Document: 400 U.S. 309 91 S.Ct. 381 27 L.Ed.2d 408 George K. WYMAN, Commissioner of New York Department Social Services, et al.v.Barbara JAMES. No. 69. Argued Oct. 20, 1970. Decided Jan. 12, 1971. Syllabus York's Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, stressing 'close contact' beneficiaries, requires home visits by caseworkers as a condition for assistance 'in order that any treatment or service tending restore (beneficiaries) self-support and the relieve their distress may be rendered * care given only in such amount long necessary.' Visitation beneficiary, who is primary source information welfare authorities eligibility assistance, not permitted outside working hours, forcible entry snooping are prohibited. Appellee, beneficiary under AFDC after receiving several days' advance notice, refused permit caseworker visit her and, following hearing advice would consequently terminated, brought this suit injunctive declaratory relief, contending visitation search when consented supported warrant based on probable cause, violate Fourth Fourteenth Amendment rights. The District Court upheld appellee's constitutional claim. Held: provided law connection program reasonable administrative tool does right guaranteed Amendments, Pp. 315—326. (a) Home visitation, which forced compelled, traditional criminal context Amendment. 317—318. (b) Even assuming has some characteristics search, reasonable, it serves paramount needs dependent child; enables State determine intended objects its benefit from aid state funds being properly used; helps attain parallel federal relief objectives; stresses privacy unnecessarily intruding beneficiary's rights home; provides essential obtainable through secondary sources; conducted, enforcement officer, but caseworker; investigation; (unlike procedure, necessarily implies conduct) comports objectives administration. 318—324. (c) consequence refusal involve violations, prosecution termination benefits. Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 523, 87 1727, 18 930. See City Seattle, 541, 1737, 943, distinguished. 324—325. Jones Goldberg (S.D.N.Y.), 303 F.Supp. 935, reversed remanded. Brenda Soloff, City, appellant. Jonathan Weiss, appellee. Mr. Justice BLACKMUN delivered opinion Court. 1 This appeal presents issue whether (AFDC)1 refuse without risking 2 social services commissioners judgment decree divided three-judge holding invalid unconstitutional application § 134 Services Law, McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 55,2 175 Policies Governing Administration Public Assistance,3 §§ 351.10 351.21 Title Code Rules Regulations,4 granting relief. James Goldberg, 935 (S.D.N.Y.1969). noted jurisdiction but, vote, denied requested stay. 397 904, 90 921, 25 85. 3 majority held mother refuse, forfeiting periodic cited statutes regulations prescribe continuance program. thesis, majority, violates 4 Judge MaLean, dissent, thought unrealistic regard search; felt requirement wearrant upon showing cause make effect another statute' 'introduce hostile arm's length element into relationship' between worker mother, 'a relationship can effective mutual confidence trust'; concluded majority's struck damaging below' an important F.Supp., at 946. 5 case comes us pleadings supporting affidavits testimony extended have provided. pertinent facts, however, dispute. 6 Plaintiff Barbara son, Maurice, was born May 1967. They reside City. Mrs. first applied shortly before Maurice's birth. A made apartment time objection. authorized. 7 Two years later, 8, 1969, wrote she 14. Upon receipt advice, telephoned that, although willing supply 'reasonable relevant' need public discussion take place home. told required result assistance. Permission still denied. 8 On 13 sent notice intent discontinue because refusal. advised review officer. 27. appeared attorney hearing.5 continued permission home, again expressed willingness cooperate elsewhere. officer ruled proper ground His written decision stated: 9 'The refuses purpose determining if there changes situation might affect continue receive Assistance, see provide family.' 