Document: 351 U.S. 215 76 S.Ct. 739 100 L.Ed. 1097 Paul Deemer JOHNSTON and John Sokol, Petitioners,v.UNITED STATES of America. UNITED America, Petitioner, v. Dudley A. PATTESON. Nos. 643 704. Argued May 2, 3, 1956. Decided 21, Mr.Hayden C. Covington, Brooklyn, N.Y., for defendants. Mr.Carl H. Imlay, Washington, D.C., the United States. Mr. Justice REED delivered opinion Court. 1 These two cases concern prosecution three defendants violations provisions Universal Military Training Service Act. 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 451 et seq., seq. We must determine proper venue trial these crimes. 2 Defendants Johnston Sokol resided in Western Judicial District Pennsylvania registered there with local draft boards. Both were classified 1—O (conscientious objectors) both ordered to report boards assignment civilian work lieu induction. They instructed separate state hospitals situated Eastern Pennsylvania. reported but personally refused comply instructions. indicted indictments dismissed lack jurisdiction on ground that could only be District. 131 F.Supp. 955. The Court Appeals Third Circuit reversed remanded case trial. That court reasoned was where failed report. 3 Cir., 227 F.2d 745. Defendant Patteson, likewise 1—O, his board Oklahoma similar assignment. He, too, instructions at Topeka, Kansas, State Hospital. After indictment Kansas transferred under Rule 21(b), Fed.Rules Crim.Proc., 18 U.S.C.A.1 retransferred as it thought there. thereupon Oklahoma. States 132 67. judgment affirmed by Tenth Circuit. 229 257. 4 Each registrant received an order, pertinent parts which follow: 5 'SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM 6 'Order Report Civilian Work Statement Employer 7 'You are named above m. day , 195 you will given proceed place employment. 8 employment pursuant board, remain twenty-four (24) consecutive months or until such time released authority. 9 your duties 10 'Failure hour this instructions, specified constitute a violation Act, amended, is punishable fine imprisonment both. .......... 11 '(Clerk Member Local Board) 12 'Statement 13 'Failed 14 ..........epo 15 'Personal Director'2 16 None registrants entered district after receiving orders. 17 each charges registrant, conscientious objector,3 12(a) Act.4 In language is: '* * did knowingly neglect perform duty imposed upon him provision said Act he obey order Board 87, New Castle, Pennsylvania, directing Norristown Hospital, Norristown, employed Title U.S.C.Appx., Sections 456 462, amended.' 19 Philadelphia contributing maintenance national health, safety interest, induction; 50, Appx. Secs. 456(j) 462.' Patteson 20 willfully refuse, fail Topeka Hospital so designated order.' 21 question issue fairly presented their petition certiorari. It reads thus: 22 'Where petitioner Selective located orders issued not go beyond all times leave offenses committed and, therefore, does violate rights guaranteed Sixth Amendment Constitution indict prosecute Pennsylvania?' 23 Our analysis law facts convinces us lies performed, is, Sokol. 24 led conclusion general rule crime charged failure do legally required act, fixed its performance fixes situs crime.5 possibility might points remote from neither allows nor requires judicial changes venue. No showing any arbitrary action appears cases. Article III fix 'in State' 'district wherein shall have been committed.' thereby predetermined, those furnish guidance determination crime. determined acts accused statute. This requirement states public policy vicinage rather than residence accused. Cf. Anderson, 328 699, 705, 66 1213, 1217, 90 1529. A variation convenience justified. result would delay confusion.6 25 followed Johnson, 323 273, 65 249, 89 236, relied registrants, maker shipper dentures mailed Illinois Delaware, receipt consignee, violating 'use' mails 'for purpose sending bringing into' dentures. Id., page 274, 250. Court, interpretation statute, restricted shipment saying: 26 'It reasonable strained construction read statute mean sender complete when uses Chicago, unlicensed dentist California Florida who into brings As result, Delaware California.' pages 277—278, 251.7 27 Venue prosecutions where, 12(a), supra, 'knowingly refuse execution title, rules, regulations, directions made title *.' subject 6(j), declares objector fails neglects deemed 'failed neglected him' 12.8 28 set out above, p. 741, basis one conviction they directed duties. first board. done registrant. second months. 'instructions proceed' statement 'failure instructions' crime, registrant's information. create another duty. emphatically characterization explanatory paragraph crimes arise duty—report Accordingly lie occurred. See cited note 5. 29 noted alleged terms give Kansas. instance, charge 'duty' 'to report' respective hospitals. Thus, indictments, based follow, we see it, requirements committed. 30 affirm No. 643, reverse 704, case. 31 Affirmed. 32 Reversed. 33 DOUGLAS, whom CHIEF JUSTICE BLACK concur, dissenting. 34 lives defied there, stand live forced decision Yet home, distant place. Unlike 1529, no act kind district. Rumely McCarthy, 250 283, 39 483, 63 983, Lombardo, 241 73, 36 508, 60 897, Congress has specifically selected statutory objector, work, board.' 62 Stat. 612, 86, U.S.C.Appendix, 456(j), 456(j). argument like theological debate over number angels can head pin. Of course, divied up whole series But, adamant refusal budge home town stays defying authorities, home. 35 Any doubts should resolved favor citizen. construe against historic constitutional provisions. III, cl. provides 'The Trial Crimes, except Cases Impeachment, Jury; held Crimes committed; within State, Place Places may Law directed.' And guarantees 'a speedy trial, impartial jury committed, previously ascertained While here problem, one, history throws light problem When British Parliament proposed taking Americans abroad colony Virginia Resolves 16, 1969, voiced unanimous view 'thereby inestimable Privilege being tried Jury Vicinage, well Liberty summoning producing Witnesses Trial, taken away Party accused.'* boys present suffer comparably. For defiance sent places friends, unknown, witnesses transported. power But unambiguously. Midstate Horticultural Co., 306 161, 166, 59 412, 414, 83 563; 276, 250, 236. I eye try offenders our forefathers normally men receive fairest '(b) Offense Committed Two More Districts Divisions. motion defendant transfer proceeding division, if information bill particulars offense more division satisfied interest justice commission charged.' stipulations show use form. also argued understanding defendant's dismiss sustained allegations fact confirm assumption same U.S.C.App. 456(j): person claiming exemption combatant training service because objections whose claim induction, deem appropriate deemed, purposes section *, 462(a), 462(a): 'Any manner shall, competent jurisdiction, punished five years $10,000, 983; 897; Jones Pescor, 169 853; York Central & H.R. States, 166 F. 267. 14, Wyman, 125 280. Compare decisions hold punish father nonsupport child even though outside while committing offense. Comment, Stan.L.Rev. 709. 78, 510, Haas Henkel, 216 54 569. Wilson Purchasing Corp., 344 923, 73 493, 97 711, 'forward' shipments Tobacco Tax 884, approved receiver ruled Dodez 329 338, 67 301, 91 331, had exhausted administrative remedies therefore defend violated importance. laid Board. raised decided Petition certiorari, 2; Brief Furthermore case, Dodez' breach, Government work. Order Work, R. 155, 1946 Term. Journals House Burgesses Virginia, 1766—1769, 214.

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