Document: 330 U.S. 469 67 S.Ct. 801 91 L.Ed. 1028 CARDILLO, Deputy Com'r, Employees' Compensation Commission,v.LIBERTY MUT. INS. CO. et al. No. 265. Argued Jan. 10, 1947. Decided March Mr. Philip Elman, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Arthur J. Phelan, respondents. Justice MURPHY delivered the opinion Court. 1 Petitioner, Commissioner United States Commission, issued an order under District Columbia Workmen's Act1 awarding compensation to widow one Clarence H. Ticer. It was specifically found that injury which led Ticer's death 'arose out and in course employment.' The propriety effect finding are main focal points our inquiry this case. 2 Section Act provides part 'The provisions entitled 'Longshoremen's Harbor Workers' Act,' * shall apply respect or employee employer carrying on any employment Columbia, irrespective place where occurs.' Longshoremen's Act,2 § 2(2), turn defines term 'injury' include 'accidental arising employment, *.' A 'arising employment' is therefore essential award Act. 3 In support his case made various findings fact. These may be summarized as follows: 4 Ticer wife were residents Columbia. He had been regularly employed since about 19343 electrician by E. C. Ernst, Inc., a contractor engaged electrical construction work surrounding areas. November, 1940, transferred from project at Quantico Marine Base Quantico, Virginia. His continued over three years until time December, 1943. 5 There all times agreement between workers' union employer. 15(b) provided 'Transportation necessary expense such board lodging furnished (by employer) outside Columbia.' sum $2 day fixed parties transportation represented approximate cost travel return. This paid others addition regular hourly rate pay. And it lieu employer's furnishing transportation. 6 Because job site several miles away bus train terminal, co-workers drive their own automobiles work. employees formed car pool. Each morning they started respective homes drove designated meeting Roaches Run, From point would proceed Base. procedure repeated reverse evening. workers alternated use cars Run site. Non-members pool each owner $1 round trip. 7 aware means being used acquiesced therein. On December 13, 1943, driving direct route home, following close day's Four riding with him, two them non-members As approached Fort Belvoir, Virginia, large stone, came rear wheel passing truck, crashed through windshield car. struck head, crushing skull. Death resulted four days later. 8 presented claim compensation. At hearing before Commissioner, insurance carrier contended Virginia Commission sole jurisdiction did not arise employment. ruled against these contentions. After making foregoing findings, he entered benefits funeral expenses claimant. 9 then brought action Court set aside Commissioner. They renewed jurisdictional objection alleged lack substantial evidence arose dismissed complaint, holding Commissioner's supported record respects accordance law. appeal, Appeals reversed, justice dissenting. 154 F.2d 529. Without upon issue, court held arisen felt become entirely free control thereafter assumed risk subjecting himself hazards highway. We granted certiorari petition alleging conflict decision Voehl v. Indemnity Ins. Co., 288 162, 53 380, 77 676, 87 A.L.R. 245. 10 noted, deemed unnecessary dispose question whether instant claim. But reviewing administrative order, ordinarily preferable, issue raised permits adjudication, federal first satisfy itself agency officer matter dispute. same time, however, needless remand determination issue. That considered determined who sustained facts pertinent seriously disputed has fully briefed argued us. circum tances warranted. accordingly consideration 11 aided here, course, provision 20 that, proceedings Act, 'presumed, absence contrary'—a applies equal force great weight will rejected only there apparent error. Davis Department Labor Industries, 317 249, 256, 257, 63 225, 229, 246. conclusion exists both statutory record. 12 consider rests statement 'shall occurs; except applying 'employer' mean every person 'employee' person.' no here but employer; latter its business District, well contention despite broad sweep language, employee, during whole spent more working within than District. Using criterion, said inapplicable continuously prior accident nothing period. implication workmen's law applicable. 13 indicates hired 1934 worked projects around when assigned project. While Base, orders subject anytime pay either carried him given directly commuted daily home 14 hold without merit light facts. Nothing history, purpose language warrants limitation preclude application so many words 'irrespective Those leave possible room reading implied exception excluding those like have personal connections injured Whether covers remotely related we need now discuss arguments based hypothetical situations 15 Nor does policy suggest justify proposed exception. prime provide practical expeditious remedy industrial accidents employers limited determinate liability. See Bradford Electric Light Co. Clapper, 286 145, 159, 52 .Ct. 571, 575, 76 1026, 82 696. relatively quite small area; assign some do geographical boundaries, especially nearby Maryland When reside while performing assignments, come intent design statute extent whose injuries occur solely other words, District's legitimate interest providing adequate measures fortuitous circumstance injury. vary amount percentage performed Rather depends connection particular employee-employer relationship, present Such essence holdings Appeals. B. F. Goodrich Britton, 78 U.S.App.D.C. 221, 139 362; Travelers Cardillo, 392, 141 394, 364. applied, satisfies constitutional questions due process full faith credit. Alaska Packers Ass'n Industrial Accident 294 532, 55 518, 79 1044. Cf. supra. 16 Hence conclude entertain resident assignments 17 Our approach problem grows Long-shoremen's applicable 19(a) filing 'claim compensation' specifies 'the deputy commissioner power authority hear determine claim.' Thus necessarily fall scope authority. 