Document: 534 U.S. 112122 S.Ct. 587151 L.Ed.2d 497 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of United States Reports. Readers are requested notify Reporter Decisions, Supreme Court States, Washington, D. C. 20543, any typographical or other errors, order that corrections may be made goes press.UNITED STATES, PETITIONERv.MARK JAMES KNIGHTS No. 00-1260. Argued November 6, 2001Decided December 10, 2001 Syllabus A California court's sentencing respondent Knights probation for a drug offense included condition submit search at anytime, with without arrest warrant reasonable cause, by law enforcement officer. Subsequently, sheriff's detective, suspicion, searched Knights's apartment. Based part on items recovered, federal grand jury indicted conspiracy commit arson, possession an unregistered destructive device, and being felon ammunition. In granting motion suppress, District held that, although detective had "reasonable suspicion" believe was involved incendiary materials, "investigatory" rather than "probationary" purposes. The Ninth Circuit affirmed. Held: warrantless Knights, supported suspicion authorized condition, satisfied Fourth Amendment. As nothing limits searches those purpose, question here whether Amendment imposes such limitation. argues probationer satisfies only if it just like issue Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 868, i.e., "special needs" conducted officer monitoring complying restrictions. dubious logic upholding constitutionality particular implicitly holds unconstitutional not runs contrary Griffin's express statement its holding "unnecessary consider whether" probationers were otherwise under Id., 878, 880. And this need decide acceptance constituted consent complete waiver his rights sense Schneckloth Bustamonte, 412 218, because Court's general "totality circumstances" approach, Ohio Robinette, 519 33, 39, salient circumstance. Amendment's touchstone reasonableness, search's reasonableness determined assessing, one hand, degree which intrudes upon individual's privacy and, other, needed promote legitimate governmental interests. Wyoming Houghton, 526 295, 300. status as informs both sides balance. judge reasonably concluded would further two primary goals rehabilitation protecting society from future criminal violations. unambiguously informed condition. Thus, expectation significantly diminished. assessing interest, must remembered very assumption more likely others violate law. Griffin, supra, State's interest apprehending violators, thereby potential victims, justifiably focus way does ordinary citizen. On balance, no required probationer's house. individualized determination sufficiently high probability conduct makes intrusion reasonable. Although ordinarily requires probable lesser Constitution when balance private interests standard See, e.g., Terry Ohio, 392 1. same circumstances lead conclusion constitutionally sufficient also render requirement unnecessary. See Illinois McArthur, 531 326, 330. Because rests analysis considers all search, there basis examining official purpose. Pp. 4-9.219 F.3d 1138, reversed remanded. ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT APPEALS FOR NINTH CIRCUIT Rehnquist, J., delivered unanimous Court. Opinion Chief Justice Rehnquist 1 court sentenced Mark James summary offense. following condition: "[s]ubmit person, property, place residence, vehicle, personal effects, warrant, cause officer." signed order, stated immediately above signature "I HAVE RECEIVED COPY, READ AND UNDERSTAND ABOVE TERMS CONDITIONS PROBATION AGREE ABIDE BY SAME." App. 49. case, we pursuant 2 Three days after placed probation, Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E;) power transformer adjacent Bell telecommunications vault near Napa County Airport pried open set fire, causing estimated $1.5 million damage. Brass padlocks been removed gasoline accelerant used ignite fire. incident latest 30 recent acts vandalism against PG&E; facilities County. Suspicion these long focused friend, Steven Simoneau. incidents began filed theft-of-services complaint discontinued electrical service failure pay bill. Detective Todd Hancock Sheriff's Department noticed coincided appearance dates concerning theft services. week deputy stopped Simoneau gas line observed pipes Simoneau's pickup truck. 3 After drove where he saw truck parked front. felt hood It warm. decided up surveillance At about 3:10 next morning, exited apartment carrying three cylindrical items. believed pipe bombs. walked across street bank River, heard splashes. returned cylinders away then driveway, parked, left area. entered driveway number suspicious objects truck: Molotov cocktail explosive can, brass fit description vault. 