Document: 512 U.S. 753114 S.Ct. 2516129 L.Ed.2d 593 Judy MADSEN, et al., Petitionersv.WOMEN'S HEALTH CENTER, INC., al. No. 93-880. Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 28, 1994. Decided June 30, Syllabus * After petitioners and other antiabortion protesters threatened to picket demonstrate around a Florida abortion clinic, state court permanently enjoined from blocking or interfering with public access physically abusing persons entering leaving it. Later, when respondent clinic operators sought broaden injunction, found that was still being impeded, petitioners' activities were having deleterious physical effects on patients discouraging some potential doctors workers subjected protests at their homes. Accordingly, issued an amended which applies acting "in concert" them, which, inter alia, excludes demonstrators 36-foot buffer zone entrances driveway private property north west clinic; restricts excessive noisemaking within earshot of, use "images observable" by, inside prohibits 300-foot approaching who do not consent talk; creates residences staff. In upholding injunction against claim it violated First Amendment right freedom speech, recognized forum issue is traditional forum; refused apply heightened scrutiny dictated by Perry Education Assn. v. Local Educators' Assn., 460 37, 45, 103 948, 954-955, 74 794, because injunction's restrictions are content neutral; concluded narrowly tailored serve significant government interest left open ample alternative channels communication, see ibid. Held: 1. The ordinance subject as viewpoint-based simply only speech protesters. To accept contrary would be classify virtually every based. An its very nature, does address general public, but particular parties, regulating activities, perhaps past actions in context specific dispute. fact this did prohibit demonstrating favor justly attributable lack such demonstrations any consequent request for relief. Moreover, none directed message. principal inquiry determining neutrality whether has regulated without reference content. See, e.g., Ward Rock Against Racism, 491 781, 791, 109 2746, 2753-2754, 105 661. government's purpose therefore threshold consideration. Here, imposed incidental message they repeatedly original injunction. That covers people all share same viewpoint suggests those group whose conduct court's order happen viewpoint. Pp. ____. 2. evaluating content-neutral governing standard challenged provisions burden no more than necessary interest. Carroll President Comm'rs Princess Anne, 393 175, 184, 89 347, 353, 21 325. Thus, must couched narrowest terms will accomplish pin-pointed objective. See id., 183, S.Ct., 352-353. Although forum, obvious differences between generally applicable ordinance—which represents legislative choice promote societal interests—and —which remedies actual violation judicial decree, carries greater risks censorship discriminatory application ordinance, can afford relief where law already occurred—require somewhat stringent principles time, place, manner analysis allows. combination governmental interests identified protecting pregnant woman's seek lawful medical counseling services, ensuring safety order, promoting free flow traffic streets sidewalks, citizens' rights, assuring residential privacy—is quite sufficient justify appropriately 3. Given focus picketing staff, narrowness confines could seen heard parking lots, failure first purpose, driveway, balance, burdens facilitating orderly street. need complete may debatable, deference given familiarity facts background dispute even under review. Petitioners argued including factual record appendix Court, never certified full record. This judge case assumption evidence testimony presented supported findings protesters' near clinic's entrance interfered despite earlier 4. However, applied protect clinic. Patients staff wishing reach have cross property. nothing indicates obstructed access, blocked vehicular traffic, otherwise unlawfully operation. P. 5. limited noise ensure health well-being patients. Noise control particularly important facilities during surgery recovery periods. demand facility undertake Herculean efforts escape cacophony political protests. 6. blanket ban sweeps broadly goals limiting threats families reducing patients' level anxiety hypertension Prohibiting display signs interpreted veiled satisfy goal, while pull curtains patient bothered disagreeable placard. 7. Absent independently proscribable (i.e, "fighting words" threats), so infused violence indistinguishable threat harm, no-approach clinic—and requirement —burdens preventing intimidation 8. tranquility privacy home. contain justification broad picketing; appears limitation duration picketing, number pickets outside smaller accomplished desired results. As sound amplification equipment zone, however, turn down volume if overwhelm neighborhood. 9. Petitioners, named parties standing challenge provision parties. phrase subject, behest, "overbreadth." Regal Knitwear Co. NLRB, 324 9, 14-15, 65 478, 481-482, L.Ed. Nor impermissibly association. They associating others joining them express viewpoint, deprive third rights. 626 So.2d 664, affirmed part reversed part. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, SOUTER, GINSBURG, JJ., joined, STEVENS, J., joined Parts I, II, III-E, IV. filed concurring opinion. dissenting SCALIA, judgment part, KENNEDY THOMAS, joined. Mathew D. Staver, Orlando, FL, petitioners. Talbot D'Alemberte, Miami, respondents. Drew S. Days, III, New York City, amicus curiae, special leave Court. CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST 1 constitutionality entered protestors certain places various ways performs abortions. We hold establishment street excluded passes muster Amendment, several not. 2 Respondents operate clinics throughout central Florida. groups individuals engaged site one Melbourne, picketed demonstrated gives September 1992, Six months later, respondents complaining impeded had also discouraged others. trial thereupon broader here. 3 that, initial continued impede congregating paved portion street—Dixie Way —leading up marching front driveways. It vehicles heading toward slowed allow move out way, "sidewalk counselors" approach attempt give vehicle's occupants literature. varied handful 400, singing chanting loudspeakers bullhorns. 4 protests, found, took toll A doctor testified result run gauntlet enter "manifested higher causing sedation undergo surgical procedures, thereby increasing risk associated procedures." App. 54. produced stress both procedures recuperating rooms. And turned away crowd return later date, testified, increased reason delay. 5 Doctors workers, turn, immune employees' residences; shouted passersby; rang doorbells neighbors provided literature identifying employee "baby killer." Occasionally, confront minor children employees home alone. 6 similar led conclude proved insufficient "to health, rights women Brevard Seminole County, Florida, surrounding counties seeking [medical counseling] services." Id., prior enjoining array activities. petitioners1 engaging following acts: 7 "(1) At times days, premises Aware Woman Center Choice [the Melbourne clinic]. . 8 "(2) blocking, impeding, inhibiting, obstructing to, ingress into egress building lot Clinic. 9 "(3) congregating, patrolling, right-of-way [36] feet line exception 36 foot area immediately adjacent Clinic east. [petitioners] remain least [5] Clinic's east line. Another relates title owners prohibition entry zones invitees. prohibitions contained herein apply, invitees concert [petitioners]. 10 "(4) During hours 7:30 a.m. through noon, Mondays Saturdays, periods, singing, chanting, whistling, shouting, yelling, bullhorns, auto horns, sounds images observable 11 "(5) [300] Clinic, person services unless desire communicate inquiring 12 "(6) approaching, using bullhorns residence [respondents'] employees, agents, attempting block, barricade, manner, temporarily otherwise, obstruct entrances, exits driveways agents. prohibited inhibiting impeding impede, provides sole located. 13 "(7) abusing, grabbing, intimidating, harassing, touching, pushing, shoving, crowding assaulting leaving, working trying gain leave, homes owners, "(8) intimidating threatening present former doctor, care professional, member, volunteer assists providing 14 "(9) encouraging, inciting, securing commit acts listed herein." Operation Rescue Women's Health Center, Inc., 679-680 (Fla.1993). 15 upheld 664. issue, consists streets, rights-of-way, forum. 671, citing Frisby Schultz, 487 474, 480, 108 2495, 2500, 101 420 (1988). then determined neutral, accordingly 794 (1983) (To enforce content-based exclusion State show regulation compelling drawn achieve end). Instead, analyzed determine "narrowly interest, communication." 955. were. 16 Shortly before Court's announced, Appeals Eleventh Circuit separate struck characterizing clash "between hinderance exercise rights." Cheffer McGregor, F.3d 705, 711 (1993). stated asserted protected laws these adequately infringing upon Ibid. based neither nor end. Ibid., Carey Brown, 447 455, 461-462, 100 2286, 2290-2291, 263 (1980). granted certiorari, 510 ----, 114 907, 127 98 (1994), resolve conflict over II 17 begin addressing contention protesters, necessarily argue, we should examine entire strictest scrutiny. supra, U.S., 954-955. disagree. (or individuals) regulates group. so, group's real assert rights; hearing action charged fashioning remedy deprivation, drafting statute addressed public. 18 abortion, There suggestion equally restrain target abortion; contents petitioner's 19 Our adopted "without speech." 2753, 661 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted) (upholding regulations); R.A.V. St. Paul, 505 112 2538, 2553, 120 305 (1992) ("The regulate [speech] hostility—or favoritism —towards underlying expressed"); Arkansas Writer's Project, Inc. Ragland, 481 221, 230, 107 1722, 1728, 95 209 (1987); Regan Time, 468 641, 648-649, 104 3262, 3266-3267, 82 (1984); Metromedia, San Diego, 453 490, 514-515, 2882, 2896-2897, 69 800 (1981) (plurality); 466-468, 2293-2294, thus look order. regarding itself invidious content- motivated issuance abortions performed short, covered render Boos Barry, 485 312, 1157, 99 333 (1988).2 set forth proceed discuss govern. III 20 If content-neutral, statute, instead injunctive assessed cases. regulations interest." Ward, 2753-2754. differences, ordinance. Ordinances represent promotion interests. Injunctions, contrast, violations violations) decree. W.T. Grant Co., 345 629, 632-633, 73 894, 897-898, 97 1303 (1953). Injunctions carry ordinances. "[T]here effective practical guaranty arbitrary unreasonable require officials impose minority generally." Railway Express Agency, York, 336 106, 112-113, 463, 466-467, 93 533 (1949). course, advantages statutes precise occurred. Paradise, 480 149, 1053, 94 203 (1987). 