Document: 369 U.S. 355 82 S.Ct. 780 7 L.Ed.2d 798 ATLANTIC AND GULF STEVEDORES, INC., Petitioner,v.ELLERMAN LINES, LTD., and the City Line, Ltd. No. 282. Argued Feb. 20, 1962. Decided April 2, Rehearing Denied May 14, See 882, 1137. Francis E. Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa., for petitioner. Martin J. McHugh, New York City, National Ass'n of Stevedores, amicus curiae. Thomas Byrne, Jr., respondents. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered opinion court. 1 Leighton Board was a longshoreman employed by Atlantic Gulf Inc. Atlantic, petitioner, performed stevedoring services Beard received injuries while helping to discharge bales burlap from vessel owned These bales, loaded in India, were bound four parallel one-inch steel bands that petitioner had not placed around but part cargo; each bale, containing 30 40 bolts burlap, stowed tiers. The discharging operation consisted pulling their positions hatch then raising them vertically through lowering onto pier. This accomplished using ring which six equal-length ropes attached. A hook on end rope; two hooks used three being raised one operation. his co-workers would signal winch operator pull stow position under hatch. When sideways movement ended, be vertically. After several hours unloading operation, bale broke. fell, injuring Beard. 2 evidence showed played no loading or stowage this cargo burlap. There sixty-three tons forward hold destined York; they extended halfway into space unloaded after hold. fell struck bounded toward Beard, pinning him against bulkhead causing resulting amputation right leg. 3 sued respondents District Court basis diversity citizenship, alleging unseaworthy negligent. Respondents impleaded it negligent its manner method asking indemnity case held liable Counsel near trial agreed upon five special interrogatories, jury responded as follows: 4 '1. Was unseaworthiness substantial factor plaintiff? 5 Yes. 6 2. there negligence Ellerman Lines, Ltd., 8 3. In what amount, if any, did you assess damages awarded 9 $100,000. 10 4. If have answered yes Interrogatories fault arise out any failure Inc., do work accordance with contractual obligation? 11 12 5. Interrogatory Inc.'s breach contract bringing about 13 14 thereupon entered judgment favor respondents' claim indemnity. 15 On appeal argued, inter alia, finding warranted because failed provide safe place view stowed. With Appeals agreed. Negligence respondents, said, also established knowledge chief mate use books dangerous way broke 'roughly between percent bales' during operations. court said though may been customary such sufficient relieve negligence. 16 It went say show virtue loading, affording work. held, however, since 'warranty workmanlike service extends handling * well equipment incidental handling' (Waterman S.S. Corp. v. Dugan & McNamara, 364 421, 423, 81 200, 201, 169), liable, matter law, For permit an unsafe place, 'equally negligent' handle did, light where worked. 289 F.2d 207. 17 therefore affirmed issue (without reaching question unseaworthiness), reversed Atlantic. is here petition certiorari. 368 874, 122, 76. 18 We might agree questions fact left us. But neither we nor can redetermine facts found more than predetermine them. Seventh Amendment says 'no tried jury, shall otherwise reexamined United States, according rules common law.' 19 requirements brought play case, even maritime contract.1 Since 'loading stowing ship's cargo' 'maritime service,' stevedore recover employer admiralty latter's (Atlantic Transport Co. West Virginia Imbrovek, 234 52, 61, 34 733, 735, 58 L.Ed. 1208), conditions provided Longshoremen's Act, 33 U.S.C. § 905, U.S.C.A. 905. And when shipowner same suit over company order prevent needless multiplicity litigation. American Stevedores Porello, 330 446, 456, 67 847, 852, 91 1011. 20 Congress 1789, giving Federal Courts original jurisdiction civil cases admiralty, has saved 'to suitors all other remedies are entitled.' 28 1333(1), 1333(1). Therefore, contract, pursued ordinary action,2 since, unlike proceeding Moses Taylor, Wall. 411, 397, personam. 'Where personam, either or, saving clause, appropriate non-maritime court, action.' Gilmore Black, Law Admiralty (1957), p. 36. suits law side restricted enforcement common-law rights extend torts. Seas Shipping Sieracki, 328 85, 88—89, 66 872, 90 1099. 