10 issued June 2. 11 Thereupon, seeking level, James, individually behalf purporting act all other persons similarly situated, instituted present civil 42 U.S.C. 1983. She alleged First, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Tenth, Subchapters IV XVI Security Act thereunder. further son no income, resources, support than benefits received asked temporary restraining 13, 302 478 (S.D.N.Y.1969), convened. II 12 aspects deserve mention. Subchapter IV, Part A, 1935, 49 Stat. 627, amended, 601—610 (1964 ed. Supp. V). Section 401 Act, 601 ed., V), specifies purpose, namely, 'encouraging children own homes relatives enabling each furnish financial rehabilitation needy parents whom they living help maintain strengthen family life *.' same section authorizes appropriation payments States qualify. 402, 602 plan, among things, must 'provide opportunity fair agency individual whose claim families acted promptness'; will reports Secretary (of Health, Education, Welfare) require': shall, need, consideration income resources child relative claiming aid'; where reason believe unsuitable neglect, abuse, exploitation shall bring attention appropriate court agencies 405, 605, 'Whenever respect used best interests child, counseling guidance use management assure advising failure so substitution therefor protective appointment guardian imposition penalties III 14 When involves type official intrusion appears do, immediate natural reaction one concern about protection afford. Its emphasis indeed most precious personal security home: people secure persons, houses, papers, effects characterized 'basic free society.' Wolf Colorado, 338 25, 27, 69 1359, 1361, 93 L.Ed. 1782 (1949); 528, 1730, 930 (1967). And over consistently been dwelling. See, example, Boyd United States, 116 616, 626—630, 524, 530—532, 29 746 (1886); Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 81 1684, 1081 (1961); Chimel California, 395 752, 89 2034, 23 685 (1969); Vale Louisiana, 399 30, 26 409 (1970). In White, noting 'translation abstract prohibition against 'unreasonable searches seizures' workable guidelines particular cases difficult task,' went observe, 15 'Nevertheless, governing principle, justified history current experience, followed: except certain carefully defined classes cases, private property consent 'unreasonable' unless authorized valid warrant.' U.S., 528—529, S.Ct., 1730 1731. 16 He pointed out, too, one's subsists apart his suspected behavior. 530, 17 quite attitude, factor case, seemingly obvious simple we concerned here meaning term. It true statute appear mandatory initial subsequent 'contacts' (which include visits) inception aid. also caseworker's posture perhaps, sense, both rehabilitative investigative. But latter aspect, think, too broad character far more deserves equated context. We note, itself denial act. If withheld, takes place. then never begins merely ceases, be. There search. V were assume visit, qualification benefits, somehow (perhaps average feel position visit), despite interview nature, possess nevertheless conclude fall within Amendment's proscription descend level unreasonableness. unreasonableness standard. Terry 392 1, 9, 88 1868, 1873, 20 889 (1968); Elkins 364 206, 222, 80 1437, 1446, 1669 (1960). Chief Warren observed 'the specific content incidents shaped asserted.' 1873. 19 number factors compel proposed unreasonable: 1. public's interest segment area unfortunate child. focus further, dependent. worthy object concern. child's paramount, hesitancy relegate those needs, scale comparative values, what claims 21 agency, tax well sources, fulfilling trust. State, qualified seeing assuring tax-produced ones dispenses. Surely unreasonable, sense term, Stae command gentle means, limited extent practical considerate application, achieving assurance. 