Document: 497 U.S. 871 110 S.Ct. 3177 111 L.Ed.2d 695 Manuel LUJAN, Jr., Secretary of the Interior, et al., Petitionersv.NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION, al. No. 89-640. Argued April 16, 1990. Decided June 27, Syllabus The National Wildlife Federation (hereinafter respondent) filed this action in District Court against petitioners, Director Bureau Land Management (BLM) and other federal parties, alleging that, various respects, they had violated Federal Policy Act 1976 (FLPMA) Environmental 1969 (NEPA) course administering BLM's "land withdrawal review program," that complained-of actions should be set aside because were "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse discretion, or otherwise not accordance with law" within meaning § 10(e) Administrative Procedure (APA), 5 U.S.C. 706. Under program, petitioners make types decisions affecting status public lands their availability for private uses such as mining, a number which listed appendix to complaint. court granted petitioners' motion summary judgment under Rule Civil 56, holding respondent lacked standing seek judicial APA, 702. ruled affidavits by two respondent's members, Peterson Erman, claiming use "in vicinity" covered decisions, insufficient confer those particular even if been adequate limited purpose, could support attempted APA challenge each 1,250 so individual effected program. rejected untimely four more member pertaining standing, submitted after argument on purported response Court's postargument request additional briefing. Appeals reversed, Erman sufficient themselves, it was discretion consider affidavits, conferred all decisions. Held: 1. are establish 702 entitlement "[a] person . adversely affected aggrieved agency relevant statute." Pp. 882-889. (a) To right relief 702, must satisfy requirements. First, show has some "agency action," defined 551(13). See 701(b)(2). Since neither FLPMA nor NEPA provides action, action" question also "final 704. Second, prove is "adversely aggrieved" "within statute," requires showing injury complained falls "zone interests" sought protected NEPA. Cf. Clarke v. Securities Industry Assn., 479 388, 396-397, 107 750, 755-756, 93 757. 882-883. (b) When defendant moves ground plaintiff failed burden plaintiff, 56(e), forth specific facts (even though may controverted defendant) there genuine issue trial. Celotex Corp. Catrett, 477 317, 322, 106 2548, 2552, 91 265. Where no made, entitled matter law. Id., at 323, S.Ct., 2552. 883-885. (c) alleged do raise fact whether It assumed allegedly interests affidavits—"recreational aesthetic enjoyment"—are sufficiently related purposes meets 702's requirements any its members do. Moreover, affidavit can read complain 551's meaning; whatever "adverse effect" "aggrievement" established test, since "recreational enjoyment" among sorts designed protect. However, actually "affected" actions, only affiants used unspecified vicinity of" immense tracts territory, portions which, record shows, mining activity occurred probably will occur virtue actions. erred ruling presume general allegations affiants, essential sustaining complaint and, respondent. United States Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP), 412 669, 2405, 37 254, distinguished. 885-889. 2. Respondent's did review. 890-898. enable entirety program." That term does refer single BLM order regulation, completed universe orders regulations, but simply name have occasionally referred certain continuing (and thus constantly changing) operations regarding lands, currently extend about presumably include future. Thus, program identifiable meaning, much less Absent explicit congressional authorization correct administrative process systemic level, ordinarily considered "ripe" until scope controversy reduced manageable proportions, factual components fleshed out, concrete harms threatens harm complainant. well be, due "program," identified further inaction immediately harming occurs. But entirely flaws entire "program" cannot laid before courts wholesale correction one them ripe affects members. Respondent programmatic improvements from Congress. 