Document: 396 U.S. 229 90 S.Ct. 400 24 L.Ed.2d 386 Paul E. SULLIVAN et al., Petitioners,v.LITTLE HUNTING PARK, INC., al. No. 33. Argued Oct. 13, 1969. Decided Dec. 15, [Syllabus from pages 229-230 intentionally omitted] Allison W. Brown, Jr., Washington, D.C., for petitioners. John Charles Harris, Alexandria, Va., respondents. Opinion of the Court by Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, announced BLACK. 1 This case, which involves an alleged discrimination against a Negro family in use certain community facilities, has been here before. The Virginia trial court dismissed petitioners' complaints and Supreme Appeals denied appeals saying that they were not perfected 'in manner provided law opposing counsel was given reasonable written notice time place tendering transcript opportunity to examine original or true copy it' under court's Rule 5:1, § 3(f).1 2 case came we granted petition certiorari vacated judgments remanded further consideration light Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 409, 88 2186, 20 1189. U.S 657, 2279, 1346. On remand, restated its prior position stating, 'We had no jurisdiction cases when before, have now. We adhere our orders refusing these cases.' 209 Va. 279, 163 S.E.2d 588. brought second on certiorari. 394 942, 89 1272, 22 476. 3 * When first respondents opposed petition, claiming 3(f), complied with. Petitioners filed reply brief addressing themselves question. Thus point now tendered fully exposed though ruled it sub silentio. 4 In this petitioners June 9, 1967, gave oral he submitting transcripts judge. He wrote same day effect, judge day, filing motions correct them, asking defer signing them tenday period allow consent otherwise disposed court. judge, being absent his chambers received until 12. hearing 16, at would act agreed disagreed with changes requested. After examining between 16 19, told objections corrections entry granting correct. Counsel then signed proposed prepared. submitted 20; transcripts, after corrected. 5 As read cases, stated controlling principle following language: 6 'The requirement sets out purpose notice. If, receipt notice, be afforded transcript, make thereto, if any has, before is object will attained.' Bacigalupo Fleming, 199 827, 835, 102 321, 326. 7 seven days record objections. present three days. But so far as shows did complain 'reasonable opportunity' needed transcripts. 8 Petitioners' does urge—nor do suggest—that fashioned novel procedural case; cf. NAACP Alabama, 357 449, 457—458; 78 1163, 1169—1170, 1488; past decisions state refute such notion. See supra; Bolin Laderberg, 207 795, 153 251; Cook Holsum Bakeries, Inc., 815, 209.2 those enable us say consistently applied amount self-denial power entertain federal claim presented desires so. Henry Mississippi, 379 443, 455—457, 85 564, 571—573, 13 408 (Black, J., dissenting). Such rule, more properly deemed discretionary than jurisdictional, bar review II 9 Little Hunting Park, nonstock corporation organized operate park playground facilities benefit residents area Fairfax County, Virginia. A membership share entitles all persons immediate shareholder corporation's recreation facilities. Under bylaws person owning entitled rents home assign tenant, subject approval board directors. Sullivan owned house lived it. Later bought another leased one T. R. Freeman, employee Department Agriculture; assigned Freeman. refused approve assignment because Freeman Negro. protested action notified expelled board. accorded him expelled, cash two shares. 10 sued 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1982 injunctions monetary damages. Since longer resides served limited solely 11 relief each petitioner. reverse judgments. 12 1189, reviewed length legislative history 1982.3 concluded reaches beyond operates upon unofficial acts private individuals authorized Enabling Clause Thirteenth Amendment. said: 'Negro citizens, North South, who saw Amendment promise freedom—freedom 'go come pleasure' 'buy sell please'—would left 'a mere paper guarantee' Congress powerless assure dollar hands purchase thing white man. At very least, freedom empowered secure includes buy whatever may can buy, right live wherever man live. If cannot free means least much, made Nation keep.' U.S., S.Ct., 2205. 14 rested conclusion Park social club. find nothing kind record. There plan exclusiveness. It open every within geographic area, there selective element other race. Daniel Paul, 395 298, 301—302, 1697, 1699 1700, 23 318. What device functionally comparable racially restrictive covenant, judicial enforcement struck down Shelley Kraemer, 334 1, 68 836, 92 L.Ed. 1161, reason Fourteenth 15 complaint charged refusal petitioner black. instant interest conveyed leasehold realty coupled nonprofit company offer recreational owners lessees real property residential area. material whether considered personal property, covers both. Section 'to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, convey property.' suggestion transfer books Freeman's covered verbs. without merit. never doubt but paid part $129 monthly rental Park. transaction clearly fell 'lease.' 