Document: 432 U.S. 333 97 S.Ct. 2434 53 L.Ed.2d 383 James B. HUNT, Jr., Governor of the State North Carolina, et al., Appellants,v.WASHINGTON STATE APPLE ADVERTISING COMMISSION. No. 76-63. Argued Feb. 22, 1977. Decided June 20, Syllabus Appellee, a statutory agency for promotion and protection Washington apple industry composed 13 state growers dealers chosen from electoral districts by their fellow dealers, all whom mandatory assessments finance appellees operations, brought this suit challenging constitutionality Carolina statute requiring that apples sold or shipped into in closed containers be identified no grade on container other than applicable federal designation are not graded. A three-judge District Court granted requested injunctive declaratory relief, holding appellee had standing to challenge statute, $10,000 jurisdictional amount 28 U.S.C. § 1331 was satisfied, challenged unconstitutionally discriminated against commerce insofar as it affected interstate shipment apples, Held: 1. Appellee has bring action representational capacity. Pp. 341-345. (a) An association behalf its members when (1) would otherwise have sue own right; (2) interests seeks protect germane organization's purpose; (3) neither claim asserted nor relief requires participation lawsuit each individual members. Warth v. Seldin, 422 490, 95 2197, 45 343. 342-343. (b) The prerequisites associational described clearly present here: At risk losing accounts, some (at per-container cost 5¢ 15¢) obliterated grades large volume Carolina-bound containers; they stopped using preprinted containers, thus diminishing efficiency marketing operations; appellee's attempt remedy these injuries is central purpose protecting enhancing market; constitutional individualized proof. 343-344. (c) Though agency, account precluded asserting claims State's since practical purposes performs functions traditional trade association. While "members" sense, possess indicia organization membership (viz., electing members, being only ones serve Commission, financing activities), consequence mandatory. 344-345. (d) Appellee's may adversely outcome litigation, annual used support activities which tied production could reduced if market those declines result statute. P. 345. 2. requirements satisfied. Since litigate constituents' claims, rely them meet requisite controversy. And does appear "to legal certainty" at least will come view substantial sales (over $2 million) continuing nature statute's interference with industry, coupled evidence record suffered continue suffer losses various types operation St. Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. Red Cab Co., 303 283, 58 586, 82 L.Ed. 845. 346-348. 3. violates Commerce Clause burdening discriminating sale apples. 348-354. raises costs doing business while leaving unaffected counterparts, who were still free under none all. 350-351. strips competitive economic advantages earned itself an expensive, stringent inspection grading system exceeds requirements. By inferior offers very sort out-of-state competition designed prohibit. 351-352. Even intended discriminatory enacted declared consumers deception fraud because multiplicity grades, remarkably little further goal, respect permits nothing purify flow information retail level. Moreover, led type assertedly aimed, equal surpass comparable standards. 352-354. Nondiscriminatory alternatives outright ban readily available. 354. 408 F.Supp. 857, affirmed. John R. Jordan, Raleigh, N. C., appellants. Slade Gorton, Atty. Gen., Olympia, Wash., appellee. Mr. Chief Justice BURGER delivered opinion Court. 1 In 1973, required, inter alia, sold, offered sale, bear "no standard." N.C.Gen.Stat. 106-189.1 (1973). Apple Advertising Federal invalidated prohibited display ground commerce. 2 specific questions presented appeal whether Commission action; so, satisfied jurisdictional-amount requirement 1331;1 constitutes unconstitutional burden 3 4 Nation's largest producer crops accounting approximately 30% grown domestically nearly half As might expected, scale multimillion dollar enterprise plays significant role Washington's economy. Because importance State, legislature undertaken enhance reputation establishing stringent, program, administered Department Agriculture, tested strict quality standards graded accordingly. cases, gained acceptance trade, equivalent of, superior to, adopted United States Agriculture (USDA). Compliance scheme $1 million year. 5 addition sought through creation charged duty promoting industry. nominated elected within dealers. Wash.Rev.Code §§ 15.24.020, 15.24.030 (1974). Among both domestic foreign markets advertising, research analysis, public education, well scientific uses, development, improvement Its financed entirely levied upon 15.24.100; year during litigation began, totaled $1.75 million. assessments, initially fixed can increased majority vote themselves. 15.24.090. 6 1972, Board administrative regulation, unique 50 States, effect required either USDA expressly prohibited.2 obvious prohibiting regulation apply problem potentially nationwide significance. annually ship 40 500,000 eventually find way stamped variety grade. It industry's practice purchase varieties prior harvest. After filled appropriate grade, portion placed cold-storage warehouses where labels identify product facilitate handling. These then needed throughout year; after February year, constitute two-thirds fresh country. ultimate destination unknown time storage, compliance Carolina's obliterate printed giving damaged appearance. Alternatively, changed practices accommodate needs market, i. e., repack bearing and/or store estimated harvest destined such special containers. last resort, discontinue use entirely. None costly less efficient options attractive event number followed lead, resultant inability force abandon expensive customers know over 60-odd years existence. 