22 believe context.3 cases injunctions restricting see, NAACP Claiborne Hardware 458 886, 102 3409, 1215 (1982), Milk Wagon Drivers Meadowmoor Dairies, 312 287, 61 552, 85 836 (1941), relied goals. 325 (1968); Hardware, 912, n. 47, 3425, 47. close attention fit objectives imposes consistent rule, apart considerations, "that burdensome defendants provide plaintiffs." Califano Yamasaki, 442 682, 702, 2545, 2558, 176 (1979). Dayton Bd. Ed. Brinkman, 433 406, 418-420, 2766, 2774-2776, 53 851 (1977). think our sufficiently rigorous. ask 916, 3427 (when sanctionable "conduct occurs constitutionally activity 'precision regulation' demanded") (quoting Button, 371 415, 438, 83 328, 340, 405 (1963)); 52, 3427, 52 (citing Carroll, Keyishian Board Regents, Univ. N.Y., 385 589, 604, 87 675, 684, 629 (1967)); 183-184, 23 Both Justice STEVENS SCALIA disagree announce, policy reasons. post, ____ (STEVENS, J.); (SCALIA, J.). believes "injunctive judged lenient legislation," illegal activity. Post, "at deserving strict statutory, restriction." bases his belief danger injunctions, though might "attack content," used suppress ideas; individual judges trusted context; procedurally difficult statute. consideration similarities supports, matter policy, 24 further contends precedent compels case. Under standard, restriction " 'necessary [is] end.' 954-955). fails cite single case, aware none, He cites down, little elaboration, restraints expression. cases). explained, constitutes restraint, "heavy presumption" obtain 2, supra. 25 relies support requires context. "precision regulation" demanded. omitted). reads "surgical precision" regulation, ____, adjective chosen author opinion, STEVENS. requiring "burden necessary" exemplifies regulation."4 26 "standard" "is scrutiny," "does remotely resemble new proposal." Comparison language wording adopt, belies SCALIA's exaggerated contention. example, "couched objective" 353. fail difference two standards. 27 numerous noted strong connection her pregnancy. Roe Wade, 410 113, 35 147 (1973); re T.W., 551 1186, 1193 (Fla.1989). citizens. So.2d, 672. addition, believed State's privacy, acknowledged (1988), analogy privacy. observed targeted threatens psychological "captive" resident, hospital psychological, held circumstance. 673. agree them. now each contested goal.5 28 zone. "congregating, entering" way speech-free side Dixie Pet. Cert. B-2, B-3. Cameron Johnson, 390 611, 88 1335, 182 (1968) unreasonably buildings, courthouses, sidewalks). separately. 29 distinction type focused banned disseminated communication cannot completely places, handbilling solicitation. Frisby, 486, 2503 injunction] fundamentally different means [public places]"). Here primarily 30 unfettered block Way. seems few options narrow noted, wide 260, 305. convinced allowing sidewalk viable option view access. stand middle obviously traffic. 31 Drivers, 294, 555. witnesses evidentiary conceded enough place distance cars 486. Protesters across lots. bear mind originally much narrower succeed taken National Society Professional Engineers States, 435 679, 697-698, 1355, 1368-1369, 55 637 (1978). On stake. 32 dissent argues videotape made "what presume worst justifying injunction." us gratuitous assumption. indeed introduced respondents, presumably thought second But relevant 3-day hearing, rendition what he saw make Indeed, themselves studiously refrained challenging basis courts Before "the Amended Permanent Injunction contains fundamental error face. question appeal law, purposes assuming, arguendo, exists grant relief." Appellants' Motion Response Appellees' Require Full Transcript Record Proceedings 93-0069 (Dist.Ct.App.Fla.), p. pres ence standing, marching, 33 inclusion back raises concerns. accepted facilitate abutting west, located operation, B 34 response high levels restrained "singing, [c]linic" noon Saturdays. must, take account necessary. past, local schools, nature 'the pattern normal dictate kinds reasonable.' Grayned City Rockford, 408 104, 116, 92 2294, 2303, 222 (1972). hospitals another involving facility, stated: 'Hospitals, after factories mines assembly plants. hospitals, human ailments treated, relatives alike often emotional strain worry, pleasing comforting facets day's activity, family restful, uncluttered, relaxing, helpful atmosphere.' NLRB Baptist Hospital, 773, 783-784, 12, 2598, 2604-2605, 251 (1979), quoting Beth Israel Hospital 437 483, 509, 2463, 2477, 57 370 (1978) (BLACKMUN, judgment). "If overamplified assault citizenry, down." Grayned, 2303. here, proper. C 37 same, said Clearly, families, however communicated, Amendment. rather prohibiting threats, observable." families. Similarly, intended reduce suffered fail. plausible expression disagreeable. easier stop ears, required avoid seeing placards windows violates D 38 ordered refrain "unless communicate" 300 prevent "stalked" "shadowed" approached International Krishna Consciousness Lee, 2701, 2708, 541 ("face-to-face solicitation presents duress appropriate regulation. skillful, unprincipled, solicitor most vulnerable, accompanying suffering impairment easily solicitation"). 