'lease' protected actions third parties, well lessor. Respondents' interference narrow construction language quite inconsistent broad sweeping nature protection meant Civil Rights Act 1866, Stat. 27, derived. 422—437, 2194—2202. turn Sullivan's expulsion advocacy cause. sanction, backed judgment, imposed, punished trying vindicate rights minorities 1982. sanction give impetus perpetuation racial restrictions property. That why said Barrows Jackson, 346 249, 259, 73 1031, 1036, 97 1586, owner times 'the only effective adversary' unlawful covenant. terms decision Barrows, question standing maintain action. 17 noted Fair Housing Title 1968, 82 81, way impaired 413—417, 2189—2192. adequate dispose public accommodations provision 1964, 243, some supersedes provisions 1866 Act. For hierarchy administrative machinery 1964 war survival principles embodied moreover, saving clause respects 'any based Federal inconsistent' Act.4 18 derived plainly 'not Act, construed 'preempting mode protecting 'right' immunity' long law. United States Johnson, 390 563, 566, 1231, 1234, 132. 19 held Co. although couched declaratory provides explicit method enforcement, fashion equitable remedy. 414, n. 2189. remedy available court, grant injunctive generally, Code Ann. 8—610 (1957 Repl.Vol.). Finally, damages, Congress, 28 1343(4), created 'damages providing civil *.' reserved 414—415, 14, 2190, what any, might appropriately recovered violation 21 like problem Bell Hood, 327 678, 66 773, 939, where suit officers violations Fourth Fifth Amendments. statute provide '(W)here federally invaded, rule beginning courts alert adjust their remedies necessary relief. And also settled legal general sue invasion, good wrong done.' Id., 684, 777. existence statutory implies appropriate remedies. Texas & N.O.R. Brotherhood Railway S.S. Clerks, 281 548, 569—570, 50 427, 433—434, 74 1034. Pacific Rigsby, 241 33, 39, 36 482, 484, 60 874: 'A disregard command wrongful results damage class whose especial enacted, recover damages party default implied 25 Compensatory deprivation are governed standards, 1988, states: 26 matters conferred district chapter 18, rights, vindication, shall exercised enforced conformity laws States, suitable carry into effect; adapted object, deficient furnish punish offenses law, common modified changed constitutional statutes State wherein having criminal cause held, Constitution extended govern disposition 27 means, both rules utilized, whichever better serves policies expressed statutes. Cf. Brazier Cherry, Cir., 293 F.2d 401. drawn sources, responsive need whenever impaired. explore further, issue litigated below. suggested, party, dissent, should await proceedings fair housing VIII 3601 seq. (1964 ed., Supp. IV). suits commenced March 1966, years passed. irresponsible administration dismiss intervening Act5 possible application events preceding enactment. 29 Reversed. 30 HARLAN, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE WHITE join, dissenting. 31 1189 (1968), decided little-used section 100-year-old prohibited sale old statute, required language,1 serious statute's history,2 seemed me unnecessary unwise recently passed, yet effective, 1968 (hereafter Law).3 Today, goes (1) implying 1982; (2) interpreting prohibit association withholding, basis race, transferred incident lease property; (3) deciding 'for (a Negro's) cause' 'standing' 32 Because Law become less weeks now,4 I think majority even Jones, precipitately breathing still life 1982, vague open-ended, modern containing various detailed remedial aimed eliminating housing. reason, elaborate Part, II, writ improvidently granted. To examples difficulties inevitably encounter continues employ sorts Part III undiscriminating deals with, most ignores, complexities involved giving engrafting onto arising But, first, consider threshold ground Court. 33 ACEQUACY OF STATE GROUND 34 Appeals, Court's earlier questions found failed (the transcript) it,' local court.5 suggests State's requirement, 'novel' 'fashioned case,' nevertheless 'so claim.' conclude 'more jurisdictional,' barred here. agree majority's shown, myself unable subscribe reasoning, appears unclear confusing. 35 am apparent distinction deems 'discretionary' 'jurisdictional.' Perhaps wishes suggest dismissals writs error simply ad hoc refusals accept plenary lower decisions, analogous denial done, raised below course highest ground. circumstances, rather order review, becomes judgment 'highest could had' purposes 1257, jurisdictional statute.6 appellate review. Although 'discretion' refuse review7 particular reasons reconciling dismissal exercise presented. Instead petitions namely, lack 'jurisdiction failure Sullivans Freemans meet requirements 3(f).' merits conform practice, unless able practice hand constitute irrespective all.8 37 meaning mind describes 'discretionary.' suggesting notice,' examine' flexible standards decide close either ways creating obvious conflict decisions. 