Document: 401 U.S. 355 91 S.Ct. 649 28 L.Ed.2d 102 Isiah RELFORDv.COMMANDANT, DISCIPLINARY BARRACKS, FT. LEAVENWORTH. No. 98. Argued Dec. 15—16, 1970. Decided Feb. 24, 1971. Syllabus Petitioner, then an Army corporal, was convicted in 1961 by a general courtmartial for violating Articles 134 and 120 of the Uniform Code Military Justice kidnaping raping, within bounds military reservation, two women—one, who waiting her serviceman brother visiting base hospital; other, on way from home where she lived with husband to post exchange worked. In this habeas corpus proceeding Court granted certiorari issue retroactivity scope O'Callahan v. Parker, 395 258, 89 1683, 23 291 (1969), which held that court-martial had no jurisdiction try member armed forces charged attempted off-post rape civilian related offenses since such crimes were not 'service connected.' Held: 1. Though some factors are present here relied its result (the committed peacetime country's territory, did relate accused's duties, traditionally cognizable courts (which available them), directly flout authority or violate property), case significantly differs there away his against victim connection base, whereas women properly there, one whom returning work when attack occurred. Pp. 364—365. 2. An offense violates security person property is service connected may be tried court-martial. 367 369. 3. The question O'Callahan's decided. 369—370. 409 F.2d 824, affirmed. Judson W. Detrick, Denver, Colo., petitioner. Sol. Gen. Erwin N. Griswold, respondent. Mr. BLACKMUN delivered opinion Court. 1 291, decided June 2, 1969, five-to-three vote, our civilian, housebreaking, assault intent rape, alleged American soldier leave, charges could have been prosecuted court. What necessary court-martial, said, crime U.S., at 272, 1690. 2 trial, course, without those constitutional guarantees, including trial jury, he would entitled federal court Territory Hawaii committed. 3 already has occasioned substantial amount scholarly comment.1 Much it characterizes decision as significant because said depart long-established, least long-accepted, concepts. Some literature generally approving.2 critical.3 it, dissent, 284, S.Ct., 1696, forecasts period confusion both civil courts.4 Not surprisingly, much concerned retrospectivity. writers assert holding must applied retroactively.5 Others predict will so applied.6 Naturally enough, references appeals7 number cases United States Appeals.8 4 case, instituted several years after applicant's conviction 'limited Parker * *.' 397 934, 90 958, 25 114 (1970). We thus do reconsider O'Callahan. Our task concerns only application. 5 Relford, 1961, corporal active duty Army. He stationed Fort Dix, New Jersey. 6 On September 4, 14-year-old sister another serviceman, leave station Campbell, Kentucky, came Dix wife child hospital, abducted point knife automobile hospital's parking lot waited brother. girl raped abductor. 7 A few weeks later, October 21, Air Force man McGuire Base, adjacent driving concession, also worked waitress. As woman slowed stop sign, gained entry car passenger side and, throat, commanded drive distance dirt road fort's training area. She there. 8 second victim, assailant still automobile, able make predicament known police. apprehended turned out Relford. immediately admitted consensual intercourse victim. next morning, brief interrogation, confessed raping women. 9 At time each incident Relford clothes. 10 It undisputed these events all took place reservation consisting contiguous Base. 11 due women, violation Arts. 134, respectively, Justice, U.S.C §§ 920 934.9 December four charges. Relford's sentence forfeiture pay allowances, reduction lowest enlisted grade, death. customary reference staff judge advocate made convening approved. U.C.M.J. 60—65, U.S.C. 860—865. Upon review Board Review,10 required under Code's Art. 66, § 866, sustained; sentence, however, reduced hard labor 30 years, total forfeitures, dishonorable discharge. Appeals denied petition 1963. 14 USAMC 678. 12 became final more than five half prior Court's Parker. 