Document: 377 U.S. 46 84 S.Ct. 1098 12 L.Ed.2d 121 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Petitioner,v.SERVETTE, INC. No. 111. Argued Feb. 19, 1964. Decided April 20, Archibald Cox, Sol. Gen., for petitioner. Stanley E. Tobin, Los Angeles, Cal., respondent. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Respondent Servette, Inc., is a wholesale distributor specialty merchandise stocked by retail food chains in California.1 In 1960, during strike which Local 848 Wholesale Delivery Drivers and Salesmen's Union was conducting against Local's representatives sought to support asking managers supermarkets discontinue handling supplied Servette. most instances warned that handbills public not buy named items distributed Servette would be passed out front stores refused cooperate, few cases were fact out.2 A complaint issued on charges this conduct violated subsections (i) (ii) § 8(b)(4) National Labor Relations Act, as amended,3 which, relevant part, provide it an unfair labor practice union 2 '(i) * induce or encourage any individual employed person engage refusal course his employment handle commodities perform services; or' 3 '(ii) threaten, coerce, restrain where either case object thereof is— 4 '(B) forcing requiring cease dealing products other producer, processor, manufacturer, doing business with *. 5 'Provided further, That purposes paragraph (4) only, nothing contained such shall construed prohibit publicity, than picketing, purpose truthfully advising product are produced employer whom organization has primary dispute another *.' 6 The Board dismissed complaint. adopted finding Trial Examiner 'the McDaniels Markets authorized decide they best could whether continue face threatened actual handbilling. This, policy decision, one them make. evidence persuasive same authority vested Kory.' 133 N.L.R.B. 1506. held these facts efforts enlist cooperation supermarket did constitute inducement 'individual' within meaning term subsection (i); further handbilling, even if constituting 'threaten(s), coerce(s), restrain(s) person' under (ii), protected quoted proviso amended 8(b)(4). 1501. Court Appeals set aside Board's order, holding read literally, thus including managers, 'produced' proviso, rendering its protection unavailable. 310 F.2d 659. We granted certiorari, 374 805, 83 1697, 10 1030. reverse judgment Appeals. 7 correctly managers,4 but erred attempts aid constituted violation subsection. 1959 statute 8(b) (4)(A) Act,5 made unlawful employees employer' 'concerted' work. defined central thrust forbid 'a refuse goods their when force him some third party.' 1976, United Brotherhood Carpenters Joiners America, A.F.L. v. Board, 357 93, 98, 78 1011, 1015, 1186. instant case, however, Local, items, attempting performing managerial duties order employers Rather, asked make decision found Such appeal have been 8(b)(4)(A) before 1959, we think legislative history amendments makes clear meant render practice. 8 designed close certain loopholes application had exposed court decisions. Thus, limited those statutory definitions 'employees' 'employer.' Section 2(2) Act defines 'employer' exclude federal state governments agencies subdivisions, nonprofit hospitals, subject Railway Act. 29 U.S.C. 152(2). definition 'employee' 2(3) excludes agricultural laborers, supervisors, Act.6 152(3). Furthermore, since section proscribed only services, directed at two more employees.7 To loopholes, substituted phrase 'any employer,' deleted word 'concerted.' first change provision applicable refusals who technically definitions, second intended proscribed.8 But changes expand type 8(b)(4)(a) condemned, is, pressures calculated secondary withhold services employer.9 9 Moreover, division 8(d)(4) into direct relevance issue presented case. It reach threats trouble himself.10 Congress decided should unlawful, amounted coerce(s) person'; hence addition (ii). careful creation separate standards differentiating treatment appeals from ends attended threats, coercion restraint, argues conclusively interpretation reaching case.11 If (i), prohibiting also reaches exercise delegated making employer, almost superfluous. Harmony between achieved construing condemn attempt discretion 'threaten, restrain' exercise.12 turn finally question Appeals, following Great Western Broadcasting Corp. 591 (C.A.9th Cir.), protect because, distributor, directly involved physical process creating products, 'does produce products.' hand followed ruling Lohman Sales Co., 132 901, 'produced included distributed, here, wholesaler exists. agree Board. outgrowth profound Senate concern unions' freedom adequately safeguarded. elaborated Fruit & Vegetable Packers, 760, 58, 1063. fall far short achieving basic applied situations union's manufacturer processor. target boycotts conducted Teamsters Union, ordinarily represents manufacturers, motor carriers.13 There suggests narrower coverage prohibition exception, see no basis attributing incongruous Congress. 