Document: 415 U.S. 189 94 S.Ct. 1005 39 L.Ed.2d 260 Julia Rogers CURTIS, Petitioner,v.Leroy LOETHER et al. No. 72—1035. Argued Dec. 4—5, 1973. Decided Feb. 20, 1974. Syllabus The Seventh Amendment of the Constitution entitles either party to demand a jury trial in an action for damages federal courts under § 812 Civil Rights Act 1968, which authorizes private plaintiffs bring civil actions redress violations Act's fair housing provisions. Pp. 191—198. 467 F.2d 1110, affirmed. Jack Greenberg, New York City, petitioner. Robert D. Scott, Washington, D.C., respondents. Mr. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 Section 82 Stat. 88, 42 U.S.C. 3612, Title VIII, provisions Act, and provides that '(t)he court may grant as relief, it deems appropriate, any permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, other award plaintiff actual not more than $1,000 punitive damages, together with costs reasonable attorney fees . ..' question presented this case is whether requires upon by one parties injunctive relief section. 2 Petitioner, Negro woman, brought 812, claiming respondents, who are white, had refused rent apartment her because race, violation 804(a) 3604(a). In complaint she sought only damages; claim compensatory was later added.1 After evidentiary hearing, District Court granted preliminary enjoining respondents from renting anyone else pending on merits. This injunction dissolved some five months petitioner's consent, after finally obtained housing, went issues damages. 3 Respondents made timely their answer. Court, however, held neither authorized VIII nor required Amendment, denied request. v. Loether, 312 F.Supp. 1008 (ED Wis.1970). merits, Judge found fact discriminated against petitioner account race. Although he no see n. 1, supra, awarded $250 denying request attorney's costs. 4 Appeals reversed issue. 1110 (CA7 1972). extended analysis, concluded essentially gave right action, therefore interpreted statute authorize trials so eliminate its constitutionality. view importance issue administration enforcement diversity views lower question,2 we certiorari, 412 937, 93 2770, 37 396 (1973).3 We affirm. 5 legislative history sparse, what little available ambiguous. There seems be indication supporters were concerned possibility racial prejudice juries might reduce effectiveness rights actions.4 On hand, bit testimony during committee hearings indicates awareness would have afforded VIII.5 Both plausible arguments wording construction 812. point giving consideration these arguments, think clear 812.6 6 '(i)n suits at common law, where value controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, preserved.' thrust preserve existed 1791, has long been settled extends beyond common-law forms recognized time. Story established basic principle 1830: 7 'The phrase 'common law,' clause, used contradistinction equity, admiralty, maritime jurisprudence. By (the Framers Amendment) meant merely suits, law among old proceedings, but legal ascertained determined, those equitable alone recognized, remedies administered .. just sense, amendment then well construed embrace all equity admiralty jurisdiction, whatever peculiar form they assume settle rights.' Parsons Bedford, Pet. 433, 446—447, L.Ed. 732 (1830) (emphasis original). 8 Petitioner nevertheless argues inapplicable new causes created congressional enactment. As observed, considered applicability constitutional enforcing statutory 'as matter too obvious doubted.' F.2d, 1114. apparently never discussed length, often applicable based statutes. See, e.g., Dairy Queen, Inc. Wood, 369 469, 477, 894, 899, 44 (1962) (trademark laws); Hepner United States, 213 103, 115, 29 474, 479, 53 720 (1909) (immigration cf. Fleitmann Welsbach Street Lighting Co., 240 27, 36 233, 60 505 (1916) (antitrust laws), discussion Ross Bernhard, 531, 535 536, 90 733, 736—737, 24 729 (1970).7 Whatever doubt should now dispelled. does apply rights, demand, if creates remedies, enforceable ordinary law. 9 NLRB Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 57 615, 81 893 (1937), relied petitioner, lends support statutory-rights argument. there upheld back pay without unfair labor practice proceeding, rejecting ground involved 'statutory proceeding' 'not suit nature such suit.' Id., 48, 629. stands proposition generally administrative incompatible whole concept adjudication8 substantially interfere NLRB's role scheme. Katchen Landy, 382 323, 86 467, 15 391 (1966), also like effect. upheld, over challenge, Bankruptcy summary jurisdiction bankrutpcy trustee's compel claimant surrender voidable preference; bankruptcy traditionally viewed 'dismember' scheme Act. 339, S.Ct., 478. See Guthrie National Bank Guthrie, 173 528, 19 513, 43 796 (1899). These cases uphold power entrust process specialized free strictures Amendment. But when Congress district courts, obviously functional justification right, must