Document: 427 U.S. 1 96 S.Ct. 2413 49 L.Ed.2d 276 Monica ALDINGER, Petitioner,v.Merton L. HOWARD, etc., et al. No. 74-6521. Argued March 24, 1976. Decided June Syllabus After petitioner had been discharged without a hearing by respondent county treasurer from her job in his office, she brought suit against the treasurer, county, and other officers Federal District Court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that discharge violated federal constitutional rights seeking injunctive relief damages. Jurisdiction over claim was asserted 28 1343(3), which gives district courts jurisdiction "any civil action authorized law to be commenced any person" redress deprivation, color of state law, rights, pendent alleged lie state-law county. The dismissed as on ground since not suable "person" there no independent basis it, thus court power exercise On an appeal this dismissal Appeals affirmed. Held: A fair reading language used together with scope counties are excluded "person(s)" answerable plaintiff "in at (or) equity" enumerated deprivations, requires holding joinder municipal corporation, like here, for purposes asserting within jurisdiction, is Court's statutory jurisdiction. While respect litigation where nonfederal questions or claims were bound up upon parties already court, nothing Art. III's grant judicial prevents adjudication portions parties' dispute, it quite another thing permit turn joining party whom exists, simply because derives "common nucleus operative fact," giving rise dispute between claim. Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 715, 86 1130, 16 218, distinguished. addition completely new such circumstances would run counter well-established principle courts, opposed trial general limited marked out Congress. Pp. 6-19. 513 F.2d 1257, Norman Rosenberg petitioner. Donald C. Brockett respondents. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. This case presents "subtle complex question far-reaching implications," alluded but answered Moor County Alameda, 411 693, 93 1785, 1799, 36 596 (1973), Philbrook Glodgett, 421 707, 720, 95 1893, 1901, 44 525 (1975): whether doctrine extends confer exists. In action, main, various officials Spokane County, Wash., grounded Ninth Circuit held available adjudicate petitioner's otherwise nonexistent. noting its previous holdings effect left undisturbed Moor, arose Circuit, "not unaware widespread rejection" position almost all Circuits. 1261 (1975). We granted certiorari resolve conflict important question. 423 823, 36, 46 39 affirm. 2 * arises pleading stage, allegations complaint straightforward. Petitioner hired 1971 Howard, clerical work office. Two months later Howard informed letter although performance "excellent," dismissed, effective two weeks hence, allegedly "living (her) boy friend." Howard's alleged, taken pursuant statute provides appointing officer "may revoke each appointment pleasure."1 Though requested, none before after date discharge. 3 Petitioner's United States Eastern Washington, embodied second amended complaint, claimed principally Civil Rights Act 1871, 1983,2 substantive First, Ninth, Fourteenth Amendments, procedurally defective latter's Due Process Clause. An injunction restraining damages salary loss sought wife, named commissioners, 1343(3),3 "state parties." As said rest statutes waiving county's sovereign immunity providing vicarious liability arising tortious conduct officials. F.2d, 1358. "this (has no) County." From final judgment, see Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 54(b), appealed. 4 first rejected 1983 fell 1343(3) obviously foreclosed decisions supra, City Kenosha Bruno, 412 507, 2222, 37 109 (1973). Turning pendent-jurisdiction argument, noted, 1260, made alternative ruling "suitability discretionary jurisdiction" part rule enunciated 726-727, 1139, 218 (1966). But expressly Circuit's refusal apply party, instant panel felt free set Hymer Chai, 407 136 (CA9 1969), Madigan, 458 1217 1972), aff'd part, rev'd kind case, reasoned, presented "weakest rationale" extension Gibbs parties: (1) pressed who court;4 (2) diversity cases generally present more attractive opportunities pendent-party therein definition arise law; (3) should wary extending court-created doctrines reach Congress liability, hence applied defendant main claim; (4) context will "almost inevitably" involve difficult unsettled accompanying potential jury confusion. 1261-1262. II 5 "pendent" encompasses merely additional also has much litigated courts5 discussed commentators6 decision Gibbs. turn, most recent long line our dealing relationship actual contours controversies extended III. 6 Osborn Bank States, 9 Wheat. 