Document: 381 U.S. 532 85 S.Ct. 1628 14 L.Ed.2d 543 Billie Sol ESTES, Petitioner,v.STATE OF TEXAS. No. 256. Argued April 1, 1965. Decided June 7, Rehearing Denied Oct. 11, See 86 18. [Syllabus from pages 532-534 intentionally omitted] John D. Cofer and Hume Cofer, Austin, Tex., for petitioner. Waggoner Carr, Leon Jaworski, Houston, respondent. Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of Court.* 1 The question presented here is whether petitioner, who stands convicted in District Court Seventh Judicial Texas at Tyler swindling,1 was deprived his right under Fourteenth Amendment to due process by televising broadcasting trial. Both trial court Criminal Appeals found against We hold contrary reverse conviction. I. 2 While petitioner recites claim framework Canon 35 Canons American Bar Association he does not contend that we should enshrine Amendment, but only time honored principles a fair were followed case thus without law. 35, course, has itself no binding effect on courts merely expresses view opposition broadcasting, photographing proceedings. Likewise, 28 Integrated State Texas, 27 Tex.B.J. 102 (1964), which leaves judge's sound discretion telecasting proceedings, In short, validity either or tried manner comports with requirement Amendment. 3 Petitioner's originally called September 24, 1962, Smith County after change venue Reeves County, some 500 miles west. Massive pretrial publicity totaling 11 volumes press clippings, are file Clerk, had given it national notoriety. All available seats courtroom taken 30 persons stood aisles. However, defense motion prevent telecasting, radio news photography continuance presented, two-day hearing former denied latter granted. 4 These initial hearings carried live both television, permitted throughout. videotapes these clearly illustrate picture one judicial serenity calm entitled. Cf. Wood v. Georgia, 370 375, 383, 82 1364, 1369, 8 569 (1962); Turner Louisiana, 379 466, 472, 546, 549, 13 424 (1965); Cox 559, 562, 476, 479, 487 (1965). Indeed, least 12 cameramen engaged throughout taking still pictures Cables wires snaked across floor, three microphones bench others beamed jury box counsel table. It conceded activities television crews photographers led considerable disruption hearings. Moreover, veniremen been summoned present during entire later released petitioner's also names witnesses called; answered absence until October 22, 1962. contended this cannot be considered determining before us. agree. Pretrial can create major problem defendant criminal case. may more harmful than well set community as guilt innocence. Though dealt motions prohibit coverage postpone trial, they unquestionably relevant issue affair highly publicized could have impressed those present, large, notorious character proceeding. hearing, original panel, undoubtedly made aware peculiar public importance being provided, fact themselves televised their rebroadcast evening show. 5 When 22 scene altered. A booth constructed back painted blend permanent structure room. an aperture allow lens cameras unrestricted courtroom. newsreel restricted area when shooting film telecasting. 6 Because continual objection, rules governing photos, changed exigencies situation seemed require. As result, prohibited great portion actual Only opening2 closing arguments State, return jury's verdict its receipt judge sound. Although order allowed proceeding sound, operated intermittently, recording various portions broadcast regularly scheduled newscasts day evening. At request any kind, summations jury. 7 varying restrictions placed telecasts confined largely clips shown stations' programs. commentators would use particular part day's backdrop reports. Their commentary included excerpts testimony usual reportorial remarks. On occasion place 'late movie.' II. Rideau 373 723, 83 1417, 10 663 (1963), rule act confessing crime inherently invalid Due Process Clause even showing prejudice demonstration nexus between confession id., 729, 1421 (dissenting Clark, J.). Here, although there nothing so dramatic home-viewed confession, bombardment sights sounds lawyers publicized. subjected characterization minute electronic scrutiny such extent point attempting page paper reading while sitting permitting widely known community. This emphasized take and, therefore, apart mind extraordinary or, Shaw say, something 'not conventionally unconventional.' new empaneled four jurors selected seen heard all broadcasts earlier III. 9 start proposition 'public trial' Sixth guarantees 'accused.' purpose guarantee accused fairly unjustly condemned. History proven secret tribunals effective instruments oppression. our Brother Black said re Oliver, 333 257, 68 499, 92 L.Ed. 682 (1948): 'The traditional Anglo-American distrust trials variously ascribed practice Spanish Inquisition, excesses English Star Chamber, French monarchy's abuse lettre de cachet. * Whatever other benefits conducted confer upon society, always recognized safeguard attempt employ persecution.' 