Document: 411 U.S. 258 93 S.Ct. 1602 36 L.Ed.2d 235 Lewis S. TOLLETT, Warden, Petitioner,v.Willie Lee HENDERSON. No. 72—95. Argued Feb. 20, 1973. Decided April 17, Syllabus Where a state criminal defendant, on advice of counsel, pleads guilty he cannot in federal habeas corpus proceeding raise independent claims relating to the deprivation constitutional rights that antedated plea, Brady v. United States, 397 742, 90 1463, 25 747, such as infirmities grand jury selection process, but may only attack voluntary and intelligent character plea by showing counsel's was not within standards McMann Richardson, 759, 1441, 763. Pp. 261—269. 459 F.2d 237, reversed remanded. R. Jackson Rose, Asst. Atty. Gen., State Tennessee, for petitioner. H. Fred Hoefle, Cincinnati, Ohio, respondent. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 Twenty-five years ago respondent indicted crime first-degree murder Davidson County, Tennessee. On pleaded sentenced term 99 prison. Many later sought both courts. In one petition States District Court, contended confession had given police been coerced, denied effective assistance counsel. The Court considered these decided them adversely respondent, Appeals Sixth Circuit affirmed without opinion, this certiorari. Henderson Henderson, 391 927, 88 1829, 20 667 (1968). Respondent then corpus, alleging first time deprived his right because Negroes excluded from which him 1948. After series proceedings Tennessee trial appellate courts, Criminal ultimately concluded waived claim failure it before pleading indictment, guilty. 2 filed commenced present litigation, asserting denial reason systematic exclusion service. Petitioner, effect, conceded have existed, so found. issue upon focused whether respondent's object indictment provided law constituted waiver Fourteenth Amendment be constitutionally selected jury. 3 At hearing, testified lawyer did inform with respect composition jury, know how or were systematically excluded, attorney tell could challenged challenge would preclude raising issue. An unchallenged affidavit submitted who represented 1948 stated counsel matter fact County therefore there no occasion advise any method body. 4 basis evidence, held record demonstrated 'waiver' defined Johnson Zerbst, 304 458, 464, 58 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938)—'an intentional relinquishment abandonment known privilege.' went affirm judgment ordered released custody offense question. We granted certiorari order decide prisoner, obtain release through habes proving returned an unconstitutionally jury.1 5 * Respondent, Negro, two others arrested authorities robbery Nashville liquor store attempted employee shot during episode. Three weeks died, subsequently against signed admitting involvement shooting. 6 arrest, old formal education terminated at sixth grade level. He when confession, mother retained represent him. attorney's major effort appears arrange form bargain, whereby plead charge sentence, although imposed petit years, rather than ultimate penalty. initially expressed desire guilty, but, apparently evidence possibility death sentence might if convicted, entered, agreed-upon imposed. II 7 For nearly hundred has established Constitution prohibits excluding serving juries indict try factual guilt innocence accused. Strauder West Virginia, 100 303, 309, 664 (1880). See also Virginia Rives, 313, 322—323, These holdings reaffirmed over see, e.g., Norris Alabama, 294 587, 55 579, 79 1074 (1935), Pierre Louisiana, 306 354, 59 536, 83 757 (1939), are course questioned here. But assertion another dimension it; made many after None our previous decisions dealing prohibition racial discrimination jurors come us context plea.2 8 750, 1471, 747 (1970); 770, 1448, 763 (1970), Parker North Carolina, 790, 1458, 785 dealt some length effect claimed violations rights. supra, 758, 1470, 1474, said: 9 'The degree encourages pleas every important step process. people, their breach State's is alone sufficient surrendering themselves accepting punishment. others, apprehension charge, threatening acts Government, jar into guilt. still other cases, post-indictment accumulation convince defendant worth agony expense family. All valid spite responsibility factors motivating pleas; more improperly compelled decision close must take stand face certain conviction. 10 'This mode conviction foolproof full trials court Accordingly, we great precautions unsound results, should continue do so, trial. serious doubts about case encouragement offers leniency substantially increased likelihood defendants, advised competent falsely condemn themselves. view contrary based expectations courts will satisfy voluntarily intelligently defendants adequate nothing question accuracy reliability defendants' admissions they committed crimes charged. us, impeaches Brady's suggests open anything truth.' 