Document: 380 U.S. 202 85 S.Ct. 824 13 L.Ed.2d 759 Robert SWAIN, Petitioner,v.STATE OF ALABAMA. No. 64. Argued Dec. 8, 1964. Decided March 1965. Mrs. Constance B. Motley, New York City, for petitioner. Leslie Hall, Montgomery, Ala., respondent. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The petitioner, Swain, a Negro, was indicted and convicted rape in Circuit Court Talladega County, Alabama, sentenced to death. His motions quash indictment, strike trial jury venire declare void petit chosen case, all based on alleged invidious discrimination selection jurors, were denied. Alabama Supreme affirmed conviction, 275 Ala. 508, 156 So.2d 368, we granted certiorari, 377 915, 84 1183, 12 185. 2 In support his claims, petitioner invokes constitutional principle announced 1880 Strauder v. State West Virginia, 100 303, 25 L.Ed. 664, where struck down state statute qualifying only white people duty. Such held contravene central purposes Fourteenth Amendment: 'exemption from unfriendly legislation against (Negroes) distinctively as colored,—exemption legal discriminations, implying inferiority civil society, lessening security their enjoyment rights which others enjoy * *.' U.S., at 308. Although Negro defendant is not entitled containing members race, State's purposeful or deliberate denial Negroes account race participation jurors administration justice violates Equal Protection Clause. Ex parte 339, 676; Gibson Mississippi, 162 565, 16 904, 40 1075. This further elaborated Carter Texas, 177 442, 447, 20 687, 689, 44 839, where, respect exclusion grand juries, said: 3 'Whenever by any action state, whether through its legislature, courts, executive administrative officers, persons African are excluded, solely because color, serving criminal prosecution person equal protection laws denied 4 And it has been consistently repeatedly applied many cases coming before this Court.1 these broadly based. 5 'For racial result service otherwise qualified groups our Constitution enacted under but war with basic concepts democratic society representative government.' Smith 311 128, 130, 61 164, 165, 84. 6 Further, '(j)urymen should be selected individuals, basis individual qualifications, race.' Cassell 339 282, 286, 70 629, 631, 94 839 (opinion Reed, announcing judgment). Nor command forbidding intentional limited Negroes. It applies identifiable group community may subject prejudice. Hernandez 347 475, 74 667, 98 866. 7 But assumed merely asserted. Brownfield South Carolina, 189 426, 23 513, 47 882; Tarrance Florida, 188 519, 402, 572; 592, 900, 1082; Bush Com. Kentucky, 107 110, 625, 27 354. must proven, supra; Martin 200 316, 26 338, 50 497, quantum proof necessary being matter federal law. Norris 294 587, 55 579, 79 1074; soundness principles, unquestioned, scope application issues case that concern us here. I. 8 We consider first petitioner's claims concerning venire. evidence while males over 21 constitute 26% county age group, 10 15% panels drawn box since 1953 have Negroes, there having one percentage high 23%. period time, served 80% juries selected, number ranging three. There four five panel about 33 out two an average six seven venires cases, no actually 1950. eight none served, exempt prosecutor process selecting jury. 9 wholly obvious totally excluded either panels, Hill 316 400, 62 1159, 86 1559; Patton 332 463, 68 184, 92 76; 866; Reece Georgia, 350 85, 76 167, 77. Moreover, do constituting forbidden token inclusion within meaning Thomas 212 278, 29 393, 53 512; Akins 325 398, 65 1276, 89 1692; Avery 345 559, 73 891, 97 1244. make prima facie Amendment. law requires three commissioners County place roll male citizens who reputed honest, intelligent men esteemed integrity, good character sound judgment. Ala.Code, Tit. 30, §§ 20, (1958).2 practice, however, such citizens, colored.3 A typical best contains 2,500 names, total population 21, according latest census, 16,406 persons. Each commissioner, clerk's assistance, produces list names judgment qualified. sources city directories, registration lists, club church conversations other community, both colored, personal business acquaintances.4 11 Venires made up manner unquestionably contained smaller proportion than community. constitutionally demand proportionate tries him nor drawn. Virginia Rives, 313, 322—323, 667; 1075; 394, 839. Neither need perfect mirror accurately reflect strength every group. 