268—270, 505—506. (Footnotes omitted.) however, freedoms granted First extend media televise courtroom, refuse honor privilege discriminate newspapers television. misconception rights press. free mighty catalyst awakening interest governmental affairs, exposing corruption among officers employees generally informing citizenry events occurrences, including maximum freedom must carrying important function democratic society exercise necessarily subject maintenance absolute fairness process. state federal differed over what spectators excluded Wigmore, Evidence § 1834 (3d ed. 1940), amici curiae brief National Broadcasters Radio Television News Directors Association, says, indeed must, 'neither two amendments (First Sixth) speaks unlimited access media. *' 7. recognize 'primary concern proper administration justice'; 'the life liberty individual land put jeopardy because actions media'; requirements Fifth Amendments provisions require procedure will assure 3—4. Nor where permit newspaper reporter same privilege. entitled general public. bring typewriter printing advances arts reporting hazards another IV. proceedings held solemn endeavoring ascertain truth sine qua non Over centuries devised careful safeguards otherwise protect facilitate performance high function. do save States restrictions. specific rule. weighty evidence concepts tolerate indulgence. atmosphere essential preservation trial—the most fundamental freedoms—must maintained costs. Our approach through rules, contempt reversal convictions obtained unfair conditions. Here remedy clear certain application duty continue enforce immemorial efficacious necessary V. 15 contends constitute denial Its position resulting televising, permissible; claims 'distractions' physical presence wholly unfounded; psychological considerations psychologists, courts, purely hypothetical. argues further know goes courts; power 'suppress, edit, censor events, transpire it,' citing Craig Harney, 331 367, 374, 67 1249, 1254, 91 1546 (1947); enlightening promote greater respect courts. 16 outset dispelled dangerous new. true empirical knowledge full public, participants judge, lawyers, limited. nub newness but, Douglas insidious influences puts work justice.' Douglas, Public Trial Free Press, 33 Rocky Mt. L.Rev. (1960). detailed below, turning them State's argument with. 17 informed occurs reporters media, if wish plainly report whatever open respective settled Bridges California, 314 252, 62 190, 192 (1941), Pennekamp Florida, 328 331, 66 1029, 90 1295 (1946), reaffirm. privileges stated years ago: 18 law, favors legal far object attained injustice immediately concerned. attend nearly inquiries, appears sufficient reason why see print reports trials, fully exhibited court, material impartially stated, shall not, means them, derive erroneous impressions, likely receive itself.' Cooley's Constitutional Limitations 931—932 (Carrington 1927). 19 says instant 'without person concerned,' basing established isolatable invalidate conviction circumstances. paints too broadly contention, instances prerequisite reversal. cases involving deprivations identifiable accused. Nevertheless, times employed involves probability result deemed lacking Such Murchison, 349 133, 75 623, 99 942 (1955), pointed up clarity force: 20 'A tribunal basic Fairness course requires bias cases. But system law endeavored unfairness. (T)o perform best way 'justice satisfy appearance Offutt United States, 348 14, (99 11).' 136, 625. (Emphasis supplied.) 21 And, Chief Taft Tumey Ohio, 273 510, 47 437, 71 749, almost before: satisfied men highest greatest self-sacrifice carry danger injustice. Every offer possible temptation average man forget burden proof required convict defendant, might lead him balance nice, clear, denies law.' 532, 444. 23 Rideau, supra, each departed charted Stroble 343 181, 72 599, 96 872, (1952), Irvin Dowd, 366 717, 81 1639, 751 (1961), examination facts determine resulted. did stop consider struck down ground inherent it. Likewise Gideon Wainwright, 372 335, 792, 799 White Maryland, 59, 1050, 193 applied rule, different contexts. 24 clearer applied. Stroble, occurred outside effectively curtailed. recourse deputy sheriffs, case, shepherds No circumstances suspect, requisite principle especially appropriate. very nature, reaches into variety areas cause Still finger mischief prove particularity wherein prejudiced. Tumey, Turner. untoward bad presumed. Forty-eight Federal Rules improper telling buttressing conclusion inconsistent field. VI. 25 said, chief machinery truth. contribute materially objective. Rather amounts injection irrelevant factor addition experience teaches numerous situations unfairness—some subtle defy detection control judge. enumerate summary: 26 1. potential impact perhaps significance. They nerve center fact-finding like sequestered nature probably inquiry end there. From moment announces becomes celebre. whole community, prospective jurors, interested morbid details surrounding approaching assumes status along offense charged. juror carries increases every And remember realistically broadcast, necessity paid sponsorship. conscious unconscious juror's judgment evaluated, indicates probable direct bearing vote Where kinds created intense feeling aggravated picturing help feel pressures knowing friends neighbors eyes them. If hostile juror, realizing saw themselves, practically impossible assess attentiveness, us juries realize 'distraction.' minimis since disturbances eliminated. distractions caused solely camera telltale red lights. awareness felt self-conscious uneasy televised. Human is, fixed camera, preoccupied rather testimony. Furthermore, many serving Admittedly, sequestration occurring there.3 following home turn TV how appeared reenactment emphasis parts broadcasters determined telecast subconsciously influenced broadest criticism well-meant advice friends, relatives inquiring strangers streets. Finally, jeopardized often telecast. Yet viewers sit dangers illustrated defendant's objections, opening 29 2. quality impaired. witness viewed vast audience simply incalculable. Some demoralized frightened, cocky overstatement; memories falter, anyone speaking publicly, accuracy statement severely undermined. Embarrassment impede search truth, natural tendency toward overdramatization. inquisitive 'cranks' street jibes, demands explanation There little wonder 'prove' existence factors. exist. invocation frustrated. able go homes notwithstanding admonished so. hear preceding witnesses, shape own make crucial. viewing attitude testifying, frame stand apprehension withering cross-examination objective assessment. mere render reluctant appear thereby discovery 31 mentioned above extraneous intruding decorum serious coverage. 