Document: 497 U.S. 177 110 S.Ct. 2793 111 L.Ed.2d 148 ILLINOIS, Petitionerv.Edward RODRIGUEZ. No. 88-2018. Argued March 20, 1990. Decided June 21, Syllabus Respondent was arrested in his apartment and charged with possession of illegal drugs, which the police had observed plain view seized. The officers did not have an arrest or search warrant, but gained entry to assistance Gail Fischer, who represented that "our[s]" she clothes furniture there, unlocked door her key, gave permission enter. trial court granted respondent's motion suppress seized evidence, holding at time consented Fischer common authority because moved out apartment. also rejected State's contention that, even if authority, there no Fourth Amendment violation reasonably believed their possessed consent. Appellate Court Illinois affirmed. Held: 1. record demonstrates State has satisfied its burden proving "joint access control for most purposes" over apartment, as is required under United States v. Matlock, 415 164, 171, n. 7, 94 988, 993, 39 242 establish "common authority." Pp. 181-182. 2. A warrantless valid when based upon consent a third party whom police, entry, believe possess premises, fact does not. 182-189. (a) Because Court's opinion contain "plain statement" decision rests on adequate independent state ground, it subject review by this Court. See Michigan Long, 463 1032, 1040-1042, 103 3469, 3476-3477, 77 1201. P. 182. (b) What respondent assured government house will occur unless he consents; such "unreasonable." As many other factual determinations must regularly be made agents context, "reasonableness" determination enter judged whether were correct assessment, objective standard facts available moment would warrant person reasonable caution belief consenting premises. If not, then without further inquiry unlawful actually exists. But so, valid. Stoner California, 376 483, 84 889, 11 856, reconciled. 183-189. (c) On remand, appellate determine into 189. Reversed remanded. SCALIA, J., delivered Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, BLACKMUN, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. MARSHALL, filed dissenting opinion, BRENNAN STEVENS, joined, post, p. Joseph Claps, Chicago, Ill., petitioner. Michael R. Dreeben, Washington, D.C., U.S., amicus curiae supporting petitioner, special leave James W. Reilly, respondent. Justice SCALIA 1 In (1974), reaffirmed law enforcement violate Amendment's proscription "unreasonable searches seizures" obtained possesses present case presents issue we expressly reserved see id., 177, 14, S.Ct., 996, 14: Whether do so. 2 * Edward Rodriguez drugs. lived several months. relevant leading are follows. 3 July 26, 1985, summoned residence Dorothy Jackson South Wolcott Chicago. They met Ms. Jackson's daughter, showed signs severe beating. She told been assaulted earlier day California. stated asleep travel order unlock key so could him. During conversation, times referred California "our" said there. It unclear indicated currently only used live 4 drove accompanied Fischer. obtain Rodriguez, nor they seek At through living room, where drug paraphernalia containers filled white powder (correctly, later analysis showed) cocaine. proceeded bedroom, found discovered additional two open attache cases. drugs related paraphernalia. 5 controlled substance intent deliver. He all evidence arrest, claiming vacated weeks entry. Cook County Circuit motion, concluded "usual resident" rather "infrequent visitor" findings Fischer's name lease, contribute rent, allowed invite others own, away, some possessions from 6 affirmed respects. Supreme denied petition appeal, 125 Ill.2d 572, 130 Ill.Dec. 487, 537 N.E. 2d 816 (1989), certiorari. 493 932, 320, 107 311 (1989). II 7 generally prohibits person's home, make specific objects. Payton New York, 445 573, 100 1371, 63 639 (1980); Johnson States, 333 10, 68 367, 92 L.Ed. 436 (1948). prohibition apply, however, situations voluntary obtained, either individual whose property searched, Schneckloth Bustamonte, 412 218, 93 2041, 36 854 (1973), supra, 993. contends exception applies case. 8 "[c]ommon authority" "on mutual use persons having joint purposes. . ." establishing State. basis record, clear sustained. although small children, beginning December 1984, 1, almost month before here, gone mother. took children's clothing her, though leaving behind household effects. period after sometimes spent night Rodriguez's never invited friends went herself home. Her lease rent. taken knowledge (though testified preliminary hearing given key). these established respect purposes." To contrary, obviously correct. III A. 9 give consent, suffices validate did. Before reaching merits contention, consider jurisdictional objection: below ground. asserts Constitution provides greater protection than afforded Amendment, relied determined insufficient. 10 When state-court clearly both independent, decision. 1041, 3476-77, 1201 (1983). "a fairly appears rest primarily federal law, interwoven law," require " 'plain statement' [it] grounds," 1040, 1042, 3476, 3477; otherwise, "we accept explanation decided way so." Id., 3476. Here, contains law. rely (or mention) any provision Constitution, generally. Even cases cited constitutional provisions Fourteenth Amendments Constitution. We conclude rested B issue, permitting cause defendant's rights "vicariously waived." Brief 32. disagree. 