Document: 483 U.S. 868 107 S.Ct. 3164 97 L.Ed.2d 709 Joseph G. GRIFFIN, Petitioner,v.WISCONSIN. No. 86-5324. Argued April 20, 1987. Decided June 26, Syllabus Wisconsin law places probationers in the legal custody of State Department Health and Social Services renders them "subject to . conditions set by rules regulations established department." One such regulation permits any probation officer search a probationer's home without warrant as long his supervisor approves there are "reasonable grounds" believe presence contraband. In determining whether exist, an must consider variety factors, including information provided informant, reliability specificity that information, informant's reliability, officer's experience with probationer, need verify compliance law. Another forbids probationer possess firearm advance approval. Upon received from police detective were or might be guns petitioner apartment, officers searched apartment found handgun. Petitioner was tried convicted felony possession felon, state trial court having denied motion suppress evidence seized during after concluding no necessary reasonable. The Court Appeals Supreme affirmed. Held: 1. warrantless petitioner's residence "reasonable" within meaning Fourth Amendment because it conducted pursuant is itself reasonable response "special needs" system. Pp. 872-880. (a) Supervision need" may justify departures usual probable-cause requirements. ensure restrictions fact observed, serves genuine rehabilitation period, community not harmed being at large. 873-875. (b) valid Wisconsin's system make requirement impracticable replacement standard regulation's standard. It dispense here, since would interfere appreciable degree setting up magistrate rather than determiner how closely supervised, making more difficult for officials respond quickly misconduct, reducing deterrent effect possibility expeditious searches otherwise create. Moreover, unlike who conducts ordinary search, required have welfare particularly mind. A unduly disrupt supervisory arrangement lessening range could deciding search. agency able act based upon lesser certainty order intervene before damages himself society, proceed on basis its entire assess probabilities light knowledge life, character, circumstances. Thus, permit officer, firsthand knowledge, support probationary All indicates, did likelihood facts justifying 875-880. 2. conclusion question constitutional makes unnecessary lawful when contraband present. P. 880. 131 Wis.2d 41, 388 N.W.2d 535 (1986), SCALIA, J., delivered opinion Court, which REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, POWELL, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, filed dissenting opinion, MARSHALL, joined, Parts I-B I-C BRENNAN, Part STEVENS, post, p. ----. Alan Habermehl, Madison, Wis., petitioner. Barry M. Levenson, respondent. Justice SCALIA Court. 1 Griffin, probation, had acting warrant. gun later served Griffin's conviction state-law weapons offense. We granted certiorari, 479 1005, 643, 93 699 this violated Amendment. 2 * On September 4, 1980, previously been felony, resisting arrest, disorderly conduct, obstructing officer. He placed probation. 3 puts Wis.Stat. § 973.10(1) (1985-1986). Department's contraband—including item cannot under conditions. Wis.Admin.Code HSS §§ 328.21(4), 328.16(1) (1981).1 rule provides should factors among informant (including has incentive supply inaccurate information), own "need supervision federal law." 328.21(7). violation terms refuse consent 328.04(3)(k). And still another approval 328.04(3)(j). 4 5, 1983, while Griffin Michael Lew, Beloit Police apartment. Unable secure assistance accompanied three plainclothes policemen, went When answered door, Lew told him they informed going home. During subsequent search—carried out entirely authority regulation—they 5 charged felony. 941.29(2) moved motion, jury firearms violation, he sentenced two years' imprisonment. affirmed Appeals, 126 183, 376 62 (1985). 