Document: 535 U.S. 162 MICKENSv.TAYLOR, WARDEN. No. 00-9285. Supreme Court of the United States. Argued November 5, 2001. Decided March 27, 2002. CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR FOURTH CIRCUIT A Virginia jury convicted petitioner premeditated murder Timothy Hall during or following commission an attempted forcible sodomy, and sentenced to death. Petitioner filed a federal habeas petition alleging, inter alia, that he was denied effective assistance counsel because one his court-appointed attorneys had conflict interest at trial. Petitioner's lead attorney, Bryan Saunders, represented on assault concealed-weapons charges time murder. The same juvenile court judge who dismissed against later appointed Saunders represent petitioner. did not disclose court, co-counsel, previously Hall. District relief, en banc majority Fourth Circuit affirmed. rejected petitioner's argument judge's failure inquire into potential either mandated automatic reversal conviction relieved him burden showing adversely affected representation. concluded demonstrated adverse effect. Held: In order demonstrate Sixth Amendment violation where trial fails about which it knew reasonably should have known, defendant must establish counsel's performance. Pp. 166-176. (a) alleging ineffective generally reasonable probability that, but for unprofessional errors, result proceeding would been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 694. An exception this general rule presumes probable effect upon outcome has entirely critical stage proceeding. held in several cases "circumstances magnitude," States Cronic, 648, 659, n. 26, may also arise when defendant's attorney actively conflicting interests. Holloway Arkansas, 435 475, created is forced codefendants over timely objection, unless determined there no conflict. Cuyler Sullivan, 446 335, declined extend absent actually adequacy representation, S., 348-349. Finally, Wood Georgia, 450 261, granted certiorari consider equal-protection violation, then remanded determine whether record strongly suggested existed, id., 273. 166-170. (b) This rejects remand instruction Wood, directing grant new hearing if "an actual existed," 273, established neglects duty defendant, obtain reversal, need only show lawyer subject interest, As used instruction, interest" meant precisely performance — as opposed mere theoretical division loyalties. It shorthand Sullivan's statement "a shows representation prejudice relief," 349-350 (emphasis added). notion sub silentio implausible. Moreover, proposed makes little policy sense. Thus, void establish, minimum, having found such effect, denial relief be 170-174. (c) case presented argued assumption (absent some inquire) Sullivan applicable rooted obligations former clients. does correctness assumption. 174-176. 240 F. 3d 348, SCALIA, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C. O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, THOMAS, JJ., joined. concurring opinion, joined, post, p. 176. STEVENS, 179, SOUTER, 189, dissenting opinions. BREYER, GINSBURG, 209. Robert J. Wagner, by appointment 533 927, cause With briefs were E. Lee Mark Olive. Q. Harris, Assistant Attorney General Virginia, respondent. brief Randolph A. Beales, General. Irving L. Gornstein amicus curiae urging affirmance. On Solicitor Olson, Chertoff, Deputy Dreeben, Gregory G. Garre, Joel M. Gershowitz.* JUSTICE SCALIA Court. 1 question what known. 2 * 1993, Mickens sodomy. Finding outrageously wantonly vile, June 1998, writ corpus, see 28 § 2254 (1994 ed. Supp. V), Eastern courtappointed Federal discovered representing (the victim) Hall, juvenile, 20, 1992, met with once 15 30 minutes week. Hall's body 30, four days him, noting docket sheet deceased. one-page listed counsel. April 6, Under law, files are confidential disclosed without order, Va. Code Ann. 16.1-305 (1999), learned Saunders' prior clerk mistakenly produced file 3 evidentiary petition. divided panel Appeals reversed, 227 203 (2000), rehearing banc, 348 (2001). initial matter, 7-to-3 raise conflict-of-interest claim state preclude review, concluding "inquiry purposes excusing [petitioner's] default ... incorporates test evaluating underlying claim." Id., 356-357. merits, assumed neglected conflict, Relying 335 (1980), "both even failed known," 3d, 355-356. Concluding 360, affirmed Court's relief. We stay execution sentence certiorari. 