32 3. aspect additional responsibilities places His job receives difficult task undivided attention. comes supervise example, several occasions—aside days pretrial—was obliged enter Thus, here, concedes be, much exacting. happened rulings unfortunately militate addition, laying interruptions aside, ever-present distraction television's prompts. Judges human beings reactions laymen. Telecasting particularly elected, half dozen States. political weapon, which, diverts attention hand—the all. decision permitted. crucial consideration. judges highminded women. remain oblivious bear directly shaping opinion. district permits mandatory. Especially ballot box. 34 4. ignore defendant. form mental—if physical—harassment, resembling police line-up third degree. inevitable close-ups gestures expressions ordeal transgress personal sensibilities, dignity, ability concentrate him—sometimes difference death—dispassionately, freely wide surveillance. stadium, city nationwide arena. heightened clamor inevitably prejudice. foreign system. deprive counsel. distractions, intrusions confidential attorney-client relationships offered play witnesses. Pye, Lessons Dallas—Threats Fair Civil Liberties Clearing House, 16th Annual Conference. powerful weapon. Intentionally inadvertently destroy telecasters honorable men, human. sponsorship weighs heavily favor cases, one, invariably focuses unpopular infamous selection obtain sponsor willing pay fee cover costs profit. already examined ways sentiment affect participants. To shapes sentiment, strip 36 dispose observations simple psychologists afford luxury saying that, factors ascertainment ignored. 'purely hypothetical.' hypothetical controlling real enough convinced Conference Congress barred Procedure; persuaded effects may, combination certainly will, exist injected VII. 37 demonstrate announced Rideau. sole now repeated tape evening, reaching approximately 100,000 viewers. mass wires, cameras, photographers. panel sworn second day, exposed situation. decided He time. coming increased intensity together subsequent beginning prevented sober underscored took week. expected, substantial amount devoted ascertaining jurors. noted, broadcasts. hand, lasted days. 38 himself harassed. After apparently built broadcasters' expense confine operations; then limit live; rule; finally ordered televised, light objection. Plagued error—recurring trial—his day-to-day orders confusing jury, resulted presentation side 39 Holmes Patterson People Colorado, ex rel. Attorney General, 205 454, 462, 556, 558, 51 879 (1907): 40 theory conclusions reached induced influence, private talk print.' 41 ever-advancing techniques communication adjustment about trials. dealing future developments field electronics. rested hypothesis tomorrow today. 42 therefore reversed. 43 Reversed. 44 WARREN, whom DOUGLAS GOLDBERG join, concurring. 45 I join Court's agree process, desire express views doing this, emphasize condemnation based generalities abstract fears. record presents vivid illustration supports appropriate definitive appraisal 46 Petitioner, much-publicized financier, indicted grand obtaining property false pretenses. transferred City Tyler, Prior date exclude pictures, filled cameramen, spectators. equipment observer, people standing An article appearing New York Times next stated: 48 motor van, big intercontinental bus, parked courthouse second-floor forest equipment. Two inside bar marked aligned just gates. 49 (Cables floor.'1 50 With roaming excluded. spoke, cameraman wandered behind snapped picture. Counsel argued consult client, client ill ease, distract lawyers. expressed tends give impression ordinary ruled long railing separates complaint noisy, pictures; corridors courtroom; pick conversations Subsequent court's ruling arrived courtroom,2 introduced concerning day. reasserted ruling. roll call prosecution station KLTV WFAA—TV Dallas, Texas. Commercials inserted pause Monday, stations ran edited interrupted commercials ordinarily slot. pickup station. 52 continued 25. again significant number pictures. once stay observed recesses. petit cameramen. excused renew motion, dismissed panel. suggestion warned discuss continuance. Live transmission before. 53 sued explaining chambers benefit him. interrogation networks, NBC, CBS, ABC, local install equipped pooled basis. press, Associated Press Photographs explain 54 For KLTV, expense, permission rear near color running lengthwise photograph small visible courtroom.3 'electronic camera' Upon entering told booth; asked move around necessary; flashbulbs floodlights used; railing. Defense renewed ban 'sound movie television; facilities' Witnesses issue, reaffirmed prior response Constitution violated, remarked 'case (was) Constitution.' 55 None live. recorded showings. Apparently none radio, tape. admitted photographs 56 began. Overnight reduced, operators quite visible.4 ready voir dire. proceed audio pickup, forbade tapes introduced. During matters interesting newscasts; spot room November prosecution's acceptance court. Since objected photographed summation, argument. show went on, directed monitored relayed announcer. first time, desiring Up limited spectator section. 