Document: 499 U.S. 467 111 S.Ct. 1454 113 L.Ed.2d 517 Warren McCLESKEY, Petitionerv.Walter D. ZANT, Superintendent, Georgia Diagnostic & Classification Center. No. 89-7024. Argued Oct. 31, 1990. Decided April 16, 1991. Rehearing Denied June 17, See 501 1224, 2841. Syllabus To rebut petitioner McCleskey's alibi defense at his 1978 trial for murder and a related crime, the State called Offie Evans, occupant of jail cell next to McCleskey's, who testified that McCleskey had admitted boasted about killing. On basis this other evidence supporting guilt, jury convicted him sentenced death. After Supreme Court affirmed, he filed an unsuccessful petition state habeas corpus relief, alleging, inter alia, statements Evans were elicited in situation created by induce make incriminating without assistance counsel violation Massiah v. United States, 377 201, 84 1199, 12 246. He then first federal petition, which did not raise claim, second both ultimately unsuccessful. Finally, 1987, basing challenge on 21-page statement made police two weeks before trial. The document, furnished request shortly conversations consistent with Evans' testimony, but also recounted tactics used engage conversation. Moreover, hearing Ulysses Worthy, jailer during pretrial incarceration whose identity came light after was filed, gave testimony indicating assignment been State's behest. In Worthy's District found ab initio relationship between granted relief under Massiah. Appeals reversed doctrine abuse writ, defines circumstances courts decline entertain claim presented time or subsequent petition. Held: failure constituted writ. Pp. 477-503. (a) Much confusion exists as proper standard applying abuse-of-the-writ doctrine, refers complex evolving body equitable principles informed controlled historical usage, statutory developments, judicial decisions. This has heretofore defined such oblique way, through dicta denials certiorari petitions stay applications, see Witt Wainwright, 470 1039, 1043, 105 1415, 1418, 801 (MARSHALL, J., dissenting), and, because changes complexity subject, always followed unwavering line its conclusions writ's availability, Fay Noia, 372 391, 411-412, 83 822, 834-835, 9 837. 477-489. (b) Although Court's decisions do all admit ready synthesis, review these precedents demonstrates need have deliberately abandoned earlier order establish inclusion constitutes see, e.g., Sanders 373 1, 18, 1068, 1078, 10 148; if could raised omitted inexcusable neglect, Delo Stokes, 495 320, 321-322, 110 1880, ----, 109 325, that, doctrines procedural default writ implicate nearly identical concerns, determination neglect context should be governed same determine whether excuse petitioner's defaults, Wainwright Sykes, 433 72, 97 2497, 53 594. Thus, when prisoner files government bears burden pleading is satisfied government, clarity particularity, notes prior history, identifies claims appear time, alleges abused disprove shifts petitioner. earlier, must show cause—e.g., impeded some objective factor external defense, governmental interference reasonable unavailability factual claim—as well actual prejudice resulting from errors complains. will entitled evidentiary district court determines matter law cannot satisfy cause standard. However, cause, may nonetheless excused can fundamental miscarriage justice—the conviction innocent person—would result claim. 489-497. (c) foregoing excusing omission lacks omission, therefore, question would prejudiced inability considered. Murray Carrier, 477 478, 494, 106 2639, 2648, 91 397. That known about, able discover, document filing does since knowledge gleaned jail-cell conduct, participation those conversations, put notice pursue done Nor fact only new irrelevance Worthy established allegedly wrongful concealment until no wrongdoing hand over any initial prevented raising Amadeo Zant, 486 214, 224, 108 1771, 1777, 100 249, distinguished. Furthermore, narrow justice exception requirement avail McCleskey, demonstrate alleged caused person. record violation, it one, resulted admission truthful inculpatory affect reliability guilt determination. fact, now embraces confirms guilt. 497-503. 890 F.2d 342 (CA 11 1989), affirmed. KENNEDY, delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, SOUTER, JJ., joined. MARSHALL, dissenting opinion, BLACKMUN STEVENS, joined, post, p. ----. John Charles Boger, Chapel Hill, N.C., Mary Beth Westmoreland, Atlanta, Ga., respondent. Justice KENNEDY Court. 1 corpus. Petitioner 246 (1964), failed include Eleventh Circuit held assertion manner Though our analysis differs Appeals, we agree here affirm judgment. 