Document: 356 U.S. 86 78 S.Ct. 590 2 L.Ed.2d 630 Albert L. TROP, Petitioner,v.John Foster DULLES, as Secretary of State the United States and Department State. No. 70. Reargued Oct. 28, 29, 1957. Decided March 31, 1958. Mr. Osmond K. Fraenkel, New York City, for petitioner. Sol. Gen. J. Lee Rankin, Washington, D.C., respondent. Chief Justice WARREN announced judgment Court delivered an opinion, in which BLACK, DOUGLAS, WHITTAKER join. 1 The petitioner this case, a nativeborn American, is declared to have lost his citizenship become stateless by reason conviction court-martial wartime desertion. As Perez v. Brownell, 44, 568, issue before us whether forfeiture comports with Constitution. facts are not dispute. In 1944 was private Army, serving French Morocco. On May 22, he escaped from stockade at Casablanca, where had been confined following previous breach discipline. next day companion were walking along road towards Rabat, general direction back when Army truck approached stopped. A witness testified that boarded willingly no words spoken. Rabat turned over military police. Thus ended petitioner's 'desertion.' He gone less than surrendered officer on vehicle while base. time picked up truck, 'we decided return stockade. going tough. We money speak of, we foot getting cold hungry.' courtmartial convicted desertion sentenced him three years hard labor, all pay allowances dishonorable discharge. 3 1952 applied passport. His application denied ground under provisions Section 401(g) Nationality Act 1940, amended,1 discharge 1955 commenced action District Court, seeking declaratory citizen. Government's motion summary granted, Appeals Second Circuit affirmed, Judge Clark dissenting. 239 F.2d 527. granted certiorari. 352 1023, 77 591, 596. 4 401(g), statute decrees citizenship, based directly Civil War statute, provided deserter would lose 'rights citizenship.'2 meaning phrase clear.3 When 1940 codification revision nationality laws prepared, amended make it certain what itself.4 further provide only if dismissed service or dishonorably discharged.5 At same could be regained restored active duty permission authorities. 5 Though these amendments added ameliorate harshness statute,6 their combined effect produces result poses far graver problems ones sought solved. now gives authorities complete discretion decide who among deserters shall continue Americans stateless. By deciding execute allow re-enter armed forces, becomes arbiter citizenship. And domain given Congress narrow might supposed. crime one most serious law, means rare event soldier crime. elements simply absence plus intention return.7 Into category falls great range conduct, may prompted variety motives—fear, laziness, hysteria any emotional imbalance. offense occur combat but also training camps draftees country.8 Solicitor General informed during World II, according estimates, approximately 21,000 soldiers airmen discharges sentencing courts-martial about 7,000 actually separated thus rendered reviewing refused remit discharges. Over group men, enlarged whatever corresponding figures Navy Marines, has power grant withhold number youths subject easily expanding cover crimes other For instance, itself future sufficient justify 6 Three times past confronted cases presenting important questions bearing proper relationship between civilian authority country.9 such raises issues area, our view case unnecessary deal those problems. conclude must reversed reasons. I. 7 supra, I expressed principles believe govern constitutional status It my powers National Government therefore cannot divested exercise powers. right voluntarily relinquished abandoned either express language conduct show renunciation 8 Under principles, Desertion wartime, though merit ultimate penalty, does necessarily signify allegiance foreign state. limited enemy, there element case. This committed should punished, did involve himself way There dilution country. fact occurred soil consequence. acknowledged entire incident transpired 9 Citizenship license expires upon misbehavior. duties numerous, many obligations essential security well-being Nation. citizen fails taxes abide safeguarding integrity elections deals dangerous blow But deprived evading basic responsibilities citizenship? war citizen's include defense Nation full participation manifold activities ranks. Failure perform cause injury, and, appropriate circumstances, punishing available derelictions duty. every shirked. deprivation weapon use its displeasure however reprehensible be. long person renounce abandon done neither, fundamental secure. alone reversed. II. 10 Since majority concluded Brownell some governmental power, deem state additionally why taken exceeds limits, even majority's decision Perez. affairs power. urged adequate support divestment vital difference two statutes purport implement decreeing loss decreed citizenship—so concluded—to eliminate international thought arise having voted election. however, entirely different. found guilty essentially like 401(j) Act, draft remaining outside States.10 provision Perez, declined consider validity. While without providing semblance procedural due process whereby guilt evader determined sanction imposed, accords accused least safeguards adjudication court-martial. 