Document: 491 U.S. 617 109 S.Ct. 2646 105 L.Ed.2d 528 CAPLIN & DRYSDALE, CHARTERED, Petitionerv.UNITED STATES. No. 87-1729. Argued March 21, 1989. Decided June 22, Syllabus Christopher Reckmeyer was charged with running a massive drug importation and distribution scheme alleged to be continuing criminal enterprise (CCE) in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848. Relying on portion the CCE statute that authorizes forfeiture Government property acquired as result drug-law violations, 853, indictment sought specified assets Reckmeyer's possession. The District Court, acting pursuant 853(e)(1)(A), entered restraining order forbidding from transferring any potentially forfeitable assets. Nonetheless, he transferred $25,000 petitioner, law firm, for preindictment legal services. Petitioner continued represent after his indictment. moved modify Court's permit him use some restrained pay petitioner's fees exempt such postconviction forfeiture. However, before court ruled motion, plea agreement which, inter alia, agreed forfeit all then denied motion and, subsequently, an forfeiting virtually Government. Petitioner—arguing used attorney are under 853 if they not, statute's failure provide exemption renders it unconstitutional—filed petition 853(n) seeking adjudication its third-party interest forfeited Court granted relief sought. Appeals reversed, finding atute acknowledged no exception requirement statutory is constitutional. Held: 1. For reasons stated United States v. Monsanto, 600, 611-614, 2657, 512 (1989), whatever discretion 853(e) does district judges refuse issue pretrial orders assets, not grant them equitable allow defendant withhold bona fide attorney's fees. Nor exercise judges' "immunize" nonrestrained subsequent 853(c), which provides recapture third parties. Pp. 622-623. 2. impermissibly burden defendant's Sixth Amendment right retain counsel choice. A has spend another person's money services rendered by even those funds only way will able Such money, though possession, rightfully his. Petitioner's contention that, since Government's claim rests penal merely mechanism preventing fraudulent conveyances device determining true title property, places rights greatly outweighs unsound. Section 853(c) reflects application long-recognized lawful practice vesting hands at time act giving rise Moreover, there strong governmental obtaining full recovery deposited fund supports law-enforcement efforts, allows recovered rightful owners, major purpose behind provisions CCE's lessen economic power organized crime enterprises, including private counsel. 624-633. 3. upset balance between accused manner contrary Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment. Constitution forbid imposition otherwise permissible sanction, forfeiture, because cases prosecutors may abuse processes available them. due process claims cognizable specific prosecutorial misconduct, been here. 633-635. 837 F.2d 637, affirmed. WHITE, J., delivered opinion REHNQUIST, C.J., O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, filed dissenting opinion, BRENNAN, MARSHALL, STEVENS, joined, post, p. Peter Van N. Lockwood, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Acting Sol. Gen. William C. Bryson, respondent. Justice WHITE Court. 1 We called determine whether federal includes wishes who conducted defense case where Because we exists, must decide statute, so interpreted, consistent Amendments. hold is. 2 * In January 1985, multicount scheme. (CCE), 84 Stat. 1265, amended, 848 (1982 ed., Supp. V). "property constituting, or der ved . proceeds obtained" 853(a),1 App. 33-40. At this time, 853(e)(1)(A),2 transfer listed were forfeitable. 3 Sometime earlier, had retained ongoing grand jury investigation resulted 1985 indictments. Notwithstanding order, paid firm few days handed down; sum placed petitioner escrow account. following 4 On 7, earlier fees; also intended one week later, could conduct hearing Under agreement, pleaded guilty drug-related charge, day entered, concluding irrelevant further consideration propriety court's restraints. 