Document: 365 U.S. 667 81 S.Ct. 835 6 L.Ed.2d 11 LOCAL 357, INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF TEAMSTERS, CHAUFFEURS, WAREHOUSEMEN AND HELPERS AMERICA, Petitioner,v.NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD. NATIONAL BOARD, Petitioner, v. ANDHELPERS AMERICA. Nos. 64, 85. Argued Feb. 28, 1961. Decided April 17, Mr. Herbert S. Thatcher, Washington, D.C., for petitioner in No. 64 and respondent Norton J. Come, Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Petitioner union (along with International Brotherhood Teamsters a number other affiliated local unions) executed three-year collective bargaining agreement California Trucking Associations, which represented group motor truck operators California. The provisions contract relating to hiring casual or temporary employees were as follows: 2 'Casual shall, wherever Union maintains dispatching service, be employed only on seniority basis Industry whenever such senior are available. An available list status will kept by Unions, requested dispatched upon call any employer who is party this Agreement. Seniority rating shall begin minimum three months service Industry, irrespective whether employee not member Union. 3 Discharge grounds removal from status. No Agreement violation if first hall designated help. In event notified that help available, called do appear work at time employer, may hire source.' (Emphasis added.) 4 Accordingly maintained employees. One Slater was had customarily used hall. But August 1955 he obtained employment an hiring-hall without being union. He worked until sometime November year, when discharged complaint been referred through arrangement. 5 made charges against employer. Though, plain terms contract, there express provision would discriminated because they members, Board found unlawful per se discharge union's request constituted § 8(a)(1) 8(a)(3) 8(b)(2) 8(b)(1)(A) National Labor Relations Act, amended Taft-Hartley Act 61 Stat. 140—141, amended, 29 U.S.C. 158, U.S.C.A. 158.1 ordered, inter alia, company cease giving effect agreement; jointly severally reimburse loss sustained him result his discharge; all fees dues paid them beginning six prior date filing charge. 121 N.L.R.B. 1629. petitioned Court Appeals review Board's action, cross-application enforcement. That court set aside portion order requiring general reimbursement fees. By divided vote it upheld ruling illegal se. 107 U.S.App.D.C. 188, 275 F.2d 646. Those rulings here certiorari, 363 837, 80 1610, 1723, one petition union, Board. 7 Our decision Local 60, United Broth. Carpenters, etc., Board, 651, 875, 1, dispositive asks us direct enforcement reimbursement. judgment phase matter affirmed. 8 aspect case goes back Mountain Pacific Chapter, 119 883. decision, rendered 1958, departed earlier rulings2 held, Abe Murdock dissenting, agreement, despite inclusion nondiscrimination clause, se: 9 went say arrangement lawful must contain protective provisions. Its views stated 10 'We believe, however, inherent encouragement membership stems unfettered control over process negated, we find nondiscriminatory its face, explicitly provided that: '(1) Selection applicants referral jobs based on, way affected by, membership, bylaws, rules, regulations, constitutional provisions, obligation policies, requirements. 12 '(2) retains right reject job applicant 13 '(3) parties post places where notices posted, functioning arrangement, including safeguards deem essential legality exclusive agreement.' Id., 897. 14 recognizes came into 'to eliminate wasteful, time-consuming, repetitive scouting individual workmen haphazard uneconomical searches employers.' 896, n. 8. times has useful adjunct closed shop.3 Congress have thought need serve cause, fact served well both labor management—particularly maritime field building construction industry.4 latter contractor frequently stranger area done requires 'central source' needs;5 man looking finds 'at least guarantee continued employment.'6 15 outlawed hall, though shop except within limits prescribed provisos 8(a(3).7 Senator Taft clear halls useful, se, unions should able operate so long create shop: 16 'In make real intention Congress, clearly necessarily illegal. agency. best give notice vacancies, normal course events accept men sent himself, nonunion apply him; nor rotary-hiring basis. * 17 '* courts did illegal, but merely certain practices under them. manner operated created law. Neither law these decisions forbid halls, even abuses possible discrimination employees, prospective members minority groups, operation union.' S.Rep. 1827, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 13, 14. 