22 3. One dispenses purely charity naturally expects know how charitable utilized put work. public, provider, rightly same. expect more, trust aspect funds, recipient, caseworker, obligation. 4. restoring recipient 'to self-support,' distress. different. 'assistance rehabilitation,' maintaining strengthening life, 'maximum independence consistent maintenance continuing parental protection, *' V); Dandridge Williams, 471, 479, 1153, 1158, 491 (1970), id., 510, 1174 (Marshall, J., dissenting). cooperation specified standards ways. possible 24 5. true, regulation.6 heart administration'; affords personal, orientation, unlike programs'; 'more pronounced orientation' effected Congress 1956 amendments 'gave redoubled importance practice visiting.' Note, Rehabilitation, Investigation Welfare Visit, 79 Yale L.J. 746, 748 established routine besides York.7 6. means employed significant. days visit.8 date specified. 134—a April 1967, set forth n. 2, supra, sets tone. Privacy emphasized. applicant-recipient eligibility. Outside informational records, consulted consent. Forcible false pretenses hours forbidden. HEW Handbook Assistance Administration, pt. 2200(a) 2300; NYCRR 351.1, 351.6, 351.7. All minimizes 'burden' homeowner's unreasonable intrusion. 7. fact, record complaint nothing supports inference desired had obtaining activity. complains awkward retirement hour. suggests entry. refers snooping. describes impolite reprehensible conduct kind. alleges only, general nonspecific terms, previous belief, recipients, 'questions concerning relationships, beliefs behavior raised pressed unnecessary determination eligibility.' Paradoxically, could conference elsewhere yet sought James. census taker's questions. Marshall's opinion, Circuit Judge, Rickenbacker, F.2d 462 (C.A.2 1962), cert. Denied, 371 962, 83 542, 509. What want infant necessities utilize wedge imposing avoid questions kind.9 8. persuaded, be, obtained or, suggested, examining lease birth certificate, medical examinations, interviews school personnel. 943. Although these sources helpful, always verification actual residence physical presence requisites benefits,10 impending needs. And, course, little children, Maurice registered school. 28 9. police uniformed authority. training11 objective is, should welfare, prosecution, profound responsibility. As already stressed, concerns children. deal crime perpetrators crime. sleuth rather, trust, friend need. 10. investigation, equate announced fears join her, proceeding. discourage misrepresentation fraud, byproduct impress dominant investigative aspect. should, chance, lead discovery fraud follow,12 then, even evidence discovered admissible, express expected fact greater ensues citizen conduct. 30 11. plaintiff seriously objectionable features (the obtained), presumably ex parte, execution require justify force, execution13 prescribed visitation. imply either out compliance asserted Of force behind argument, welcome asserting it, rest context, concedes, mere assurance it. setting argument 31 seems akin Internal Revenue Service agent, making audit taxpayer's return, asks taxpayer produce agent's proof deduction computation tax. refuses, absent disallowance claimed consequent additional fully 'rights' refusing proof, detriment results making. So 'right' form cessation aid, similar resultant tax, flows choice entirely hers, magnitude involved. VI 32 (1967), companion 943 inconsistent our here. Those concerned, respectively, city housing inspectors checking violation building's occupancy permit, fire department representative interested city's code. barred warrantless inspection. Frank Maryland, 359 360, 804, 877 (1959), reached opposing request health check rat infestation, pro tanto overruled. Both involved dwelling quarters. do commercial warehouse. 33 facts three significantly different us. Each violations. owner's So, writ prevent pending prosecution. community aspects, highly important, arose genuine followed. 