'discretionary rule,' must register my disagreement. formulation law,' obligation reasonably consistent explain decision, including according different treatment case.'9 Surely standard requires reasonable, result analysis facts competing policy considerations. 38 loose word pursuant ground, examination opinions several cited majority, proper foundation reached 1488 (1958). 39 finding view reasonableness much stricter fairly extracted applying rule10 predecessor statute.11 words, itself novel, implicitly governing rule's was. set forth 32, 326 (1958),12 justifiably thought notwithstanding Snead Commonwealth, 200 850, 108 399 (1959), relied respondent somehow ignored majority.13 40 '(n)ovelty permitted thwart who, justified reliance seek vindication rights,' 457—458, 1169, rest 41 comprehensive scheme dealing kinds matter delegation develop forbidden discriminations. comparison new Law, task each, demonstrate restraint, appropriateness dismissing grounded ancillary rented four subdivisions hand, explicitly makes 'discriminate terms, conditions, privileges (of housing), services connection therewith, (or) color 3604(b) (Emphasis added.) contrast, noted, 'does deal specifically dwelling,' 413, 43 By attempting forced, context transactions involve 'property' states '(i)t (in Park) both.' opinion show ether complete articulate indication great confront used lurking background grave issues too types discrimination.14 44 Not fail unlawful, contains private. imply provided—injunctive III, infra. 45 These expressly which, variety techniques enforcing prohibition discrimination, again stands sharp contrast First, injured Secretary Urban Development investigate complaints, 'informal methods conference, conciliation, persuasion' compliance law.15 Should Secretary's efforts prove unavailing, complainant go court.16 alternative going HUD, directly enforce Law,17 wide relief, restraining orders, injunctions, compensatory punitive up $1,000.18 Furthermore, allows appoint waive fees indigent plaintiffs, award costs and, successful plaintiff.19 addition initiated Attorney General bring preventive force threat willfully interfere intimidate wish exercise, aid others Law.20 46 Given comprehensive, contemporary limitations established, believe instead granted.21 litigants,' Rice Sioux City Memorial Cemetery, 349 70, 74, 75 614, 616, 99 897 (1955), 'settlement (issues) importance public, distinguished parties,' Layne Bowler Corp. Western Well Works, 261 387, 393, 422, 423, 67 712 (1923). Even perspective lost practical due fact Dr. work taken away thereby making moot relief.22 fundamentally, here, renders little 'importance public.' For, cover case,23 future rent access account likelihood Law.24 47 dealt highlighted compounded face, let alone resolve, lie buried beneath surface opinion. Both difficult ones, grips illustrate inevitable many subtle human problems bound arise goal discriminatory practices national pursued. A. RELIEF FOR 48 highly elliptical circumstances surrounding sought begin stating aspects case. full reveals, necessity remand own premises. guidance recovery remand. An awareness complexity relevant redress think, 49 1. Circumstances Expulsion. Board attempted convince decision. end, met members Board, actions. subsequently mobilized campaign club whole reconsider campaign, acknowledges,25 included phone calls letters clergy, circulation among called meeting July letter determined 'due warrant determine by-laws, 'conduct inimicable Corporation members.' referred 'non-acceptance Board's your tenant along continued harassment members' determination. 51 specification charges Sullivan,26 included, inter alia, allegations (a) instigated harassed 'unfriendly calls' accusing bigotry; (b) 'abusive' call president Board; (c) minister church employed participation 'real moral evil'; (d) 'violent abusive language' sign petition. charges, current market value shares held. 52 response actions, Circuit Virginia, seeking compelling reinstate membership; $15,000; injunction requiring forbidding race factor considering membership. disputed evidence expulsion, defendants. scope 'limited' 'private social' club, went acted powers By-Laws' expelling Sullivan, 'there anple justify Board') complainant's Corporation's Corporation.' 53 2. With statement mind, observations about rights. 'Sullivan's (was) cause,' surely resolved testimony, underlying expulsion. be, findings seems unavoidable 54 Second, explained 'Sullivan action' acknowledging essential ultimately decided. 