Document: 463 U.S. 939 103 S.Ct. 3418 77 L.Ed.2d 1134 Elwood BARCLAY, Petitionerv.FLORIDA. No. 81-6908. Argued March 30, 1983. Decided July 6, Syllabus Petitioner and other men, whose apparent purpose was to indiscriminately kill white persons start a racial war, killed hitchhiker in Florida. convicted of first-degree murder by jury Florida state court, as required the death penalty statute separate sentencing hearing held before same jury, which rendered an advisory sentence recommending life imprisonment. However, trial judge, after receiving presentence report, sentenced petitioner death. As statute, judge made written findings fact, including statutory aggravating circumstances that had knowingly created great risk many persons, committed while engaged kidnaping, endeavored disrupt governmental functions law enforcement, been especially heinous, atrocious, cruel. The also found addition petitioner's record constituted circumstance, ultimately concluded there were sufficient justify sentence. did not find any mitigating circumstances, noting particularly extensive criminal thus qu lify for circumstance having no significant history prior activity. On automatic appeal, Supreme Court affirmed, approving judge's concluding properly rejected jury's recommendation later vacated its judgment remanded court give full opportunity rebut information report. After resentencing hearing, reaffirmed on basis essentially identical original findings, again affirmed. Held: is 411 So.2d 1310 (Fla., 1981) Justice REHNQUIST, joined Chief BURGER, WHITE, O'CONNOR, concluded: 1 1. Although State concedes under improperly "aggravating circumstance" because factor among those established circumstances" merit challenge concerning circumstances. Pp. 946-951. 2 (a) presence approved law, this Court's review limited question whether so unprincipled or arbitrary violate Federal Constitution. It irrational apply facts case. 946-947. 3 (b) Nor must be ground explaining his decision, discussed motive compared it with own Army experiences World War II, when he saw Nazi concentration camps their victims. Constitution does require process transformed into rigid mechanical parsing factors. entirely fitting moral, factual, legal judges juries play meaningful role sentencing. 948-951. 4 2. considered circumstance," imposition 951-958. 5 requires sentencer at least one valid may even considered, permits admit evidence relevant proper balance against all permit nonstatutory enter weighing process. erroneously considers improper factors, applies harmless-error analysis if 952-956. 6 Nothing prohibited from considering record. And introduced prove absence exist. P.956. 7 (c) There constitutional defect based both mere errors are concern unless they rise level denial rights. reason why Court, applying analysis, cannot examine struck decide elimination could possibly affect balance. What important individualized determination character individual crime. 956-958. 8 STEVENS, POWELL, stressed importance procedural protections intended insure will imposed consistent, rational manner. He Florida's procedure constitutionally adequate; rule factors exclusive affords greater protection requires; although rest solely more than long none invalid supported erroneous misleading information; contention sustained Constitution; commit reversible error magnitude factors; has fulfilled mandated responsibility performing appellate sentences. 960-974. 9 James M. Nabrit, III, New York City, petitioner. 10 Wallace E. Allbritton, Tallahassee, Fla., respondent. 11 REHNQUIST announced delivered opinion THE CHIEF JUSTICE, O'CONNOR joined. 12 central case impose Barclay relied upon support statute. 13 facts, quoted follows: 14 "[T]he four defendants part group termed itself 'BLACK LIBERATION ARMY' (BLA), sole revolution war. 15 "The testimony showed evening June 17, 16 1974, Dougan, Barclay, Crittendon, Evans William Hearn set out car armed twenty two caliber pistol knife intent . person came such advantageous him, her them. 17 "That drove around City Jacksonville several stops observed possible victims, but decided might thwarted At stop, Dougan wrote note placed body victim chosen 18 "Eventually five men headed Beach where picked up hitch hiker, eighteen year old, Stephen Anthony Orlando. Against over protest him isolated trash dump, ordered car, threw down repeatedly stabbed knife. then put foot Orlando's head shot twice—once cheek once ear killing instantly. 