Document: 391 U.S. 543 88 S.Ct. 1788 20 L.Ed.2d 797 Wayne Darnell BUMPER, Petitioner,v.STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. No. 1016. Argued April 24 and 25, 1968. Decided June 3, Norman B. Smith, Greensboro, N.C., for petitioner, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court. Harry W. McGalliard, Raleigh, respondent. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion 1 The petitioner was brought to trial in a North Carolina court upon charge rape, an offense punishable that State death unless jury recommends life imprisonment.1 Among items evidence introduced prosecution at .22-caliber rifle allegedly used commission crime. found guilty, but recommended sentence imprisonment.2 imposed sentence, Supreme Court affirmed judgment.3 We granted certiorari4 consider two separate constitutional claims pressed unsuccessfully throughout litigation courts. First, argues his right impartial violated this capital case when permitted challenge cause all prospective jurors who stated they were opposed punishment or had conscientious scruples against imposing penalty. Secondly, contends him obtained search seizure violative Fourth Fourteenth Amendments. I. 2 In Witherspoon v. Illinois, 510, 1770, 776, we have held cannot constitutionally be executed if from which been excluded those who, without more, are Our decision does not govern present case, because here imprisonment. argues, however, qualified under such standards must necessarily biased as well with respect defendant's guilt, conviction accordingly reversed denial Sixth Amendments jury. Duncan Louisiana, 145, 1444, 491; Turner 379 466, 471—473, 85 546, 548—550, 13 424; Irvin Dowd, 366 717, 722—723, 81 1639, 1642, 6 751. accept contention case. adduced no support claim selected one is 'prosecution prone,'5 materials referred brief more substantial than our attention Witherspoon.6 Accordingly, decline reverse judgment basis. II. 3 lived grandmother, Mrs. Hattie Leath, 66-year-old Negro widow, house located rural area end isolated mile-long dirt road. Two days after alleged prior petitioner's arrest, four white law enforcement officers—the county sheriff, deputies, state investigator—went Leath there some young children. She met officers front door. One them announced, 'I warrant your house.' responded, 'Go ahead,' opened kitchen later motion suppress denied. 4 At hearing on motion, prosecutor informed he did rely justify search, consent Leath.7 testified hearing, stating, among other things: read it me nothing. So, I just told come go ahead went about my work. wasn't concerned what about. satisfied. He warrant, didn't me. tell warrant. 5 '* * said house, why thought could ahead. believed took word. seen out yard. They got through door it. time, know grandson charged Nobody anything. anything, picked up like that. nothing grandson.'8 Upon basis Leath's testimony, she given her denied suppress.9 approved admission same basis.10 7 issue thus presented whether can justified lawful 'consent' has only official conducting asserted possesses warrant.11 hold circumstances. 8 When seeks lawfulness burden proving was, fact, freely voluntarily given.12 This discharged showing acquiescence authority.13 A conducted reliance turns invalid.14 result different even attempt validity fails show any all.15 9 officer authority home announces effect occupant resist search. situation instinct coercion—albeit colorably coercion. Where coercion consent. 10 error admit petitioner. Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 1684, 1081. Because plainly damaging three charges him, its harmless error. Chapman California, 386 18, 87 824, 17 705.16 11 is, accordingly, reversed, remanded further proceedings inconsistent opinion. It so ordered. 12 Judgment remanded. DOUGLAS joins Part II Since, record shows 16 53 excused their opposition punishment, would also ground guilt representing fair cross-section community. U.S., 523, S.Ct., 1778, 776 (separate opinion). Under law, rape N.C.Gen.Stat. § 14—21 (1953). But indictment includes lesser assault intent commit duty submit degrees supported evidence. Green, 246 N.C. 100 S.E.2d 52 (1957). See §§ 15—169, 15—170 These include range 15 years' imprisonment (N.C.Gen.Stat. 14—22), 14—33). instant judge fact these offenses. 14 HARLAN, concurring. While join opinion, am prompted add note. share, sure every member majority does, BLACK'S abhorrence brutal crime stands convicted. To avoid misapprehension, wish make perfectly clear reversal 'penalty' infringement federal rights. Reversal results, always, proved guilty hence legally valid imposition penalty him. determining criminal defendant convicted 'according law,' test simply finds credible Crediting discrediting function trier jury's verdict verdict, based admissible. not, here, rests oldest most fundamental principle jurisprudence—that entitled put proof. 