39 difficult, indeed, uninvited approaches regardless how peaceful contact be, burdening (i.e., 292-293, 554-555, stand. "As matter, indicated debate own citizens tolerate insulting, outrageous, adequate breathing space freedoms Amendment." 322, 1164 "consent" alone invalidates provision; clinic.6 E 40 final substantive demonstrating, here discussed above: 41 decision banning remarked unique home, last citadel tired, weary, sick.' 484, 2502. '[t]he well-being, tranquility, certainly highest civilized society.' 42 larger approved Frisby. there "unlawful engage about dwelling individual." 477, 2498. "focused taking solely residence." By "[g]eneral neighborhoods, walking route houses." result. IV 43 vague overbroad. object making applying behest petitioners, "overbreadth"; conduct, unnamed such, governed holding 14, 481, (1945). party invalid "successors assigns" party. Noting pressing successor assign, characterized "an abstract controversy words." 15, 482. 44 contend limits association guaranteed Citizens Rent Control/Coalition For Fair Housing Berkeley, 454 290, 434, 70 492 (1981). extend depriving V 45 sum, uphold eliminate unlawful strike unconstitutional provision, residences, sweep permissible 46 Affirmed 47 concurring. 48 I join write separately clarify matters First, reasonably clear cases, decided viewpoints. Tr. 40, 43, 93, 115, 119-120 (Apr. 1993, Hearing). Second, acknowledge protection reflected law. Brief 17, (citing, Fla.Stat. §§ 870.041-870.047 (1991) (public peace); § 316.2045 (obstruction highways, roads)). 49 50 certiorari petition three questions, corresponding major challenges injunction.1 correctly unequivocally rejects argument "content-based speech," ante, well Ante, properly dispose questions presented. company treatment presented, enunciation 51 governs legislation measures proven wrongdoing. Unlike legislation. notes, community, ibid., culpability. who, been judicially deprived liberty—the consequence activity.2 distinction, probably violate constitutional. dimensions. hand, relief, context, other, propriety depends almost entirely character likelihood recurrence. reason, standards fashioned evaluate injunctions. impinges constitutional "a simple proscription previously pursued" required; include "future recurrence consequences." "[t]he commands community large." Teachers Hudson, 475 292, 309-310, 22, 106 1066, 1077-1078, 232 (1986). repeated sanctions offender enacted legislature. 54 days tortious twice removed judge's facts. asks "consent permitted" unconstitutionally infringes speech.3 create "no speech" speak listener positive speech. And, Part III-D suggest defined impermissible. Petitioners' conclusion, misreading ¶ (5) injunction.4 56 paragraph purport speech; species conduct. Specifically, "from inquiring" 59. meaning term "physically approaching" explained detailed refuses converse with, delivery from, consent, "shall accompany person, encircle, surround, harass, threaten verbally abuse choose them." long offer verbal written advice counseling." "counseling" form analogous labor picketing. mixture communication. "In element idea expressed persuasive deterrent business establishment." Retail Store Employees, 607, 619, 2372, 2379, 377 (1980) result). why handbills containing less depend force idea." Just protects speaker's counseling" passersby. protection, encompass attempts unreceptive captive audience, circumstances One register protest placing vulgar jacket and, doing, expose unwilling viewers, Cohen California, 403 21-22, 91 1780, 1786, 284 (1971). Nevertheless, mean unqualified follow harass listener, especially receive services. Cf. 58 found. concluding "uninvited contacts, shadowing stalking" 56. caused "anxiety hypertension" patients, seek.5 Whatever proper power restrict ability surely imposing unchallenged 59 concluded: 60 "While confers citizen powerful oneself, picketer boon jeopardize safety, No insert door insist heard—while purposefully genuine ear disabled." Womens 675 withstands challenge. III-D. Because dissented reasonable restriction, discussion 1, proceeds although arguably raised briefs, 62 rejecting petition, nevertheless decides modify zone; ground. scope us.6 Izumi Seimitsu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Philips Corp., 425, 126 396 (1993) (per curiam).7 63 true (4).8 refer zones, relate provision. am inclined resolution respecting restrictions, deciding granted. 64 reasons stated, concur respectfully remaining portions whom THOMAS join, 66 today's appearance moderation Solomonic wisdom, disallowing deceptive. departs far established course jurisprudence regarded candidate summary reversal. 67 abortion. time ago, abortion-related then-Justice wrote: 68 "This decisions worked distortion jurisprudence. Today's goes further, makes painfully legal rule doctrine safe ad hoc nullification occasion arises divided, but—except comes —the let disagreements, longstanding deeply felt, evenhandedly uncontroversial doctrines come it." Thornburgh American College Obstetricians Gynecologists, 476 747, 814, 2169, 2206-2207, 90 779 (1986) (citations Today machine claims latest, greatest, surprising victim: creation group, broken assembly, association, enactment prohibition, alone, profoundly odds precedents traditions, dissent. 71 videotape, running caption displaying Judge McGregor partially today tape shot volunteers at, Saturdays February March 1993; camera location, segments, upper floor edited (from approximately footage 1/2 hour) Ruth Arick, management consultant employed Feminist Majority Foundation. 