11 question posed appear denationalization inflicted punishment, assuming pursuant contends impose penalty limitations punish inapplicable. told so because committee Cabinet members, recommending legislation Congress, said 'technically penal law.'11 How simple tasks law generally specific solved inspection labels pasted them! Manifestly determined. Of course relevant know classification employed Committee played role preparation 1940. equally very 1865 termed 'distinctly character.'12 Furthermore, states terms rights 'in addition lawful penalties * *.'13 certainly Senate Immigration can follow after 'because drastic.'14 Doubtless clear legislative 'non-penal' alter nature plainly statute.15 With regard views equivocal, possibly answer inquiry. Determination requires careful consideration. 12 form appears regulation nationality. initially then specifies will status. surely 'a liberty committing bank robbery,' liberty, nonetheless penal. Nor altered labeling banks arguing rational connection imprisoning robbers. inquiry directed substance. 13 called various ever since 1798. Calder Bull, Dall. 386, L.Ed. 648. Each challenged being conflict prohibitions against bills attainder ex post facto laws,16 necessary determine involved, apply imposing penalties.17 penal, determination purpose statute.18 If imposes disability purposes punishment—that is, reprimand wrongdoer, deter others, etc., considered penal.19 nonpenal disability, punish, accomplish legitimate purpose.20 recognized adversity consequence both effect. controlling normally depends evident legislature. point illustrated situation ordinary felon. commits robbery, loses often vote.21 If, protect banks, sanctions imposed robbers, authorizing disabilities latter designate reasonable eligibility voting, sustained regulate franchise.22 14 reasoning applies 401(g). taking away him. serve. Denationalization claimed solving problems, argued Here law. 15 regulatory authorized prescribe rules governing performance obligations, perhaps significant one's hazardous required. prescribes befall Plainly prescribing imprisonment nature. substituted imprisonment, fairly particular transforms statute. fact, consequent punishment meted out During II threat explicitly communicated field.23 congressional rationally treated transgression standard prescribed 16 argues deportation Court. undoubtedly harsh severe effect, sovereign's conditions alien reside country.24 example, statute25 1917 Espionage Act26 viewed, designed espionage, implementation sovereign exclude, deporting derived, Mahler Eby, 264 32, 44 283, 68 549. highly fictional, validity conceded, wholly inapplicable No has, exclude aliens, sweeping denationalize citizens. comparison denaturalization Denaturalization penalize falsified citizenship; were, punishment. Rather, naturalization aliens.27 short, fraudulent procurement affords basis saying 17 face Constitution permits take assumed extends problem still remains cruel unusual within Eighth Amendment.28 punishable death, argument excessive relation gravity subjects individual fate forbidden principle civilized treatment guaranteed Amendment. 18 outset, let put side death index limit Whatever arguments capital moral grounds accomplishing punishment—and they forceful—the throughout history, widely accepted, violate concept cruelty. plain existence devise short imagination. 19 exact scope 'cruel unusual' detailed Court.29 policy reflected firmly established Anglo-American tradition criminal justice. English Declaration Rights 1688,30 represents traced Magna Carta.31 underlying Amendment nothing dignity man. stands assure exercised limits standards. Fines, execution depending enormity crime, technique bounds traditional constitutionally suspect. little occasion give precise content Amendment, enlightened democracy ours, surprising. irons painful labor falsifying public records, hesitate declare excessiveness character. Weems States, 217 349, 30 544, 54 793. precise,32 static. draw evolving standards decency mark progress maturing society. 