Document: 397 U.S. 14 90 S.Ct. 803 25 L.Ed.2d 12 UNITED STATES, Petitioner,v.W. G. REYNOLDS et ux. No. 88. Argued Jan. 14, 1970. Decided Feb. 24, Shiro Kashiwa, Honolulu, Hawaii, for petitioner. Erwin S. Solomon, Hot Springs, Va., respondent. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The United States brought this suit in District Court Western Kentucky to condemn more than 250 acres respondents' land a federal development known as Nolin Reservoir Project located that State. An important issue case was raised by claim 78 land, taken construction recreational facilities adjacent reservoir, had not been within original scope project.1 A jury awarded respondents $20,000 just compensation all taken. Upon an appeal respondents, Appeals Sixth Circuit reversed judgment and ordered new trial, finding Judge his instructions erroneously referred matters disclosed outside jury's presence.2 trial appellate courts were agreement, however, rejecting Government's contention 'scope-of-the-project' judge decide should not, therefore, have submitted at all. There being conflict between circuits on question,3 we granted certiorari consider recurring problem importance condemnation proceedings. 396 814, 54, 24 66. 2 Fifth Amendment provides private property shall be public use without compensation. And 'just compensation' means full monetary equivalent taken.4 owner is put same position monetarily he would occupied if taken.5 In enforcing constitutional mandate, early date adopted concept market value: entitled fair value property6 time taking.7 But basic measurement has hedged with certain refinements developed over years interest effectuating guarantee. It one these controversy here. 3 recognized 'market value' condemned can affected, adversely or favorably, imminence very project makes necessary.8 it perceived permit either reduced increased because alteration attributable itself lead Constitution requires.9 On other hand, may also enhancement neighboring covered itself. later condemned, whether extension existing some purpose, general rule requires such wholly into account, since generally determined due consideration available economic uses taking.10 4 v. Miller, 317 369, 63 276, 87 L.Ed. 336, gave articulation principles: 5 'If distinct tract whole part, lands neighborhood increase proximity improvement erected Should Government, date, determine take lands, must pay their enhanced factor proximity. If, from beginning included taking tracts but only them first instance, allowed which are ultimately any immediately projected improvement. 6 'The question then probably Government committed it. If they merely subsequent enlargement include ought deprive added meantime were, arising fact condemned. owners gain speculating probable activities.' U.S., 376—377, S.Ct., 281. 7 no present regarding principles. parties agree acreage 'probably it,' substantially less not. For project's scope, its compensable measured terms agricultural use. project, properly measurable interms potential lakeside residential property. 8 simply jury. dimensions. long settled there right eminent domain See Bauman Ross, 167 548, 593, 17 966, 983, 42 270. As Professor Moore matter: 9 practice England colonies prior adoption 1791 Seventh Amendment, Congress contemporaneously with, to, Supreme nearly lower conclusion action under power domain.'11 10 look case, Federal Rules Civil Procedure. Rule 71A(h) that, except circumstances applicable here, 'any party' proceeding 'may compensation,' unless court discretion orders 'shall commission three persons appointed * Trial issues otherwise court.'12 thus single compensation, issues, legal factual, presented. critical inquiry 'the phrase used Rule, broad enough embrace project.13 11 Although matter could decided way doing violence language 71A(h), think Rule's structure clear proceedings confined performance narrow function—the determination award ground rules established judge. gives eliminate entirely. when afforded, sweeping final sentence discloses intent give district role much broader occupies conventional trial. him 'all issues' precise amount awarded. follows tell criteria follow determining what amounts will constitute order do so preliminary matter. We therefore approve adopt procedural announced Wardy States, 402 F.2d 762, hold scope.14 Finally, asks us occasion 'clarify' test. test stated admirable clarity unanimous Miller: 'lands considered awarding deals probabilities, application particular set facts discriminating judgment.15 does require showing actually specified plans project. need shown during course planning became evident situated needed 13 vacated, remanded further consistent opinion. ordered. 