34 contrast, prosecuted prosecuted. Her wishes honored. told, found, applicable statute. payment ceases. Important serious exercised negative initially refrained applying offense, statute, conceivable pertinency. VII 35 Our today mean, challenge circumstances. early morning mass raid recipients unknown. Parrish Civil Comm., 66 Cal.2d 260, 57 Cal.Rptr. 623, 425 P.2d 223 (1967); Reich, Midnight Searches 72 1347 (1963). case. Facts kind day. 36 therefore structured tool; dispensation program; unwarranted invasion privacy; 37 Reversed remanded directions enter dismissal. 38 ordered. 39 directions. 40 WHITE concurs joins exception thereof. 41 DOUGLAS, dissenting. society forms government largesse call 'new property.'1 payrolls property.' Defense contracts, highway multifarious contracts part. subsidies air, rail, carriers. disbursements scientific research.2 TV radio licenses air space course part domain. grants directly indirectly implicate recipients. 43 1969 roughly 127 billion dollars spent federal, state, local governments 'social welfare.'3 To farmers alone almost four paid, part, growing crops. Almost 129,000 $5,000 total exceeding $1,450,000,000.4 instances very large, few running million year. each. 44 Yet every rich poor, rural urban, 'house'—one places protected seizures.'5 question makes subject access inspector oversight, though procedure house penalty not, loss largesse. That, rephrasing problem. Whatever semantics, central power 'buy up' Constitution.6 assertion right, benefit. 45 spoke Speiser Randall, 357 513, 78 1332, 1460, exemptions exercise First 46 'It cannot gainsaid discriminatory exemption engaging speech limitation speech. deny claimants engage penalize them deterrent fine speech.' Id., 518, 1338. 47 Likewise, while second-class mail rates granted withheld Government, allow 'on economic political ideas disseminated.' Hannegan Esquire, Inc., 327 146, 156, 456, 461, 586. 48 Sherbert Verner, 374 398, 1790, 965, providing unemployment insurance accept suitable employment became available lost An unemployed lady offered job requiring work Saturdays Seventh Day Adventist Saturday Sabbath. canceled reversed, saying: ruling forces choose precepts religion hand, abandoning work, hand. Governmental puts burden imposed appellant worship. 50 'Nor South Carolina court's construction saved infirmity compensation appellant's 'privilege.' late day doubt liberties expression infringed placing conditions privilege *. (T)o availability cardinal principle religious faith effectively penalizes liberties.' 404, 406, 1794, 1795. 51 These tradition Chicago, M. St. P. & R. Co., 282 311, 328—329, 159, 163 164, 75 3597 Sutherland, writing said: 52 '(T)he rule depend grantee's submission provisions Constitution.'8 53 said First. speaks seizures, absolute terms. protects perhaps vivid lives sponsored Griswold Connecticut, 484, 85 1678, 1681, 510. regime enterprise capitalism as, ran small factory geared Pentagon's procurement certainly came warrant. 54 That teaching 930, overruled 877, business. stated 'justified experience' 'except added 'businessman, like occupant residence, go business entries 543, 1739. Thee slightest hint Government license 'consent' licensee violated strange jurisprudence safeguards businessman 55 Is 'reasonable' largesse? 56 Skelly Wright problem succinctly: 'Welfare considered equivalent subjected kinds dehumanizing experiences government's effort payments. half expended annually administration policing Why large sums necessary adequately explained. No farmers, airlines, steamship companies, junk dealers, name few. truth subsidy simply adopted double standard, farmer welfare.' Poverty, Minorities, Respect For 1970 Duke 425, 437—438. 