20 believe, court below,33 barred involved physical mistreatment, primitive torture. instead total destruction individual's organized more torture, destroys political centuries development. strips national community. sufferance country happens find himself. accord rights, presumably remained enjoy alien, need do enjoyment termination deportation.34 expatriate rights. 21 offensive cardinal stands. ever-increasing fear distress. knows discriminations him, proscriptions native land terminated. banishment, universally decried people. stateless, condition deplored community democracies.35 suggest disastrous consequences brought bear person. makes obnoxious.36 22 nations world virtual unanimity statelessness true several countries expatriation nationals engage derogation allegiance.37 Even sort applicable primarily naturalized different matter. Nations' survey 84 reveals countries, Philippines Turkey, desertion.38 forbids done. 23 concluding mindful inevitably raised whenever constitutionality Legislature challenged. member believes construed avoid constitutionality. That confronts us, task resolving inescapably ours. judgment, reliance personal preferences. Courts wisdom neither merely unwise forbids. 24 oath-bound defend obligation enactments judged Judiciary implementing acts examined special diligence. 25 time-worn adages hollow shibboleths. They vital, living authorize government. rules. not, good advice. 26 conflicts provisions, choice enforce paramount commands sworn less. push accommodate legislation. them, mind broad responsibility adjudication. well approach cautiously, predecessors counseled. ordeal 81 instances exceeded 27 remanded proceedings. 28 Reversed remanded. 29 whom DOUGLAS joins, concurring. concur opinion additional thing needs said. 31 involuntarily divested, placed hands misconduct forfeiting justice protections Bill guard fairness outcome. Such rest findings tribunal. Military courts try them offenses, last word soldier's held invalid here military's finding final choose allowed keep thereafter Nothing history lends slightest control American 32 BRENNAN, 33 today, agreed infirmity § 401(e), expatriates votes reach conclusion discharged court-martial, lies beyond Congress' enact. concededly, paradoxical voting Mexican election, yet unconstitutional provides war. ominous significance other. Why prevent voter deserter? 34 Here, inquire exists enactment maintain relations (1) Within evils obstruct embarrass diplomatic interests. Among evils, citizens nations.1 realities situation, activity part Americans, lawful, expressions official positions else improper meddling own. reaction liable detrimental interests States. (2) Finding evil empowered prevent, reasonably calculated achieve end. Expatriation, noted, advantage acting automatically, act casting ballot denationalization, cutting off consequences. government objects, conclusive—the longer Harsh concerned, ordained simultaneously circumstances acceptable alternative avoiding possible embarrassments nations.2 considerations highest importance indicate substitute lacking, say choose. Cf. Korematsu 323 214, 65 193, 89 194. 35 contrast section draws raise forces wage pretense made relates affairs, effects desert flee another land. whose imports 'elements measure, least, inconsistent citizenship.' 61, page 577. provision, indeed, shows response maintaining discipline especially wartime. included armies desertion, destructive, establishment such, but, importantly, Nation's ability effectively. granting end thereby objective—the successful waging 36 Expatriation originated 1865, Stat. 490, wholesale draft-law violations seriously threatened effectiveness Union armies.3 expressly *.' emphasized leading Huber Reily, 53 Pa. 112, Pennsylvania Supreme year passage Act. 'Its avowed add previously affixed offence naval denominates penalties.' Id., pages 114—115. 37 But, although prerequisite conventional penalties. felt contending objection: '(T)he proposes inflict pains offenders trial prohibited Rights.' 115. court, difficulties, holding followed 38 approved Kurtz Moffitt, 115 487, 501, 148, 153, 458, noted there, 'has uniformly civil authorities.' See McCafferty Guyer, 59 109; Symonds, 57 Me. 148; Gotcheus Matheson, 58 Barb., N.Y., 152; Winthrop, Law Precedents (2d ed. 1896), 1001.4 significance, moreover, confirmed correctness purposed solely present incorporates became Act.5 stated omitted namely, expatriated 'if thereof martial 1169, amended, U.S.C. 1481(a)(8), U.S.C.A. 1481(a)(8).6 39 difficult, see how helps except performs function obvious wise harm apprehended Congress. After follow, deserter, cease moment deserts. Indeed, expatriation, precedent Therefore, stand together imprisonment—as 40 To characterize course, beginning critical extremely harsh, grave indeed. However, consideration asserted slight tenuous material forms today judge happily experience status, hypothetically extent severity increased consistently demands process. supposed greatest weight, impact petitioner, unknown unknowable.7 truth, live life minor inconvenience. live, work, marry, family, satisfactorily happy life. Nevertheless expatriation—especially upshot—may severe. respect, constitutes demoralizing sanction. uncertainty, psychological hurt, accompany outcast own reckoned substantial factor judgment. 