532 970 II 4 provides criminal shall right "the Assistance Counsel defence." accorded, we said, "not its own sake, ability accused receive fair trial." 658 (1984). follows from preserving fairness meet constitutional mandate, 685-686 (1984); defects trial's do violation. different." 5 There rule. spared outcome, simply presumed When occurred, likelihood verdict unreliable so high case-by-case inquiry unnecessary. See supra, 658-659; Geders States, 425 80, 91 (1976); Gideon Wainwright, 372 344-345 (1963). But magnitude" forgo individual inadequate undermined reliability verdict. 26. 6 nub before us principle these under circumstances present case. To answer question, examine those detail.1 7 475 (1978), defense objected could adequately divergent interests three codefendants. 478-480. Without inquiry, motions separate refused allow cross-examine any defendants behalf other two. deferred judgment regarding existence disabling recognizing best position exists, ethical obligation advise problem, declarations "virtually made oath." 485-486 (internal quotation marks omitted). presumed, moreover, "which [the defendant] tried avoid objections joint representation," 490, adversarial process. presumption justified inherently suspect, multiple "effectively sea[l] lips crucial matters" make difficult measure precise harm arising errors. 489-490. thus creates 488 ("[W]henever improperly requires objection automatic"). 8 respondent separately, Neither nor anyone else opening aligned. 347-348. Holloway's situation representation." addition describing proof, addressed separately court's propriety construing require knows know particular exists," 3472 confused aware vague, unspecified possibility "inheres almost every instance 348. "special circumstances" triggered inquire. 346. 9 261 (1981), indigent distributing obscene materials their probation revoked requisite $500 monthly payments $5,000 fines. violated Equal Protection Clause, course our consideration certain disturbing came attention: At probation-revocation (as all times since arrest) employer owner business purveyed obscenity), paid attorney's fees. promised employees pay fines, kept promise done defendants' employer's establishing favorable precedent (reducing fines future) diverged obtaining leniency paying lesser imprisonment. "was sufficiently apparent revocation impose further." 272. Because "[o]n us, [could not] sure influenced basic strategic decisions hired him," ibid., "to suggests 10 argues "unambiguous rule" judgment, Brief 21.3 He relies language determines requiring further determination however, think relief." added).4 interpretation consistent earlier description why decide remand: "On cannot him. If case, due process rights petitioners respected ...." 272 different parties neither briefed conflict-ofinterest issue implausible.5 11 existed affect performance, Sullivan-mandated discussed, applied (and obligated will significantly thereby rendering unreliable, though shown. awareness renders more likely way unreliable. Cf. 662, 31. Nor often harder reviewing courts particularly rely evidence testimony whose importance becomes 12 Nor, finally, appropriate means enforcing mandate inquiry. Despite SOUTER's belief threat sanction (to wit, risk conferring windfall defendant) induce "resolutely obdurate" judges follow 208, presume careless partial police officers incentive exclusionary rule, Leon, 468 897, 916-917 And event, standard, proof (once shown) prejudice, already "incentive" fact one, enable seeking waiver replacing conflicted attorney. doubt deterrence "judicial dereliction" achieved greater. 13 Since Holloway) protested inability simultaneously defendants; reduce proof; least necessary, conviction, III 14 Lest today's holding misconstrued, note deficient defective ineffectiveness-of-counsel cases), That unreasonable light holdings Courts Appeals, "unblinkingly" "all kinds alleged conflicts," Beets Scott, 65 1258, 1266 (CA5 1995) (en banc). They invoked standard here) clients, see, e. g., Perillo Johnson, 205 775, 797-799 2000); Freund Butterworth, 165 839, 858-860 (CA11 1999); Mannhalt Reed, 847 2d 576, 580 (CA9 1988); Young, 644 1008, 1013 (CA4 1981), somehow implicates personal financial interests, including book deal, Hearst, 638 1190, 1193 1980), job prosecutor's office, Garcia Bunnell, 33 1193, 1194-1195, 1198, 1994), teaching classes Internal Revenue Service agents, Michaud, 925 37, 40-42 (CA1 1991), romantic "entanglement" prosecutor, Summerlin Stewart, 267 926, 935-941 2001), fear antagonizing judge, Sayan, 968 55, 64-65 (CADC 1992). itself clearly indeed support, expansive application. "[U]ntil," predicate assistance." 