2 * three men, armed, robbed furniture store 1978. One robbers shot killed off duty policeman entered midst crime. confessed participated robbery. When robbery murder, however, renounced confession taking stand denying involvement. prosecution occupied McCleskey's. shooting officer way out even face dozen policemen. 3 one witnessed shooting, further direct circumstantial supported murder. An eyewitness someone ran carrying pearl-handled pistol soon Other witnesses stolen caliber bullet officer. Ben Wright, accomplices, confirmed crime carried white-handled handgun matching fatal bullet. Wright prosecutor introduced 4 December 1978, Since conviction, pursued collateral remedies more than decade. We describe history detail, understanding case illustration allegations arise. 5 appeal Georgia, six grounds error. A summary appeal, asserted each four proceedings, set forth Appendix infra, portion relevant purposes involves attack rebuttal testimony. contended "erred allowing [McCleskey's] oral admitting [Evans] cell, withheld statement" Brady Maryland, 83, 1194, 215 (1963). McClesky State, 245 Ga. 108, 112, 263 S.E.2d 146, 149 (1980). unanimous acknowledged furnish ruled undisclosed exculpatory, suffered material denied fair Brady. 112-113, S.E.2d, 149. noted, moreover, wanted inspect "introduced entirety" argument "the needed prepare impeach ha[d] merit requested [McCleskey] himself." Ibid. rejected contentions affirmed sentence. certiorari. 449 891, 101 253, 66 119 6 initiated postconviction proceedings. January 1981, relief. amended 23 challenges death Appendix, Three concerned First, violated due process rights Giglio 405 150, 92 763, 31 104 (1972), disclose agreement drop pending escape charges against return cooperation App. 20. Second, reasserted deliberate withholding while jail. 21. Third, Sixth Amendment right construed supra. theory, "[t]he introduction into [his] [Evans], counsel, Constitution States." 22. 7 At hearing, detectives investigating agreed speak word behalf authorities certain him. ex parte recommendation Giglio, claims. application certificate probable 454 1093, 102 659, 70 631 (1981). 8 States Northern asserting 18 allege reassert Following extensive hearings August October 1983, detective's promise favorable treatment, Giglio. 580 F.Supp. 338, 380-384 (ND Ga.1984). affected jury's verdict charge malice premises Id., 384. grant Kemp, 753 877 (CA11 1985). kind contemplated event error harmless. F.2d, 884-885. grounds. limited Georgia's capital sentencing procedures constitutional, 481 279, 107 1756, 95 262 (1987). continued attacks action 1987 which, amended, contained five again centered alleging disclose. dismissed cause. July action, review. seven claims, including recalled, conversation "elicited induce" counsel. present proffered signed Atlanta Police Department began. department month jailhouse overheard Bernard Dupree. By statement's own terms, reported jailcell conversations. Consistent trial, reports boasting It recounts posed Wright's uncle told talked 13 proved "was acting concert officials" "deliberately elicited" admissions U.S., 206, S.Ct., 1203. Tr. Exh. pp. 11-12. Among responses, presentation 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b); Rule 9(b) Rules Governing 2254 Cases. 14 focusing arrangement jailers Several placed design instructed overhear obtain McCleskey. key witness Fulton County Jail summer lawyers contacted detective taken office. characterized "often confused self-contradictory." C87-1517A Dec. 23, 1987), 81. permission move near cell. contradicted himself, concerning when, why, whom moved, investigators urging 76-81. 15 based upon 63-97. stated "contains strong indication authorities." 84. addition, credited suggesting information Based portions adjoining "for purpose gathering information"; "Evans probably coached how approach given critical facts unknown general public"; eavesdropped others; what heard authorities. 83. These findings, view, violation. 16 granting abandon "This case," reasoned, "where reserved proof petition." determined know either discover neglect." 85. 17 reversed, holding discretion failing dismiss 1989). "show [in proceeding] 346-347. Accepting findings stage knew neither existence nor "misconstru[ed] meaning abandonment." 348-349. Because included dropped "made knowing choice having previously" prima facie showing "deliberate 349. irrelevant simply catalyst vigorously" itself "demonstrate violation." 