41 manifest sanction, feel look closely probable imposition device justified reason. Clearly offense, enough invalidate ends 42 novelty demonstrate inefficiency. recent seen devices indeterminate sentences parole term imprisonment. methods seek end, once humane effective, society effort rehabilitate offender restore useful society's best protection. rehabilitation deterrents wrongful insulation individuals execution. What law? perfectly antithesis rehabilitation, guiding into paths excommunicates literally, outcast. think man whom, perhaps, seeds antisocial behavior likely pursue career unlawful place stigma derelict, uncertain Similarly, questioned really punitive devices. Certainly insulate unless coupled banishment leaves large. deterrent offender, deterred swayed prospect expatriation.8 However insidious actual statelessness, contemplation advance seems unlikely invoke misgiving, none ramifications. 43 light considerations, understandable passed nexus idea withdrawal Trop's constituted refusal citizenship—the arms desperate peril. implicit rough refuses American—what fairer? anything forcing retribution offender—naked vengeance. fall 'refusal defined 'absence leave accompanied return.' Manual Courts-Martial (1928) 142. quite technical, officer, 'having tendered resignation prior notice acceptance same, quits intent absent permanently therefrom Article (1920), 792, 885. soldier, received regular discharge, re-enlists service. youngster, restive assignment supply depot, runs front fight, possibility Yet coextensive substantive citizenship,' stretches imagination excessively establish mere purported served deserter. accept free adopt measure laws. me uncritical reference 'ultimate difficult imagine, theory all—for tax evasion, narcotics offenses. obey laws, fully related obligations. bears precisely taxing 45 Admittedly belief some—though slender—support here, achievement, device, remote. abundantly achieved open objections. factors, conceding favor enactment, requisite appear—for 'really objects entrusted *,' M'Culloch Maryland, Wheat. 316, 423, 579—and 46 FRANKFURTER, BURTON, CLARK, HARLAN join, 47 Petitioner born Ohio 1924. Morocco 1944, tried twice confinement, leave, deserted day. confinement years. subsequently returned passport; relied 401 1137, 1168, January 20, 4, provided, pertinent part,1 48 'A birth naturalization, by: 49 '(g) Deserting war, forces: Provided, notwithstanding Acts restoration reenlistment induction competent authority, subsequent effective date deemed immediate restoring heretofore hereafter removing resulting 50 suit declaring denied. 51 threshold suggests constructions issues. construction precluded, attach Due Process Clause Fifth prohibition punishments 52 subsection making direct descendant enacted War. One 'An amend Enrolling Calling Forces, Purposes,' 3, service,' persons 'shall forfeited Except 1912 356, until absorbed 1172. Shortly interpretation 1866, 112. There, Pennsylvania, Strong, later requirement drawn 116—118. courts, e.g., referred approvingly 1885 discussion rationale. revised codified list nationality, 'Deserting (the deserter) martial.' 1169. substantially debate provision. clear, report recommended adoption intended incorporate codification, ambiguous citizenship,'2 nationals. Codification Laws H.R.Comm.Print, Pt. 1, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 68. request Department, petitioner; amendment required dismissal 4. reports sole change permit regain H.R.Rep. 302, 78th 1; S.Rep. 382, Cong.Rec. 10135. Because unreasonable require fight die citizens, amendment. 3; 3241. 55 advances operation determinations. suggested enemy sentence expatriating resulted first fair reading history. Rigorously admonished statutory disposition available, violence compellingly conveys spontaneously reveals. 