527, 529, 533. 72 Anyone seriously interested tape. anyone doing familiar run-of-the-mine mention social aghast shows permitted do. my best describe Saturday, 6, gathered arrayed (camera-left) (camera-right) Way, small, nonartery Men, women, visible street, south Way; appear just onlookers. marking border property—although together impossible tell apart. (and backs camera) abortion-rights supporters, stretching length Opposite itself, opponents, elongated oval property's border. police officers crossing times. 75 supporters steadily slogans: "Our right, decide"; "Right life lie, you don't die." Then opponents sing: "Jesus loves children, world, red yellow, black white, precious His sight, Jesus world." respond with: Q: "What want?" A: "Choice." "When want it?" "Now." ("Louder!") call repeated. Later tape, chant "1-2-3-4, won't anymore; 5-6-7-8, Separate Church State." picketers stationary sides line, slogans visible: "Abortionists lie women." "Choose Life: Abortion Kills." "N.O.W. Violence." "The God Pro-Life." "RU 486 Now." "She Is Child, Not Choice." "Abortion Kills Children." "Keep Legal." "Abortion: Calls Murder." Some wear T-shirts bearing Life." 76 walk traverse crossed driveways, connecting point automobile moves slows westernmost driveway. 3-to-4-second delay picketers, car enter. cuts another, parked potato jammed onto tailpipe. putting 77 numerous, delayed seconds supporters) Police helping path vehicle waits, appearing leaflets approach, respectively, driver passenger doors. elicit car's safely blue minivan enters Still jeep-type leaves slightly crosses right-of-way. apparent effort exit, it, except needed get way. sitting packing en masse, linking hands blockade 78 woman child stroller, man shouting Book Daniel's Meshach, Shadrach, Abednego. stepladder holds sign direction supporter counters brief reveals older baseball cap—head, shoulders, chest above fence—who reading silently small book. boom box opponents. grows points spilled north-side, west-bound lane 79 point, Randall Terry arrives press converge him, apparently itself. head "Randall Sucks." speaking tears pages notebook kind. Through this, inches exchange words, discernible jostling 80 scene shifts early afternoon day. Most departed. focuses faces cupped mouth, shouts following: "Be deceived; mocked. Ed Windle, God's you, repent, dead. baby's blood flowed your hands, Windle. You burn hell, repent. arms legs pulled off today. innocent child, boy, girl, destroyed now." Cheering audible grounds. "You responsible deaths children. murderer. Shame you." From grounds someone "Why go wacko Waco?" says applauding death everywhere. peace rest wicked. pray dreams nightmares, God." 81 segment displays along highway. 13, 9:56 pattern, carrying indicators purpose. According filmed condominium owner Windle lived. begins. date-time morning 20, 1993. teenage girl exclaims: "Please kill me, Mommy. Help Daddy, please." chant, "We back." woman, spoke greatest calls, [inaudible], help Off camera, sings "Roe, Roe, quit, Freedom land, better property: "Do ever wonder baby looked like? Do old been? thing. ." officer writing citation. ends moving eastbound intersection leafletters on. record, findings, great many forms occurred vicinity These praying, playing music handheld boxes, speeches, messages, handbilling, opposing persuade abortions, personal testimony, interviews press, media report protest. What establish exit. A. 84 jurisprudence, "public forum," speak. Grace, 461 171, 177, 1702, 1707, 736 (1983). invited employ right. claimed benefit so-called "strict restrictions: "necessary end." 955, Respondents, contended known "intermediate scrutiny" (midway demanded "rational basis" applied—under Equal Protection Clause—to govern ment non-speech activities). Turner Broadcasting System, FCC, 2445, 2458, --- ---- (1994). "time, regulations" "are Perry, adopts these, creates, brand-new additional (supposedly) "somewhat stringent," intermediate scrutiny, yet "rigorous," name, intermediate-intermediate (which acknowledges inappropriate speech) frankly too subtle me describe, recite it: whereas interest," shall mode supposedly presently, remark peculiar devised. begins, considering since based, premise, hence conclusion. proceeds, examination respondents' plain apply. too, distinctive characteristics discusses, supplement neatly staged progression overlooks option. assumes kind default supplemented injunctions; not, precedent, fully good "content-basis" demanding possibility considered. begins optical illusion: [intermediate scrutiny] standard," sustain departing presumed disposition. 