12 unyielding our insistence waiver cannot effect "knowing" "intelligent." Colorado Spring, 479 564, 574-575, 851, 857-858, 954 (1987); Zerbst, 304 458, 58 1019, 82 1461 (1938). assuredly permit, therefore, introduced court's mere "reasonable belief"—derived statements unauthorized persons—that defendant waived objection. one distinction between, hand, derive guarantees and, nature those themselves. Schneckloth: 13 "There vast difference between protect fair criminal guaranteed Amendment. Nothing, purposes requiring 'knowing' 'intelligent' rights, practical application requirement suggests ought extended guarantee against unreasonable seizures." 241, 2055. 14 right exclusionary rule, applies, consents. itself, Const., Amdt. 4. There various elements, course, can "reasonable"—one cotenant. essence argument should impose element imposed elements compel exercise judgment regarding facts: namely, responsible 15 fundamental alone validates unconsented is, seizure committed about commit crimes, crimes. "reasonableness," necessary element, demand factually assessment what produce. Warrants need supported "probable cause," demands more proper "assessment probabilities particular contexts. Gates, 462 213, 232, 2317, 2329, 76 527 magistrate, seemingly reliable inaccurate information, issues sought-after felon present, likely owner suffers inconveniences expose ourselves cost safe society; suffer 16 Another often, invariably, render "reasonable" officer authorized warrant. Here held precludes error judgments officials expected make. Maryland Garrison, 480 79, 1013, 72 (1987), probable erroneously issued entire floor divided clearly) apartments. upheld properly covered said: "[T]he validity pursuant authorizing depends officers' failure realize overbreadth objectively understandable reasonable. unquestionably was. suggested [the suspect's] third-floor premises." 88, 1018. 17 ordinary supplanted "reasonable." requires accuracy. needed, example, incident arrest. Hill 401 797, 91 1106, 28 484 (1971), wrong person. 18 "The upshot good faith Miller quite turned out, subjective good-faith itself justify subsequent search. sufficient probability, certainty, touchstone reasonableness us mistake response situation facing them time." 803-804, 1110-1111. 19 superfluous multiply examples. apparent satisfy demanded government—whether magistrate issuing executing conducting exceptions requirement—is always correct, put Brinegar 338 160, 176, 69 1302, 1311, 1879 (1949): 20 "Because confront course duties less ambiguous, room mistakes part. men, acting sensibly conclusions probability." 21 reason depart general rule bearing exists sort recurring question apply judgment; answer reasonably. violated erroneously) resident pursuit violent escape. Archibald Mosel, 677 F.2d (CA1 1982).* 22 856 (1964), contrary. There, improperly entered hotel clerk, "the protected eroded unrealistic doctrines 'apparent authority.' 488, 892. word "unrealistic" descriptive limiting—that condemning reliance unrealistic. Similarly ambiguous opinion's statement "there [is no] claim relying clerk's expressions clerk search." Ibid. Was failed matter possibly support it? point seem speak clearly: 23 "It important bear mind petitioner's stake hotel's. right, petitioner waive deed, directly agent." 489, 893. 24 discussed, raised free waived, violated. think subtlety mind, supposed clarity foregoing immediately compromised, follows: true unambiguously nothing indicate whatsoever permit room." (emphasis added). 25 italicized language deleted, sentences meant appearance last analysis, admit rationale ambiguous—and perhaps deliberately least reading case, preferable one, knew came rented exclusively occupied defendant, former latter. implications (the allude to, much discuss effects of, belief") Chapman 365 610, 81 776, 828 (1961). sum, regarded unresolved. 26 demonstrates, hold today suggest may invitation explicit assertion lives surrounding circumstances conceivably doubt truth act inquiry. seizure, "be standard: 'warrant man belief' premises? Terry Ohio, 392 21-22, 88 1868, 1880, 889 (1968). thenwar rantless 27 unnecessary ruled Since find ruling error, remand consideration question. reversed, remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion. 29 So ordered. 30 STEVENS join, dissenting. 31 report daughter beaten. Ed boyfriend, assaulter. interview asked dealt narcotics. respond. agree, request let him battery. despite absence exigency, home result narcotics subsequently sought introduce prosecution Rodriguez. 32 majority agrees Ante, holds nonetheless page. majority's defense position misconception third-party searches. That rise claims violations premise ante, 183-184, voluntarily limit expectation privacy allowing possessions. Cf. Katz 389 347, 351, 507, 511, 576 (1967) ("What knowingly exposes public, own office, protection"). Thus, individual's another [to] [over property] purposes," limits extent protections. Rakas Illinois, 439 128, 148, 99 421, 432-33, 387 (1978) (because passenger car lacked "legitimate glove compartment," decide someone expectation). limited privacy, dispense safeguards 33 baseline presence Skinner Railway Labor Executives' Assn., 489 602, 109 1402, Indeed, "searches seizures inside presumptively unreasonable." 