350. concluded reason why discovered earlier. fall within ends committed harmless 350-351. petitioned certiorari, numerous Circuit's analysis. parties address following additional question: "Must writ?" 496 904, 2585, 266 (1990). II 19 once makes submission, seeking 10-11, 1074-1075, 148 (1963); Price Johnston, 334 266, 292, 68 1049, 1063, L.Ed. 1356 (1948). though, determining abuses central many actions, little occasion define it. Indeed, there truth observation applications. (1985) dissenting). Today give subject careful consideration. begin tracing development substantive aspects consider apply actions A. 20 Judiciary Act 1789, ch. 20, 14, Stat. 81-82, empowered issue writs prisoners "in custody, colour authority early decades system, English common scope Ex Watkins, Pet. 193, 201-203, 650 (1830). Federal use confinement imposed lacked jurisdiction, ibid., detention Executive legal process, Wells, How. 307, 421 (1856). 21 common-law limitations various expansive forces, judicial. generally Bator, Finality Criminal Law Habeas Corpus Prisoners, 76 Harv.L.Rev. 441, 463-499 major expansion occurred 1867, Congress extended custody. Feb. 5, 28, 385. For most part, come decisionmaking. As then-Justice REHNQUIST explained 79, 2502, 594 (1977), began interpreting concept jurisdictional defect generosity sentences authorization, Lange, Wall. 163, 176, 872 (1874), convictions obtained unconstitutional statute, Siebold, 371, 376-377, 25 717 (1880). Later, allowed adequate protections defendant. Frank Mangum, 237 309, 35 582, 59 969 (1915); Moore Dempsey, 261 86, 43 265, 67 543 (1923). 22 Confronting extending reach Waley 316 101, 62 964, 86 1302 (1942), openly discarded jurisdiction—by fiction anything else—as touchstone availability review, available 'disregard constitutional accused, where effective means preserving rights.' " supra, 2502 (quoting 104-105, 965-966). With Fourth violations full opportunity litigate court, Stone Powell, 428 465, 495, 96 3037, 3053, 49 1067 (1976), today appears extend dispositive manner. Brown Allen, 344 443, 73 397, 469 (1953); 2502. requisite lead origins rule. B 24 law, res judicata attach court's denial "[A] refusal discharge [was] bar issuance writ." W. Bailey, Special Remedies 206 (1913) (citing cases). renewed every judge realm, bound prisoner's independently, influenced previous refusing discharge." Church, Writ 386, 570 (2d ed. 1893) (hereinafter Church). See, Kaine, F.Cas. 78, 80 (No. 7,597) (CC SDNY 1853); re Kopel, F. 505, 506 (S.D.N.Y.1906). rule sense reviewed. Church 570; L. Yackle, Postconviction 151, 551 (1981); Goddard, Note Corpus, 65 L.Q.Rev. 30, 32 (1949). Successive served substitute appeal. Duker, Constitutional History 5-6 (1980); 35. appellate became decision prisoner, continuing validity endless successive petitions. 602. Some rule, judicata. Perry McLendon, 598, 603-605 (1879); McMahon Mead, 30 S.D. 515, 518, 139 N.W. 122, 123 (1912); Heller, 146 Wis. 517, 524, 131 991, 994 (1911). Others adopted middle position extremes Field's circuit Cuddy, 40 SD Cal.1889), exemplifies balance. 26 "[W]hile apply, . officers take consideration another refused; instances justify second. naturally degree character made, fullness I said refer, course, cases presented, might first. entirely different occurring events changed so are exist presented. am heard. ." 65-66. 27 Cf. Moebus, 39, 40-41 (NH 1906) (second disallowed "unless substantial change intervened"). resolved least courts, Salinger Loisel, 265 44 519, 989 (1924), Wong Doo 239, 999 (1924). reaffirmed "to prisoner." 230, 521; 240, 525. They recognized, required modification Salinger: 29 "In times open judges accustomed exercise independent judgment application, regardless number. But practice ceased materially changed. 230-231, 521. Relying announced "disposed sound guided whatever rational bearing propriety sought. matters considered, controlling weight, remedy, ordinary course criminal case, like application." 231, lower disposed reliance dismissal 232, 522. question. There, containing raised, argued, "had offer [his claim] petition," offered "[n]o presenting outset. Doo, 241, contain "what briefs show[ed] accessible time." circumstances, upheld "according discretion, weight refusal." So strict dismissing later clear adjudication bore vital relevance 33 (1948), line, arose somewhat Doo. Price, fourth arguably least, explicit former inferable alleged. sole ground actions. remanded, reasoning "precluded abusive 293, 1063. plead constitute abuse. erred affording explain late. directions inquiry court. If explanation "is inadequate, proceedings." "present[s] reasons making allegation just overlook delay," develop hearing. 