350 Both itself, 348-349, Holloway, 490-491, stressed concurrent difficulty proving prejudice. Geer, Representation Multiple Criminal Defendants: Conflicts Interest Professional Responsibilities Defense Attorney, 62 Minn. Rev. 119, 125-140 (1978); Lowenthal, Joint Cases: Critical Appraisal, 64 939, 941-950 (1978). Not conflicts comparable difficulties. Rules Procedure treat differently, whenever jointly charged single (Rule 44(c)), another substantially related representation.6 346, (citing Rule). 16 suggest less important than another. purpose exceptions ordinary requirements Strickland, enforce Canons Legal Ethics, apply needed prophylaxis situations evidently assure vindication Nix Whiteside, 157, (1986) ("[B]reach necessarily out guarantee counsel"). resolving grounds successive Whether extended remains, far jurisprudence concerned, open question. 17 18 For reasons stated, 19 Affirmed. Notes: Kent Scheidegger Justice Foundation Lawrence Fox Ethicists et al. amici curiae. Breyer rejectsHolloway sensible [and] coherent framework dealing with" 209 (dissenting opinion), proposes instead "categorical rule," 211, "breakdown justice system appearance reliably serve function vehicle guilt innocence, resulting punishment regarded fundamentally fair," ibid. omitted), decreed seems categorical decision restatement decided. they thought identify fair. believe eminently performs hand, mistaken otherwise. otherwise, proper regard judicial especially lay down rules can followed innumerable unable review propose "sensible framework," rather merely saying victim, plus capital nature counsel, 210, strikes producing law expression ad hoc "fairness" (with disagree). circumventSullivan's clear language, Stevens scrutinize closely retained Post, 184 opinion). draws distinction. "A respect disarms [the] contention retain lawyers entitled protection whom State appoints counsel.... vital stand uninformed forfeit entitlement protection." 344. longer argues, below SOUTER now,post, 202 investigated real. Compare 357 2001) banc), Tr. Oral Arg. 23-25. Some read footnote 272, 18, outright interest. See, Campbell Rice, 265 878, 884-885, 888 2001); Ciak 59 296, 302 (CA2 1995). Brien 695 10, 15, 1982). says "raising problem record" "Sullivan mandates requisite] inquiry." 18. These statements response dissent's "gone beyond" reaching raised courts, 280 (White, dissenting). extent "mandates reversal" goes beyond assertion jurisdiction reverse, dictum inconsistent disposition reverse vacate conduct omitted. labors part scheme," 194, required "held completed," end proceeding, 202. carefully concealed "coherent scheme" (no ever mentioned it) decree (second emphasis Indeed, notified "`[d]uring hearing.'" 20. signs occurred close proceeding," 201 became "strategy obviously requesting defer collection," 198 accurately phrased proceeding." STEVENS asserts reading presumably well,post, 201), wrong, 186-187; real 187. "unambiguously stated" reversed investigate 186-187 footnote). explained earlier, 3, contradicts Wood. "actual elsewhere mean shown inSullivan. 31 (1984) ("[W]e .... (1980)"). "conflict loyalties 482, described Glasser 315 60 (1942), follows: "The Stewart Government witness linked conspiracy object admission arguably inadmissible evidence. viewed Stewart's desire protect Kretske's `indicative struggle two masters ....' [315 S.], 75. After identifying flowing harmless ordered Glasser's reversed." (Emphasis added.) properly something apart conflict," purposes, affects Rule 44(c) provides: "Whenever pursuant 8(b) joined 13, assigned associated practice promptly personally each Unless appears good arise, take measures counsel." 20 O'CONNOR joins, concurring. 21 comprehensive analysis said necessary address issues presented, I join full. suspected kind error second petitioner: whether, presumption, nonetheless write emphasize facts well illustrate wooden inappropriate like one. 22 request, conducted issued thorough victim whatsoever Greene, 74 586 (ED 1999). findings depend credibility judgments after witnesses. role speculate motives plausibility alternative litigation strategies. Our factual conclude erroneous. Lackawanna County Coss, 394, 406 (2001) (opinion O'Connor, J.). client, interfere litigation. 