Document: 502 U.S. 81 112 S.Ct. 486 116 L.Ed.2d 405 SOUTHWEST MARINE, INC., Petitioner,v.Byron GIZONI. No. 90-584. Argued Oct. 15, 1991. Decided Dec. 4, Syllabus Petitioner Southwest Marine, Inc., a ship repair facility operator, owns several floating platforms that, among other things, support repairmen engaged in their work. Respondent Gizoni, rigging foreman, worked on the and rode them as they were towed into place. Disabled when his foot broke through wooden sheet covering hole platform's deck, he applied for, received, medical compensation benefits from petitioner pursuant to Longshore Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA). He later brought suit against petitioner, inter alia, under Jones Act, alleging that was seaman injured result of employer's negligence. The District Court granted petitioner's motion for summary judgment, concluding matter law, Gizoni not seaman, harbor worker precluded bringing action by LHWCA, which provides exclusive remedy maritime employee, 33 U.S.C. § 905(a). term employee includes, alios, any worker, including repairman, but "a master or member crew vessel," 902(3). Appeals reversed both determinations. It held questions fact existed Gizoni's status; it rejected notion whose work involved necessarily restricted reasoning coverage LHWCA depended claimant's job title, nature Congress' intent enacting those statutes. Held: A occupation is one enumerated may be within meaning Act. Pp. 86-92. (a) cannot case all workers, since its exclusionary provision do apply who also "member phrase "refinement" "seaman" McDermott Int'l, Inc. v. Wilander, 498 ----, 111 807, ---, 866. Although better characterized mixed question law fact, inquiry status specific depends vessel's employee's precise relation it. need only doing ship's work, aiding navigation, order qualify Id., at S.Ct., ----. Petitioner's argument this fact-intensive always resolved if fits occupations defining "employee" covered ignores some workers seamen performing specifically LHWCA. 86-89. (b) arguments foreclose are rejected. Decisions holding certain railroad otherwise permitted Federal Employers' Liability pursue negligence cause provide no meaningful guidance here, contains exclusion comparable seamen. errs arguing where arguably Congress intended preclude stay traditional suits district courts pending final administrative agency determination issue. Indeed, anticipates such could brought. See 913(d). And, unlike Employees "unambiguous comprehensive" provisions barring judicial review determinations coverage. Moreover, proceedings require same jurisdictional limitations National Labor Relations (NLRA) places favor Board hearings, LHWCA's way approach NLRA's complex interrelated federal scheme remedy, administration requiring preemption cases. Neither essential resolution issue left first instance proceedings. suggestion an receipt precludes subsequent litigation rejected, see Tipton Socony Mobil Oil Co., 375 34, 37, 84 1, 3, 11 has never been litigated cases, clearly does comprehend preclusive effect, 903(e). 89-92. 909 F.2d 385 (CA9 1985), affirmed. WHITE, J., delivered opinion Court, Members joined, except THOMAS, took part consideration decision case. George J. Tichy, II, San Francisco, Cal., petitioner. Preston Easley, Pedro, respondent. Robert A. Long, Jr., Washington, D.C., U.S., amicus curiae, supporting Justice WHITE Court. 1 presented whether (LHWCA), 44 Stat. 1424, amended, 901 et seq., yet 46 U.S.C.App. 688, thus entitled bring statute. 2 * operates Diego, California. In connection with activities, Marine platforms, pontoon barge, two float barges, rail diver's crane barge. These themselves have power, means steering, navigation lights, aids, living facilities. They moved about tugboats, position alongside vessels berths drydock Marine's shipyard nearby Naval Station. used move equipment, materials, supplies, vessel components around off repair. Once place, 3 employed respondent Byron foreman. occasionally served lookout gave maneuvering signals tugboat operator moved. received lines passed ships' crews secure suffered disabling leg back injuries fall thin deck platform being transport rudder drydock. 4 submitted claim sued United States Southern California, pleaded causes unseaworthiness maintenance cure. App. IV-4, IV-5. addition above facts, alleged complaint group . navigable waters," "permanently assigned said vessels." IV-3. 5 judgment grounds. determined finding "vessels navigation," board perform "aid navigation." Pet. Cert. I-1, I-2. More important our purposes further concluded 6 Ninth Circuit 385, 387 (1990), status, e.g., relationship permanent, aided navigation. 388. Court's pursuing claim. court terms cover 902(3)(G), equivalent should jury. F.2d, 389. these Ibid. 7 We certiorari, 1071, 1176 (1991), resolve conflict Circuits issue.1 now affirm Circuit. II 8 each worker; however, specifies different reach. relevant part, "[a]ny shall suffer personal injury course employment may, election, maintain damages right trial jury, statutes modifying extending common-law cases railway employees apply. ." 688(a). Under exclusiveness liability states employer "shall place employee. However, "employee", defined LHWCA,2 include vessel." 