890-894. declining admit supplemental affidavits. court's briefing following hearing, under, inter alia, 6(d), "opposing served later than 1 day hearing." Although 6(b) allows court, discretion," filing deadline "for cause shown," post -deadline extension "upon made," permissible where failure meet "was result excusable neglect." Here, made "cause." timely file "excusable neglect," setting hearing put notice sue issue, (absent proper motion) time evidentiary materials was, latest, hearing. Even overcome these obstacles compelled, exercising so. 894-898. 3. own right. brief ability fulfill informational advocacy functions affected" provide information opportunities participation respect land fails identify source injuries, event. necessary survive 56 motion. 898-899. 278 App. D.C. 320, 878 F.2d 422 (1989), reversed. SCALIA, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, O'CONNOR, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, dissenting opinion, BRENNAN, MARSHALL, STEVENS, joined, post, p. 900. Acting Sol. Gen. John G. Roberts, petitioners. E. Barrett Prettyman respondents. Justice SCALIA Court. In case we decide respondent, respondent), party Government relating lands. 2 * 1985 Columbia Department (BLM), Department. amended complaint, (FLPMA), 90 Stat. 2744, 43 1701 seq. (1982 ed.), (NEPA), 83 852, 42 4321 seq., 706, what called program" BLM. Some background concerning understanding dispute. 3 enactments, Congress empowered citizens acquire title to, rights in, vast federally owned land. See, e.g., Rev.Stat. 2319, 30 22 (Mining Law 1872); 41 437, amended, 181 (Mineral Leasing 1920). provided means, however, Executive remove operation statutes. Pickett Act, 36 847, 141 (1970 repealed, 2792 (1976), authorized President "at his temporarily [to] withdraw settlement, location, sale, entry reserve same water-power sites, irrigation, classification purposes. ." Taylor Grazing 1934, ch. 865, 48 1269, 315f, gave Interior authority "classify" suitable either disposal retention management, Franklin Roosevelt withdrew unreserved classified. Exec. Order 6910, Nov. 26, 1934; 6964, Feb. 5, 1935. 1936, 7 authorize "to examine classify lands" withdrawn "more valuable suitable" "and open entry, selection, location applicable public-land laws." 49 1976, 315f ed.). amendment directed "[s]uch shall subject disposition, occupation classified opened entry." Ibid. 1964 multiple 78 986, §§ 1411-1418 ed.) (expired 1970), purpose Government. 4 laws became chaotic. Public Review Commission, study matter, 982, determined 1970 "virtually all" country's domain, see One Third Nation's 52 (1970)—about one-third States, id., 19—had retention; difficult determine "the extent existing withdrawals degree overlap other," 52; inadequate records thepur poses uses. Accordingly, recommended "Congress careful (1) reservations, (2) classifications Classification Multiple Use 1964." passed FLPMA, repealed many miscellaneous governing land, policy favor retaining management. "prepare maintain basis inventory resource values," 1711(a), required planning criteria 1712. process, "modify terminate consistent plans." 1712(d). "make, modify, revoke" withdrawals. 1714(a). Finally Secretary, 15 years, existence 11 Western 1714(l )(1), "determine whether, how long, continuation would judgment, statutory objectives programs dedicated programs," )(2). activities undertaken comply provisions constitute styles current litigation. 6 Pursuant directives engage different States. conducts recommends determinations ) law "report recommendations President, together statements concurrence nonconcurrence heads departments agencies administer lands"; turn submit report Congress, recommendation legislation." reports provision. revokes 204(a) Office Solicitor interpreted give power proposals revocation during "ordinary business." Dept. Memorandum Solicitor, Oct. 30, 1980. These revocations initiated three manners: An department portion longer needs intention relinquish Any petition requesting revocation. And held BLM, itself initiate proposal. 56-57. Withdrawal several reasons. permit sale land; record-clearing purposes, designation superseded overlaps another designation; restore management pursuant 102(a)(7) 1701(a)(7) 142-145. 