6 further appeal, also denial suppression proper diminishes expectation privacy—so may, consistent Amendment, warrant, only (not probable cause) held satisfied Federal Constitution, detective's tip regulation, came someone reason specifically identified suggested 52-64, 535, 539-544 (1986). II 7 think correctly concluded violate To reach result, however, we find embrace new principle law, evidently did, satisfies possessed As sentence commission crime, committed Services, thereby made subject regulations. demands carried Amendment's reasonableness well-established principles. A. 8 home, like anyone else's, protected "reasonable." Although usually require undertaken (and thus supported cause, Constitution says warrants be), see, e.g., Payton v. New York, 445 573, 586, 100 1371, 1380, 63 639 (1980), permitted exceptions needs, beyond normal enforcement, impracticable." Jersey T.L.O., 469 325, 351, 105 733, 748, 83 720 (1985) (BLACKMUN, concurring judgment). government employers supervisors conduct warrantless, work-related employees' desks offices O'Connor Ortega, 480 709, 1492, 94 714 (1987), school some student property, supra. held, similar reasons, certain circumstances investigators conducting regulatory scheme adhere requirements their meet legislative administrative standards." Camara Municipal 387 523, 538, 87 1727, 1736, 18 930 (1967). See York Burger, 482 691, 702-703, 2636, ----, 96 601 (1987); Donovan Dewey, 452 594, 602, 101 2534, 2539, 69 262 (1981); United States Biswell, 406 311, 316, 92 1593, 1596, 32 (1972). 9 State's operation system, school, office prison, regulated industry, likewise presents enforcement Probation, incarceration, "a form criminal sanction imposed offender verdict, finding, plea guilty." Killinger, H. Kerper, & Cromwell, Probation Parole Criminal System 14 (1976); see U.S.C. 3651 (1982 ed. Supp. III) (probation instead imprisonment); 973.09 (1985-1986) (same).2 simply one point (or, accurately, points) continuum possible punishments ranging solitary confinement maximum-security facility few hours mandatory service. number different options lie between those extremes, medium- minimum-security facility, work-release programs, "halfway houses," probation—which can less confining depending severity imposed. See, 3563 ed., (effective Nov. 1, 1987) authorized include requiring avoid other crimes; pursue employment; occupations, places, people; spend evenings weekends prison; narcotics excessive use alcohol). greater degree, always true (as said parolees) do enjoy "the absolute liberty every citizen entitled, but conditional properly dependent observance special [probation] restrictions." Morrissey Brewer, 408 471, 480, 2593, 2600, 33 484 10 These meant assure period Tarrell, 74 647, 652-653, 247 696, 700 (1976). same goals exercise observed. Recent research suggests intensive reduce recidivism, Petersilia, Felony Offenders, 49 Fed. (June 1985), importance grown become increasingly common serious crimes, id., 4. Supervision, then, permitting impingement privacy if applied public That permissible unlimited, so next turn exceeded here. B 11 take interpreted corrections courts. already noted, Court—the ultimate issues "had" "may had" illegal weapon constituted requisite grounds." Wis.2d, 64, N.W.2d, 544. Whether choose interpret similarly worded fashion, bound court's interpretation, relevant our analysis insofar fixes regulation.3 clear needs cause grounds," defined 12 judge close requires. delay inherent obtaining U.S., 340, S.Ct., 743, create, 710, ----; 1596. By way analogy, contemplate parental custodial impaired judicial minor child's room. side equation—the dispensing probationer: impartial magistrate, neither normally against citizen. employee who, assuredly protecting interest, supposed mind (who called "client," 328.03(5)). applicable him, example, "[p]rovid[e] individualized counseling designed foster growth development client necessary," 328.04(2)(i), "[m]onito[r] client's progress where services evaluat[e] continuation services," 328.04(2)(o). setting, requirement. 13 BLACKMUN's dissent retain requirement, though agreeing does cause. This, combination text nor prior decisions permits. While say reverse runs provision "no Warrants shall issue, cause." Amdt. prescribes, words, matter nature arguably come exception prescription warrants,4 necessarily issued courts,5 never done constitutionally mandated warrants. There remains "[i]f required, flexibly rigorous issue." Frank Maryland, 359 360, 373, 79 804, 812, 877 (1959). BLACKMUN gives justification departure considers implications body regime disrupted present case, most unlikely unauthenticated officer—bearing, far record shows, indication or, not, source reliable, merely stating "had have" residence, certainly them—would But case related respects: First, even arrangement. assured perhaps socially dangerous) activities sufficiently concealed give rise suspicion, go undetected uncorrected. second difference well reflected specifying what considered "[i]n grounds living quarters property contain contraband," elements consider, detail consistency suggesting motivation dissemble 328.21(7)(c), (d), "[i]nformation possesses "[t]he staff member circumstance." 