56 'provided Petitioner's 'the conviction' escape invariable practice trials offenses single convictions, Jackson Taylor, 353 569, 574, 1027, 1030, force break historic remotest warrant. amendment, requiring correct kept sometimes 'for disowns him.' Letter Chairman, Affairs Committee, 3. hint depend seriousness measured imposed. hold order of' nonconstitutional reversal sustained, claim unconstitutionality faced. always enact judicial review All Madison's phrase, 'of encroaching nature.' Federalist, (Earle 1937), 321. Judicial immune human weakness. bounds, restraint self-restraint. pass challenged, clearly been, be, referred. determination, sits co-ordinate branch keeping unto itself—as system—the act. wonder gravest delicate perform.' Holmes, J., Blodgett Holden, 275 142, 105, 107, 72 206 (separate opinion). lip-serving platitude. Rigorous observance power—between prudence—requires alert appreciation decisive subtle concepts too coalesce. disciplined adhere difference. easy aloof want prevail, disregard strongly affairs. business pronounce policy. observe fastidious precludes Court's giving notions politic. self-restraint essence oath, judges sit Executive Branch do. principal establishing 'provide common defence.' I, 8, clauses 18, compendiously described 'war power.' Although grants specifically enumerate limitation (other commands). Hughes Home Bldg. & Loan Ass'n Blaisdell, 290 398, 426, 231, 235, 413 Federal created emergency meet emergency. successfully, harnessing energies people supreme cooperative preserve nation.' Stone's Hirabayashi 320 81, 93, 63 1375, 1382, 87 1774. 60 Probably contemplated building maintenance defense. Just convinced necessity conscription Selective Draft Cases (Arver U.S.), 245 366, 159, 62 justifiably stern measures—what seem overly stern—are needed evasions defense, deleterious minimum. severely wartime; passed—that calling expatriation. (2 ed., Reprint 1920), 647. 61 Possession privileges constitute correlative indispensable 'to ranks army risk chance shot down defense,' Jacobson Massachusetts, 197 11, 358, 362, 643. sound, actualities responds. Can affect expected win major conflict. deny believed morale fighting efficiency troops impaired knew fellows remain communion urges 'punishment' violation objections defining unconstitutionally disproportionate punishment.' Articles Art. 58, War, 787, 800, mention suffer stating desideratum administration justice; scarcely said—nor contend said—to requirement. engaging therein collateral duly proceeding conducted accordance safeguards.3 64 apprised actions. that, death. supra. automatically command promulgated inform desertion; Circular 273 1942 pointed convictions 'forfeiture instructed unit commanders 'explain carefully personnel (certain including 58) emphasize violation.' Compilation Orders, Bulletins, Circulars (Government Printing Office 1943) 343. define rubric consequence, explicit pronouncement books hardly rises punishments' Loss entails severe—and situations tragic Divestment characterized, context denaturalization, 'more property, fine penalty.' Schneiderman 118, 122, 1333, 1335, 1796. Klapprott 335 601, 612, 69 384, 389, 93 266, valid sense. Fong Yue Ting 149 698, 730, 1016, 1028, 905. Simply attached elsewhere unlawful, follows 'punishment,' felony, Gathings, Conviction Crime, Am.Pol.Sci.Rev. 1228, 1233, legally purposes. devised expert properly responsibly relied4 Court,5 powers, restrictions pertain field technically consistent contrary purpose, warrant 'punishment.' 66 assuming, arguendo, insist stretch breaking point. arguable Amendment's Independence. supra; 6, 1776, Cont. Cong. (Ford 1906) 792. Is dialectic empty worse death? abandoning grip mortal denial terminate circumstance. 67 Many indulgence designated activities. See, generally, Concerning Nationality, U.N.Doc. ST/LEG/SER.B/4 (1954). often, always, nearly comparable law.6 Some citizenship—native-born naturalized. E.g., 1(6), Phillipine Commonwealth 21, 1936, Republic 106 June 2, 1947, U.N.Doc., 379; Borchard, Diplomatic Protection Citizens Abroad, 730. country, citizenship'7 1865. reaffirms (Mackenzie Hare, 299, 106, 297; Savorgnan 338 491, 70 292, 94 287) sustaining desire marrying foreigner, unusual,' incongruous variance 'humane justice,' 378, 553, 793, constituting fallen afoul person's post-denationalization unpredictability. Presumably denationalized vis-a -vis enjoys federal constitutions puts outlaw fifteenth-century England. constant lest dire unforeseen arbitrary action—certainly 'while sits' (Holmes, dissenting Panhandle Oil Co. Mississippi rel. Knox, 277 218, 223, 451, 453, 857). multitudinous decisions protective aliens weighty testimony. assumption brutal inevitable lot slender strike otherwise amply sustainable. misguides popular understanding invalidating endanger subordination authority. doubt, derives sitting carried charged Should ceased discharging responsibility? vested President approving bill law.' sustain respect actions branches responsive awesome legislation, bounded prudence discerning function, utmost restraint. profoundest thinkers sat 'I come void. imperiled declaration States.' Speeches, 102. existed nor shrink exercise. whole work thirty reminder if, art government, stood bulwark unwisdom excesses moment. 