8 Third, engages ongoing classifying pt. 2420, disposal, 2430, petition, 2450, itself, 2460. Regulationspro mulgated prescribe procedures followed type determination. II 9 averred generally reclassification return others domain up activities, thereby destroying natural beauty. failing "develop, maintain, when appropriate, revise plans areas lands," 1712(a) ed.); ); disputed 1732(a), focusing inordinately mineral exploitation development; 1701(a)(5), 1712(c)(9), 1712(f), 1739(e). claimed NEPA, "include every major significantly quality human environment, detailed statement responsible official environmental impact proposed action." 4332(2)(C) Finally, above law," therefore Appended schedule land-status determinations, stated "taken defendants January 1, 1981"; listing Register. 10 December 1985, preliminary injunction prohibiting "[m]odifying, terminating altering withdrawal, classification, protection effect 1981," "[t]aking inconsistent" designation. Pet. Cert. 185a. subsequent order, denied 12(b) Rules dismiss demonstrate 183a. affirmed both orders. Burford, 266 U.S.App.D.C. 241, 835 305 (1987). As dismiss, found allegation resources damaged 248, F.2d, 312. allegation, fairly along balance challenge—since least complaint's Register references—and asserted attributable 249, 313. latter point, pointed Peggy Kay Richard concluded, "concrete indication [respondent's] agency's Program actions," "sufficiently dismiss." On petitions rehearing, stood denial parties proceed litigation dispatch.", 269 271, 272, 844 889, 890 (1988). Back again claimed, means (which outstanding proceedings Appeals), APA. After motion, briefing, standing. untimely, vacated dismiss. noted earlier decision Appeals' affirmance controlled question, pertained 12(b). withstand pertained. said, "each 1250 terminations revocations" 699 F.Supp. 327, 332 (DC 1988). 12 This (1989). themselves well.1 concluded We certiorari. 493 1042, 834, 830 (1990). III A. 13 first address claim alone suffice contend violations provisions. Rather, claims 10(a) provides: 14 "A suffering legal wrong statute, thereof." provision contains separate him specified fashion; "thereof" he entitled. 551(13), 701(b)(2) ("For chapter 'agency action' ha[s] meanin[g] given section 551 title"), defines whole part rule, license, sanction, relief, equivalent thereof, act," When, here, substantive 704 ("Agency reviewable statute final remedy review" (emphasis added). seeking "suffer[ed] wrong" challenged assert suffered "legal wrong," need discuss original might thought " unless terms (or like them)—as pre-APA statutes conferring Communications 402(b)(2), 1093, 47 402(b)(6) long interpretation, restatement pre-existing said meaning" complains (his aggrievement, adverse upon whose violation forms 757 example, requiring "on record" hearings assuredly company contract transcribe proceedings; obviously enacted protect reporters, statute. B 16 Because comes us assess standard Procedure. 56(c) states "if pleadings, depositions, answers interrogatories, admissions file, any, material moving law." 56(e) 17 "When supported rest mere denials party's pleading, response, If respond, entered party." 18 265 (1986), plain language mandates discovery who element case, bear proof trial." "[t]he 'entitled law' nonmoving her she proof." 19 standards fully suit brought Government) satisfied terms. Sierra Club Morton, 405 727, 740, 92 1361, 1369, 31 636 (1972). clear require negate elements case; contrary, "regardless accompanies may, should, district demonstrates 56(c), satisfied." U.S., 2553. C 20 turn, then, raised taken caused assume, uncontested, association Hunt Washington State Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 333, 97 2434, 53 383 (1977). 21 requirement, think read, believed, 551. agree affidavit, judging geographic area describes, appears Fed.Reg. 19904-19905 (1984), captioned W-6228 dated 1984, 4,500 acres area. Brief Petitioners 8-10. appear agree, similar deduction, refers 7232-7233 (1982), 6156 February 18, 1982. statute"—i.e., met test. course, gravamen complaint—both doubt specifically showed affected. averred: 23 "My recreational enjoyment particularly South Pass-Green Mountain, Wyoming continue unlawful particular, Mountain staking oil gas leasing, beauty wildlife habitat potential lands." 