18 consisted part gun unlawfully taken where living. contended consented home. However, immediately sheriff enter Nothing response announcement mean considered welcome What done record, hypothetical question imaginary never faced. 19 Of course, required lawful. There remains possible issued circumstances meeting requirements Federal Constitution. Consequently, chosen wrong line analysis vote remand give opportunity proper grounds. noted Court, explicitly repeatedly renounced Like parties lawsuits, obligation courts (including Court) earliest appropriate create adequate record. Cf. Ciucci 356 571, 573, 78 839, 840, 983 note Frankfurter Harlan). Finally, persuaded 'harmless error,' affirm, arguably error, consideration point. whether, view actually committed crimes charged, 'harmless' sense deserved. adjudicated admissible evidence, means, properly improper affected result. 21 do think here. critical identity perpetrator crimes. eyewitness identification victims, victims shot, together testimony place abode. could, beyond reasonable doubt, alone. might have. addition tangible cross-check linking hardly said, judicial vantage point, surplusage. 22 BLACK, dissenting. 23 decided today, primarily decide rights cause. As limited holding guilt,1 became moot since sentenced Ironically, now becomes good example fallacious assumption Witherspoon. For premise '(c) ulled harbor doubts wisdom punishment' somehow prosecution-prone, callous lacking 'charity.'2 Yet persons penalty, unanimously where, recommendation, automatic.3 And conclusively showed accused twice raped woman gunpoint, shot both companion while tied helplessly trees announced intention killing them, left dead. Even horrible facts before it, so-called 'prosecution-prone,' 'callous,' 'uncharitable' refused allow instead. circumstances, real reason granting certiorari disappeared, seems should dismiss petition improvidently granted. especially true point open-and-shut received lightest available law. Passing over issue, still reverses sends back new rifle, shoot unconstitutional seizure, admitted into trial. reasons agree Court's believe searching permission conduct surrounding these: Petitioner raised whom living time assaults committed. Shortly able recount police happened deputies officer, house. porch standing inside screen door, appear paper hand, anything her. Mrs immediate response, mentioning asking see her, deputy 'to in.' described reaction visit follows: 25 'He don't Sheriff Stockard paying much attention. (after porch) look objection making willing let room drawer wanted to. threatened going hurt money own free will. forced all.' (Emphasis added.) 26 My study convinces search,4 house—to prove hide. readiness permit action person conscious innocence, proud home,5 require indicating doubt rectitude household. people world ours,6 causes them. herself testified, will felt boy guilty.' 27 Despite statements cited above, despite finding judge, personally saw heard testify,7 refusing sworn overruling judge's findings, concludes substitute believes said—'it will.' unwarranted conclusion III. 28 assuming purposes argument seized stand. overwhelming related excluded, amply demonstrates guilt. Unfortunately, this, necessary sordid man girl friend. detail following: parked shortly dusk country road far Bumper lived. approached car, stuck barrel window ordered get Both car undress, stating want girl's p—-.' adamantly refused, pointed man, girl, understanding friend killed, followed Bumper's orders. then rear seat requiring stay down floor, car. short couple drive another spot. Here made walk bushes. kill pleaded go, replied, can't it; you cops.' suggested tie blindfold away problem. did, tying each tree. leave. Instead again After chest, heart scared. coolly proceeded was. tree blindfolded, moment breast close heart. drove away, obviously believing killed couple. themselves, difficulty way nearby owner hospital.8 during captive approximately hour half. During clearly assailant plain beginning ordeal doors face light coming Moreover, undisputed night attack bright moonlit night. positively Bumper.9 Also corroborating outside relating rifle. convincing whose characters impeached challenged. witnesses (the plus medical testimony), none refuted way. Thus, word truthfulness State's nor character witnesses. persists reversing wishes punish 29 shadow enforce States 'per se' rule automatically unreasonable seizure. primary 'exclusionary rule' adopted deter searches seizures violation Amendment. concurring 661—666, 1694 1697. deterrence desired served adequately blind adherence mechanical formula requires automatic exclusionary