Document: 456 U.S. 107 102 S.Ct. 1558 71 L.Ed.2d 783 Ted ENGLE, Superintendent, Chillicothe Correctional Institute, Petitioner,v.Lincoln ISAAC. No. 80-1430. Argued Dec. 8, 1981. Decided April 5, 1982.* Rehearings Denied May 24 and June 21, 1982. See 1001, 457 2976, 2286, 2976. Syllabus These cases present the question whether respondents, who were convicted after separate trials on unrelated charges in Ohio state courts, failed to comply with Rule of Criminal Procedure 30 mandating contemporaneous objections jury instructions, may challenge constitutionality those instructions federal habeas corpus proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. A provision Ohio's Code (§ 2901.05(A)), effective January 1, 1974, placed burden proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt upon prosecution provided that "[t]he going forward evidence an affirmative defense is accused." Until 1976, most courts assumed statute did not change traditional rule requiring defendants carry self-defense by preponderance evidence. In however, Supreme Court, State v. Robinson, 47 St.2d 103, 351 N.E.2d 88, held only production, persuasion, defendant once produced some self-defense, prosecutor had disprove doubt. Respondents' occurred 2901.05(A)'s date, but before decision none respondents objected trial court's instruction respondent bore The appropriate Courts Appeal affirmed homicide convictions Hughes Bell Court declined review their convictions. Neither these challenged appeals. On Isaac's appeal his assault conviction intermediate appellate court, he relied intervening Robinson given at trial. court rejected as having been waived failure 30, dismissed appeal. Each unsuccessfully sought writ from Federal District Appeals reversed all three orders. Held: 1. Insofar simply correctness law, they alleged no deprivation rights entitled relief petitions raised one colorable constitutional claim. Pp. 119-123. (a) There merit respondents' claim 2901.05(A) implicitly designated absence element crimes charged against them thus due process required prove such Merely because requires particular circumstance does mean it has defined crime. want assume disproving without also designating Due Process Clause mandate when treats "element" crime for purpose, must do so purposes. 119-121. (b) stated argument since negates elements voluntary, unlawful, purposeful or knowing behavior, raises possibility part its task establishing voluntariness, unlawfulness, guilty mens rea. controversy among lower viability this type suggests states least plausible 121-123. 2. Respondents are barred asserting, proceedings, claim, which was forfeited respondent's 30. 124-135. While bulwark violate "fundamental fairness," undermines usual principles finality litigation. Liberal allowance degrades prominence costs society right punish admitted offenders. Moreover, imposes special system, frustrating both States' sovereign power offenders good-faith attempts honor rights. particularly high default prisoner obtaining adjudication thus, Wainwright Sykes, 433 72, 97 2497, 53 594, prisoner, procedural raising direct appeal, litigate 2254 proceeding showing cause actual prejudice default. Sykes limited error affect truthfinding function 126-129. Cause defaults cannot be based asserted ground any objection would have futile long criminal bear defense. If perceives viable believes find favor bypass thinks will unsympathetic Nor can could known time addresses defenses. re Winship, 397 358, 90 1068, 25 368, decided four one-half years first trials, laid basis During five following decision, numerous Winship argue certain defenses, several sustained light activity, said lacked tools construct 130-134. (c) contention cause-and-prejudice standard should replaced plain-error inquiry. apply convictions, challenges entail greater problems comity concerns. unnecessary correct miscarriages justice. Victims fundamental miscarriage justice meet standard. Pp.134-135 646 F.2d 1129, 635 575, 642 451, remanded. Simon B. Karas, Columbus, Ohio, petitioner. James R. Kingsley, Circleville, Isaac. Richard L. Aynes, Akron, Hughes. Justice O'CONNOR delivered opinion Court. 