191a. 24 Erman's substantially Peterson's, except involved; Grand Canyon Park, Arizona Strip (Kanab Plateau), Kaibab Forest." 187a. 25 reasons: 26 "Peterson continues leasing. [W-6228] approximately 4500 million acre area, exception 2000 acres, always leasing mining. There Peterson's extends remainder termination. All 'in vicinity.' face bare injury, supporting affiant's allegation." F.Supp., 331 original). 27 "similarly flawed." 28 "The magnitude stretches imagination. [T]he consists north west Colorado River 5.5 one-eighth size Arizona. Furthermore, virtually years uranium metalliferous [in 6156] concerned non-metalliferous western Strip, possessing mining." 332. 29 disagreed assessment unnecessary affidavit) reason: "If referring 4500-acre impairment meaningless, perjurious. trial overlooks Program, is, best, meaningless document. 32 "At minimum, ambiguous ones presented ambiguity resolve issues non-moving party. obliged NWF, acres." U.S.App.D.C., 329, 431. 33 "a party" sense contradict movant, denied. world apart "assuming" averments embrace "specific facts" needed sustain above, "shall entered" evidence "set object replace conclusory answer affidavit. Anderson Liberty Lobby, Inc., 242, 2505, 2510, 202 (1986) ("[T]he conspiracy get jury without 'any significant probative tending complaint' "), quoting First Bank Ariz. Cities Service Co., 391 253, 290, 88 1575, 1593, 569 (1968). believes dispute side's demand sworn averment lengthy continues. 34 At margins room debate "specific" case. here—whether been, threatened action—Rule state tract governmental action. "presume" missing allege. converts circular promenade: plaintiff's makes injury; contests through responds containing deemed requisite unsupported precisely is). 35 places great reliance, Appeals, our 254 (1973). SCRAP expansive expression never emulated relevance involved pleadings. latter, unlike former, presumes claim. Conley Gibson, 355 41, 45-46, 99, 101-102, 80 (1957). IV next alternative proffered impossible suffice, held, so-called far know derived authoritative text) regulations. reviewing applications developing FLPMA. action"—much action"—than "weapons procurement Defense "drug interdiction Drug Enforcement Administration. explained, least, "1250 revocations." 332.2 alleges rampant program—failure fashion, use, inordinate focus exploitation, notice, statements. Perhaps improvement decree, rather offices halls normally made. direct attack causes harm. broad regulations serve directly, effects felt. provision, regulation applying claimant's situation fashion him. (The exception, rule practical adjust conduct immediately. Such once, provided. Abbott Laboratories Gardner, 387 136, 152-154, 87 1507, 1517-1518, 681 (1967); Gardner Toilet Goods 167, 171-173, 1526, 1528-1530, (1967). Toi- let Inc. 158, 164-166, 1520, 1524-1526, 697 (1967).) 38 present six regarded rules applicability (a "rule" "general future effect," 551(4) added)) announcing, expanses territory cover, intent grant permission decline interfere take requested. occurs.3 "program"—consisting principally referenced yet well—cannot members.4 39 case-by-case approach understandably frustrating organization objective across-the-board streams forests it. traditional, remains normal, mode courts. Except explicitly higher level generality, intervene administration when, actual effect. 1524-1526. intervention ultimately series revised avoid discerns. swift far-reaching corrective interested desire. Until confided us, sweeping branches. 40 reliance second them. September 1986; opposition new time. 1988, way announced hold July motions judgment," included challenging earlier, issued directing memorandum proceed." Record, Doc. 274. plainly call submission materials, August 22, (along requested memorandum) explanation (if explanation) contained footnote memorandum, "NWF now declarations behalf NWF injured defendants." 278, n. 21. November 4, granting "untimely [the briefing] Order." 