Document: 530 U.S. 640120 S.Ct. 2446147 L.Ed.2d 554 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of United States Reports. Readers are requested notify Reporter Decisions, Supreme Court States, Washington, D. C. 20543, any typographical or other errors, order that corrections may be made goes press.BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA AND MONMOUTH COUNCIL, et al., PETITIONERSv.JAMES DALE No. 99-699. SUPREME COURT THE UNITED STATES Argued April 26, 2000 Decided June 28, CERTIORARI TO NEW JERSEY Syllabus Petitioners Boy Scouts America and its Monmouth Council (collectively, Scouts). The a private, not-for-profit organization engaged instilling system values young people. It asserts homosexual conduct inconsistent with those values. Respondent Dale an adult whose position as assistant scoutmaster New Jersey troop was revoked when learned he avowed gay rights activist. He filed suit Superior Court, alleging, inter alia, had violated state statute prohibiting discrimination on basis sexual orientation places public accommodation. That court's Chancery Division granted summary judgment for Scouts, but Appellate reversed pertinent part remanded. State affirmed, holding, State's accommodations law by revoking Dale's membership based his homosexuality. Among rulings, court held application did not violate Scouts' First Amendment right expressive association because inclusion would significantly affect members' ability carry out their purposes; determined has compelling interest eliminating destructive consequences from society, abridges no more speech than necessary accomplish purpose; distinguished Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian Bisexual Group Boston, Inc., 515 557, ground reinstatement compel express message. Held: Applying Jersey's require admit violates association. Government actions unconstitutionally burden take many forms, one which intrusion into group's internal affairs forcing it accept member does desire. Roberts Jaycees, 468 609, 623. Such forced unconstitutional if person's presence affects significant way advocate private viewpoints. York Club Assn., Inc. City York, 487 1, 13. However, freedom absolute; can overridden regulations adopted serve interests, unrelated suppression ideas, cannot achieved through means less restrictive associational freedoms. Roberts, U.S., at To determine whether group protected, this must engages "expressive association." record clearly reveals so leaders inculcate youth members value system. See id., 636. Thus, first inquire, limited extent, nature embodied Scout Oath Law, particularly represented terms "morally straight" "clean," want promote legitimate form behavior. gives deference assertions regarding expression, see, Democratic Party Wisconsin ex rel. La Follette, 450 107, 123-124. then inquires expression Dale, own admission, who have become community open honest about orientation. His interfere choice propound point view contrary beliefs. Hurley, 576-577. disagrees Court's determination disseminate message affected Dale. First, view, need associate purpose disseminating certain merely engage activity could impaired. Second, even discourages views issues, method protected. Third, every agree issue policy Given burdened, inquire here runs afoul association, concludes does. within power enact legislature reason believe given target Amendment. See, e.g., 572. rejects contention intermediate standard review enunciated O'Brien, 391 367, should applied evaluate competing interests State. Rather, applies analysis similar traditional Hurley. A requirement retain organization's oppose disfavor conduct. do justify such severe In ruling, guided teachings respect wrong; judicial disapproval effort derogation While all sorts place harmful behavior, better promoting approved discouraging disfavored one, however enlightened either seem. supra, 579. Pp. 5-17. 160 N. J. 562, 734 A. 2d 1196, Rehnquist, J., delivered O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, JJ., joined. Stevens, dissenting opinion, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer, Ginsburg Opinion Chief Justice Rehnquist Court. 1 Council, division seeks instill. James former Eagle requires case presents question applying We hold 2 * entered scouting 1978 age eight joining Council's Cub Pack 142. became 1981 remained until turned 18. By accounts, exemplary Scout. 1988, rank Scout, Scouting's highest honors. 3 1989. Troop 73. Around same time, left home attend Rutgers University. After arriving Rutgers, acknowledged himself others gay. quickly involved with, eventually copresident of, University Lesbian/Gay Alliance. 1990, attended seminar addressing psychological health needs lesbian teenagers. newspaper covering event interviewed advocacy teenagers' role models. early July published interview photograph over caption identifying him 4 Later month, received letter Executive Kay membership. wrote requesting decision. responded "specifically forbid homosexuals." App. 137. 5 1992, complaint against alleged common solely prohibits, among things, Stat. Ann. §§10:5-4 10:5-5 (West Supp. 2000); see Appendix, infra, 18-19. 6 favor Scouts. inapplicable accommodation, that, alternatively, distinctly exempted coverage under law. rejected common-law claim holding also concluded active homosexuality clear prevented government leader. 7 affirmed dismissal claim, otherwise remanded further proceedings. 308 Super. 516, 70 270 (1998). it. federal constitutional claims. 8 Division. accommodation law, exempt exceptions, considering state-law addressed claims " `to enter maintain - intimate relationships [and] engaging protected speech.' 605, 1219 (1999) (quoting Board Directors Rotary Int'l Duarte, 481 537, 544 (1987)). With "large size, nonselectivity, inclusive rather exclusive purpose, practice inviting allowing nonmembers meetings, establish `sufficiently personal warrant protection' association.' 608-609, 2d, 1221 546). "agree[d] expresses belief moral uses activities encourage development members." Ibid., 1223. But "not persuaded shared goal preserve immoral." 613, 1223-1224 (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, "that `affect [the Scouts'] existing various purposes.' Id., 615, 1225 548). "the our society," purpose. 619-620, 1227-1228. Finally, reliance 557 (1995), support claimed exclude deciding message." 624, 1229. 