57 below affirming runs counter evolution period centuries. developed ritual devoid rational justification5 acknowledged provide reliable determination guilt.6 58 element rationality guilt-determining England 600 ago rudimentary became principal institution cases.'7 Initially members expected examinations try come familiar facts,8 legally evidence. Gradually, transformed triers passing courtroom.9 step insure independence accomplished Edward Bushell, How.St.Tr. 999 (1670), fining punishing failed reach vehicle discovering clearer, oath,10 charges trial,11 assist defense.12 protections, cited, development justice firm dignified basis.'13 59 colonists undertook responsibility prime concerns establishment procedures consistent Continental passed measures designed trial,14 adopted constitutional end.15 Eventually incorporated conduct trials: 60 'In prosecutions, enjoy speedy impartial committed, previously ascertained accusation; confronted him; compulsory favor, Assistance defence.' 61 Significantly, words 'speedy public' qualify term rest defines protections terms, trial—a word meaning own, 271, 197, 192. limitations States' laws gives content Whether applies Fourteenth,16 embraces 'fundamental,'17 incorporates standard 'ordered liberty' Bill Rights,18 prosecutions least, comport conception' trial.19 63 theories conception includes 682, notice charges, Cole Arkansas, 196, 514, 644; confrontation, Pointer 380 400, 1065, 923; Alabama, 415, 1074, 934, counsel, 792. agreed neither nor read formalistically, intent enjoyed Holmes, though 'every (be) preserved,' forms 'more empty shell' context setting actually applied.20 64 arising acted reduced formality intrusion tend subvert purpose. 334, 1031, 1295, 'orderly operation courts' primary dominant Moore Dempsey, 261 86, 90—91, 265, 266—267, 543, interfere disclosed conformed law: impartial, correctly charged, convict. reversed extensive rendered unlikely despite observance formal requisites commented case: 65 'No doubt sincere requiring declaration one's fellows father.' Id., 728, S.Ct., 1645. disorder convert homage itself. Rather, recognizes jurisprudence location prosecutor, observers; provides contributing dignity integrity 377, 1255. context: adjudicate controversies, civil, calmness solemnity according procedures.'21 means, often, widespread, meeting standards. premise notion shield external factors, aggravate here. reversing out-of-court statements, referred room,' 266, 195. (emphasis added); adjudication, interruption processes,' 336, 1032, trial,' upholding unfavorable publicity, 'that manner,' Darcy Handy, 351 463, 76 965, 970, 100 1331. Similarly, thwart declared unconstitutional. presiding guilty assessed condemned broadly, let affected arrangement. produce unconstitutional shown. Lyons Oklahoma, 322 596, 1208, 88 1481, involuntary reversed, justify guilty. explained rationale Payne 356 560, 568, 78 844, 850, 975: 69 '(W)here coerced constitutes returned, say credit weight gave confession.' 70 Similar reasoning last Term Jackson Denno, 378 368, 84 1774. voluntariness 'a clearcut voluntariness.' 391, 1788. insufficient whereby instructed disregard involuntary: '(T)he poses threats entirely disregarded coercion reliably determined. ignore.' 389, 1787. Earlier Term, 424, charge Supreme Louisiana criticized 'extreme inherent' grounds. 73 occasions convictions, formalities observed, practices negate trial.22 74 line indicate defined purpose, guilt, occurrence seriously threatens divert tolerated. vitality, apply foreseen adopted. Weems 217 349, 373, 544, 551, 793, Brown Board Education, 347 483, 492—493, 686, 690—691, 98 873: 'Legislation, statutory constitutional, enacted, true, evils language evil theretofore taken. Time works changes, brings conditions purposes. Therefore principle, vital, capable wider birth. constitution, contemplation been, be. Under constitution easy deficient efficacy power. value converted precedent impotent lifeless formulas. Rights lost reality.' 77 believe violates large. base grounds: (1) participants; (2) wrong detracting lessening reliability trials; (3) singles out defendants subjects prejudicial experienced others. attempted common-law heritage, Constitution, applying committed irrevocably well-defined purpose—to guilt. U.S., 444, compensating 'possible temptation' accused.' How offers ends, participant juror! speak point. invited films orders. occasion, initiative placing giving order, himself, publicity. violated speech: 79 'This Constitution. Defendant brought laws, 80 'I oath uphold Constitution; am going my preside Court, distasteful distasteful.' One except appeal calculated gain audience. find years' bench, unfamiliar imposed Article VI States: Laws Pursuance thereof; Treaties made, Authority supreme Law Land; bound thereby, Thing Contrary notwithstanding.' distort deliberately playing audience, would. considering dissent 'if conceive sense afforded defendant.' Post, p. 612. certiorari submit Clause, obligation independent record, e.g., Watts Indiana, 338 49, 51, 1347, 1348, 93 1801; Norris 294 587, 590, 579, 580, 1074; grant parties filed briefs curiae, treat decisions 193, Hamilton 368 52, 157, 114, procedural accorded protections. 