328, indeed "prior hearing," Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. "[w]hen opposing permits time." sets out late filings: thereunder act allowed done time, shown period enlarged therefor expiration originally prescribed extended previous neglect. confers "discretion" mechanism invoked exercised. limitation shown." although extensions "with notice," postdeadline receive regard very document "motion made" it;5 interpret "cause shown" mean merely "cause," "showing" all; finally, find "cause" filing, 44 last obstacle greatest all. papers relied old memoranda" "there prior [respondent] doubted adequacy already submitted." 331, 433. understand point; passage suggests, anything, usual amount prepare moderately remiss waiting moment. suggestion unfair surprise: A litigant justified assuming mind expresses effect, litigant's buttress position confidence strength indulged risk. erroneous expectations surely dispelled 1988 announcing month later. issued, 45 true described—apparent lack showing, neglect—to here. proposition compelled them—that reject them—cannot accepted. V 46 remand right, derivatively Specifically, points unlawfully publish invite participation, whole. "person failures, (two pages record) vice presidents, Lynn Greenwalt, mission "inform conservation issues" advocate practices "pertaining enhancement 193a-194a; perform impaired Program." 194a. review, "conclusory completely devoid facts." 330. having reversed grounds discussed issue. disposition. facts," Fed.R. deprivation information; providing organizations violated, "aggrieved statutes; nonetheless, Greenwalt injuries. sentences addressed point follows: "NWF's obligations Program. irreparably harmed continued meaningful input access evident, deficient geographical descriptions whereby grievance. With deficiencies permitting illegalities day-to-day operations. others, 50 For foregoing reasons, 51 ordered. whom STEVENS join, dissenting. my view, Loren conjunction (Federation NWF) bring suit. I conclude abused refusing parties' cross-motions judgment. affirm Appeals. 54 Federation's rested here lead increased lands; damage environment; NWF's consequently diminished. Abundant assertion newly occur.1 Similarly, furnishes ample contention expected severe lands.2 adequately consequences Government's expressly impaired, precision sites injuries occurred. majority, holds insufficiently models precision, believe create organization's injury. 55 (whether merits) extensive context principal difference former required, while 324, 2553, (Federal "requires go beyond pleadings"). addition, "must trial" Courts reiterated "conclusory" fact.3 requirement here: offered precise 56(e). line demarcation between hardly bright one. But, mind, whole, defeat majority acknowledges, officials termination referred. ante, 885-886. Department." 188a (Erman affidavit), 191a (Peterson affidavit). emphasized, proved "that trial," light principle "[o]n inferences drawn underlying [evidentiary] viewed most favorable motion," Diebold, 369 654, 655, 82 993, 994, 176 (1962), sue. 57 No contrary conclusion Wyoming," 191a, averring recently repeatedly "South area" describing region mining.4 stated, 422, 431 "meaningless, perjurious" W-6228.5 assertions it, apart" "presuming" implied doubtless artfully drafted, definitely 58 motion.6 abruptly derailed lawsuit involving massive expense. substantial warrant nationwide injunction. Whatever ultimate merits claims, aborted technical legitimately avoided. majority's reflects appreciation realities complex admonition construed secure just, speedy, inexpensive determination 59 "technical" not, obeyed. appeal "spirit" ignoring import text. imposed absolute faulted strictly enforcing deadline, unfortunate. exercise deciding hearing.7 Once accept recognized, exercised instance answered reference omission serve. disserved prejudice consequence delay. circumstances, refusal submissions constituted discretion. 60 hearing; provide, "where 6(b); 7, supra. Prior assured injunction, stated: "We irreparable reaffirm 676 280, 281 (D.C.1986). 61 Later year quash discovery, arguing bar standing; produced unreasonably cumulative, duplicative, burdensome expensive 26(c)(1); (3) government defendants' apparent theory, Points Authorities Support Plaintiff's Motion Quash Protective 5-6 (July 1986). alternative, argued ordered, confined submitted. 22. 14, 1986, full ordered officers, employees, agents, servants, attorneys permitted any." 170a-171a. subjected appellate "provide actions." 