291-292, Without considering remanded case. 34 recognized limit ability file repetitive petitions, touching appeared contradict point. refusals disposition 289, 1062. proposition ignored significance changes, disfavor expressed toward comport language entertained. become clear, quoted decision, enacted legislation, 2244, addressed petitions: 36 "No shall inquire person pursuant legality presents theretofore determined, inquiry." 2244 (1964 ed.). 37 "present[ed] determined," concluded, negative implication, Such interpretation superseded recognizing litigated could, Reviser's 1948 statute intend section disrupt evolution principles, ed.) (Reviser's Note), 11-12, 1075, Congress' silence involving "not intended foreclose abuse-of-writ principle developed Price. 38 special responsibility respect provision revision code, 2255 remedy 2244. While permitted refuse "similar relief." face, announce much stricter counterpart Sanders, "cannot literally," "material equivalent" 13-14, 1076. 39 addition answering questions, undertook "formulation basic rules guide courts" 15, 1077. reiterating refute well-pleaded allegation, definition rationale doctrine. noted suitor's conduct relation disentitle seeks," applied courts. 17-18, 1078. illustrations abuse: "Thus, example, withholds hope being rather reason, deemed waived ground. true if, abandons Nothing traditions requires tolerate needless, piecemeal litigation, proceedings vex, harass, delay." 41 cited 438-440, 848-50, 837 (1963), Townsend Sain, 317, 745, 759, 770 guidance stating "govern equally here." merits demand." 42 years statute. amendment attempt alleviate increasing "introducing greater finality judgments S.Rep. 1797, 89th Cong., 2d Sess., (1966); H.R.Rep. 1892, (1966), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 1966, 3663, 3664. recast subparagraphs. Subparagraph deletes reference old left otherwise intact. 2244(a). states seeks rendered "conclusive issues right. 2244(c). added subparagraph applications prisoners: "(b) issue, custody release corpus, entertained unless predicated adjudicated justice, applicant newly 2244(b). 45 establishes "qualified judicata." 2, "need entertain" "unless" satisfies conditions. ground, otherwise. withhold "otherwise abus[e] Smith Yeager, 393 125, 89 277, (1968) ("essential [under 2244(b) ] 'deliberately ground' proceeding, 'otherwise writ' "). meets conditions, long errors, nonexhaustion, 2254(b), default, present. 46 Section raises, answer, questions. event. is, limits term "abuse similar silences original version court-announced defining limiting 325 (1990) (District entertaining writ). 47 Proceedings, promulgated 1976, speaks problem provides: 48 "A finds fails or, alleged, assert 9(b). Like 2244(b), "incorporates judge-made governing Sanders." Rose Lundy, 455 509, 521, 1198, 1204-05, 71 379 (1982) (plurality opinion); id., 533, 1211 (Brennan, concurring part part) (same). Advisory Committee Notes "inexcusable." 9, U.S.C., 426-427. retroactive represent acceptable excuses 427. 50 recent contexts. Woodard Hutchins, 464 377, 752, 78 541 (1984) (per curiam), Five Justices inferred lack "could in" abuse-of-the-writ. 378-379, n. 3, 753, (Powell, joined Justices, vacate stay). Similarly, Antone Dugger, 465 200, 962, 79 147 Appeals' prepared haste familiar 205-206, 4, 965, 4. And last Term, they raised" developed" 1881. Kuhlmann Wilson, 436, 444, 6, 2616, 2622, 364 (1986) opinion) (petition raises "available relied petition" example writ); Straight 476 1132, 1133, 2004, 2005, 90 683 stay) (new arguments "plainly earlier" 1204 (prisoner proceeds exhausted sets aside unexhausted risks petitions). III 51 Our discussion "always Great Writ." 834. precision. 52 point emerges clarity: Abuse confined abandonment. mentioned abandonment disentitled passage governs context, Sanders' demonstrates, Courts recognize, 346-347; Hall Lockhart, 863 609, 610 (CA8 1988); Jones Estelle, 722 159, 163 (CA5 1983); Miller Bordenkircher, 764 245, 250-252 (CA4 1985), concedes, Brief 39-40, 45-48, neglect. confirm first, stemmed choice. ----; 964-65. (recognizing fashion abandonment). 54 demands content necessary ordered below, leads us decide defaults govern context. 55 prohibition defaulted prohibits thus defaulted, proceeding. terms writ" "inexcusable neglect," hand, "procedural default," other, imply background norm regularity binding explains presumption round habeas. power types derives discretion. Reed Ross, 468 2901, 2906, 82 (procedural default); 1078 (abuse habeas, equity recognizes "a seeks." reasons, jurisprudence concentrate acts legitimate appropriate time. 56 concerns flowing significant costs with, strikes finality. law's very objects judgments. Neither innocence punishment vindicated final known. "Without finality, deprived deterrent effect." Teague Lane, 489 288, 1060, 1074, 103 (1989). succeeds obtaining 'erosion memory' 'dispersion witnesses' occur time," 453, 2627, diminish chances reliable adjudication. cast doubt propositions, care reconfirm importance 308-309, 1073-74; 487, 2644, 397 (1986); 10, 2907; Engle Isaac, 456 107, 127, 1558, 1571, 783 (1982). 