54-55. Subsequently, possession conjunction sentencing. Id., 57-65. 5 After 853(n), permits parties ask sentencing their property; specifically, 853(n)(6)(B) gives party into transaction make against "at [the transaction] reasonably without cause believe [defendant's were] subject forfeiture." See 853(c). claimed $170,000 provided conducting defense; being held n account, payment argued alternatively unconstitutional. share 6 panel Fourth Circuit affirmed, that—while contained provision authorizing out assets—the do infringed Harvey, 814 905 (4th Cir.1987). hear en banc reversed. Sub nom. re Forfeiture Hearing Caplin Drysdale, Chartered, 637 Cir.1988). All language would recognize majority found constitutional, id., 642-648; four judges, however, panel's view construed violated Amendment, 651-653 (Phillips, dissenting). 7 review constitutional issues raised Appeals' holding. certiorari, 488 940, 363, 102 352 (1988), now affirm. II 8 first submission V), grants courts when should imposed. This exercised "traditional standards," urges, "weigh[ing] equities competing hardships parties"; approach, "must invariably strike [to pay] attorneys fees," argues. Brief 8. submits once exercises discretion, fails freeze uses attorney, parties, operate sums. 9 argument, acknowledges, based expounded Judge Winter Second concurring decision, 852 1400, 1405-1411 (2nd reject interpretation today our decision 512, reverses Circuit's holding case. As explain Monsanto S.Ct., 2664-2665, enter orders, extend far urges—nor Thus, claim. III 10 therefore address challenges law.3 contends infringes defendants' choice, upsets "balance power" consider these contentions turn. 11 makes impossible, least burdens, "to select represented one's preferred attorney." Wheat States, 486 153, 159, 108 1692, 1697, 100 140 (1988). nor defensibly so, assert impecunious defendants have choose guarantees adequate representation, but means hire own lawyers complaint long adequately appointed courts. "[A] insist representation cannot afford." Wheat, supra, 1697. dispute propositions. deny qualified whom can afford hire, willing funds. Applying principles question here, observe nothing prevents hiring disqualifies serving unlike involve situation asked prevent chosen representing accused. Instead, urges arises here instance Government, intend attorneys. 12 Even sense, course, imposes limited. nonforfeitable retaining choosing. necessarily possesses seeks prevented Defendants like find them, hoping event acquittal, via other might come future. limited one. 13 unable lawyer access risk later recouped 853(c).4 It cases, argues, puts limits statute. 14 untenable. Whatever extent Amendment's protection choosing, go beyond "the individual's obtain advice assistance counsel." Walters' National Assn. Radiation Survivors, 473 305, 370, 3180, 3215, 87 220 (1985) (STEVENS, robbery suspect, example, stolen bank defend apprehended. his; violate seizes refuses defense. "[N]o lawyer, case, accept ransom fee. privilege license steal." Laska 82 672, 677 (CA10 1936). appears concede much, see 40, n. 25, respondent clearly does, Respondent 88-454, pp. 36-37. 15 distinguish purposes arguing bank's "pre-existing rights," while "penal statute" embodies "fictive property-law concept relation-back" "a property." 40-41. light this, contends, Ibid. premises constituti nal analysis unsound several respects. First, given virtue more substantial than acknowledges. so-called "relation-back" provision, Congress dictated "[a]ll right, property" obtained criminals illicit described "vests upon commission observed adopted, known "taint theory," "has recognized cases," Stowell, 133 1, 244, 33 L.Ed. 555 (1890). S.Rep. 98-225, 200, 27 (1983). explained operation similar (for violations Internal Revenue Code) follows: 16 "As soon possessor asset committed violation] internal revenue laws, laws took effect, (though needing judicial condemnation perfect it) operated conveyance remaining [possessor]; valid effectual, world, recorded deed. vested defeated impaired dealings [possessor]." 19, 248. 