Document: 411 U.S. 233 93 S.Ct. 1577 36 L.Ed.2d 216 Clifford H. DAVIS, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 71—6481. Argued February 20, 1973. Decided April 17, Syllabus Three years after his conviction for a federal crime, petitioner brought this collateral attack on the ground of unconstitutional discrimination in composition grand jury that indicted him. The District Court found that, though could have done so, he at no stage proceedings attacked jury's composition, and it concluded under Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 12(b)(2) had waived right to do so. court also determined since challenged jury-selection method long obtained, two white accomplices, case against was 'a strong one,' there 'cause shown' rule grant relief from waiver. Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. waiver standard set forth governs an untimely claim discrimination, not only during criminal proceeding but later review. Shotwell Mfg. Co. v. United States, 371 341, 83 448, 9 357, followed; Kaufman 394 217, 89 1068, 22 L.Ed. 227, distinguished. Pp. 236—243. 2. Court, light record case, did abuse its discretion denying application provision. 243—245, 455 F.2d 919, 5 Cir., Melvin L. Wulf, New York City, petitioner. Edward R. Korman, respondent. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 We are called upon determine effect Rule Federal Rules Criminal Procedure postconviction motion which raises first time jury. An indictment returned charging Davis, Negro, men with entry into federally insured bank intent commit larceny violation 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 2113(a). Represented by appointed counsel,1 entered not-guilty plea arraignment given 30 days within file pretrial motions. He timely moved quash result illegal arrest, made other motions relating indictment. On opening day trial, following voir dire jury, Judge ruled petitioner's chambers ordered arrest be carried case. then asked twice if were anything else before commencing trial. Petitioner convicted sentenced 14 years' imprisonment. His affirmed appeal. 409 1095 (CA5 1969). 3 Post-conviction thereafter filed denied, none dealt issue presented Almost three conviction, instant dismiss indictment, pursuant 28 § 2255, alleging acquiesced systematic exclusion qualified Negro jurymen reason use 'key man' system selection,2 asserted 'mandatory requirement statute laws . title 28, U.S.C.A. Section 1861, 1863, 1864, 5th amendment States Constitution.'3 challenge when include petit him guilty. took evidence motion, invited additional briefs It denied motion. In memorandum relied 357 (1963), object because such contention is unless raised prior Also, selecting jurors been openly followed many indictment; same accomplices; nothing facts or nature justifying exercise power shown.' 4 basis Shotwell, supra, 12(b) (2). Because decision contrary decisions Ninth Circuit Fernandez Meier, 408 974 (1969), Chee 449 747 (1971), we granted certiorari resolve conflict. contends 2255 alleged deprivation fundamental constitutional right, one has recognized Strauder West Virginia, 100 303, 25 664 (1880), controlled Court's dispositions 227 Sanders 373 1, 10 148 rather than 12(b)(2). Accordingly, urges may precluded hearing established 'deliberately bypassed' 'understandingly knowingly' composition. See Fay Noia, 372 391, 822, 837 Johnson Zerbst, 304 458, 58 1019, 82 1461 (1938). 6 * provides pertinent part '(d)efenses objections based defects institution prosecution trial,' failure present defenses 'constitutes thereof, cause shown waiver.' By terms, applies both procedural insitution prosecutions affect jurisdiction trial court. According Notes Advisory Committee Rules, provision designed continue existing law, as exemplified Gale, 109 65, 27 857 (1883), inter alia, defendants who pleaded went without making any nonjurisdictional objection even unconstitutionally composed, subsequent complaint account thereof. Not surprisingly, therefore, Committee's expressly indicate claims meant Rule's purview: 7 'These paragraphs (12(b)(1) (2)) classify groups all interposed prescribed 12(a). group must so constituting 8 '. Among following: Illegal selection organization ..' 