Document: 401 U.S. 560 91 S.Ct. 1031 28 L.Ed.2d 306 Harold WHITELEYv.WARDEN, WYOMING STATE PENITENTIARY. No. 136. Argued Jan. 13, 1971. Decided March 29, Syllabus A sheriff, acting on a tip, made complaint before magistrate charging that petitioner and another individual the date at place named 'did then there unlawfully break enter into (the described) locked * building,' warrant was issued. police radio bulletin described two persons, type of car they were probably driving, amount money taken. Relying bulletin, an officer in county warrantless arrest suspects. The searched various incriminating items removed, which later used petitioner's trial, resulted his conviction. Petitioner filed habeas corpus petition reiterating challenge he had arraignment trial to constitutionality use evidence seized during search incident assertedly illegal arrest. District Court denied petition, Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. Petitioner's violated rights under Fourth Fourteenth Amendments secured thereto should have been excluded from trial. Pp. 564—569. (a) complaint, did not mention sheriff acted informer's consisted no more than sheriff's conclusion individuals committed offense, could support independent judgment disinterested magistrate. P. 565. (b) standards applicable factual basis for arresting officer's probable-cause assessment are less strict those magistrate's assessment. Here information corroborate report suspects crime fact based cannot supply element probable cause who issued lacked. 565—567. 2. Since, notwithstanding constitutional each stage, respondent attempt show presented may do so now remand; writ must issue unless State appropriately arranges retry petitioner. 569. 416 F.2d 36, reversed remanded. William J. Knudsen, Jr., Laramie, Wyo., Jack Speight, Cheyenne, respondent. Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered opinion Court. 1 Whiteley, 1965, convicted Second Judicial Wyoming charges breaking entering being habitual criminal.1 Both Whiteley challenged claimed illegal. court overruled motion suppress, appeal Supreme v. State, 418 P.2d 164 (1966). This proceeding commenced with United States Wyoming, November 25, 1968.2 293 F.Supp. 381. On appeal, Tenth Circuit Meacham, 36 (1969). We granted certiorari, limiting ensuing seizure. 397 1062, 90 1505, 25 683 (1970).3 reverse reasons stated herein. 2 circumstances surrounding incidental seizure, as by Court, 164, 165—166, follows:4 3 'On 23, 1964, certain business establishments Saratoga broken into, including Rustic Bar Shively's Hardware, offenses investigated Carbon County Sheriff, (Sheriff Ogburn) who, next day signed defendant building identified Bar. justice peace approximately 11:30 a.m. 24th, After investigation, put out state item pick up entering, another. message went network Casper transmitted over received Albany Sheriff's Office communicated Laramie Police Department, giving names descriptions persons advising driven taken, old coins dates. Late night 24, patrolman, reliance item, arrested companion. At time, patrolman defendant's nor warrant. together deputy come meantime, removed number introduced evidence, tools coins, taken Hardware. *' 4 Sheriff Ogburn's provided peace, is follows: 5 'I, C. W. Ogburn, solemnly swear or about 23 November, A.D. said Daley, defendants sealed (describing location ownership building).' App. 28. 6 881, Ogburn led 7 'P & H B E Saratoga, early A.M. 11—24—64. Subj. #1. WMA, 38, D.O.B. 2—29—(26), 10 , 175, med. build, comp., blonde blue. Tat. left shoulder: 'Love Me Leave Me.' #2. Whitley, 43, 6—22—21, 11 180, fair comp. brown eyes. right arm 'Bird.' Poss. driving 1953 1954 Buick, light green bottom, dark top. Wyo. lic. 2-bal. unknown. Taken: $281.71 small change, numerous ranging .5¢ pieces silver dollars, dated 1853 1908. Warrant issues, will extradite. Special attention Denver. 31.5 II 8 decisions this concerning Amendment requirements either can require judicial issuing such be supplied sufficient exists warrant.6 Spinelli States, 393 410, 89 584, 21 637 (1969); Ventresca, 380 102, 85 741, 13 684 (1965); Aguilar Texas, 378 108, 84 1509, 12 723 (1964); Rugendorf 376 528, 825, 887 Jones 362 257, 80 725, 697 (1960); Giordenello 357 480, 78 1245, 1503 (1958). In instant case—so far record stipulated parties reveals7—the sole request reproduced above.8 That consists nothing complainant's therein perpetrated offense complaint. actual but fact, well every other operative omitted Under case just cited, document alone 9 State,9 however, contends regardless sufficiency warrant, actually possessed finding without proposition, argues reviewing employ stringent prelude would warrant.10 proposition has consistently rejected U.S., 105—109, S.Ct., 746; 110—111, 1511—1512; 270—271, 735—736. And reason its rejection both fundamental obvious: discretion effecting discourage resort procedures obtaining Thus supporting time least applied respect See McCray Illinois, 386 300, 304—305, 87 1056, 1058 1059, 18 62 (1967). Applying case, of: (1) data contained supra; (2) knowledge, obtained personal observation, men matching bulletin; (3) one officers, people 71; (4) acquired fitted description 881; (5) after stopping given false name.11 held where initial impetus gathered officers sustain adequately supported tip alone. Draper 358 307, 79 329, 327 (1959). But additional some sense corroborative arrestees felony or, itself, process committing felony. opinions White concurring supra, p. 423, 592. present very most tended establish informant, them, knew Daley kind drove; devoid any stage burglary event reliability informant informant's these connected crime. supra. offers further argument legality search: relied making arrest, unnamed informant. Clearly, it said, believing passengers and, reasonably assumed whoever authorized direct Whiteley's Daley's To prevent assumption fellow call upon them make prepetrators would, argued, unduly hamper law enforcement. not, course, question entitled act strength bulletin. Certainly called aid executing warrants assume requesting offered requisite cause. Where, contrary turns true, otherwise insulated decision instigating rely 14 sum, here clearly himself tending crime.12 Therefore, Amendments; Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 81 1684, 1081 (1961). III 15 There remains proper disposition case. urges us remand opportunity develop might Brief Respondent 8—9. Yet concedes, must, proceedings below argued insufficiency lack 4. Knowing claim, chose try developed courts. n. 4, Its explanation affairs 'the felt, precedent logic, accept legal reasoning petitioner.' 