Document: 444 U.S. 394 100 S.Ct. 624 62 L.Ed.2d 575 UNITED STATES, Petitioner,v.Clifford BAILEY et al. Petitioner, v. James T. COGDELL. No. 78-990. Argued Nov. 7, 1979. Decided Jan. 21, 1980. Syllabus Upon being apprehended after their escape from the District of Columbia jail, respondents were indicted for violating 18 U.S.C. § 751(a), which governs federal custody. At trial Cooley, Bailey, and Walker, Court, had adduced evidence conditions in jail reasons not returning to custody, rejected proffered jury instruction on duress as a defense, ruling that they failed matter law present sufficient support such defense because turned themselves escaped allegedly coercive conditions, and, receiving instructions disregard convicted 751(a). respondent Cogdell's trial, Court ruled that, absent testimony what he did between time his apprehension, could at was also by The Appeals reversed each respondent's conviction remanded new trials, holding should have allowed respective juries consider determining whether formulated requisite intent sustain under required prosecution prove particular defendant left custody voluntarily, without permission, "with an avoid confinement," escapee acting with if order "non-confinement conditions" opposed "normal aspects 'confinement.' " court further held since been fleeing escaping or about certain date leaving staying away gave impression tried only date, failing return some later neither nor acquainted proposition escapes question continuing offenses, omission constituted violation respondents' right trial. Held: 1. fulfills its burden 751(a) it demonstrates knew actions would result physical confinement permission. Nothing 751(a)'s language legislative history indicates Congress intended require heightened standard culpability narrow definition required. Pp. 403-409. 2. In be entitled necessity charge escape, must first offer justifying continued absence well initial departure, indispensable element is bona fide effort surrender soon claimed lost force. On record here, lacking, hence any necessity. 409-415. (a) Escape defined offense, can liable failure departure. 413-414. (b) But there no significant "variance" indictments here merely theory offense explain juries. indictments, tracked closely language, deeming indictment "if it, first, contains elements charged fairly informs against defend, second, enables him plead acquittal bar future prosecutions same offense," Hamling United States, 418 87, 117, 94 2887, 2907, 41 590. And unnecessary elaborate juries' benefit nature where crucial reach minimum threshold case generally. 414-415. 3. If affirmative consists several supporting one is, insufficient even believed, need burdened other defense. these cases subjected potpourri though critical absent, every converted into hearing current state penal system. 426-417. 190 U.S.App.D.C. 142, 585 F.2d 1087, 185, 1130, reversed. Edwin S. Kneedler, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Richard Kohn, respondents. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 early morning hours August 26, 1976, Clifford Cogdell, Ronald C. Ralph prisoners crawled through window removed, slid down knotted bedsheet, Federal authorities recaptured them remained large period ranging month three one-half months. custody.1 offered adduce various events but jury. Circuit convictions divided vote, improperly precluded consideration tendered evidence. We granted certiorari, 440 957, 99 1497, 59 770, now reverse judgments Appeals. 2 reaching our conclusion, we decide mind necessary constitute defenses explaining decision, find ourselves position akin mother crab who trying teach her progeny walk straight line, finally desperation exclaims: "Don't do I do, say." Act construe sentence set forth margin, n. 1, supra ; own pragmatic estimate, expressed infra, 417, "in general, trials violations simple affairs." Yet written, reluctantly believe necessarily, somewhat lengthy enacting Criminal Code legislated light long frequently relevant fleshing out bare bones crime may proscribed single sentence. See Morissette 342 246, 72 240, 96 L.Ed. 288 (1952). 