Document: 486 U.S. 281 108 S.Ct. 1811 100 L.Ed.2d 313 K MART CORPORATION, Petitioner,v.CARTIER, INC., et al. 47TH STREET PHOTO, Petitioner, v. COALITION TO PRESERVE THE INTEGRITY OF AMERICAN TRADEMARKS UNITED STATES, al., Petitioners, Nos. 86-495, 86-624 and 86-625. Argued Oct. 6, 1987. Reargued April 26, 1988. Decided May 31, Syllabus A gray-market good is a foreign-manufactured good, bearing valid United States trademark, that imported without the consent of trademark holder. The gray market arises in three general contexts. In case 1, despite domestic firm's having purchased from an independent foreign firm rights to register use latter's as sell its products here, imports trademarked goods distributes them or sells abroad third party who here. 2, after for manufactured registered by subsidiary (case 2a), parent 2b), same 2c), manufacturer, identical are imported. 3, holder authorizes manufacturer particular location. Again, foreign-made goods. Section 526 Tariff Act 1930 prohibits importation "any merchandise manufacture" "owned by" citizen of, "a corporation . organized within, States, Patent Trademark Office person domiciled States," unless written owner produced at time entry. Customs Service's implementing regulation permits entry "same person" holds "subject common control" with holder, 19 CFR §§ 133.21(c)(1), (2); where has received owner's authorization § 133.21(c)(3). Respondent Coalition Preserve Integrity American Trademarks two members filed suit against Government seeking injunctive declaratory relief, asserting inconsistent therefore invalid. Federal District Court upheld regulation, but Appeals reversed, ruling was unreasonable administrative interpretation 526. Held: judgment affirmed part reversed part. 252 U.S.App.D.C. 342, 790 F.2d 903 (CADC 1986), Justice KENNEDY delivered opinion Parts I, II-A, II-C, concluding that: 1. determining whether challenged consistent statute it implements, courts must ascertain statute's plain meaning looking language issue design whole. If clear unambiguous, give effect Congress' unambiguously expressed intent, cannot pay deference contrary agency interpretation. However, if silent ambiguous respect specific addressed reviewing court agency's does not conflict meaning. Pp. 291-292. 2. Allowing made authorized mark, 133.21(c)(3), unequivocal stand. denies statutory protection 3 context. Under no reasonable construction can country be removed purview statute. subsection severable, since severance invalidation will impair function whole there indication would have been passed inclusion. 293-294. KENNEDY, joined WHITE, concluded Part II-B regulation's allowance companies under control, (2), because permissible designed resolve ambiguities. phrase sufficiently permit parallel 2a foreign-parent, domestic-subsidiary context, reveal which affiliated entities said "own" wholly owned parent. Similarly, ambiguity contained "merchandise suffices sustain applies cases 2b 2c. It possible interpret mean (1) country, (2) company, (3) company. Thus, entitled choose any definition say division company "of manufacture." 292-293. BRENNAN, MARSHALL STEVENS, agreeing common-control exception 526, 1 526's clearly cover affiliates manufacturers. 297-299. 2 (a) section's protectionist structure bespeak congressional intent extend only interests Much limiting pointless could insulate itself simple device incorporating shell transferring single asset—the trademark. 297-298. (b) undefined when applied confidently discerned involved owns Whereas fall within ban, corporation—not whose every decision controls—that better fits bill true property nominally possesses. 2c, unclear interpreted country," ban apply. construed foreigner," coverage clear. establishes manufacturing 2c) foreigner, very least view "American" 2b). 298-294. 4 purpose legislative history, confirm Congress had application manufacturers, they ought enjoy protection. major stimulus enactment congressionally perceived inequity A. Bourjois & Co. Katzel, 275 F. 539 (CA2 1921), declined protect profound differences between equities presented contexts—which result fact much greater investment stake, less control over sales parties, than counterpart—furnish perfectly rational reasons distinguishing situations. 300-309. 