738, L.Ed. 204 (1824), Chief Marshall addressed argument presence lawsuit dependent construction prevented exercising III even sue court. Noting "(t)here scarcely every depends" id., 820, contention: 7 "If sufficient foundation title right may defeated one constitution sustained opposite construction, provided facts necessary support out, then must decided incidental this, Those cannot arrest proceedings. . 8 "We think, then, when Union constitution, forms ingredient original cause, congress give Courts fact involved it." Id., 822-823. Siler Louisville & Nashville R. Co., 213 175, 29 451, 53 753 (1909), hold properly based colorable claim, "right decide though adversely raising them, if omitted them all, local only." 191. Moore N. Y. Cotton Exchange, 270 593, 609-610, 367, 370-371, 70 750 (1926), similar fashion defendants compulsory counterclaim same transaction plaintiff's antitrust grounded, latter failure former jurisdictional basis. few years later, Hurn Oursler, 289 238, 586, 77 1148 (1933), drew foregoing establish joined copyright infringement both considered "two distinct grounds single cause action," proved unsuccessful. 246, S.Ct., 589. 10 UMW, parallel common Tennessee concerted union efforts deprive him contractual employment relationships coal mine's owners. ultimately trial, absent, lower affirmed award thereon. Before reaching merits (on reversed), 245-246, 589, stated separate causes action" lacked "retain dispose" "non-federal Cause action." test formulated unification equity Rules Procedure, therefore unnecessarily tied outmoded concept "cause developed code rules. Recognizing themselves expand federal-court nevertheless found go beyond Hurn's "unnecessarily grudging" approach claims, adopt flexible treatment III, 2. Thus, federal-question substance, factual "that permits conclusion entire comprises 'case,' " U.S., 725, 1138. Court, aspect formulation, went enumerate factors bearing court's exercised given parallel-claims emphasizing "pendent discretion, right." 726, 1139. 11 These cases, show treating dispute. None however, adverted question, could derived fact" 12 while parties, have "ancillary jurisdiction," development relies party" here. Under doctrine, identified certain considerations justified Freeman Howe, 24 How. 450, 749 (1861), replevin creditor claimants property attached marshal action. argued want state-court leave remedy, lacking. equitable those claimants, prevent injustice suit, "an ancillary dependent, supplementary suit," maintainable irrespective citizenship. 460. Stewart Dunham, 115 61, 1163, 329 (1885), where, creditors' aside fraudulent conveyance removed diversity, nondiverse creditors permitted intervene assert identical interest. Since matter form appeared came decree prove their master, "could incidentally favor (the nondiverse) creditors(, s)uch proceeding acquired ." 64, 1164. Dunham controlling Supreme Tribe Ben-Hur Cauble, 255 356, 41 338, 65 673 (1921). There, suing out-of-state "Class A" members Indiana fraternal benefit society adjudicating interests control disposition society's funds. successfully defending protect judgment "intervention citizens (original) acquired," 366, 342, earlier binding enjoin diversity. 13 bottomed notion principal effectively controls fund thereto allowed order interests, regard jurisdiction.7 Fulton Hozier, 267 276, 280, 45 261, 262, 69 609 (1925): 14 "The entertain, intervention, controversies; controversy can regarded unless direct relation assets actually constructively drawn into possession suit." 15 decisional bridge these relatively discrete lines appears Moore. defendant's former, Hurn, faced assertion thought principle, distinguished." 242, 588. It course, expanded hand, equity, rationalized falling umbrella jurisdiction,8 neither term nor cited Bank, supra. suggests Moore, read "ancillary" adopted "transactional" presently "principled" distinction doctrines. "joinder remedies strongly encouraged," 724, 1138, use here assertedly only "derive(s) fact." Hence, concludes, Gibbs' bring falls satisfies face. For addressing we think unnecessary formulate general, all-encompassing rule. Given complexities many manifestations countless permutations possible Rules, little profit attempting decide, example, differences jurisdiction; or, are, what differences. relied urged better determine did identify deem 17 lineal ancestor, Osborn, couched terms "Cases Constitution, Laws (its) Treaties," they (and implicitly linked them) represented inquiries gave non-federal parties. posed need further inquiry underlying analysis concepts "question," "claim," itself matter. short, about word "Cases" offer guidance elusive Gibbs: extent existing defendant. 