58 prominent, affluent cotton wheat crops, approach different? aura suspicion.9 doubtless frauds sector someone prominent influential. rights—here home—are obviously proverty affluence beneficiary. precincts protects; lowly mighty.10 59 '(S)tudies tell typical middle American reaches age whole bundle expectations: homeowner, investor, 'beneficiary.' these, probably resource. Should this, significant rights, entitled quality inferior afforded interests? becomes task surround new protections arbitrary action, substantive procedural enjoyed older law.'11 60 tenements baby women 'mom.' frauds, less obvious, perpetrated. house, get exigent action 'hot pursuit' present, disappear; nor baby. 61 I restrictions entering beneficiaries payroll government, contract having contracts. values peculiar known it; equally relevant socialism entering. Moreover, numbers functionaries multiply, remain. 62 Lord Action Bishop Creighton12 corruption increasingly today: 63 'I your canon judge Pope King men, favourable presumption did wrong. way holders power, increasing increases. Historic responsibility up legal Power tends corrupt corrupts absolutely. Great men bad influence authority: you superadd tendency certainty authority.' 64 bureaucracy modern slow, lumbering, oppressive; omnipresent. touches everyone's numerous points. pries affairs, breaking down barriers individuals erect give insulation intrigues harassments life.13 Isolation guarantee; sanctity sanctuary such—as marked Amendment, McDonald 335 451, 453, 191, 192, 153. depreciate 65 sustain APPENDIX OF DISSENTING STATISTICAL ABSTRACT THE UNITED STATES, 1970, p. 277. 67 Expenditures, Source Funds Program: 1967 68 (In millions dollars) 1968 (prel.) Program ................ Federal. Federal 70 ......................... and. 71 Total........... 53,244. 46,449 60,548 51,497 68,595 58,206 .------------------------------------------------------------ insurance. 30,544. 6,724 35,391 7,302 40,824 7,896 Old-age, survivors, disability, ins 24,581 (X) 28,748 33,389.............. Health aged. 3,395 5,347 6,598 Railroad retirement. 1,278.(X) 1,417 1,547 employee retirement1.3,725 2,178 4,167 2,416 4,739 Unemployment ins. serv.2 790 1,963 873 2,0 2,021 disability insurance3(X) 530 574 635 Hospital benefits.(X) Workmen's compensation4.94. 2,054 103 2,257 114 2,500 681 750 833 aid....... 5,244. 3,567 6,455 4,637 7,851 5,592 4,266. 5,250 6,389 Vendor 1,157 1,226 1,760 1,821 2,186 2,235 Other 979. -. 1,205 - 1,462 programs6.3,681 4,128 4,233 4,038 4,497 care. 1,596 2,658 1,835 2,708 1,967............. 2,827 Civilian programs. 164. 187 200 Department7.1,432.(X) 1,648 1,766 Maternal programs8 139 171 161 176 192 Medical research. 1,290. 65. 1,479 1,401 730 School (educational agencies) 178 190 204 activities9 373 667 427 434 551 527 facilities 284 389 332 461 386 500 Department. 50.(X). Other............. 234. 389. 305 Veterans 6,857. 23. 7,329 7,996 Pensions compensation10.4,487 4,716 5,041 1,346 1,465 1,585 1,250 1,372 1,478 construction. 49.(X) prosthetic research Education......... 297.(X). 466 671 Life insurance11.548.(X). 504 503 other. 179. 179 197 Education 12..... 5,279. 30,389 5,108 33,648 5,079 37,954 Elementary secondary. 2,497 25,247 2,638 28,065 2,472 31,963 Construction 13.... 33. 3,937 4,184 4,620 Higher.......... 2,089. 4,400 1,807 4,800 1,943 5,100 Construction...... 710. 900. 474 1,000 431 1,100 Vocational adult13.552. 742 519 783 514 891APPENDIX (continued) Housing............ 283. 95. 325 446 110 welfare. 1,356. 1,524 1,706 1,736 1,903 2,293 rehabilitation, 319 363 106 98 Institutional care14.15. 880 1,015 1,495 meals...... 442. 147. 544 162 624 Child welfare15... 47. 406. 453 Special OEO programs16.452.(X) 608 647 (X classified17 118 124 TO OPINION Hearings H. 17923 Senate Committee Appropriations, 91st Cong., 2d Sess., 3, 1979. U. S. Agriculture Agricultural Stabilization Conservation ASCS Payments Producers, Programs,1 Calendar Year Amount Percent ---------- Total $3,794,996,353.100 below $5,000. 2,078,439,326. above. 1,457,635,442 Undistributed2... 258,921,585. MARSHALL, BRENNAN joins, substantially agree statement Court's goes appellee germane plainly shows, appellants interviewed Appellants rejected offers terminated solely visit. addition, contention sort exists suspect abuse. Simply stated, submit 'visitations' homes. answering question, dodges issues reach clearly decisions case; unreasonable; waives accepting emphatically disagree conclusions. Furthermore, binding prohibit term' neither 'obvious' 'simple.' governs intrusions agents security, 15, 1878, (1968). Harlan Constitution whatever character. '(It applies) invasions employe man's home," Poe Ullman, 497, 550—551, 1752, 1781, 989 (1961) (dissenting opinion). 