4 viewing truck, aware thus necessary.1 revealed detonation cord, ammunition, liquid chemicals, instruction manuals chemistry circuitry, bolt cutters, telephone pole-climbing spurs, paraphernalia, padlock stamped "PG&E;." 5 arrested, subsequently him moved suppress evidence obtained during materials. Pet. Cert. 30a. nonetheless granted ground Appeals 219 1138 (2000). relied earlier decisions "must seen limited searches, stop short investigation searches." 1142 (citing Ooley, 116 370, 371 (CA9 1997)). 6 has rejected distinction upheld "whether purpose monitor serve some purpose." People Woods, 21 Cal. 4th 668, 681, 981 P.2d 1019, 1027 (1999), cert. denied, 529 1023 We certiorari, 532 1018 (2001), assess common 7 Certainly suggests confined bearing probationary more. provides will "by officer" mention anything 8 limitation follows our decision 868 (1987). Brief Respondent 14. Wisconsin regulation permitting "any home supervisor approves 'reasonable grounds' presence contraband," U.S., 870, 871. probation; fact, even promulgated time sentence.2 applied probationers, make conviction justified searches. operation system presented need" "exercise supervision assure [probation] restrictions fact observed." 875. That special 875-880. 9 view, apparently shared Appeals, within meaning Amendment.3 10 now Government, advocating approach California, see contends "consent" rationale cases Zap 328 624 (1946), 218 (1973). Government's voluntary option rejecting going prison instead, Government analogous defendants often waive their right trial accept plea bargain.4 11 rights, however, conclude "examining totality circumstances," 39 (1996), salientcircumstance. 12 promotion interests." 300 (1999). "Probation, incarceration, 'a form sanction imposed offender verdict, finding, guilty.'" 874 (quoting G. Killinger, H. Kerper, P. Cromwell, Probation Parole Criminal System 14 (1976)). "one point continuum possible punishments ranging solitary confinement maximum-security facility few hours mandatory community service." 874. Inherent nature "do enjoy 'the absolute liberty every citizen entitled.' " Ibid. Morrissey Brewer, 408 471, 480 (1972)). Just convictions curtail offender's freedoms, impose conditions deprive freedoms enjoyed law-abiding citizens. 13 who necessary provision. violations.5 clearly expressed it. diminished privacy.6 side "the institution probation" "is law." recidivism rate higher crime rate. Dept. Justice, Office Programs, Bureau Statistics, Recidivism Felons Probation, 1986-89, pp. 1, (Feb. 1992) (reporting 43% 79,000 felons 17 rearrested felony years while still probation); Violators State Prison, 1991, p. (Aug. 1995) (stating 23% state prisoners violators). have incentive conceal activities quickly dispose incriminating they face revocation proceedings proof beyond doubt, among things, do apply, Minnesota Murphy, 465 420, 435, n. (1984) ("[T]here revoked"); 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e). 15 dual concern probationer. hand hope successfully integrated back into community. concern, quite justified, engage member view case require shut eyes latter concentrate former. But hold put choice. Its violators law, victims enterprise, therefore 16 considerations occurring Cortez, 449 411, 418 (1981) (individualized deals "with probabilities"). embodied term "probable cause," (1968); Brignoni-Ponce, 422 873 (1975). Those probable-cause here. When engaged activity, enough likelihood us 330 (2001) (noting individual circumstances, including "diminished expectations privacy," justify exception requirement). With needs administrative cases, Indianapolis Edmond, 32, 45 (2000), "we unwilling entertain challenges based actual motivations officers." Whren 517 806, 813 (1996). 19 found, concedes, suspicion. judgment reversed, remanded inconsistent opinion. 20 so ordered. Souter, concurring Notes copy checking file office. September 1980, until 1981, id., "probation diminishes may, consistent Amendment, (not cause) contraband present." 872. sees doctrine what validly order. "directly furthers effective administration system." 22. Under invalid (1) relationship defendant convicted; (2) relates itself criminal; (3) forbids related criminality. Lent, 3d 481, 485-486, 541 545, 548 diminished, completely eliminated, (or consent, 6) terms permit but address suspicionless 22 concurring. 23 originally us, dispute centered agreement covered probation-related extended investigatory law-enforcement time, argued 806 precluded enquiry motives officers conducting search. permissible behavior committed period, removing subjective intention investigating case. I reserve Whren's holding, "[s]ubjective intentions play role ordinary, analysis," 813, should extend

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