Document: 377 U.S. 163 84 S.Ct. 1187 12 L.Ed.2d 218 Angelika L. SCHNEIDER, Appellant,v.Dean RUSK, individually and as Secretary of State. No. 368. Argued April 2, 1964. Decided May 18, Milton V. Freeman, Washington, D.C., for appellant. Bruce J. Terris, appellee. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion Court. 1 The Immigration Nationality Act 1952, 66 Stat. 163, 269, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101, 1484, provides by § 352: 2 '(a) A person who has become a national naturalization shall lose his nationality by— 3 '(1) having continuous residence three years in territory foreign state which he was formerly or place birth is situated, except provided section 353 this title,1 whether such commenced before after effective date * *.' (Italics added.) 4 Appellant, German birth, came to country with her parents when small child, acquired derivative American citizenship at age 1l through mother, graduating from Smith College, went abroad postgraduate work. In 1956 while France she became engaged national, returned here briefly, departed Germany, where married resided ever since. Since marriage on two occasions visits. Her husband lawyer Cologne appellant been living. Two four sons, born are dual nationals, under 301(a)(7) 1952 Act. citi enship other turns case. 1959 United States denied passport, State Department certifying that had lost 352(a)(1), quoted above. Appellant sued declaratory judgment still an citizen. District Court held against her, F. Supp. 302, case hereon appeal.2 375 893, 173, 11 123. 5 Solicitor General makes along following lines. 6 Over period many Government seriously concerned special problems engendered naturalized citizens return long countries their former nationalities. It upon premise argument derives Congress, its power over relations, deprive citizenship. 7 Other nations, it said, frequently attempt treat persons own citizens, thus embroiling conflicts attempts afford them protection. argued expatriation alternative withdrawal diplomatic also Congress reasonably can protect tendency years' citizen's homeland weaken allegiance country. continues not invidious discrimination differently manner treats native-born right legislate respect general class without regard each factual violation. finally here, unlike situation Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 144, 83 554, 9 644, aiming only regulate punish, what did deemed appropriate but others keeping traditional concepts We start rights native same dignity coextensive. difference drawn Constitution 'natural born' citizen eligible be President. Art. II, 1. While derive Fourteenth Amendment satisfying, free fraud, requirements set latter, apart exception noted, 'becomes member society, possessing all citizen, standing, view constitution, footing native. constitution does authorize enlarge abridge those rights. simple Legislature, prescribe uniform rule naturalization, exercise exhausts it, so far respects individual.' Osborn Bank States, Wheat. 738, 827, L.Ed. 204. And see Luria 231 9, 22, 34 10, 13, 58 101; Macintosh, 283 605, 624, 51 570, 575, 75 1302; Knauer 328 654, 658, 1304, 1307, 90 1500. 10 Views Justices have varied comes problem expatriation. There one take away activities nonexistent absent voluntary renunciation allegiance. See Perez Brownell, 356 44, 79, 78 568, 586—587, 603 (dissenting JUSTICES BLACK DOUGLAS); Trop Dulles, 86, 590, 630 (opinion CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN). That yet commanded majority entire Hence we faced issue presented decided supra, i.e., present violates due proce s. turn question put words Perez: 'Is means, citizenship, calculated effect end within achieve, avoidance embarrassment conduct our relations *?' U.S., 60, S.Ct., 577. 13 case, voted election, answer affirmative. should given merely because lived continuously years. think not. 14 Speaking provision 1940, predecessor Chairman Dickstein House said bill would 'relieve responsibility reside lands claim serves purpose.' 86 Cong.Rec. 11944. Senate Report 1940 stated: 15 'These provisions loss greatly lessen task protecting nominal whose real interests, shown conditions stay, country.' S.Rep. 2150, 76th Cong., 3d Sess., p. 4. 16 As stated Judge Fahy, dissenting below, legislation, touching 'most precious right' (Kennedy 159, 562 563), justified 'by some more urgent public necessity than substituting administrative convenience individual deprived.' F.Supp. 320. 17 divided beyond automatically any prior judicial proceedings left time war evade avoid training service Armed Forces. unconstitutional use congressional took punishment offense remaining outside military service, without, time, affording him procedural safeguards granted Fifth Sixth Amendments. Yet even dissenters, felt flight absence duty helping defend amounted manifest nonallegiance, made reservation. STEWART 18 'Previous decisions suggested expatriate may subject further constitutional restriction—a limitation kind activity basis denationalization. Withdrawal drastic measure. Moreover, endows government authority define limit society represents responsible. 19 'This never Congress' used unsparingly every area act. Our previous upholding involuntary denationalization involved inconsistent undiluted 214, 591. 20 This statute proceeds impermissible assumption less reliable bear do born. impossible us make. contains no equal protection clause, forbid 'so unjustifiable violative process.' Bolling Sharpe, 347 497, 499, 74 693, 694, 98 884. indefinitely suffering aimed drastically limits live work way may. creates indeed second-class Living abroad, born, badge lack evidences compelled family, business, legitimate reasons. 21 Reversed. 22 BRENNAN part decision 23 CLARK, whom HARLAN WHITE join, dissenting. 24 appellant, since 1950, voluntarily absented herself decade, living Germany last eight there; borne (German national) sons there, now says intention States. 