'anomalous' criminals 1731, era rapidly burgeoning governmental activities concomitant inspectors, caseworkers, researchers, restriction context' tramples ancient concept castle. Only last Term, reaffirmed none vitality, Rowan Post Office Dept., 728, 738, 1484, 1491, 736 apply benevolent motives dedicated caseworker. seek friends, point sleuths. concedes 'visitation' partially investigative, much emphasis. Emphasis given. Time again, briefs oral emphasized guard felonies.1 report uncovers, N.Y. Law 145. strenuously leading forfeitures including elimination custody. Actually, precisely inspection proscribed severe dignity. convey householder. Fire frequent prevention, wiring capacity, matters, self-interest causes many safety Similarly, Nonetheless, penalties—loss reduction upgrade defect. sufficient grant since applies inspections 531, 1732. stronger inspections, convictions. attempts distinguish telling 'true' 'genuine' searches. concrete distinction prosecutions observe consent, logic in, precedent for, view ambit depends size club wields resisting citizen. relevant, sanction severe? protecting sole herself son. warehouse, $100 suspended fine. Conceding sake nonetheless concludes unreasonable. However, mode reaching conclusion departs entire law. test reasonableness, balance, totally ad hoc fashion, subjective factors. unbroken line holds narrowly drawn exceptions, constitutionally e.g., Agnello 269 32, 4, 6, 145 (1925); Johnson 333 10, 13—14, 367, 368—369, 92 436 (1948); Chapman 365 610, 613—615, 776, 778-779, 828 1730—1731, 762, 2039, 34—35, 1971—1973, suggestion disappear, escape, injured, justifies obtain Instead, asserts amounts allegedly render reasonable. None carve requirement. argued protect 'abuse' 'exploitation.' heinous crimes, confined indigent households. Would sanction, absence compulsory discovering abuse? Or prepared hold matter likely injure exploit children? Such categorical class citizens dangerously odds tenets democracy. Second, contends Interestingly, specify himself thereby rendering alternative sources.2 implication biannual assures strains credulity urban proverty. Despite he visit.3 offer scant explanation attempt expenditure receipts, documents leases, nonhome interviews, sworn declarations, etc. regularly adequate establish setting, ill behooves drastic plight document deduction, analogy flawed. shows anywhere answer questions, documentation desires. curtly insisted pry Tax 'bounty.' dependency exemption, specially trained IRS agent invade questioning occupants looking system proposed, cries outrage unanimous. third partial justification designed rehabilitate, doctrine indeed. paternalistic notion complaining citizen's helping him alien Nation's philosophy. More ago, Brandeis warned: 'Experience teach liberty Government's purposes beneficent.' Olmstead 277 438, 564, 572, 944 (1928) Throughout alternates two views State's Next abuse misappropriation dispensing time, warrant, unreasonable.4 my waived object. threat support. Nor Had squarely faced waiver clear plain. coerce 'waiver' 1347, 1349—1350 (1963); 758 Verner,5 say, 'Aid abridgment freedom.' say Randall,6 increased. compelled relinquish rights.' Brother DOUGLAS points James' 'choice (to searched lose benefits) involved' restates issue. DOUGLAS' eloquent conditions, add Term welfare: 'Relevant restraints withdrawal disqualification discharge employment.' Kelly, 254, 262, 1011, 1017, 287 examination presented constrained me respond. regulations, unconsented visit.7 provides: (state welfare) especially guards violations common decencies areas permission, pretenses; particularly during sleeping 2300(a) (emphasis supplied). tone language descriptive, requirements terms principles