15 Vacated remanded. 16 DOUGLAS, whom BLACK concurs, dissenting. All questions aside, provided 71A(h). I see how considering scope. plain, turn decision. seen difference 18 beyond doubt different might nothing record show design. deal here probabilities perhaps possibilities. design, purchaser reasonably anticipate able devote highest reflected part Henry George1 otherwise; direction our economy. Hence talking about includes ingredients make up price. most central element price area now litigated relation fact. 'issue compensation'2 truly cannot resolved question. 19 seems reason why chosen denied subordinate upon verdict rest. 20 powerful forces loose country deprecate juries. Department agencies3 often seem dislike juries cases. my Circuit, unexpectedly risen favor homeowners against Washington, D.C., large sums, retaliation, believed, hard-nosed officials who, government, seek plow under. At times acted differently cut down award.4 Juries cases perform, words, historic restraint both executive judicial power. Bushell's Case. How.St.Tr. 999, 1670. authorized 1938 comprehensive flood control plan Ohio Mississippi Rivers. Act June 28, 1938, § 4, 52 Stat. 1217. appropriated funds stage 1956. Public Works Appropriation 1957, 70 479. July 1958 Chief Army Engineers approved design memorandum contemplating areas connection evidently specifying where be. 1958. 1959, 72 1573. Construction began January 1959. Most inundated reservoir These They designated October year. policy build conjunction projects 1944. December 22, 1944, 58 889. 811.92 Acres Land, 404 303. held 763. Monongahela Navigation Co. 148 312, 326, 622, 626, 37 463. New River Collieries Co., 262 341, 343, 43 565, 566, 67 1014; Seaboard Air Line R. 261 299, 304, 354, 355, 664. City York Sage, 239 57, 61, 36 25, 26, 60 143; Boom Patterson, 98 (8 Otto) 403, 408, 206. Kerr South Park Commissioners, 117 379, 386, 801, 804, 29 924. Shoemaker 147 282, 304—305, 361, 392—393, 170. Virginia Electric & Power 365 624, 635—636, 81 784, 791—792, 838; Cors, 337 325, 332—334, 69 1086, 1090—1091, 93 1392. Chandler-Dunbar Water 229 53, 81, 33 667, 679, 57 1063; supra. J. Moore, Practice 38.32(1), p. (2d ed. 1969). (Footnote omitted.) text follows: involves exercise law tribunal specially constituted governing issue; party filing demand therefor answer fix, character, location, quantity reasons interests justice, powers master subdivision (c) 53 before governed provisions paragraphs (1) (2) (d) 53. Its report majority findings effect, dealt accordance practice, prescribed paragraph (e) court.' supra, appears judge, who excluded evidence 372 373, 279—280. While Court's Miller procedure, remembered 1951, followed procedures located. Advisory Committee Notes 71A; 71A.03, 2716 1968). appellants' it.' Appellants contend Under function limited compensation.' duty well issues. (Citations Thus, instead infringing functions, factors necessary compensation." F.2d, Scott Lumber 390 388, 392 (C.A.9th Cir.); 91.69 334 229, 231—232 (C.A.4th Cir.). Compare John L. Roper 150 329, 332, 146 131, 132—133. Progress Poverty, Book VI (50th Ann. 1945). Certain Lands Raritan Woodbridge Tps., 144 F.Supp. 206, road turned substitute facility necessary. necessity left jury: 'In average proceeding, many arriving after fact-finding process. introducing province weighing directly relates required indeed account reaching verdict.' Id., 214. 71A, absence three, inspired condemnations TVA appointment cases, 48 70. Committee, 28 U.S.C., following 71A. amended 1968. 82 885, U.S.C. 831x (1964 ed., Supp. IV). bill reported out Senate 'an absolute trial.' S.Rep. 930, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 2. U.S.Code Cong. Admin. News, 3657. 'Proponents legislation indicated landowner involving addition, generated friction landowners seriously affecting relations agency.' Ibid. stated: 'While committee benefits commissioner jury-trial system, feel trial-by-jury American life, accordingly recommends legislation.' 3. That floor modify provision making 71A discussion support amendment, again stressed dissatisfaction emphasized 'extraordinary circumstances.' 113 Cong.Rec. 36979—36981. refused increment occasioned land's

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