3 * All requested initially scheduled jointly. last minute, however, Cogdell secured severance. Because refused submit examine detail brought 4 prosecution's chief Walker brief. Government introduced disappeared, apparently cell window, approximately 5:35 a. m. individually September 27 December 13, 1976. 5 Respondents' centered during months June, July, threats beatings directed period. describing frequent fires "Northeast One," maximum-security cellblock occupied prior escape. Construed most favorable them, this demonstrated inmates Northeast One, occasion guards unit, fire trash, bedding, objects thrown cells. According inmates, simply burn until went out. Although confined small areas posed substantial threat spreading complex, poor ventilation caused smoke collect linger cellblock. 6 Respondents Cooley Bailey death. attempted epileptic received inadequate medical attention seizures. 7 Consistently stressed defenses, introduce engaged equivalent conduct once freed described. waited vain. Respondent eluded month, testified "people" contact authorities, "never got touch anybody." App. 119. He suggested someone told sister Bureau Investigation kill when apprehended. 8 November 19, similar story. stated "had officials called times," turn himself "I still death." Like "the FBI telling my people going shoot me." Id., 169, 175-176. 9 Only negotiate surrender. him. Nevertheless, according times spoke agent whose name remember. That assured harm him, unable promise returned D.C. jail. 195-200.2 mid-October. 10 close all evidence, prison escape.3 conditions. After 11 Two later, came before Judge presided over co-respondents. When concerning inhumane inquired 26 apprehension 28. response assertion "may written letters," specified testify "what . [n]ot done." 230. Absent testimony, subsequently chose behalf, 12 By trials. 1087 (1978); App.D.C. 1130 (1978). majority concluded majority, confinement." U.S.App.D.C., 148, F.2d, 1093. then word "confinement" encompassing aspects" punishment prescribed legal Thus, prisoner "non-confinement" homosexual attacks, necessarily majority: 13 "When introduces subject 'non-confinement' factual determination issue whether, addition, confinement. making guided court's pointing those factors are indicative presence 17, 1093, 17 (emphasis original). 14 Turning applicability necessity, assumed "continuing offense" large. Given assumption, agreed normal circumstances, coercion justify Here, "flee[ing] escap[ing]" "[o]n 1976," "leaving custody." 155, 1100 Similarly, "[t]he read whole clearly give [respondents] date." 50, 1100, 50. Under believed offenses. This failure, "an obvious [respondents'] constitutional trial." 156, 1101. 15 dissenting judge objected characterized revolutionary reinterpretation criminal majority. argued common-law traditionally "general intent," mental more sophisticated than "intent go beyond permitted limits." 177, 1122 deleted). dissent properly removed contention justified whatsoever following II 16 liability normally based upon concurrence two factors, evil-meaning [and] evil-doing hand ." U.S., 251, S.Ct., 244. case, both element, mens rea, circumstances "evil-doing hand" section negates conclusion guilt rea present. Few pose difficulty proper crime. 1970, National Commission Reform Laws decried "confused inconsistent ad hoc approach" courts "a departure." Working Papers 123 (hereinafter Papers). central focus reform movements has codification workable principles culpability, see, e. g., American Law Institute, Model Penal §§ 2.01-2.13 (Prop. Off. Draft 1962) Code); 94th Cong., 2d Sess., 301-303 (1976), byproduct general rethinking traditional mens-rea analysis. common law, crimes generally classified requiring either intent" "specific intent." venerable distinction, source good deal confusion. As treatise explained: 19 "Sometimes 'general intent' used way 'criminal mean notion while 'specific taken Or, encompass forms requirement, limited intent. Another possibility will characterize something undetermined occasion, denote thing place." W. LaFave & A. Scott, Handbook 28, pp. 201-202 (1972) (footnotes omitted) Scott). 