5 3. owed longstanding interpretations further buttresses conclusion While precise bar varied years, Service 50 years adhered exception's basic premise require exclusion all context entities. Such practice should lightly overturned, particularly where, immense retail industry developed reliance upon it. 309-312. 6 J., announced I REHNQUIST, C.J., BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, JJ., joined, II-B, joined. concurring dissenting part, IV post, p. ----. BLACKMUN 7 Louis R. Cohen, Washington, D.C., federal petitioners. 8 Nathan Lewin, private 9 William H. Allen, respondents. 10 11 These present Secretary Treasury's permitting certain goods, 133.21 (1987), (1930 Act), 46 Stat. 741, amended, U.S.C. 1526. 12 * 13 prototypical victim 1) purchases Especially already product earned reputation quality, right valuable. import distribute sold firm, forced into sharp intrabrand competition involving purchased. Similar arise markets wares outside often case, legally them. either event, importation, permitted proceed, create jeopardize holder's investment. 14 second 2) situation registers manufacturer. most variation wishes distribution this then own name (or assigns subsidiary's name) parent's buys conceivably even itself) creates market. Two other variations on theme occur American-based 2b) unincorporated produce distribution. abroad, competes sales. 15 3), Usually exclusive location, conditions manufacturer's promise States. Once again, compete B 16 Until 1922, did regulate purchaser extreme breached agreement refrain direct purchaser. That year, however, spurred action declining enjoin (as premium. See rev'd, 260 689, 43 244, 67 L.Ed. 464 (1923). 17 immediate response enacted 42 975. provision, later reenacted form Act, 1526, importing 18 "into manufacture such bears association created ., making entry." 1526(a).1 regulations past prohibition now force provides generally "[f]oreign-made articles one recorded subject seizure forfeiture prohibited importations." 133.21(b) (1987).2 But furnishes "common-control" affiliate: 20 "(c) Restrictions applicable. restrictions do apply when: 21 "(1) Both trade business entity; [or] 22 "(2) owners otherwise ownership control. ." "authorized-use" exception, 23 "(3) [t]he bear owner. 133.21(c) (1987). 24 Respondents, holders members, brought February 1984, both declaration 133.21(c)(1)-(3) invalid injunction enforcement. 598 F.Supp. 844 (DC 1984). They asserted authorized-use exceptions Act.3 Petitioners mart 47th Street Photo intervened defendants. 25 F.Supp., 853, (1986) (hereinafter COPIAT), holding We granted certiorari, 479 1005, 107 642, 93 699 (1986), among Courts Appeals. Compare Vivitar Corp. 761 1552, 1557-1560 (CA Fed.1985), aff'g 593 420 (Ct.Int'l Trade 1984), cert. denied, 474 1055, 106 791, 88 769 (1986); Olympus 792 315, 317-319 627 Supp. 911 (EDNY 1985), pending, No. 86-757, COPIAT, supra, 346-355, F.2d, 907-916. earlier opinion, we Appeals' jurisdiction, set reargument merits. 485 176, 950, 99 151 (1988). 26 majority 133.21(c)(1)-(2) ---- (opinion J.). different majority, 133.21(c)(3) affirm reverse II 27 valid, first determine "If unambiguous 'that end matter, court, well agency, Congress.' traditional alter Congress." Board Governors, FRS Dimension Financial Corp., 361, 368, 681, 685, 691 quoting Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 837, 842-843, 104 2778, 2781-82, 81 694 (1984). also Mills Music, Snyder, 469 153, 164, 105 638, 645, 83 556 (1985). ascertaining statute, look issue, Bethesda Hospital Assn. Bowen, 399, 403-405, 1255, ----, 460 (1988); Offshore Logistics, Tallentire, 477 207, 220-221, 2485, 2493-2494, 91 174 (1986). question becomes Chevron, U.S., 843, S.Ct., 2781-2782; Chemical Manufacturers 470 116, 125, 1102, 1107, 84 90 Boyle, 241, 246, n. 4, 687, 690, 622 28 Following analysis, conclude subsections (c)(1) (c)(2) 133.21(c)(1) constructions All Members may what denoted 2a. J.); As these writings state, ambiguous, situations parent, This inability discern, language, if, some instances, 29 manufacture," parallels by," sustained 2a, Given imprecision manufacture."4 C 30 31 Subsection (c)(3), phrases discussed, irrelevant proscription regulation. power prohibit 32 33 dealing severable. Cf. 686 (invalidating Reserve "bank" 225.2(a)(1) (1985), leaving intact remaining parts regulation). whole, Accordingly, (c)(3) invalidated III 34 hold insofar exempts 133.21(c)(2). Because provision (c)(2), 35 so ordered. 