25 I, too, sympathize dilemma placed But policy just personal consideration. I cannot say enacting 352(a)(1) placing 'badge allegiance' chose permanently land. If there badge, created actions. All face up highest importance authorizing expatriation, adequate remedy. eyes open result, action renounce cases interpreted half century. Mackenzie Hare, 239 299, 36 106, 60 297 (1915). applied say, Court, command discriminatory and, therefore, process. contrary, that, although male suffer during woman did. Here statutory notice requirement; acted disregard years, intends continue so, my therefore renounced I. 26 nothing new about practice expatriating reside. long-established widely accepted history. concept inherited England accordingly, based principle conferred were reserved grant. Calvin's Case, Co.Rep. a, 77 Eng.Rep. (1608). mind Founders incorporated 8, cl. 4, into Constitution. clause grants '(t)o establish Rule Naturalization And, Madison himself these meant 'Natl. Legislre. regulating virtue thereof fix different periods enjoining privileges Citizenship II Farrand, Records Federal Convention 1787, 235 (1911). confirmed debate First first Alexander White Virginia if requirement stricken, 'another ought added, depriving (naturalized) privilege staid length time.' Annals 1110 (1790). James answered: 27 'It nicety, how make law admit alien step step; doubt may, require essential.' Id., 1112. 28 ecords show consensus members step-by-step permissible word spoken statement required constitutionally allowed. points fact distinctions between uppermost minds Framers 29 serious War 1812. 1814 Government, Monroe, circulated anonymous pamphlet, Treatise Expatriation, declared '(e)xpatriation emigration, settle abroad.' At 21. traditionally withdraw domiciled states. See, e.g., letter Adams Shaler (1818), III Moore, Digest International Law 735—736 (1906); Minister Prussia Wheaton Knoche (1840), S.Exec.Doc.No.38, 36th 1st 6—7; Fish Wing (1871), Wharton, 361—362 (2d ed. 1887); communication Hay diplomats (1899), 950. During protected ones residing lands. 1868 Bancroft treaty negotiated North Confederation. recognize '(i)f America renews intent America, (and) (t)he exist resides 615, 616—617. similar existing treaties countries. will stricken today. 30 late nineteenth century adopted informing they expatriated themselves. doctrine underlying procedure followed several commissions arbitrating claims governments. History Arbitrations 2562—2572, 2579—2581 (1898). 31 early 1863 President Lincoln 'might advisable interposition Government.' Messages Papers Presidents 3382 (Richardson 1897). However, legislation enacted 1906, request Elihu Root appointed 'citizenship board' consider related matters. Board's report 32 'Expressed is, however, extremely rare; Americans separate themselves jurisdiction becoming larger year, causes increasing powers.' H.Doc.No.326, 59th 2d 25. 33 recommendations led enactment 1907, 1228. included rebuttable presumption constituted forfeiture proved difficult administer 1933 Roosevelt cabinet committee (the State, orney Labor) review laws. issued extensive draft origin 54 1137, 1170, carried modified 'uninterrupted physical presence 170, 269. II. historical background international difficulties adoption announced 352(a)(1). Residence nationals always source much friction ruling today expand tremendously. 1962 alone 919 nationality. voiding expatriations cause thousands throughout world come broad sweep Court's decision. estimated thousand expatriates iron curtain alone. Hearings Subcommittee Constitutional Rights Committee Judiciary S.Res.49, 85th 133. most sensitive matter especially true Belgium, Greece, France, Iran, Israel, Switzerland Turkey, refusal acquire dissension springs areas adds immeasurably difficulty. 35 Nor making Although number varies countries, including Kingdom Commonwealth abroad. Only four—Czechoslovakia, Poland, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia—apply both citizens. Even Nations sanctions treatment citizens; Article Reduction Statelessness seven unless declare retain III. consistently approved enact statutes down. Beginning sustained suspending coverture foreigner, invariably upheld concurrence exactly urges here. Indeed, uses strike down urged Mackenzie, namely, 204 (1824), Chief Marshall remarked: 'The (the) rights' 827. dissent merits, held: 37 conceded change arbitrarily imposed, imposed controversy feature. deals condition entered (marriage), consequences. concur counsel tangible worth, plaintiff desire earnest assertion it. considerations. seen, moment. i arbitrary government. which, regarding aspects, taken valid demanded.' 311—312, 108, 297. 38 later Savorgnan 338 491, 70 292, 94 287 (1950), supra. Six ago (1958), voting election 401 1137. again cited approval, describing central 39 'as importing something complete unswerving elements another measure, least, citizenship.' 61, 40 certainly meets test. Appellant's prolonged homeland, children owe measure Germany. very factors 'unswerving States' 'inconsistent instant stronger 41 bases applies naturalized, native-born, results violation Due Process Clause Amendment. doing overspeaks itself. position implies, like narrowly confined homelands embroil conflict history shows, returns often difficulties. recognized well. Through restricted remedy correction precise situations caused problem. adopting classification 'naturalized citizen' reason? Many times classifications significance. Hirabayashi 320 81, 63 1375, 87 1774 (1943) (curfew Japanese ancestry, regardless war); Heim McCall, 175, 78, 206 (1915) (aliens employable works projects); Terrace Thompson, 263 197, 44 15, 68 255 (1923) Porterfield Webb, 225, 21, 278 ineligible permitted hold land farming purposes); Ohio ex rel. Clarke Deckebach, 274 392, 47 630, 71 1115 (1927) pool billiard rooms). devised meet demonstrated need. Distinctions connection President, must wait obtains sit House, 2. For Senate, waiting nine 3. Do create citizens? thought until shown, bill, proposed were, rule, grounds residence, nearly 100 contained consideration Act, single witness specifically objected Democratic Action reasonable regulation. little decide mountain evidence suddenly Clause. 42 554 (1963), apposite. constitute criminal trial. indicates reservation supports view. Brother STEWART'S conclusion 'upholding country,' 591, fits glove. admits She wishes standby benefit event trouble. accede wish. 43 dissent. exceptions relate, inter alia, employment relevant aspects 224, 621, 695.

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