violated. little known really actual practices, refusal defendant, illegally lessen sensitivity rule, thereby reducing deterrent effect. Obviously carried hope obtain prosecution's and, necessary, needed. Thus cases convictions defendants IV. 30 shown, points doubt. added came bullets bodies lived, scene assault, makes, out, assurance doubly sure. Whether views inescapable trial; justice it.10 31 WHITE, 32 Amendment conditioned being absent proof unconditional. unconditional sufficient clarity, perhaps cases. following conditional invalid. If offered trial, produces exclude relied neither returned us represented challenged Unlike brush matter aside. Since existence determined courts, ripe affirmance. therefore reverse, vacate, conviction, returning determination absence probable cause, reason, predicate 1081 (1961), saved harmless-error 705 (1967).* 'Every ravishing carnally knowing female age twelve years force will, abusing child years, shall suffer death: Provided, recommend rendering open court, prison, instruct jury.' felonious consecutive 10-year prison terms. 270 521, 155 173. 389 1034, 801, 823. affidavits referring studies C. Wilson F. J. Goldberg, 517, 1774, n. 10. findings mention mentioned Witherspoon, 10, cites unpublished dissertation R. Crosson, An Investigation Into Certain Personality Variables Capital Trial Jurors (Western Reserve University, January 1966), involving sample 72 Ohio. 'THE COURT: says property (was) Now, warrant? 'MR. COOPER: relying Are record? Yes, sir.' 'Four came. busy work, walked house,' in. point: all. transcript suppression comes form narrative; i.e., questions answers rewritten continuous first testimony. mouth witness words attorneys. compliant narrative tone decisiveness contradictions. 'The nature she, premises, particularly set forth specifically officers.' That stated: search) reveal presence weapon justifies *. (The petitioner's) Rather, wrongs detected.' 530—531, S.E.2d, 180. Any idea long ago rejected jurisprudence. 'A prosecuted Constitution brings *.' Byars United States, 273 28, 29, 47 248, 71 L.Ed. 520. Di Re, 332 581, 595, 68 222, 228, 92 210; Henry 361 98, 103, 80 168, 171, 134. owned concedes voluntary binding Conversely, 'one directed,' Jones 362 257, 261, 725, 731, 697, searched members household common Wren Cir., 352 F.2d 617; Simmons Bomar, 349 365; Judd 89 U.S.App.D.C. 64, 190 649; Kovach 639. See, e.g., Amos 255 313, 317, 41 266, 267, 65 654; Johnson 333 13, 367, 368, 436; Higgins 93 340, 209 819; Marra, D.C., 40 271; MacKenzie Robbins, 248 F.Supp. 496. 'Orderly submission law-enforcement effect, constituted understanding, intentional waiver Constitution.' Elliott, 210 357, 360. 'One premises accomplished pursuant apparently On contrary, legal construed abide rather invitation search.' Bull Armstrong, 254 Ala. 390, 394, 48 So.2d 467, 470. command authorized seize opens acquiesces obedience request, language acquiescence, regard supremacy presentation searched, serve tinged coercion, thereto waive seizures, law.' Meno State, 197 Ind. 16, 24, 164 N.E. 93, 96. 'See Salata 286 125; Brown 42 Ala.App. 429, 167 281; Mattingly Commonwealth, 199 Ky. 30, 250 S.W. 105. Gibson 81, 149 381; Naples Maxwell, 271 850; Atwood 44 Okl.Cr. 206, 280 P. 319; Watson, 133 Miss. 796, 98 So. 241. course advised ever returned, conditions issued, dissent '(e)ven stand.' suggestion rest 'horrible' guilty. determine innocence less apply subjective notions justice. uphold States. discursive factual recital contained dissenting additional may order. grave shocking. perpetrator. When, first, separately viewed lineup included identified assailant. Later, lineup, speak name 'voice identification.' lineups local newspaper reported named 'prime suspect' least knew fact. Earlier shown collection photographs. victim picture petitioner; written photograph. 522, 21, 1777. 520, 17, 1776. 14—21. sentences imprisonment, run consecutively, charges. validate taken. private room, assigned behind questioning 'my Commonwealth Tucker, 189 Mass. 457, 469, 76 127, 131, L.R.A.,N.S., 1056. mother looking broken pieces knife murder Tucker resided, mother, article therein invited desired, saying son innocent, thereupon consequence blade barred remembered, jury, holds designed produce 'hanging' attempts convey impression assailant's mistake lineup. 16. completely overlooks arrested, attacker's from, hospital, number others. held. confessed too scared men identification. forgotten oath 'In mind certain (that assailant), dissuade haven't mind; know.' U.S.C. 2106 provides: appellate jurisdiction modify, aside judgment, decree, order lawfully review, direct entry order, circumstances.' grandmother's raise unnecessary deal issues argued

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