20 ambiguity led movement dichotomy toward alternative analysis rea. id., 202. approach, exemplified Institute's Code, principles. First, ambiguous elastic term "intent" replaced hierarchy culpable states mind. different levels commonly identified, descending purpose, knowledge, recklessness, negligence.4 Scott 194; 2.02. Perhaps significant, esoteric, distinction drawn "purpose" "knowledge." pointed States Gypsum Co., 438 422, 445, 98 2864, 2877, 57 854 (1978), person causes said act purposefully 'he consciously desires result, whatever likelihood happening conduct,' knowingly aware 'that practically follow conduct, desire result.' "5 21 crimes, knowledge purpose considered important 'there reason imposing desired practical certainty result[s].' supra, quoting 197. Thus criminally Sherman exchanged price information competitor exchange unreasonable anticompetitive effects producing effects. 444-445, 2877-2878. 22 classes thought merit special attention. statutory homicide often distinguishes, setting "degree" punishment, knows another killed acts specific taking another's life. 196-197. treason, demonstrate acted aid enemy. Haupt 330 631, 641, 67 874, 878, 91 1145 (1947). example inchoate offenses attempt conspiracy, separates criminality itself otherwise innocuous behavior. 2.02, Comments, p. 125 (Tent. 4, 1955) MPC Comments). 23 sense, corresponds loosely concept intent, "knowledge" ibid.; 201-202. Were substitution terms innovation reformers, hardly dramatic. inherent Generally, time-honored consist elements, complex statutorily exhibit characteristic greater degree. Is actor crime, another? Feola, 420 671, 95 1255, 43 541 (1975), example, asked Government, assaulting officer 111, victim officer. looking assault, assault officer." 684, 1264. What Feola implied, Institute stated: "[C]lear requires kind establish commission faced separately respect material crime[.]" Comments 123. 131; 194. 24 Before dissecting assigning level observations order. performing obviously Congress' offense. Principles derived precepts bow mandates. statute mentions conviction.6 25 Second, element-by-element useful tool sense opaque concept, principle considered. administration system justice confided ordinary mortals, lawyers, judges, jurors. easily fall weight scholars become obsessed hair-splitting distinctions, novel, implied made criminal. charges (1) Attorney General, (2) conviction, (3) proof, exception arrest felony rather conviction. does define "escape," commentators agreement means absenting oneself See, 1093; (Wilkey, J., dissenting); Wilke, 450 877 (CA9 1971), cert. denied, 409 918, 93 250, 34 180 (1972). J. Bishop, 1103, 819 (9th ed. 1923); Burdick, Crime, 462-463 (1946); R. Perkins, 429 (1957); F. Wharton, 2003, 2178 (11th 1912). challenged Court's It undisputed General recklessness negligence limits freedom. A someday confront know, known, exceeding bounds instructed bore proving "knowingly committed makes crime" "knowingly, intentionally, deliberately. 221-223, 231-233. minimum, doing so authorization. sufficiency verdicts never seriously questioned, be. 28 Appeals, imposed added part While, noted above, quite ambiguous, little doubt purpose—that conscious objective—of footnote holding, 17. 29 majority's unsupportable. earlier, except proof Accordingly, hold Our comports parallel definitions proposed revision Code. 2.02(3), 242.6(1); Report Senate Committee Judiciary Accompany Rep. 94-00, 333-334 (Comm. Print 1976).7 Moreover, comments accompanying provision covering "substantially carrie[d] forward existing law. 332. B 30 contend presented (or, presented) below claim squarely, instead extent barred prisoner's adequately described requirement. 155-156, 1100-1101. 31 Common historically distinguished Duress excuse unlawful imminent death serious bodily injury, engage literal While covered situation human beings, choice evils, forces actor's control rendered illegal lesser evils. destroyed dike threatened not, argue duress, whereas protect valuable property flooding, 374-384. 32 Modern tended blur below, discarded labels "duress" "necessity," choosing policies underlying defenses. 152, 1097. particular, felt designed spare "under firmness resist," reasonably action "was sought prevented defining offense." 1097-1098. redefines along lines. 2.09 (duress) 3.02 (choice evils). 