17 sum, Concluding give good did neither extraordinary novel. claim, general proposition relation-back unconstitutional, cannot, matter, vest derived date question. part necessary subjected But conviction, creates alienate receive peculiar. 18 There principle person another's party, complete exchange constitutionally protected right. While supporting amici attempt expenditure rights, expenditures pursuit freedoms, see, e.g., American Bar Association Amicus Curiae 6, distinction between, hierarchy among, rights. If fees, why speak, religion, travel? too, depends financial wherewithal; threat similarly enjoying fully otherwise. about antiforfeiture each right; exist rights.5 19 "balancing analysis" substantially modest attorney. takes position large part, over client principal ends achieved: dispossessing dealer racketeer wrong-doing. 39; F.2d, 924-925. think misses mark three reasons. 20 pecuniary goes separating ill-gotten gains; legitimate extends recovering Fund efforts variety important useful ways. 28 524(c), establishes Department Assets Fund. sums activities substantial,6 using profits discounted. Second, "rightful owners" 853(n)(6)(A). winning undiminished thus objective returning full, wrongfully deprived defrauded it. Where pursues restitutionary end, indistinguishable robbery; forfeiture-defendant's instead having returned persuasive robber's 22 Finally, previously, motivating congressional adoption refinement influenced corrupt organizations (RICO) desire enterprises. Russello 464 16, 27-28, 104 296, 302-303, 78 put it: "Congress already underscored compelling public stripping undeserved power, ability command high-priced talent." 649. notion depriving insofar somewhat unsettling. See, Tr. Oral Arg. 50-52. suffered impairment seizure reflection harsh reality quality frequently turn best buy." Morris Slappy, 461 23 103 1610, 1622, 75 610 (1983) (BRENNAN, result). Again, aptly: "The modern Jean Valjean satisfied Yet merchant huge entitles something more. contention, finance expensive defense." 649.7 overrides permitting adjudged Otherwise, interference whenever freezes before, during, trial. So-called "jeopardy assessments" Service (IRS) seizures secure potential tax liabilities, 26 6861—may impair complained assessments upheld attack,8 note concedes constitutionality, 37, 20. suggest never impose within control lawyer.9 Criminal defendants, exempted federal, state, local taxation simply levies deprive resources 24 Government's—assets forfeitable, were—to attorneys' possession.10 U.S., 613, 2665, rejects respect yet judged B 25 second invalid forces accuser." Wardius Oregon, 412 470, 474, 93 2208, 2212, 37 (1973). sure adds anything because, "[t]he fair trial through Clauses defines basic elements largely thr ugh Amendment," Strickland 466 668, 684-685, 2052, 2062-2063, 80 674 (1984). concluded above offended if, added encompassed provisions, unavailing. powerful weapons war crime; weapons, impact devastating unjustly. alleging abuses misconduct (and made allegation here) directed rule inherently fact Act unconstitutionally conceivable set circumstances insufficient render invalid," Salerno, 481 739, 745, 107 2095, 2100, 95 697 (1987). claim—that abused—proves too many tools misused violates innocent persons. it, rejecting advanced below: "Every carries abuse, require facial invalidity." 648. rejected last Term, disqualify conflicts interest—over objection disqualification—would encourage "manufacture" 163, 1699. acknowledging possible, declined fashion per se observing "trial undoubtedly aware [the] possibility" "take consideration," dealing disqualification motions. approach taken attempting persons punishment. Cf. Brady 397 742, 751, 8, 90 1463, 1470, 747 (1970). Cases involving particular dealt individually lower courts, if) arise. IV 29 above, imposed merit. judgment 30 Affirmed. 31 STEVENS join, dissenting.* 32 Those jurists forth reaches guided core insight: unseemly unjust beggar prosecutes disable trivializes defendant." Chartered 617, 625, 2646, 2652, 528. heed warnings whose day-to-day exposure criminal-trial enables understand, perhaps better we, consequences fee integrity adversarial system justice.1 criminal-forfeiture interpreted avoid counsel—and grave "constitutional ethical problems" Badalamenti, 614 F.Supp. 194, 196 (SDNY 1985). required incursion choice counsel, Framers stripped Constitution. 