586, 1380, (1980). Exceptions therefore serve "compelling" goals. Mincey Arizona, 437 385, 394, 98 2408, 2414, 57 290 (1978). sole purpose underlying avoiding inconvenience securing departure justified simply believes ignores longstanding informed deliberate magistrates permissible preferred hurried action happen arrests." Lefkowitz, 285 452, 464, 52 420, 423, 877 (1932). 34 "[t]he people secure houses shall violated." recognized "physical chief evil wording directed." District Eastern Michigan, 407 297, 313, 2125, 2134, 752 (1972). carried suspect's premises per se unreasonable, show falls within carefully defined set exceptions." Coolidge Hampshire, 403 443, 474, 2022, 2042, 564 (1971). Those crafted light requirement's McDonald 335 451, 191, 153 (1948): 35 serves high function. Absent grave emergency, interposed citizen police. This done shield criminals haven activities. might weigh invade enforce deemed too precious entrust discretion job detection crime criminals." 455-456, 193. tolerated departures exigency makes imperative safety community. See, e.g., 456, 193-194 ("We excuse showing exemption mandate exigencies imperative"); Warden Hayden, 294, 87 1642, 782 (hot pursuit); Chimel 395 752, 89 2034, 685 (1969) (interest justifies arrest); Tyler, 499, 509, 1942, 1949-1950, 56 486 ("compelling official warrant" burning building). often heard, steadfastly rejected, carve burdens investigation crime. Our rejection due lack appreciation difficulty importance effective enforcement, firm commitment wrote Bill Rights totally sacrificed maximum simplicity law." Mincey, 393, 2414 (citing Chadwick, 433 6-11, 97 2476, 2480-2483, 53 538 (1977)). 37 then, weighty interest preventing intrusions overrides potentially mistaken seizure. illustrates, minimal obtaining weighs side. 38 Against expediting arrests retreat governmental intrusion." Silverman 505, 679, 683, 734 sure, party's prove valid, intrusion result, spared cases, claimed false. conduct measured possibility target consented. Where "[n]o offered except slight delay prepare papers magistrate," procedure observed. 15, 369-370, concerns work paperwork "are very convincing reasons circumstances, certainly enough by-pass requirement." Johnson, suspect fleeing take flight. permanent movable vehicle. No contraband threatened removal destruction. excused duty presenting difficult required." Unlike conducted requirement, 191-192, compelling social goal. Police officers, faced choice risk instead choose 40 prior discussing defendant. challenge search, stating permits assume[s] [such persons] area searched." 7; Frazier Cupp, 394 731, 740, 1420, 1425, 684 (holding left duffel bag another's "assumed person] allow else look inside"). assumption-of-risk clear, ability relinquished sharing 41 officer's thus entirely different footing authority. undiminished. accordingly conclusion flows (1964). suppression guest's room. reasoned unwarranted "was [he] Accordingly, resort "unrealistic authority' means upholding guest 892.1 42 Acknowledging seeks suggesting invalidate otherwise reads "general rule" "what reasonable." 185-186. 43 assertion, premised erroneous assumption cites provide holding. (1949),, confirmed unremarkable proposition cause, absolute highway. built standard, definition, defines outside whenever met, notwithstanding "mistakes" part 1311. contrast, already struck balance exigency. 191-192. errors searches, irrelevant.2 misplaced. "third apartment" building housed 80, 1014. Although apartments, apartments legitimately floor]." unconstitutional. 88-89, 1018-1019. Brinegar, type involved. warrants reasonable, reasoning evident little adopting "over above bedrock traced detailed warrant." 89, 14. 44 like tells empowered glib "[i]t multiply" citations Hill, 185, suggests. illumination citation discussion presently depends. IV 45 demonstrate contrary legitimate expectations individuals entitled rely. allows thereby trampling similarly expectation. 46 Instead judging past, carves pausing 'the situation' needs Amendment," (citations omitted). free-floating creation end, now departed balancing approach long jurisprudence, unclear. subjected away liberty designed protect. MARSHALL's dissent "generally Post, 196. Only exigent contends, produce "reasonableness"; object "limit[s] privacy," 198, becomes really all. making artificial distinction. describe noninvasion non-search strange extreme. And while admitted ingenious device explain why lawful, "unreasonable," forbids. Delaware Prouse, 440 648, 653-654, 1391, 1395-1396, 59 660 (1979) ("The essential proscriptions 'reasonableness' officials"). contending here were, known. discussed text, since rejected. insists "ambiguous—and so" permissibility conferred actual party. 188. however; today's manufactures ambiguity. "by authority,' 892, "only deed" freedom 893, precisely adopts. regards § theory referring applications 187. express description viewed happenstance. "applications" same sentence refer misapplications doctrine: "Our decisions strained agency 892 full confirms doctrines. Nor remarked Stating ibid., noting police's inability identify indeed occurred. mistakenly refused disturb '[w]hen party, second first arrest.' 802, 1110 (brackets original) (quoting People Cal.2d 550, 553, Cal.Rptr. 641, 643, 446 P.2d 521, 523 (1968)). Given extension (1980), understood gloss meaning cause." undermined identity arrested.

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