7 With problems confronting petitioned amend permit grades. hearing held question but granted. Indeed, hardened position shortly thereafter enacting law: 8 "All shall container, bag receptacle, standard marking 'unclassified,' 'not graded' 'grade determined.' " 9 Nonetheless, once again exemption permitted shipments Carolina. This request, too, denied. 10 Unsuccessful attempts secure Commission3 instituted Eastern complaint, invoked Court's jurisdiction 1343, declaration violated, Constitution, Art. I, 8, cl. 3, prayed permanent injunction enforcement manner. convened pursuant 2281 2284 consider Commission's attack 11 hearing, relief. 857 (1976). outset, right amount-in-controversy been satisfied.4 F.Supp., 858. Proceeding merits, found neutral face, actually favor local counterparts. Id., 860-861. discrimination resulted fact unlike Washington, never established system. Hence, existing producers; hand, forced alter long-established procedures, cost, market. concluded competitors justified interest elimination confusion marketplace arguably furthered noted "irrationally" drawn accomplish alleged goal without any 861-862. court therefore commerce, apples,5 enjoined application. we postponed consideration case merits sub nom. Holshouser Comm'n, 429 814, 54, 73 12 Court, before, officials vigorously contest prosecute action, right, purports represent. appellants maintain lacks "personal stake" essential invocation federal-court jurisdiction. Baker Carr, 369 186, 204, 691, 703, 663 (1962). point out, engaged Rather, limited advertising.6 Appellants contend impact activity prohibits imposed restrictions advertisement labeling ban, affects parties said carry same regulatory program. argue suffers injury, otherwise, operation, and, result, cannot make out "case controversy" between establish sense. E. g., Village Arlington Heights Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., 252, 260-264, 555, 561-563, 450 (1977); 498-499, 2204-2205, 343 (1975). 14 assert, allegedly inflicts individually collectively order confer itself. Those argue, disabilities prevent coming forward rights are, fact, injured operation. event, proper representative interests. Although recognized assert even injury activity, e. supra, 511, S.Ct., 2211; National Motor Freight Traffic Association 372 246, 83 688, 709 (1963), voluntary association, Thus, whose raise, "distinct palpable injury" itself, more abstract concern well-being basis standing. That interest, "substitute concrete III." Simon Ky. Welfare Rights Org., 426 26, 40, 96 1917, 1925, 48 15 If typical constituents clear decisions stated: 16 "Even absence solely . must allege one them, suffering immediate threatened justiciable themselves suit. So long established, so party indispensable resolution cause, entitled invoke court's jurisdiction." U.S., 2212. 17 See also 39-40, 1925; Meek Pittenger, 421 349, 355-356 n. 5, 1753, 1758, 44 217 (1975); Sierra Club Morton, 405 727, 739, 92 1361, 1368, 31 636 (1972); Ass'n supra. We went elaborate properly pursue members: 18 "(W)hether remedial powers depends measure sought. declaration, injunction, form prospective reasonably supposed remedy, granted, inure benefit injured. cases associations represent kind." 515, 2213. 19 Thus when: lawsuit. 20 "associational standing" here. complaint alleged, caused ranging cents per carton; lose accounts Such direct sufficient producers publicize Finally, request proof resolved group context. 21 presented, therefore, whether, record, status rather organization, precludes constituency. think not. admittedly purposes, representing previously noted, industry; pursuit end, education campaigns, research. serves specialized segment community primary beneficiary activities, including prosecution kind litigation. 22 organization. They alone elect Commission; lawsuit, them. real represents provides means express collective views Nor do determining constituency "membership" "compelled" assessments. Membership union, equivalent, often required. Likewise, bar prerequisite law. Yet instance reasonable suggest lacked constituents. 23 note paid packaged "Washington Apples." results contraction prevents expansion occur, reduce due activities. financial nexus coalesces factors above "assure adverseness sharpens presentation issues largely illumination difficult questions." 703; see NAACP Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 449, 459-460, 78 1163, 1170, 1488 (1958). 24 Under circumstances here, exalt substance differentiate agree 25 turn next appellants' failed satisfy 1331. this, demonstrated worth $10,000. made effort instead attempted actual impact. This, claim, do, aggregating claims. aggregation, impermissible Snyder Harris, 394 332, 89 1053, 319 (1969), Zahn International Paper 414 291, 94 505, 38 511 26 Our determination capacity disposes first contention. Obviously, constituents, proceed subject-matter resolving issue, unnecessary reach aggregation posed us Cab. 288-289, 590, 845 (1938). 