Document: 388 U.S. 263 87 S.Ct. 1951 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 Jesse James GILBERT, Petitioner,v.STATE OF CALIFORNIA. No. 223. Argued Feb. 15 and 16, 1967. Decided June 12, Luke McKissack, Los Angeles, Cal., for petitioner. Norman H. Sokolow William E. James, respondent. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of Court. 1 This case was argued with United States v. Wade, 218, 1926, 1149, presents same alleged constitutional error in admission evidence in-court identifications there considered. In addition, petitioner alleges errors testimony some witnesses that they also identified him at lineup, handwriting exemplars taken from after his arrest, out-of-court statements by King, a co-defendant, mentioning petitioner's part crimes, which statements, on co-defendant's appeal decided petitioner's, were held to have been improperly admitted against codefendant. Finally, he Fourth Amendment rights violated police seizure photographs locked apartment entry without search warrant, those within hours crime. 2 Petitioner convicted Superior Court California armed robbery Mutual Savings Loan Association Alhambra murder officer who entered during course robbery. There separate guilt penalty stages trial before jury, rendered guilty verdict imposed death penalty. The Supreme affirmed, 63 Cal.2d 690, 47 Cal.Rptr. 909, 408 P.2d 365. We granted certiorari, 384 985, 86 1902, 16 1003, set argument Wade Stovall Denno, 293, 1967, 1199. If our holding today is applied this case, issue whether lineup requires new could be resolved record only further proceedings courts. must therefore first determine other contentions warrant any greater relief. I. 3 THE HANDWRITING EXEMPLARS. 4 arrested Philadelphia an FBI agent refused answer questions about advice counsel. He later did another robberies robber used handwritten note demanding money handed over him, interrogation gave exemplars. They objection obtained violation Fifth Sixth rights. upheld sole ground had waived might not furnish them. '(The agent) tell Gilbert would investigation. Thus, even if believed California, it does appear authorities induced such belief.' Cal.2d, 78, Cal.Rptr., 920, P.2d, 376. court not, therefore, decide claims. 5 pass question waiver since we conclude taking none 6 First. violate privilege self-incrimination. reaches compulsion 'an accused's communications, whatever form take, responses are example, compliance subpoena produce one's papers,' 'compulsion makes suspect or accused source 'real physical evidence' * *.' Schmerber State 757, 763—764, 1826, 1833, 908. One's voice are, course, means communication. It no follows, however, every use write compels communication cover privilege. A mere exemplar, contrast content what written, like body itself, identifying characteristic outside its protection. supra, U.S., 222—223, S.Ct., 1929—1930. No claim made testimonial communicative matter. Cf. Boyd States, 116 616, 524, 29 L.Ed. 746. 7 Second. 'critical' stage criminal entitling assistance Putting aside fact indictment appointment counsel, minimal risk absence counsel derogate right fair trial. supra. If, reason, unrepresentative exemplar taken, can brought out corrected through adversary process make unlimited number additional analysis comparison government defense experts. 'the has opportunity meaningful confrontation (State's) ordinary processes cross-examination expert (handwriting) presentation own experts.' 227—228, 1932—1933. II. ADMISSION CO-DEFENDANT'S STATEMENTS. 8 contends denied due law accomplice's pretrial referred 159 times reciting role murder. inadmissible hearsay as petitioner, King's aspect under law. 699 701, 914—915, 370—371. 9 us reconsider Delli Paoli 352 232, 77 294, 278 (where appropriate instructions jury suffice prevent prejudice defendant references statement), least here, where co-defendant gained reversal because improper statements. occasion upon contention. rejected rationale, relying reasoning dissent, regards cautionary inadequate cure prejudice. People Aranda, 518, 353, 407 265. Aranda but harmless. harmless-error standard that, 'there reasonable possibility tha t admitting contributed Gilbert's conviction,' derived becision Fahy Connecticut, 375 85, 84 229, 11 171.1 basis Chapman 386 18, 824, 17 705, satisfies defined Chapman. 10 may will review application remand presses harmless introduction identifications. However, best implies ultimate confirms reconsideration need considered time. III. SEARCH-AND-SEIZURE CLAIM. 