967). Support kept box fear emasculate code, Murphy (1885), Murphy, anyone entered bigamous polygamous marriage Davis, sanctioned, 'teach, advise, counsel, encourage commit bigamy polygamy.' intent clear—'to withdraw influence practically hostile to' goals certain 764; 334, 299. 110 existing minimal precedential value. explicitly 'differences cannot (any) group franchise," 705—706, 1900—1901; Communist Party Whitcomb, 441, 656, 635 423, 1755, 111 residents, they, representation. 'Fencing out' sector impermissible.' 94, 779. 355, 1009. 112 Although, justified temporal majority, countenance today. democracy change. immutable form, constantly revision response needs changing conceived public, undergoing reexamination. 'withdraw hostile' order, strikes process. preserve inviolate social prohibition advocated 'to enabled defeat country.' 348, 302. Today, legalization marihuana reason. system's coin realm. debase currency recognition. Rather resurrect disavow continued adherence expressed.27 113 disenfrahchisement wanting quarters. ballot. ranks.28 Shortly sustained Florida's legislatures repealed felons' sentence Columbia. D.C.Code 1—1102(7) National Conference Uniform Laws,29 American Law Institute,30 Probation Parole Association,31 Advisory Commission Criminal Standards Goals,32 President's Enforcement Administration Justice,33 Voters,34 Democratic Party,35 California36 endorsed 'its origin fogs fictions feudal jurisprudence doubtless forward realizing literal infringement spirit government.' Byers Sun Savings Bank, Okl. 728, 731, 139 948, 949 jurisprudence, stand. 115 116 DOUGLAS, agreeing Part I—A reversal Hayakawa 1304, 1145, 457 (Douglas, chambers). respondent. Respondents (petitioners below) include, ex-convicts—Los Pintos, 7th Step Foundations, Inc. (California Affiliates), Prisoners' Union. Proposition 7, 1972, new 3: improper practices affect severely mentally deficient state.' substance implicitly show: (h) conviction.' sets affidavit, includes '10. provides: cases: '(c) Upon production certified copy subsisting money. shall, week September year, examine records affidavits finally clerk, offenses, furnish registrar statement names money September, convictions final. persons. certify seal office. (Supp.1974) 'A offering orally polling precinct board grounds: '(g) 'On responsible concerning 'If questioned, proved authenticated sworn oral testimony witnesses.' 1203.4 Penal '(a) fulfilled probation entire probation, discharged determines offense, charged commission plea guilty nolo contendere enter guilty; guilty, aside verdict thereupon dismiss accusations information released penalties disabilities offense convicted. probationer informed privilege papers. 4852.01 (1970) incarcerated file, release custody, notice apply certificate pardon. provides, however: chapter misdemeanors; jails mandatory life parole; death sentences; service.' 4852.13 'If, hearing, finds fitness civil declaring rehabilitated, recommending Governor rehabilitation. filed.' 4852.16 transmitted constitute receipt may, investigation, therein, pursuant VII twice felony, written recommendation judges Court.' 4852.17 'Whenever unconditional Governor, rehabilitation, entitle to: (1) 350 (1961) refuses superior causes action.' effective device obtaining noting 1968—1971, 34,262 prisons 282 pardons 'robbery assault' 1952. 1962. February spent incarceration. heroin possession 1955, prison, 1959. pardoned Governor. 1952 1967 second-degree burglary 1957 forgery. conviction, successful convictions. Paragraph VI mandamus 'Petitioners bring individually felony.' 'defendants' denominated practice, 'plaintiffs' petitioners. convenience reference, avoid confusion differing interpretations 1966 Otsuka Hite, Cal.2d 596, 284, 412, defined used '(m)ost' responding 'have attempted develop criteria policies formalized writing, instances case-by-case method used.' '2. consistent, created across state. survey almost eligible others. '3. uniformity, authoritative guidelines urgently needed.' Brother MARSHALL argues 'case controversy' unarticulated concludes avoiding opinions abstract questions re M., 16, 33, 473 737 (1970), adverting 'declaratory habeas corpus cases' Gonsalves, 638, 311 483 (1957). determination appropriate, Young Gnoss, 18, 496 Saying 'function declare minimum Blumstein (405 (1972)),' Cal.2d, 27, 539, 451, just here, saying '(s)ince accede holdings herein, compliance 29, 541, 453. appeals, opinions, writs abide appeals compulsion 257 844 (CA5 1958); 207 567 1953). reliance recognizing approving relief, mootness, 'an acute controversy,' Nashville, C. & St. L.R. Wallace, 288 249, 345, 730 (1933). Indeed, unnecessarily resort, enacting U.S.C. 1257, legislation grounds possibility adversely unable dissenters unspecified award treats 'adequate ground' precludes holding. Ala.Const., (1819); (1849); Conn.Const., (1818); Del.Const., 4, (1831); Fla.Const., (1838); Ga.Const., (1868); Ill.Const., Ind.Const., (1816); Iowa Const., (1846); Kan.Const., (1859); Ky.Const., (1799); La.Const., (1812); Md.Const., (1851); Minn.Const., (1857); Miss.Const., (1817); Mo.,Const., 3, (1820); Nev.Const., (1864); N.J.Const., (1844); N.Y.Const., (1821); N.C.Const., (1802); Ore.Const., R.I.Const., (1842); S.C.Const., (1865); Tenn.Const., (1834); Tex.Const., (1845); Va.Const., (1830); W.Va.Const., (1863); Wis.Const., (1848). moving petitioners However, confusion, vice versa, defendants. provided, referendum replaced prohibition. include 310, 321, 390, 14240. Attorney General 73—324, certiorari. today, 904, 3194, 1152. custom final paragraph requiring comply demand so. Witkin, Cal.Proc.2d, Extraordinary Writs pp. 3796—3797, 123, p. 3899 Calif.Code Civ.Proc. 1060; Cal.Jur.2d, Declaratory Relief 13; Witkin Pleading 705(c), 2329 (1971); see, Dills Delira Corp., 145 Cal.App.2d 124, 129, 302 397, (1956). difference 'mandamus (is) latter.' 