Document: 498 U.S. 395 111 S.Ct. 840 112 L.Ed.2d 919 Moshe GOZLON-PERETZ, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 89-7370. Argued Oct. 30, 1990. Decided Feb. 19, 1991. Syllabus The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (Reform Act) eliminated special parole, supervised by the United States Parole Commission, for drug offenders after incarceration and established conditions a new system release to be overseen sentencing court. However, provisions' effective date was delayed until November 1, 1987. In October 1986, Anti-Drug Abuse 1986 (ADAA) enacted, which, in § 1002, sets minimum maximum sentences mandates terms certain offenses. Some ADAA sections, but not specified 1987, date. Petitioner convicted of, inter alia, offenses which 1002 applies that occurred ADAA's enactment before Act's provisions. District Court sentenced him concurrent prison imposed 5-year parole each offense, ruling Congress intended cases where were committed interim between rejecting petitioner's argument no post-confinement supervision appropriate during time. Appeals vacated sentence, holding 1002's plain language required petitioner rather than parole. Held: Supervised all categories enacted Pp. 404-410. (a) Section contains provision its therefore took effect on enactment. There is clear direction contrary Congress, whose silence here contrasts with expression dates other sections. Nothing about Congress' apparent purpose enacting 1002—to rectify an error Controlled Substances would have small- big-time offenders—rebuts this presumption. arguing must postpone penalty provisions order avoid creating conflict §§ 1007(a) 1009(a) authorize shorter who cooperate Government—since mandatory sentence requirements otherwise eliminate possibility such period, mistaken. corrected these problems December 1987 permitting departures from cooperating move can explained only if believed penalties had gone into as Also rejected implementation 1004, provides references "special parole" changed "supervised release," Since specific controls one more general application made change independent 1004's change-over does apply. Moreover, it unlikely delay some, all, 404-407. (b) That term release" defined yet effective, mean used significance It uncommon refer other, related legislative enactments when interpreting specialized statutory terms, device utility defeated fact referred effective. At time weight dignity deliberate, considered presented approved President; reasonable assume passed ADAA, knew full definition existed legislated reference it. also possible knowing anyone committing offense period released custody concluded at district court began duties under program. forecloses rules governing should apply crimes period. 407-409. (c) absence create ambiguity calling invocation rule lenity. While may created some minor inconsistencies provisions, postconfinement are ambiguous. 409-410. 894 F.2d 1402 (CA3 1990), affirmed. KENNEDY, J., delivered opinion unanimous Court. Peter Goldberger, petitioner. Amy L. Wax, respondent, pro hac vice, leave Justice KENNEDY 1 This case presents problem interpretation federal enforcement laws their method monitoring known release." Before 1984, serve following incarceration. and, place, release. To ensure orderly change, A year date, however, (ADAA), we consider whether became 2 * Gozlon-Peretz 21 U.S.C. 846 count participation conspiracy distribute excess kilogram heroin, 841(a)(1) 18 counts distributing 240 grams heroin possession intent heroin. substantive February 26, nearly four months eight Following remand Third Circuit reasons issue here, see v. Levy, 865 551, 559-560 (1989) (en banc), 20 years 15-year 3 hearing, Government disagreed form then, us, codified 841(b)(1)(A) (1982 ed., Supp. IV). Although specifies argued required. According Government, because directs receive supervision, Act, Petitioner, contending prior accepted Government's position 4 remanded, that, been two (1990). Circuit, enactment, 27, Because split among Courts question, granted certiorari. 496 935, 110 3212, 660 We now affirm. II A. 5 first trace detail relevant history scheme general. begin Pub.L. 91-513, Tit. II, 401(b), 84 Stat. 1260, 841(b). When 841(b) subjected involved manufacture or distribution schedule I narcotic substances, including 15 years' imprisonment imposed, 3-year ed.).1 Special "a served upon completion term" administered Commission. Bifulco States, 447 381, 388, 100 2247, 2252, 65 205 (1980). See 841(c) ed.), repealed, 98-473, 224(a)(6), 98 2030. 6 part larger bill, statutes altered schemes offenders: Penalties Amendments ch. V, 2068, 1987.2 increased available involving large quantities substances years, did provide any II).3 Persons lesser amounts nonnarcotic remained subject applicable amendments, 841(b)(1)(B) (C). Thus, while increasing large-scale narcotics offenses, amendments peculiar situation small-time not. 7 Concurrent increases modified deleting remaining pre-1984 version modification become 1987.4 reflected desire most forms replace them Under release, court, oversee defendant's monitoring. 3583, 3601. could terminate, extend, alter expiration. 3583(e). event violation order, hold defendant contempt. 3583(e)(3). 8 Having decided preferred means monitoring, nevertheless defer although further step eliminating take final requiring persons Act. taken later, 99-570, 3207, 3207-2 3207-4. 9 again redefined expanded so doing, set many offenders. classification narcotics, trafficking For first-time high-volume crimes, authorized 10 life imprisonment. IV).5 midrange violations, those 40 841(b)(1)(B).6 Other violations 841(b)(1)(C). mostly unchanged, relatively small marijuana hashish. 