12 challenge certain pursuant warrantless search. justified into circumstances so-called 'hot pursuit' 'exigent circumstances' exceptions requirement. certiorari consider important extent permit searches Amendment. closer examination than possible when reveals facts do sufficient clarity enable question. See Appendix opinion; compare Warden Hayden, 387 1642, 782. vacate improvidently granted. Monrosa Carbon Black Export, Inc., 359 180, 184, 79 710, 713, 723. IV. 13 IN-COURT AND LINEUP IDENTIFICATIONS. 14 Since warrants relief, becomes relief required principles announced Three eyewitnesses crimes observed conducted notice Angeles auditorium days manager house incriminating found, allegedly resided, courtroom testified, substance, her prior identification State. Eight committed him. addition their identifications, these testified lineup. line-up behind-bright lights prevented line seeing audience. Upwards 100 persons audience, each eyewitness one several charged Gilbert. otherwise virtually silent occurred lineup.2 At stage, witness, cashier savings loan association, courtroom, moved, presence strike she applicable Fourteenth Gideon Wainwright, 372 335, 83 792, 799. requested hearing present supporting was, others elicited be, 'predicated large purported showup. *' judge motion premature. Defense then cashier's again moved testimony. Without passing merits claim, assuming violation, event entitle suppression identification. thereafter two direct courtroom. unsuccessfully objected eight determining tainted illegal independent origin error. post-indictment exhibited critical prosecution; conduct denies calls admissibility attended pemi informed judgment source. entitled vacation conviction pending deem afford establish incourt source, 19 Quite different considerations involved phase lineup.3 That result 'come exploitation (the primary) illegality.' Wong Sun 371 471, 488, 407, 417, 441. show Only per se exclusionary rule effective sanction assure enforcement respect legislative regulations adequate avoid hazards inhere lineups presently conducted, desirability deterring constitutionally objectionable practice prevail undesirability excluding relevant evidence. Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 81 1684, 1081. conclusion buttressed consideration witness' enhance impact seriously aggravate derogation exists Therefore, unless 'able declare belief beyond doubt,' 24, 828, or, prejudicial found affords aside. 20 vacated, remanded inconsistent opinion. so ordered. 21 Judgment vacated directions. 22 CHIEF JUSTICE joins except Part III, dissents reasons expressed DOUGLAS. APPENDIX TO OPINION COURT 23 Photographs introduced viewed Officers them envelope top bedroom dresser. kind customarily delivering developed prints, words 'Marlboro Photo Studio' imprinted it. officers information given accomplice led believe suspects inside apartment. Assuming immediately suspect, remains subsequent reasonably supported exigent circumstances. come upon, though plain view, general, indiscriminate closets, dressers, etc., known occupant absent. Still presented officers, pursuing find absent limited suspicious objects view aid pursuit. problem support factual conclusions should rest, findings scope Court, more substantial resolve conflict stated photos 'while looking suspect. As appear, contrary equally reasonable. 24 (1) Agent schlatter entering put 'approximately 1:05,' quick occupant, took most minute, continued became 'a matter stake-out assumption person back.' photographs, Crowley, Schlatter's Court's search; (2) Crowley arrived five minutes Schlatter, 'around 1:30, give take few either way,' already searched suspects, instructed 'to look anything identify continue pursuit conducting detailed search.' Crowley's manner, merely inspected sight guns until issued three later. (3) Townsend said 'sometime between perhaps 1:30 2:00,' 'well hour' he, local H e 'looked closet dresser I think headstand.' sum 'specifically say' time found. finding engaged general 25 agents concerning arrival partment Taking Townsend's together Crowley's, concluded 1:05, supports begun activities arrived. Then Kiel, enter apartment, while talking landlady 1:25 1:30,' both sum, timing events surrounding approximate itself contradictory. 