Document: 524 U.S. 357118 S.Ct. 2014141 L.Ed.2d 344 PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF PROBATION AND PAROLE, Petitioner,v.Keith M. SCOTT. No. 97-581. Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 30, 1998. Decided June 22, Syllabus * A condition respondent's Pennsylvania parole was that he refrain from owning or possessing weapons. Based on evidence had violated this and other such conditions, officers entered his home found firearms, a bow, arrows. At violation hearing, respondent objected to introduction ground search unreasonable under Fourth Amendment. The hearing examiner rejected challenge admitted evidence. As result, petitioner board sufficient support charges recommitted respondent. Commonwealth reversed, affirmed reversal, holding, inter alia, although federal exclusionary rule, which prohibits at criminal trial obtained in defendant's Amendment rights, does not generally apply revocation hearings, it applied case because who conducted were aware status. court reasoned that, otherwise, illegal searches would be undeterred when know their subjects are parolees illegally can introduced hearings. Held: rule bar hearings seized parolees' rights. State's use itself violate Constitution. See, e.g., v. Leon, 468 897, 906, 104 3405, 3411-3412, 82 677. Rather, is "fully accomplished'' by seizure, no exclusion cure invasion rights defendant has already suffered. E.g., id., S.Ct., 3411-3412. instead judicially created means deterring seizures. Calandra, 414 338, 348, 94 613, 620, 38 561. such, proscribe all proceedings against persons, Stone Powell, 428 465, 486, 96 3037, 3048-3049, 49 1067, but applies only contexts where its remedial objectives thought most efficaciously served, supra, 620. Moreover, prudential rather than constitutionally mandated, deterrence benefits outweigh substantial social costs inherent precluding consideration reliable, probative U.S., 907, 3412. Recognizing these costs, repeatedly declined extend trials. 909, 3413. It again declines do so here. allowing convicted criminals remain large particularly high, see Morrissey Brewer, 408 471, 477, 483, 92 2593, 2598, 2601, 33 484, compounded fact (particularly those have committed violations) more likely commit future crimes average citizens, Griffin Wisconsin, 483 868, 880, 107 3164, 3172, 97 709. Application moreover, incompatible with traditionally flexible, nonadversarial, administrative procedures revocation, Morrissey, 480, 489, 2599-2600, 2604, require extensive litigation determine whether particular must excluded, cf., 349, 620-621. provide minimal context, application trials provides significant unconstitutional searches. Cf. Janis, 433, 448, 454, 3021, 3029, 3032, 1046. Court's special for situations searching officer knows subject parolee never suggested every circumstance might marginal deterrence, 350, 621; piecemeal approach add an additional layer collateral regarding officer's knowledge parolee's status; because, any event, minimal, person conducting police officer. Pp. ____-____. 548 Pa. 418, 698 A.2d 32, reversed remanded. THOMAS, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. STEVENS, filed dissenting opinion. SOUTER, opinion, GINSBURG BREYER, D. Michael Fisher, Harrisburg, PA, petitioner. Malcolm L. Stewart, Washington, DC, as amicus curiae, leave Leonard N. Sosnov, Wilmington, DE, Justice THOMAS Court. 1 This presents question We hold not. 2 Respondent Keith Scott pleaded nolo contendere charge third-degree murder sentenced prison term 10 20 years, beginning 31, 1983. On September 1, 1993, just months after completing minimum sentence, released parole. One conditions "owning firearms weapons.'' App. 5a. agreement, signed, further provided: 3 "I expressly consent my person, property residence, without warrant agents Board Probation Parole. Any items, [sic] possession constitutes parole/reparole shall may used process.'' 7a. 4 About five later, obtaining arrest based several consuming alcohol, assaulting co-worker, three arrested local diner. Before being transferred correctional facility, gave keys residence. home, owned mother, did perform violations until mother arrived. neither requested nor search, direct them bedroom. After finding relevant there, searched adjacent sitting room they compound 5 during examiner, however, Parole record weapons alcohol serve 36 months' backtime. 6 remanded, erred admitting residence.1 ruled owner's authorized state statutory regulatory framework ensuring reasonableness officers. Petn.App., 31a. held should circumstances case, outweighed costs. Id., 37a.2 7 affirmed. 