'Obviously races nationalities appearing ancestry would impossible meet requirement proportional representation. Similarly, can limitation permissible.' 286—287, 631—632 cannot say alone satisfactorily proved showing underrepresented much 10%. See 283, Here considerations entered into selections contacts prospective jurors. different standards qualifications they did meaningful attempt demonstrate same administered commissioners. clear record even knew how respective areas, box. overall disparity small, reflects studied include exclude specified Undoubtedly somewhat haphazard little effort ensure fully represented. imperfect system equivalent race.5 think burden carried case. II. Petitioner makes claim relating exercise peremptory challenges juries. numbers 35 unless capital offense involved, 100. Code, 60, 62, 63 (1958). After excuses removals cause, reduced 75. then 'struck'—the defense striking veniremen alternating turns, until remain. § 64 essentially struck-jury system, applicable available cases. 54, 60 try 14 court after moved declared Amendment grounds. Among things motion alleged: 15 '(4) That systematic arbitrary method negro Jury Commission can, readily negroes remaining final violation United States also DC main thrust terms venire.6 No taken, apparently content rely had connection indictment. motion, seeking invalidate properly providing adheres common-law impartial unanimously agree verdict,7 followed courts virtue Sixth As part provides cause substitutes strikes challenge.8 contends strikes—challenges without explanation judicial scrutiny—affords suitable securing fact parties fair impartial. said, itself, justification given Catholics, accountants those blue eyes. Based history actual use operation country, merit position. 17 challenge very old credentials. trials felonies common law, allowed peremptorily jurors,9 originally right said tend 'infinite delayes danger.' Coke Littleton (14th ed. 1791).10 Thus Ordinance Inquests, Edw. 1, Stat. (1305), provided if 'they sue King will Jurors, shall assign Cause certain.' So persistent view proper required peremptories sides, construed allow direct juror examination 'stand aside' entire gone exercised challenges; deficiency point Crown show recalled number.11 Peremptories sides became settled England, continuing above form separation Colonies.12 18 starting country. Congress early took hand establishing treason 1790 Act punishable death, 119 (1790). regard offenses statute, Government thought challenge, although source clear.13 1865, existed, he 10. 500 (1865).14 Subsequent enactments increased could exercise, now crime more year's imprisonment, defendants ten.15 19 course paralleled system. defendant's conferred often corresponding English practice,16 retained Crown's stand aside,17 1870, most, all, statutes conferring substantial challenges, generally least half, to, defendant.18 some criticism twentieth century leveled delays, expense elimination incident use,19 survived attacks. State, except substitute, still considerably greater. Under possesses challenges.20 roots ancient heritage.21 Since greater opportunity become familiar list, deemed effective means obtaining better Accordingly, used causes 'great nicety' 'where sheriff (responsible list) suspected partiality.' Bl.Comm. 357. cases.22 form, regular summoned begins continues rather 24 adopted fairer efficacious, quicker way obtain satisfactory parties.23 contrast fallen disuse, freely relied upon perhaps here cross-section heterogeneous society.24 voir dire American tends extensive probing, operating predicate peremptories, protracted.25 persistence long widely belief Lewis States, 146 370, 376, 136, 138, 36 1011. '(t)here nothing (or States) grant challenges,' Stilson 250 583, 586, 28, 1154, nonetheless 'one most important secured accused,' Pointer 151 396, 408, 410, 414, 38 208. impairment reversible error prejudice, Harrison 163 140, 961, 41 104; cf. Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe R. Co. Shane, 157 348, 641, 39 727. '(F)or is, Blackstone says, capricious right, full freedom, fails purpose.' 378, S.Ct., 139. 22 function eliminate extremes partiality assure whom decide placed them, otherwise. satisfies rule 'to perform 'justice satisfy appearance justice." re Murchison, 349 133, 75 623, 99 942. Indeed availability allows counsel ascertain possibility bias probing questions facilitates removing fear incurring juror's hostility cause. historically incidence prosecutor's differed accused, country guarantee 'not freedom prejudice prosecution. Between scales evenly held.' Hayes Missouri, 120 68, 70, 350, 351, 30 578. essential nature reason stated, inquiry court's control. Thompson, Ariz. 386, 206 P.2d 1037 (1949); 139, While permit rejection narrowly specified, provable legally cognizable partiality, permits real imagined less easily designated demonstrable. 'sudden impressions unaccountable prejudices apt conceive bare looks gestures another,' Lewis, supra, 'habits associations,' feeling 'the questioning (a juror's) indifference sometimes provoke resentment,' 138. frequently grounds normally irrelevant proceedings official action, namely, religion, nationality, occupation affiliations duty.26 For question particular nationality partial, likely be.27 well known factors explored during dire, Miles 103 304, 481; Aldridge 283 308, 51 470, 1054.28 fairness less. Aldridge, supra.29 Hence always judged individuals purpose exercising challenges. Rather challenged light knowledge affiliations, context tried. With mind, hold laws. quest jury, white, Protestant Catholic, alike To demands traditional Clause entail radical change challenge. pro tanto, longer peremptory, each open examination, time hearing afterwards. underlying scrutiny reasonableness sincerity. great uses banned. serves pluralistic institution trial, reasons presumption using court. overcome therefore subjected allegations removed Any result, think, establish odds know it. III. Petitioner, presses broader Court.30 argument never prosecutors systematically prevent itself. claimed, insufficient justification. raises issue require answer. decided permissible insulate removal assumption acting acceptable related trying, involved charged. when county, whatever circumstances, whoever victim be, responsible ever serve takes added significance. Cf. Yick Wo Hopkins, 118 356, 1064, 220. giving widest leeway irrational trial-related suspicions antagonisms, appear perverted. If seen fit leave single protecting overcome. might reasonable inference unrelated outcome deny participate enjoyed population. These ends designed facilitate justify. 28 pursue further, Amendment, apparent sufficient violated operates County. Glasser 315 87, 457, 472, 680. difficulty us, flowing does degree clarity, when, often, what circumstances appeared Talledega absolutely silent instances participated indication occasions himself indicated want Apparently agreed remove evidence, own bar.31 instance offered all-Negro members. testimony preferred all-white mixed One lawyer, represented recall client wanted him. himself, 1953, depend 'upon conditions I demanded (it) case,' done differently depending crime. statements bent regardless considerations. remains, course, responsibility illuminated record. allegation explanation, hence rebut, why previous short, laid attacking failed carry dissent asserts continued vitality 'a practical accommodation' between statutory Where occur commissioners, 'proof constituted segment called extended constitute(s) service,' 480, 671, 866, 'that thirty years,' 466, 186, 76. (Emphasis added.) Harper 251 Miss. 699, 171 129 (1965). Total officers gives rise inferences part, determinative absent rebuttal evidence. woodenly service. Unlike process, hands indeed far role State. not, participation, give ordinary imply officials. elicit admission accounted must, pose issue, time. teaching see reason, blind standard developed exclusion, conduct regard, especially years practice quite matter.32 Accordingly affirmed. 