57 conviction. 2644; 128, 1572. Reexamination "frustrate[s] 'both States' sovereign punish offenders their good-faith attempts honor 2645 Engle, 1572). system articulate societal norms law; pass laws enforce them. 58 extracts costs. litigation places heavy scarce resources, threatens capacity resolve primary disputes. Schneckloth Bustamonte, 412 218, 260, 93 2041, 2065, 854 (1973) concurring). litigants incentives manipulative disincentives fresh. 13, 2909; 89, 2507. Far severe disruptions "[c]ollateral extends ordeal society accused," 126-127, worsens Perpetual disrespect disparages entire system. 60 permits repetition vain search ultimate certitude implies confidence possibilities war effectiveness underlying commands. There comes leaves perpetually longer reflects humane concern merely anxiety desire immobility." Harv.L.Rev., 452-453 (footnotes omitted). 61 reexamination stretches examination spreads them thinner still. deplete resources instance, commencing action. phenomenon calls mind Jackson's admonition "[i]t occasional meritorious buried flood worthless ones." 537, 425 (opinion result). offends federalism comity, offense increases defend proceeding overrides considerations, essential help dimension regularity. Both impose petitioners compliance designed discourage baseless keep valid ones; recognize interest finality; invoke requirements comply diligence. rests integrity "employed coordinate jurisdiction system," 88, 2507, implicated Nonetheless, lessen injury results prior, time; seek vindicate 63 conclude unity structure prejudice. hold applies 64 cases, "some counsel's efforts" 488, 2645. Objective factors 'interference officials' impracticable, reasonably counsel." constitutionally "[i]neffective cause." Attorney short ineffective default. 486-488, 2644-45. Once 'actual prejudice' complains." Frady, 152, 168, 1584, 1594, 816 retain further, class despite extraordinary described implicating justice. 485, 2643. becomes petitioner's. therefrom concepts meet she Application mitigate force (1989), prohibits, exceptions, Pennsylvania Finley, 551, 555, 1990, 1993, 539 (1987) ("[T]he appointed right, further"). Salinger, modern decisions, Antone, Woodard, Delo. miscarriages gives meaningful unexplained "ends justice" mandated Sanders. drew phrase (judge inquiry"). 15-17, 1077-78. 1966 eliminated inquiry, plurality 454, remained appropriate, supplements "colorable innocence." serves "an safeguard compelling man suffer loss liberty," 492-493, 3051, guaranteeing full. Considerations certainty stability function support adoption Well Its clarifies imprecise contours comports threshold nature inquiry. 287, 1061 "preliminary sufficiency itself"). provides workable channeling courts." 497, 2650. "[I]t important, preclude individualized enforcement parts Nation, lay down specifically standards Judges sentence Courts." 501-502, 443 Frankfurter, J.). 69 curtail threatened undermine process. "Federal continue tolerate—even cases—this type corpus." 380, 753-54. centerpieces liberties. "But potentialities evil good. orderly administration therefore weaken forces civilization." 512, Adoption acknowledges historic preventing abuse, assures efficacy. us. IV alone. found, document's revelation engaging (such pretending supposed participate robbery), finding 72 ruling premised consider, preliminary discoverable argues excused. disagree. possess "[C]ause impediment constructing claim." 492, 2648 (emphasis added). exist, impediment, (cause "interference officials impracticable"); 222, 1776, 249 (1988) unavailable reason" default). examines conduct: possessed, obtained, sufficient (Discovery); (Expansion Record); (Evidentiary Hearing). diligent investigation aimed knows supports irrelevant. Omission strengthened 74 turn statement. outset distinguish issues: (1) Whether document; (2) recounted, namely lies conflation inquiries, perpetuate here. 75 outset.