2d, 606 ("[T]he concludes continuing duties client might options current client" alteration omitted)). Although probably learn matters confidential, nothing relevant subsequent here confirms information Mickens' merits sentencing" deleted)). information, labored impression deceased client. 605 reflects allegiance `[e]nded walked courtroom told me dead gone'") (quoting Hearing 156-157, 218 (Jan. 1999)). While mistaken, establishes influence choices conclusion example required, adopting reversal. 23 roads taken entail degrees speculation. assume believed hypothetical blocked pursuing strategy. prosecution's coupled insistence testifying, foreclosed strategies fact. According plausible consented sexual relations murderer, given bruises victim's neck, blood stabbed intercourse, and, most important, testifying never victim. 607 presentation consent strategy"). phase scene; hardly theory consensual encounter. 24 dereliction sentencing phase. attack character 17-year-old mother putative strategy backfire, owed 608 dispels use negative attributable Saunders"). facts, others relied provide compelling 25 turn hampered assiduous taking prophylactic measures. limited harboring protects major departure say step providing assistance, indeed, support proposition. guarantees infringement deficiency lawyer, judge. reason unfulfilled purported 26 observations, 27 dissenting. raises uniquely questions fundamental component person offense defense.1 first Second, assuming disclosure refuse Third, appointing Ultimately, exist them violated, cost litigating unjustified." 29 series pretrial meetings between how defended. possibly willing truthful account facts. meets newly falsely maintain complete innocence. Truthful disclosures embarrassing incriminating contingent development client's confidence undivided loyalty lawyer. Quite obviously, knowledge substantial obstacle confidence. equally true lawyer's conceal ramifications. suppression communication truncated investigation unavoidably difficult, altogether impossible, level trust characterize "delicacy relation" client.2 very misled gave false denying involvement crime despite overwhelming killed retrospect, obvious death penalty avoided acknowledging involvement, emphasizing suggesting encounter consensual. garnered male prostitute, App. 137, 149, 162, 169; area known prostitution, 169-170; secluded ultimately murdered. unconflicted put forward tending engaged sex, offered defense. omission finding sodomy absolute prerequisite eligibility penalty.3 Of course, led noncapital offense, persuade divulge endorse earned 32 concealment essential severe lapse professional duty. instant charge intuitively obvious, old profession. Consider straightforward comment Story 1824: "An bound retainer, discretion latter. No man supposed indifferent work directly bear freedom choice employs presume, latter silent point, engagements, interfere, degree, exclusive devotion confided him; betray endanger fidelity." Williams Cas. 1386, 1390 (No. 17,733) (CC Me.). 34 indefensible. relevance too concealed. 35 guilty ensuing proceedings sense word. proceedings, impact jury's decision. Payne Tennessee, 501 808 (1991). fiduciary relationship survives death, Swidler & Berlin 524 399 (1998), irreconcilable. reputation confidences impeach prosecutor.4 36 living other, unquestionably sufficient give insist representation.5 "right guaranteed Constitution contemplates services devoted solely client," Von Moltke Gillies, 332 708, 725 (1948).6 my conflict-free just firmly protected self-representation recognized Faretta California, 422 806 (1975).7 37 point definition, solemn steps insure fullest proceedings." Moltke, 722. 38 imperative arises represents defendants. "[u]nless initiate 347 (1980).8 when, permissibility responsible making herself, she exist, manifest unqualified.9 circumstances, squarely discloses "possibility conflict" party fees, imposes state-court made. 267, (1981). IV 39 violated. "make of" 40 received violations Mickens.10 guarantees. attorney-impostor passed bar examination, impostor's educational shortcomings "`actually representation.'" Ante, 171 deleted). would, surely set aside Four setting remedy 41 First, dictated line precedent, focus via whereby serious brought attention unambiguously stated `knows exists.'" wrong interpret Powell's referring "that performance." 