34 must, Comprehensive 1984 (Act), ch. 3, 98 2040, codified relevant et seq. expressly legislative history contains substantive discussion 608-609, 2662-2663, 512.2 debates silent stockbroker's laundry bills, country club memberships," 2663, nothing, unaware expenditures, raise concerns. Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. Florida Gulf Coast Building Construction Trades Council, 485 568, 575, 1392, 1397, 99 645 35 Despite absence indication weapon majority—all purporting "respect" established construing problems, 611, 2664 constrained conclude follow usual told, "close cas[e]" "statutory ambiguous." finds unambiguous 853(a), convicted certain crimes, "shall States" facilitate crime. I agree 853(a) broad cast mandatory terms.3 majority's conclusion lack express whole unambiguous. 36 succeeds portraying "unambiguous" making most provisions. observed, applies terms " 'any convicted' referenced crimes." 1410 (CA2 1988). return "person[s] convicted," controlled rather 853(a). provides: "Any subsequently special verdict thereafter shall ordered (emphasis added) satisfy requirements exemption. defined "must" "shall" forfeited:4 presumptively orde ed forfeited" included verdict, inclusion discretionary.5 considerable room 853(e)(1), controls postindictment protective preconviction That section 38 "Upon injunction take action preserve availability filing information charging would, section" added). 39 Senate Report clear "consider factors bearing reasonableness sought." 202 (1983), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 3182, 3385. chooses ex parte request, "modify order" proves unreasonable. 203, 3386. course process, interests implicated order. 206, 42, 3389, 42. absolute preserving barring Preconviction injunctive available, court. 40 §§ 853(e)(1) contain discretionary language. "cabined purposes" Act. 2665. proposition, unassailable: discre ion created defeat errs, taking overly Act's purposes. 41 view, aims during period, achieve conviction. effectively writes diminish "take." demonstrates seek sake maximize amount collects.6 central Act, properly understood, served leaves ample discretion. 42 Congress' systematic goal activity poured future activity, "it [criminal activity] sustained grows." Report, 191. enactment statutes specifically addressing illegal drugs conviction individual racketeers dealers effectiveness bases enterprises left intact, authority designed strip offenders power." Ibid.; H.R.Rep. 98-845, pt. (1984) (criminal bold attack base activity").7 43 traditional punitive mind: purchased activities. Particularly area trafficking, become lucrative deterred conventional punishments. "Drug accumulate fortunes sad truth penalties seen cost doing business." House image home prison comforts buy abide.8 44 acutely unhindered, routinely sheltering organizations. voiding pre-conviction transfers close loophole current whereby sanction avoided 'arms' length' transactions." 200-201, 3383-3384. 45 With mind, becomes acts bounds exempts restraint needs definition unavailable organization trial, eventually acquitted. Cloud, Intrusions Into Attorney-Client Relationship: Impact Fee Forfeitures Balance Power Adversary System Justice, Emory L.J. 817, 832 employing bar supervises faith.9 Comment, 61 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 124, 138-139 (1986). lost punish convicted. grant.10 46 careful construction fairly possible [constitutional] avoided." Crowell Benson, 285 62, 52 285, 297, 76 598 (1932).11 Indeed, prudentially preferable effect 853(e)(1). "if remains canon capable differing interpretations surely here." 1409. 47 decided otherwise, reason compelled reach avoided. pauses hardly enough acknowledge choosing," let alone explore "full extent." 626, 2652. 624, moves rapidly observation '[a] afford,' quoting free deem indigent declaring "tainted" prove. implicitly insubstantial outweighed fiction demonstrates, still again, 'apparent unawareness function independent guardian f eedom.' 