18 There no ban those add one, courts, engage legislative act. deals either employers encourages discourages membership.8 As respects said Radio Officers, 347 42—43, 74 323, 337, 98 L.Ed. 455: prohibited. Nor does section outlaw such; organization proscribed.' 19 It 'true purpose' 'real motive' firing constitutes test. 43, 337. Some conduct very nature implications required intent; natural foreseeable consequences action warrant inference. 45, 338. And see Republic Aviation Corp. 324 793, 65 982, 89 1372. existence inferred 'it permissible draw experience factual inquiries.' Officers', supra, 49, 340. 20 surely cannot face instrument specifically provides 'casual employees' presence absence membership. Slater, member, sought circumvent agreement. When enforce more indulges kind addressed. 21 We assume does. same influence. engages obtains increased wages improved working conditions, prestige doubtless rises and, assume, workers drawn it. negotiates agreements include arbitration clauses supervises get equitable adjustments grievances, also encouraged. truth agency probably well. But, discouragement banned 'accomplished discrimination.' page 22 Nothing inferable present alike route circumvented adhere 23 regulation than presently affords. seen, aims every practice, act, source institution encourage discourage regard tenure, term condition employment. Perhaps conditions attaches arrangements appeal Congress. Yet, adopted selective system dealing evils, confined system. Drivers, etc. Union, 362 274, 284—290, 706, 712—715, 710. Where, here, aimed sanctions specific discriminatory practices, go farther establish broader, pervasive regulatory scheme. 24 clause it, said; evidence unlaw-fully. conducts operations intend language. Yet assumptions agree reasonable infer act discriminatorily. 25 Moreover, stands, negotiation between parties. power compel directly indirectly included excluded agreements. Cf. American Nat. Ins. Co., 343 395, 404, 72 824, 829, 96 1027. power, far relevant, restricted elimination discrimination. Since contains prohibition, determining practiced. If subjected less pervasive, 26 Affirmed part reversed part. 27 FRANKFURTER took consideration case. 28 HARLAN, whom STEWART joins, concurring. I join Court's considerations which, implicit what my Brother written, view deserve explicit articulation. 30 condemnation 'hiring hall' procedures violative §§ 8(a)(1), 8(a)(3), 8(b)(1), Act,1 ultimately rests now well-established line circuit cases may, more, constitute forbidden See, e.g., Red Star Express Lines Cir., 196 78. While seeming recognize validity proposition equivocal their ordinarily await independent evaluation actual meaning effect2 before deemed rise unfair justified short-circuiting considerations: mere appears declare preferential rights among applicants, persons privy undisclosed intent parties, yet apparent contract. Hence, possibility actually turn out administered favor enough save 31 think rationale circumstances, carry day cases. recognizes, must, something simply shown involved agreeing discharging anything else. regard, contends 'hiring' treated like that, premise, show light Officers' 455, tendency presumed acts, since acting forbidden, simple showing action. then concludes consequence acts operating union-run 32 (infra, 681, 842), believe erroneously construed can reverse finding 'encouragement.' could discriminate status, realm expertness favored. For scarcely life joining increase chances exercising function. 33 What wrong position sufficient statute. recognized business decisions, unmotivated protected concerted activities, although protects. example, performing adequately, happens organizer. See Universal Camera Corp., 190 429. hardly foreseeably tend activity. Again, properly amount year-end bonus depend productivity unit plant, activity strikng. Pitts-burgh-Des Moines Steel Co. 284 74. A too, privileged reasonably calculated further welfare represents, 34 This interpretation relevant statutory mean limit range actions activities. general, assumed affirmative motivation encouraging discouraging Jones & Laughlin 301 45—46, 57 615, 628, 893; 340 474, 71 456, 95 456. have, sure, exceptions requirement, narrow ones, usually analogous requirements contexts. 