19 knew ever seen Orlando murdered him. note, previously written, stuck murderers. read: 20 " 'Warning oppressive state. No longer your atrocities brutalizing black people unpunished. man asleep. begun oppressed victorious. end we free. Black Revolutionary Army. All power people.' 21 "Subsequent t number tape recordings murder. These mailed [victim's mother] radio television stations. tapes contained much content intent. [The reproduced typical excerpts transcripts tapes, included following:] 22 'The twice jive pistol. only jammed; you can tell have America wasn't worth shit. back, chest stomach, ah, beautiful. You should it. Ah, I enjoyed every minute loved watching blood gush eyes. .' 23 'He died style, though, begging, begging pleading mercy, just took them hung trees, burned houses down, bombs church practices religion forced these people, my people. 24 'We everywhere; hide us. told get off streets stay home. That help, night come home waiting. said, look us see us; listen hear feel touch characteristics urban guerilla.' v. State, 343 1266, 1267-1269 (Fla.1977). 25 first degree murder.1 Fla.Stat. § 921.141(1), jury. sentences 921.141(2), and, vote, fact 921.141(3). App. 1-53. present. 921.141(5)(c), kidnapping, 921.141(5)(d), 921.141(5)(g), atrocious 921.141(5)(h). See So.2d, 1271. 26 noted particular record, therefore qualify 921.141(6)(a). Barclay's aggravating, rather circumstance. 1270 n. 921.141(5)(a) ("The capital felony convict imprisonment") present, restated 33-34. similar finding 921.141(5)(b) defendant another involving use threat violence person"). breaking entering grand larceny, know involved violence. pointed crimes often involve violence, stated "th re circumstances." 34-35. 27 "[t]here exist defendants." 48. recommendation, well 28 appeal provided 921.141(4), decision reject "[t]his act reasonably sentence, recommendations." 1271 (footnotes omitted). 29 This denied petition writ certiorari. 439 892, 99 249, 58 237 (1978). judgment, sua sponte, light our Gardner Florida, 430 349, 97 1197, 51 393 (1977), report prepared judge. findings. 82-141. holding rights Gardner. (Fla.1981). Rehearing equally divided court. Ibid. 30 * raised numerous objections courts declined reconsider arguments proceedings. ensuring received entitled "previously analyzed," 1311, arguments, directed "against reviewed here affirmed," "to abrogate 'law case' questions. Id., 1310. Since claims simply refused previous second Reece Georgia, 350 85, 86-87, 76 167, 168-169, 100 L.Ed. (1955). A. 31 argues circumstance." correct: plainly provides defendant's Mikenas 367 606, 610 (Fla.1978). B 32 "under imprisonment" [violent] felony" however, construed "essentially relevance here." (footnote We disturb conclusion. "was imprisonment." 120. paragraph "is 121, repetition above. 33 challenges caused people,2 during lawful exercise function enforcement laws,3 h inous, cruel.4 law. Our somehow United States think not. case.5 C 34 contends army victims.6 added non-statutory hatred experiences. 35 argument. prohibit taking account elements desire race war factors.7 discussion neither nor arbitrary. In particular, comparison between offend Such inappropriate way "especially cruel" attempt determine warrants penalty. 36 Any calls judgment. desirable whom entrusts vacuum, thrust decisions punishment "that discretion suitably minimize wholly capricious action." Zant Stephens, ---- ----, 2733, 2741, 75 --- (1983), quoting Gregg 428 153, 189, 96 2909, 2932, 49 859 (1976) (opinion Stewart, JJ.). very Term said case: 37 "In returning conviction, satisfy necessary crime proved beyond reasonable doubt. fixing penalty, 'central issue' attention diverted. Once finds falls within legislatively defined category eligible respondent's determining truth alleged special free consider myriad appropriate punishment." California Ramos, 3446, 3456, (1983). 