Document: 355 U.S. 115 78 S.Ct. 180 2 L.Ed.2d 140 Charles ROWOLDT, Petitioner,v.J. D. PERFETTO, Acting Officer in Charge, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Department of Justice, St. Paul, Minnesota. No. 5. Reargued Oct. 14, 1957. Decided Dec. 9, Messrs. David Rein Joseph Forer, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Mr. Oscar H. Davis, respondent. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion Court. 1 Petitioner is an alien who has been ordered deported by virtue § 22 Internal Security Act 1950, 64 Stat. 987, 1006,1 past memebership Communist Party. He attacks judgment below on ground—the only claim we need to consider that he was not a 'member' Party within scope section. entered United States 1914 and, except short interval Canada, resided here continuously. The finding 'membership' hearing officer rested petitioner's own testimony. stated joined 'the spring or summer 1935,' paid dues, attended meetings, remained member 'until I got arrested (in deportation proceedings) at end 1935. When arrested, finished membership * *.' At later point his testimony, petitioner probably approximately one year. 3 then explained reasons joining Party: 4 'The purpose this—it seemed me it came hand hand—the fight bread. It like this—let's put this way—that Workers' Alliance had aim—to get something eat people. didn't know against law aliens join Alliance. *' 5 In response question whether 'motivated dissatisfaction living under democracy,' following colloquy took place: 6 'A. No, that. Just matter having no jobs time. Everybody around idea clothes shelter. We were thinking then—anyways fellows me, overthrowing anything. wanted crawl into. 7 'Q. You say 'fight into.' What do you mean term? A. go ask those it—that courthouse petitioned city, state national government. did succeeded. finally unemployment laws certain budget. Even few communist meetings attended, nothing ever said about All they talked fighting daily needs. That why never thought much parties days.' 8 other activity bearing discussed colloquy: 9 Were active worker Party? work running bookstore while. 10 sort it? Oh, all kinds literature—all writers whole world—Strachey, Marx, Lenin's writing others. Socialism stuff. 11 Did bookstore? penny there. 12 arrangement there? kind salesman there, but ran it. 13 secured employment through your Yes. 14 Was store official outlet literature? Yes.' 15 testified advocated change government force violence also gave unilluminating understanding of, beliefs about, principles communism. His account circumstances motives led him stood unchallenged evidently accepted face value. 16 This testimony given during examination Service 1947. below, 1951, refused answer ground answers might incriminate him. found, from evidence record, 'was 1935.' On appeal, both Assistant Commissioner, Adjudications Division subsequently Board Appeals, held supported record. sought writ habeas corpus District Court Both Appeals Eighth Circuit produced sufficient sustain 228 F.2d 109. As case involves application Galvan v. Press, 347 522, 74 737, 98 L.Ed. 911, granted certiorari. 350 993, 76 545, 100 858. 17 authority order deporting derives as amended March 28, 65 28. indicated, its evidentiary support rests entirely before immigration inspector transcript foundation administrative proceedings resulted now review. adequacy must be judged which set forth margin.2 18 pointed out supra, page 527, 740, 741, legislative history amendatory statute shows three specified qualifications are applied narrow exceptions considered illustrative spirit rigorous provisions regarding deportability 22(2) construed. There substantial basis committed himself consciousness 'joining organization known operates distinct political 528, 741. 19 Bearing mind solidity proof required entailing consequences deportation, particularly old man lived country forty years, cf. Ng Fung Ho White, 259 276, 284, 42 492, 495, 66 938, cannot relations establishes meaningful association alleviating Amendment 1951 expounded sponsor, Senator McCarran, collaborator, Ferguson. See 97 Cong.Rec. 2368 2387. authorities went what said, truthfulness called into question. From 1947, there is, dominating impulse 'affiliation' with may well have wholly devoid any 'political' implications. To sure, 'salesman' book store, 'didn't there.' Presumably live further inquiry elicited getting necessities life store. Nor hint record bona fide shop. 20 Accordingly, us too insubstantial deportation. differences facts between obvious detailed. 21 Judgment reversed. HARLAN, whom BURTON, CLARK WHITTAKER join, dissenting. 23 regret my inability Court's opinion, effort find way rigors severe alluring appeal. difficulty reach result take impermissible liberties upon based. 24 Section these brought, provides time entry States, thereafter, 'members affiliated *.'1 dispute dues-paying year after States. Court, however, finds insufficient establish 1951,' suggests implications.' holding derived exempting broad sweep provision persons '(a) when sixteen years age, (b) operation law, (c) purposes obtaining employment, food rations, essentials living, where necessary such purposes.'2 does rely exemptions such, decision discussion indicates 1950 should read beningly. 25 insufficiency interpreted two ways, either (a) shown conscious character organization, if so nonetheless excusable because predominantly motivated economic necessity. 26 Under view think setting aside reconciled supra. rejuecting contention reaching members without knowledge tenets violence,3 711: 741: Party, aware free will.' retrace reasoning inescapably decision,4 save note alluded namely, ameliorating amendment Act, whose 'spirit' relies, solely problems being excluded totalitarian organizations foreign countries.5 27 first possible plain deportable, leaves room conclusion unaware 'a organization.' freely admitted year; dues; meetings; worked, pay, bookstore, recognized 'an literature.' Beyond this, betrayed considerable, albeit rudimentary, philosophy. disclaimed belief forcible overthrow government, that, holds, immaterial statute. 