12, U.S.C.App. This occasion consider involving tax-evasion convictions. more four their conclusion direct review, petitioners arrays illegally constituted because, 'the Clerk failed employ secure cross-section population.'4 U.S., 361—362, S.Ct., 460—461. Deeming 12(b)(2), held whether 'cause' warranting concerning juries notorious available due diligence trial.' Id., 363, 461. combined absence prejudice illegalities raising issue, conceded applied array, they Both foreclosed petitioners' inaction, lower courts' thus confirms precludes challenges arrays, grounds.5 Despite analogy between construed allegations, nonetheless establishes proceeding.6 supra. disagree. 11 Kaufman, defendant robbery sought seized admitted over objection, resulted rejection defense charge. appeal judgment 'that cannot used lieu appeal.' 223, 1072. reversed, however, holding asserted, post-conviction solely should Ibid. 12 But dealing sort express contained specifically particular kind asserted. applicable provisions implication forbade assertion unlawful search seizure where assert conviction.7 See, e.g., Sunal Large, 332 174, 179, 67 1588, 1591, 91 1982 (1947). preclude granting simply appeal, indication knowing deliverate bypass procedure. here Government's itself limits claim, separate dispositive statutory habeas Procedure. 13 while still alive, governed reasons normal rules construction clearly lenient apply way itself. operative respect proceedings. If followed, inquiry defect and, necessary, cured court, witnesses, parties gone burden expense allowed flout limitations, hand, would little incentive comply terms successful might new Strong tactical considerations militate favor delaying hopes acquittal, thought those materialize, upset otherwise valid reprosecution well difficult. 15 promulgated 3771, 'adopted' Congress, manner waived. Singer 380 24, 37, 85 783, 791, 630 (1965). Were confronted conflict statute, force providing '(a)ll shall further effect,' inconsistent deemed repealed. Cf. Sibbach Wilson & Co., 312 10, 61 422, 424, 479 (1941). ex proprio vigore govern proceedings, Congress enacting statutes governing waiver, faced difficult question repeal provison enacted deal statutes, spoken subject seizure, doctrine interpreting statute. 16 think inconceivable having commencement showing intended perversely negate purpose permitting entirely different much liberal believe necessary congressional adoption provide once resurrected, either habeas, requires. therefore hold expressed (2) proceeding, 17 Our regard buttressed observation Parker North Carolina, 397 790, 798, 90 1458, 1463, 785 (1970), decided year '(w)hether racial open corpus action need decide.' context language makes apparent framed state left least patently review convictions, lawgiver principles II substantial Bush Kentucky, 107 110, 625, 354 through Alexander Louisiana, 405 92 1221, 31 536 (1972). until verdict, sentence, run course. findings half-heartedly here, oral otherwise, affirmed, petition rehearing conducted own vain effort see files docket entries supported will disturb coordinate these courts this. 19 coming play, justify relief. said: 20 'Petitioner offers plausible explanation make employed years. No suggested why attorney ascertained accomplices. overtones. government's was, although largely circumstantial, one. There certainly sufficient determining stand offense charged. 21 relief, consideration approach approved stated: '(W)here, proper take warrant Rule.' 23 seeks avoid aspect asserting prejudiced whereas Peters Kiff, 407 493, 2163, 33 (1972), presumed cases allegation man substantive aside proof Negroes systematically excluded tried Justices dissented upholding shown, concurred separately judgment. opinions Peters, focus existence possible loss delay it. presumption supports actual order obtain statutorily provided manner. 24 (2), entitled properly dismissed 2255. Affirmed. 