172, 1704 dissenting), Walters 371, A. 48 Over 50 years ago, observed: "It say conceded, afforded opportunity choice." Powell Alabama, 287 45, 53, 53 55, 58, 77 158 (1932). years, settled; controversial outer limit Chandler Fretag, 348 9, 4, (1954). decisions Gideon Wainwright, 372 335, 83 792, 799 (1963), minimally effective appointment plays crucial role safeguarding fairness trials, demands. Drysdale reveals track distinct protecting privately primary, component right" 905, 923 (CA4 1987), rev'd sub rE forfeituRE tO caplin drysdale, chartered, (Ca4 1988) (en banc). 49 serves foster trust truly advocate. ABA Standards 4-3.1, 4-29 (commentary) (2d ed.1980). Not liberty counsel's hands, Faretta California, 422 806, 2525, 562 (1975), perception willingness acquiesce results, depend confidence dedication, loyalty, ability. Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee McGrath, 341 123, 171-172, 71 648-649, 817 (1951) (Frankfurter, concurring). When insists him, relationship undermined: readily perceived agent own. prohibits imposing prefers himself, predicated insight "[t]o force lead contrives him." 834, 2540. assure modicum equality prosecute. expected "spend vast try crime," 344, 796, devote greater complex stakes high. Precisely reason, "there crime, indeed, fail get prepare present defenses." guarantee levels compensation staffing average.12 trials long, high, problem exacerbated. "Despite profession's commitment pro bono work," Bassett, 632 1308, 1316 (Md.1986), aff'd grounds intentioned decline task compensation. Rogers, 602 1332, 1349 (Colo.1985). haul, lowered talented "decline practice. exodus devastate bar." Winick, Attorneys' Fees RICO Right Counsel Choice: Constitutional Dilemma How Avoid It, U. Miami L.Rev. 765, 781 (1989). Without adversaries outspending them.13 51 compensated broader institutional interests. "virtual socialization work country" widespread abandonment Committees Advocacy Law City New York al. Amici standardize criminal-defense independence. place justice maverick taker approaches fit structured environment defender's office, displease judge preference nonconfrontational styles advocacy influence judge's decisions. Bazelon, Defective Assistance Counsel, U.Cin.L.Rev. 6-7 (1973); S. Kadish, Schulhofer, M. Paulsen, Processes ed.1983); cf. Sacher 343 8-9, 72 451, 455, 96 717 (1952) ("The nature proceedings presupposes, stimulates, zeal opposing lawyers"). employment "specialized counsel" technical Thier, 801 1476 (CA5 1986) (concurring opinion), modification 809 249 1987). primary establish kind forward. Laura, 607 52, 56 (CA3 1979). Only healthy, meet demands varied faced unduly "subordinat[ed] system." U.C n.L.Rev., 7. built equal presentation exercised, imperiled. Had aim undermine adversary know engine destruction attorney's-fee main forfeitures presented trusts.14 restrains unwilling continue, on, possibility itself likelihood "message counsel] 'Do you lose your fee.' message likely seriously, difficult impossible representation." F.Supp., 196. 54 resulting court-appointed begin distrust, exacerbated perceives new-found "indigency" form punishment weaken proceedings, sense defenses sharpened concreteness loss. Appointed inexperienced undercompensated deal problems what scarce office stretched limit. Facing lengthy armed adversary, temptation recommend great. result, convicted, often well grounded, done. 55 "so foolish, ignorant, beholden idealistic business," ibid., attorney-client undermined Perhaps norms working contingent-fee basis 633, 10, 2656, 10. not—and profession so—the dictate remain ignorant source hich paid. transferee keep purchaser value purchase section." less knows, "innocent" party. knowing directly adverse client's disclosure. conflict vigorous circumstances, leading pursue avenues inquiry Other develop. fears tempted waiver sine qua non 196-197; 1316, 5. troubling intolerable degree prosecution, waive ever particularly aggressive behalf what, deserves. specter selectively excluding serious perform best. 1404 opinion); 1347, 1350; L.J., 829. An forced 57 long-term effects fee-forfeiture decimate bar. expands new categories crimes spreads class counsel: affluent generates gain. number clients diminishes, skilled young attracted field, remainder greener pastures elsewhere. U.Miami L.Rev., 781-782. 