* questioning claimed relative Knowledge alone more. rested entirety himself participated. current presuppose Quite apart inequity oath, remains everything connection police. constructive along learned document. prevent so. contend false representations 77 alter conclusion. remembered 1987. Under nothing then. press Ignorance suffices whole illustrates requiring prompt pursuit written logs records prison staff names assignments existed. destroyed normal retention schedules. inconsistent obvious fact-finding processes impaired delayed. Had official available, identified sheets. placement adjacent precise there, likely reconstructed precision achieved. foreclosed best suited disclosure responsible His strategy engaged detain long. done, emphasis brief argument. turned misrepresentation statement, n., considered belies characterization explain, anyway. Petitioner's (1988), misplaced. court." 1777. crucial respects. concealed evidence. second, intentionally because, 81 late date. U. S., 2649 (rejecting absence cause). correct embrace observed: "After read [the statement], nobody William Faulkner contrived consequence absolutely true, entertains Mr. McCleskey." 496, 2649. 85 defending nine reveal necessity adopt ample room circumstances. Affirmed. APPENDIX TO OPINION OF THE COURT Claims Relief Various Stages Litigation 87 1. Direct Appeal. claims: penalty administered discriminatory prosecutorial discretion; conducted illegal postindictment lineup; (3) police; (4) testify jail-house confession; (5) impeachment evidence; (6) acts. 112-114, 149-151 88 2. First Petition. violations: arbitrarily, capriciously, whimsically; pattern discrimination race, sex, poverty; theoretical justification serve interest; cruel unusual mitigating factors; received inadequate heard; cross community; (7) biased favor prosecution; (8) improperly jurors opposed penalty; (9) postarrest excluded arrest; (10) extracted involuntarily; (11) "arrangement" witnesses, Evans; (12) (13) funds employ experts aid defense; (14) highly suggestive lineup trial; (15) instructions intent impermissibly shifted persuasion McCleskey; (16) referred phase; (17) crimes convicted; (18) bad overbroad; (19) tools (20) inflicts wanton unnecessary torture; (21) contexts; (22) statements; (23) insufficient convict Petition, HC 4909, Tr., H. 3. petition: discriminated race; "understanding" refused too nonstatutory aggravating circumstances; murder; investigate adequately; objections motions undertake possible judge's report. 338 (N.D.Ga.1984). Second systematically blacks jury; racially manner; phase. G. 5. inadmissible acted informant misleading arrangement" racial black defendants; defense. STEVENS join, dissenting. Today's departs drastically inform function. casual discarding longstanding radically redefines substituting strict-liability "cause prejudice" abandonment" doctrinal innovation, repudiates codified rules, foreseeable application. respondent litigation. remand reconsideration standard, majority performs reconstruction record, disregarding encourages conceal particular acquiesce unjustifiable assault Writ, dissent. 94 Disclaiming depicts test clarification existing law. explains, "[m]uch Ante, 477. amidst "confusion," purports discern trend cause-and-prejudice concludes "our precedents," ante, 490; "complex principles" traditionally 489. gloss break today's completely unconvincing. Drawing England, ago inflexible judicata" "sound subject." 240-241, 525, (1924); accord, 230-232, 521-22, expressly "The opportunity," explained, [of ground] petition; intending rely good faith produce then." Noting "accessible petitioner, alien forestall imminent deportation, split "postpone execution [deportation] order." contrast, summarily prisoner. Whereas possessed access assuming "acquired since" 290, "[E]ven [had been] question," added, justifiable [why] previously unable unaware facts." 291, crystallized petition.1 distinguished unasserted regard "[c]ontrolling [the] application" reaching latter, "there chiefly '[equitable] seeks.' Ibid., quoting 438, 848, 98 needless 99 What predecessors essentially illustrated principal form deter (or counsel) stressed equating then-prevailing bypass" cognizability procedurally uses achieve end expeditious unlawful confinement—such assessment him, 1062; 525; availing "new information," 1062, raised. Accord, Committee's "Cause prejudice"—the currently applicable (1977)—imposes test. effectively efforts 2645, (1986). test, largely perception foundation objective, efforts. Murray, 527, 535-536, 2661, 2667, 434 sense, component Sykes standard.2 Equally foreign "prejudice." articulates merit, beyond doubt. 