11 770—771, laid down general rule collateral attacks convictions rendered governed: 12 'In defendant's reasonably ground misjudged admissibility confession. Whether unintelligent vulnerable motivated erroneously thought admissible depends initial matter, retrospectively consider wrong, range competence demanded attorneys cases.' (Footnote omitted.) 13 its Brady, McMann, controlling, because, words: 14 line cases challenges itself; believe successors govern here.' 242 n. (1972).3 15 think took too restrictive trilogy. each those petitioner alleged constitution preceded respondents asserted coerced obtained State. burden placed exercise structure Federal Kidnaping Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1201—a impermissible Jackson, 390 570, 1209, 138 (1968)—had petitioner's Parker, provision laws similar contained 1201 likewise plea. 16 While confessions extracted prior somewhat different posture attacking verdict part confessions, resulting Act Carolina law, respectively, significantly what following bench well refused address merits deprivations occurred Instead, such, 17 There doubt legal differences between discriminatory members prisoners latter facts giving rise generally entry pleas, turned adequacy attorneys' evaluating recommendation instant case, found unknown attorney. If cast solely terms 'waiver,' undoubtedly correct concluding just trilogy foreclose direct inquiry antecedent there, conclude here alike forecloses III hold automatically entitled relief proof indicting selected. focus nature voluntariness existence infirmity. A prisoner must, course, prove infirmity proceedings. does end point, thought. demonstrate 'within cases,' 771, 1449. Counsel's evaluate properly claim, himself shown particular situations meet standard proof. Thus, while play grounds relief. 19 thus reaffirm principle recognized trilogy: represents break chain events When solemnly admitted charged, thereafter received set forth McMann. vacated conceivable abatement peripheral normal inquiry. And seeking aside show retrospect correctly appraised significance historical facts, pursued pursuit uncovered possible 21 principal value accused prosecution often lie ability recite list defenses abstract, nor ability, permitted, amass large quantum data it. concern faithful representation interest client frequently involves highly practical considerations specialized knowledge law. Often interests advanced delay inevitable date prosecution, see 751—752, 1470—1471, contesting all guilt, Santobello New York, 404 257, 92 495, 30 427 (1971). prospect bargaining, expectation hope lesser convincing suggest advisability elaborate consideration abatement, unconstitutional procedures, factually supported. 22 under circumstances, establish jurors, having outside 'range 23 Because papers petitions, position say presently precluded appropriate allegations new amended petition. pains point out reliance respective opinions statement concurring judge '(n)o ever objecting serve Grand Jury 1948,' chances being able carry necessary challenging appear slim. Nonetheless, prefer issue, practice, addressed Appeals. rate selected, holding otherwise remanded further consistent opinion. 24 Reversed It ordered. 26 MARSHALL, whom DOUGLAS BRENNAN join, dissenting. 27 I am convinced amply acceptable theory voluntariness, waiver, necessary. adopts inflexible where, noted, need flexibility. (CA6 1962). doing disregards Court's establishing infringed 'must depend, circumstances surrounding case.' (1938). 28 relies 'guilty plea' trilogy, (1970). made, barred pretrial admission extracted, either induced fear enhanced punishment made. summarized process underlying stating, confession.' U.S., S.Ct., 1448. 29 today extends holding, that, even where nonetheless 'intelligent' extension misconceived. Those concerned consequences overturning negotiated simply defense successfully importance bargaining administration justice. See, 750—753, 1470—1471. Promises leniency, viewed indistinguishable used induce forgo possibly meritorious them. This, believed, permitted imposition offenders deserved it, impairing integrity leaving unsanctioned violations. Whatever analysis,1 plainly premised notion bargain exchange: return relinquishing challenge, offender receives lenient treatment. Clearly, let away client's rights.2 'with help rationally weigh advantages going guilty.' Id., 1470. Yet like happened case. Henderson's never presented insisting composed secure favorable bargain. App. 83, 96. 31 devotes most attention assertions reassertions 'may charge.' majority gives almost why accepted, and, respect, accept 32 invokes specter requiring 'every abatement,' suggesting, suppose, huge number objections Prosecution make requirement utterly impractical. accurately reflects true situation; can And, all, bottomed guarantees. limits very deciding lawyer's professional required consult taking action led objection. Surely implied much saying operate rights, knowing, done awareness relevant likely consequences,' 748, 1469 (emphasis added). reference rationale reconciled requirements informed decides invoke gain advantage. 