33 speculate now, precise contours available remains constant: reasonable, chance refuse harm," fail. 379.8 Clearly, context unless given imminence threat, reasonable alternative. Boomer, 571 543, 545 (CA10), denied sub nom. Heft 436 911, 2250, 56 411 People Richards, 269 Cal.App.2d 768, 75 Cal.Rptr. 597 (1969). contends showing grounds. asserts cited sufficiently immediate departure lawful escaped, longer duty terminate status fugitives turning authorities. 35 Respondents, hand, least charged. gaining freedom, assert factor overall justified. respondents, reflect adversely fides [their] motivation" withdraw motivation jury's consideration. Brief 67. 3, supra. 36 submitted raise departures. decline "just factor" weigh deciding affirmatively contrary, considerations lead us conclude charged, departure9 37 think clear peradventure society prisoner, involved assuredly treated one." Toussie 397 112, 115, 90 858, 860, 156 (1970). held, explicitly implicitly, defines Michelson, 559 567 1977); Cluck, 542 728 (CA8), 986, 97 506, 50 (1976); Joiner, 496 1314 (CA5), 419 1002, 321, 42 278 (1974); Chapman, 455 746 (CA5 1972). 38 point calls restraint labeling justification restraint, tension doctrine policy repose embodied statutes limitations. 114-115, 859-860. wholly where, limitations tolled large.10 39 remaining leading are, perhaps ironically, concern reasoning. There occasions 2907. These track undoubtedly standard. 2892. alleged elaboration 40 Anglo-Saxon tradition justice, Constitution statutes, jurors judges credibility witnesses. generally, appellate courts, say witness truth fabricated cock-and-bull An flees process burning ground 'for hanged stay burnt.' Kirby, Wall. 482, 487, (1869). account flight true false. precisely witnesses judged jury, essential meet finds true, defense—here therefore claims proffer reviewed examined elaborately opinions close, versions facts, surrendered earliest possible opportunity. Since determined theory. Vague self-serving statements defendants intentions finding defense.11 III reversing faithful "allowing perform accustomed role" arbiter disputes. 151, 1096. requirement derogation importance credibility. Nor distrust ability separate fact fiction. testament husband resources limiting If, hold, potential wasting resources. affairs. key capable objective demonstration; discussed usually depend inferences facts. heard five days testimony. unpleasant aspect life amount garbage floor, meal schedule, number shower. Unfortunately, defense's hopelessly exceeded grasp. suggest, concededly convert 44 juries, 45 Reversed. 46 MARSHALL took decision cases. 47 STEVENS, concurring. 48 difference enough resolve. issue, agree plainly insufficient. references anonymous intermediaries inherently incredible ignore them. With much closer personally telephoned surrender.1 speak FBI, am persuaded version facts make adequate satisfy 49 joined indicate I—or indeed Member majority—is unconcerned BLACKMUN. construing statute, fair note apt prevail county facilities facilities.2 men differ effective methods redressing situation. view, progress acceptable solutions involves formulating enforceable standards civilized conditions,3 keeping channels communication outside world open,4 guaranteeing access courts,5 relying faith administrators,6 giving undue deference "expertise"7 encouraging self-help felons.8 short, BLACKMUN disagreement related issues, prevents me joining construction statute. BLACKMUN, whom BRENNAN joins, dissenting. 51 opinion, seems me, impeccable exercise technical legalism: They departed authority consent. promptly when, justification, ante, 413, 415, force." Therefore, concludes, violative 52 force particularly disagree. continue unabated. justified—and feel, resolve determine law—it too demand preserve forthwith hell exceeds deprivations compelled instance. escapee's nothing mere temporary gesture hoped, just might attract responsive circles. health, convicts accuseds, deserve better pious pronouncements fit ideal world. 53 carefully structured living world, jails penitentiaries truly places humane rehabilitative treatment inmates. Then excused beatings, guard-set jails, take place, escapees appropriately prosecuted punished. 