418 (1997). stated right seizures "unaffected'' signing agreement giving permission conduct warrantless 36, Pa., 427. then supported "mere speculation'' "reasonable suspicion'' violation. Ibid. Carving out exception per se Kates, 452 102, 120, 305 701, 710 (Pa.1973), status, 428-432, A.2d, 37-38. absence 8 granted certiorari proceedings. 523 ----, 118 554, 139 397 (1998).3 II 9 emphasized 677 (1984); 482, 3046-3047, 1067 (1976). ""fully accomplished''' judicial proceeding ""cure suffered.''' 3412 (quoting 540, 3074 (White, dissenting)). 561 (1974). "proscribe persons,'' 3049, "where served,'' 620; also 1046 (1976) ("If . result appreciable then, clearly, instant situation unwarranted''). we applicable "substantial costs.'' 3413; 447, 3028-3029. For example, grand jury proceedings; doing, play role law enforcement process nonadversarial nature jeopardized rule. 343-346, 349-350, Likewise, unconstitutionally civil tax excluding reliable benefits, which, noted, deterred 3032. Finally, INS Lopez-Mendoza, 1032, 3479, 778 (1984), refused deportation proceedings, citing high immigrant country noting incompatibility civil, 1050, 3489. 11 asked operation beyond context. decline so. both hinder functioning systems alter context therefore 12 Because precludes evidence, imposes costs: undeniably detracts truthfinding allows many otherwise incarcerated escape consequences actions. See 490, 3050. Although worth bearing certain circumstances,4 our cases rule's "costly toll'' upon truth-seeking obstacle urging Payner, 447 727, 734, 100 2439, 2445-2446, 65 (1980). 13 "variation imprisonment criminals,'' 484 (1972), State accords limited degree freedom return assurance will comply often strict terms release. In cases, willing able compliance requirements. thus "overwhelming interest'' complies requirements returned if fails 2601. establishing violation, hampers ability ensure permitting avoid noncompliance. offenses citizens. 709 (1987). Indeed, very premise behind system close supervision. 14 revocation. deprives "of absolute liberty citizen entitled, conditional properly dependent observance restrictions,'' 2600, wide latitude Constitution structure proceedings.5 Most States, including Pennsylvania, Bd. Parole, 427-428, 36; Rivenbark 509 248, 501 1110 (Pa.1985), adopted informal, order accommodate number These judges, boards, "members need lawyers.'' 2604. And traditional rules apply. (" [T]he flexible enough consider letters, affidavits, material admissible adversary trial.''). Nor entirely adversarial, designed ""predictive discretionary' well factfinding.'' Gagnon Scarpelli, 411 778, 787, 93 1756, 1762, 656 (1973) 2599-2600). 15 significantly process. frequently requires excluded. 621 (noting "would delay disrupt proceedings'' " [s]uppression halt orderly investigation necessitate extended issues tangentially related jury's primary objective''); 1048, 3488 [t]he prospect even occasional invocation change complicate character of'' system). Such inconsistent processes established States. could adapt litigation, transform "predictive discretionary'' effort promote best interests society into trial-like "less attuned'' parolee. 787-788, 1762-1763 simply unwilling intrude States' schemes. 2601 (recognizing maintaining procedures). transformation ultimately disadvantage adversarial proceeding, "the body less tolerant deviant behavior feel pressure reincarcerate continue nonpunitive rehabilitation.'' 788, 1762. financial reduce incentive first place, one purposes punishment while supervision over 16 recognized, little deterrent effect unaware 431, 38. situation, eye toward trial. likelihood excluded violations, remote possibility surely little, any, incentives. 3029. 17 fashioned performing adopt approach. deterrence. Alderman 394 165, 174, 89 961, 966-967, 22 176 (1969). Furthermore, 18 minimal. Where officer, focus convictions crimes. non-criminal "falls outside offending zone interest.'' 458, 3034. Thus, parolee, violating 19 Even limited. agents, contrast officers, "engaged competitive enterprise ferreting crime,'' 914, 3416; instead, concern free relationship supervisory adversarial. 879, 3171, "unfair assume bears hostility destroys neutrality; realistically failure sense supervising officer.'' 485-486, 2602. prevent ever parolees, mean harsh unwarranted, given deterrents departmental training discipline threat damages some instances act like seek uncover activity, (like officers) undoubtedly lead indictment suppressed assuming been inadmissible criminally prosecuted.LNS****** long averse imposing requirement boards "grudgingly taken medicant,'' n. 29, 29 (1976), severely insufficient justify intrusion. required exclude Accordingly, judgment below remanded 21 ordered. dissenting. 