31 Affirmed. 32 HARLAN, concurring. joining deem appropriate emphasize my understanding reserves, decide, Part III finds presented 34 BLACK concurs result. GOLDBERG, CHIEF JUSTICE DOUGLAS join, dissenting. Court, applying discrimination, Clause, color. today principle. Neal Delaware, 567; 839; Rogers 192 226, 257, 48 417; 497; Hale 303 613, 58 753, 82 1050; Pierre Louisiana, 306 354, 59 536, 83 757; 84; 77; Eubanks 356 584, 78 970, 991; Arnold North 376 773, 1032, 37 rationale decisions rest clearly stated 589, 580: 'There controversy involved. Summing precisely effect earlier decisions, thus (State of) relation juries: Legislature, him, contrary States. 664; 397, 567, 574; 1075.' statement repeated 231, 417, again 319, 497. equally similar supra. defining face, provision affords effecting prohibited discrimination. Compare 322, 323, Wood, 140 285, 738, 505; 512.' set principles recently explicitly reaffirmed Court's expressed Strauder: 'The idea body composed peers equals whose determine; neighbors, fellows, associates, status holds. Blackstone, Commentaries, Englishman, bulwark liberties, Great Charter'. guarded intended Bentham 'packing juries.' exist classes sway which, therefore, operate enjoy.' 308—309. 42 43 '(t)he colored singled expressly though respects qualified, practically brand affixed assertion inferiority, stimulant impediment aims secure others.' reasoning line rests sould. reaffirmation present. Civil Rights 1961 Report, 103, exhaustive study descrimination selection, concluded '(t) persists stood serious 14th amendment.' unthinkable, following weakened undermined late date particularly decision so uniform, discriminate race. Plessy Ferguson, 537, 1138, 256, Brown Board Education, 483, 686, 873; compare Pace 106 637, 207, McLaughlin 379 283. 45 Regrettably, referring approval followed, seriously impairs authority creates additional barriers practices operated communities nullify evident analysis holding facts virtually undisputed. 46 19-year-old 17-year-old girl, found guilty, death established competent contradiction memory living tried Alabama. Yet, eligible 74% (12,125) (4,281) Negro. well-established guarantees.' 591, 581. strong 'Proof jurisdiction, holding, 'rule exclusion,' supplying delineated class.' 671. 49 stated: 'It noted once indisputable created When made, duty justify brought discrimination.' 186. that, 'justify discrimination,' ibid., conviction 'cannot stand.' Id., 469, 187. 596—598, 582—583; 774, 1032. 'Long omission establishes refute it.' 707, 129, 132—133.1 52 seeks admitted contending resulted jury-striking recognizing inadequate, class, misuse affirms ground 'failed carry' proof. holds believes cases; specifically negative produced attorneys. involvement 'Negroes commonly attorneys jury.' 515, 375. response Solicitor, prosecuting attorney, 54 'Sometimes, depends fortunate black white. have—where situation arising had—we felonies, but, men.' statement, seems me, plainly indicates least, State—'we'—participates, employing 56 Also, attorney testified follows: 57 'Many times asked Love instance, venire, you say, doesn't don't them. didn't take them off. 