38 never suggested aggra ating But sentencer's would inevitably do precisely that. expect sentencers best ability. guided adequate way, Proffitt 242, 2960, 913 (1976), Constitution, Eighth Amendment demand more. II 39 law.8 system sort consideration meet standards Fourteenth Amendments penalty.9 Zant, supra, S.Ct., 2736-3737, depends invalid.10 40 issue upheld supra. Justices STEVENS described mechanics 41 "[I]f guilty offense, evidentiary Evidence presented matter deems include matters relating certain specified Both prosecution defense present argument 42 "At conclusion '[w]hether outweigh exist; [b]ased considerations, [imprisonment] death.' §§ 921.141(2)(b) (Supp.1976-1977). verdict determined majority vote. advisory; actual stated, '[i]n order sustain following life, suggesting clear convincing virtually differ.' Tedder 322 908, 910 (Fla.1975). 43 weigh determines defendant. imposes death, 'it shall forth writing facts: [t]hat [statutory] insufficient [statutory]11 circumstances.' 921.141(3) 44 cases imposed. 921.141(4) differs Georgia conduct specific form review. Since, each possible, like counterpart, '[guarantee] [aggravating mitigating] reasons reach result reached If die, too great.' Dixon, 283 1, (Fla.1973)." U.S., 248-251, 2965-2966 omitted) (empha supplied). 45 Thus considered,12 Unlike E.g., establish standard 46 change significantly below,13 developed area. One arisen resentenced some exist, generally resentencing. Elledge 346 998, 1002-1003 See, e.g., Moody 418 989, 995 (Fla.1982); Riley 366 19, (Fla.1979). harmless analysis. Elledge, 1002-1003. White 403 331 (Fla.1981); Sireci 399 964, 971 case, "a reversal necessarily required," Ferguson 417 639, 646 (Fla.1982), harmless. 47 always harmless, Lewis 398 432 (Fla.1981), example, through bedroom window, recommended imprisonment, three applied parole prison relatively weak left standing, error, 48 check permitted Elledge. When "the [are] differ." 908 910. Williams 386 538, 543 (Fla.1980), Dobbert 375 1069, 1071 (Fla.1979), reversed judges' remained, test met. Therefore reduced law: fall definition prohibits - 2748-2749, nothing protected behavior id., 2746-2747. And, admission contrary, "plausibly aspects background [trial judge] accuracy unchallenged." 2748. 50 crux issue, then, infects balancing impermissible let stand. Proffitt, accept notion. Indeed, plurality listed them—"the propensity murder"—was 246, 2964 state: notes further fails allows approve practice, Sawyer 313 680 (1975), recast trial's six circumstances—two statutory. earlier, unclear 8, supra." 256, 2968. 52 While statement read propriety 3456 2743-2744. 53 brief interlarded rhetorical references "lawless circumstances," Brief 33, "protective pronouncements seem turned without notice explanation," 93, others vein. varied assertions suggest failed upholding obvious answer question, indicated discussion, Gryger Burke, 334 728, 731, 68 1286, 1257, 92 L. d. 1683 (1948), 54 event, premise. Cases Lewis, Williams, Dobbert, indicate fashion, upholds actually 9, "What crime." 2743-2744 (emphasis original). 55 2749, buttressed practice reviewing compare great." 10. Blair 406 1103, 1109 prohibiting overriding imprisonment "virtually 56 57 Affirmed. POWELL joins, concurring 59 Death unique severity irrevocability. Furman ultimate follow procedures designed assure reliability determinations. 196-206, 2936-2940, (1976); 247-253, 2964-2967, Woodson North Carolina, 280, 2978, 944 (1977); Roberts (Harry) Louisiana, 431 633, 1993, 637 Lockett Ohio, 438 586, 98 2954, 973 (1978); Bell 637, 2977, 1010 Green 442 95, 2150, 60 738 (1979); Godfrey 446 420, 1759, 64 (1980); Eddings Oklahoma, 455 104, 102 869, 71 (1982). "attempted provide serve goals measured, consistent application fairness accused." Eddings, 111, 874. Again adherence principles. 2741-2744, decisions, taken whole, given substantial guarantees embodied Amendments. Particular features schemes sufficiently inadequate, unreliable, unfair determinations demonstrate State's inadequate respects. giving careful am convinced retained safeguards uphold scheme federal requirements. My conclusions understanding adequately explained opinion. 