171, deleted).11 nowhere hints meaning reference "shorthand," ante, 171. Rather, cites explicitly distinction: circumstance, required. lacked knowledge, 272-274.12 42 responds brutal homicide incapable 43 legal profession's historic universal condemnation full interested parties.13 novel naïve acceptable proved demeaning 44 "justice satisfy justice." Offutt 11, (1954). Setting public procedures employed cases. Death imposed country. "From view both severity finality. From society, action sovereign life citizens differs dramatically legitimate action. community be, appear based caprice emotion." Gardner Florida, 430 349, 357-358 (1977). allows foist onto capricious; poisons integrity adversary justice. 45 respectfully dissent. "In prosecutions, enjoy state, federal, proceedingsGideon long paramount 653-654 ("`Of has, pervasive assert have'" (citation Me. 1824). Discussing necessity preservation lawyer-client relationship, stated: "I agree doctrine urged bar, delicacy relation full, frank, free material, exercise client." phase, instructed "If you find Commonwealth prove killing of, to, [but malicious, willful, deliberate, killing], degree murder, fix at: (1) Imprisonment life; (2) specific term imprisonment, twenty [20] years 58-59 example, incident involving mother. She sworn warrant arrest charging battery. this, rebuttal victim-impact submitted "`all [she] lived boy.'"Id., 297. group experts ethics, acting asamici curiae, submit nonwaivable articulated ABA Model Conduct (4th 1999) (hereinafter Amici Curiae non-waiveable `disinterested circumstances' " 1.7, Comment 5)). Unfortunately, informed waived appointment, governing standards responsibility precluded doing so, remain unanswered. plainly intolerable, I, code "[W]hen chooses manage tradition allocate power binding many areas.... allocation justified, consent, outset, accept representative. unwanted `represents' through tenuous unacceptable fiction. acquiesced Constitution, for, sense, nothis defense." 820-821. Part foray implicated presented. dicta, states thatSullivan place representations. 175-176. Most claims insidious self-interest. cited 174-175. same. (1981) (applying stemming third-party payment arrangement). "unblinkingly," accuses, 174, principled reason. multiple, successive, poses materially diverging yet inquire, "[c]ircumstanc[e] [such] fully competent small 659-660. dispute knowledge. assumed,arguendo, who, "reasonably previous Hall." 2001). challenged. disagree byCuyler aid evil [of conflict-ridden counsel] advocate finds himself compelled refrain doing, [making it] intelligently 490-491 adequate augment easier evaluate concedes requiredAnte, 173-174. ignoring reads narrowly. ask ascertain "[n]othing indicates provision trials reduced divergence participant representation.... affirmative counter challenges categorically, surrounding circumstances. "surrounding [making] unlikely ineffectiveness 661, 28. egregious knows, know, intolerable Nevertheless automatically (or know) butnot 172-173. faces instance, committed misconduct requirement justify err. leads anomalous result. analysis, objects posed greater right. Had apprised Every country prohibiting undertaking involves University Publications America, National Reporter Ethics Responsibility, Vols. I-IV (reprinting codes 50 States). 91-92, Comments ("As proposition, prohibits consent.... Loyalty impaired consider, recommend carry responsibilities interests") 46 47 facing, in, obliged enquire assess Wheat 486 153, 160 (1988); (1981); (1980). 484 remote concern, Fourteenth replaced. ibid.; 60, 70 (1942). Wheat, 162; Advisory Committee's Notes 1979 Amendments Fed. Crim. Proc. 44(c), App., 1655. 48 Judge Saunders's potentially entailed defending Mickens.1 586, 613-615 therefore look secure Mickens's knowing intelligent appoint discharge her care. 614. devised dereliction, afforded 491; here. 49 today holds, instead, employ formal bringing home get turned provided Ibid. matter further? What added honor? now calls application albeit stated. 171-172. majority's error, resting Three supra; supra. 51 defender jointly. 477. weeks trial, moved representation; motion. again empaneled, ground considering event inhibited. 478. prosecution rested, third time, advising decided testify; lawyers. counts. 481. 52 "risk" pending impossible furthering defendants, 484, convictions basis respond prospective harm, 491. particular, caused 488. pointed characteristically deterred unconflicted, consequent absence footprints render virtually impossible. 