36 whom STEVENS join, WHITE joins IV, 37 extraordinary trademarks covered condition thereby gaining virtual monopoly, free competition, For half century Treasury consistently grant exclusionary holders, ones specifically defined relationships Specifically, practice, currently (1987) (Customs regulation), extending firms authorize their abroad. Consequently, multi-billion dollar emerged around trademarks. 38 face reach, respondent market, waged full-scale battle legislative, executive, fora Eisler, Gray-Market Mayhem: It's Makers vs. Importers Lobbying Onslaught, Legal Times, Nov. 17, 1986, col. Largely unsuccessful political branches, more recently courts, (and, been) statutorily required powers extends refers "prototypical victim." Ante, ----.1 suit. 39 There dispute protects contexts identified Court—the 1). ante, - litigation centers almost exclusively way denudes each foregoing cases. concur Court's reach through analysis differs KENNEDY's. 40 Also although parties amici short shrift, deprives situation. forth dissent 41 An assessment reasonableness begins, always, "the whole." (citations omitted). requires manufacture"; States"; States" blatant hint intend manufacturers provision's protectionist, jingoist, flavor. Its bespeaks characteristic times, interests. invoke prevent competing buying here: "registered Office." merely registering States: States." Nor hiring domiciliary trademark: "organized reason, suffice incorporate here behalf, still 44 barriers erected seem calculated serve reserve domestic, foreign, provides. fragile indeed might bypass reading seems entirely odds sentiment inspired provision. easily imports, pointless. 45 reasonably read, has, avoid anomaly. defines neither nor admit considerable More specifically, disputed affiliate 2), entity Member agrees, firm. ----; "The term ['owner'] nomen generalissimum, gathered connection used, subject-matter applied." Black's Law Dictionary 996 (5th ed. 1979). "ownership" "[c]ollection property, including [the] transmit others," "[t]he complete dominion, title, proprietary thing," entirety disposal allowed law," id., 997, controls—better Copperweld Independence Tube 752, 771, 2731, 2741-42, 628 (1984) (parent engage "conspiracy" seq. Sherman seq., "always 'unity design' ") (citation omitted) (emphasis original). takes position marks parent-subsidiary corporations largely matter decided themselves." J. McCarthy, Unfair Competition 748 (2d ed., 1984) (footnote 47 not, course, infect plainly name, Nevertheless, 2c readily " foreigner." former definition, ban. latter Surely facility sense 48 Even "[i]t 'familiar rule, thing letter yet spirit, intention makers.' "2 appropriate turn our "traditional tools construction" clues intent. INS Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 421, 446, 1207, 1221, 94 434 history is, admittedly, evidence suggesting legislators understood otherwise. evidence, slim, interspersed more—and convincing—evidence 49 fully controversial judicial spawned (1923), French producer "Java" powder premium business, along goodwill full Co., newly acquired continued producer, selling consumers name. while, went great expense develop identity product. waste, competitor began buy Java directly Bourjois. sum, victim"—a rights, arm's length substantial cost, unaffiliated producer. Despite apparent unfairness Second Circuit encroachment find violation long competitor's labels accurately product's then-prevailing "universality" theory law, espoused several years. See, e.g., Fred Gretsch Mfg. Schoening, 238 780, 782 (1916). view, confer monopoly competition. Rather, public deception indicating origin mark." 543. 51 Bourjois, victim, evoked little sympathy Appeals, far sympathetic plaintiff bargained paid dearly rights. And considerably troubling conduct import; essentially 52 comparison aptly illustrates difference those implicated First, that, like stands lose benefit bargain interference. contrast, acquires 2a) used (cases sort stake. 53 Second, sale harms 2b, (whether subsidiary, division) respond panoply options unavailable could, example, jointly decide mutual best affiliate; should, legal, impose restriction resale States) potential importers; curtail entirely. 