23 SOUTER explained why function implicated much conventional I agree explanation. comment merely endorse Stewart's conclusion "rule required, "right' explicitly incorporated fourth amendment's prohibitions, remedy necessary prohibitions observed fact.'' Road Mapp Ohio Beyond: Origins, Development Future Exclusionary Rule Search-and-Seizure Cases, 83 Colum. L.Rev. 1365, 1389 (1983). Arizona Evans, 514 18-19, 115 1185, 1195-1196, 131 34 (1995) (STEVENS, dissenting); Segura 796, 828, 3380, 3398, 599 (1984) 978, 37, 3430, 3455, dissenting). 24 whom BREYER join, 25 holding Ohio, 367 643, 81 1684, 1081 (1961), rests mistaken conceptions actual gather petitions revoke, and, consequently, deter tend occur administering laws. reality serves same trial, present forum independent charge. accordingly. From contrary, respectfully dissent. 26 said purpose "is unlawful thereby effectuate guarantee seizures.'' 347, "operates safeguard through effect, personal constitutional party aggrieved,'' 3412, (internal quotation marks omitted), [w]hether sanction appropriately imposed "an issue separate seeking invoke conduct.''' Illinois Gates, 462 213, 223, 103 2317, 2324, 76 527 (1983)). not, therefore, mandate acquired made clear "those 11, 1191, (1995). Only value applying class seen price, loss secondary flow accurate cumbersome adjudication occurs.'' 1041, 3485, (1976); 27 requisite efficacy trials, Elkins 364 206, 80 1437, 1669 (1960); supra; Weeks 232 383, 341, 58 L.Ed. 652 (1914), evidentiary limitation prosecution baseline evaluating (or incremental degree) expected extending sorts supra. obtainable habeas 28 performed benefit analysis focusing two classes affected. official "zone prosecution, accordingly, said, "common dictates highly attenuated "punishment' removal suit different sovereign.'' 457-458, Powell another variant theme, looked applied: "The view furthered dubious assumption authorities fear review reveal flaws seizure went undetected appeal.'' 493, 3052. Calandra investigation[s] consciously directed discovery solely investigation,'' 351, unambitious rare one, since prosecutors unlikely indictments face dim prospects conviction ibid. formal sense, reasoning majority deciding today insignificant value, "because searches.'' Ante, __. substance, jibe examples cited, erroneous views roles regular relation practical significance themselves. 30 police, say investigating almost always before them. Their suppression expected, risk administration too minds influence conduct. 31 majority's sometimes true, many, quite false. To sure, acts spur moment seize thwart crime, idea perpetrator's But contrary certainly identified on: felons, history information instantly available nationally, routinely cooperate. ex rel. Santos New York 441 F.2d 1216, 1217 (C.A.2 1971) (police grounds'' believe dealing stolen goods, informed officer; together apartment), cert. denied, 404 1025, 692, 676 (1972); Grimsley Dodson, 696 303, 304 (C.A.4 1982) (upon receipt about probationer, probation contacted sheriff, sheriff warrant, probationer's house), 1134, 3118, 77 1371 (1983); Wright Adult Auth., 75 St.3d 82, 83-84, 661 N.E.2d 728, 730 (1996) suspected burglary residence; reincarcerated conditions); People 242 Ill.App.3d 599, 611-612, 182 Ill.Dec. 773, 782, 610 197, 206 (1993) traffic stop subsequent knew reason probation); Montenegro, 173 Cal.App.3d 983, 986, 219 Cal.Rptr. 331, 332 (4th Dist.1985) agent apartment); Police Procedures Handling Parolees (1974) (parole responsibility inform area living "full cooperation police''). 32 show, status go him, (contrary assumption) reasons. First, obviously, outcome foreseeable least held. especially employed sovereign runs system, jeopardize recommitment rendering inadmissible. 1043, 3485-3486 (deterrence effective government). Second, explain below, far probability petition consequence offered. Often, there nothing offered tribunal, "marginal'' provided operating ante, between shown cited above, casts serious doubt aptness treating differently confirmed following attention characterization position recalls description raises temptation cut corners (which turn countervailing rule). 