18 perfectly consistent particular subject-matter require answer well deriving nucleus" fact, vintage. "unfair" he having placed substantial Judicial economy served "such ordinarily expected try 19 situation strikes us being factually legally different facing predecessors. purely point view, authorize virtue litigate plaintiff, join entirely "derive Ibid. True, insofar "are sense observation Judge Sobeloff, writing Kenrose Mfg. Co. Fred Whitaker 512 890, 894 (CA4 1972): 20 value efficiency lawsuits avoiding multiplicity readily conceded, consideration take account assessing absence Especially true seeks so avidly courts." 21 There significant legal difference. silent defendant, statute, might called claims; way open own rules bringing behest rather considerations. contention entitled third wholly decided, congressional silence tacit encouragement, context. address rests, sought. And undoubtedly done so. 22 specific conferred actions deprivations rights. opening 1343,9 "shall person (emphasis added). 198310 is, included subsection 1343. Yet does not, indeed contest deprivations.11 necessarily argue spite emphasized above enabling circumvent exclusion, related made, turns initially, i. e., under," deductions wanted sort courts. Parties counties, reference great deal force "civil broadly Back ordinary law. Additional party," conferring construed light 23 Resolution therefore, calls careful attention relevant language. indicated, 1343, court.12 variations employed issue so-called §§ 1983. Other grants alignments call result. When exclusive, prosecution tort 1346, convenience coupled Only tried together.13 indicated outset opinion, complex," believe unwise lay down sweeping pronouncement existence observations suffice type us. If subject serious obstacle required concluded satisfy implication negated existence. 25 conclude declined extend County. 26 Affirmed. 27 BRENNAN, MARSHALL BLACKMUN join, dissenting. 725-726, 1138-1139, (1966), held: "Pendent Power, exists whenever 'arising (the) Treaties shall Authority ,' U.S.Const., 2, 'case.' substance derive fact. if, character, proceeding, assuming substantiality issues, Power hear whole. 30 "That exist. consistently recognized right. Its justification lies economy, fairness litigants; hesitate them." (Footnotes omitted.) 31 concerned jurisdictionally reason why principles equally involving either concerns personam judiciary "would (be tried) proceeding," discretion addresses "considerations litigants."1 32 To recognize sometimes alter balance "judicial fairness," threaten embroil resolution uncertain thereby make inappropriate, speak proper vitiate application fail applicability often compel result aptly described Eighth Circuit: 33 '(I)t unjustifiable waste professional time indeed, travesty sound administration allow (federal codefendants) prosecute precisely (a codefendant claim) State court.' Schulman Huck Finn, Inc., 472 864, 866 (1973) (quoting 350 F.Supp. 853, 858 (D.Minn.1972)). 34 upholding reaffirmed, 867, my Brother Blackmun, Hatridge Aetna Cas. Surety 415 809 (1969). Therein applying finding appropriate forth I am complete accord: 35 "(In) (pendent-party jurisdiction) makes good sense; avoids forum shopping multiple actions; tends reduce costs heavily burdened time." 817. today disclaim Rather, recognizing sub silentio e absurd results create disclaimer possibility label 714-715, 1798, variety contexts Procedure,2 declines "to jurisdiction." Ante, 19. instead reaches proclamation Per se forbidding governmental units purporting find implication" expressed disapproval "over That demonstrably untenable. justify 1983.3 announces "whether Party sought." 16. At level analysis, course meaningless, capable All instances impliedly "addressed itself" But, says, drawing "deductions courts," 17, "conclude(s) declined." apparent, enactments involved, legislative history, policies belies purported determining propriety yields reached today. 38 speaks claims. face "authorized person," plainly defendants. Accordingly, argues proposition "the ante, created history enactment intended preclude standard principles. Our precedents, Monroe Pape, 365 167, 81 473, 492 (1961), 596, firmly sole rationale construing "persons" susceptible excluding government Sherman Amendment April 20, enacted version 1983.4 Senate approved proposed Senator liability,5 House it.6 Conference Committee reported version7 Report.8 Thereafter, acceded rejection Houses substituted place 1871 Act, 1986.9 Amendment, more, encompassing units. 