1 594 (1977), we corpus1 Applying principle cases, conclude proceeding. 2 * claims rest recent changes law. For over century, Seliskar, 35 95, 298 582 (1973); Szalkai State, 96 St. 36, 117 N.E. 12 (1917); Silvus 22 (1872). new code, subjected defenses rule: 3 "Every person accused offense presumed innocent until proven doubt, proof prosecution. Rev.Code Ann. (1975). 4 more than two enactment, section worked burden-of-proof rules.2 construed place defendant. Once produces ruled, 88 (syllabus court).3 actions arose tried date 2901.05(A), Court's interpretation Robinson.4 5 December 16, grand indicted aggravated murder.5 At showed that, presence seven witnesses, shot killed man keeping company former girlfriend. Prosecution witnesses testified victim unarmed just attempted shake hands Hughes, claimed acted self-defense. His testimony suggested feared victim, larger man, touched pocket while approaching instructed Counsel specifically object instruction.6 6 24, 1975, voluntary manslaughter, lesser included murder.7 September Summit County conviction, March 19, Hughes' finding substantial question.8 appeals 7 murder 1975. Evidence group bartenders agreed help another if trouble developed bars. evening murder, called told him men entered bar. When arrived bar, bartender informed left. pursued gunned down street. 8 defended He approached men, shouted: "He's got gun" "Watch out, he's gun." warning, started shooting. As case, lesser-included crime.9 9 appealed Cuyahoga Appeals, assigning Bell's 1976.10 further again neglecting instruction. That overruled motion leave 17, 1976,11 months 88. 10 Respondent Isaac 1975 felonious assault.12 severely beaten wife's boyfriend. boyfriend punched solely Without Isaac, carried acquitted assault, assault.13 11 Ten trial, supra. Pickaway Appeals,14 during 30.15 This Glaros, 170 471, 166 379 (1960); Slone, 45 App.2d 340 413 lack question.16 same day, Humphries, 51 364 1354 Williams, 112, 1364 vacated remanded, 438 911, 98 3137, 57 1156 (1978). Humphries ruled every "is conducted accordance provisions [Ohio 2901.05]." St.2d, N.E.2d, 1355 court). refused extend ruling Id., 102-103, 1359. consider instruction, properly 13 All writs Courts. petition violated Fifth Fourteenth Amendments failing "as each essential charged" "so instruct" jury. Judge law manslaughter. Although might Constitution. Alternatively, rule. Since offered explanation object, prejudice, asserting Engle, Civ. Action C 77-156A (ND 26, 1979). 14 similarly judge instructing "the evidence." acknowledged never courts. Observing, addressed merits, "deliberate bypass." Fay Noia, 372 391, 83 822, 837 (1963). cited our supra, inquire shown waiver. then constitutionally murder. Perini, 78-343 1978). 15 moved reconsideration, urging fact declared "real issue" retroactive application Robinson. well limit "substantially further[ed] State's legitimate interest decisions." App. Pet. Cert. A59. Indeed, noted sanctioned sort retroactivity. Hankerson North Carolina, 432 233, 244, n. 2339, 2345, 306 (1977). Jan. 23, 16 complex submitted Bell. urged "refuse[d] give [to him], despite own pronouncement" retroactively. addition, broadly "contrary United States regard self-defense." determined court. show either waiver, see C-2-78-278 (SD 17 Sixth Circuit 1129 (1980), majority en banc preclude consideration claims. noted, consistently futility objecting established practice supplied adequate Prejudice, second prerequisite excusing default, "clear" critical factfinding, made issue F.2d, 1134. 18 believed process. Four judges thought assault. define manner, "due require[d] chose assume." 1135. fifth even absent compel intent, sixth rights, concentrated arbitrary refusal benefits Isaac.17 19 Relying panels ordered release unless retry within time. 575 (1980);18 judgt. order reported 451 (1980). We granted certiorari judgments. 