61 agree plurality's conclusion, what opinion, write separately. acknowledges, course, emphasized since Gregg. language speaks unnecessary, somewhat inappropriate, breadth. thought merely ask "so Constitution." Ante, 947. today adopt standard. A constant theme cases—from Godfrey, most recently Zant—has emphasis ensure necessity "generally narrow[ing] class penalty," assuring consistently 2742-2743, 2749-2750. Accordingly, primary reemphasize limiting 62 adopted "trifurcated" identifying who Procedurally consists guilt innocence authority either scrutinize care lesser penalty.1 63 Analytically make sentence: (1) doubt; (2) existing outweighed circumstances;2 (3) defendant.3 instructive three-part Georgia's two-stage procedure, Term. Under schemes, authority—the makes threshold instructions. simple: steps crossed.4 statutorily enumerated exist,5 so, do, required. Shortly enactment current explained: 65 ". [T]he followed counting X Y reasoned factual situations satisfied totality ." 1003, (Fla.1973). 66 "This focus defendant." 251, 2966. 67 crossed narrow subject expressly broad choose information—aggravating mitigating—about accused already crossing threshold, third stage circumscribed—whether, though criteria met, nevertheless reaching tend general categories:6 1) arguably insufficiently weighty sentence;7 2) which, tips scales favor imprisonment.8 Apparently believing required, exclusive, used purpose." Purdy 4, (Fla.1977); Miller 373 882, 885 (Fla.1979); Cooper 336 1133, 1139 (Fla.1976); Provence 337 783, 786 (Fla.1976).9 Not criterion—whether exist.10 supporting proceeding. 1002 (Fla.1977).11 introduction treats error.12 69 requires. factor, phase directly related AT s.ct., 2743-2744, 2747-2749; gregg 164, 196-197, 206, 2920-2921, 2936, 2940-2941; 248, 256-257, 14, 2964-2965, 2968-2969, 14. selection 70 1270-1271. alleges withstands scrutiny cases, appraisal circumstances,13 suffice valid.14 more, alid information. 2748-2749. Tr. Oral Arg. 15. knocked writhed pain mercy." 46, 133; 9-14 (statement order); 1271, 6.15 place commission hitch-hiking They take requested force and/or threats kept until murder." 126; 39. reexamine court's affirmed Court. Assuming true, infirmity 72 committing murder, "knowingly persons," hinder laws." 122-125, 128-131.16 not, dispute recited findings—that colleagues stalked potential victims picking Orlando, sent station urging mass 5-6, 9-10. admissible Thus, narrowly case—like Stephens involves challenged "statutory circumstance[s] terms plausibly unc allenged." 73 unpersuaded time offense "an conviction larceny "more negative show 120-122. appears recognized about negate Booker 397 910, 918 bars highly character. 2748-2749; 252, 2966, 9.17 74 Similarly, candid exposition deeply felt bearing undermine legitimacy sentence.18 assumes trier background, experiences, values. Just "maintain link contemporary community values penal system," 190, 2933, "with experience criminality posses[s] requisite knowledg activity 10, 8. Of reactions personal here. emphasizes, recommendation. standards, violated clear, informed counsel closing "had charges pending him."19 led believe circumstance—no revealed served months uttering forgery, probation arrested misdemeanor one.20 deciding recommendation.21 addition, recites persuasive.22 followed, 7-to-5 that, permissible 1271.23 Finally, abdicated constitutionally-mandated perform stand single unusual help explain direct initial 1975, validity Pet. Cert. Most now relies 29-83. receive benefit nature remand hold undisclosed uniform scope proceedings "matters compliance order." 362 657 (Fla.1978).24 subsequent accordingly dealt treated affirmance "law case" regard More generally, whether, regular become rubber stamp lower death-penalty 212 occasions 1972 sentences; 120 remainder aside, instructions new proceeding making judgments setting underlying model clarity confirmed premises — 78 capital-sentencing seek Moreover, extent contrary exists, minimized system, reweighed 'to independently warranted.' Songer 481, 484 al o Sullivan 303 632, (Fla.1974)." 253, 2967. 79 cursory opinions sentence—which admittedly applaud—does aside suffer flaw. 80 concur 81 MARSHALL, BRENNAN dissenting. 82 Based rife errors, condemned conducted perfunctory Today approves miscarriage justice. doing utterly faithless decisions. dissent. 83 continue adhere view cruel forbidden 231, 2973, (MARSHALL, J., dissenting); 408 238, 358-369, 2726, 2787-2792, (1972) concurring). vacate alone. accepted prevailing 84 assess vital understand explanation woefully incomplete. begin 85 held. 921.141(1). renders verdict. 921.141(2). existed circumstances.1 rationale order, states J.A. 1; 86 Barclay.2 Instead, identifies "has activity." 