13 1967, being custody Disciplinary Barracks Leavenworth, Kansas, filed application writ District Kansas. inadequate representation counsel proceeding. Chief Judge Stanley found merit claim appeal, repeated inadequate-representation first time, raised questions admissibility confession, lineup procedure, fairness trial. Tenth Circuit reviewed claims merits, but affirmed denial relief. Commandant, 824 (1969).11 Circuit's April 23, propriety perhaps understandably, before appeal Circuit; issue, presented chronologically earlier See ex rel. 390 360, 363—364 (CA3 1968). II 15 This O'Callahan, obviously falls area stress between guarantees contained Constitution's III, cl. 3, Sixth Amendment, possibly Fifth hand, power vested Congress, I, 8, 14. 'To Rules Government Regulation land naval Forces,' supportive Necessary Proper provision 18, Amendment's correlative exception 'cases arising forces.' 16 argues requirement connected' sit demands itself nature, is, involving level conduct servicemen special needs military, demanding disciplinary action. further states him—like O'Callahan—do involve servicemen. maintains occurrence military-dependent identity victims substantially support military's need him. 17 detail, stated recognized 'remains degree specialized part overall mechanism discipline preserved,' 265, 1686 1687; courts, necessity, impartial weighers justice, their primary consideration enforcement unique fighting force; that, consequence, limited 'least possible adequate end proposed.' Toth Quarles, 350 11, 76 1, 100 L.Ed. (1955), citing Anderson Dunn, Wheat. 204, 231, 242 (1821). 18 violated, consent, very same community altered considerations dependency; O'Callahan's; ability perform mission remains whether off base; any interest maintenance order adequately served apprehension offender court; on-post/off-post distinction little meaning; nature important; stand contrast purely desertion, absence missing movement, assaulting superior commissioned officer, drunk duty, 85, 86, 87, 90, 112, 885, 886, 887, 890, 912; latter type 'an immediate adverse impact upon mission,' 'proper subjects exercise jurisdiction.' III 19 evaluating force argument, facts precise possess particular significance. repeat: territory. His offenses, hotel while uniform. 20 Douglas, speaking Court, said: 21 'In petitioner absent charged. There connection—not even remotest duties question. miliary enclave; nor attacked performing relating military. Moreover, Hawaii, situs crime, camp control, far-flung outposts. 22 'Finally, we deal stemming war power. Civil open. territorial limits, occupied zone foreign country. flouting authority, post, integrity property.' 273—274, 1691. seriatim what emphasized holding: 24 serviceman's proper base. crime's commission 26 Its commisson control. 27 4. limits 5. unrelated 29 6. defendant's crime. 7. victim's engaged performance 31 8. presence availability can prosecuted. 32 9. authority. 33 10. threat post. 34 11. property. 35 One might add factor implicit others: 36 12. offense's among courts. IV 37 listing reveals, chose take ad hoc approach challenged. therefore turn spelled O'Callahan's, bear issue. 38 once apparent elements 6, 12, 9, operate favor they O'Callahan's: States; charged; Jersey open prosecution Relford; despite Vietnam conflict assume purposes problem power; least, flouted; violated; 39 Just clearly, other elements, hand case. These 7, 10: fact abduction PX short approved break work, military; threatened indeed, persons violated. 40 aspects offenses: quarters living Tangible automobiles, forcefully unlawfully entered. V 41 With foregoing contrasting comparison pertinent factual readily conclude triable agree 'apparent distinctions' 'evaporate viewed context 'service-connected' test.'12 stress: (a) essential obvious enclave. concedes existence vital interest.13 (b) responsibility commander command maintain order. Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers Union, Local 473, AFL—CIO McElroy, 81 1743, 1230 (1961). this. (c) effect base's security, morale, discipline, reputation itself, personnel operation mission. (d) 14, vesting Congress means, appropriate areas beyond offense, mere arrest serviceman-offender him over authorities. term 'Regulation' implies, cases, punish. (e) distinct possibility particularly nonfederal less complete interest, concern, capacity vindicate own community. Winthrop, Law Precedents 725 (2d ed. 1896, 1920 Reprint); Wilkinson, Narrowing Scope Court-Martial Jurisdiction: Washburn L.J. 193, 208 (f) positive implication emphasis service-connected geographical relationships important contrary (g) recognition historically, associated subject General Article. comment supra, 724: 42 'Thus theft robbery soldier, trader, camp-follower inasmuch affect relations prejudice be—as frequently been—the civilians, near breach order, regarded description Article, treated rather offenses.' (Footnotes omitted.) 