305, 313 (1987).8 897, irrelevant case: indicated 62 Nor scheduling place reconsidered. Federation. Defendants' Opposition Summary Judgment and/or Dissolution Preliminary Injunction Issued 10, 12, 1986. 86-page 91/2 devoted half discussion succeed purport inappropriate existed Memorandum, 45-47. fact, awarded grounds. 11-12, 85. hint assurances reconsideration.9 63 Certainly reason necessary. enhance efficiency adjudicative encourage litigants reargue questions previously settled favor. hearing.10 advance consistently "Rule necessarily contemplate oral 10-day advisement satisfies dictates 56." Moore Florida, 703 516, 519 (CA11 1983).11 56(c)'s days scheduled serves ensure afforded thereafter; opportunity respond meaningful. arguments submitted; thereafter, deliberate assurance filings alter 64 pressing concerns represents arguments. standing.12 attachment respond. (Indeed, here—10 days—was greater (timely) allowed.) moreover, advisement. voluminous, filling large boxes; consideration five added complexity prejudiced respect. 65 none factors explaining Indeed, justification untimely.13 today excuse absence parties. today's fail recognize guiding Procedure, procedural pragmatically, just efficient resolution disputes. strip choice enforce scrupulous precision.14 range account equitable concerns, violates express command. 66 Part IV-A, 890-894, abstract concludes lacks land-use me why hypothetical inquiry IV-A. event, discussion, outline. cases consist applicability; prevails, invalidated, forbids application individual. circumstances obtain "programmatic" court. hand, lawful applied illegal manner occasion, rule. 67 Application principles instant often, Bureau's land-management policies described "program."15 sense, exists. Everyone associated recognizes over past decade, develop implement comprehensive scheme real omissions contends plan policy. example: published stating (EIS) developed action"). then pretermination EIS, (invalidation rule) directly affect affiants. extreme, EIS developed, administrator charge Pass/Green inexplicably one, (on Florida mistake. 68 characterizes '1250 revocations.' Ante, 890; offers assertion, am characterization accurate bears prevail, jurisdiction entertain suit, allow remand.16 69 respectfully dissent. conclusion, panel's finding "law case." bind Messenger Anderson, 225 436, 444, 739, L.Ed. 1152 (1912). Contrary dissent, exists, weapons measure across board revocations, final, become subsequently text, affected—and insofar content concerned, quite generic aspects Secretary's cumulative surface disturbance" approval 3809.1-4 Mining disturbance approval, office 3809.1-3. Neither notification "casual operations," CFR 3809.1-2, "activities resulting negligible resources," 3809.0-5. (Activities "casual" "they involve mechanized earth equipment explosives motorized vehicles designated closed off-road vehicles. Ibid.) "negligible place, notice. Peterson, corporation mine covering 16. granted, occurred; challenge, affiant able into validity authorizing permit. permit, (when suffice) occur) tell occur. often permissible. explained uncontested Assistant Resources: comparable segregations tantamount withdrawal. removal Another change occurred, transferred ownership. Consequently, amounts nothing paper transaction. revoked laws. knowledge disposition opened, ownership exchange, discretionary anticipated revoked. independent decisionmaking obviously, divorced decision. relation post-revocation decisionmaking." Affidavit Frank Edwards, Aug. 61-62. Nothing Automobile Workers Brock, 274, 2523, 228 cited discuss, Labor rely upon, ripeness jurisprudence decided, individuals' sue, 2311(d) according entertainment 'contrary Congress's incorporation system Trade affront integrity courts.' 283, 2529, Workers, O.T. 84-1777, dissent asserts reply "motion" 6(b)(2), committed reversible error construe way. Post, 909-910 10. agree. establishes distinction "requests" "motions," converted violating provisions—or lax conversion marginally positively mandatory 6(b)(1) ("for discretion") "request" expires. expired, (again motion." treat "motions" treated way) eliminate predeadline painstakingly draws. Surely "request," permissibly "motion," contain high formality putting ought characteristic. formality, appearance sentence end paragraph single-spaced footnotes 20-page Our judges care buried fashion. ask (7 days, days), all, "should supplement record." this, (much moved for) unconditionally, "[i]f intends reverse [regarding standing]." 