86 logically illogically) begun non-content-based standard"—and proceeded approached, artificial loading dice. answer (whether nominally neutral) restriction. reasons: statutory designed precisely ideas aim. speech-restricting attack (in discuss, true), lends readily suppression ideas. When judge, motion employer, enjoins dispute, knows enjoining) pro-union views. Such targeting ideological achieved restriction; invariably. proceedings illustrate mean. single-issue advocacy organizations suppressing view. enough: product legislatures—and chagrined disobedience orders. lightly placed woman. weapon safeguards. Normally, enforced contempt proceedings, defense innocence available. collateral bar Walker Birmingham, 388 307, 1824, 1210 (1967), eliminates unconstitutional. Accord, Dade County Classroom Teachers' Rubin, 238 284, 288 (Fla.1970). money lodge immediate face Hobson's choice: silent, subsequent proceedings. orders.1 seeks minimize similarity proscriptions observing "petitioners order," "suggests abortions," errs thinking vice consistently '[i]llicit intent sine qua non Amendment.' Simon & Schuster Crime Victims Bd., 502 501, 116 Minneapolis Star Tribune Minnesota Comm'r Revenue, 575, 592, 1365, 1375, 295 (1983)). legislation—what renders scrutiny—is always invidious, thought-control purposes, purposes. unavoidable "targeting" above, Finally, dangerous warrant technically (indeed, based) boot. directed, things (anti-abortion sentiments), (violated injunction). true, residual coverage "all participation organizations], behalf" merely entertained beliefs wished views defendants. construction issuing entitled weight, cf. Forsyth Nationalist Movement, 2395, 2403-2404, (1992); Donnelly Garment 330 219, 227, 756, 761, 854 (1947), contrary: wish deemed "acting participation." Following arrested exchanges occurred: Mr. Lacy: "I wondering can—why confined know, weren't, selective picked obtained Court: "Mr. Lacy, understand [abortion-rights supporters] area. referring pertain word position respect adverse saying pro-choice pro-life arrested, that's selection. 104-105 Appearance Hearings Held Eighteenth Judicial Circuit, (emphasis added)). And: John Doe 16: myself attempted town anywhere else year ever. acted pro-life. guess I'm asking ideologies present, arrested? ". to—that pro-life?" 96 effect, yes." 113-116 added). finally: 31: How organization injunction? again haven't So concert?" "They minds the—I gather Defendants." 148 colloquys doubt revised distinguished, views.2 discussed, subsection, giving ones, well, essentially ignored prototype values, restraint. THE wrote Term: restraint 'to administrative orders forbidding communications advance occur.' [P]ermanent i.e.,—court actually forbid —are classic examples restraints." Alexander 509 113 2771, 125 441 M. Nimmer, Nimmer Speech 4.03, 4-14 (1984) added Alexander)).3 2783 ("the [prior restraint] encompasses systems future infraction") (KENNEDY, dissenting). "prior 'heavy presumption' validity," Organization Better Austin Keefe, 402 419, 1575, 1578, (1971) Commr's 181, 351, (1968), Youngdahl Rainfair, 355 131, 206, 151 (1957); supra; Times 713, 2140, 822 (1971); Nebraska Press Stuart, 427 539, 2791, 683 (1976); Socialist Party America Skokie, 432 2205, (1977); Vance Universal Amusement 445 308, 1156, 413 (statute authorizing injunctions); CBS, Davis, 358 (1994) chambers) (setting aside state-court preliminary scheduled broadcast). oral Solicitor General, identify speech-injunction mere differs scrutiny). have, requirements characterize scrutiny: precision Even (unlike case) intermixed violent demanded." (1982) (1963)). accompanied instances window smashing, bombings, stench destruction trucks, beatings drivers, arson, armed violence. "picketing violence," 555, "neither episodic isolated," 295, allowed coercion," 296, 556, deal coercion due extensive violence." 299, 557. expressly distinguished "[e]ntanglement 297, 556. (1957), when, scattered violence, shown inevitably reappear event resumed." 139, 212. utter test upon. proposition valid "burden[s] Commissioners detail below, test; text contradicts passage cited, this: "An objective mandate essential needs order." That, scrutiny; proposal, cited precedential support. "Significant interest[s]" (referred test) general, innumerable, omnipresent—at implicated "Essential factors exceptional application. nearly "narrowest [a] objective." authority admission announces rests all. selection helpful—in departed practice—to consider relatively recent involve disfavored class involved, like mingling (what assume existed here) behavior.4 Writing summarized events rise litigation (id., 898-906, 3417-3422): chapter NAACP, rebuffed Port Gibson redress racial discrimination, began boycott businesses. boycott, young killed encounter "sporadic ensued." 902, 3420. day, leader Charles Evers told violators disciplined warned Sheriff "could sleep night." gathering catch going racist stores, we're gonna break damn neck." marches (often children). "Store watchers" posted boycotted stores traded, names read aloud meetings published mimeographed paper. chancellor branded traitors, called demeaning names, socially ostracized. shots fired houses, brick thrown windshield garden damaged. Other showed refusing observe beaten, robbed publicly humiliated (by spanking). merchants brought suit involved organizing individuals. tort violations, secondary boycotts, antitrust violations. permanent boycotters, stationing "store plaintiffs' premises; persuading withhold patronage; obscene patrolling respondents; inflicting damage 893, 3415. Mississippi assessment liability theory, '[i]f factors—force, —is primary, secondary, economical, political, other.' 895, 3416. lines: "[T]he forms. [It] launched meeting branch NAACP. attended hundred persons. Its secure compliance lengthy list demands equality justice. speeches nonviolent Participants encouraged cause. "Each elements ordinarily Fourteenth Amendments. '[T]he practice sharing common banded end embedded process.' recognize 'by collective known, individually, voices faint lost.' 907-908, 3422-3423 436, (1981)). 