1372, affirmed 'no solicitation' rule over-broadly applied prevent solicitation property during periods otherwise free pleased. held unnecessary purpose applying time. similar significant justification employer's tended explains dispensability proof Allis-Chalmers Mfg. 162 435, Cusano 898, Industrial Cotton Mills, 208 87. 35 Another requirement affirmance Second Circuit Gaynor News Inc., companion Officers: permitted take substantially unintentionally—encourages activity, ends some significance, legitimate, Act. who, pursuant end paying possible, agreed representative benefits prevented asserting justifying reasons thus complicity breach duties agent Indeed, justify incidentally seems me true holding Officers violates forces reason avoid economic pressure impose him—was longer intended after passage 8(b)(2), wording presupposed coercion cause 8(a)(3). 36 decide contexts might practice. purposes, note motivation, limited scope heretofore realization interfere significantly activities attempts benefit policy measure incorporation contracts clause. determine consistent balance struck Wagner Acts protection freedom respect privilege seem satisfy needs 37 background quite indications struck. Senate Report original states: 38 'The fourth practice (then 8(3)) corollary course, incompetent lacks skill ability. employee, ought joins refuse organization. pay higher lower wage solely nonmembership language bill creates dangers.' 1184 2926, 73d Sess. 6. similarly: 39 'Of nothing prevents incompetence; advancing special aptitude; demoting failure perform. interference self refrain practical meaning, accompanied assurance exercise treatment opportunity work.' 573 74th 1st 11. 40 To Walsh: 41 power; offense seek form legitimate bargaining. declares wrong. bargaining, says, 'Mr. Employer, you keep your hands off; use effective dismissal destroy objectionable ground belong organized union." Statement Walsh, 79 Cong.Rec. 7658. further, House stated: 42 'Nothing subsection prohibits select All tenure employment, organize choose representatives. prohibited H.R.Rep. 1147 19. 43 Considered light, sustain substantial purposes. supra; supra. Whether supported record decide. not, view, type motive difficulty taken additional steps isolate valid purposes effects clause.3 two elements alone unless approve broad expansion supervise desirable, choice management restraint granted Act.4 44 therefore question invalid sustained. CLARK, dissenting part.1 45 gives employee' unable fired therefrom cleared Inasmuch record, image presents, neglected Court, short re sume facts appropriate. 46 Lester complainant, became freight 1953 early 1954. approached dispatcher told Barney Volkoff, official whose office headquarters miles away. Describing visit '(I) just (Volkoff) money send East up withdrawal card, (hiring) However, Slater's trouble After (Pacific Intermountain Express), refused refer employers. hall's dispatch him, Salter relied letter John Annand, Representative stating 'you industry hall.' Los Angeles-Seattle Motor Express, characterized dock foreman 'a good worker.' few Business Agent (Victor Karaty) advising 'any card'; 'have rid (it) didn't, going tie place knot, (that he) pull off.' telling '(We) can't straightened Then come back; put again Volkoff advised, 'I out. You qualified job.' Upon Annand letter, declared am On later occasions attempted clearance asked 'How weren't that—didn't picket line?' (Apparently strike.) testified, nobody to. week. strike on. closed. guys landlady effort she testified why doing him.' quoted saying: 'For reasons, about P.I.E. Express) (a)nother thing, illiterate.' She 'he didn't dressed. fussed around around.' 'route,' calls 47 holds none Collaterally holds, quoting Taft, 'useful'; waste finally, 'cannot law.'2 48 doubt moment hired saved expense delay making rounds own. utility varying demands. shops allowed remain operation. observations final analysis, today reaching acquiescence prologue dissent remaining rests. These dependent given section. 49 Section provides, part, 50 'by *.' 51 causing attempting violate section, factors practice: (1) to, inherently tends (2) 52 word 'discrimination' points agree, includes distinctions contingent 'the membership,' 675, 839, differences regardless 'cause' 'effect' (union) membership.' has, therefore, structure. Not discriminations 337: 'Nor Each exists. hand, contends, agrees, i.e., way, nonmembers another, distinctions, standing. Through too superficial interpretation, unduly restricts proscription forbids most obvious 'hard-sell' techniques influencing rights. 