923, profound having Petitioner tended impress communications Most hearing—the himself—and desecration undergoing unrealistic suppose unaware sacrificed convenience intensified awareness. ever trial.23 snouts protruded booth, readily surveying constantly focus 'all-seeing eye.' purportedly ludicrous naturally accept establishes presumptuous reporter's Yet, slender reed rely failure, self-exculpating statements justifying advise forcefully cameras. distracted compelled seven alone, should, instead, concentrating common 'television changes behavior on.'24 ample support scholars claimed vast, unseen increase nervousness tension,25 appearances,26 surface latent opportunism discourage. consciously subconsciously, differently conscientious studied effort unaffected prevents functions demonstrated lies noise participants' undercuts early country's development, entertainment obfuscate role. thought holding performances range experience. country folks crowd ten 'great lawyers' plead; secondary matter won 'pleading' loud long.'27 87 frontier America, provided entertainment, county citizens young old converged seat. theater spectaculum rural America. Applause cat calls infrequent. easily part-time actors bar. *'28 us, 89 equate commercial objectives industry. run 'Tonight Show' late night another. soft drinks, soups, eyedrops seatcovers develop personalities participants, drama. noticeable homey, flattering sketch obviously add extra viewer trial: 'Tomorrow morning 9:55 WFAA T.V. (the judge's) Estes so, famous entirety (The judge) appointed 1942 Governor). served then. beautiful Courthouse dedicated 1954, reputation well. judge), old, office.' industry decide bareboned contain drama sustain expert hire backgrounds anticipate strategy, football anticipates plays wanted ball game set, become accepted sacrifices broadcasters. construction alter layout accustomed benches reserved spectators.29 done better accommodate industry, theater, improved short forgotten wave horror swept Premier Fidel Castro 18,000 Havana Stadium.30 completely ignores beginnings similar 'justice.' fear expressing Nebraska Roberts Neb. 199, 203, 158 , n.W. 930, (1916): removed court-room therefor: 'By insufficiency seat admission Keith Theater, thereupon adjourned proceeded.' stage occupied connected crowded curious Before completed returned concluded adjournment bailiff stage: regular to-morrow; matine e afternoon 8:30. 7:30." 94 threat partners staging 'conferences (with) representatives media.' 606. entered joint enterprise logical partnership schedule watch recesses coincide need breaks. Should integral justice, unnatural attribute shortcomings industry's consuming ratings, steps past maintain Memories recall vividly scandal disclosure quiz programs corrupted heighten appeal. Can sure efforts trials? intimate association enterprise? 95 Broadcasting awesome condition By depict awkward unattractive position, directors mistrial, select 663. medium influence opinions numbers people, innocence rendered, justice. fairness, associate commercialization. participating observe 97 entertains educates educational experience; tool suspicions intergrity Soviet Union's Francis Gary Powers example suspect concerned providing lesson divided undercut confidence self-defeating. 'Was (Powers) special hall 2,000 spectators, prominent organizations countries attend, simultaneous oral translations languages distributed before, trial?' '* (T)he explicitly uses social state. supposed correct, just, reasonable, serve object-lesson teaching loyal, obedient, disciplined fighters Communist ideals. 101 tension politics never fate lifted public.' deliberate education process.'31 103 approved, reasons gained fancy unorthodox approach; attorney office believed attract large audience; accommodates coverage.32 part, draw alleged perpetrator sensational murder, fallen idol, who, attracted turned encounter difficulty securing longer protection influences. penetrates tangible widespread fanned exhaustive newspapers, weeks danger. counsel: 104 Saturday Evening Readers Digest, Time, Life feature stories (petitioner's) story detail history fraudulent transactions. 105 metropolitan papers featured daily. Each features story.'33 106 living glare weeks, came adjudication approached army photographers, shoving face.34 reasonable expect respite merciless badgering adjudicated atmosphere. Instead, carnival public's Then, entrance sight zeroed snapping interest. opened waiting begin, close-up zoomed shoulder reading. exposed, marched door heretofore surroundings. 344, 796, 799, 'From beginning, constitutions laid substantive equal below. 107 prejudiced deprives 'actual prejudice' escapes methods proof,35 gradually erode trial.36 unable introduction aside supra; refrained making question, swayed financial conviction, contacts supra. prosecutor have, impressing clients interests continually 'playing' lenient strict usually be? then, attitudes diverted sufficiently trial? answer appellate review place, unedited review. Even cooperation sides, complete. restrict companies newsworthy More importantly, films, unedited, takes possibly focused acting properly, glancing pointing looking focusing Needless penetrate minds camera's focus. formally correct form. 108 institution, institutions demand conceptions benefit. unfairness 'fundamental My buttressed unanimous judiciary strong organized country. Association's Ethics prohibits trials.37 two, exceptions,38 'trial.'39 Rule Procedure 'broadcasting' trials,40 unanimously trials.41 rests notions policy; arises understanding 'trial. consensus question. Mapp 367 643, 651, 1684, 1689, 1081. 109 Nothing speech 110 270, 506, provision 'guarantee accused' 'safeguard Clearly openness well: arguably improves testimony, induce unknown forward duties conscientiously, opportunity performing adequately.42 confers component accused's concept used defend 111 facilities mean observers please Just citizen using glasses industries end, prohibited. prohibition conflict sense, negligible function, facilities, 112 exclusion impinge matters, 113 event. What transpires property. transcript published, punish publisher contempt. attorneys reflected Those transpired impunity. perquisite enables it, distinguished government, suppress, it.'43 114 So send viewers, abridgment comment inject fabric 115 summary, inventions useful role society. technological innovations, pervade lives everyone constitutionally protected rights.44 institutions, beyond That hallowed sanctuary, lives, jeopardy, namely, thereafter, choose, 116 (For HARLAN, J., concurring, post, 1662.) 