43 cited 274 n. 19, 1691 dissent 278—279, 1693—1694, certainly indicates goes far include 'near' (h) misreading undue restriction if interpreted confining counterpart nonmilitary criminal law. (i) inability appropriately meaningfully draw line post's strictly areas, serviceman-defendant's on-duty off-duty activities hours 44 leads us hold, boundary violative Expressing way: individual connected,' meaning specified delineation, feel, fully comports standard 'the proposed' referred 1687. 45 By measure, connected. therefore, statutory barrier VI 46 recognize leaves outer boundaries undetermined. marks area, limit, concern enter. today permissible. lies time. VII 47 Having reached additional parties argued, retrospectivity, Alabama State Federation Labor, Union 103, Brotherhood Carpenters Joiners America McAdory, 325 450, 461, 65 1384, 1389, 1725 (1945). dimensions, direct collateral, strongly urges now. concluded, better resolved litigation where, perhaps, solely dispositive comfort hope should eliminate commentators say emerged O'Callahan.14 48 Affirmed. Everett, Parker—Milestone Millstone Justice?, 1969 Duke 853; McCoy, Equal Servicemen: Situation Before Since N.Y.L.F. (1970); Nelson Westbrook Jurisdiction Over Servicemen 'Civilian' Offenses: Analysis 54 Minn.L.Rev. (1969); 193 Wurtzel, Parker: Where Are Now?, 56 A.B.A.J. 686 Supreme 1968 Term, 83 Harv.L.Rev. 212—220 258 (1969): Limitation Jurisdiction, 61 J.Crim.L.C. P.S. 195 Comment, Baylor L.Rev. 64 J.Pub.L. 471 Mercer 311 San Diego 55 Vill.L.Rev. 712 S.C.L.Rev. 781 Note, 70 Col.L.Rev. 1262 Kan.L.Rev. 335 Loyola U.L.Rev. 188 U.Miami 399 68 Mich.L.Rev. 1016 N.C.L.Rev. 380 Nw.U.L.Rev. 930 Recent Cases, Ore.L.Rev. 237 Sw.L.J. 948 Tenn.L.Rev. 421 Tul.L.Rev. 417 Brooklyn 259 Buffalo 400 Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 170 Ohio St.L.J. 630 Vand.L.Rev. 1377 (1969). supra; 195; 335; 400; 471. Westbrook, 712; 399; 170; 1377. 64; 471; 948; 630. 930. 781; 188, 198 67; 417, 424. See, e.g., Latney Ignatius, 135 U.S.App.D.C. 65, 416 821 Harris Ciccone, 479, 488 (CA 1969), cert. denied, 1078, 1528, 813; Gallagher States, 423 1371, 191 Ct.Cl. 546 (1970), 849, 58, 86; Silvero Naval Basic Training, 428 1009 (CA5 1970); King Moseley, 430 732 (CA10 Zenor Vogt, 434 189 1970). Borys, USCMA 547, CMR Prather, 560, 272 Beeker, 563, 275 DeRonde, 575, 287 Boyd, 581, 293 Cochran, 588, 300 Chandler, 593, 305 Crapo, 594, 306 Harris, 596, 308 Castro, 598, 310 Henderson, 601, 313 Riehle, 603, 315 Williams, 605, 317 Paxiao, 608, 320 Smith, 609, 321 Shockley, 610, 322 Rose, Armstrong, 5, Rego, Camacho, Cook, 13, Armes, 15, Morrisseau, 17, Peak, Plamondon, 22, Sharkey, 26, Weinstein, 29, Allen, 31, Safford, 33, Frazier, 40, Nichols, 43, Hallahan, 46, Huff, 56, Keaton, 64, Easter, 68, Stevenson, 69, 69 Everson, 70, Fryman, 71, 71 Higginbotham, 73, 73 Adams, 75, 75 Wysingle, 81, Gill, 93, 93 McGonigal, 94, 94 Fields, 119, 119 Bryan, 184, 184 Blackwell, 196, 196 Dillon, 264, 264 Peterson, 319, 319 Gosa 327, 327 Wright 328, 328 Hooper Laird, 329, 329 Haagenson, 332, 332 re Watson, 401, Brant 493, 95 Daniels, 529, 131 Wills, 200 Lovejoy, 210 Ortiz, 213 Hargrave, 27, 219 Davis, Snyder, 102, 294 Morley, 179, Rape 120(a): 920. 120. carnal knowledge. '(a) Any chapter commits act sexual female wife, guilty shall punished death punishment court-marital direct.' Kidnaping specifically mentioned Code. charge laid Article: 934. 134. article. 'Though chapter, disorders neglects good forces, bring discredit capital, guilty, taken cognizance general, special, summary according discretion court.' Now Review. 82 Stat. 1341, 866 (1964 ed., Supp. V). advised released parole May 20, Petitioner's Brief Reply Solicitor supplied following data relative selected types assumed 1967: Number Occurring Reservations Offense Homicides Sexual (Rape, indecent assaults, etc.) 214 105 Robbery 112 Assaults 451 160 Burglary Housebreaking 165 Arson Larceny 1029 74 motor vehicle 221 Narcotics (including marihuana dangerous drugs) 833 106 Disorderly 59

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