906, 101 1973, 68 294 (1981). II 20 "in custody violation Constitution laws treaties States." allege obtain relief. read repeat here. A. 21 First, 2901.05, governs them. contend, opinions 368 (1970); Mullaney Wilbur, 421 684, 95 1881, 44 508 (1975); Patterson New York, 197, 2319, 281 plurality seemed accept "to careful prior decisions reveals merit.19 Our suggest prosecution's duty negate depend, part, manner defines Compare decisions, whenever invariably crime.20 structure assist Absent concrete Legislature understood go this, decline construction attempt cast terms, believe law.21 B 23 considering shift require behavior. according imply degree culpability acts Committee Comment 2901.21 (1975) ("generally, committed . mind act act]"); Clifton, 32 284, 286-287, 290 921, 923 (1972) ("one kills rea otherwise render culpable homicide"). punishes 2901.21(A)(1) (1975), Simon, 6262, p. (Ct.App. Montgomery County, 1980), modified reconsideration (Jan. 22, 1980). Self-defense, urge, Therefore, contend rea, unlawfulness. Clause, Mullaney, Patterson, forbids disavow portion burden.22 Several applied charge self-defense.23 Most adopt reasoning commands element, conduct, other claim,24 proceed, therefore, determine preserved and, not, articulated bar proceeding.25 III None trial.26 They instructions. Failure adequate, objection. See, e.g., (1977); Gordon, 45, 276 243 (1971). enforced very (1978).27 determine, litigate, proceeding, courts.28 26 indisputably holds honored position jurisprudence. Tracing roots deep into English common law,29 Art. I Constitution.30 Today, centuries, fairness." U.S., 97, S.Ct., 2511-2512 (STEVENS, J., concurring). 27 always recognized, Great Writ entails significant costs.31 Collateral extends ordeal accused. Harlan observed, "[b]oth individual insuring there point certainty comes end litigation, attention ultimately focused free rather restored useful community." Sanders States, 373 24-25, 1081-1082, 148 (1963) (dissenting opinion). 247, 2347 (POWELL, concurring judgment). By interests, litigation.32 writ, moreover, itself. concentrates society's resources "time decide, limits human fallibility, innocence." 90, 2508. surround multitude protections Rather enhancing safeguards, ready availability diminish sanctity suggesting participants need adhere safeguards 29 acknowledge frequently cost Passage time, erosion memory, dispersion retrial difficult, impossible. may, theory, entitle retrial, reward complete freedom Finally, system. possess primary authority defining enforcing hold initial responsibility vindicating intrusions frustrate Schneckloth Bustamonte, 412 218, 263-265, 93 2041, 2066-2067, 36 854 (1973) concurring).33 31 recognized situation, opportunity defect avoid problematic retrials. defendant's counsel, whatever reasons, detracted trial's significance raise forum.34 chance mend fences intrusion. Issuance finally, exacts extra undercutting ability enforce rules. considerations supported bars litigation prejudice. urge itself, example, guaranteed Miranda Arizona, 384 436, 86 1602, 694 (1966). serious, determination 33 believe, lend themselves limitation. outlined above depend prisoner. nature calculation alter make threshold showing. reaffirm, bringing courthouse demonstrate 34 seek circumstances. Second, note outset presenting alone constitute claim.35 Even previously reflection, valid. Allowing deprive contradict supporting Sykes.36 futility. tried, know questions. defendant, waive unknown 37 decide novelty ever establishes object.37 hesitate counsel exercise extraordinary vision aspect hope mask latent hand, later discovery original fundamentally unfair.38 concerns, detain us here far trials. 38 (1970), protects except necessary charged." 