117 APPENDIX TO OPINION MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN. TAI TABLE THT T HT 118 concur subject, reservations indicated 119 far-reaching implications precise objection employing contemporaneously, subsequently videotape, narrower asserted apparatus within contemporaneous broader, notoriety, less routine nature. 120 fraught unusual difficulties. Permitting undeniably mischievous potentialities detached surround Forbidding innovation, doubtless valued attributes federalism preventing pursuing novel experimentation. allowing outweigh countervailing advanced infringed assured 121 preliminary order: agree, sure, worst, distorting fairness. Cables, kleig lights, interviews performances, 'commercials' frequent intervals, wearing apparel makeup participants—certainly things conduce acceptable standard. trial—relatively unobtrusive, contained 122 reflects Country, Assns. Valente, 308 N.Y. 71, 123 N.E.2d 777. Essentially, publictrial embodies judges, responsibly 266—273, 504—507. objective, institutional attaining Thus belonging accused, inhering administered. Obviously, member admittance seats. met, 'public' admission. guaranteed. implies come, seats, decorum, concomitant photograph, transmit activity. 124 embodying positive greatly overdrawn. Unquestionably, transmitting news. Many newsworthy, accurate comprehensive conveying acquainting action. Albeit credible policy proportions. speak, elsewhere, embody mechanical Once confines courthouse, news-gathering agency publicize, limits, drawn door; within, Within consideration substantially detracts goal, forbidden. 125 force pencils notebooks, services. distinctions accouterments differences size effect. effect, note books. were, hesitate paraphernalia barred. 126 vary kind involved. exciting popular thing; run-of-the-mill propriety closed circuit markedly considerations. affair. types cases; doing, perfectly prepared ultimately non-notorious workable distinction type involved, possibilities prejudice, severe, nonetheless Compare Powell 287 45, 55, 158; Betts Brady, 316 455, 1252, 1595; 799. resolution questions await case; unplowed farther, majority unreservedly resolve now. 127 deem ended finding occasioned case.1 Courtroom introduces professional 'showmanship,' whose capacities sort underestimated lawyer elusive imponderables interest, possibility timid witness, harrowing affair, finds 'hidden audience' dimensions. 'cocky' thirst limelight gratified chosen front-line ambitious publicity-minded stray, albeit unconsciously, 'comes naturally' pluming satisfactory 'performance'? Surely grave particularly, casting A.B.A.J. 840 distortions signs, substantial, pervasive deleterious disruptions concede vitiate lively immensely, masses emotionally involved dissemination 'special.' Particularly treacherous massive2 positively it; 663; 751. 'popular verdict' subjecting conditioned worse. thrust attendant modern keep 472—473, ,S.Ct. 549—550, 424. recently Turner, 'Mr. truism 'Any sat knows spite extremely impregnated environing atmosphere.' Frank Mangum, 237 309, 582, 595, 969 opinion).' 549.3 128 apply. instinct guarantees. loss understand encompass collateral hesitated condemn practices, 'potentialities' distortion key violate 1774, 908, coerced-confession avoid determination, overrode long-standing practice. 751, flamboyant cast impartiality face influence. 1646 (Frankfurter, concurring). Other examples exercised thing plentiful. See, Griffin —-, 1229, 106; Tancil Woolls, 19, 91; 1081 (compare Defore, 242 13, 150 N.E. 585); Avery 345 891, 1244; 873; 749. 129 represents supported segment country, evidenced counseling practices,4 (infra, 601), Procedure, 'personal views' (post, pp. 601-602) Justices dissenting 130 banning seem me peculiarly unpersuasive. pictorial educate engendered curiosity personality well-known figure (as here), screen, innate learn workings Indeed naive 'billing,' precisely risks greatest. 131 truthful, diligent. sophistic, method relation watching Attendance trial.' assured, would, venture detract 487. Yankee Stadium, stony silence, conditions, think, stadium diligent, innocence.5 disagreement, competent opposite 132 deterred prospect commonplace daily dissipate likelihood courtrooms disparage arrives re- accordance Clause. juncture conclude possess capabilities interfering banned. premises Court. 133 CONCURRING. 134 length amicus 3—8, follows: 135 'It (Canon 35) 30, 1937 House Delegates1 form: 136 "Proceedings fitting decorum. room, sessions sessions, degrade misconceptions thereto permitted.' A.B.A.Rep. 1134—35 (1937). 137 Special Committee Cooperation Between Bar, Publicity Interfering Quasi-Judicial Proceedings reported attendent connection spectacular Bruno Hauptmann.2 specifically 'trial air'.3 860 138 'After adoption disapproved Professional Grievances Opinion 212, March 15, 1941, quoted approval Michigan Detroit Associations: 139 "Such embarrassment confusion realization voice difficulties facing microphone knowledge, few properly testify handicapped. Judge, devote unmindful comments audience.' Opinions 426 (1957). 140 1952, growing prominence Televising Legislative (headed W. Davis). 607 (1952). condemning that: 141 "The concentrated ought over-concerned actions, absent multitude.' Id. 610. 142 'As report, recommendation Grievances, amended inserting 'televising' descriptive phrase 'distract testimony' 'degrade court.' paragraph added ceremonial 110—11. 143 October, Governors authorized appointment Bar-Media Trial-Free meet sides thoroughly explored September, 1956 Journal.4 debate, solutions agreements reached. 790—91 (1958). 144 "courtroom impose undue judge(,) adverse juries(,) (and) partial results. 645. 