489-491. 53 Next indicted tried, 337. accused, afford own. murder; acquitted trials. 338. argue otherwise later, 343. 54 enough coming trigger further, circumstances."2 special circumstance objection. suspect per se, anticipate spoke notice ("[A] performance" (footnote "large measure," 347, is, exclusively, terms exists,"3 Accordingly, rest object, interest," reason, 349. 55 burdens features scheme counsel; treated differently retrospective completed tainted although derelict guard it. comes become actual, act prospectively remote, eliminate waiver. committing error; uncompromised fulfill care remedied vacating conviction. 487, act, restored occupied obligation. prospectively, fact, consequence Fairness more, fault allowing proceed fraught hidden risk. 56 holds today, bears repeating legally tell impair Counsel's enquire. multiple-representation cases, alert reaffirmed indicated law: "Unless enquiry." 347. cavil months Powell, wrote Georgia original). 57 613-615, announced exemplified confirmed affording 58 eyes, takes insufficient whatever staked turning retrospectively. distinction regardless record. 172-174. according majority, notice, record, easy read, misreads toward seeing recall quoted before, obligation, quoted, True, disregarded "inconsistent" Wood's holding. 168-169, 2. polite doing; Holloway), around called Sullivan). happened. hold governs Careful involve unrealized, govern deal possible handed sentences appeals exhausted, that.4 61 material adult bookstore theater, defended privately 262-263. 12-month prison suspended favor condition installments, do. 263-264. pay, laboring employer, early originally nearly 11-16 O. T. 1979, 79-6027 (Mar. 1977, sentencing). ("at hearing, stages below"). original store theater them; trial; judge;5 attacking equal argument, weakened collection. 272-273. enough, owner's protection, avoiding ruinous incarceration. significant putting until finished (nearly sentencing) relying heavily arguments help noted sent letter sentencing, afford, 268, move "equal protection," reflection occur hearing. Opposition 79-6027, 72 (transcript Jan. hearing).6 motion stressing day locked up, 35-36 (Joint Motions Modify Conditions Probation Order Filed Feb. 12, 1979). 268. Since, view, together amiss, favoring until, earliest, later.7 saw it, disqualifying concern leniency, 63 resolve remaining instance. press aggressively explored consult point.8 deciding do, procedural models to: procedure judgment9 determining Treating remanding correct choice. was, rather, much closer went pervaded extending years. difference whereas past (what happened failures hearing), postconviction 338-339. unlike future, remedy. consistency Contrary conclusion, 2, tension while sending back 273-274. pre-existing Sullivan. enquiry, defendant. enquiry retrospective, 66 then, reached owing crime, 613-615; 1, should, therefore, settled 67 leave merit adopts, treating breaches depending objected. not. irrational face, incentives vigilance weakest presenting greatest unfair reduces so-called empty words. 68 reject starts accepted placed 484. expressly repudiate duty, 167-168, cavil. go proceeded unfair. 484; Glasser, 76. Pate Robinson, 383 375, 386-387 (1966) ( competency trial). absurd, all, sit quiescent face illusory waste emotion, money. bad specter, confronted elude demonstration consist happen. 490-492. fairly saddled effects blame tolerating indefensible nothing. 69 stake, learns attention? conscientious suffices Holloway; run short specter trouble. sometimes wide-awake shows. 613-615. Why, pretend contrary perceive points out? Why excuse breach fallen ethics competence? Transforming factually responding irrational. irrationality mitigated Government's effort analogize plain litigants ones system; inducements warnings. Amicus 9, 26-27. fallacy books 265, ("It focused] concede continued works objecting believes sights being opposing Vonn, 72-73 (error plea colloquy). motive 203, 213-217 2000), vacated leading arose obtuseness inattention, sake deliberately party's suppressed fee getting attention. perceptive needs venal apt reformed reversing road venality.10 71 taxing heavier naturally produces operating judges. independent concrete honor keep eyes peeled wittingly play loose clients 161. Pate, (reversal ensure keeps himself, quite ebb. minimizing inducement care.11 unless, no-objection certainly practical prospect same) explicit