'If am trying ask wish, (Negro jurors), discuss client, going just Strike first.' quotations 'many times' abandons facade agrees class lists begins, pursuant agreement directly participates recognizes '(a) pparently Negroes.' Ante, 224-225. goes general 225, n. 31. deference, me quoted conclusion, cuts favor alone. prosecutor, 'generally want' 'been occasion happened.' undisputed logical conclusion desired service, participant arranging agreements defense.2 shows sit accused another offer refused confirm joins excluding objects mixing sitting man Furthermore, concededly recognizes, ante, 205, showed represent lesser proportion, estimated 10% 15%, commission keep possess prescribed exempted juries,' 514, So.2d, 374, and, fact, alabama enough insure persons,' admits 'imperfect,' 209, '(v)enires community.' 'haphazard' standing unlawful However, viewed isolation considered inextricably bound. maintenance disproportionately low enables attorneys, materially impairing strategy purposes. Finally, county. On facts, reasonably affirmatively pattern significantly Burton Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 715, 722, 81 856, 860, 45; Lombard 373 267, 1122, 338; Peterson City Greenville, 244, 1119, responsible, Terry Adams, 461, 473, 809, 815, 1152. Strauder, constitutes affixing fundamental defect holding. Even correct nevertheless, Norris, discussed above, proving exclusion. shifted prove, could, participated. illustrated recent Mississippi rejected strikingly advanced accepted question. attempted rebut perfectly neutral voting select lists. held, additionally prove caused state-involved Similarly instant contention uncontested. Despite rebutted, because, 226. concedes unconstitutional out. argues itself distinction novel least. read together, distinguished Indeed, panel, quotes 'had Patton's rule, shown 'no years.' And, confirmed speak 'service' 'duty.' national origin Amendment.' 479, 66 forth highly pragmatic one. forward party position develop came about. proceeding only, access relevant obviously limited. any, discriminatory selection. Patton, uniformly applied, simple workable effectuate Constitution's command. demonstrated past cases.3 Because factors—availability simplicity, workability—exist apply neither 'blind' 'wooden,' realistic sensible. 67 established. believe venires, bar argument, unreasonable assume unqualified, unwilling, unable serve. similarly involvement. really unique implies, surely completely overlooks results interlocking inadequate All exists fashion new proof, difficult put end thereby impair promise 'Equal Laws,' follow By undermining doctrine paying lip allies word ear break hope.' 69 departs long-established area, imposes sustantial burdens importance retaining inviolate believe, preference unwarranted unnecessary. begin with, device protect defendants. passage Court: 71 '(I)n ones, favorem vitae, prisoner species certain all; challenge: tenderness humanity prisoners, justly famous. grounded reasons. 72 '1. sensible, sudden another; (when defend life) disconcert him; wills conceived able dislike. '2. Because, shown, assigned aside juror, resentment; ill consequences liberty, pleases, aside.' 353. Quoted 1011; Marchant, Wheat. 482, 700. points out, 212—213, unlimited 1305 taken away, England defendant. Orfield, Criminal Procedure From Arrest Appeal 355 (1947). Harris, Law 443 (20th 1960).4 appears modern rarely Ibid. defense, recognized guaranteed, defendant, 1154. sanctioned numerous incursions peremptorily. Defendants together deprive codefendant desires wishes. prior wasted challenged. regulate codefendants treated small portion separately. secured.' 30. impose obligation Today reverses Stilson's maxim, inviolability 77 Were absolute choice conformity requirements peremptorily, compels former. Marbury Madison, Cranch 137, beyond doubt opposed nonconstitutional one, former prevail. compelled situation. here, proves population, number5 out; 'for 186; accomplished interfere traditionally used. mean, adhere clear, representation 631 Reed). mean motives excludes Only widespread rebut. Drawing fashion, view, achieves accommodation doing violence either. 