145 'Following Foundation July, 1955 (83 643—45 (1958)), Delegates 'Committee Whole' February, 1958 session proponents opponents heard. 648—69 Thereafter, August, Delegates, study 146 "conduct studies problem, body factual data photography, recommendations preserve 284 147 Interim Report Recommendations 1962 forth 'Area Perspective' survey studies. Chicago February 18, summary Committee's informal conference Colorado written Associations responding survey, correspondence received regarding 35. listed publications favoring revision retention Canon. (Hereinafter cited Int. Rep.) 148 thereafter submitted final recommendations, concluding valid 'should retained individual's inviolate recommend minor deletions 5, 1963: 149 (are to) (the) (his) (degrade court) permitted.'5 states voluntarily another, embodied Procedure. recent Resolution philosophy reaffirmed: 151 "Resolved, condemns environs proceeding, considers Rep. 97.' 152 numbered partially 153 STEWART, BLACK, BRENNAN, WHITE dissenting. 154 rights. think art, unwise policy. invites risks, escalate per se find, attending guaranteed 155 indictment charging offenses swindling, theft pretenses, bailee. week spent selecting swindling count indictment. described specified 156 affirmed certiorari, single phrased this: 157 'Whether action refusing adopt procedure, instead adopting following, Ethics, approved Section integrated (State agency) Texas.' margin.1 But, rightly choosing conflicting guidelines Ethics. rooted deal continuous unforeseeable change—the communication. variables modified tomorrow, touching realm communication, reason, other, wary imposing technology, stifle abridge 159 there, away. commence date. 'live,' hearings.2 granted, reset 22. denied.3 issued 160 delineating trial.4 ensuing conferences environment began sharp contrast ended, certifying bill exceptions. description confirmed 161 'Prior top 162 'Live network, CBS KRLD (KLTV) intervals casts operation, attendance noiseless flood lights flash bulbs photographer International Morning Telegraph Courier Times. Bar; hallways leading floor situated, hindered, molested harassed leaving returning Jury difficulty, Defendant, Motion 163 'There operate attorneys. 164 'During 22nd, off periodic given; requested testifying. Neither interrogated dire televised.' 165 verdict, 'live' purposes delayed programs, objection.5 166 anything accord sequestered, night, ended.6 lodged quarters 6, agreement election returns period. portable officer, Otherwise ones physically removed. 167 limits petition writ separate claims. declined 'had damaging *.'7 left undisturbed preceded ingredient Despite hearings, learned continuance, discussion trial.8 168 refusal because, insofar patently merit, 663, showed inhabitants parish repeatedly 'Rideau, jail, flanked sheriff troopers, admitting commission robbery, kidnapping, sheriff.' 725, 1419. '(a)ny pervasively spectacle hollow formality.' 726, 169 contemporary enduring 543; Mississippi, 297 278, 461, 682; Chambers 309 227, 235—241, 476—479, 716. 'Under Constitution's process,' committing vouchsafed minimal Among plead guilty, presided judge.' 726—727, 'evidence developed' cross-examination, counsel.' 550. 170 mob domination kangaroo inflamed bias. one. regulated itself, Any obscure 171 obvious hazards. plying trade disruptive distracting impossible. defendant.9 if, controlled concealed hardly perceptible dimensions lurk 172 catalogued Association: '(P)otential enforceable safeguards, arrive pre-trial inadmissible leave indelible mark. begins, exposure nightly rebroadcasts guard against, spend evenings set. witnessing episodes accompanying commentary, admittedly evidentiary purposes, jurors' perspective. injunction seems undeniable pressure television-watching family, indeed, strangers. imagine wife's television-oriented viewpoint. Additionally, appearances recognizable celebrities, stopped strangers, harried telephone calls. problems arise 173 plain matter, seeing insulated telecasts. remotely resemble where, unmeasured unmeasurable prosecution. 174 proceeded present. appearance, unaltered. obtrusiveness distraction, lighting. indication anywhere disturbance deed 175 crystal confused command once, called, secure trial—until verdict—for cautionary mundane totally lurid emotionless. related documents signed negotiated. technical, downright dull. issues emotion sway. belies communicated protecting conducting manner, Constitutions. 176 emerges bald question—whether whenever progress. arbiters image projects 177 intimations Brethren strike disturbingly alien Amendments' interference information ideas. causes deep concern. idea presumption lie freedoms. Speiser Randall, 357 513, 525, 1332, 1341, 1460. nonparticipants get 'wrong impression' unfettered contains invitation censorship accept. 'essential orderly justice,' '(f)reedom widest range.' 347, 1037, 1295; 563, 480, 178 unobtrusive film. absolutely bars 179 affirm judgment. 180 WHITE, BRENNAN joins, 181 STEWART entails erecting flat premature promulgate broad analogous really controlling, cf. whole, view, currently materials assessing sparse fragmentary basis permanently barring context, 'we bare bones us.' Motor Co. 253, 261, 696, 701, 738. available, pose hazard violation demonstrable Wolf 25, 1359, 1782, 1081; 1595, 799; Stein York, 346 156, 1077, 1522, 389—390, 1787—1788, 908. 182 precludes intelligent assessment Serious prophylactic dispensing 727, 1419, 1787, inadequate correspondingly infirm, discourages meaningful Accordingly, dissent. 183 BRENNAN. 184 write five voting purports 'opinion Court,' HARLAN subscribes significantly sweeping proposition. states: 185 sentational *. now.' Ante, 590-591. 