objectives, Handbook, I, 4210(3); contend regulation advisory. respond tired threatening constitutes regulation. shares crabbed itself, insists careful scrutiny purported 2400. somewhat ironic adopt person invokes ceases recipient. next disapproved HEW. short utility acceptance casts light prefer impose unwilling remind sampling purposes. special employ control samples, sample. Furthermore admit allowed regulatory history, permits forbid altogether. suppose read section, regulation's explicit language, information, HEW's clients, durable doubtful interpretation resolved manner avoids Delaware Hudson 213 366, 407, 527, 535, 836 (1909), 2200(a). deciding declines follow prior employs rationale citizens, threaten vitality occasionally pushed beyond contours vulnerable basic human values. find irony today's departure principled adjudication placed poor. Perhaps explained why warehouse poor woman's am convinced; therefore, respectfully dissent. 256 1014, grants-in-aid administered according Welfare. 343—362 (1966 Supp.1969 1970). Aspects Smith, 309, 2128, 1118 Shapiro Thompson, 394 618, 1322, 600 supra; Rosado Wyman, 397, 1207, 442 (1970); '§ 134. Supervision officials responsible investigating care, close contact visited frequently rules board and/or circumstances necessary. reinvestigated require.' 134—a, Laws 183, 'In accordance department, investigation reinvestigation reasonably insure expenditures accord chapter conducted applicant reinvestigation, deny, suspend until satisfied eligible therefor.' 'Mandatory least once months 'Section 351.10. Required contacts. described reapplication basis 'a. Determination promptly policy. 351.21. Contacts collateral frequency visits, office correspondence, documentation.' 369.2 part: '(c) minor. minor ADC physical, mental moral well-being safeguarded preserved protected. (1) ability parent achieved, judged self-maintaining community. When, meet usual decency endangered, improve situation. Where appropriate, consultation direct due process Cf. 1011 Wheeler Montgomery, 280, 1026, 307 redeterminations 2200(d). field investigations 'including visits' selected sample cases. Pt. II, 6200(a)(3). Ala., Manual 1—8(B) (1968 rev.); Ariz., Regulations promulgated pursuant Rev.Stat.Ann. 46—203 (1956), Reg. 3—203.6 Ark.Stat.Ann. 83—131 (1960); Cal.State Dept. C—012.50 (1964); Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. 119—9—1 seq. (Supp.1967), 279; Fla.Public 100; Ga.Division Administration—Public Manual, III, V(D)(2), VIII(A)(1)(b) Ill.Rev.Stat., 23, 4—7 Ind.Ann.Stat. 52—1247 (1964), Dept.Pub.Welfare, Regs., 2—403 (1965); Mich.Public Item 243(3)(F)(Rev.) Miss.Code Ann. 7177 (1942) (Laws 1940, 294); Mo.Public Welfare, Nebraska, Plan Regulations, IX, 5760, 5771; N.J., Division pt, 2120, 2122 N.M.Stat.Ann. 13—1—13 (1953), 211.5, 272.11; S.C.Dept. Vol., IV(D)(2); S.D.Comp.Laws 28—7—7 (1967)(formerly S.D.Code 55.3805); Tenn.Code 14—309 (1955), Vol. 212 Wis.Stat. 49.19(2) contains affidavits, essentially identical, (other James) recite 'most often' notice; does, plans carried out; 'very embarrassing company'; 'sometimes questions' front examined which, exhibit, accompanied defendant Wyman's answer. discloses attempted 1969. revealing ever really satisfy eligibility; constant repeated demands; attitude toward reluctance cooperate; evasiveness; occasional belligerency. indications (skull fracture, dent head, bite). picture sad unhappy one. 406(a) 606(a) 349, subd. B, par. Law. amicus brief submitted Employees Union Local 371, AFSCME, AFL—CIO, bargaining staff recites 'caseworkers badly untrained' '(g) enerally, poorly trained, young inexperienced astonishing description union lack members possesses qualifications dedication duty. Crim.Proc. 801. Property, 73 733, 737-739. Ginzberg, Science Policy?, Columbia Forum, Fall 12. Appendix opinion. effects, violated, Warrants issue, Oath affirmation, describing searched, things seized.' Unconstitutional Conditions, Harv.L.Rev. 1595, 1599. Hale, Conditions Constitutional Rights, Col.L.Rev. 321 (1935); Frost Trucking Co. Comm'n, 271 583, 594, 607, 1101. Flemming Nestor, 603, 1367, 1435, tradition. strip away accrued alien, country 1913. From enactment 1955 Nestor employers contributed fund. old-age year later deported member Communist Party 1933 1939—a perfectly member. 