53 Even support cases, accepted supports interpretation. common parlance, means distinguish differentiate. Without reason, particular (i.e., activity) bars violation. read suggested license distortion prohibit auxiliaries shop, pressures choice, however subtly established applied. our position. said: 54 Thus organizations; accomplished At pages 42—43 U.S., 337 55 conclusion patent conflict reasoning. 56 Given 'discrimination,' becomes necessary class involved, present. qualified, sense ability, Obviously, receive treatment. cards. Clearly, then, itself groups differently—those not. next endorsing differentiation designed does, violated. premise pointed out, '(t)he insulate organizational rights,' 40, 335. test look probable anticipated 'employee response' id., 46, 338, recognizing '(e)ncouragement 'subtle things' high degree introspective perception." 51, 341. Just escape value tested 'natural consequences' 'foreseeable result' resort, justifiably taken, closely allied shop. recognized, desire unionize proportional advantages 339. ask, 'Does ordinary walks direction consider getting diminished non-union default payment?' testified—and uncontradicted—that 'He (the applicant) member; wouldn't got forth.' how knew this, replied, always that.' Such sum impressions gained contact 1954 started 1958 ended. misunderstanding—if that—of worker, courage complain, is, many afraid protest or, worse, unaware so. 58 Of gravity situation arbiter equipped solution. all, 'permissible (for Board) resolved issue clearly, said, repeated 'that delegated powers securing compliance obligations rules.' p. 68. experience, idea certainly farfetched. Despite equal obtained, 'pay up' 1953. rule,3 often made, shows, due favoritism contract's solemn words, uncontradicted lack intellect, taste dress job, 'good Likewise, approaching (who indignantly asserts union') 'higher-up' work. infinitely persuasive self-serving declaration 59 presume conditioning criterion standing (which inference majority says drawn), reach result. thousands misunderstanding significance affiliation abdication role total function posted read. tide turned, stemmed. added dividend, probability free-wheeling resulting arbitrary seekers extent diminished. 60 hold likelihood, inescapably concluded issue, distinction itself. expressed 896: '(T)he grant depends sponsorship, displays enhances Union's status.' 62 demands violators. judge. 'allowable judgment.' differently assess 'cumulative Stowe Spinning 336 226, 231, 69 541, 544, 93 638. findings should, 'carry authority possess respect.' University 488, 465, 63 Finally, let hamstrung mandate floor Senate:4 tremendous employees; furthermore, abolishes market. wants first; in, field.' himself today. dissent. 66 WHITTAKER dissent, respecting question, 660, 880. part: '(a) employer— with, restrain, coerce guaranteed 7; '(b) agents— restrain (A) attempt (a)(3) denied terminated tender periodic initiation uniformly acquiring retaining provides: 'Employees self-organization, form, join, assist organizations, bargain collectively representatives own choosing, mutual aid protection, authorized 8(a)(3).' Hunkin-Conkey Constr. 433, 435. 'Here Here unilateral determination subservient above-board explanation guided concession eye towards winning fealty respect. Employers surrendered advance via world large master contractually From vested Respondent AGC chapters, inescapable.' 896. Fenton, Hiring Halls Under Lab.L.Jour. 505, 506 (1958). 507. expression 4—8; Goldberg, Maritime Story (1958), 277—282. op. cit., 3, read: 'Provided, statute States, preclude (not established, maintained, assisted defined 8(a) practice) require therein thirtieth following whichever later, (i) 9(a), appropriate collective-bargaining covered made; (ii) election 9(e) year preceding certified eligible voted rescind agreement: Provided believing generally applicable (B) *' 8, 1. ambiguous. Set forth opinion, 669—670, 836. determined, parties' them, grievance procedures, arbitration, connection clauses, safeguards, terms, provide disposition seeking Interestingly enough, Twenty-Third Annual (1958) 883, language: 'It inferred, lists administered. 3836; II Leg.Hist. Management 1947, 1010. 'Perhaps shop) exemplified so-called west coast, shipowners employ anyone sends

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