110 went say associate lose members participated advocated protected," 908, 3423, protestors' 915, 3427. 111 protected, ourselves highly particularized review, recognizing "special obligation critically imposed." Amendment," "occurs 340). Then, criticizing "broadly assert[ing]—without differentiation —that intimidation, ostracism, vilification, traduction devices effectuate boycott," 921, 3430 omitted), carefully examined liability. While affirming "judgment consequences [individuals'] sustained," "mere absent aim embraced group—is predicate liability." 925-926, 3432. conclusion characterization movement conspiracy "must disclose agreed means, impact importance avoiding imposition punishment activity." 933-934, 3436. careful procedure followed courts, judgment, 924, 67, 934, 3431, performance lax (intermediate-intermediate scrutiny) adopted, distorted light inadequate. step think, "significant interest" justifies upheld, namely, (during times) "sounds [c]linic." identifies interests: "interest services," citizens," privacy," [and] 'captive' circumstance." says, "these [are] Unless, fear, statement conjunction acknowledgment "[u]nder equity principles, issues showing defendant violated, imminently violate, 'cognizable recurrent violation.' 3, 633, 898, believe, approves traffic" violation, relating Assuming interests" mentioned (a concept includes order), been, arises: here? injunction,5 (quite rightly, judgment) (including '[p]hysically mills,' "bloc[k] clinics," "ignore State," "shut clinic." Findings Fact &Par; 5, 7, 8, 6-7. from: 115 "1) trespassing on, in, Florida; "2) entering, working, 117 "3) directing described Paragraphs above." 118 "restrictions petitioner[s'] Surprisingly, accepts valid, it—whether, is, stood convicted 119 takes faith—even reasoning whereby denied hardly inspires confidence lower knew conclusions usual 915-916, 50, 3426-3427, 50; Edwards South Carolina, 372 229, 235, 680, 683, 697 (1963); Fiske Kansas, 274 380, 385-386, 655, 656-657, 1108 (1927); Bose Corp. Consumers Union 466 485, 517, 1949, 1968, (REHNQUIST, Let proceed, then, neglected. "despite interference facility. [in] relationship others; about, signs, not; motor surface; circular traversed lots short section returning opposite direction. kneeling unpaved shoulders would, congestion, slow down. destination either more, sometimes momentarily hesitate until moved way." 121 designated counselors vehicles' anti-abortion urge assisted accomplishing hesitation momentary stopping lot." E. 122 physician remained stopped respondent, Cadle, witnessed vehicles, pushing pamphlets 123 plaintiffs continue surfaces kept traffic." Conclusions A.6 124 conceivably considered concern behavior pedestrian right-of-way, lot, even, occasionally, pedestrians got results produced, intentionally oncoming effect leafletting finding intentional purposeful obstruction. Now compare Walking leg (instead sidewalk), may, municipal (though alleged, evidently it); assuredly prohibition. Causing congestion" irrelevant; slowing urging) things: 1) services" (there allegation that); 2) "trespassing [or] in" 3) "blocking, from" Only conceivable obstructing, temporary obstruction obvious, all, trespass blockade, i.e., shutting clinics. Secondly, impediment intended, everything "momentary" failed axiomatic precision. 556; Dobbs, Law Remedies 2.8(7), 219 (2d ed. 1993); J. Moore, Lucas, K. Sinclair, Moore's Federal Practice 65.11 1994); Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 65(d) ("[e]very granting act restrained"). finally, unconstitutional, prevented speech-related were, insofar shows, criminally civilly inextricably intertwined 554, 556-557; violated. speaks access." "protect forbade to-wit, obstructing." acts, mild by-product arms, masse driveway; alleged finding) "took one-man grave peril. 128 forgot order) upholds: no-noise-within-earshot-of-patients because, amazingly, slightest link II-B, noise, anything false). Since reasonable, bind pro-abortion (if accurate) shout chants exiled hearts' "[w]e past," injunction; everyone. invokes describes "evaluating facility," evaluated application, dealt Labor Relations Act union membership). 129 Perhaps loud Or common-law applies, rendering noise-making tortious. (and, alas, demands) indication existence enough, according footnote reels disbelief. 130 section, concerned. allege judge-crafted abridgment With response, misunderstanding recast answerable one. My rely, suggests, description videotape. reader afoot injunction," them; deny (set quoted above) concludes follows: 131 presence 132 "interfered injunction" enough. "interference"—for incidentally leafletting. needs, "block[ed], imped[ed] obstruct[ed] egress" (the terminology injunction) fair, permissible, 133 sum up: assertedly supplementary Florida-court Unless intends overturn long-settled possibly qualify standard. 134 test: protected. 135 amply satisfied regard approves: forbidden—and times, fixed "during periods." (The latter raise vagueness notice problems, earlier, grounds.) sets met. 136 sort cognizable violated) (1) keeping (2) enabling stop, banishing demonstration starters, (for time) stay that). forbidden [they work] valid—when command command) disobeyed, related staying street? avoided opining reason) lesser obeyed, 137 analysis, admits seriously. zone," "may review." become "arguably test. considerably stringent. 