328.21(7)(f), (g). true, (1985), deal situation ongoing relationship—and least entirely, adversarial—between object decisionmaker.6 15 both unrealistic destructive whole continuing relationship insist demonstrable particular items supporting data, contexts. cases—especially involving drugs weapons—the damage society. agency, moreover, 16 allow adequate play officer,7 unwilling disclose confidential sources personnel. For reason, very assumption institution likely enough ("had guns") search.8 17 governing probationers. This whether, below urges, foregoing judgment Affirmed. whom MARSHALL joins and, I-C, BRENNAN STEVENS joins, dissenting. 19 ruling today takes step protection given "right people persons, houses, papers, effects, unreasonable seizures." my view, status abandon system's suspicion," met case. 20 "exceptional enforcement," 749, (opinion judgment), application Court's balancing test examination practicality fails recognize threshold determination needs. provide searches. "[O]nly practical realities suggest official obtain sacrificing contribute, 'balancing' formulate context." 741, 1511, (1987) (dissenting opinion). justifies resort test, preordain necessity recognizing 21 My leads me conclude agent reduced level suspicion. acknowledged supervision, I means privacy.1 neutral check demonstrated begin approach 22 dealing average citizen, person crime.2 creates supervision. therefore agree latitude observing carry responsibilities effectively. Recidivism major problem, combating threat. ante, 875. crucial advancing allowing first sign trouble. 23 important aspect monitoring conditions, violations. extensive inquiry gather establish occurred, allows earlier stage protect aid rehabilitation. At time, applied, suspicion will unwarranted intrusions into privacy. 24 think, modification afforded place traditionally regarded center person's private bastion legitimate Silverman States, 365 505, 511, 81 679, 683, 734 (1961) ("At core [of Amendment] stands right man retreat free governmental intrusion"). consistently seizures absent exigent Karo, 468 705, 714-715, 104 3296, 3302-3303, 82 530 (1984); Steagald 451 204, 1642, 68 38 (1981) (arrest inadequate third party); (1980) (warrantless arrest suspect unconstitutional). 25 "It axiomatic 'physical entry chief evil wording directed.' District 407 297, 313 [92 2125, 2134, 752] principal dwellings agents seek enter purposes arrest. surprising, therefore, recognized, 'a "basic law[,]" inside presumptively unreasonable.' 586 [100 1380]." Welsh Wisconsin, 466 740, 748-749, 2091, 2097, 80 732 (1984) (footnote omitted citation omitted). 26 administrative-inspection cases inapposite Each fall administrative-warrant concerned attached "closely regulated" business. (vehicle dismantlers); (mines); (1972) (gun dealers). reasoning inspection business enterprise extend invasion recognized 27 lives often, family. retains interest respected incompatible substantial T.L.O. issue resolved "ensure [privacy] interests students invaded achieve end preserving schools." 343, 744. standard, satisfy probation's dual safety encouraging probationer. 28 result visit required. Cf. Wyman James, 400 309, 91 381, (1971). tip, ostensibly police, purpose uncovering violation. nothing about these If compelling delay, then immediately create separate existing all flexibility 29 illustrate impediment achievement supervisor, T. waited "[t]wo hours" receiving telephone proceeded App. 16. testified waiting return attending proceeding, eventually requested initiate Id., 16, 51. Mr. plenty time themselves investigated report safeguards review. 30 appears hold curious benefit notes searches, "supposed probationer." Ante, 876. implication inappropriate law-enforcement Even data notion, review complete removal Furthermore, gain fail role " 'foster[ing] client,' ibid. quoting 328.04(2)(i) (1981), enhanced slightest bit ability checks anything, power decide prove barrier establishing trust "client." 