Document: 365 U.S. 651 81 S.Ct. 875 6 L.Ed.2d 1 LOCAL 60, UNITED BROTHERHOOD OF CARPENTERS AND JOINERS AMERICA, AFL-CIO, et al., Petitioners,v.NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD. No. 68. Argued Feb. 28 and March 1, 1961. Decided April 17, Mr. Bernard Dunau, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. Norton J. Come, respondent. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of Court. Petitioner, United Brotherhood, entered into a contract with Mechanical Handling Systems, Inc. (which we will call Company), whereby Company agreed to work hours, pay wages, abide by rules regulations union applicable locality where is done, employ members union. 2 The Company, undertaking at Indianapolis, hire workers on referral from local union, one petitioners in this case. Two applicants another were denied employment because they could not get petitioner 3 Board found that had violated § 8(b)(1)(A) 8(b)(2) National Labor Relations Act, as amended Taft-Hartley 61 Stat. 136, 141, amended, 29 U.S.C. 158, U.S.C.A. maintaining enforcing an agreement which established closed-shop preferential hiring conditions causing refuse two applicants. 122 N.L.R.B. 396. 4 After granting other relief said: 5 '(A)s find dues, nonmembership assessments, permit fees,1 collected under illegal price employees paid order obtain or retain their jobs, do believe it would effectuate policies Act retention payments have been unlawfully exacted employees.' It added remedial provisions 'are appropriate necessary expunge coercive effect' petitioners' unfair labor practices. On application Board, Court Appeals enforced order. 273 F.2d 699. case here writ certiorari, 363 837, 80 1610, 1723, challenge no part Board's except refund provision. 7 provision product rule announced Brown-Olds case, 115 594, involved use despite ban Act. In panel three five-member violation reimbursement all any assessments within period starting six months prior date filing charge. One member, Ivar H. Peterson, dissented, saying was inappropriate since there absence 'specific evidence coercion required condition employment.' Id., 606. Later remedy extended arrangements, though operating connection closed shop, felt influence join Los Angeles-Seattle Motor Express, Inc., 121 1629. 8 neither those cases nor present membership, fees, dues coerced. well held fact be immaterial. Both said governed Virginia Electric & Power Co. v. 319 533, 63 1214, 87 L.Ed. 1568; inferred 'there implicit threat loss job if fees paid.' page 703. argues, support position, arrangements abused protective rights vindicated authorized 10(c).2 9 We think supra. That company whose very existence unlawful. There were, indeed, findings 'was result employees' free choice' (319 537, 1217), remain jobs. 540, 1218. Return means disestablishing unlawful 541, 1219. Cf. District 50, Mine Workers, 355 453, 458—459, 78 386, 389—360, 401. 10 unions created. record before us engaged prohibited activity. But them coerced single employee ranks members. All affected when employed question. So far know, may years end. No offered show even person joined view obtaining project. Nor who voluntarily kept resigning fear retaliatory measures against him. This therefore quite different Radio Officers, Union Commercial Telegraphers Union, A.F.L. 347 48, 74 323, 339, 98 455, where, discrimination having shown, inferences drawn left largely Board. 11 has broad discretion adapt its remedies needs particular situations so 'the victims discrimination' treated fairly. See Phelps Dodge Corp. 313 177, 194, 845, 852, 86 1271. power 'to command affirmative action remedial, punitive, exercised aid authority restrain violations removing avoiding consequences are kind thwart purposes Act.' Consolidated Edison New York 305 197, 236, 59 206, 220, 83 126. Where membership shown influenced compelled reason practice, 'consequences violation' removed compelling return members; 'dissipation' effects achieved. supra, 463, 392. circumstances becomes punitive beyond Board.3 Republic Steel 311 7, 10, 77, 78, 85 6. As judge Pope Morrison-Knudsen Cir., 276 63, 76, 'reimbursing lot old-time men' refunding measure competence impose, unless induced, obtained, retained difficult, hostile eyes, read history trade unionism terms voluntary associations formed meet pressing complex society.4 12 Reversed. 13 FRANKFURTER took consideration decision 14 HARLAN, whom STEWART joins, concurring. 15 While I agree 1568, does justify 'Brown-Olds' applied cases, entitled informed more fully why should so, fairly taken invited course following. joining Court's shall add some further views. 16 made 10(c) authorizes after finding only issue cease desist but also take such * *.' remedy, seems practice amounts either employer domination (§ 8(a)(2)) favor between 8(a) (3); 8(b)(2)), typically requires reimburse amount moneys etc., charge filed. admit defensive payments. An shop discriminatory practices create irrebuttable presumption coercion. See, e.g., Plumbing Heating Corp., 594; Saltsman Construction Co., 123 1176; Nassau Suffolk Contractors' Assn., 1393; Lummus 125 1161. 17 allowed ' did pass Wagner Congress without objection uncontrolled breadth power. Hearings Senate Committee Education S. 1958, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. 448—449. construction scope reflected similar concern. told 'effectuate Act' assessing punishments upon commit US. 11, 12, 79, primary purpose enable designed recreate relationships practice. 219, Thus 1271, reversed refusing allow mitigation back-pay unjustifiably refused desirable new during period. Steel, enforce requiring full back Work Projects Administration meantime. Seven-Up Bottling 344 344, 73 287, 97 377, indicated otherwise sensible procedure computing discriminatorily discharged must provide exceptions scheme than compensate seasonal nature employer's business. 