80 deplore departure holdings Norris. affirming condones procedures adding present heavy throughout Nation area justice. 81—103. faithful teachings distinctions ancestry, odious reaffirm 165: tradition instruments public truly government. written words state's practiced enough. promised.' Applying reverse. This, guilty go free.' 187; 406, 1162. For, pointed 187, desired, retry 'selected commands.' 1244; special governing Acts, 1955 Sess., vol. 2, 1081. provisions pertinent references latter. (1958) provides: 'Qualifications roll.—The honest judgment; twenty-one habitual drunkard, who, afflicted permanent disease physical weakness unfit discharge duties juror; involving moral turpitude. herein freeholder householder name sixty-five remain willing so.' failure indictment fraud Fikes 263 89, (1955), rev'd grounds, 352 191, 281, 246. 1959 met twice yearly, hour meeting, commissioner Their obtained disparate sources, task way. chief assistance went beats suggestions information. He customers paint store. averred talked both, determining citizens. Another working predominantly rural membership Farm Bureau Cooperatives Rural Electric Cooperative organizations directory residence farming area. social clubs churches, relative whites identify contain compilation all-inclusive impossible. third telephone various gather local merchants business. too clerk she assisted commissioners; compiled rolls, rolls sent managers plants industries. She acquainted visit talk commission's approval. watch color beats, accordingly, count preparing relatively few acquaintances tended primarily "It rata fairly honestly endeavored duty, violated." 394. raised part: '4. Defendant avers existence drawing organization deliberately order altogether keeping included prevented case.' selected. '(3) objection trial. motions. prosecutions speedy committed. Ala.Const. 1901, 6. 11, 12; Collins 88 212, So. 260 (1890). 1867 noncapital felony correspondingly trials. Ala.Rev.Code 4178, 4179. altered 1907 Act, four. remained same. Ala.Code 7275. introduced 1909 comprehensive amendment impaneling Leg.Acts, Spec.Sess., p. 319. legislation, sponsor John, Law, 1910—1911 Bar Assn.Rep. 198: Solicitor Attorneys defendants, quickly obtained, step backward restore delay chances errors.' 205. only. states: famous.' Commentaries 353 (15th 1809) (hereafter Bl. Comm.). amiss, 98. allowable capital. Gray Reg., Cl. Fin. 427 (H.L.1844). Trials (2d 1912) Thompson); Stephen, History 302 (1883) Stephen). unaltered Hen. c. 14, (1530); (1533), treason. Proffatt, Trial (1877) Proffatt). Lord Grey's Case, How.St.Tr. 128 (1682); Reg. Frost, Car. P. (1839); Mansell El. (1857); discretion reported liberally. Proffatt 160. attempts limit abolish rejected. O'Coigly's 1191, 1231; Thompson 49; Busch, Tactics (1949) Busch). remains today, seven. Geo. 4, 50, (1825); 6, 58, (Criminal 1948). side rare, century, important. Stephen 303; Devlin, 29—37 (1956) Devlin); Howard, 362—364 (1931) (Hereafter Howard). Johns, Fed.Cas.No.15,481, Dall. 412, 888 (Cir.Ct.Pa.1806). Washington, circuit, privilege esteemed, anxiously guarded, law; doubted, entitled, charge, thirty-five If, act congress substituted pursued.' Wilson, Fed.Cas.No.16,730, Baldw. 78, (Cir.Ct.Pa.1830) Douglass, Fed.Cas.No.14,989, Blatchf. 207 (Cir.Ct.S.D.N.Y.1851). Cottingham, Fed.Cas.No.14,872, 470 (Cir.Ct.N.D.N.Y.1852). 700, power inherited English. Federal decision. 1856, Shackleford, How. 588, 495, affording incorporate Government's aside. 1840 empowering adopt later misdemeanors 282 (1872). 