31 stressing agent, judge, supervised be. argument mistakes issue. discretion over supervision—the introduces decision full-blown stake. analogy parents children completely unfounded. situations too obvious belabor. Unlike parent's interaction her child, operation, explicit standards. Experience shown best determine standards justified. excellent illustration justified C concludes "because principles." 873. seems single decision. 880, n. 8. faced patent failure comply regulations, "is irrelevant us" regulations." Ibid. happen define steps present, ignored. existence facial automatically termed tautological. content discern whatsoever. unverified unknown source. With recall gun, although thought "probably" Officer Pittner. Pittner, remember call. 39. From reveals, call anyone. plausible all, impersonating 34 assuming spoke little demonstrate reveal precise tip. actually reported possession, 51, apartment." 14. stages proceedings. Nor know anything information. belief founded hunch, rumor, Without knowing impossible conclusion, let alone 35 failed rudimentary effort confirm evaluate Conspicuously attempt governed 328.21(7) (1981).3 No observations considered, subsection (7)(a), consult personal subsections (7)(c) (d) evaluation relied informant. basic Subsection (7)(f) referred "information client" explanatory stated talked Sometimes, elicit helpful made." 328.21 App., 250. too, considerations finding petitioner, presented 328.21(7)(h) (i). 36 majority acknowledges "most unlikely" "probable cause" 878. concludes, "ordinary" agency. view relationship, consideration unless adheres sophistic rely drew house. contact familiar commencing Nor, discussed above, otherwise, 37 many country, crimes widely seriousness. determined subjected absence authorizing overlooks feeble respectfully dissent. 39 40 Mere speculation sufficient nonconsensual understand five Members contrary conclusion. Accordingly, 328 promulgated December 1981 became effective January 1982. Effective May 1986, repealed repromulgated somewhat numbering substantive changes. 60, 7, 542, cite old version 328.21, recently prison allegedly infringing rights 'reasonably penological interests.' O'Lone Estate Shabazz, 342, 349, 2400, 2404, 282 (quoting Turner Safley, 78, 89, 2254, 2261, 64 (1987)). occasion general matter, applies well. conform pain penalty restriction movements—the adopt unnatural interpretation language notice. Kolender Lawson, 461 352, 357-358, 103 1855, 1858-1859, 75 903 (1983); Lambert California, 355 225, 228, 78 240, 242, 228 (1957). here since, penalties entails) authorized, 328.04(3)(k), elsewhere advised, request were, notified "exigent circumstances" undertaken. context, formally cause," context term referring quantum evidence, reasonableness. Marshall Barlow's, Inc., 436 307, 320, 98 1816, 1824, 56 305 (1978); 528, 1730, contexts, refer distinguished suspicion." 724, (plurality); 341-342, 742-743, plainly sense uses term. 881-883 (less suspicion"). supra, 1816 ("We Act unconstitutional purports authorize inspections equivalent"). "neutral magistrate," Camara, 532, 1732, officer," 323, 1826, envisioned judge," 887, authorities peculiar Our discussion pertains reasons generally proposition left expertise supportable concrete consequence. note, nonetheless, dissenters error assert 890. reached; material contained file used appear. speculate "but officer." Post, 888. court, 62, 543. ibid., clearly erroneous. comport did. belabor earlier, interpreted, meets minimum procedures followed, standards, us. deny recognizes "judicial warrants." 877-878. judiciary. (1967) ("These questions reviewed magistrate"); 1822, (1978) (warrant "impose burdens courts"); 1826 "would assurances Constitution"). curious, reference party argued importing necessitated "essential goals" "maintaining institutional security internal discipline" walls prison. Bell Wolfish, 441 520, 546, 99 1861, 1878, 60 447 (1979). confinement. cited provided: "(7) contraband, consider: "(a) member; "(b) Information informant; "(c) on; evaluating attention detailed corroborated; "(d) supplied reliable past, information; "(e) activity relates contraband; "(f) "(g) circumstance; "(h) Prior client; "(i) (1981). administration amended recently. 871, Under word "should" changed "shall" throughout subsection. 328.21(6)

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