18 now emphasizes substantial tendency deter employer-union encouragement §§ 8(a)(3) 8(b)(2). correctly recognizes light tend establish reasonable attempt put aright matters set awry. understand contentions, attempts make showing arguing wherever insignificant coercion, whether aware acted differntly it. much same sense man contentedly sitting living room his house imprisoned barring doors he wants leave.1 Accordingly, considered unnecessary actual unwillingness belong 19 What decide, then, dues-reimbursement type imputed or, alternatively states employee's statutory right decide freely member. satisfactorily resolved simply pointing out forced payment unwilling pay, misunderstand willing member loses something 8(b)(2), namely freedom choice statute assures Nor, once recognized alone sufficient justification relief, concept punitiveness really advance solution. Deterrence certainly itself sufficiently justifying effect 20 here, unlikely number because, see it, exactions tenable way estimating value place choose member—as change mind. perhaps benefits received Or cost imposes who, choose, (although proper adjustment might account merely nonunion unionized bargaining unit). can rational relationship mind.2 relationship, sustained orders cases. 21 A follow exists. that, matter policy, ever deemed company-dominated cf. Matter Carpenter 76 670, considerations practicality, bear unapportionable costs sustaining served forbidden least legitimate ones. 22 WHITTAKER, dissenting. 23 persons seeking unit each 'Council' 'union steward' 'work permit' going work. arrangement 'coerce(d) exercise guaranteed section 7,' 'cuase(d) (the) discriminate employee(s) subsection (a)(3)' contrary explicit 8(b) (1)(A) 158 denied. 24 To assure protection enforcement provided 'unfair practice,' state policies' 25 Finding thus constituted fashioning 'necessary Act,' ordered question Like Appeals, was. 26 knew, course, foresee possible accordingly undertake specify precise visited offenders violations. 27 '(I)n things catalogue devices stratagems circumventing define whole gamut these infinite variety specific situations. met difficulties leaving adaptation end empiric process administration. committed subject limited judicial review. Because relation policy peculiarly administrative competence, courts enter allowable area *. 'The individuals according rigid remedies. entrusts expert agency maintenance promotion industrial peace.' hold violate future deny whatever certain intend (employees) illusory denying remedy.' Graham Brotherhood Locomotive Firemen, 338 232, 240, 70 14, 18, 94 22. directing 'such clearly directed fashion 'which deem(s) adequate end.' 'fashioning undo draw enlightenment gained experience.' 346, 289, 377. And Officers' 49, 340, 455. Based long experience up 1956, Amendments imposed nine earlier, still being followed industries,1 concluded effective cease-and-desist required. And, following teaching decided additional require monies refunded employees, 1956 Association Journeymen, 594.2 30 upheld identical dominating plant 8(1), (2) (3) reimburseits withheld pursuant signed authorizations, Rejecting contention excess power, 31 '(T)he wide ordering action; illustrative example permissible order, namely, reinstatement pay. 187—189, 849, 850, 133 A.L.R. 1217. pratices expunged 'for determine.' (International) A. M. (etc.) (72) 82, (83) 89, 50; Link-Belt (584) 600, (358) 366, 368. Here discretion, expressly determined checked-off give considerable weight determination. stand patent achieve ends here.' pages 539—540, 32 Such Court, 'returns what them' restores 'that truly unfettered demands.' Surely, correct say there, 'An this, deprives (a union) advantages accruing method subverting effectuating policy,' ibid., purports do. 33 argued distinguishable ground dealt employer-dominated rather distinguishing difference. infringed 8(a)(1), whereas instance whether, arrangement. seem held, similarly Nothing appears limit restitution involving violation, enough invocable understanding courts.3 34 contentions arrangement, 'penalty' assess, answered 542—543, 1219, 1220. 35 proof individual injury 'would impose impossible burdens,' Revere Metal Art 280 101, prevent Hence character fullness 48—52, 339—342, inasmuch General Counsel complaints charges filed him, id., 53, 342, proved few daring overtly complain regardless reasonably conclude, 36 For reasons, admittedly judgment affirmed. monthly payable $3.50 initiation fee $125. Dues lesser apprentices. working jurisdiction district council transferred pays less 75 cents month dues. Section provides relevant part: '* If preponderance testimony named complaint engaging then cause including Act: *' 160(c). Accord; 275 914; States 278 896; Local 85, 274 344; International 279 951; (C.A., 9th Cir.); 357 107 U.S.App.D.C. 188, 646. 176, Carpenters, 583; Perry Coal 284 910. Millis Montgomery, Organized Labor, Vol. III (1945), c. VIII. formulation argument brief, system: validity contingent unwillingly. money statute, best policies. anyhow legal privilege it.' example, high little gives little. formula declares higher greater. apparently disinterested authorities noted: '(By 1945), become basic features relations building industry. situation remained true time, passage legislation 1947 prohibiting included collective agreements. strongly areas studied summer 1952, equivalent effect. Membership almost universally regarded prerequisite employment; most instances men directly indirectly through itself. parties viewed standard showed concern illegality ofthe arrangement.' Haber Levinson, Productivity Building Trades (Univ. Michigan, 1956), pp. 62, 71. (Emphasis added.) stated: (T)he amendments contracts public proscribing conduct contravene policy. longer collection contract. Here, contravened conclude here. 'It our contract, valid agreement, actually Otherwise fruits hands N.L.R.B., 600 601. 96, 101; 294, Teamsters, 83, 86—88; O'Neill Intl. Detective Agency 46 L.R.R.M. 2503 (C.A.3d Dixie Bedding Mfg. 268 901, 907.

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