364, 1073. decision,39 dozens language rules proof.40 defendants' countered well-established Nevertheless, defenses.41 say claim.42 39 astute uponWinship assert unconstitutionality saddling Every presents myriad possible overlooked chosen omit pursuing avenues guarantees fair competent attorney. It insure recognize conceivable Where available, perceived litigated demands labeling unawareness default.43 40 Respondents, replace supplement pressed Frady, 152, 1584, 816, compelling Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 52(b). remain convinced justifying prisoners "greater establish plain appeal." Henderson Kibbe, 431 145, 154, 1730, 1736, 52 203 166, 1593.44 41 Contrary assertion, terms "cause" "actual prejudice" rigid concepts; take meaning discussed above. yield imperative correcting unjust incarceration. confident victims standard, 91, 2508-2509; id., 94-97, 2510-2511 concurring), vague inquiry words "plain error." IV 42 Close analysis Because procedures contention, demonstrated judgments reversed, remanded consistent opinion. 43 So ordered. BLACKMUN concurs result. STEVENS, dissenting part. 46 merely attaches label factual allegations describe right. Part II-A opinion, seems agree proposition. ante, nevertheless embarks exposition hurdles surmounted confronting merits allegation "states claim." Ante, 122. Those rules, states, "do prisoner." 129. Yet, concludes, "victims justice." 135. my preoccupation likely complicate simplify processing judges.1 neither exhausted advanced justifies collateral attack convictions.2 rejection enactment 2901.05 imposed prosecutors equally clear me apart shoulder willfulness offense, provided, course, intent issue. Nothing persuades theory "plausible" first. 48 reverse judgment Appeals. 49 BRENNAN, whom MARSHALL joins, dissenting. 50 Today's conspicuous judicial activism—particularly takes form disregard precedent scarcely month old. eagerness expatiate "significant costs" Writ, 126-128, [433 (1977)]," 123, us, demonstrably misreads reshapes involved action. presented exactly petition. exist denied last result, "preserved" courts: "procedural default," clearly wrong relegate dustbin. ignoring holding Rose Lundy, 455 509, 1198, (1982): namely, contains unexhausted compounds articulate "principles" Sykes: purporting content announced way nor sense. dissent errors, turn below. 1975; sentenced September.1 (July 1976), Rev. (effective 1974) respect February 1977.2 July 1977.3 1354. case partially: gain allocation affirmative-defense proof, bench-trial late still preserved. filed Southern 1978.4 "denial law," petitioner After prejudicial immediately Appellate waived. retroactive. Petitioner retroactivity day declaring refuses pronouncement. contrary self-defense."5 54 memorandum support Humphries' selective law.6 obvious, impossible decided, 1977, system finally rejected. 55 2953.21(A) provides post-conviction circumstances: 56 "Any claiming denial infringement void voidable file verified sentence, stating grounds upon, asking vacate set aside sentence grant relief." applying doctrine res judicata postconviction petitions, allowed procedure Constitutional issues Perry, 175, 180-181, 226 104, 108 (1967); Keener Ridenour, 581, 589-591 (CA6 1979) (construing scope remedy); Riley Havener, 391 F.Supp. 1177, 1179-1180 (same). But manifestly came existence Consequently, remedies available exhausted. 58 draw conclusions foregoing account, follow ineluctably undisputed facts case. exhaust remedies. Picard Connor, 404 270, 92 (1971), where emphasized 59 fairly Only hear vindicated sense speak exhaustion remedies." 275-276, 512-513. 60 Engle responded exhaust.7 Therefore erred, whole line precedents, granting instead exhaustion. proper disposition remand dismiss grounds. incomprehensible: Barely ago emphatically reaffirmed doctrine, indeed extended it, announcing requirement "total exhaustion" petitions. (1982).8 today finds nostrum "cause attractive, Lundy applied. Sic transit gloria Lundy! scarely month, bloom off Rose.9 61 My conclusion default" appears Thus predicate completely timely admission confession 86-87, 2506-2507. Given predicate, "prejudice" resulting confession. 