921.141(5). Maggard 973, 977-978 Nonetheless, 19. clearly lawless. "substantial statute." 87 eight Legislature established.3 Even hearing,4 managed relevant. 88 "committed 921.141(5)(a). offense—a dispositive plain arrests felony, 33. Reliance certainly charge "not resulted [capital] trial" factor." (Fla.1976). formerly felony. 631, 636 Peek 395 492, 499 89 person." 921.141(5)(b). earlier larceny. absolutely asserted "such violence." 35. reliance discloses violence," Mann 420 578, 581 explicitly constitute meaning provision. 432, Ford 374 496, 501-502 cert. denied, 445 972, 1666, 249 (1980). 542-543 (Fla.1980). 90 co rt next persons." 921.141(5)(c). creating serious danger large exploding bomb public hijacking airplane.5 something homicidal immediately surrounding create Bolender 422 833, 838 643, 645 Tafero 355, Kampff 371 1007, 1009 1004. For "no else around" murderer flagged passing motorist machete, high speeds distance, hostage threatened her. Mines 390 332, undisputed dump" perpetrators 1267 incorrectly occurring 38. Invocation unauthorized 91 remaining problematic. fourth kidnapping. 39-40; 921.141(5)(d). witness testified victim, hitchhiker, willingly entered rode voluntarily.6 close guilt, himself deemed kidnapping purposes instruction felony-murder. remarkable salient requirements scheme. First, "must doubt being jury." (Fla.1973), 416 943, 94 1951, 295 (1974). Second, 'the 2965, JJ.), totally inadequate. 93 abysmal performance inadvertent aberrant. To with, reconsideration brought flagrant order.7 citing controlling 606 (1978).8 acknowledges erred finding. 946. drafted repeated prior, 107-108. actions instructive. Judge Olliff besides co-defendant.9 ignored imprisonment.10 violent foundation law.11 time, recounted boiler-plate effect easily shocked him.12 95 hopelessly flawed identify explanation. praised Olliff's performance: painstakingly detailed departure His thorough type mature, deliberative suggests middle cases." added). focused codefendant, Jacob Dougan. subsequently considerations" Barclay. result, With respect applicable referred discussed.13 short, mischaracterized circumstances.14 conclusory fashion "well documented us." disparity treatment Barclay: 'Equal Law' carved doorway building Washington. hollow ring halls equalized." differences apparently decisive. obscuring offender, invocation principles equal justice codefendants, Crittendon. individuals participated Orlando; indeed, stab Orlando.15 murdered, Crittendon name Liberation played part.16 Yet, III die pass muster. failure deprived safeguard indispensable critically "sufficient exist." 921.141(3)(a) "insufficient 921.141(3)(b). weighs alone sufficiency. 101 limits Accord, Odom 936, 942 Spaziano 1119, 1122-1123 (Fla.1980); (Fla.1976).17 Because circumsta ces significance. Hicks 447 343, 2227, 175 (1980), protections, correct say law." 346, 2229. Eight agreed legitimate expectation liberty extent" interest protected. Vitek Jones, 480, 488-489, 1254, 1261-1262, 552 rely employed state-created arbitrarily abrogated, here, violating 104 runs afoul "insistence fairly, consistency, all." 112, 875, Fairness consistency achieved 'clear objective standards' 'specific guidance.' 428, 1765, (1980) (plurality opinion), 2967 JJ.) 303, 2990, JJ.)18 informed, focused, guided, inquiry [a defendant] death." 259, 2969-2970 105 plays crucial process, randomly follows injects aggravation, selectively fate depend day happened constraints execute human surely pot luck. 106 departs past insistence view, "limited" 947.19 devoid content. tautological: unconstitutional 950-951. implies degrees acceptable arbitrariness exists undefined point crosses nether world "wholly" decision-making. reconcile 107 error. puts circumstance.20 assume items influence prisoner [received]." Townsend 736, 740, 1252, 1255, 1690 (1948). Protecting guessing game tries discern exerted decisive determination. guarantee demands more." Henry Wainwright, 661 F.2d 56, 59-60 (CA5 1981). Where stake, selected wrong unacceptable incompatible 605, 2965. Given "extraordinary measures" undertaken "as humanly possible" "mistake," 118, 878 (O'CONNOR, concurring), 108 avoid review." 195, 2935 JJ.); 429, 1765 opinion); safeguard. 973-974. vacated. 