1481(a)(8): by— 490. Roche, Nationality—The Development Statutory 99 U. Pa.L.Rev. 25, 62. Administratively citizenship' apparently mean 'citizenship.' Foreign Relations 1873, H.R.Exec.Doc. 43d Sess., Vol. p. 1187 (view Fish); H.R.Doc. 326, 59th 2d 159 (State Board); Hearings House Naturalization H.R. 6127, 132—133 (testimony Richard Flournoy, representative). Hearings, 133. appreciated regard, colloquy, hearings 1943 Congressmen Allen Kearney, members Edward Shaughnessy, Deputy Commissioner Immigration, illuminating: 'Mr. Allen. (of desertion) Shaughnessy. correct. words, courts. felony sent penitentiary, Kearney. losing derived Yes; almost amounts thing. technical citizen, 2207, 2—3. id., 7: Elmer. matter it?' 3241, 800; 85, Uniform Code Justice, U.S.C.(Supp. V) 885, 885; 637. camps. Toth Quarles, 350 76 100 8; Reid Covert, 354 1222, 1148; Harmon Brucker, 355 579, 433. 746, 1481(a)(10), 1481(a)(10): '(j) Departing jurisdiction period Ibid. 487. 2150, 3d Constantine, 296 287, 294, 226, 80 233; La Franca, 282 572, 278, 280, 75 551. U.S.Const., 9, cl. 10, 1. Lovett, 328 303, 1073, 90 1252; surrounding decision. Wormuth, Legislative Disqualifications Bills Attainder, Vand.L.Rev. 603, 608 610; Yale L.J. 712, 722—724. Pierce Carskadon, Wall. 234, 276; Ex parte Garland, 333, 366; Cummings Missouri, 277, 356. 549; Hawker York, 170 189, 573, 1002; Davis Beason, 133 637; Murphy Ramsey, 114 15, 747, 47. 1228. 273, 1942, Bulletins Bugajewitz Adams, 228 585, 607, 978; 1920, 593, 1251(a)(17). 1917, 217. Baumgartner 322 665, 1240, 88 1525; Amend. VIII: 'Excessive bail required, fines inflicted.' Louisiana Francis Resweber, 329 459, 374, 91 422; 793; Howard Fleming, 191 126, 49, 121; O'Neil Vermont, 144 323, 693, 450; re Kemmler, 136 436, 930, 519; Wilkerson Utah, 130, 345. Wm. Mary, (1689), c. 2. Minn.L.Rev. 134; 680 Whether 'unusual' qualitative 'cruel' clear. few occasions distinctions cruelty unusualness drawn. These examines inhuman treatment, subtleties latent 'unusual.' cf. 443, 932; Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Burleson, 255 407, 430, 352, 360, 704 (Brandeis, dissenting). apart 'cruel,' one, signifying something meets test. never santioned tested 'Plaintiff-appellant cited obviously masterful analysis set forth Comment, 1954, 1164, 1189 1199. agree author's documented conclusions such. doubt persuasive made, reference. faith, man's comport completely 'stateless'—fair game despoiler home oppressor abroad, indeed tolerate all.' 527, 530. 568. Study Statelessness, E/1112; Seckler-Hudson, Statelessness: Special Reference States; §§ 262, 334. suggestion relief alleviate potential rigors assumes much. Undermining fresh memory Shaughnessy Mezei, 345 206, 73 625, 97 956, resident years, visit abroad others turned. Summary Ellis Island fate, examination confinement. relief, intolerable remedied four years' through executive grace. N.Y. Times, Aug. 12, col. 379 461. August 1907, 17(2) (Haiti), 208. indication joint resolutions introduced houses exempt thousand allegedly Italian elections. S.J.Res. H.J.Res. 30, 239, 375, 81st proposed suspend 401(e) cases.' 6400, First limiting possessed. description desertions armies, extreme measures problem, Pullen, Twentieth Maine: Volunteer Regiment (1957). written suggested, hold, accomplished, sentence. 119—120. adjudges initial 574—575, 1030—1031, 1045; 1001. was, concerning 1998 1874 Revised Statutes. proviso report, N.R.Comm.Print, prepared State, Attorney General, Labor, proposing laws: 'The sections 1996 Statutes distinctly must, therefore, strictly, martial. (Huber 112; Krutz 1885, 487 (6 458)).' law' subdivision (g). Adjudication hypothetical contingent incidents altogether indefinite. Nonetheless, uncertainty conjectural discharged. From ultimately remitted two-thirds infer firm substance 349(a)(8) 1952, 163, 268, 1481(a) (8), 1481(a)(8). 61—62. appears, regarded see, 38. administrative finality 503 provides: 'If claims privilege agency, thereof, person, regardless institute head agency Columbia district permanent residence *' 1171, 360 1503, 1503. who, alleged show, (including requirements process) individual, letter covering 'designed VII. scheme 'acts expatriation' represented exclusively obtained fraud, Luria 231 24, 13, 101; natural-born relate British 1948, Geo. VI, 56, 20(3). note

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