87, 90-91, 2506, 2508-2509. objection, otherwise, erroneous case.10 62 plays Procrustes bring ambit characterizes "complex," 117, "confused," 124, 25.11 Then, quoting actually appeared petition, delineates "colorable claim" nowhere found recasts follows: 63 "[T]he crim[e] [Isaac] require[s] [Isaac], urge[s], [essential] contend[s] [Isaac's] burden." 121-122. 64 new-modeled bears resemblance 139.12 virtue juristic revisionism, puts itself "Isaac's" "forfeited courts," 125 —no difficult task, wholly imagined itself—thus enabling reach goal deciding "whether proceeding." 123. Unsurprisingly, bottom fictive Sykes. short, enables foreclose review, plainly pleaded unexhausted, calling dismissal result-oriented, represents noteworthy activism deprecates contexts. 65 reasons above, unseemly rush ignored settled respecting lest disagreement today's confined alone, treatment us. continue bypass" (1963), sensible respondents'. termed "cause-and-prejudice" adopted "a mere house cards whose foundation escaped systematic inspection." 99-100, 2512-2513, now begun furnish cards—and furniture jerry-built 66 "precise content," promised "later cases" provide content. Today becomes distressingly apparent. what is: And predict view easier camel through eye needle "cause." eager not: doing so, adoption place. 67 According "cannot [habeas petitioners] claim," 133, however primitive inchoate petitioners pages tortuous reasoning, 130-133, nn. 36-42, tools" reached sheerest inference: citations jurisdictions, assertedly similar "could" raised. 131-133, 40. To foresight tantamount notion it. rejecting inchoateness "cause," overlooks rationales used justify definition accord respect" contemporaneous-objection 2507. number why respect: 69 (1) "A record recollections freshest, Ibid. 70 (2) "enables observed demeanor determinations question." (3) lead exclusion to, thereby making major contribution litigation." (4) Noia "may encourage 'sandbagging' lawyers, chances verdict gamble pay off." 89, 72 (5) "encourages result [criminal trials] possible." 73 force valid, all, context evidence, "sandbagging" rationale, dutifully repeated 129, 34, fully answered dissent:13 "offends sense," become less offensive sententious repetition. final reason—relied today, 127 —is irrelevant involving Such ex hypothesis embryonic extraordinarily foresighted implausible expect predictably—or occasionally—make "free 74 additional reasons—or, rather, sentiments reasons' clothing. told, 126-127, costs. "ordeal" vindicate ensure arguably tainted unreviewed directly affecting fail understand how hearing "entails anyone circumstances 75 vein, 127, "[w]e offenders." nothing sort. unconstitutional manner. "admitted" all: acquitted. Further, sheer demagoguery blame "offender" logistical temporal difficulties arising retrial: granted, prosecuted States," 2254(a). 76 system"; "[f]ederal rights," 128; "[s]tate understandably frustrated faithfully existing discover, commands." 128, 33. 77 again, drags red herring across path. forgets momentarily power" States: "intrusion" complained supreme land. reason concern forgets, certainly "it constitution expounding, intended endure ages come, consequently, adapted various crises affairs."14 inimical supremacy defer courts' "frustration" requirements interpreted evolving society. "not prevent adjudicating unvarnished hostility assertion claims, starkly emptiness promise. 78 extension affect[s] trial." concedes, ibid., petitioner's although "this admittedly involve guilt, review: "We limitation." holding, ignores manifest differences between not. 79 proclaimed Stone Powell, 428 465, 490, 3037, 3050, 1067 (1976), ultimate innocence central Fourth Amendment Stone, characterized "crucially different many Kaufman 394 217, 237, 89 1079, 227 (1969) (Black, dissenting), procured ordinarily rendered untrustworthy means procurement. allocated rendering entire untrustworthy. "In kinds lies decisive outcome," Speiser Randall, 357 513, 525, 1332, 1342, 1460 (1958), concede much, Brief Petitioners 22. (1970): 80 "If, smaller risk errors freeing persons, convicting innocent." 