902(3)(G). therefore plainly wrong provided workers. That 866 (1991).3 9 crew" "better fact," rather than pure fact. ---. Even so, "[t]he necessity fact-specific; will depend vessel, it." Our Wilander jettisoned lingering aid "The key employment-related necessary contribute transportation must work." 817. arriving conclusion, we again recognized "the mutually exclusive," id., 813 (citing Swanson Marra Brothers, 328 66 869, 90 L.Ed. 1045 (1946)), very reason 10 suggests, line Fifth precedent, foresaw possibility, previously quoted portion legislative history 1972 amendments states: " '[T]he bill would amend longshoremen, repairmen, builders, shipbreakers, (excluding masters members ).' Northeast Terminal Co. Caputo, 432 249, 266, n. 26, 97 2348, 2358, 53 320 (1977) (quoting S.Rep. 92-1125, p. 13 (1972)) (emphasis added). As observed Wilander: "There indication elsewhere, excluded remedies owe allegiance sea, While repairman lack requisite see, Sun Ship, Pennsylvania, 447 715, 100 2432, 65 458 (1980) (ship working land); P.C. Pfeiffer Ford, 444 69, 80, 12, 328, 336, 62 225 (1979), law.4 This so because "[i]t particular determinative, supra, By preserves crewmen, even shipyard. limited genuine exists submits attempt suit. First, contends decisions 45 51 action. See, Chesapeake & Ohio R. Schwalb, 493 40, 110 381, 107 278 (1989); Pennsylvania R.R. O'Rourke, 344 334, 73 302, 367 (1953). Such can 12 Next, advances "primary jurisdiction" suggesting "arguably covered" proceeding "administrative agency" is, "master crew." find courts. Title 913(d) tolls time file claims "[w]here recovery denied person, admiralty recover respect death, ground person defendant chapter had secured chapter." seeks primary jurisdiction pointing between (FECA), 8101 Tort Claims (FTCA), 28 2671 seq. But FECA Secretary's Lindahl OPM, 470 768, 780, 13, 105 1620, 1627, 674 (1985); 8128(b). Consequently, over FTCA Secretary determines applies. provision. Likewise, reject found (NLRA), 29 151 state conducted Board. Longshoremen Davis, 476 380, 389-390, 106 1904, 1911-1912, 389 (1986); Diego Building Trades Council Garmon, 359 236, 243-245, 79 773, 778-780, 775 (1959). outlined 'complex administration' pre-emption Longshoremen, 389, 1911 243, 778)). "essential administration" 'in instance' Department Labor. 390, 1911-1912 244-245, 779-780)). 14 Finally, suggests To contrary, ruled evidence sufficient send threshold reversible error permit prove accepted while awaiting trial. (1963). "universally accepted" receives voluntary payments without formal award barred subsequently seeking relief G. Gilmore C. Black, Law Admiralty 435 (2d ed. 1975); Larson, Workmen's 90.51, 16-507 (1989) (collecting cases); Simms Valley Line 709 409, 412, nn. (CA5 1983). quite obviously, actually litigated. amounts paid injury, disability, death credited imposed LHWCA.5 435. III 15 Because spend hours aboard furtherance mission—even exclusively work—that seaman. ruling basis title alone, foreclosed ability make showing. "If reasonable persons, applying proper legal standard, differ 'member crew,' jury." 818. regarding status.6 alleges facts propositions—facts disputes. Compare Brief 11, 3. Summary inappropriate. 16 Affirmed. 17 THOMAS followed Sixth Circuit, "[a] plaintiff available unless unable show factual injury." Petersen 784 732, 739 (1986). "because shipbuilders repairers unqualifiedly meet Act's situs requirements; workmen renders ineligible Act." Pizzitolo Electro-Coal Transfer Corp., 812 977, 983 (1987). undercut much limiting insufficient warrant seaman's status." Legros Panther Services Group, 863 345, 349 (1988). rehearing en banc, parties settled appeal dismissed. 874 953 (1989). With vacated, remains although breadth question. full, 902(3) provides: 'employee' employment, longshoreman longshoring operations, harborworker shipbuilder, ship-breaker, include— "(A) individuals office clerical, secretarial, security, data processing work; "(B) club, camp, recreational operation, restaurant, museum, retail outlet; "(C) marina construction, replacement, expansion (except routine maintenance); "(D) (i) suppliers, transporters, vendors, (ii) temporarily business premises described paragraph (4), (iii) normally performed chapter; "(E) aquaculture workers; "(F) build, repair, dismantle sixty-five feet length; "(G) vessel; "(H) load unload small eighteen tons net; "if clauses (A) (F) subject State workers' law." points well separate 905(b), great emphasis passage shipbuilding, repairing, breaking services person's owner, owner pro hac vice, agent, charterer permitted, whole directly indirectly, (in capacity, charterer) employer." exclusivity applies, "[i]n event [the LHWCA] caused 905(b). already noted, chapter" upon Like companion 905(a), 905(b) dictate sole recourse stipulates correctly notes many coverage, though expressly category "harborworker" included 902(3)(F) (individuals length); 902(3)(H) (persons 18 net). significant clear exclusions either side here For reason, equitable estoppel suggested Shipbuilders America fail. Where full credit removes threat double recovery, critical element detrimental reliance appear. Heckler Community Health Services, 467 51, 59, 104 2218, 2223, 42 (1984); Lyng Payne, 926, 935, 2333, 2339, 921 Argument force election believe intended. remain concerning platforms. After "employment-related navigation" required.

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