188-191, 484-486; 707-710, 1794-1796. recognize, Poland, Manager Report, solemnly Impose obligation town organizations, mere instrumentality law." Cong.Globe, 42d Cong., 1st Sess., 804 (1871) supplied). See 190, 485; 708, 1795. respecting lack "impose liability" "As law," 710 n. 27, 1796 original), pervades aborted Amendment.10 40 contrast expression hostility forums entertaining opponents were, reveals, fully aware several laws liability.11 Moreover, objected imposition views entertainment "(M)y colleague committee says practice powers enforce judgments municipalities kind, cities. he, intelligent lawyer House, knows only, may, execute contracts, all. contracts; let remembered gone saying divisions contracts Except precise compliance State, accordance contract based, pursuance dictated words, hitherto direction confined execution payment corporation bonds issued authority, Where according enforcing kindly, respects govern itself, regulate say subscribe railroad, put securities way, how payable certain. city fails perform obligations enforced." 789 (remarks Kerr) gentleman Ohio (Mr. Shellabarger) morning thing. contract, when, themselves, liable sued enforcement contract. (sic ) ever corporations. bind so, very PRESUME, TOO, THAT WHERE STATE HAD IMPOSED DUTY UPON SUCH MUNICIPALITY, AND PROVIDED THEY SHOULD BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES CAUSED BY FAILURE TO PERFORM DUTY, AN ACTION WOULD ALLOWED MAINTAINED AGAINST THEM IN THE COURTS OF UNITED STATES UNDER ORDINARY RESTRICTIONS AS JURISDICTION. widely devolving duty national Government, destroy whatever." Id. 794 Poland) 43 "Congress never attempted assert, far know, authority. amendment General Government please municipalities, creations alone. Now, sir, exceedingly wide power. unable it. disposed now discuss minutely, wish authority rest. listened utmost respect, power, Shellabarger,) chairman conference, ascertain just do wrong failed resides. He undertake some toward growing but, municipality, lays remedy consent, consent Of "This understand well; proposed, carry rests obligation, provision assent to." 795 Blair) ". (I)n place, remark referred to, Knox vs. Lee others, rightly scope: imposes corporations, decrees duty. board supervisors council city, levy tax collect funds pay purpose satisfaction Mandamus officers, "But imposed Constitution usually laws, people commission offenses herein enumerated, burning buildings injury person. Police corporations; cities qualified SO FAR CITIES ARE CONCERNED, EQUAL PROTECTION REQUIRED AFFORDED IS CITY LAWS, PERHAPS COULD ENFORCE ITS PERFORMANCE." Burchard) supplied).12 47 imagine clearer recognition difference instance clearly premised distinction. Although purports "deduc(ing)" manifested today's belied crystal-clear expressions. B 48 Today's insupportable ascertaining importantly, disregards intent policy enacting Acts including For, perhaps unparalleled post-Civil War focal entertained forums. era "national feeling born War. Nationalism triumphant; vindication." F. Frankfurter J. Landis, Business 64 (1928). Contemporaneous passage 3, 1875, which, primary powerful reliances vindicating treaties States." 65; Zwickler Koota, 389 241, 247, 88 391, 395, 444 (1967). "In expanding levels due suitor's choice claims." 248, 395. disagreement among heretofore denied impulse behind creation (§ 1983) Was in, shaped through, tribunals," forgotten "How Ku Klux Act." 252, 251, 519, 518 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) supplied).13 50 predecessor basic alteration system wrought Reconstruction through legislation amendment. structure emerged especially centerpiece role guarantor established. Section opened private citizens, offering uniquely incursions secured Nation." Mitchum Foster, 225, 238-239, 92 2151, 2160, 705 (1972) (footnotes omitted). 51 extensive review 173-180, 476-480, led conclude: 52 "It abundantly clear passed afford because, prejudice, passion, neglect, intolerance otherwise, enforced enjoyment privileges, immunities guaranteed agencies." 180, 480; 193, 487 (Harlan, concurring). Review 238-242, 2159-2161,14 proclaim evident conceived altering Nation protection federally rights; instrumentalities realized might, antipathetic vindication believed failings 54 "Section product vast transformation federalism prevailed late 18th century interpose people, guardians people's unconstitutional 'whether executive, legislative, judicial.' 2162. 