26 MARSHALL, whom DOUGLAS BRENNAN join, dissenting. obscures sensible argument majority reaches. I am persuaded argument, find defective. interpreted purposes serves served does bar prisoner claiming shows 'an intentional relinquishment abandonment known privilege,' 464, 1023, some underbrush cleared away. Davis Northern Mississippi 1968, indicted, implemented exclude jury.1 Glasser 315 60, 85—87, 62 457, 471 473, 86 680 (1942); Dow Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., 224 414 (CA3 1955). notes Scales 367 203, 81 1469, 782 (1961).2 irrelevant misleading. today bars prisoners meritorious trial.3 A like contend today's decision, example, commissioners refused place names box 1968. That, course, unconstitutional. 628—629, 1224—1225, (1972); Hill Texas, 316 400, 1159, 1559 (1942).4 misleading said 'no impropriety choosing shown,' convened Middle Carolina 1955, 206 n. 2, 259, 1501. doubt suggest immune attack. Indeed, Carter Jury Comm'n, 396 320, 518, 549 cited, show systems essentially administered manner.5 29 To extent our speak seems them. purports distinguish 'not 12(b)(2).' words quite magical distinction true, Failure herein constitutes involved obtained search. And 14(e) suppress 'shall opportunity exist aware grounds entertain hearing.' indicated permit deny deliberate orderly procedures out 8, 1074. Relief barred right.6 41(e) apparently crucial word 'waiver.' structure basically 12(b)(2): certain time, them excused cause. Nothing suggests 'waiver' difference, permits considered. clear line appeals attempt raise Fourth Amendment Ellis, 461 962 (CA2 1972); Volkell, 251 333 1958), cited therein. Certainly clearer notice attorneys about attempts claim. similarity can understand assume believes policy airtight forfeitures,' 432, 845, All sentence referring considerations: 'Strong difficult.'7 32 submit, again relies mechanical invocation difficulties setting small. When suppressed retrial required, reconstruct focus; gather evidence, elicit testimony witnesses testified before. setting, reprosecution. required arise. previous redone; indeed, entire showed now unavailable real. Mattox 156 237, 337, 39 (1895). lose enhancement credibility, any, presence lend testimony. reference '(s)trong considerations' intentionally relinquished reasons. relinquish afforded prove step toward establishing rights fact infringed. Saying just choice underlying responsive argument.8 34 Solicitor General urged us bear interest enforcing forfeitures going greater similar admission evidence. argues difference lies ease basis. relatively easy, says, remedy return composed convene finding error wash very costly legitimate interests economy. Thus, entail large costs. contrast, suggests, fruits costly. Whenever made, substantially. found, emphasis placed tainted is, view, important foreclosures easily remedied made—it require retrials cases. 35 That undoubtedly force. goes too far, reverse plain made. 52(b). improper prosecutor closing error, example. Doty 416 887, 890—891 (CA10 1968), cited. Yet cut off admonition disregard adequately protect defendant's rights. reversal prohibits object, justifies latter governmental economy, me perverse. General's unpersuasive, ultimately, alone given, support strict are, my outweighed public interests.9 First, most assure participation democratic institutions race. Second, offenders amenable rehabilitation know unfairness considered, deliberately refrained earlier point. Finally, point process, offender willingly conceal strategic reasons, helps guarantee process justice fair, benefiting someone delinquent preserve fairness process. 37 'For years, Equal Protection Clause Fourteenth (1880); Neal Delaware, (103 370, 567 (1881)).' 628, 1224, 'People race aggrieved chosen exclusion.' 329, 523. fulfills function, central democracy, restraining prosecutors institute Dionisio, 410 764, 773, (1973); Wood Georgia, 370 375, 390, 1364, 1373, 569 (1962). Although ways vindicate every citizen participate race, consistently requiring Ballard 329 187, 195, 261, 265, 181 (1946). general standing others, Moose Lodge Irvis, 163, 166—167, 1965, 1968—1969, 627 justified importance assuring juries. principle alone, restrictive view foreclose claims. 38 more. Offenders undeniably aggrieved. paramount fair. As 226, 1074, 'The remedies rests recognition adequate protection requires continuing availability mechanism relief.' function 'has prompt efficacious whatever society deems intolerable restraints. Its root civilized society, government always accountable judiciary man's imprisonment: imprisonment conform requirements individual immediate release.' 