55 One imagine conclusions 'rights' 'duties' consequences. example, injuries resulting Park's duty 1982? so, Unless impose protest exclusion, reinstatement simple assigning 56 alternative, flowed 'duty' resulted initial reinstatement. Or gives 'legitimate' convincing Freeman? activities legitimate here? Most extreme took refusal, protest. Only require reinstatement, mean regain using intemperate threats protesting exclusion.27 57 arises presents special overlooks, undesirability ancient statute. overlooks complications dint asked bottomed provisions. 58 Implied sometimes law28 dependent, wholly partially, law.29 Difficult complex determining must30 not31 involving rights.32 59 opinion, perhaps little33 adds confusion already existing 1988 42, apparently thinks decides concerned look applicable 'deficient turns head creates remedy, apart 'deficient'; imposes States. says anything cure deficiencies implication, done looking see remedies, there. considerations, hardly foreseen granted, 5:1 Record Appeal' 3(f): 'Such parties delivered clerk, end 70 final judgment. forthwith clerk certify date receives signature more, certification opportunity, authentic. note him.' 251, appellants' appellees' November 24, 1965. 26, December 3. Appellees moved appeal 5:1. motion overruled '(t)he authentic.' judge's 'signature is, therefore, (appellees) it.' 797, S.E.2d, 253. 209, October 20, 1965, appellee 15. Appellant's counsel, however, obtain 19. conference date, over additions. appellee's claimed suggested numerous changes, ordered altered reflect changes. revised next 21, day. appeal, satisfied. motion, stating: narrative amended (appellee), conceded argument correct.' 817, 210. provides: 'All citizens right, Territory, enjoyed thereof 207(b) 2, 246, title exclusive title, preclude individual agency asserting ordinance nondiscrimination establishments accommodations, pursuing criminal, right.' 31, 3603(b). apply 'single-family house' sold estate broker described 3604(c) 3603(b) So knows transactions, arose 452—454, 2209—2211 (dissenting opinion). 454—473, 2210—2220 Casper, Mayer: Clio, Bemused Confused Muse, Sup.Ct.Rev. 89, 99—122; Court, 1967 Term, Harv.L.Rev. 63, 93—103 (1968). Tit. VIII, stage expansion coverage takes effect ante, 231, text rule. See, e.g., Michigan-Wisconsin Pipe Line Calvert, 347 157, 159—160, 396, 397—398, 98 583 (1954). cases. Va.CodeAnn. 8—462 Repl.Vol.); Va.Const. 87, 88. Hammerstein Superior 341 491, 492, 71 820, 821, 95 1135 (1951); Chesapeake Ohio McDonald, 214 191, 546, 963 (1909); Newman Gates, 204 220, 385 (1907). Sandalow, Mississippi Adequate Ground: Proposals Revised Doctrine, 1965 187, 226. id., 225—226 discussion Black's dissent (1965), majority. Williams Georgia, 375, 814, 1161 support reasoning rests determination inconsistency trial. 383, 819. 251 (1967); Taylor Wood, 201 615, 112 907 (1960); 321 Stokely Owens, 189 248, 164 (1949); Grimes Crouch, 175 126, 115 (1940). seen passage quoted 232-233, interpreted notice; examination, accuracy telephone Friday, Monday. His consisted Monday Friday chambers; Monday, 19th, actually possession transcript. Any time, per se, belied supra, it, Snead, 'It important analyze statements characterized defendant's entire testimony witness insert Common-wealth's residence, office hours, thirty minutes signature, plain 3(f) mandatory jurisdictional.' 854, 402. significant respects. confronted narrative; was, admission appellant's 'of confusing character.' fails objection adequacy supra. single inaccuracy Tr. Oral Arg., 20. one-half hour's tender night. sent week, Respondent signs No aware stated, key inspect Cases, 109 3, 835 (1883). 3610(a) 3610(d). 3612. Other Laws Executive Orders Relating Programs Development, Dept. Office Equal Opportunity; Note, Discrimination Employment Housing: Private Enforcement Provisions Acts 834, 839, 855—859, 862—863 (1969). 3612(c) 3612(b), 3612(c). 3613, 3631. 3617. Bickel, Forward: Passive Virtues, 1960 (1961). price ranged $150 $230 during question, Government's Amicus Brief 5, not, probability, substantial. And, section, unresolved factual Sullivan. April 11, 1968. Whether protect take 1969, depend fall categories appear record, exemption 3607 IV) recovery. covering single-family houses individuals, owns houses, homes help broker; offered through advertisement discriminatory. 9—11, 39—50. Appendix 181—182, 185—186. settlement enjoin suit, agreement vagueness conduct due-cause stipulation lawsuits aspect passed on, 1586 (1953), heavy reliance, extent obliged affirmatively awarded defendant breach recially B. COURT REMEDIES FEDERAL RIGHTS J. I. Case Borak, 377 426, 84 1555, 423 (1964). Ward County Com'rs Love 253 17, 419, 64 751 (1920); Tungus Skovgaard, 358 588, 79 503, 524 (1959). Testa Katt, 330 389, 810, 91 967 (1947) (state obligated treble Emergency Price Control Act). Avco Aero Lodge 735, 557, 560 1235, 1237, 126 (1968) (Court strike law). Hart Wechsler, Courts System 474—477 (1953); Greene, Hybrid 83 289, 315—319 penultimate paragraph, 'rule damages' 'drawn sources.'

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