133, 503 (1981).3 real majority's —for clearly does—but succeeded justifying departure common-lawmaking my close Incorporation justified area. affirmatively ratified thereby insulating repeal. embodied Enacted recodified amending incorporate criteria: recodification spare obligation "containing denied, obviously petitioner] [he] preceding 3664 likewise adopts ' terminology: codify legislative of, to, indicate, 426-427; 94-1471, 2478 universal 1204, (1982), Williams 862 155, 157 Neuschafer Whitley, 860 1470, 1474 (CA9 1988), cert. sub nom. Demosthenes Neuschafer, 493 906, 264, 214 (1989); 1479 (Alarcon, result); Davis 829 1513, 1518, 1987); Passman Blackburn, 797 1335, 1341 1986), 480 948, 1609, 794 (1987); Talk, 597 250-251 (CA10 1979); rel. Fletcher Brierley, 460 446, 4A (CA3), 409 1044, 543, commentators, 17A C. E. Cooper, Practice Procedure 4267, 477-478 ed.1988); 154.4 concedes answer" "questions" 487. emphasizes exhaustively cataloging ways "otherwise" "abused." ibid.; 486,489-490. From "silenc[e]," infers congressional delegation lawmaking broad enough encompass engrafting onto difficult seriously. "cause" mental irrelevant, subsumes 130, 36, 1573, (1982); 87, 2506. "cause"—that it—necessarily superfluous. Insofar primarily suggestion invested irreconcilable look classes bad-faith application: confinement, ibid. referring writ," tracks division. selected expectation elaborate dilatory elaborations conjoined intentional improper purpose, harass tacitly constraint interpretive tantamount too, untenable. exaggerates neglect" formulation—which never decision—functions evaluating compared deny inexcusably neglected 759. Townsend, equated Noia. 759.5 usefully separate abandonment, melding defended "giving content" 490. mere attorney negligence excusable. ("So defendant represented performance ., bear risk default"). 112 Confirmation exercises properly belonging supplied rejection axiomatic backup legislature amend statutes. Bowsher Merck Co., 824, 837, 12, 1587, 1595, (1983); FTC Ruberoid 343 470, 478-479, 800, 805-806, 1081 (1952); North Haven Bd. Ed. Bell, 534-535, 1912, 1924-1925, 299 Yet exactly effect decision. House Judiciary, 1303 H.R. 5269, 101st Sess. (1990), [which] diligence," 101-681, pt. 6472 added).6 Report accompanying legislation "courts codifications guidelines [Supreme] prescribed 119, 6524 (citation tougher "reasonable diligence" satisfactorily met row litigation." Unfazed arrogates repeal replace standard.7 Even fusion Congress, wise abrupt subverts policies unfairly prejudices 114 almost "finality." 490-493. best, insufficiently conception essence system's commitment suspending "[c]onventional notions life liberty stake infringement alleged." 8, 1073. straw-man accompanied '[a] certitude.' 452 Rather, plain not, "[u]nder guise fashioning wip[e] practical efficacy conferred 498-499, 442, (1953) 115 balance state's analogizing procedural-default According majority, "implicate review." 490-491. already assessing 116 withstand scrutiny. identify promote rules. 2909, (1984); 87-90, 2506-2508. willingness barred "undercut[s] rules," 129, 1572, "state themselves [to be] less stringent enforcement," Meltzer, Forfeitures Rights, 1128, 1150-1158 preserve "deterrent" Writ. '[T]he threat incentive throughout land standards.' 306, 1072, (1989) opinion), Desist 394 244, 262-263, 1030, 1041, 248 (1969) (Harlan, dissenting); Mitchell, 545, 563, 2993, 3003, 739 (1979). Obviously, disciplining presupposes 128-129, purposes, strictness defendant's akin state-law 81-83, 2503-04. 117 remotely setting. contemplates (as case) complied state-procedural proceedings; otherwise, perform screening performed exhaust remedies, §§ (c). 486-487. notwithstanding breed state-court claim.8 118 addresses hear identifying strike Only efficient furnishes powerful believes prospect success. Note, 1038, 1153-1154 (1970); 520, ("The interest, speedy claims"). adequately fortifies natural incentive. faces disincentive success: adverse reassertion successive-petition whereas discovery advent intervening invest 2; destroys design, creates near-irrebuttable permanently barred. outcome conflicts free 427, frivolous Rather bar, conceivable merit. possibility adversely thereafter relitigation them, virtually revived prove mistaken. promoting efficiency, invites "baseless claims," 493, avert. 120 unwise, manifestly unfair. proclaimed increase maximum extent 498. Whatever merits, 513, reached conclusion investigatory preparing client's measured test; indeed, competent concluding foundation. 84-85; 526. Before today, enough. utter indifference injustice retroactively new, stands marked contrast eagerness protect unfair surprise rules" citizens charged wrongdoing. Butler McKellar, 494 407, 412-414, 1212, 347 (1990); Saffle Parks, 484, 1257, 415 299-310, 1068-1075 opinion). 