138 disturbing reliance "witnesses clinic," "[p]rotesters lots." effective, classic, time-place-and-manner-regulation, (1989). reasonable. establishing Floridians can, "[O]ne liberty abridged plea exercised place." Schneider (Town Irvington), 308 147, 163, 146, 151-152, 155 (1939). "Whether petitioner [forum] consequence. [another] available, impermissible restraint." Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. Conrad, 546, 1239, 1245, 448 (1975). 139 140 Korematsu 323 214, 193, 194 (1944), wartime military internment Japanese-Americans, Jackson 141 "A apt longer emergency. once rationalizes Constitution validated principle discrimination criminal transplanting lies loaded ready hand bring forward urgent need." 246, 207. 142 misguided trial-court lying 143 reported as, lawbooks, free-speech case—and novel produce considerable. (unless than) manner" restrictions; notion closely tied implement policy; accepting permitting fact—these latest by-products ought friends concern. 144 reasons, parts APPENDIX TO OPINION OF 145 Portions Florida: Page 40: 146 JANE DOE: 6: "Yes, sir. there, American—" COURT: "I'm Sorry. Those you'll trial." DOE NO. question, too. confused blockading me. They—it appeared violating was, know—" 149 Defendants, Presumably, say, 150 "But nobody. citizen, defending assemble demonstrate." "Again, perhaps, 152 "So only. 43: 153 anybody." 154 trial, defensive matter. Although, Department everyone put thirty-six-foot restricted when—if chose enter, Injunction. That's arrested." disrespectfully, to—" 156 "There constitution sidewalk." 157 demonstrate, religion praying sidewalk. understand—" 158 "And shoulder done." 93: 159 MR. QUINTERO: Defendants? 160 "They're Injunction." 161 "Because anybody. know anything. belong absolutely this. Christian 162 matters. lawyer 163 "Okay, formally incarcerated arrangements talk counsel 164 "Your copy. Copies available again, courthouses Hall. Clerk's Office County." 165 "At Courthouse incarcerated." Pages 115-116: 166 [JOHN 16]: determination Injunctive Order arrest?" 167 wasn't there. know. All perceptions, eyes, note expanded 168 JOHN let's 169 me." 170 opposed clinic?" 171 "No." 172 "Okay. testify oppose 173 can't unarrested. 174 Order?" 175 "It prosecutor, Attorney, charge decision. lawyers representing clients prosecutor he, cause him do." 177 178 thank 179 "Any questions?" 180 181 "Thank you. Did date? "John Number Eighteen." 183 18: "Were numbers 119-120: 184 MACLEAN: please, Your Honor." 185 direct pre-trial release interview Eaton 1:00 o'clock release. court-appointed counsel?" 186 "No 187 188 please. Would gracious bond also?" 189 "Surely. Reduce dollars." 190 CLERK: "Total?" 191 "Hmm?" 192 193 "No. the—" "Eleven hundred?" 195 hundred, 196 "Respectfully, sir, arrest anyone?" 197 embodied Order. report. formal charge. Presumably reference, sir." 198 finished promise won't—" 199 statement. I've matter." 200 Sharpes Correctional professional us." 201 behalf." 202 Eighteen. 204 205 "You've maintain designation proceedings?" syllabus prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 321, 337, 282, 499. addition "Operation Rescue, America, Goliath, officers, members, servants, Bruce Pat Mahoney, Terry, decline adopt urged Prior (refusing enjoin publications "Pentagon Papers"); curiam) (holding Texas nuisance authorized judges, theater exhibited films exhibition restraint.) affect expression, restraints" sense Vance, expressing ways; "cognizable violation." stating moreover, regulations. claims, explain Claiborne. 1993 composed 1992 chiefly lot. paragraphs harassing doctors, decide "no-approach" "QUESTIONS PRESENTED FOR REVIEW. "1. Whether "2. creating three-hundred-foot areas "3. 'in concert' Amendment's association." i. Contrary assumption, 2539, deprivation punishment. unusual misconduct. incorrectly refers requirement. III-E rejection zones. three-hundred (300) invitation, consisting conversation non-threatening Should 'sidewalk counseling', absolute fact, that: gauntlet, manifested proceedings." unclear file transcript hearings, contending "sole law." 93-00969 decree modified, size shape refusal quibble arguments 673 strongly counsels correction assuming fairly included overbroad invalidated entirety. Nowhere briefs argue upholds portions, severally upheld. conduct—independent egress—that micromanagement inappropriate. fences side, occasionally ladder fence elevation (staff patients) clinic"); ("[T]he communicated anger pretending shoot adjoining vehicle"); 54-55 (noting similarly anti-abortionist North Florida"). Paragraph (4) full: "During Clinic." "should legislation" "injunctions [those] liberty." Punishing interesting concept; Eighth next. fines imprisonment, sanction supposed thing rendered personally place—not punish subjects singled fashion, loosens double counting. SOUTER contradict Hearing)." scattershot assertion pages, plus (page 116) clarifies ambiguous page 115. reproduced verbatim Appendix observe, SOUTER's distinguish compared nasty kind) area, antecedent monetary damages here: insulate infected illegality. [various statutes] )." irrelevant. preceding sentence concerned statutes. discussion, doubt, "continue obstruct" expresses "impeding clear, asserting penalty violation; obstructing" embrace things, (as presently)

Category: 4