3416. picture paints figure nearly immune zeal. describes interested catching violator making sure continues straight, ""realistically officer.''' __ 2602, (1972)). suffers, selectiveness. wear hats; indeed counselors workers, "often officials probationers parolees.'' Cohen & J. Gobert, Law §11.04, p. 533 Minnesota Murphy, 465 420, 432, 1136, 1145, 79 409 (probation peace allied, greater lesser extent, fellow officers'') omitted); T. Wile, §5.12, 88 "act various capacities, supervisor, worker, advocate, investigator advisor, offenders supervision''). obligation goes bad, 533, presumably basis legal "state considered respect jurisdiction,'' 89. Once, fact, turned counselor adversary, expect zeal him 785, 1761, [A]n exclusive benevolent attitudes administer probation/parole working successfully obscures modification attitude take place once decided recommend revocation''). If respond criminality neglecting public safety, brings sustain hardly look forward professional advancement. R. Prus Stratton, Revocation Decisionmaking: Private Typings Official Designations, 40 Federal 51 (Mar.1976). competitiveness, ask credit brought book. 35 course, deny skirt limits believes suffice. contends kept within bounds "departmental actions.'' same, yet arguments heard, perhaps suggestion sounds hollow points specific regulation; cites instance surprisingly all, mentions single lawsuit search. sum, offset temptations forget Amendment, much.1 Just underestimated influences tending induce stint obligations, think misunderstood hearing. hand, magnifies cost overemphasizing differences hand minimized failing recognize principal, secondary, forum, 37 is, correct side factfinding, predictive discretionary aspect addressing proper disposition found. (citing 1762 2599-2600)). open-mindedness discretionary, dispositional stage promoted relative informality factfinding stage. 786, 1761-1762. That fostered limiting lawyers necessary, 1762-1763, appointing lay members There question, either, waiver underscore cannot, dispositive objection degree: counsel now whenever complexity capable passing necessarily charged legality arrests, investigatory stops, searches.2 someone known parole, standards unless government's consolation prize when, whatever reason, cannot obtain conviction, though true. St.3d, 83-89, N.E.2d, (State sought dismissed motion suppress successful); Anderson Virginia, Va.App. 361, 363-364, 457 S.E.2d 396, (same); Chase Maryland, 309 Md. 224, 228, 522 1348, 1350 (1987) Gronski Wyoming, 700 P.2d 777, (Wyo.1985) (same). What equally telling pursued course choice, recognized quarter century ago Brewer preferred new procedural ease recommitting individual showing State.'' 479, 2599; §8.06, 386 ("Favoring [exclusionary] applicability items discovered lieu trial''). 39 reasons tendency skip obvious. crime own right, odds high. Since time street subtracted balance sentence served render equivalent crime. accomplished shouldering burden proof reasonable doubt; hence obvious popularity prosecution. upshot possible response Suppression upon, furnishing above Instead, commonly incarceration sought, 41 affirm case. written searches; form signed consented "to Parole.'' waive suspicion,3 waiver, bound what described indicating facts justifying (dealing analogous revocation). makes claim here satisfied standard. agent's rising presence Scott's home,'' Brief Petitioner 7, argument suspicion required. 42 conclude ought decision Pennsylvania. syllabus part prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Timber Lumber Co., 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 50 499. hearsay consumption incident possession. While pending en banc overruled Kyte 680 14, 18, (Pa.Cmwlth.1996). invited parties brief residence argues lack jurisdiction decide held, matter law, constitute amici contend ambiguous relied extent consent, Michigan Long, 463 3469, 1201 parse attempt discern intent, express constitutionality discussed have, reasonably later deemed invalid, 920-922, 3419-3420, statute unconstitutional, Krull, 480 340, 1160, 1166-1167, (1987); seeks assert person's 174-175, (1969); impeach testimony, Havens, 446 627-628, 1912, 1916-1917, 64 559 (1980); Walder 347 62, 65, 74 354, 356, 98 503 (1954). entitled full panoply'' due attach "alter proceeding,'' (1973). true diminished "has comprehensive scheme officers,'' 1044, 3486, "alternative remedies institutional practices rights'' available, 1045, factors reflected agency's books stand alone. "it arrestee end up challenging lawfulness proceeding.'' 3486. suggest, reticent. cost, ""overwhelming interest''' __-__. contest point differentiate prosecution's case-in-chief takes toll interest convicting place. suggests permitted submit warrantless, suspicionless searches, bearing. infra, 426, 35-36 (1997) (""the either relinquishes signature acknowledgement listed warrant''') Williams, 547 577, 588, 692 1031, 1036 (1997)). conclusion, it, offer sufficiency scrutinized law.

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