11 laws unfamiliar Under Fair Standards 'produced, manufactured, mined, handled, manner worked *,' 203(j), always apply distribution goods.14 'production' War Disputes similarly general department mail-order business.15 Appeals' restrictive reading 'producer' prompted part language 8(b)(4)(B), names 'forcing manufacturer.' (Italics supplied.) supra, reasoned 'processor' 'manufacturer' engaged goods, must performs similar functions. On contrary, given broader reach, else rendered virtually Finally, warnings noncooperating prohibited 'threats' undermined threat itself protected. 13 Reversed. principally Kory's Markets, Markets. testimony mentioned chain, Daylight whose store unsworn statement he interviewed occasion, although handbill store. Servette's primarily candy, liquor, holiday supplies articles. follows: 'To Patrons This Store 'Wholesale urgently requests you do Inc.: 'Brach's Candy. 'Servette Candy 'Good Season Salad Dressing 'Old London Products 'The Company distributes refuses negotiate drivers. drivers sign 'Yellow Dog' contracts. 'These contracts will destroy wages working conditions now enjoy, back 20 years struggle decent conditions. appreciate your fight.' As Labor-Management Reporting Disclosure (Landrum-Griffin Act) 704(a), 73 Stat. 542—543, (Supp. IV, 1963) 158(b)(4). reached contrary conclusion Carolina Lumber 130 1438, 1443, viewed distinguishing 'low level' supervisors 'high impermissible permitted. hold today distinction drawn statute; rather, applicability turns upon discretion. 8(b)(4), 61 140, 141, 158(b)(4), SEC. 8(b). agents— '(4) in, concerted use, manufacture, process, transport, otherwise work articles, materials, is: (A) self-employed join using, selling, handling, transporting, person.' view permissible stoppages minor farm, railway employees. See Ferro-Co Corp., 102 1660 (supervisors); Arkansas Express, 92 255 Conway's 87 972, 980, aff'd, 195 906, 911 (C.A.2d Cir.) Northern Ry. 122 1403, enforcement denied, 272 741 supplemental 126 57 (railroad employees); W. T. Smith 116 1756, 246 129, (C.A.5th Paper Makers Importing 267 (municipal employees). Compare Di Giorgio 720, 721, enforced, 89 U.S.App.D.C. 155, 191 642, cert. 342 869, 72 110, 96 L.Ed. 653 (agricultural organization). Joliet Contractors Ass'n 202 606, 612 (C.A.7th 346 824, 74 40, 98 349; cf. International Rice Milling 341 665, 671, 71 961, 95 1284. appeared Administration bill, introduced Senator Goldwater. 503(a) S. 748, I Legislative History 142. Secretary testified cure situation whereby unions 'avoid existing provisions inducing employees, wo kers act railroad workers—to want business.' Hearings Subcommittee Public Welfare 505, etc., 86th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 265. Landrum-Griffin bill House bill. 705(a) H.R. 8400, Leg.Hist. 680. An analysis submitted sponsors explained amendment Labor, added omission prevent time boycotts. 105 Cong.Rec. 14347, II 1522—1523. 15531—15532 (Congressman Griffin), 1568. colloquy occurred Mitchell Kennedy respect analogous 8(b)(4)(ii): 'Senator KENNEDY. 'I like ask regarding bill: clothing 'A.' He begins purchase plant domination racketeers Would 503 agent Clothing Workers company spoke manager requested materials—nonunion materials—from racketeer Pennsylvania? 'Secretary MITCHELL. don't be, Senator. Now, supposing Pennsylvania nonunion plant, leaders go plant? Request buy? representative told members secured racketeer's shop? my our proposal coercion. And prohibits bringing pressure neutral pp. 304—305. Sealright Pacific, Ltd., 82 271, 272, n. 4; Rabouin 90 , 911—912 Cir.); Brewery Workers, 817, 819 (C.A.10th Cir.). Accord, 294, Teamsters, 298 Alpert 379, 184 F.Supp. 558 (D.C.D.Mass.). Conference Committee adopting understood restraints mere request voluntary cooperation. Dirksen, conferees, stated new 'makes try coerce threaten (but persuade him) order—* get stop firm goods.' 19849, 1823. See, e.g., 1730, 993—994; 6105, 1028; 6669, 1196; 3926—3927, 1469—1470; 15544, 1580. 14 Pidcock, 299 281 (C.A.2th McComb Wyandotte Furnitur 169 766 (C.A.8th Blue Star Auto Stores, 164 329 Walling Friend, 156 429 Mutual Food 141 331, 340 15 States Montgomery Ward 150 369 attach significance version read: 'Provided, (b) publicity (including consumers) establishment operated, 17333, 1383. conferees instructions debate vote because agreement proviso.

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