54 furnish intended distinguish develops 55 exemplified "major stimulus" 348, 903, 909 (hereafter COPIAT ); see Sturges Clark D. Pease, 1035, 1037 1931) (A. Hand, Coty, Le Blume Import 292 264, 268-269 (SDNY 1923) (L. many unrelated corporations, demanded Katzel. responded 1922 waiting (which ultimately months later). hastily drafted introduced "midnight amendmen[t]" floor Senate, 62 Cong.Rec. 11602 (1922) (remarks Sen. Moses), allotted miserly minutes debate, debate comprehensive revision tariff (not trademark) law. wording means carefully considered, reason hypertechnical "make trouble rather allay it." Fort Smith Western Mills, 253 206, 208, 527, 64 862 (1920); Bass, 404 336, 344, 92 515, 520-21, 488 (1971). 56 originally essence consent, trade-mark (1922). initially drafted, lacked current limitations. limit were limitation added amendment opponent pointed out preclude, domestically exported to, him in, Canada. requirement appeared time, explanation, Conference Report. H.R.Conf.Rep. 1223, 67th Cong., 2d Sess. infra, 57 sparse confirms sole goal overrule sponsors proponents categorically rejected suggestion broader necessary Katzel facts. emphasized repeatedly (like Bourjois) manufacturers.3 fact, Senator object troubled impropriety enacting while pending before Court, 11603 ("[T]he [§ 526] heard circuit appeals [in ] Supreme final determination") characterization took issue. 58 anything, outspoken supporters characterized limited seemed operating mistaken impression agreement. proponents, Sutherland, described "only aim" "prevent[ion] [of] palpable fraud," (1922), purchase "deliberately violate trade-marks shipping trade-marks." Ibid.4 59 read exchange Senators Lenroot McCumber suggest go facts.5 Lenroot's inquiry "American agents 11605 added), gave following opaque response: 60 "[I]f transfer trade-mark, presents question. suppose corporation. mere foreigner affected provision." Ibid. added). 61 Dissatisfied response, rephrased question: "an international American, domicile" preclude "without [foreign firm], agent America." Time ran answer. disagree inference drew place, question, formulation, "Senator concerned obtain simply subsidiary." U.S.App.D.C., 350, possibility "hav[ing] agent" necessarily "incorporating subsidiary") "register" "own") directed inadvertent omission, subsequently remedied Committee, 63 Secondly, accept artifice creating McCumber's laid rest fear. He reiterated repeatedly: "transfer" presumably length—of trademark; "is American"—presumably American—firm. meant "subsidiary" word "agent," answer squarely negated apply; situation, sliver relied heavily support statement Report: 65 "A recent existing law genuine fraud public. [Section makes unlawful order Sess., 158. 66 "makes unlawful" public, though concededly, plausible brief passage. cf. Atwood, Trademarked Merchandise—The Role Bureau Customs, Rep. 301, 304 (1969) (describing Report "evidence misunderstanding facts case"). plausible, though, sentence quoted above well-established legal compelled sentence, declaring unlawfulness "such importation" referred type Katzel—i.e., Only "protect producer," says does, demonstrates) alternative constitute Government-enforced insulation corporations. concede, 349, 910, imputed sweeping transformation doctrine. Congress, argument goes, reject Circuit's "universality theory" properly identifying When intends radical departure prevailing doctrine, ordinarily acknowledges cryptic comment conference report. Moreover, typically sneak doctrinal change massive overhaul topic (here revision). usually (though here) refer committee expertise area. remarks Moses). Since engaged ambitious task, remedy doctrine produced, abolish entire it.6 68 confirm, SCALIA dispute, exclude shield. At least, interpretation—which forms basis regulation—is reasonable. 445-449, 1220-1222. 69 buttressed represents position. Zenith Radio 437 443, 450, 98 2441, 2445, 337 (1978); NLRB Bell Aerospace 416 267, 275, 1757, 1762, 134 (1974). 70 1936, tracked Cust.Reg. 1923, art. 476; 1931, arts. 517(a ), 518, respondents point excluding year explicitly adopted "same-company" barred except "are person, partnership, association, corporation." T.D. 48537, Treas.Dec. 336-337 (1936) (amending 518(b)). Contrary assertion 353, 14, 914, preamble invoked authority 624 Trade-Mark 1905) introducing same-company exception. formulation reissuing 1937, 536(a 537; 1943, 11.14(b) (1943); 1947, (1947), citing partial thereafter, remained unchanged, affiliated, subsidiary. re Georg Jensen 52711, 86 (1951); Derenberg, Impact Antitrust Laws Trade-Marks Foreign Commerce, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 414, 429 (1952). 