294, 17, judge 406 staked alone. 119. exhibit 7,200 Exh. Joseph Martyak (Apr. 11, draft Resource Plan/Environmental Impact Statement Lander, Wyo., Area "In Green Unit long-term impacts elk mule deer herds losses years. Pass Unit, acreages lodgepole pine forest aspen conifer woodland disturbed, moose elk. gold erode high-value habitats, trout fisheries, Lander herd, beaver pond ecosystems, populations species suffer negative effects." Draft RMP/EIS pp. 226-228 (Exh. Defendant-Intervenors' Reply Motions Stay Pending Appeal (May 1986)). Mineral Report 1982, "could crucial habitat, variety small game bird species. Improvements campgrounds, immediate vicinity, destroyed. manage production harvesting Historical cultural destroyed." (attached Appendix Plaintiff Its Standing Proceed (Aug. 1988)). May Air Force, 777 1012, 1016 (CA5 1985); Commodity Traders, Heinold Commodities, 766 1007, 1011 (CA7 Maldonado Ramirez, 48, (CA3 Galindo Precision American Corp., 754 1212, 1216 1985). 123-139 (declaration Jack Kelly). 2, Five filed. clarification affidavit: identical Supplemental Affidavit, 88-5397 (CADC), 356. Ms. "U.S. Energy Corporation Department, (U.S. Application, TFN 4/86), includes proposal enjoyment." 355-356. David Doran, Merlin McColm, Stephen Blomeke, Will Ouellette. individuals recreation enjoyment. concede certainty affiants' untrue. concede, facially deficient. Tr. Oral Arg. 19. filed, affidavits." "may supplemented opposed 6(d) states: service time" governed 6(b), performed 4A C. Wright & Miller, Practice 1165, 475 (2d ed. 1987) (Rule "gives flexibility modify fixed periods throughout rules, enlargement allotted time"). therefore, assure reflected panel establishing resisting 'injury-in-fact.' 330, (1989) omitted). Judge Williams' concurring dissenting, specificity judgment." 264, 328. Fred R. Disheroon, attorney, length turning He began observing "perhaps doesn't want hear argue imperative Hearing submission, defendant-intervenor ignored "Plaintiff heretofore, rulings protective proven Mr. Erman. agreed order. ruling, requests (Sept. Circuit precedent issues, appeal. Ibid., citing Hodel, 268 15, 24, 839 694, explanation: "Ms. record, initially told Otherwise, earlier." 12-13, 13. Along Strike Supplementation Record "For reasons memorandum] page defendant-intervenors' strike denied." (In solely considered, fathom "buried" filings. 896-897, 5.) 6(b)'s Though denominated 7(b): They writing, signed counsel, "state[d] particularity therefor," unambiguously sought." Campos LeFevre, 825 671, (CA2 ("[N]o form words render 'motion.' powers suffice"), cert. denied, 484 1014, 108 718, 98 667 (1988); Smith Danyo, 585 83, 86 1978) ("Rule 7(b) 'state grounds' based. Plainly, disqualifying 7(b). word 'motion' 'affidavit' detracts nature application"). Snyder Smith, 736 409, 419 (CA7) ("The liberally nomenclature peril"), 469 1037, 105 513, 403 (1984); Miller Transamerican Press, 709 524, 527 (CA9 1983) [a motion], however styled, requested"); 2A J. Lucas, Moore's ¶ 7.05, 7-16 7-17 ("[I]t motion's substance, linguistic form, determines effect"). Accord, Allied Chemical Mackay, 854, 856 contemplates movant's arguments"); Bratt International Business Machines 785 352, 363 (CA1 opening 1988; intervenors memoranda 1; 14. 1988. mentioned footnote: "Plaintiff, addition material, including Order. Proceed, 1." 328-329, (D.C.1988). gives enlargements taking 50(b) (c)(2), 52(b), 59(b), (d) (e), 60(b), 74(a), conditions them." "withdrawal documents. Exhs. 3, (filed counsel acknowledged: "It true, Counsel went say, "but suggest using word, calling being here." inelegant, seems essentially correct: terminology decisive determining illegality site-specific. suggests 891-893. briefed below, note, outset opposite argument, asserting barred laches. contended: why, despite waited institute litigation." pass

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