186 today's blanket 187 dissents Brothers opinion' Court' refers shares. concurs concurring opinion, 587 pretenses representations, farmers purchase fertilizer tanks equipment, exist, sign deliver chattel mortgages fictitious six deliberations non-capital felony jurisdictions discretion, kept Times, Sept. 46, col. Appendix 2, desired Appendix, Photograph 6. Jenks, Short 46—47 (6th 1949); Stephen, 51—74 (1883). 378, 1256, 1546; 1645, 751; Brady 83, 87, 1194, 1196, 215; 1788, Singer 27, 783, 786, 630. II Pollock Maitland, 621 622 (2d 1906). 260. Will. 3, c. (1695). Ibid. Ibid; & 4, (1836). 427. Journals 1774—1789, (Ford 1904). Radin, Right Trial, Temple L.Q. 381, n. 5a (1932). Adamson 332 72, 1672, 1686, 1903 Black). 342, 795, 408, 1065 (opinion Harlam, result). 487; Holmes). 53, 1676; 136; 722, 1642; 1781 (Court opinion), 1805 Clark), 428, 1807 Harlan). 346, 594 opinion). 583, 471 Mooney Holohan, 103, 340, 791; Alcorta 355 28, 9; Napue v Illinois, 360 264, 1173, 1217; 215. Keating, 'Not 'Bonanza,' Not 'Peyton Place,' Senate,' Magazine, 1965, 67, 72. 43, (in describing stockholders' reported, 'Some stockholders camera'); Tinkham, Be Amended? Question Proper Administration, 843, 845 (1956) react author describes 'contorted, grimacing'); Gould, N. Y. 1956, X ('The performers business horrors fright TV. emotional layman whether, murder die.'). 840, 842 Kleinman, F.Supp. 407 (D.C.D.C.1952), refused congressional stand, committee thoughtful, calm, hoped, truthful facts. accomplished, forum lend end. decided, stipulation discloses close proximity flashbulbs, microphones, walls, etc. obdurate concentration elements disturb today erroneous. mistake trouble again.' 408. 842; Yesawich, Trials, Cornell 717 Kaleidoscope (1941). Mueller, Problems Posed Crime Proceedings, U.Pa.L.Rev. (1961). Jan. 23, 1959, Berman, Introduction U xiii, xii xxix revealing dialogue executives hearing. 'Q. look corner aimed box, not? 'A. pretty sir. don't You your operations? exactly, sir.' Petition 35a. 844. Fay 300, 1613, 1633, 2043 Murphy). pertinent part: 'Proceedings Hearings Concerning 296 P.2d 465 (Colo.Sup.Ct.1956), current Oklahoma unclear. Lyles 330 734 (1958), prohibiting Okl.Stat.Ann., Tit. 65—66 (1963 Supp.). 1961 discretion. Cody 361 307, A.L.R.2d 997 (Ct.Crim.App.Okl.1961). exceptions 38, affirmatively J.Am.Jud.Soc. (1964); Brief 39. verify lack uniformity rules. equivalent: Alaska, Alaska Crim.Proc. 48; Arizona, Ariz.Sup.Ct.Rule Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann., 40; Connecticut, Conn. Practice Book (1963); Delaware, Del.Sup.Ct.Rule 33, Del.Code Ann., (1964 Supp.) (adopted pre-1952 form, photographs' 'broadcasting proceedings'); Code A35, Fla.Stat.Ann., 285 Supp.), Brumfield So.2d (Fla.Sup.Ct.1958); Hawaii, Hawaii Sup.Ct.Rule 16, Haw. 450; 1964 Ann.Rep. Ill.Judicial 168—169, Ulrich, 376 Ill. 393 Munday, 280 32, 286 (1917); Iowa, Iowa 119, 610 Supp.); Kansas, Kansas Sup.Ct. 117, 191 Kan. xxiv (1963) (does refer television); Kentucky, Ky.Ct.App.Rule 3.170, Russell's Kentucky Service XXIII, La. LI (1960); Michigan, Callaghan's Pleading Practice, 422—423 1962). Jersey, Waltzinger, Jersey 299 (Rev. 1954); Mexico, N.M.Sup.Ct.Rule N.M.Stat.Ann., N.Y.Rules Administrative Conference, N.Y.Judiciary Law, 320 Ohio St. lxiv Clifford, 370, (1954), cert. denied, 929, 771, 1259; Tennessee, Tenn.Sup.Ct.Rule 209 Tenn. 818 (1961); Virginia, 201 Va. cvii (1960) (prohibits Washington, Wash.2d xxviii West W.Va. viii (1955). Brand, Associations, Attorneys (1956 1959 Idaho Courts Oregon, South Dakota Utah 'photographing mentioning Arkansas California assumed 'improper' Cal.2d 615, 226 (1951), rehearing 952, 1039, 1353; Judges, Cal.State J. (1949); Maryland Ex parte Sturm, Md. 122, A. 312, 315, A.L.R. (1927), indicating faced problem; Pennsylvania Mack Appeal, 386 Pa. 251, A.2d 679, 681—682, (1956), Com. Pa., 352 1002, 547, 200 provides: photographis progress 'Resolved, 8—9, 10. Blackstone, Commentaries 372—373 (15th 1809); 332—335 1940). 1546. 192; 1295. Olmstead 277 438, 471, 564, 570, 944 Brandeis); Lee 747, 762, 967, 976, 1270 Douglas); Silverman 365 505, 734; Lopez 427, 445—446, 1381, 1391—1392, 462 result), 465, 1402 Brennan). witnesses' everything amassed clippings. 565, 481, 487, 'judges human' immune environmental Appendix. remotely. critical visual observation, Association; largest associations, groups, representative profession whole.' 'See Hauptmann, N.J.L. 412, Atl. 809 (Ct.Err. App.), 649, (56 310, 461) (1935).' impropriety 21, 1932. administer 'for advancing ambitions increasing popularity.' 'what promoting (1957).' '42 834, 838, 843 (1956).' text amended, "IMPROPER PUBLICIZING COURT PROCEEDINGS "Provided restriction supervision naturalization (other applicants) exclusively ceremony publicly demonstrating impressive naturalization." Improper publicizing 'Provided naturalization.' Texas: 28. Publicizing Proceedings. unless supervised controlled, adopted: '(1) artificial '(2) photographed, '(3) comply prescribed '(4) punished '(5) attempt, pending disposition contempt.' account stuck 12-inch snout overflow table, Judge Dunagan bench. (C)ables floor.' past, Heretofore, encountered detraction watched grow infancy maturity; justified family circle. pro con makes circus yesterday sermon Baptist Church Dallas wasn't church; instrument house Lord, supervised. 'Now, you want televise, game. preacher sermon, tune get. creating circus. Defendant. point, gets activites here; hundreds trying push it.' Estes, direction testing qualifications, Art. 644 'At party, custody officer termed rule.' (E)ach network pool Marshall Pengra, manager Station contact Press. 22nd. restrictive workable, reason.' nine defense. Arts. 668, 745 Tex.Code Writ Certiorari, (Mr. petitioner). spread county, juror; case? No, sir; facts, evidence.'

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