71 1953, revised "[t]o eliminate obsolete material [and] correct discrepancies," 53399, 376, arose corporate grew complexity. enlarged encompass "related section [Lanham Trade-Mark] [15 1127 (1982 IV) ]," "legitimately controls, controlled "in nature quality mark used." Treas.Dec., 384. Although new regulations, omitted reference contemporaneous commentators uniformly recognized omission inadvertent. Seventh Year Administration Lanham 1946, 991, 996-1000 (1954); Note, Infringement: Power Owner Prevent Importation Authentic Product Manufactured Company, Yale L.J. 557, 559-562, 566-568 (1955). nonsensical announce excludable event Act. 72 place until 1959, (for relevant deleted related-company returned formulation. Significantly, there, [trademark] control." 69-12(2), Cust.Bull. (1969); Letter Deputy Commissioner Flinn Felix Levitan (Mar. 15, 1963), App. (articulating "position years" inapplicable [is] owner"). 73 1972, promulgated once codifying (to quote long-time attorney) denied registrant knew importer user trademark." Rep., 305-307. overturn practices action. 457, 2448-49. 74 my small area disagreement judgment—the embodied 3). 75 Unlike affiliation immediately casual reader "own[s]" Any supposition stolid anachronism solid analysis. follows understanding established reenactment Potomac Electric Director, OWCP, 449 268, 280, 101 509, 446 (1980) (in interpreting "statute ago, 'dominate[d] field' enlightening state-law trend motivated subsequent Congresses amend statute") 76 held trademark's identify physical source origin. Macmahan Pharmacal Denver 113 468, 475 (CA8 1901). "Under early 'source theory' protection, licensing viewed philosophically impossible, being persons associated real 'source' strict, word." Competition, 826; ("An assignment license [a] [of business] totally value depends"); Nims, (1917) (identifying usual rule"). attempt worked abandonment resulting relinquishment ownership. Everett O. Fisk Teachers' Agency, 7, 1924). 77 obvious geographic goodwill, retaining another were, points out, isolated suggestions validly assign assignor's cases, rife contrary.7 found retain attempting Scandinavia Belting Asbestos Rubber Works America, 257 937, 956 1919) (raising similar assignee "[t]hat decided"). commentator writing late 1932 observed: "[T]here confusion books regard transferability names. stated always Grismore, Assignment Marks Names, Mich.L.Rev. 490, 491.8 78 Not 1930's approving licensing—so licensor licensee's products—on consumers. 827-829; Mich.L.Rev., 499. passage 1946 become rule. Dawn Donut Hart's Food Stores, 267 358, 366-367 1959). became territory distinct territory. California Wine Liquor Zakon Sons, 297 Mass. 373, 378, N.E.2d 812, 814 (1937). 79 Manifestly, chose differently today. prescient legislator contemplated certainly transaction divest prohibition, protection; anyone thought expect result. me address To wrench words historical treat legislation "collection English words" working instrument government. Dotterweich, 320 277, 134, 136, (1943). 80 SCALIA's based "resolution textual 'ambiguity,' depends proposition ancient ambiguous—and judges never inform purpose—merely scope fortuitous development, expanded embrace drafters anticipated. unexceptionable postenactment development implicate illustration, doubt "[a] 19th-century criminalizing theft goods" "theft microwave ovens," (the invention "goods") implicates deter goods"). fallacious, purpose. legislature requiring utility commission "inspect ovens installed home propensity spew flames," electric ovens. absurd developments, decline so, depending extent furthered inspection fewer flames conventional So too, drastic occurred purpose—to arising believe deference. considerations lead uphold treatment compel differ significantly interference, (if contractually permitted) revoking already-issued license. prohibition. 82 discussed exactly divisions Finally, 1951, Almost soon codified theory, enabling relinquishing ownership, Dow Douglas 23, 1951), 52, ("[A] licensee considered stand shoes owner") Cust.Bull., 17. Particularly light interpretation, CHIEF JUSTICE, O'CONNOR 85 agree analytic approach 526(a) 1930, 1526(a). join II-C opinion. 