21 federal courts reason citizenship carried it, course, jury. As Jones 46 688 (Schulz Pennsylvania R. Co., 350 523, 76 608, 100 668; Senko LaCrosse Dredging Corp., 352 370, 77 415, 404) Employers' Liability 45 51 et seq. (Tennant Peoria P.U.R. 321 29, 64 409, 88 520; Ellis Union Pacific 329 649, 653, 598, 600, 572; Dice Akron, C. Y.R. 342 359, 72 312, 96 398; Rogers Missouri 500, 443, 493), remedy. Thus provisions Amendment, noted above, play. Schulz supra, at 524, 609. recently stated another fashions 'the policy favoring decisions disputed questions.' Byrd Blue Ridge Rural Elec. Cooperative, 356 525, 538, 539, 78 893, 901, 953. see Herron Southern Pac. 283 91, 94 95, 383, 384, 75 857. 22 answer interrogatories Nos. perform obligation should 'with every care due dispatch satisfaction' owners. charge owner duty longshoremen work; whether warning made contention that, anyone leaving shifting petitioner's negligence, theirs. charged liability, case. referred saying obliged unload utmost care.' 23 too restrictively, attention called only hook. judge indeed charge: 24 'You must question, reasonable cargo? Taking consideration done period years, usual accepted various places, will examine nature application take testimony both experts, counsel argued interpretation results feel side.' 25 further responsible breaking bands, liable: 26 '* find conduct band, rather band,3 defendant shipping companies; make circumstances, persuades band—not band itself.' 27 verdict determine created condition liable. charged: 'There again run whole gamut You decide unreasonable cargo, placing Did care? steamship says, 'Yes, did. They breached contract. manner. All points care, caused liability ours, plaintiff secured us defendants." 29 Whether look reasonably Stevedores. not, manner, warranty sub-standard performance foreseeable some injury happen eventuate, company.' More specifically was, interference, claims, safety. 31 'On hand, 'This our job; stevedores. We, company, failing get way.' 32 'The asserts asks believe weigh balance meeting burden he establish fair preponderance officer stop 'If find, liable; stevedores liable." disagree limited cargo.' F.2d, 208. determining 'whether discharge' included totality circumstances. stored prominent case; precise indicated. Yet ask phase controversy. requested specific, except maintained,4 Appeals, these circumstances law. 35 cannot omitted ingredient liability. Moreover, jury's inconsistent. 36 record affords ample fact-finding (1) constituted (2) injured afforded work.' 37 So far know those grounds solely third, namely, defective bands—a covered unseaworthiness, properly so. Weyerhaeuser S. Nacirema Operating 563, 567, 438, 440, 491. facts, plainly warranty. Where makes answers consistent, resolved way. search possible inconsistent collision Amendment. Arnold Panhandle S.F.R. 353 360, 840, 889. Cf. Dick Life Ins. 359 437, 79 921, 927, 935. 38 Reversed. 39 HARLAN concurs result. STEWART, whom FRANKFURTER joins, dissenting. 41 my correctly ruled entitled principles first set forth Ryan Stevedoring PanAtlantic 124, 232, 133, followed 491, Crumady H. Fisser, 358 445, 413, Waterman 169. 42 Beard's action based unseaworthiness. alleged permitting particularly officer's statement thought dangerous, improperly thereby work.1 determined ground support general determination I understand contested here. necessarily carry conclusion 43 last Term stevedore's *.' surely service' instance. Similarly, location so-called work, before moving bales. business danger least apparent Under removed Philadelphia cargo. 44 questionable involved depend need pursue inquiry, event nothing removes give proper instructions reviewing correct judge's errors. Fed.Rules Civ.Proc., 50, Here, vis-a -vis error so instructing affirm. 'comparable manufacturer's soundness manufactured product. shipowner's changed tort simply recovery turn standard service. Pan-Atlantic 133—134, 237—238, 133. Suits contracts head jurisdiction. Pope Talbot, Hawn, 346 406, 74 202, 98 143; Wilburn Boat Fireman's Fund 348 310, 368, 99 337. 'if defective, inadequate, insufficient defendants doctrine unseaworthiness.' One charges was: 'If, defendant, your existing time accident, Inc.' suggests third inspect fell. No ever submitted issues respect related plaintiff's claim.

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