28 Perhaps added understand suggest although activities slight constitute meaning Act. reaffirmation definition would seem preclude interpretation opinion. Moreover, sweeping unequivocal language itself. 29 says 'differences Press detailed.' But, respect crucial sufficiently shown, submit least strong Galvan. A 'detailing' will demonstrate therefore liberally quoted Appendix p. 127, 187. 30 second equally foreclosed For shows, believe plainly does, will, knowing organization,' makes just irrelevant absence violent 31 action calls Cardozo Anderson Wilson, 289 20, 27, 53 417, 420, 77 1004: 'We pause differently conceived framed yield results more consonant fairness reason. it.' Again, specific reference involved, Galvan, 'A fair reading legislation requires (see 182) Congress enacted however whatever wisdom means employed meet desired end.' fear departed wise precepts instance. 32 My require deal statute, him, unconstitutional. Since question, extended seems appropriate dissenting enough regard constitutional argument Harisiades Shaughnessy, 342 580, 72 512, 96 586, considerations long line cases refer. Whatever limitations Fifth power pages 530—531, 742—743)—a reserve right speak occasion arises—I bar case. 33 foregoing affirm below. APPENDIX. 34 EXCERPTS FROM THE RECORD. 35 After warned rights, say: 36 'I told now. don't want give whatsoever stuff again. far am concerned. telling working years—since 1914, can doing, how wages getting, boss you, asked anything else politics interested. interested Republicans office, Democrats, Communists, Socialists. country. people's benefit. paying taxes them. Why trapped questioning? politics. ago care their minds. trapping questions. If country, ship time.' 37 Thereafter occurred, omitting portions significance already related disclaimer government: 38 Are societies present time? Yes, belong A.F.L. Local 665, Miscellaneous Hotel & Restaurant Workers. 39 belonged past? past, Alliance, 40 Alliance? 1935, 41 Where organizations? Minneapolis. hold office Not Executive Board, once while secretary some local. 43 What—the books then, somebody collected. 44 carry party dues books. 45 card cards all. 46 until membership, stayed 47 always somewhat benefit most people—always help 48 Apparently Is correct? 49 revolution, occurred Russia Communists obtained power? Russian revolution—that it, this. war middle-class especially soldiers sick tired double-crossed generals (they Germans). spilled blood Germans ammunition, chaos middle-class—that organized succeeded particular leadership headed Czar. But Kerensky. Seemingly, Lenin followers represented lower peasant factory workers, satisfied set-up, kept another revolution overthrew upper class fall 1918, divorced themselves world's history, economically politically, rest world. see 50 Do feel changed ten since terminated extent—that began myself instead things. found broken over knee, exists today exist is—by majority nation's Nobody world changes. They made people representatives absolutely sudden dictatorship 51 communism cause outgrowth revolution? Communism start revolution. started 52 organizer personal communism? good different thing than is. According Marx seen working, knew them, aiming, less, forever methods up system monopoly control onto feet. them now.' section October 16, 1012, amended, provide: '(Sec. 1) classes shall admission States: '(2) Aliens who, time, memebers classes: '(C) (i) *. 'Sec. 4. Any entering enumerated 1(2) shall, warrant Attorney General, taken custody manner provided February 5, 1917. applicable mentioned irrespective States.' substance relevant portion incorporated Nationality 1952, 163, 205, U.S.C. 1251(a)(6)(C), U.S.C.A. 1251(a)(6)(C). 'Be Senate House Representatives America assembled, General hereby authorized directed provide regulations terms of' 'affiliated with' used include affiliation voluntary, purposes.' Fed.Reg. 2907. Now 1182(a) (28)(I)(i). These exclusions substantive were, deportations concerned, repealed 280; text clear, deciding (c), 1006, 1008. 'It concluded, therefore, support, even demonstrated knowledge, Party's advocacy intended prerequisite deportation.' reached thoroughly consistent judicial decisions interpreting predecessors 'strengthen' relating 'to exclusion subversive aliens.' H.R.Rep. 3112, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 54. Compare exhaustive treatment Latva Nicolls, 106 F.Supp. 658, Judge Wyzanski same compelled history. Report bill embodying stated: attention Committees Judiciary Houses increasing number nonimmigrant immigrant visas withheld denied issued pursuant act amended. brought committees involve spouses servicemen, close relatives American citizens, permanent residents previously returning abroad thier unrelinquished domiciles documentation, reentry permits, etc. reason frequently denial appears applicant's (sic), with, youth, labor, professional student, similar organizations, alien's service German Italian Armies, involuntary affiliates auxiliaries, including edict, preserving living. clear intent are, voluntary excluded, mem- bers ipso facto amended.' 118, 82d 1st pp. 1—2. (Italics added.) debates floor additional score. Senate, major place, every proposed discloses assist individuals prior homeland. example, Smith inquired point: 'Would pending exclude, instance, Ukrainian Soviet Union forced Kulak farm cooperative obtain work? Would excluded?' 2369. And chief author amendment, described subsections revealing detail. With each emphasized many 'spouses Armed Forces' included. class, consisted 'who infancy (sic) Hitler Youth, Fascist child's education welfare dependent embraced 'aliens unwittingly, consent, impressed various labor fronts unions organizations; served Armies; decree became subsidiary totaliarian organizations.' third become ration cards, housing, living.' 2370—2371. inference aid rather subject place substantially reinforced fact 1952 280, re-enacted 186,

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