54 live "even" (to use self-centered phrase) America, far concerned. complaints court, receives almost daily incarceration, filth, rape, brutality always mouthings purely malcontent. acknowledges, 398, complained exist. stark truth, evaluated. follow, then, jail-condition admitted, come in. dissent. 55 atrocities inhuman America unbelievable; surely less shocking. acknowledge colorable, credible, raised virtually escape." 167, 1112. concedes: "In rare inmate convince incarceration harmful health safety." 27. Furtado 604 80 (CA1 1979), 1035, 710, 672. Cf. Bell Wolfish, 441 520, 1861, 60 447 (1979). youthful expect gang rape night or, said, van jail.1 Weaker stronger gangs, sell sexual services victim. Prison disinterested stopping abuse incapable so, allocates system.2 indifferent safety needs well.3 Even appalling participate brutalization inmates.4 classic beating retaliation actions.5 58 fits pattern exactly. continually mistreated correctional officers Brad King bring severe retribution. 145. Other beaten message Bailey. 36. displaying knife "to get your buddy, nigger We're him." 94. culminated series violent attacks Blackjacks, mace, slapjacks (leather steel insert) 94, 101, 146-150. elicited slapjacks, blackjacks, flashlights. 46-47, 97-98, 106, 116-118, 166-167, 185-186. Cooley. 107. society's responsibility prisoners. "[W]hen sheriff marshall [sic ] takes man courthouse transports ten years, act. bell like collective responsibility. free him; not" Address THE CHIEF JUSTICE, Record Assn. Bar City New York 14, (Mar. 1970 Supp.). Deliberate indifference constitutes "cruel unusual" Eighth Amendment. Estelle Gamble, 97, 104, 285, 291, 251 (1976). 61 "An rely treat needs. worst cases, actually produce 'torture lingering death'. denial care pain suffering suggests serve penological purpose. infliction contemporary decency." 103, 290. cannot doubted excessive unprovoked violence inflicted violates Jackson 404 (CA8 1968). Gamble measures cruel unusual punishment. Homosexual serves Such torture, offensive modern dignity. Prisoners depend, rightly administrators protection kind. 63 prisons badly overcrowded understaffed cause many shortcomings systems. This, provide place meets minimal decency. 64 systems parts vast improvement reach. "The contrast programs countries Europe—Holland Scandinavian particular—is happy us." 20. "It years Swedish concerned problems 'adequate food, water, shelter'; 'true religious freedom'; treatment.' Ward, Inmate Rights Sweden Denmark, J.Crim. L., P. 240 Profile/Sweden, Corrections Magazine (June 1977). Sweden's overcrowded, private cell. Salomon, Lessons System: Reappraisal, Fed.Probation 40, (Sept.1976). small. largest accommodate 300-500 inmates; house 50-150. 43; 14. "There appears relaxed atmosphere staff prevailing attitude dignity respect." Siegel, Justice—Swedish Style: Humane Search Answers, Offender Rehabilitation 292 (1977). 65 real punished helping extricate abdicated completely basic providing environment life-threatening fires, lack care, attacks. To sure, words enacted "anciently woven fabric culture." Hall, 416 (2d 1960), quoted 21. concedes "it accepted inappropriate blamed wrongful act." 23. 66 declines address implies recognize appropriate prerequisites met. 410-413. universal acceptance concluding persons accused committing I, too, intolerable espoused element. precedents, Mullaney Wilbur, 421 1881, 508 doubt. unlikely difficult prosecution. sparse, specifically Circumstances compel coerce commit defendant. within see 151-152, 29, 1096-1097, analogous unduly harsh 68 drastic alternatives prerequisite successful One appreciate, realistic avenues redress seldom open prisoner. Where maltreatment inmate, dangerous brutalities guards, himself. Filing complaint retribution, appealing capital prisoners' code behavior.6 instances, remedies thoroughly "exhausted" decide. 69 very "of Ante, 415. entertains naive estimation, life- health-threatening situation, in, secure somehow circumstance obtain accomplished, escapee, realistically, faces high probability exactly same, greater, safety. 70 rationale balancing harms. threatening apply hesitancy return. arise social balance weighs favor fails outweighs absence. 