objection.12 words, devoid sanction; ceases all. 73 vanishes, regime took opportunities place. Convicted avenues might, first, indicating "`particular conflict,'" 347), chance show, perspective observer looking allegedly route preventive, costly after-the-fact easily avoidable vigilant judge; markedly judiciary fault, alleviated dispensing Today, skewed responsibility. applies resolutely obdurate complaint facing demands. forsaken expect time-consuming post-trial guide, expense purchase system.13 battery concealed-weapon Lodging 390, 393. name "BRYAN SAUNDERS," large, handwritten letters, prominently visible inches above signed wrote: "Remove docket. Def[endant] deceased."Id., 390. next "do favor" 142. And, warrants, apparently "`on 1992,'" "`Timothy Jason white male, age 17.'" 614 juvenile-court thrust unusual notorious 14-day up start day, impairing upcoming lenient Procedure, 161 (1988). By "particular detectable horizon quotedHolloway terminology: alone, "adverse effect." 347-350. gets wind directions: remains place; removal mistrial, conversely, retrospectively adversely. infra, presided proceedings. 11-41 inWood 79-6027. here, theWood perspective, State's alerting arguing forgiveness trying 14-15, 27-28 hearing). aligned; prevented pressing 14. rejoinder agreement violating unenforceable policy. 14-17. sufficed 170-171, mention imagined universe conflicts. quarter said: "And cannot, not, lock fine; fine, person, Your Honor, quote Bennett versus Harper, refusing neglecting so." 19. Tate Short, 401 395 (1971), Illinois, 235 (1970); protection" "legal garbled transcription, leniency," supplement, replace, phrasing perceived nature: "[state] [on remand] earlier." vantage suspecting appeal, only, 11; but, unknown disagreement issue. White out, employees, owned establishmentsId., 282-283, probation, 281, commitment perhaps antecedent fine. Seeid., 274, (majority contends "provide adisincentive bring reliable conviction." 27. force self-interest obtuse stays recognize depended danger cases; savvy comply concerns court. recognizes still enquire, realm conjecture giving rise wary onerous check judges, survey applying theHolloway noobjection commendable restraint fellow truly outrageous 887-888 (reversing prosecutor arraigned office felony drug charges); Rogers, 139, 145-146 2000) commissioner); Allen, 831 1487, 1495-1496 1987) (finding Magistrate enquired entered plea, list "rank[ing] relative culpability"). Particularly galling surprising unnecessary intimation available allege contexts 175. Requiring conflict's core utilitarian errors outcome. Seeante, 166 ("[I]t violation"). turns "harm" safely avail sign danger. 168. 693-694 (1984), "outcome-determinative standard" appropriate" "undermines 693, "confidence outcome," unheeded, "must guilty." 489 citation professionalism results revelation trusted self satisfaction destroy confidence, accepted, respects. Before admittedly discuss sex element, option. 211-213; alsoid., 219. vein, mattress illicit common. 202-217; 397-398. incompetence censure failing (though option considered). effect: initiated son died defend charges, 390 Yet mother's boy,'" 421; 219-222. rebutted, explanation offer knew, except obtained confidentiality. GINSBURG seeks petitioner, Walter Mickens, Jr., killing. approach warranted used: "structural defect affecting within [and sentencing] proceeds, itself." Arizona Fulminante, 499 279, 310 spend great disputing precedents Those significance "failure inquire" "knew known" "potential" opinions well. express ineffective-assistance-of-counsel (or, all), am convinced governed precedents, reasons. representational incompatibility face. lawyer; matter; exacerbated sides tip scale extensive regarding, example: investigating background; witnesses call; type impeachment undertake; jury; victim; adopt stage. Given subtle forms take, killer justified. 657-658 (explaining breakdown process"). later. active incompatible concept "duty central "inquiry" shed namely, yesterday creates, "`reliably innocence,'" "`criminal punishment' "`be fair.'" 310. appearance, typical complains "relies immediate visceral learning Respondent 34. so. "visceral impact," execute yesterday, invariably "diminis[h] faith" system. Young ex rel. Vuitton Fils A., 481 787, 811-812 (1987) (plurality Olano, 507 725, 736 (1993) (need seriously "`fairness, proceedings'"). say, diminish successful functioning continues depend.

Category: 0