58 short, undermines every levels, short term haul. C 59 although "presumption favor defendant's] choice," 158, 160, 1696, 1697-1698, absolute. Some disturb "[w]hen selection facts gravely imperils prospect trial," 166, 1700-1701 (MARSHALL, threatens orderly disposition Ungar Sarafite, 376 589, 841, 849, 921 (1964). suggested naked 'the buy,' 630, 2655, 23, result), justify reason. "[W]eakening himself advantage government. government invasion right." 1403 (Feinberg, And asserts extremely weak, weak erosion 60 employs states: "Permitting occurs, sanctioned." insistence paramount "simply begs answering ultimate framed precisely wholly fictive cut off fundamental yield countervailing interests, implement serve substitute them." 652 (dissenting opinion). Furthermore, whatsoever instances, attempts derivative illegally, activity. Prior sole assets—not 2652-2653 defendant; them.15 period (or order) deprives weighs formidable 62 probable ultimately proved restrain offense," showing well. 615-616, 2666, citing Neither premise founded. 63 Although requires cause, practical felt stage. Any target racketeering investigation—or routine investigation, demonstrate—must ahead formally reluctance face strips damage forward cause. 64 correct analogy restraints fail. solely indictment, signifies tainted. incarcerated contrast, justified alone. addition, alternatives "reasonably appearance [for trial] safety community." 3142(e) No equivalent individualized dissipate fraudulently reading danger differs severity believed violent 65 asserted entitled weight, protect undercuts position. Most providers job well) withou asking questions reveal great weight increasing starkly underinclusive, burdens fall almost exclusively right.16 66 Interests ephemeral permitted 67 my inconsistent intent Congress, seriously criminal-justice system. constitutionality deter hope, amending result. declare thereby wise. 68 dissent. provides, offenses irrespective State law— "(1) from, obtained, indirectly, violation; court, sentence person, addition ., subsection." fell triggering provision. states "[u]pon subsection (a) [§ 853] section— "(A) argues lacks jus tertii standing advance rig ts. 35, 17. Though argument force, requisite standing. entity others, two questions: first, litigant injury-in-fact, Article III's case-or-controversy requirement; second, prudential considerations identified prior point claim? Singleton Wulff, 428 106, 112, 2868, 2873, 826 (1976). inquiry, little doubt stake certainly advances vindicated—is injury-in-fact minimum inquiry—the one—is difficult. To answer question, looked factors: asserted; rights; litigation Craig Boren, 429 190, 196, 97 456, (1976); 113-118, 2873-2876; Eisenstadt Baird, 405 438, 443-446, 92 1029, 1033-1035, 349 (1972). counsels here: illustrates, suffers none obstacles discussed 116-117, 2875-2876, advancing factors, weigh favor. Reckmeyer, doctor-patient consequence; credibly "materially of" 445, 1034. satisfies "relation back" "All title, vests section. unless establishes" entitlement supra. odd charge defendant. asks us "for de ense" guarantees, procedural nature, 818, 2532, charges just forfeit, parcel land "Shelburne Glebe," (forfeiture order), recently sold authorities $5.3 million. Washington Post, May 1989, D1, cols. 1-4. sale amici, 20-22, accepted considering petitioner's, 1349-1350 (Colo.1985), type "per ineffective results—due complexity drug-enterprise cases—when rely accepted, indigents offenses, counsel—which considers ineffective. resort remedies pay. Avco Delta Corporation Canada Ltd. 484 692 (CA7 1973); Summers 250 132, 133-135 (CA9 1957); Brodson, 241 107, 109-111 1957) myriad mechanisms IRS jeopardy assessments, invalidation accepted. Brickey, Forfeitures, 761, 770-772 additional invalidating st tute, concern defending facing 35-37; 17-22. notes 853(n)(6)(B). said, incentive investigate invoke received. Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 7(c)(2), beneficiary read client. light, client, 853(n)(6)(B), amounts very little. will, arise: "lawyer demonstrate 'reasonably forfeiture,' concludes point. 31. bargaining: posits advise entailing interests—in effort lawyer's Following strategy, constitute (1984), inadequate ineffectiveness arises. event, occurred be, Evans Jeff D., 475 717, 727-728, 106 1531, 1537-1538, 89 operation, create akin "contingency fees" lawyers: wins acquittal collect contingent generally considered unethical. Model Professional Conduct 1.5(d)(2) (1983); Code Responsibility DR 2-106(C) (1979). actually contingency basis; firm's collecting outcome This, work. cases—if (a doubt)—is odds model disciplinary rules state codes invalid. 512. 1332 (Colo.1985); 194 1985); 631 1191, 1197 (ED Va.1986), banc); 1317 1987); Ianniello, 644 452 Estevez, 869 Wis.1986), app. dism'd untimeliness, 239 strongest statement comment Report: "Nothing interfere "nothing exhortation tread carefully delicate area," 609, 2662, ignore construe implicating Winter, adopt briefs 607, 2662; 1409-1410 banc) (Winter, Federal Procedure 31(e), promulgated 1972 forays "If alleges any." (Emphasis added.) depart fashioned significant. treatment civil theory (or, properly, fiction) underlying tainted unlawful manner. convicting way, diminished innocence fides falls. nature: adjudicated guilt defendant, purpose. Forfeiting Defense Fees: Institutional Role Theory Define Individual Rights, 1987 Wis.L.Rev. 18-19. weakest adopting ignores concession oral enacted revenue-raising measure. 1407, "using [law-enforcement] activities" "discounted," ante, 629, 2654, dispositive. victims indicate restitution ibid. Restitution, typical designed: consists traceable victim. Wis.L.Rev., 2654-2655. criminals"—before convicted—"of choice" "somewhat unsettling," suggests. and—equally purposes—completely foreign goals. product channeled activity—not "tainted." 1316; 139 relies rhetoric Drysdale. punishment, viewed blanket authorization punishes guilty. noted same logic suggests support family goals 1405. chides suggesting exclude normal living expenses excluded. 612-613, 2664-2665. exceedingly unlikely instructed so. Normal considerations, combined proper regard strongly "slippage" permissive Winter's seems me entirely accurate predictive matter. 610-611, 2664, contemporaneous precise imply 853," evidenc understood omitting exemption" makeweight. refers involves publications accounts to: "(i) victim offense representative victim; "(ii) matters arising percent total used." Pub.L. 98-473, 1406(c)(1)(B), 2175, 3681(c)(1)(B) V) context, concerns related suits brought victims. therefore, "precise cases. cuts reaches. wealth publicizing resist victim's damages claims, bizarre comes need stake. NLRB Catholic Bishop Chicago, 440 490, 500, 1313, 1318, 533 (1979), broadest questions, absent expression affirmative intention include 'clearest history' 578, 1399. "Even 1964, 3006A, generous plans, rates low standards. Consequently, appointments inexperienced." Argersinger Hamlin, 407 57, 2006, 2022, 530 (1972) (Powell, evidence design Act] compensatory, reduce assigned 773, unfortunate, "[i]t irrelevancy recognized." 923. fear qualify "indigent" Potential hoped solution developed "falls cracks" manner, accommodation fashion, preparation delayed difficulties securing discussions problem, 456-457; 197. analogies drawn inapt. contraband, seize recognizes possess One 1958 Plymouth Sedan Pennsylvania, 380 693, 699, 85 1246, 1250, 170 (1965). instrumentalities evidentiary value, traditionally seized guilty, refute use. Calero-Toledo Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 663, 679, 94 2080, 2089, (1974); U.Chi.L.Rev. 960, 963-964 (1981). ernal Code, assessment, Code. Here, arise until assessment taxpayer file challenge Tax proceeding civil, apply. Phillips observes ward assumed. 926. Certainly "are 631-632, 2655-2656. raising stand aside taxed participating hesitate undue personal-service transactions taxation, payments clear-headed burdening unfortunate consequence action,

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