55 announcement today, undermines past teachings availability crucially important, swoop erases reflect.15 suitor wrongs split remitted duplicative expensive, wasteful, needless. Regardless Gibbs; regardless clarity unit, cf. Wechsler, Revision Code, Law Contemp.Prob. 216, 232-233 (1948);16 absolute identity issues Kages Kouba, Liability Public Entities S.Cal.L.Rev. 131, 162-163 (1972); monetary expense disadvantages duplicate litigation, Fortune, Pendent Problem "Pendenting Parties," U.Pitt.L.Rev. 1, 8-9 "travesty administration," Supra, 21, forces litigant indefensible suffering forgoing right, emphatically policy, heard conveniently 15,17 patently ignore real issue, painfully obvious neutral forums; imparts fundamental bias utilization owing deterrent needless requirement chosen. P. Bator, Mishkin, D. Shapiro H. Hart Wechsler's System 922-923 (2d ed. 1973). than paying "due claims," rides roughshod congressionally flies intent. dissent. Wash.Rev.Code 36.16.070 (1974). "Every who, ordinance, regulation, custom, usage, Territory, subjects, subjected, citizen thereof deprivation injured redress." person: "(3) custom privilege equal persons noted 1331, amount exceeded $10,000. apparently attempt plead directly implementing legislation. Appeals, "consistently chosen rely upon" bases 1331 lie. raise petition certiorari, citizenship 1332 Washington. See, e. g., 713-714, nn. 29-30, 1797-1798, 3A Practice P 18.07(1.-4) 1974); 921-926 1973); Wright, 1970); Shakman, New Courts, Stan.L.Rev. 262 (1968). commentator stated: "Once agreed interfere motion forward Howe avoided. Unless property, citizenship, persons, valid deprived press claim." 1970). sets corollary Howe: subsequent suits effectuate property. Shulman Jaegerman, Some Jurisdictional Limitations Yale L.J. 393, 413 (1936); 13.15 187-191, 484-486, (1961); 511-513, 2225-2226, floor debates became understanding distilled diverse strains, indicate entertain corporations then-existing inference theme 1343 disturb seems add disturbs slightest. cognate provisions defeat Hipp 313 1152 (E.D.N.Y.1970). Contra, Williams 405 951 1969). Second series opinions Friendly. Almenares Wyman, Cir., 453 1075 (1971); Leather's Best, Inc. S. Mormaclynx, 451 800 Astor-Honor, Grosset Dunlap, 441 627 Heyward-Robinson 430 1077 (1970) (concurring opinion). Wright A. Miller, Procedure 1659 Note, UMW Jurisdiction, Harv.L.Rev. 657 (1968); Comment, Ancillary Jurisdiction: Towards Synthesis Doctrines, U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 1263 As, third-party emphasis "embody 'the whole tendency time,' emphasize 725 13, encourage E. Fed.Rules 13(h), 14, 19, 22, 25. agree, types determination worthy note, developments "(t)he have, restricted number situations." Baker, Toward Relaxed View 759, 763 (1972). App. 335 (1871). 704-705. 725. 749. 800-801. 804. 788 Kerr); 791 Willard); 793 Poland); Blair); ibid. Burchard); 799 Farnsworth). 792 (Mass.); (N.Y.); (Pa.); (Ky.). ambiguous Amendment: "I care comparatively amendment, modified form. too grossly palpably receive sanction Radical President organize. thank God, yet decent liberty dismiss contempt comes bill, end Therefore, afraid practical piece narrow-minded, fanatical, malicious legislation; overleaps itself. old English 'hue cry,' relic barbarism, save "Our written limitations restrictions, forever matters thereof. minor charges, protest continuance July 1862, numerous classes bill." 789-790 Beck). "See remarks Dawes, member bill (Cong. Globe, Sess.) 476: 'The resort States. Is wrongs? offender immunities, there, civilly criminally, infringement, submit calm candid tribunal fitted, exact justice likely meted temper, moderation, severity, be, always Constitution.' "And see, Coburn, 459-460: 'Whenever, denial nation stand doors, ready impartial complaints elsewhere. Here come weak poor downtrodden, assurance heard. man smitten stripes ask redress. nation, majesty, demand punishment offenders, tribunals closed. 'Can means effectual? Can suppress try. influence courts; judges act independence, terror, can; sympathies nearly vicinage; jurors neighborhood; able prejudices bad passions terror easily. marshal, clothed sheriff, arrests certainty, and, aid seize offenders banded combined resistance expected. least, men, disregard trial. stop. rest, acting solemn country God. trust institutions? Does grim shadow step goblin, terrify us? harmless helpless ghost drive mocks justice, licenses outlawry, stands dumb lash torch pistol lifted night quiet citizen? propose so.' 253-254, 83, 520 dissenting). g.: Representative Lowe stated, 'records (state) searched vain evidence (of rights) What less 1871) adequate remedy? serve writ mandamus Executives privileges arisen agencies execution. Hence throws doors whose impaired.' 374-376 (1871)." 240, 2161. 230 (1948): "(I)n (of) specially Laws. declared historic precious area, calling jury, slightest risk nullification process. danger unhappily past. moving field interest smaller outweighed highest concern." (Footnote "There vice inhering expositors mechanism errors corrected also, liberal joinder, forcing plaintiffs pursue pieces evils. achieved prejudice resting uncertainty obtains prevailing enmeshed clashing render formulation intrinsically changing concept, limit grounds. When, contrary, settled state, safely full case." Sub unresolved implying exclusively cognizable 15, 18. agree.

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