26 BLACK, concurring dissenting part. 27 partially samples custody ceremony shows prisoner, formed persons, step forward, asked questions, repeat phrases, looked efforts criminals. trial, saw self-incrimination well-established now Self-Incrimination Clause Right Counsel obligatory States. See, e.g., Malloy Hogan, 378 1, 1489, 653; 28 (a) Relying 908, rejects contention dissent holding. For my p. 243, 1941, well Schmerber, 773, 1837, wholly unjustifiably detracts protection compelled designed afford. rests compelling submit engage purpose supply himself nonetheless compel tobe witness himself. Compelling ,' says 764, 1832, Such artificial distinction things reality liberal construction always Bill Rights. (b) right-to-counsel connection 'was counsel.' all reality, ended conviction. State's defense, just so, analysis, being, notes, 'scientific' 'systematized,' 227, 1932, carry much weight suggests impair But nothing previous opinions 'links rights,' ante, 226, justifies linking And Constitution justify considering secondclass, subsidiary attaches deems specific jeopardy. real obtaining hadwriting 'critical,' statement trial.' considers 'right trial' overriding 'aim counsel,' somehow believes power balance away guarantee unnecessary provide 'fair lacks thus defendant's absolute Amendments Framers trial,' nor condition thinks 'minimal risk' lawyer 'unfair.' settled unfair, courtcreated balancing formula changed Johnson Zerbst, 304 458, 58 1019, 82 1461, 799, thought finally established kind. 30 here illustrates danger Rights guarantees place clearly specified safeguards Constitution. far safer adhere language shall Assistance defence' instead substituting mentioned, necessary sought protect. 'assst ance counsel' forced Government reverse reason also. 31 agree reversed state squarely rejecting reliance 246, 278, avoids pointing federal one, test measures up subsequently enunciated 705. goes suggest desire remand. 32 indicate neither relevance here. rested federal, state, courts exclusively governed provision Spencer Texas, 385 554, 648, 606. being law, Chapman, providing rule, absolutely Instead order ascertain comports clear leaving unbridled control conflicting provisions. 33 One courts, applying solely these, holds '(t) error.' given. 34 stated, error.* 35 DOUGLAS, 36 While I,** (as respects BLACK FORTAS), point. home doctrine pursuit,' knew suspected criminal, home. 37 10:30 a.m. January 3, 1964, bank robbed men; killed robbers. Another shot robbers, Weaver, captured blocks scene Weaver told participated 'Skinny' accomplice. lived Apartment Hawaiian sounding named house' Feliz Boulevard. Federal Bureau Investigation broadcast field agent, Kiel located 'Lanai,' Boulevard, p.m., radio control, conversation. talking, man key going San Francisco days. learned Flood, men rented day, turned left rear exit. ran alleyway one. 38 meantime, registered name Flood. robbery—the third driving getaway car. About 1:10 response Kiel's summons. resident Robert Flood left. manager, hiding person. containing pictures petitioner; seized shown employees notebook diagram area bank, clip automatic pistol, bag rolls coins bearing marking bank. On information, issued, clip, notebook, coin seized. Pennsylvania February 26. items 39 lawful. lawful trying facilitate 40 forth relating fully there, cannot decide' serious presented. 41 stand comes narrowly rest validly executed warrant. e.g. Jeffers, 342 48, 51, 72 93, 95, 96 59; Jones 357 493, 78 1253, 1514; Rios 364 253 261, 80 1431, 1436, 1688; Stoner 376 483, 486, 889, 891, 856. having probable cause arrest dwelling contemporaneous 'in seize connected crime fruits committed, weapons effect escape custody.' Agnello 269 20, 30, 46 4, 5, 70 145. This, assumes made, 'is substantially confined immediate vicinity arrest.' 891. exemption many location removed 42 Here, Nevertheless, searching pictures; inescapable robbery, below legally 'could properly expedite pursuit.' 707, 919, 375. 43 Prior incidental valid arrest. stands, evidence, arrested. is, 'limited incident officers' entry'—that apprehend criminal. Under doctrine, license homeowner Certainly calculated suspects,' 'expedite concentrate whose ransacked. Ibid. 44 violates limitation, concededly ill-starred decision Harris 331 145, 67 1098, 91 1399, flouted, viz., room (United Lefkowitz, 285 452, 463—464, 52 420, 422—423, 76 877). did, police, acting extensively n must, prescribed Amendment, 'particularly' describe 'things seized.' 464, 423: 45 'The authority business contemporaneously therein certainly conferred proof sufficiently describing premises obtained. Indeed, deliberate determinations magistrates empowered seizures permissible preferred hurried action happen arrests. Security unlawful likely attained resort caution sagacity petty excitement attends capture crime.' very start, authorizing rolls, requirement particularly prevents thing another. discretion executing warrant.' Marron 275 192, 196, 48 74, 76, 231. modern technique ransacking houses, point seizing entire contents done Kremen 353 346, 876, shocking departure philosophy indeed aimed particular target that. When step, resurrect deepest-rooted complaints rise Revolution. 