21, 3796 previously but, sentence, reaffirmed inherent text, it, importance. cases,' citing Cal.Crim.Proc. 790 (1963), Fluery, 600, 298, 432 986 treatise refers corpus' particular, 'use unnecessary controversy.' Cal.Crim.Proc., Habeas Corpus Other 790, 247 (Supp. primary. equitable primary implemented fashion. recommended 'Legislature 540—541, 452—453. Reinecke, 595, 481, 492 385 reapportionment problem, involves latter, staying hand deprivation. discretion' Actions 920 916; 3894; Kirstowsky 143 745, 749, 163, 166 held, restricts class. O'Shea Littleton, 674 (1974). distinguished Colorado's Hall, reducing six six-month incapable two-month appellants unsuccessfully certified, candidates Presidential 1968 Appellants Illinois certification discriminate populous taken place, 'while over, burden) controls .,' 1494; 49, 202, span balloting threatens attacks questioned requirements. 1494. Storer 724, 8, 1274, 1282, 714 756 1249, minimal. conducted representing contain 97.39% Brief 30. Div. looked system, proposition. Burney unemployment insurance benefits hearing. received post-termination hearing initial ineligibility retroactive benefits. remanded jurisdictional revolved review.' required. prior-hearing 542—546, 884—886 (dissenting opinion). reasoned payments, insured's wrongfully withheld posture, Torres Department Labor, 949, 1185, 228 971, 1446, 707 rehearing). absence failing Cal.Code 1097 (1955). petitioner, Civ. 32283, First Appellate proper vacate deems appropriate. See, Note, Restoring Ex-offender's Right Vote: Background Developments, Am.Crim.L.Rev. 721, 746—747, 158 Statement Rep. Eckley, quoted, 46. Bonfield, Vote Cornell L.Q. 108, (1960); H. Flack, Adoption 98, 126 (1908); 290—291 (1914); Framing 185 (1956); Van Alstyne, 'Right' Vote, Understanding 1965 Sup.Ct.Rev. 138—139. 291; 111, 118. 111; 185; 43—44, 58, 65. 43—44 (quoting Mathews, Legislative History Fifteenth (1909)). absurd results. accepts premise could, seduction promise marriage, conspiracy operate motor muffler. 412 extends vagrancy Alabama breaking water pipe Dakota, note examples. Ex-felons: Reassessment, Stan.L.Rev. 845, 846 jaywalking traffic conceivably lead differentiate misdemeanors. Memorandum Opposition Certiorari, Class Ramirez, 73—324. upholding (MDNC 1972), aff'd per curiam, (SD Fla.), mem., dictum Rehnquist reminded summary affirmances obviously value treating merits. Edelman Jordan, 651, 671, 1347, 1359, 662 F. Frankfurter Landis, Business October Term, 1929, Harv.L.Rev. (1930). felons: Ark.Stat.Ann. 3—707 (Supp.1973); Colorado, Colo.Const., VII, Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. 49—3—2 (Perm.Cum.Supp.1971); Fla.Stat.Ann. 940.05 Hawaii, Hawaii Rev.Stat. 716—5 (Supp.1972); Illinois, Ill.Rev.Stat., 46, 3—5 Indiana, IC 1971, 3—1—21—4, Ind.Ann.Stat. 29—4804 Kansas, Kan.Stat.Ann. 22—3722 Maine, Me.Rev.Stat.Ann., Tit. 245 Massachusetts, Mass.Gen.Laws Ann., (Supp.1974— 1975) offenders); Michigan, Mich.Const., Mich.Comp.Laws Ann. 168.10 Minnesota, Minn.Stat. 609.165 Nebraska, Neb.Rev.Stat. 29—2264 (Supp.1972) 83—1118 Hampshire, N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. 607—A:2 Jersey, N.J.Stat.Ann. 19:4—1 (Supp.1974—1975) Rev.Code 2967.16 Oregon, Ore.Rev.Stat. 137.240 137.250 Pennsylvania, Pa.Const., Pa.Stat.Ann. 893 3552 (1963) offenders years); S.D.Comp.Laws 24—5—2 23—57—7 Utah, IV, offenses); Vermont, Vt.Const., Washington, Wash.Rev.Code 9.96.050 West Op.W.Va.Atty.Gen. (1965) (construing 1); Wisconsin, Wis.Stat.Ann. 57—078 (Supp.1974—1975); Wyoming, Wyo.Stat.Ann. 7—311 Montana 'serving Mont.Const., 2; Mont.Rev.Codes 23—2701 (Supp.1973). 1973, N.Y. Election 152 (Supp.1973—1974). Also N.C.Gen.Stat. 13—1 And, disen-Franchisement statutes. Tenn.Code 2—202 1967), shortly Similarly Florida automatic probation. Commissioners Laws, Status Convicted Persons 2—3 (1964). Institute, Model 306.3 (Proposed Official Draft 1962). Association, Standard Goals, Corrections, 16.17, 592 Report 'Loss citizenship rights—(including) .—inhibits reformative efforts. correction reintegrate offender retain attributes citizenship. addition, depend, measure, ability system. Mandatory denials interest.' 593. Justice, Task Force Report: Corrections 89—90 (1967): '(T)here justification depriving .. (T)o symbol. furthered encouraging Voters, Policy Statement, 1972. Party, Platform Certiorari

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