526(a). KENNEDY's upholding (c)(2). observes subsidiaries 2a). With agree. purposes lawsuit arguable ambiguity, providing claim assuredly only, principal, effect. clarify applications, encompasses purports exclude. 87 excludes 526(a)'s assets how resolved impossible Five majority") assert, attributable resolution 292-293 299 "manufactured foreigner" country." think not. Words, syllables, acquire isolation up separate "foreign" dictionary suggests, "I eye" referring, perhaps, something Italy. usage, abroad." Hence, statutes describe universe 133.21(a) know instance anyone, anywhere, suggests—and example. 89 majority's suggested unusual inconceivable, eliminating 1—which contains describes "prototypical" victims. uncommonly licenses countries. keep firms, since, save proposes undermines core statute.1 insist queer come surprise Service. Government's petition writ certiorari states deals foreigners, "goods abroad," "genuine goods," "[g]enuine Pet. Cert. 86-625, accords absolutely uniform cites (Brief 38, 46) 1951 correspondence describing 526(a): "As [Customs] Bureau, trade-mark. example: [to citizen] imported." Perhaps telling Commissioner's description, letter, common-ownership exception: "However, anyone. original, paraphrased earliest articulating ("merchandise country") 1969. 518(b), (1936); 537(b); (1947); (1969). strange adopts rejects. 95 believes, sustaining," 293, mechanism enables requires) foreigners. Acquiring knowledge easy, identity, pedigree. International record, closely guarded secret. Yet (i.e., abroad") indicated 134.0-134.55 none nationality stated. After today's decision, Service, devise enforce enforcing. 96 Which suggests important defer statute: expert interpretation's practical consequences. advocated proposed (although argued twice), ask additional briefing conceiving novel sure difficulties create. might, mutually accepted understandings commercial treaty commitments countries, Treaty Friendship, Commerce Navigation Republic Germany, October 29, 1954, "[n]ationals Party shall accorded national most-favored-nation matters relating exportation." [1956], U.S.T. 1839, T.I.A.S. 3593, XIV, ¶ 4. doubt, partners favorably which, interpreted, treats soil nationals. 97 deferring judgment, burden suggested, ordinary appears century. embraces excludes—namely, 3) There, "domiciled sought According thus "bespeaks analysis," "[a]ny protection." 312, 315. itself—which chosen update—and faithful covers. BRENNAN characterizes his "ambiguity," nothing that. "were unlikely contemplated" appliances; 1930) covering "corporation includes licensed existed time.2 power—indeed, obligation, lest commit "stolid anachronism"—to concededly covers, ground actually failed express failure infer produces result, foreseen modern circumstances, beyond confess construction. principle democratic system enacts purpose, perpetuate, assuring achieved overshot expanding ignoring changing circumstances require. contrary, prerogative elected allow laws rendered nugatory die unobserved death longer thinks worthwhile; effects remain alive favors effects. last BRENNAN's anachronism," rewrite Code accord unenacted called home. (The reality, fear, worse theory. rewriting likely yesteryear predelictions today.) really discourse philosophical level proposes. disregard changed cause exceed original believe, exercised alleged unknown unenvisioned by, legislature, Here conditions, satisfied, met. asserts he simultaneously conveyed mark. 313—314. assigning apart eliminated. 1060. today region-by-region basis. By 1920, firmly businesses uses confined regions. Drug Theodore Rectanus 248 90, 100-101, 48, 51-52, 141 (1918); Hanover Star Milling Metcalf, 240 403, 415, 357, 713 consequence, doing territories 953-956 1919); Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Kellogg Ont.L.Rep. 537, 546, 550 (1923); Apollinaris Scherer, 18, 19-20 (CC SDNY 1886) (dicta); Saxlehner Eisner Mendelson 179 19, (1900) (a abandon continues granting countries).3 cola syrup, bottling cola-flavored soda. Coca-Cola Bottling 269 796, 806-808 Del.1920). using regions, purposes, enter authorizing continue nonconflicting uses. Waukesha Hygeia Mineral Springs Sparkling Distilled Water 438, 441 (CA7 1894). correctly notes recognizes, begun recognize overlapping 314—315. plays interregional, hardly concerning intraregional licensing. proof appreciated territorial aware textbook example nonetheless 102 disregarding met: served text. 1)," 316. assignee's innocent vulnerability abroad—and deprive understand why "does stake," ibid. greater, consisting country. "direct harm, available assignor precisely assignee: participate beginning, importation. effective bulk phenomenon renders inexplicable perception need deserving affiliates. damage parties. 