371, 1076 (concurring 81 Where, here, prosecution, Harlan's example. erroneous, constitutes intolerable proportions. truth proposition precedents. Ivan V. City 407 203, 1951, 659 (1972), earlier retroactive, stating: 82 " 'Where purpose overcome substantially impairs truth-finding serious questions about accuracy verdicts past effect. reliance authorities accepted practice, severe impact administration sufficed prospective circumstances.' Williams 401 646, 653 [91 1148, 1152-1153, 388] Adams Illinois, 405 278, 280 [92 916, 918, 202] (1972); Roberts Russell, 392 293, 295 [88 1921, 1922, 1100] (1968)." 204, 1952 (emphasis added).15 sum, heretofore adhered "[i]n justice, almost itself," interests magnitude." Addington Texas, 441 418, 423-424, 99 1804, 1807-1808, 323 (1979). mistake imposing cavalierly "type prisoner," view, misguided insupportable context. suffered arguable peripheries process: insulate violations 84 dissent. Together Superintendent Bell, (see 19.4). Title 2254(a) empowers thereof, circuit judge, district court" "entertain behalf pursuant statutory remedy identical respects common-law corpus. 78, 2502. Rogers, 28, 330 674, 676 (noting "self-defense defense, evidence"), cert. denied, 423 1061 (1976). Matthews, 74AP-428, Franklin "evinces legislative defenses"); O. Schroeder & Katz, Law Practice (1974) ("The modern trend area, leaving persuasion prosecution"); Student Symposium: Proposed Code—Reform Regression, St.L.J. 351, 420 (suggesting legislators rule). syllabus controlling Haas 103 7-8, 132 158, 159-160 (1921). Two amended November 1978, provides: (Supp.1980) added). amendment effect Throughout refer October 31, 1978. 2903.01 (1975): "(A) No shall purposely, design, death another. "(B) purposely committing attempting commit, fleeing commit kidnapping, rape, arson arson, robbery robbery, burglary burglary, escape. "(C) Whoever violates punished 2929.02 Revised Code." register general Charge entirety" operating code things uncertain." 48. Counsel's subsequent remarks, concerned proposed definitions "Aggravated Murder, Murder Voluntary Manslaughter." 48, 50. manslaughter "knowingly caus[ing] another" "extreme emotional stress brought provocation reasonably sufficient incite [the defendant] using deadly force." 2903.03(A) 6-25 prison. indicated "granted releas[e] matter parole." 6. moot State. Humphrey Cady, 504, 506-507, 2, 1048, 1050-1051, Carafas LaVallee, 234, 237-240, 1556, 1559, 1560-1561, 554 (1968). C.A. 7717 Sept. 1975); 75-1026 (Ohio, Mar. 1976). "purposely another." 2903.02(A) received life imprisonment. 34727 Apr. 76-573 2903.11 knowingly: "(1) physical harm another; "(2) weapon dangerous ordnance 2923.11 Code. felony degree." 2903.12 describes assault: person, extreme fourth term six months' years' certiorari, released jail. moot, however. 7, 346 Feb. 11, 1977). relevant part: "No party assign omission therefrom objects thereto retires verdict, Opportunity out jury." Shortly minor respects: giving Both versions closely parallel Rules Procedure. 77-412 20, latter paralleled panel originally 1122 members dissented One indicating ineffectiveness demonstrates insufficient relief, categorize insufficiency alleges right, inapplicable. situation Definition crime's consequences persuasion. come Defendants crime; introduces Misc. 337 818 (Munic.Ct.1975). crime, Bridgeman, 105, 366 1378 261, 381 184 (1978), explicit Abner, 251, 228 "mere law" Gryger Burke, 334 728, 731, 1256, 1257, L.Ed. 1683 (1948). true, "every Court] Beck Washington, 369 541, 554-555, 955, 962-963, (1962); Bishop Mazurkiewicz, 634 724, 726 (CA3 1980); rel. Burnett 619 668, 670-671 (CA7 aside, maintains taken notions prohibit criminalization suggests, vital Jeffries Stephan, Defenses, Presumptions, Burden Proof Law, Yale L.J. 1325, 1366-1379 (1979); Comment, Shifting Proving Self-Defense—With Analysis Related Akron L.Rev. 717, 758-759 (1978); Note, Constitutionality Affirmative Defenses Colum.L.Rev. 655, 672-673 Burdens Persuasion Proceedings: Reasonable Doubt Standard U.Fla.L.Rev. 385, 415-416 E.g., Tennon Ricketts, 161 (CA5 1981); Holloway