625, 529, 746: colonies issuing writs revenue empowering them, discretion, places smuggled goods, Otis pronounced worst instrument arbitrary power, destructive English liberty fundamental prnciples ever hands officer.' February, 1761, Boston, famous debate prominent inaugurated resistance oppressions mother country. 'Then there,' John Adams, 'then act opposition claims Great Britain. child Independence born." 49 allow reappear American scene. 50 MR. 51 confusion respecting breadth conducted. results involved. Agents Schlatter Onsgaard minute arrival. received 1:30. 53 1:05 car briefly talked Upon oe. 'made fast none.' seconds outside' '(a)fter stakeout seemed photograph) hand,' it, officer,' vague recollection it) photographs. association see anyone recognize photograph. making behind 54 way' say less entered. (him) building (him).' 'had people.' 'instructions bedroom, dresser, Studio'; appeared something inside. opened copies discussed 'Onsgaard charge (Crowley) utilize investigation, (he was) Schlatter.' according Crowley. 'turned (items) reverse, cards, sales slips stores, sort item folded possibly contain value relayed manner coordinating operation. remained next morning. 55 '(s)ometime 2:00.' Within hour arrival, began '(i)n bedroom,' 'say specifically' 56 regarding nature various officers. way read record, 'that came 'for stands uncontradicted, uncovering operation 'became stake-out' unsuccessul contradict compatible 'stake-out.' doing discovered Nor others, including First, indicates According 1:30; Townsend, sometime 2. Second, search, claimed. anything, stated. 'stake-out' said, preclude And, 57 thrown simply assumed pry pictures—other obtain An weapon. WHITE, whom HARLAN STEWART join, 59 concur Parts I, II, III opinion, 250, 1944, 1170, IV affirm California. 60 FORTAS, joins, 61 result—the case—but adequate. advised prosecutor's demand exemplar. 62 1. giving 'critical stage' proceeding, Brother states. 1149. Depending circumstances, inoffensive Constitution, totally accused, entirely reliable administration justice. hand, offensive, unfair ascertainment truth. needs counsel: Is 'Your your life?' emulate holdup using red ink, brown paper, letters, etc? demanded effect, inculpation—a confession? eloquent arguments appears hold 908 (1966). Presumably, punished adamantly refuses. unlike blood, extracted doctor veins subjected restraint, permits. So presumably, decision, contempt keep jail—indefinitely—until gives 64 Schmerber. Here warning cooperate, submit; volitional act, suffer inevitable consequences custody; affirmative tie directly dissented regard extension impermissible. 65 utter heat comfort counsel—even refuse speak words—because utterance occurs deprives counsel's ingenuity face utterly insupportable, respectful fingerprinting, measuring, photographing—or blood-taking. involving discretion. capable abuse. stream inculpation. Cross-examination play offsetting false inference misleading coincidence 'stacked' reference efficacy situation appellate solace 66 3. condemnation consequent join unconstitutionally availability implicit re Gault, 38—39, 1428, 1449—1450, 527 (1967); Miranda Arizona, 436, § .Ct. 1602, 694 '* (erroneous) penalty,' citing Fahy, 702, 916, 372. Cir., 366 F.2d 923, prosecutions Gilbert, apparently contains details Appeals Ninth Circuit states, F.2d, 935: March 26, indicted police. Some ten thirteen prisoners placed lighted ta ge. assembled darkened portion room, facing separated screen. seen acted 'moderator' proceedings. 'Each number, name. Each forward marked circle, turn, presenting profiles back walk, off articles clothing. man's called directed questions: picked up, owned car, whether, arrested, armed, lived. loud soft voice, phrases heard robbers use: 'Freeze, stickup; holdup; empty cash drawer; heist; don't anybody move.' 'Either which, again, doubts, Several numbers wanted see, Gilbert's. longer present, similar procedure. prisoner phrase, walk way. After other; other's presence, call identify.' split among extrajudicial identity, parties 71 A.L.R.2d 449. hearsay, and, identifier, consistent statement. recent trend, admit exception admits substantive available Later Case Service 1225—1228. rule. Gould, 621, 626, 273, 275, 354 865, 867, said: 'Evidence extra-judicial admissible, corroborate (People Slobodion, 555, 560, 191 1), identity. Unlike corroborated impeached regardless impeached, earlier probative suggestions intervened create fancied recognition mind. failure destroy value, explained loss memory tends connect defeda nt crime, principal cross-examination.' New York deals subject statute. N.Y.Code Crim.Proc. 393 b. dismisses search-and-seizure raised case. this, refuses question, expressing views length. ** FORTAS.

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