27 actions seeking controversy measured value object McNutt General Motors Acceptance 298 178, 181, 56 780, 781, 80 1135 (1936); Glenwood Light & Water Mutual Light, Heat Power 239 121, 126, 36 30, 32, 60 174 (1915); Hunt New York Cotton Exchange, 205 322, 336, 529, 533, 51 821 (1907); J. Moore, Practice PP 0.95, 0.96 (2d ed. 1975); C. Wright, A. Miller, Cooper, Procedure 3708 Here, conduct affairs follow enforcement. McNutt, 781; Buck Gallagher, 307 95, 100, 59 740, 742, 1128 (1939); Kroger Grocery Baking Lutz, 299 300, 301, 57 215, 81 251 Packard Banton, 264 140, 142, 257, 258, 68 596 (1924). Here demonstrates types. For example, there supporting finding shippers lost lead diminished profits. There incurred complying manually carton. Other decided practices, repacking abandoning entirely, among things. considered computing supra; Allway Taxi, Inc. City York, 340 1120 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 468 F.2d 624 (CA2 1972). addition, deprived utilize most effectively which, demonstrates, wide trade. regained incurring additional etc. Cf. Spock David, 502 953, 956 (CA3 1974), rev'd grounds, 424 828, 1211, 47 505 many already gone procedure, causing incur unnecessarily. 29 Both 1974 alone, excess million7 preclude our saying certainty," expenses not, time, done already, sustain met. 30 (4) finally erred violated State. really burdened increasing there. burdens far outweighed benefits flowing what valid exercise inherent police citizenry 32 Prior enactment, different sale. Seven systems differing standards, similar descriptive (e. fancy, extra etc.). inconsistent found, dangers Nation whole. eliminate source replacing numerous single uniform standard. contended uniformity evenhanded manner evidenced applies regard origin. gave "scant attention" legislation line "broad powers" purchasers foodstuffs. Florida Lime Avocado Growers, Paul, 373 132, 1210, 248 (1963); Pacific Box Basket White, 296 176, 159, 138 (1935); Corn Products Refining Eddy, 249 427, 39 325, 63 689 (1919). 33 every authority imposing invalid. Great Atlantic Tea Cottrell, 366, 371, 923, 928, 55 (1976); Freeman Hewit, 329 249, 67 274, 276, 91 265 (1946). acts limitation power congressional implementation, 370-371, 927-928; 276; Cooley Wardens, How. 299, 996 (1852), opinions that, 34 "in conflicting Congress, residuum laws governing matters nevertheless affect even, extent, regulate it." Southern Arizona, Sullivan, 325 761, 767, 65 1515, 1519, 1915 (1945). 35 correctly note, "residuum" particularly strong pertaining Inc., 146, 1219. token, however, furthers legitimate concern, health consumer areas, end inquiry. view, "would mean imposes limitations save rare artlessly discloses avowed discriminate goods." Dean Milk Madison, 354, 71 295, 298, (1951). comes conflict Clause's overriding national "common market," confronted task effecting accommodation competing Pike Bruce Church, 397 137, 90 844, 847, (1970); 370-372, 927-928. task. takes forms. first, obvious, raising counterparts unaffected. disparate producers, competitors, comply wares enactment. tend shield disadvantage great distance 37 Second, stripping away apple-grading contains affidavits brokers located inside outside preference, customers, opposed USDA, former's greater consistency, emphasis color, inspections. Once again, operated benefit. Third, leveling insidiously operates advantage producers. earlier, corresponding categories. forces work, sellers normally enjoy distinct vis-a-vis categories superior. However, qualify now marketed "downgrading" products worst, embargo withhold best, deprive premium command. Despite facial neutrality, suggests unintended byproduct indications effect. glaring response Commissioner following statue's passage he indicated before exemption, "want sentiment mainly responsible passed ." App. (emphasis added). somewhat suspect singled transported effectuate ostensible generally shipping need ascribe motive Legislature resolve case; conclude stand marketplace. When demonstrated, falls justify terms unavailability nondiscriminatory adequate preserve stake. 297. 373, 929; 847; Polar Ice Cream Creamery Andrews, 375 361, n.9, 84 378, 386, 389 (1964); Baldwin G. F. Seelig, 294 524, 497, 500, 79 1032 (1935). scores. 41 several unquestionably citizens foodstuffs, laudable hardly thought created grades; indeed, magnifies depriving concerning contents although ostensibly measure, directs efforts, consuming large, wholesalers principal individuals presumably knowledgeable area. level, eliminate. potential grades8 "deceive" "confuse" his benefit, harmful result. 42 appears nondiscrimnatory permitting marked label. case, grand benchmark evaluate alternative reason inadequate eradicate banning Concededly, latter instance, "confusion" persist. goods demands tolerated.9 judgment 43 Affirmed. REHNQUIST took part decision case. Section pertinent part: "(a) district courts original civil wherein matter sum $10,000, exclusive amended, "(6) show Grade panel 'Unclassified,' 'Not Graded,' 'Grade Not Determined.' shown." 3-24.5(6), Rules, Regulations, Definitions Standards Agriculture. law, corporation specifically sued. 15.24.070(8) regard, ruling Judge denied motion dismiss grounds. 51-58. judge determine 1343 holding, constituted undue (1970). 862 9. During 1974, spent $25,000 advertising 859. percent transshipped States. findings showing conclusion necessarily rejects suggestion standardization achieving

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