1954 passed anyone Party. Like deportation membership law, retroactive. Thus retired condemning member, stripped triggered deportation. constitutionality 5—4 majority. Nestor's taken rights; 'noncontractual' 'not soundly analogized holder annuity.' 1372. congressional 'utterly lacking rational justification.' 611, 1367. freedom speech, withhold conditioned association. right-privilege implicitly explicitly Sherbert. Today's dealing anomaly conditions. Juvenal wrote: 'Poverty's greatest curse, worse mirth, ridiculed, humbled, embarrassed.' Satires (Indiana Univ.Press 1958). 1837 Miln, Pet. 102, 648, ships coming abroad names, ages, etc., shores. 'We think competent precautionary measures pestilence paupers, vagabonds, possibly convicts; pestilence, arise unsound infectious articles imported, ship, crew labouring disease.' 142. regretfully ideologically vintage. outcome 351.21, contacts worker. ('Mandatory *.') termination. 'discontinue, reduce' made, 351.26 'written demonstrate discontinued, reduced.' Since apparently dispositive matter. conceded commissioner. appellee, pursue remedy irrelevant posed Except (Social 372 (Emergency Assistance)) potential notified 351.14(b) denial. Then 'fair hearing' Board Rule 358. Again emergency unclear. 372.3 recognizes pending. seem, implicit disposed of, terminate. Also periods excess consecutive 12-month period. 372.1. Jones, 143, 154—155 (1958). J. Acton, Essays Freedom (H. Finer 1948). Mass raids matters record. 223, discharged 'illegal activity' back pay. Represents zero. X Not applicable. Excludes refunds leaving service. data military Includes employees ex-servicemen, trade adjustment cash training allowances. Programs operate only: Calif., N. Y., I. Benefits carriers, self-insurers. Work surplus food needy, stamps, Job Corps, Neighborhood Youth Work-Experience programs Economic Opportunity Act. domiciliary institutions tuberculosis, included series. cost families. crippled water sanitation services. burial awards. servicemen's group costs (Office Education) shown separately total. vocational adult education elementary-secondary expenditures. primarily nonprofit institutions. title migrant workers, VISTA expenses Opportunity. Welfare; Indian welfare; aging activities; manpower items. Source: Administration; Bulletin, December acreage diversion cotton, feed grain, wheat; price grain; marketing certificates; cost-share Program, conservation Appalachia programs; land cropland conversion, adjustment, reserve milk indemnity Does loans purchases, Sugar National Wool producers vendors materials transferred technical Program; promotion fund Sheep Producers Council. Size Groupings (Excludes sugar wool payments) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Range Number ------------------------------------------------------------------- $7,499. 61,330 . $ 370,839,000 $7,500 $9,999. 25,859 222,488,754 $10,000 $14,999. 21,147 254,979,861 $15,000 24,999. 12,856 242,547,832 $25,000 $49,999. 6,029 200,524,421 $50,000 $99,999. 1,404 91,191,225 $100,000 $499,999. 346 55,113,824 $500,000 $999,999. 7,668,176 $1,000,000 over. 12,282,349 Total........ 128,987 $1,457,635,442 appellants' Reply Brief illustrations visit's efficacy. first, man terminated. second, discovered. 2200(e)(1). suspicious absence, hope remains seen undercuts verify form, discussed standard Certainly, conduct, cause. analysis inclined 965 1460 time-honored reviewing avoided, Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 346—348, 466, 482—484, 688 (1936) (Brandeis, concurring); see, chose invoke doctrine, litigation issues. nonconstitutional briefed curiae responded Brief. parties grounds; we, bound strategies.

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