109 meaningful, fulfill basic historic correcting correctness reinforces acceptability controls adverse effects shortcomings decisionmaker.21 function. glossed order. lauded performance, stating "thorough expect." encouragement, hardly surprising c ses persisted misapplying statute.22 110 misapplied factor. risk. Faced Conceivably rendered, means anything, harmonized settled 111 proceeds unfounded assumption nonetheless states: 112 balance." 958. 113 doctrine relation surmise terminology, "harmless error" refers affected reviewed. Here, order; extolled merits readily contrasted cited ante, 955, examined relied, committed, assessed significance errors. 337-339. 114 misplaced. suffices state's highest job. Every review, IV 115 illustrates gone awry. Relying mentioned distorted recognition, overrode instead showered praise performance. "Justice kind obviously less shocking itself, 'official' far offering r dress society, adds defilement first." Camus, Reflections Guillotine 5-6 (Fridtjof-Karla Pub. 1960). 116 BLACKMUN, 117 Like 974, "applaud" undertakings companions victim's area 1974. chooses punishment, presently right MARSHALL's convincingly demonstrates fragility, missteps intentional otherwise—come mockery me condone. reprehensible been, deserves misapplication line 118 final courts, deserved, cleansed substantial. "deserving" situation. 119 199 years prison. Hearns pleaded prosecution. stated: aborted attempts select chosen, plus taped citizens safe." 4. observation notion foundations American society." 5. "explained how begged beaten 'executed' shots head." 6. apparent. wife mother-in-law shotgun blast each. Each torture aggravated battery. "outrageously wantonly vile, horrible inhuman torture, depravity mind, battery victim." Ga.Code 27-2534.1(b)(7) "standardless unchannelled" uncontrolled basically uninstructed 1765. sections "CONCLUSION OF COURT "THERE ARE SUFFICIENT AND GREAT AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH EXIST TO JUSTIFY SENTENCE DEATH AS DEFENDANT ELWOOD CLARK BARCLAY. "AUTHORITY FOR Law defendant, Murder First Degree, awesome burden Judge—but landmark "be shown controlled, discriminatory," meets 346. "COMMENTS JUDGE "My twenty-eight almost exclusively field Criminal Law. attorney Advisor Public Defender's Office, prosecutor one-half Circuit Judge—Felony Division—for ten years. During defended, prosecuted "Because experience, when, deserving maximum experienc sordid, tragic side confined Courtroom. I, Combat Infantry Soldiers, walked battlefields Europe thousands dead German soldiers witnessed innocent civilians children religious extermination. "To initiate country contemplate citizens. swift justified Jury guilty—then terminate remove permanently society diabolical course. "HAD BEEN EXPOSED CARNAGE BATTLEFIELDS HORRORS CONCENTRATION CAMPS INSTEAD MOVIES, TELEVISION PROGRAMS REVOLUTIONARY TRACTS GLORIFYING VIOLENCE RACIAL STRIFE—THEN PERHAPS HIS THOUGHTS ACTIONS WOULD HAVE TAKEN LESS VIOLENT COURSE. "Having above, understandable moved tragedy call perpetrator thereby forfeits life—for sacred old Orlando." 135-139. course "great "disrupt laws," reasonably, contend forbids distinguishable 'mere law' due process." Engle Isaac, 456 107, 121 21, 1558, 1568 783 (1982), 1256, need 2746-2750 claim seems be, rather, egregious flaws fundamental address uses. But, us, appeal. regarded questions appears, assertion, post, fault, fault elaborate fully relationship lie door petitioner, have, certified ascertain 410, 411, 416-417, 1856, 1858-1859, 222 habeas originated presents certification little suggestion retreat position. reverse modify erroneou ly disposes certify (1978) (evidence circumstances), 365 696, 700 (Fla.1978) (citing cases). JJ. 921.141(5) 921.141(6) to" 250 2966 inserted word "statutory" brackets 921.141(b)(3). exist," 921.141(3)(a), indicates if, claimed "sufficient" 921.141(3)(a). amended 1979, parties Gilven 996, 999 542 McCaskill 344 1276, 1280 Burch 831, 834 (Fla.1975) ("In differ"). text sets April 1975. Subsequently legislature prescribe, (2), nonstatutory. 1979 Fla.Laws, ch. 79-353. (Fla.1982) (setting circumstances). became effective 23, 7. mitigation excluded proceedi g, (construing pre-1979 statute), version (1978), Neither establishes weight evidence, manner considered; condemn all. 115, 876, bring decisionmaking discretionary post-threshold precluded mitigation. 