1166 287 (1911) treason, six; trials, 10, six. Rule 24(b) Rules '(b) Peremptory Challenges. charged imprisonment year, government jointly year fine separately jointly.' survive Sawyer 150, 575, 972. Waterford Whitehall Turnpike People, Barb. 161 (Sup.Ct.N.Y.1850); People McQuade, 110 N.Y. 284, 293, N.E. 156, 158, L.R.A. 273 (1888); Humphreys, Tenn. (1808); N.J.L. 666, 678—688, A. 811, 814 818 (1899), aff'd, 175 172, 77, 119; Hendrick Commonwealth, Leigh 715 (Va.Gen.Ct.1834); Robinson Ga. 563, 571 (1846); Arthur, N.C. 217 (1829); Benton, 196 (1836). George, Del.Cas. (Ct.Q.Sess.1797). II Bishop, 941 (1913) Bishop); 42. Co., Commonwealth Eisenhower, 181 Pa. 521 (1897); Jewell (1853); 162; Bishop 938, 939. E.g., 1873 N.Y.Laws, 427; 1874 Ill.Rev.Stat., 411; Maton Ill. 536 (1854); 684—685, 817 1869 Mass.Acts, 151; 1860 Pa.Laws 427, 375, 36, 37; Warren (1860); Briggs, S.C. 80, S.E. 854 (1887); Boon 618 Cal.Laws 1850—1853, 121, 343; 1863—1864 Cal.Stats., 1; 161. statutes, Haines 317, 322 (1882); McNinch, (1879); 196, 203 (1836); 49, divided, Sealy 213 Mathis Fla. 291, 315, 681, 688 (1893). barred statute. N.C.Gen.Stat. 15—163, 15—164 (1953); Pa.Stat.Ann. 19, 811 (1964); S.C.Code 38—211 (1962). charges summoning large veniremen, imbalance unfair, protracted process. Proposed Legislation Reform York, Col.L.Rev. 721, 726 (1930); Missouri Crime Survey 356—357 (1926); Evans, Recommendations Reforms Procedure, Ill.L.Rev. 112, 113—114 (1929); Challenges Powers Judges, Green Bag (1911); Proc.Am.Law Inst. 501 (1925); Report Illinois Judicial Advisory Council 17—18 (1931); Extracts Rep. Comm. Third Ann. Meeting A.L.I., Defects Justice, A.B.A.J. 297, 298 Smith, America: Reply, 797—798 (1925). Classification punishment exercisable varies among categories, generalization current feasible. example variations, Ariz.Rev.Stat., Crim.Proc. A.R.S. (1956); Conn.Gen.Stat. 51—242 (1958); Del.Code Ann., Super.Ct.Rules Cal.Penal Code 1070 Fla.Stat. 913.08, F.S.A. (1963); 59—805 (1937); Ill.Ann.Stat. 38, 115—4(e) Mass.Gen.Laws 234, (1959); Md.Ann.Code, Proc. 746 Mo.Ann.Stat. 546.180 N.J.Stat.Ann. 2A:78—7, subds. c d (1952); N.Y.Crim.Code Penal McKinney's Consol.Laws, 40, Ohio Rev.Code 29, 2945.21, 2945.22 (1954); Pa.Stat.Ann., (1962); Tenn.Code 40—2510 (1955); Vernon's Ann.Tex.Code Crim.Proc., Arts. 615, 634 (1941); Utah 77—30 (1953). listing 1930 variations classifications A.L.I.Code Commentary 855—862 (1930). Historically alternately 688—690, (1899) 357; Forsyth, 173. Use confined was. Busch 62; 72. 2A:75—1, 2A:75—2, 2A:75—3; 543 Am.Jur. 90. U.S.C. 1866 (1958 ed.). 198, 20—36. suggested difference lies control pretrial publicity. '(O)ne salient confidence impartiality integrity preventing newspapers prejudging pending Howard 363 (1931). 32—34; 145—154; Bodin, Selecting 44—72 (PLI 1954) Bodin). See, e.g., 1054; Hall U.S.App.D.C. 166, 168 F.2d 161, A.L.R.2d 1193, cert. denied, 334 853, 1509, 1775; Higgs, 143 Conn. A.2d 152, 1199 Gurley 164 Ark. 262 S.W. 636 (1924); Car Soy, Cal. 102 (1880); Reyes, (1855); Fendrick Tex.Crim. 147, 589 (1898); Carson, 131 42, 126 757 Wasy 234 Ind. 52, 123 N.E.2d 462, 1389 Roxborough, 307 Mich. N.W.2d 466 (1943), 323 749, 600. 146; 1204; Bodin 61—67. begins. cited 26, Race religion beliefs stemming therefrom Sanders, 216, (1916); Potter Tex.Cr.R. 380, 216 886 (1919); McFadden (1853). Johnson Neb. 130 N.W. Giudice, 170 Iowa 731, 153 336 (1915); DePalma, 268 25, 756 (1920); Romero 857 (1927). 1204. ruled broadest form. 'As discloses Both jurisdictions 375 (citations omitted). Saltonstall Saltonstall, 276 260, 267—268, 565; Charleston Savings Loan Ass'n Alderson, 324 182, 185—186, 624, 627, 857. jury; agreed, 'what further: 'Q. Let this. You sworn him? 'A. that. didn't—they happened. Have behalf? wouldn't been. Not knowledge, representing Do mean? Yes. words, privileged, wanted. that.' reject lower Absent sheds whatsoever validity list. Lawry, 139 S.E.2d 870. occurred times.' 'in concludes, bar.' test significant extent involved.' 45. 323; 338. vital responsibility—that somewhere, somehow, extent, infusion officials, panoplied power, scheme colored.' 1152 (separate Frankfurter). establishes, meets 'state action' following, 'action officers' 'solely color' 689. Lowry, King's 'was mischievous subject, tending infinite 1791). wishes Then, 'stood 443, Bacon's Abridgment 764 (5th 1798). procedure notes, 213, 12, today. 355; 443.

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