103 attention problem prompted gray-marketeering represented goes narrow envisioned says; make complete, surely course reasonable, owe agency. invalid, addition text 526(a), codified, 1526(a), follows: "(a) "Except provided (d) [an 1978 personal use], merchandise, label, sign, print, package, wrapper, receptacle, provisions sections 109 title copy certificate registration Treasury, manner provides: "§ 133.21. importations Copying simulating Articles copying importations. 'copying simulating' actual counterfeit resembles associate "(b) Identical Foreign-made paragraphs (see 133.2(d) [defining "common control"] 133.12(d) [providing record report abroad] owner; "(4) objectionable obliterated prior illegible incapable reconstituted, by: "(i) Grinding off imprinted wherever appear; "(ii) Removing disposing plates name; "(5) recordant designate; "(6) gives section, furnished officials; "(7) exemption claimed 148.55 chapter." 133.21(a), (b), (c) Respondents sued Customs. 1124, "copy simulate" us. ambiguity. threshold arguably ambiguous. purported gloss irrelevant. Further, binding authoritative verbiage highlights. explanation applying statement-of-the-case-portion certiorari. Additionally, varying variances circumstance led adopt dissimilar statutes. disposition engender enforcement problems unaware Initially, objections arisen sustaining. speaks hypothetical poses, "gray-market firms," allows justifiably invoking manufacture. instance, characterize 315 86-757; 1552 Fed. Lever Brothers 652 403 1987). Steelworkers Weber, 443 193, 201, 2721, 2726, (1979) (quoting Holy Trinity Church 143 459, 511, 512, 226 (1892)). 432, 12, 1213, (citing cases); Kelly Robinson, 36, 43-44, 357-358, 216 11604 (bill's cosponsor, McCumber, complains purchasers unprotected") added); (purpose opportunity purchaser") added) McCumber); (Sen. Simmons Bayer Aspirin German precluding aspirin trademark). contract"; "In thousand ways fraud, thousand") McCumber). conceivable, statements "efforts understate significance," firmer tending impugn legislator's integrity, presumption opposite applied. rate, sponsor needs significance secure passage, assume sponsor's casting votes. posed Lenroot, Senate floor. objected Canada carry across border. recognition absurdity offered, adopted, 11603-11604 significant felt "simply noting regulations) Canadian 911. suggests. illustration. assumption implicit, choice solution prove others nonviable. Third, demonstrated narrowly tailored Katzel's prompt just motive tailor place. Indeed, Senators' concern shielded desire debates surrounding initial clear, utterly confused. One proposal, rejected, substitute substantially 3871-3876, 3889-3906 (1929). mischaracterized infringement trademarks, 3837 Reed); 3872 George). evince Legislature eight effected revision. discussing intended. Independent Baking Powder Boorman, 175 448, 454 NJ 1910) cannot, assignment, places before, unassigned trade-marks, elsewhere assigned trade-mark"); Eiseman Schiffer, 157 473 1907) (trademark (1918), (1916), contention 1920 another. Post, Those geographically remote identity. bore developed. [this] situation," "allows (1987)." puzzling. If, believes believes), hard so. implements [but domestic-made] owned" responds old "all ovens" flames. served. ambiguity—not "oven" connotes heated enclosure," Webster's Third New 1605 (1981), ovens, all. spewing flames, inspect propensity, venerable results. man approves mentioned Puffendorf, Bolognian whoever blood streets punished utmost severity,' surgeon opened vein fell down street fit. accepts ruling, cited Plowden, 1st Edward II, prisoner breaks prison guilty felony, fire—'for hanged stay burnt.' Kirby, Wall. 482, 487, 278 (1869) Nothing phrase, estimation) contemplation Congress. provide case-law regional impermissible consists dicta 448 1910), 1907), 1829, 7. separately pertains—which about contain seemingly pertinent remark, trade-mark." F., On "elsewhere" business. dictum was, assignable pertains. dictum, addressing

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