121 compounded activism applicability Appeals. relate doctrine;9 evidently contemplating mention argument, standard.10 respect, Heckler Campbell, 461 458, 468, 1952, 1958, (1983) (Court below case); Granfinanciera, S.A. Nordberg, 492 33, 2782, invokes strip 122 objectionable acknowledges, announces employed purported 342, 470. Where, here, in-depth address, issues. Anderson Liberty Lobby, Inc., 242, 257, 2505, 2514, 202 Mandel Bradley, 432 173, 179, 2238, 2242, 199 (1977) curiam); Hasting, 499, 515-518, 1974, 1983-85, (STEVENS, judgment) record-review "function better judges"). particularly view patent deficiencies it" unsuccessfully reasoning, declines endorse, faulty. exhaustion doctrines; contemplate authorize invariably consciously produces aware certainly reversal erroneous necessarily decided Undaunted difficulty benefit consideration, forges ahead record. accept was, point, reach. 498, n.11 "because Evans," "knew police." 500. points Worthy. 124 appreciate hollowness—and dangerousness—of recall finding: covertly plant eliciting credited, follows misled deposed interviewed assistant attorney, jailers, State. 25-28, 44-47, 125 Against deceit, assumes importance. overstates awareness contents. relates phone call girlfriend, Plaintiff's strongly event, simple existence. back up suspicion violation; adamant quite futile. All counselfinally credible, corroboration suspicion. success lacking, conducting piecing together transcribed find finally willing planted McCleskey's.12 126 dangerous precisely treats disinformation reasonableness pursuing obstacle obviously, perceives merit; involvement climate perfectly attentions elsewhere. sum substance try hard pierce veil deception. excludes recognition distort worthwhile, misconduct. 127 "prejudiced" prong No off-duty weapon, clouded codefendant's weapon witness' seen codefendant carry pistol, 11-14. possession gun conflicting"). Outside self-serving easily impeachable codefendant, directly identification triggerman Evans. "Evans' case." 89. it, verdict. 128 warrant fully fairly briefed. 129 Ironically, innovation "rule law." 492. start pronouncing invocation 'the justice,' rings hollow tosses explanation, disregards fashions defy expectations persons conform dictates, rewards misconduct deceit. avert pales comparison 130 note sake completeness, contains knew, known, took asked questions provoked side-bar conference. "statements defendant," responded doesn't [McCleskey]." 17. evaporated specific rejecting said: showed file, [i.e. Evans'] statement." 150 (1980) unnamed individual individual's February 1981 deposition stated: ". [in] camera inspection trial." 25. place then, chose contrary, contents examined motion 2255, 2254. 12-15, 1075-77. Contrary suggestion, foreshadowed shift involved eleventh-hour dispositions cursory suggests articulating credible 427 proving writ"); (1948); (1963) (Government curiam ), "offer[ed] [three new] 379, Burger, BLACKMUN, vacating omitting justification. "meritless" imminence stayed pendency 753. five-sentence readily apparent 325. says short, deliberate-abandonment incorrect, "prejudice" "[w]ell 496. declined concept, 91, 2508, elaborated nonconstitutional jury-instruction challenges, leaving import situations question." far resolving "confusion" emphasized derived "comity" 2504, traditional, overturn modify views authorizing unchanged," 81, 2503. unlike Noia Congress. constrains eliminate initially submitted authorized "finds th[at] groun[d] excusable." 2485 Explaining 'not excusable' [would] creat[e] undefined g[ive] substituted formulation. 2482. "brin[g] conformity bill 5269 Crime Control Pub.L. 101-647, 4789 unamended. death, intact noncapital petitioners. entertainment depends articulation 1078; after, developments postdate, termination permit conditions ("newly evidence" ground); ("A examples" "instances excusable"). reads: reply response amicus curiae Legal Foundation. established, advanced passed party Parcel Service, Inc. 451 56, 60, 1559, 1562, 732 Bell Wolfish, 441 531, 1861, 1870, 447 (1979); Knetsch 361, 370, 132, 137, (1960). completeness," feels constrained express "this doubt." Pointing vague clues arising asserts account, incomplete. Omitted evasions repeated compel possession. particular, neglects box documents produced collateral-review action; comprising complete copy prosecutor's County." "open records" police-investigative Napper Television 257 156, 356 640 missing account. gratuitously characterizes contradictory 475. Court—which majority—"Worthy waivered someone, 78; accord days cross-examination. affirmative lying mistaken").

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