71 standard, placed again "claimed Realistically, believes "coercive force" prompted ironic automatically "lost" wall passed. phrasing test questions "bona fide" proved. Ibid. Whether question. "[v]ague defense." Traditionally, function evaluate meaning "necessarily statements" "ambiguous conduct." Luther, Mich. 619, 232 N.W.2d 184 (1975); Unger, Ill.2d 333, Ill.Dec. 848, 362 N.E.2d 319 (1977); Esquibel State, N.M. 498, 576 P.2d 1129 73 Finally, course reserved verdict. difficulty, verdict guilty, inclined, fear life, afraid face 176.7 know anyone call, feared police 119.8 "constant rapport," 195, agent, 200. "said ran 195.9 74 highly stories planned sight, constant agent. "self-serving," possibly extreme unwarranted part, permit immediately excused. routine grist mill able sort incredible. major supported "self-serving" imagine civil, unambiguous actions. essence dispute interested 76 Ruling preventing considering occurrence "[I]n assigns [the fact-finding function] solely jury." Sandstrom Montana, 442 510, 523, 2450, 2459, conscience role important. Duncan Louisiana, 391 145, 88 1444, 1451, 491 (1968). especially strict attempting unwarranted. allegations grossly fault permitting persist findings researchers government agencies, litigated credible.10 recognizing compelling society, actors, creates strike interests society. conserve considers worthy body, ousted suited serve. Title provides: "Whoever attempts authorized representative, institution facility direction virtue issued laws magistrate, employee pursuant arrest, shall, felony, fined $5,000 imprisoned both; extradition misdemeanor, $1,000 year, both." D.C.Code 2601 (1973), Columbia's proscribing prison. found guilty 2601. rebuttal, Joel Dean, assigned investigate Walker's practice, notified FBI. informed contact. 203-204. instruction: "Coercion from: "1) Threathening create harm; "2) defendant; "3) operating act; "4) threathened harm." cover whatsoever. "strict liability" exceptions rule "evil-meaning mind." Compare 250-263, 243-250, (1952), Dotterweich, 320 277, 280-281, 284, 134, 136-137, 138, (1943). "violations," punishable fine, forfeiture, civil penalty imprisonment. 2.05(1)(a). 218-223. Quoting 196. mean, course, all. 263, "mere [from statute] mention construed eliminating denounced." 437, 2873, recklessly 2.02(3) provides provided "is established purposely, thereto." reckless official detention, detention disregards risk leaves area breaks 407. I. Recreation Center, Inc., Aetna Casualty Surety 177 603, 605 1949) (a relatives opportunity police); (1969) (prisoner resort administrative judicial remedy conditions); 2.09(1) (actor succumb resist"); 3.02(1) "necessary" harm); 277 (duress excuses all, concede otherwise"). appreciate put simultaneously, applicable rules preclude district bound situations admits provisionally, "tied in" followed up conditionally admitted unconditionally admissible. action, resolved motion summary judgment, motions judgment creatures criminal, "first" impose rigid mechanical formula attorneys offered. convenience jurors, best served "out order" avowal counsel substantive one: saves considerable short time, considerably concluded, correctly, presiding presenting avowal, proffer, devices employed irrelevant avoiding recalling inconveniencing witness. 3290 "[n]o shall extend justice." definition, fugitive Howgate 217 (1895). Contrary implication BLACKMUN's harms," post, 427, Congress, drafting it. itself, noted, negated coercion. nonetheless legislates background contemplated express punish return, text, congressional nugatory. principal dissent, therefore, existence remain satisfied credited length anywhere quickly reduce overcrowding universally condemned penologists. accomplished manner odds rebuttal 399, 2, probably truth; sufficient, assume veracity. Compare, Hutto Finney, 437 678, 2565, 522, 447. 