McElroy, 632 605 1028, 3019, 398 (1981); Wynn Mahoney, 600 448 (CA4), 444 950, 100 423, 320 Commonwealth Hilbert, 476 Pa. 288, 382 A.2d 724 L.Rev., supra 22; Colum.L.Rev., Carter Jago, 637 449 Baker Muncy, 327 (CA4 Leland Oregon, 343 790, 1002, 1302 (1952) (rule insanity process). BRENNAN accuses misreading create "expatiate upon" Post, 137-138, 142-144. apparent "judicial activism" "revisionism" rhetorical substance. dispute characterization motivated desire expound adjudicate ample task. Instead, controversies errs "presented "selective law." 137,139. miserly view. heavily explaining circumstances, 78-3488 (CA6), pp. 28-31. construe BRENNAN. Rather, whether, placing doubt." A41. Similarly, Judges considered isolated invoked post, 142, 10, 1127. brief recites list alludes featured misinstructed "[a]s 15, Wilbur Carolina control 3, 13-15. Under incomprehensible construes single touted formed referred discuss decision's distinction bench interesting. 138-139. focus "[i]f declares (once raised) state's full accorded Thus, reasoned "element case," obligation burden. retroactively "tried concluded, Mullaney. process, defendants, Mullaney." 26-27. parallels ones text. is, confused described Many deprivations rulings. creative distill present, (1982), identify proffers. reluctant interpolate harsh deny argues overlook filings plea too prisoner's Estelle Smith, 454, 468, 12, 1866, 1876 359 Jenkins Anderson, 447 231, 2124, 2127 evaluated "waiver waiver" Accordingly, argument. entertain subsequently question. unclear constitutional, statutory, determined, Long, 804 power, rule, excuse defaults. persuade excused Long stressed applies "exceptional circumstances," where, "but error, outcome otherwise." 96, 807, 808. invoke respondents. 78-79, 2502, problem waiver Section 2254(b) applicants "available State." requirement, refers 516, 1055; 435, 847, completed convictions; Collins 592 1979); 581 unavailable W. Blackstone, Commentaries *129-*138; Secretary Home Affairs O'Brien, [1923] A.C. 603. I, 9, cl. Henry J. Friendly put wrote proverbial Mars surely think terribly bad willing tolerate efforts undoing conviction." Friendly, Is Innocence Irrelevant? Attack Judgments, U.Chi.L.Rev. 145 (1970). POWELL, elucidating commanded suggested: afford continuing theoretical incarceration unfounded. convey committed, consequent punishment imposed, longer look back resurrecting imaginable rehabilitation becoming constructive citizen." 262, 2065, opinion) (footnote omitted). Professor Bator frustrates deterrence rehabilitation. Deterrence depends expectation "one violating swiftly subject punishment, punishment." Rehabilitation realize "he justly sanction, stands rehabilitation." Bator, Finality Habeas Corpus Prisoners, Harv.L.Rev. 441, 452 (1963); 146. decades, jurisprudence defendants. long-established others novel commands. frustration pale beside violation. Over term, seriously undermine morale judges. scholar "nothing subversive judge's responsibility, inner subjective conscientiousness subtle art judging well, indiscriminate acceptance shots someone else." 32, 451. Indiscriminate fervor root own. detract "miscarriage justice," 2508-2509, counsels care administering stem simple ignorance pressures deliberately choose withhold "sandbag"—to acquittal saving dispositive off. 89-90, 2507-2508. 425 501, 515, 1691, 1698, 126 (1976) concurring) omitted) (the policy disfavoring inferred waivers "need length allowing forgo curable defect, though aware legal futile"); Myers 355, (CA9 1981) (Poole, dissenting) (futility "unacceptable time"), pending, 81-1056. fact, resembles deliberate condemned demanding 's 2506-2507, cause. oral ruling. urges "when argument, you argument." Tr. Oral Arg. 8-9. Mackey 667, 675-702, 91 1160, 1164-1165, (1971) (separate Harlan, J.); 665-666, 1158-1159, 388 (MARSHALL, part); 246-248, 2346-2347 Stump Bennett, 111, 393 483, 466 (1968), Eighth Iowa alibis observed: "That oppressive shifting Johnson 253, 415 (1968) (vacating remanding Stump); Nales, Conn.Supp. 248 242 (holding "lawful excuse" possession housebreaking tools). e. g., Commenos, 461 S.W.2d (Mo.1970) (en banc) (intent return allegedly stolen item); Phillips Nev. 720, 475 P.2d 671 (1970) (insanity), 403 940, 2260, 719 (1971); O'Neal, 271 497 (absence malice); Vogel, 440 268 overruled, Rose, 380, 321 880 (1974); Smith 454 572 1971) (alibi), 409 885, 99, 141 Braver, 450 799 (CA2 (inducement), 1064, 1493, 794 Robbins, 349 149 (Me.1972) (heat passion), aff'd sub nom. 473 943 (CA1 1973), vacated, 414 1139, 94 889, (1974), remand, 496 1303 1974), aff'd, Cuevas, Haw. 110, 488 322 (lack malice aforethought justification); Brown, 163 Conn. 52, 301 547 (possession license deal drugs), grounds, Whistnant, 179 576, 427 (1980); Foss, Cal.3d 910, 519 1073, 112 Cal.Rptr. 649 (entrapment); Woods 233 Ga. 347, 211 S.E.2d 300 (authority sell narcotic dism'd, 422 2623, 667 Buzynski, (Me.1974) (mental disease); People Jordan, Mich.App. 710, 216 N.W.2d intent), disapproved Johnson, Mich. 196, 284 718 (intoxication); Retail Credit Co. Dade 577 Fla.1975) (maintenance procedures); Fuentes (Del.1975) (extreme distress), Moyer, 387 194 (Del.1978); 234 827, 218 612 (self-defense); Grady, Md. 178, 345 436 (alibi); Evans Md.App. 640, malice; describing detail including self-defense), 278 362 629 (1976); 356 725 (self-defense), Trimble 229 399, 401-402, 191 857, 858-859 213 Grace 231 113, 118, 125-128, 200 248, 252, 256-258 opinions) (insanity). commentators burdens LaFave Scott, Handbook 46-51 1969 Term, 159 Symposium, St.L.J., 421; Supremacy Foundations Adequacy Rule: Remains Federalism U.Maine (1974). live benefit invalidated Maine heat passion. explicitly link assignment proof. Cf. Lee Missouri, 439 461, 462, 711, 736 (1979) (per curiam) failed, Taylor Louisiana, 419 522, 692, 690 women juries failure). changed reject independently 119-121; 25, resist noting 243, gave recognizing "complete effect." WHITE's forthrightly able [from Mullaney] normal valid 2345-2346, 8. Winship. great permit criteria conjunctive depart approach. bolster observing constituted error. discretion 27, exercised block review. 688, 1884, 7; Ulster Allen, 442 140, 147-154, 2213, 2219-2223, 777 opinions, interpret Certainly rely made, 'cause' 'actual prejudice' complains." 167-168, 1594. joined Frady prong fashion, concluding "[infect the] dimensions," 170, 1596, "[perceiving] 172, 1596. Like prong, relation undertake cases. 547-548, 1218, dissenting). generally indicates felt client's case; presumably, unfair. relating fairness categorically rejects "that cause," conjunctive. 134, 43. foreclosure. third deprived equal protection disapproval declines address expressly 25. am sure raised, event unpersuasive. 2; 3-4. 13. 18. 25: 1974. submits refuse Amendment. ." 35-36. rigorously total increases, increasingly familiar hospitable toward issues." 518-519, 1203. notes, 123-124, added apparently somehow save dismissal. flatly 2254(b), containing courts." 510, 1199. Recognizing flat contradiction, "touted" "formed petition." suggestion belied quotes, quoted 139. speaks eloquently unsuccessful reconstruct conclusion. correctly process." 1122, 1124 question, accurately concluded "Wainwright applicable text Isacc's "complexity" "confusion" smokescreen, behind feels reshape 1133-1136. plurality's incorrect, perpetuate 103-104, 2515, 5: "Under regime days Brown Allen [344 443, 397, 469 (1953) ], test, rational lawyer Court.5 "5. brief, face options: elect fashion. persuaded breach occurred, dictated bolstered, accordingly weakened, perhaps precluded altogether. tendered lost nothing: 'sandbag.' presumably means, first, presentation increasing likelihood deficient, highly (subject 'plain error' available). Third, scheme, compelled deceive convince 'deliberately bypass' procedures. loses gamble, barred, resulted forfeiture substantiation, meaningful lawyers induced option Fay. belief offends sense." McCulloch Maryland, Wheat. 316, 407, 415, 579 (1819). 242-244, 2344-2346,

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