involves sort typically enforced law.9 10 enforce 'legal rights' within meaning our decisions. U.S., 533, 542, 735, 740; 476—477, 899. A sounds basically tort—the defines duty, compensate injury caused defendant's wrongful breach. noted, cause analogous number tort law.10 More important, here—actual traditional offered law.11 11 need not, do go far say monetary necessarily 'legal' relief. Mitchell DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 288, 80 332, 323 (1960); Porter Warner Holding 328 395, 1086, 1332 (1946).12 comparison VII 1964, appeals reinstatement pay,13 instructive, although course express context. characterized integral part remedy, restitution. language characterization based— 12 '(T)he enjoin respondent engaging unlawful employment practice, order affirmative include, limited to, hiring employees, ., appropriate,' 2000e—5(g) (1970 ed., Supp. II)— 13 contrasts sharply 812's simple authorization cases, also, decision committed discretion judge. comparable here: proves discrimination entitled judgment amount. Nor sense here can requiring defendant disgorge funds wrongfully withheld plaintiff. merit 'equitable' surely basis characterizing relief.14 14 oblivious force policy arguments. Jury delay extent disposition actions. seeking will unaffected, remains out even 479 901. Moreover, requirement expedition actions, 3614 (1970), applies equally nonjury trials. recognize, too, deprive victim verdict entitled. Of course, judge's direct verdict, notwithstanding substantial protection risk, respondents' suggestion expose broader segment populace example laws operation force. fundamentally, considerations insufficient overcome command Amendment.15 Affirmed. treated emphasized It apparent, recover well. Court's pretrial understanding, following conference counsel, tried. App. 18a. attempted prove 45a, excluded failure comply discovery order. dismissed proof. circumstances, irrelevant pleadings formally amended. Fed.Rules Civ.Proc. 15(b), 16. Circuit first consider issue, reported decisions evenly divided question. addition case, Cauley Smith, 347 114 (E.D.Va.1972), Kastner Brackett, 326 1151 (Nev.1971), Kelly Armbrust, 351 869 (N.D.1972), required. married while before motion change caption accordingly granted. 414 1140, 890, 96 (1974). Hearings Miscellaneous Proposals Regarding Subcommittee House Committee Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2d Sess., ser. 16, p. 1183 (1966). S.3296 Constitutional Senate pt. 2, 1178 'cardinal ascertain fairly possible (constitutional) avoided.' States Thirty-seven Photographs, 402 363, 369, 91 1400, 1404, 28 822 (1971), cited. necessity clearly prior futile spend time particularly since result invalidate certain procedure employed very real narrower decision. 812(a) expressly 'in appropriate State local general jurisdiction,' courts. element due state through Fourteenth Since rest rather grounds, 401 402, 66 1090—1091, (1946) (Emergency Price Control Act); Texas Pacific R. Co. Rigsby, 241 33, 482, 874 (Safety Appliance Act). Courts similarly rejected notion application statute. International Brotherhood Boilermakers Braswell, 388 193, 197 (CA5), cert. denied, 935, 88 1848, 20 854 (1968); Simmons Avisco, Local 713, Textile Workers, 350 1012, 1018 (CA4 1965); Arnstein Porter, 154 464, 468 (CA2 1946), 1113—1116. Developments Law—Employment Discrimination 84 Harv.L.Rev. 1109, 1266 (1971). expertise agency rests consistent use finder.' L. Jaffe, Judicial Administrative Action (1965). 1115—1116 1972); Law, 7, 1267—1268. For example, could extension duty innkeepers refuse lodging traveler justification, triable jury, apartments long-term basis. 1117. An likened defamation intentional infliction mental distress. Indeed, contours latter still developing, suggested 'under logic development insult indignity, dignitary tort.' C. Gregory H. Kalven, Cases Materials Torts 961 (2d ed. 1969). procedural generated below alone, purposes analyzing properly tested claims remaining trial. 1118—1119. If only, conclusion demand. And joined claim, including both claims, intact. cannot abridged 'incidental' sought. Beacon Theatres, Westover, 359 500, 79 948, 988 (1959); 470—473, 896—897, (1962). Swofford B&W, 336 406, (CA5 1964). Johnson Georgia Highway Express, 417 1122, 1125 1969); Robinson Lorillard 444 791, 802 (CA4), Rule 60, 404 1006, 92 573, 30 655 (1971); McFerren County Board Education, 455 199, 202—204 (CA6 Harkless Sweeny Independent School District, 427 319, 324 1970), 400 991, 451, 27 439 Smith Hampton Training School, 360 577, 581 1966) (en banc); 1265—1266. Comment, Statutes: History Adrift Maelstrom, 68 Nw.U.L.Rev. 503, 524 527 (1973). policies underlying Fair Housing derived Thirteenth Amendments, 'does maintain prevent otherwise Amendment.' Brief 7. respect ambiguous, intended override requirements mandates provided damage occasion scope

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