116-117, 297, (STEVENS, dissenting). Houchins KQED, 2588, 2599, 553 Jones North Carolina Prisoners' Union, 433 119, 2532, 2544, 629 part); Morales Schmidt, 489 1335, 1344 (CA7 1973) dissenting), modified, 494 85, 87 1974) (en banc) concurring). Harris Pate, 315 1971). Meachum Fano, 427 215, 229, 2540, 451 Procunier Navarette, 434 555, 568, 855, 863, 584-585, 1897-1898 unwise, counterproductive immunize hope motivate reforms. unselfish motive affords assurance results perpetrator intends." Cullen, 454 386, 392, Minimizing discipline walls. Silberman, Violence, 389 Sexual Assaults System Sheriff's Vans, L. Radzinowicz M. Wolfgang, eds., Crime 223-228 379-382, 386-392; Bartollas, Miller, Dinitz, Juvenile Victimization—The Institutional Paradox Weiss D. Friar, Terror Prisons O. Ballesteros, Behind Jail Bars 26-27 (1979); Luttrell, Walls 64-65 (1974). E. 183-184 (youth having seizure sprayed tear gas, resulting trauma); G. Mueller, Medical Services Prison: Surveys, CIBA Foundation Symposium 16, Care Detainees 11-16 (1973); Mitford, Kind Usual Punishment 135 Univ. Pa. School, Health Conditions Pennsylvania's State (1972), reprinted ABA Comm'n Correctional Facilities Services, Standards Materials Jails, Prisons, Advisory Comm'r Correction Sec'y Human Commonwealth Mass. (1971), 89. 54-60, 163-164, 176-181, 188, 199-200, 222. Note, From Cruel Unusual Punishment: Theory Constitutional Necessity, B.U.L.Rev. 334, 358-360 Landman Royster, 333 F.Supp. 621, 633-634 (ED Va.1971); Sostre Rockefeller, 312 869 (SDNY 1970), rev'd modified aff'd McGinnis, 178 (CA2 1971) banc), Oswald, 1049, 92 719, 740 (1972); 260-262. Goldfarb, Jails: Ultimate Ghetto 325-326 (1975) (Official Oklahoma describes concludes: "[if kid tells guards] isn't worth nickel"); Green, 470 S.W.2d 565, 569 (Mo.1971) (dissenting opinion), 405 1073, 1491, 806 appear typical. filed suit Superior "stop life." 176. threaten persuade beat transfer ward. 154-155. Bailey's dismissed prejudice. 15-16, 7. "Q Why didn't you yourself? "A myself Always wanted limbo. do. call occasions. Let ask question: You yourself, fearful threats? right. Did understand to? Yes, sir. Where? center, 1901 D Street, Southeast. section? be? left. ever hear you? did. Didn't feel tell want 1? Once notify anybody out? Yeah. whom? ain't per se. But, home, had, happened. done mad. why understood, anybody. anybody, don't nobody call. I'm thinking here: Ain't jail? For what? that? wouldn't none. try run half me. So reason? leave C., No." Walker: "Now, briefly released contacted kept rapport sisters So, actuality danger. losing back from, consequently "CROSS-EXAMINATION names individuals retained escape? Officer Troy Fauntroy, nature. exact not. sir? second day out, identify yourself times? identified myself. were? No, was. wasn't penitentiary from. How gentleman? know. streets. 13th, correct? date. Now, sir, phone FBI? public booth. look directory? looked directory. warrant squad connected escapees. Would Fluharty, ring bell? Fluharty gentleman spoken to, someone? Sounds halfway familiar. Exactly explained four gentlemen 26th, existed there. how terminal type arrangements Southeast anything concerning, named Earl Berman, FBI—or, Berman arrested. Who personal friend mine. Are saying third-hand? second-hand. "BY MR. SCHAARS: Agent Fauntroy 28th, 28th. Do recall was, hours. 4:00 6:00. A.M., A.M. And, [how] conversation lasted point? had—no three-minute duration most. somebody Approximately week later. fair. time? person. sir or— building previous 2:00 afternoon. No then. in? indicated work conditions? Those harmed facility, again? mid-October, late October mid-November? sorry, confuse you. in—it October. or—It around—it October, around, middle guy. Fluharty? name. speaking called? name? third Yes. occasions? recollection, no. beginning whenever occurred, enforcement agency didn't. talk minister priest leader member faith, minister? speak, time. incriminate anything, everything You'd charge. him—I worked anything? members Investigation, couldn't Street. hurt Department elopment ]? Not squad." 195-200. addition sources Assembly, Sheehan, Prisoner V. Williams Fish, Convicts, Codes, Contraband Inside—Prison Style (R. Minton, 1971); Murton, Dilemma Friends Service Committee, Struggle Justice, (1971); Bars: Kwartler, B. Bagdikian Dash, Shame Ga.L.Rev. 300 Intolerable Defense Escapes, U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 1126 Comment, 127 U.Pa.L.Rev. 1142 Chi.-Kent L.Rev. 913 Buffalo 413 Plotkin, Surviving Justice: Be Free Physical Assault, Cleve.St.L.Rev. 387 S.Cal.L.Rev. 1062 Albany 428

Category: 0