9. justification, we shown, untenable. 16 Pursuant our authority U.S.C. § 2106 'as circumstances,' directions makes appropriate arrangements petitioner.13 Cf. 487—488, 1250—1251. 17 It ordered. Reversed remanded directions. 19 BLACK, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, dissenting. 20 With all my Brethren agree I am constrained say believe gross wholly indefensible miscarriage justice. For classified calculated many good enjoys frustrating unnecessarily turning professional criminals loose prey society impunity. what shows: several establishments, bar hardware store village Wyoming. Some store. saw companion near Saratoga. morning lived Rawlins, seat, sparsely settled County,1 burglaries. addition viewing scene crimes, rather detailed car, portion license plate number, burglars. also persuaded him companion, guilty Upon coupled observation crimes vehicle, personally appeared Rawlins secure securing sent statewide alert describing their calling them. policemen learned city. They located stopped alert, occupied message. One recognized Daley. response identification, gave name. point searched. Old tools, having burglarized found trunk interior car. 22 objection. addition, 23.2 told jury vivid detail how jimmied open back door store.3 took thestand alibi defense discredited witnesses sentenced years concurrently life imprisonment because prior convictions. charged proved three felonies shows 43 age already served six times penitentiary. affirmed conviction September 15, 1966, holding duty vehicle reasonable ground fruits citing among cases Carroll 267 132, 45 280, 69 L.Ed. 543 (1925). Chambers Maroney, 399 42, 1975, 26 419 (1970). think distortion Amendment's meaning hold seizure goods stolen 'unreasonable arrest' seizure.' deciding always remembered itself does expressly command infraction proof. 24 certainly man. burglarized. Petitioner, whose previous appear earned title stealing vocation, seen around burglary. Undoubtedly longtime (who appears still sheriff) bound know persuasive performance official willing risk arrested. surely when prestige standing, bond against civil suit, communicates emergency cars burglars, policeman stand supinely while denounced burglars go along way. Of course enough My disagreement majority wisdom necessity 'little trial' issuance matter record. 116, 1514, (1964) (Clark, J., dissenting); 429, 595, (1969) (Black, dissenting). even accepting decisions, arguendo, control involves apprehension automobile moving away hours commission. belief guilty, if only 'suspicion' seems label it, grounds stop inquire passengers. Terry 392 1, 88 1868, 889 (1968). once positively lying attempting escape detection reported point, before, men, Such justified theories. Even Chimel California, 395 752, 2034, 685 (1969), occupants permissible. fully loaded handgun glove compartment. permissible 'movable vehicle' exception usual requirement (1970); consider travesty turn man jail give new convicted.4 Fay Noia, 372 391, 83 822, 837 (1963), judgment, justify doing. passed validity ago. Later asked relief through post-conviction same claim rejected. He sought federal corpus. unlawful-search bringing judges unanimously reverses conviction, although allege innocence. As Kaufman 394 217, 231, 1068, 1076, 227 dissenting), Noia remedy limited own facts, convictions remain final seeking alleges currently innocent. suspicion hardened criminal innocent let stay confinement serve sentence. 27 BLACKMUN agrees much BLACK dissents concurrent sentences consequence recidivist charge, life. Prior commencing proceedings, pursuant statutes. No denial petition. corpus, raised issues previously advanced relief, lower courts failure constituted nonexhaustion remedies. raise exhaustion but, noted text, decided outset us, entered following stipulation, 10: 'IT IS HEREBY STIPULATED between respective counsel that, agreement February 16, 1968, sides exclusively original parts hearing merits (U.S. Court).' second version 881 identical relevant respects except omits reference 37. Ker 374 1623, 726 Amendments. (1961), exclusionary rule prosecutions. dissent imply 'this shows' someone informed Post, 570. fails implication. testified four separate occasions see R. 105—112, 187—191, 310—314, 335—337. sort. Only witness, Leonard Russell Marion, arrest; Marion never seeing 317—322, 329—330. Indeed, quite apparent reading Marion's testimony observations robbery house. 320—321. More importantly, apparently concedes reveals, written above. insufficient affidavit rehabilitated affiant disclosed 109 1511, 723. render meaningless. Since proceeding, technically party. 'The principles throughout entire litigated premise enforcement cause, something warrant.' 6. discovered car's burglaries burglar's discoveries validate depends. noon 1964. 53. broadcast 3:03 p.m. day. 31. acquire possibly halfhearted argue introduction illegally harmless error. damning, least. 10, implicating accomplice's testimony. clear error standards. Chapman 18, 824, 705 (1967); Harrington 250, 1726, 284 Contrary implications dissenting opinion, post, 571, witness accomplice placed 'near crime' robbery. population according 1970 census 13,000 persons. home town 1,000 population, observed sheriff. 317—321, recognize country strangers unlikely move unnoticed. Something obviously aroused else uncorroborated. trip stops Medicine Bow Elk Mountain. Ernest Hornden Dip shortly Another LeRoy Hansen, Mountain burglary, 315—316. Although disagreed believed retroactive application. Linkletter Walker. 381 618, 640, 1731, 1743, 601 (1965) thus glad apply retroactively affect 'integrity fact-finding process,' id., 639, greatly burden administration justice, Desist 244, 1030, 1034, 248

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