33 end, seems adopt concept accept. 'advance' informing way which, judgment, advances interests. '(F)aithful client,' ante, 268, means, believe, fully matters magnitude. Without consultation, becomes manipulating persons control lives precisely stake. 34 acceptable, rest personal choices alternatives; least, options secured shorter defend constitutionality procedures selecting juries. As clear record, succeeded, embarrassment attempting offer bargain.3 find persuades me acted attrneys 1449, consultation required. 35 Petitioner suggests, however, rejected believed conformed requirements. barest support contention,4 Judge explicitly objection 'quite simply, him.' 342 F.Supp. 113, 115. suggestion correct, advance cause. then, Celebrezze aptly put 'grossly inadequate light clearly period.' F.2d, 5.5 March Tennessee.6 Although 25% population county 1948, single Negro served 1948.7 addition, whenever name appeared lists chosen, letters 'c' 'col' marked next name. words Appeals, 'officials simple means determining citizens appropriately 'excused' duty. apparent absence panels accomplished.' 239, 2. 37 Two points emphasized. First, extremely difficult exclude service brought race potential jurors. Patton Mississippi, 332 463, 466, 68 184, 186, 76 (1947); Hill Texas, 316 400, 62 1159, 86 1559 (1942); Smith 311 128, 61 164, 85 84 (1940). relatively easy assess whether, kind succeed. making search unreasonable. emphasized 769—770, turns predictions apply largely unstructured tests reasonableness circumstances. accord less weight judgments difference ease confidently 38 Second, takes determine local designations chosen. quest applicable juries, fact. characterizes problem involving 'amass(ing) data' 'elaborate . supported.' Ante, 268. What situation amounts involved. That enough fallacy attempt define broad rule. adhere turn Cf. 39 excused Tenn.Cr.App. 204, 211, S.W.2d 176, 179 'No 1948.' untrue. Even cursory research disclosed several level raised attorneys. Kennedy State, 186 Tenn. 310, 210 132 Williamson 194 341, 250 556 (1952);8 Beckett 731 1936). 'received same (that is, none all) lawyers 6. exonerate attorney, though; reflects, said, 'a too-long tolerated gap realities practice.' Ibid. Determination place claims. test time,9 regard peculiarities. ex rel. Goldsby Harpole, 263 71, (CA5 1959); Windom Cook, 423 721 1970). 40 passing acquaintance Supreme recently decided, immediately noticed strong failed commissioners Maury names tax books 'contained identifying symbols taxpayer known,' 109 summoned Negroes. Tenn., 316, S.W.2d, 134. minimal realized used, probably system unconstitutional, Court.10 41 reflect variety arise. particularly inappropriate dissent. 798, said 'Whether decide,' citing three appeals. left Parker. Alexander 405 625, 1221, 536 (1972); Sims Georgia, 389 404, 523, 634 (1967); Jones 24, 4, Whitus 385 545, 87 643, 599 Coleman 377 129, 1152, 190 (1964); Arnold 376 773, 1032, 77 Eubanks 356 584, 78 970, 991 (1958); Reece 350 85, 167, (1955); Williams 349 375, 75 814, 1161 Hernandez 347 475, 74 667, 98 866 (1954); Avery 345 559, 73 891, 97 1244 (1953); Cassell 339 282, 70 629, 94 839 (1950); Akins 325 398, 65 127, 89 1692 (1945); (1940); (1939); Hale Kentucky, 303 613, 753, 1050 (1938); Hollins Oklahoma, 295 394, 784, 1500 (1935); Martin 200 338, 50 497 (1906); Rogers 192 226, 48 417 (1904); Tarrance Florida, 188 519, 402, 47 572 (1903); Carter 177 442, 687, 44 (1900); 170 213, 583, 42 1012 (1898); Gibson 162 565, 904, 1075 (1896); Bush 107 110, 354 (1883); Neal Delaware, 103 370, 567 (1881); recent Fourth Circuit, Ross, 470 1092 (1972), arrived conclusion now reach extending reasoning type seeks assert. second quoted passage cited report. contained, official issued Clerk Circuit. Douglas, Brennan, dissented believing prevalent impair protections permit bar prosecution. Some decision, participate, sometimes successful claim. Henry 379 443, 451, 564, 569, 408 (1965); Brookhart Janis, 384 1, 7—8, 1245, 1248, 314 (1966). squarely adopted limited narrowly happen Murch Mottram, 409 41, (1972). defended preliminary attack, institute anew convening parepare better passions subside, attractive hearing application relief, introduced. part, 'I aware irregularity ..' strictures 772—773, 1449—1450, assessing subsequent developments force. includes city Nashville. 1953. 1949; report indicate commenced. noted 'some months colored service.' 346, 556, 558 (1952) Including, trends fruitful attempts whose undermined decisions. Tehan Shott, 382 406, 459, 453 (1966); Milton Wainwright, 407 371, 381—382, 2174, 2180, (Stewart, J., dissenting). Notwithstanding 'an futility' Brief 12. lightly assume highest disregard holdings, consistently reiterated, assessment undercut above, rests exchange. refuses acknowledge something lese, fail undisputed possible. rationable involuntary. Petitioner's estimate assessed prevailing challenge. Since anyway, relevance

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