21(b) suspended injunction instituted district courts 'if law.' 18 determining must draw inference what basic inference, vital validity subsequently entered. judicial review sharply provisions. If inconsistent law, conclusive. No can because opposite thought reasonable; nor substituted belief chosen factually questionable. supra, page 166, 381, 245; Del Vecchio Bowers, 296 280, 287, 56 190, 193, 80 229; South Chicago Coal & Dock Bassett, 309 251, 258, 60 544, 548, 84 732; Parker Motor Boat Sales, 314 244, 246, 62 223, 86 184; 19 matters draws undisputed rather controverted. Boehm 326 293, 66 120, 124. likewise immaterial permit drawing diverse inferences. alone charged duty initially selecting seems most reasonable choice, if otherwise sustainable, disturbed court. 229. Moreover, fact type involves phrase specific gives rise greater review. National Relations Board Hearst Publications, 322 111, 131, 64 851, 860, 88 1170; Internal Revenue Scottish American Inv. 323 119, 124, 65 169, 171, 89 113; Unemployment Aragan, 329 143, 153, 245, 250. Even legal factual nature, court's function exhausted becomes evident choice roots forbidden result permitting suspension setting attention cast drawn conclusion, task end. 21 basis clear. employment,' appears laws, deceptively simple litigiously prolific.4 applied received traveling places work, generally construed 382, employment; ordinary journey, faced travelers unrelated business. certain exceptions general rule recognized. relate journey fairly regarded service. thus dependent nature circumstances necessitate careful evaluation terms. 22 Under least recognized Appeals: (1) requires trave highways; (2) contracts furnish work; (3) emergency calls, firemen; (4) uses highway something incidental knowledge approval Ward 343, 135 260, 262. also Lake City Bridgeport, 102 Conn. 337, 128 A. 782. deciding injury, incurred traveling, applicability rule. Here decided second applicable, contracted actually supplying itself. cannot say wrong 23 rigid principles guide 'No exact formula laid down automatically solve case.' Cudahy Packing Nebraska Parramore, 263 418, 424, 44 154, 68 366, 30 532; relationship perused discover employer, express dealing, For reason error emphasize acts movements presence certainly factor considered. decisive. An controlling occurs. supra; supra.5 24 Indeed, import common concepts erect cases encumber duties technicalities unrealities marked fields. pages 121, 125, 855, 856, 857, Hust Moore-McCormack Lines, 328 707, 723—725, 1218, 1226, 1227. refuse do. modern development growth industry, consequent changes relations profound character degree take away, measure, doctrines rest common-law liability master servant, leaving necessity field debatable ground good deal conceded favor forms legislation, calculated establish new bases harmony changed conditions.' 423, 532. 25 formal principle invalidate instance. wages clearly immaterial. supra.6 consequence contract obligation actual paying costs allowing make whatever saw fit. To sure, merely pays transportation, occurring mere payment costs.7 assuming correct justified, costs. Where obligation, irrelevant performs vehicle, hiring vehicle independent contractor, arrangements carrier, reimbursing vehicles, desire use. promised compensability way method employed.8 standpoint, carry desire; rights unaffected made. 26 Turning find ample sustaining evidence. governed terms long-standing Local Union 26, International Brotherhood Electrical Workers (of member) Institute Contractors Inc. member). Rule ecessary 27 different ways jobs past, station wagon passenger transport employees. times, allowance cover automobile. followed, written amended way, simply communicating ascertain defray agreed affected contractors Institute; bids. 28 project, per after investigation into railroad pay, change contract. 29 distant location hours inadequacy public facilities combined essential, matter, manner obtained job. city Extended cross-country necessary. might expected furnish. illustrates drawn. felt, original followed oral place. decide view justified enough sufficient 31 case, concluding resulting should sustained. 32 Reversed. 33 FRANKFURTER concurs result. 34 JACKSON BURTON dissent. May 17, 1928, 45 Stat. 600, D.C.Code, Title 36, Chap. 5, 1, U.S.C.A. 901 note. 4, 1927, c. 509, 1424, U.S.C. seq., seq. period months 1938 1939 Government. few seemingly fruitful (or fruitless) source mass decisions turning nice distinctions refinements subtle mind reader maze confusion. number counsel can, cases, cite resolving favour, whichever side be, dispute.' Lord Wrenbury Herbert Fox (1916) A.C. 405, 419. Dodd, Administration (1936), pp. 680—687; Horovitz, 'Modern Trends Compensation,' Ind.L.J. 473, 497—564; Injury Laws (1944), 93—173; Brown, "Arising Laws,' Wis.L.Rev. 15, 67, 134, 217. Gagnebin 140 Cal.App. 80, P.2d 1052; Keely Metropolitan Edison 157 Pa.Super. 63, 41 A.2d 420; McKinney Dorlac, 48 N.M. 149, 146 867; Exelbert Klein Kavanagh, 243 App.Div. 839, 278 N.Y.S. 377. 'Nor ('in employment') paid. Indeed workman occurs little, any, importance.' Bohlen, 'A Problem Drafting Acts.' Harv.L.Rev. 328, 401, 402. Turner Day Woolworth Handle Pennington, 250 Ky. 433, S.W.2d 490. Public Service Northern Illinois 370 Ill. 334, N.E.2d 914; Guenesa Ralph V. Rulon, 124 569, 189 524; Republic Underwriters Terrell, Tex.Civ.App., 126 752; Orsinie Torrance, 96 352, 113 924; Kowalek New York Consolidated R. 229 N.Y. 489, N.E. 888; Tallon Interborough Rapid Transit 232 410, 134 327, 1218; Keller Reis Donovan, 195 45, 185 741; Levchuk Krug Cement Products 246 Mich. 589, 225 N.W. 559. annotations 319, 49 454, 469, 250, 100 1053. Netherton Coles, 1945, All E.R. 227. re 217 Mass. 76, 104 431, Ann.Cas.1915C, 778; Breland Traylor Engineering Mfg. Cal.App.2d 415, 455; Lehigh Nav. McGonnell, 120 N.J.L. 428, 199 906; Burchfield 165 Wash. 106, 858; Swanson Latham Crane, 92 87, 101 492; Cary State 147 Okl. P. 385; Williams Hartford, Conn., La.App., So.2d 586;

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