18-19 (nonstatutory tripartite instructed "deliberate render matters: Whether subsection (6); (7), findings: "(a) (6), stage, evolved time. An early satisfied. 1136, 1142 (Fla.1976) ("Imposition pleasant. Here avoided. bound alternative penalty"). general, recognize "presumption," presumption overcome. (jury's militates presumption). legally crossed. Arnold 236 Ga. 534, 539-542, 224 S.E.2d 1009-1010 found. 638 (Fla.1982). categories appear vacating fair governed reported 438-439 (only circumstances); (at hindering laws; 786-787 robbery; reference existence helps constitutionally-required "reasonably justify[ing] severe murder," 2743. 2, sufficed requirement Eddings. weakness underlies Lewis' amendment life; remanded, limited, evaluation sentencing, allowed draw considerations 439. literally "mitigating circumstances"—including factors—outweighed Halliwell 323 557, 561 (defendant, inter alia, decorated Beret Vietnam); Buckrem 355 (defendant "gainfully employed"). 1975 trial, 1976 Proffitt. factor—that comment, 315 461, 466-467 (Fla.1975), aff'd, 246-247, 2963-2964, (1976). 680, 681-682 (twice 250, 14). assumed authorized 2964-2965. (Fla.1977) ("Under provisions Section 921.141, Statutes, exclusive; purpose"). tria "at Gaffney considered." 1003. enunciated touchstone error: found, impossible statutorily-required different Menendez 368 1278, 1281 hand, noted, along "there overcome dictated By definition, complete Furthermore, appellant's age, "only 'some minor significance,' well-founded unlike 'we know' present." Brown 381 690, 696 90, 88, Sentencing Phase Transcript 180. infirm. automatically considered. bar aside. p. 12, supra; supra facial attack 255-256, 942-944, raises problems. 9; cf. bases 45, 47, 57-58. valid. contrast, "broad vague" remained. 426, 1763-1764, 1766-1767, 14; "may preparation pre-sentence investigation assist reports frequently contain sentencing." 9. Petitioner's materials rebuttal potentially inaccurate sponte regarding portions responses sentence; affirmed; assisted "weighing 'especially cruel' 949, pertained discretion—the 18. 17-18, 25, 34-35, 107-108, 121-122. gives independent duty available 331, 339-340 Swan 485, 488-489 90-92, 29. gainfully father children. 30-31, 119. inflict mortal wounds. 112. idea "leading force" implementing 24, 113. Three Hearn, Evans, 22-24, Recognizing negated "coup de grace," shows throwing stabbing knife." 23; ringleader, culprits" "both major participants," 24-25, 113-114, domination person. pp. 26, 114-116. overturned despite Walsh 1000, 1003-1004 (listing disposition hearings 439, 440 (Fla.1981): "Our directive quite reimposition 'limited order.' vacation Dougan's relief technically-based, serving allowing prejudicial." (quoting transcript 180); 921.141(2) mention contended employed, argued follower leader various participants crime, faced Cf. 1003 921.141(6). additional list. 921.141(6)(i). oral Chairman Select Committee Penalty House Representatives "[t]he persons. That's sectio[n]." Hearings Penalty, (August 1972). participant murders, asked passengers smoked marijuana friend buy some. conversation. 1369-1372. 56-83. 61-62. 1069 Carnes 74-2024, 74-2131, Cir.Ct. 4th Jud.Cir., Duval County, (Nov. 1964), Appendix 15a. felon Hopkins 1183 (Fla.App.1982). attempted term reserve release years, 1183-1184. provision follows. 1070. Carnes, bond offense. 32a. correctly applied. 438. convictions entering. mentioned. 33a-34a. creation 438, house room. 34a-36a. wrote: did, Paratrooper combat Europe. suffering conceivable form. "I tragedy—but crime—and 78a. overseas combat. friends blown bits [a]ffected cruelty helpless, defenseless cruel, heinous eve[r] personally known of—and 282, 296 2290, 2300, (1977). 43a. summarizing "Dougan felony." 3. discussing applicable. inapplicable, perfectly capable saying so. murder-for-pecuniary-gain 921.141(5)(f), case." 41. compounds distortion relying nce effort cast (testimony Officer Thomas Reeves, supervising investigator Orlando). 6-8. manifestly interpreted identified. sufficiency Hopper 611, 2049, 2052, (1982); 601, 2963, opinion) Only fashion. insist protections. 959-960. weighed, contrast P. Carrington, D. Meador, & Rosenberg, Appeal R. Pound, Appellate Procedure Civil 1-2 (1940). Part II-B,

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