401—402, 829. (emphasis added). traditional scope requires, again, broadest detention procedure.10 compliance reasonable forfeitures, corrective taken. comprehensive rigid person deliberate, informed forgo Such grievously affects interests. 40 With mind, resolution waiver.11 cases, continued, examine detail circumstances constitute (1883); re Wilson, 140 575, 870, 513 (1891). Kohl Lehlback, 160 293, 304, 432 right.12 41 reflect interpretation corporation officers attempted income tax evasion. Four They contended newly discovered cross section community. representative Clearly, establish infringed, selection. 'notorious difficulty saying searching 42 give 'good cause' supported, finally, insistence acquiescence lightly assumed. (1938); Aetna Insurance Kennedy, 301 389, 393, 57 809, 811, 1177 (1937), therein unreasonably vindication serious questions. Reece 350 85, 76 167, 77 (1955); Wechsler, 263 22, 44 13, 68 143 (1923); Williams 349 399, 75 814, 827, 99 1161 (1955) (Clerk, J., dissenting). adopted definition serve barring assertions precluding abused system. convincing advanced adopt keeping action. 43 'he nor abandoned contest Grand array.' App. 8. enough, submitted unaided counsel, right. Haines Kerner, 404 519, 594, 652 factual refuted allegation. below. represented throughout competent, court-appointed whose advocacy prompted compliment saying: 'We rarely witnessed thorough unstinted expenditure able counsel behalf client.' 1095, 1101 (1961), affirming 260 21, 44—46 (CA4 1958). Selection Service Act 1861 1869, use. preserving law student researching array stopped seeing shotwell 'involved legal irregularities rise dimension constitution asserted' herein. (Brief 18.) At 362—363 p. 461, accepted face value rejecting comforted concurrence considered issue. Moore 730, 740 1970) (en banc); Juelich Harris, 425 814 (CA7 1970); Williams, 421 529, 532 (CA8 Bustillo 131 Poliafico 237 97 (CA,6 1956). Contra, Fermandez (CA9 reasoning fernandez, arguing argued Spanish Americans Relying, 'knowing by-pass' objection. concedes misread Sanders, correct rule. conceptualize another corpus, standard. possibility denial suppression 41(e). 1070, (1969). effects '(a) ppointed objected seizure,' id., 220 3, 1071, rationale 'this matter assigned Kaufman's 219, 1070. alleged, part: '(b) commissioner Distrit past implementing 'Keyman' 'Selectors,' nought token prospective qualifying negro color 1863. '(c) affirmative taken systematically, purposefully, unlawfully resident negroes 1864. '(d) being member aforesaid caused violators carrying duties, guaranteed Sixth Amendment, fair community.' 7. Under system, ask persons wide contacts community supply jurors. Similarly, 1861—1869, bearing 1968 constitutional, plainly Those Amendment. Due Process Clauses Fifth Bolling Sharpe, 347 497, 499, 74 693, 694, 98 884 (1954). 'buttressed (1970) decide." how buttresses today. reviewing court's law. Parker's ground, sense, collateral-relief though, odd indeed mean fail resolved question. sense 'buttressed' majority, position. pursue Ordinarily, things Appeals. Lawn 355 339, 362 16, 78 311, 324, 321 (1958). 'express,' series holdings doing same, analysis 'express' policy. bears relevant policies proceding says necessary. say airtight. proving far tell, prosecutor's comments testify, test (1969); Camp Arkansas, 69, 307, 223 (1971). Since distinguishes others involving, searches, finality litigation, discuss here. Government peculiar outweigh countervailing leaving determination. narrowing opportunities suspension writ Art. I, 9, cl. 406, 831, (1963); 11—12, 1075—1076, (1963). 'liberal requirement.' true course silent record. Carnley Cochran, 369 506, 516, 884, 890, 70 this, silent; (I quarrel reliance below despite Davis' made.) rights, feared generate hostility adversely chances acquittal. related petition. '(t)he sentencing second successive prisoner.' term 'similar relief' before, relinquished, 15—18, 1077—1079.

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