841(b)(1)(D), (b)(2) (b)(3). House Senate versions original forms, package major 841(b)(1)(A), (B), H.R. 5484, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. (1986); S. 2878, (1986). both bills, immediately system, As bill provided repeal H.R.Rep. 99-845, p. 132 Cong.Rec. (1986) (§ 608(b) bill); id., 26101 1007 bill). Neither alternatives adopted, however. Instead, stages process, without explanation, substituted words whenever latter appeared 1002. 32728-32745. IV), part: 11 "Any subparagraph shall, . conviction, impose least addition there No person shall eligible therein." 12 similarly worded passages, courts three (C), respectively, double repeat contrast sections gave direction. B 13 express deferral coupled has Appeals. affected interpretive signed law, majority hold, case, instead require imposition parole.7 reversing below, held Circuits accept position, part.8 Court, supports Circuit's view, still insists interpretations accords congressional intent. III 14 well absent contrary, law takes Robertson Bradbury, 491, 493, 158, 33 L.Ed. 405 (1889); Arnold Cranch 104, 119-120, 671 (1815); N. Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction 33.06, (C. Sands 4th rev. ed. 1986). find evident purpose. Turning text statute, note like enactments, Nor whole. regard discrete ADAA. 1004(b), 1006(a)(4), 1007(b), 1009(b). "[W]here includes particular section statute omits another same generally presumed acts intentionally purposely disparate inclusion exclusion." Russello 464 16, 23, 104 296, 300, 78 17 (1983) (internal quotations omitted); General Motors Corp. 530, 541, 2528, 2532, 480 anything discern rebut presumption once. discussed above, inexplicably mandated offenders, exempted supra, 845. removed disparity Schedule Given legislation earlier mistake, seems 16 asks us look He contends 1002—not just provisions—until done anomalies 1009(a). These specifying Government. petitioner, below even though offender qualified exception. Petitioner's every it,9 likewise reject here. correct 1009, recognized potential fixed them. ensuring defendants 100-182, 24, 101 1271. corrective 1986. "Of course, view later establish definitively meaning persuasive value." Bell New Jersey, 461 773, 784 (1983). believe weighs against favored reading statute. next argues read 1004 delaying well. 1004(b) "this section" By meaning, refers entire nor title chapter Rather, changeoverprovision amend retained 1987.10 provision, section's over application. Crawford Fitting Co. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 437, 445, 107 2494, 2499, 96 385 (1987). 19 doubt, moreover, intend make "In determining language, design whole object policy." Crandon 494 152, 997, 1001, 108 grouped provisions—imprisonment, fines, release—into single paragraph levels 841(b)(1) third three-part postponed Based our review cannot say reviewed structure itself, imposing revoking power do agree. unique invented series reforms, power, duty, explicit itself forth early 1984. terms. See, e.g., Oscar Mayer & Evans, 441 750, 756, 99 2066, 2071, 60 609 (1979); Kokoszka Belford, 417 642, 650, 94 2431, 2436, 41 374 (1974); Northcross Memphis Bd. Education, 412 427, 428, 93 2201, 2202, 37 48 (1973). own, defeat interpretational device. interpret legislature intends reference. own operational, to, by, President. origin legislating matter. assumption adopted existing Morissette 342 246, 263, 72 240, 249, 288 (1952). Further, plausible explanation disjunction statutes. class great cases, review, likely draftsman might exercise procedures. Slawsky, Looking Law, 52 Fed. Probation 86 (June 1988). 22 reaching conclusion, holdings go result. Hallstrom Tillamook County, 493 20, 25-26, 304, 308, 237 Admittedly, logical last minute switch release.11 That, justify ignoring mandate. reason doubt differs parole," follow C 23 Finally, invokes "rule lenity", creates construed his favor. U.S., 387, S.Ct., 2252; Lewis 445 55, 65, 915, 920, 63 198 believe, lenity "The comes operation end process construing what expressed, beginning overriding consideration being lenient wrongdoers." Callanan 364 587, 596, 81 321, 326, 312 (1961). Applying well-established principles construction, through use involves resolve. 24 judgment 25 ordered. five "schedules" laws, 812. Prior applied listed schedules present highest abuse. 812(b)(1) ed.). illicit drugs various, penalties. 841(b)(1)(B), (b)(3) Both Comprehensive Crime Control Stat.1976, lengthy piece brought significant revisions aspects criminal justice forfeiture, bail, procedures treatment juvenile mentally ill defendants. Large-scale included cocaine, LSD. II). elimination place key 1985, 99-217, 4, 1728. prescribed equivalent thresholds "mixture[s] substance[s] containing detectable amount" kilograms 50 cocaine base, phencyclidine (PCP), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 400 propanamide, 1,000 marijuana. 841(b)(1)(A). mixtures 500 PCP (10 pure), gram LSD, Mercado 898 291 (CA2 1990) (per curiam ); Whitehead, 849 849, 860 (CA4), cert. denied, 488 983, 109 534, 102 566 (1988); Byrd, 837 179, 181, n. (CA5 1988); Paiz, 905 1014, 1031 (CA7 1990); Portillo, 863 25, 26 (CA8 1988) curiam); Levario, 877 1483, 1487-1489 (CA10 1989); Smith, 886, 889-890 (CA11), 859, 154, 125 (1988). Brundage, 284 U.S.App.D.C. 219, 225, 903 837, 843 (1990); Figueroa, 825, 828 (CA1 Blackmon, 914 786, 789-790 (CA6 Torres, 880 113 (CA9 1989) ), 1060, 873, 956 cf. Ferryman, 897 584 (persons 1987). 223, F.2d, 841; Charleus, 871 265, 269 559, Duprey, 895 303, 311 1989), 495 906, 1927, Padilla, 869 372, 381-382 (CA8), denied sub nom. Percheitte 492 909, 3223, 106 572 (1989); Meyers, 847 1408, 1415 Garcia, 879 803, 804 1989). 841(b)(2), 845(a), 845(b), 845a(a), 960(b)(4), 962(a) example, last-minute specifically 845, prohibits minors, 845a, within feet school. 845(a) 845a(a) multiples type quantity drug. notes charged enhancement Assuming deciding correct, sufficient over-come strong favor lack attention collateral effects disregard itself.

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