9 petition certiorari 528 1109 (2000). II 10 622 (1984), we observed "implicit Amendment" "a corresponding pursuit wide variety political, social, economic, educational, religious, cultural ends." crucial preventing majority imposing groups other, perhaps unpopular, ideas. ibid. (stating protection "especially important preserving political diversity shielding dissident majority"). "intrusion structure association" like "regulation forces desire." Forcing impair views, only intends express. "[f ]reedom plainly presupposes associate." Ibid. 11 unwanted person infringes 13 (1988). freedoms, absolute. "by freedoms." 12 Amendment's right, reserved groups. come ambit, some private. Because where ultimate conclusions virtually inseparable findings fact, obligated independently factual ensure unlawfully intrude free expression. 567-568. following. nonprofit organization. According mission statement: 14 "It helping instill people and, ways, prepare them make ethical choices lifetime achieving full potential. 15 "The strive found Law: 16 "Scout "On my honor I will best duty God country obey Law; help times; keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, morally straight. 17 Law "A is: "Trustworthy Obedient Loyal Cheerful Helpful Thrifty Friendly Brave Courteous Clean Kind Reverent." 184. 18 general clear: "[T]o people." these having spend time members, instructing camping, archery, fishing. During spent scoutmasters values-both expressly example. seems indisputable transmit activity. 636 (O'Connor, concurring) ("Even training outdoor survival skills participation service might intended develop good morals, reverence, patriotism, desire self-improvement"). 19 activity, inquiry necessarily us explore, 20 "based on" listed Law. explains provide positive code living; they list `do's' `don'ts.' Brief 3. "clean." 21 Obviously, mention sexuality 6-7. And "clean" self-defining. Different attribute very different meanings. For example, odds being says falls latter category. 22 analyzed beliefs "exclusion commitment diverse `representative' contradicts overarching objective reach `all eligible youth.' 618, 1226. exclusion "appears antithetical goals philosophy." cases reject sort inquiry; courts expressed disagree find internally inconsistent. 124 (1981) ("[A]s true expressions particular unwise irrational"); Thomas Review Bd. Indiana Employment Security Div., 707, 714 ("[R]eligious acceptable, logical, consistent, comprehensible merit protection"). 23 "teach[es] straight," Peti- tioners 39, behavior," Reply 5. assertion. contains written evidence viewpoint, look instructive, sincerity professed 24 statement Committee, signed Downing B. Jenks, President Harvey L. Price, Executive, "official position" regard "homosexuality Scouting": 25 "Q. May individual openly declares volunteer leader? 26 "A. leadership therein privilege right. Scouting appropriate. continue select meet standards qualifications leadership." 453-454. 27 least 1978-the year Scouting-the official homosexuals were leaders. 28 promulgated 1991 (after litigation filed) supports current view: 29 "We straight clean word deed, desirable model Scouts." 457. 30 redrafted numerous times core consistent. 1993 statement, most recent record, reads, part: 31 always reflected expectations families consistent expectations. allow registration BSA." 461. 32 publicly prior litigation. throughout California facts 1980's, consistently asserted today. Curran Mount Diablo America, C-365529 (Cal. Ct., 25, 1991); 48 Cal. 4th 670, Rptr. 580 (1994); 952 P.2d 218 doubt sincerely holds view. 33 "promote behavior." As give association's what 123-124 (considering burdened National Party's stating State, court, constitutionally substitute Party"). say erect shield antidiscrimination laws simply asserting mere acceptance "become orientation." 11. college remains would, least, force send message, both world, accepts 34 illustrative point. There considered Massachusetts' organizers St. Patrick's Day parade include marchers Irish&nbhyph;American gay, lesbian, bisexual group, GLIB, organizers' rights. noted wish GLIB orientations, wanted march behind banner. observed: 35 "[A] contingent marching banner bear witness fact Irish bisexual, organized suggest orientations much unqualified social heterosexuals . parade's so, object gays lesbians wishing GLIB's parade. whatever reason, boils down speaker presumed lie beyond government's control." 574-575. 36 Here, believes members; Boston's interfered just surely Scout's 37 following findings: 38 "Boy immoral; issues; includes sponsors subscribe homosexuality." 612, 39 conclusion drawn findings. 40 associations "purpose" entitled protections An impaired protection. espouse orientation, participants nonetheless. 41 issues-a disputes evidence-the protects If wishes avoid questions teach negate discussed above. 42 takes conduct, sufficient purposes. vein, makes revoke heterosexual true, irrelevant.1 activist as- sistant scoutmaster's uniform sends disagreeing policy. choose other. trumpet housetops, tolerates dissent ranks, mean receive 43 Having conclude 44 originally enacted prevent accommodation-like inns trains. 571-572 (explaining history law); Romer Evans, 517 620, 627-629 (1996) (describing evolution laws). Over expanded cover places.2 statutory definition `[a] accommodation' extremely broad. term said "include, to," 50 types places. §10:5-5(l) Many expect invited. taverns, restaurants, retail shops, libraries. often invitations public, summer camps roof gardens. case, went step entity without attempting tie "place" physical location.3 "public accommodation" commercial entities, bars, hotels, organizations potential conflict between increased. 45 recognized Duarte women accommodations. each enforcement statutes materially ideas sought "[i]ndeed, Jaycees failed demonstrate serious male 626. said: 46 "[I]mpediments exercise one's associates however, fails admitting Clubs purposes." 548 citations 47 thereupon organizations' States' laws. "are well usual discrimination, not, matter, Fourteenth Amendments." note Massachusetts [public accommodations] been peculiar way" "any individuals participate petitioners' speech, communication produced shaped join demonstration own." 572-573. after finding interest, examine impose "serious burden" So cases, set side scale, 49 contends apply 367 (1968), interests. four-part test governmental regulation incidental effect speech-in symbolic burning draft card. destruction cards incidentally happen use violation symbol protest. directly immediately rights, enjoy O'Brien inapplicable. organizers. Although explicitly deem there here. already prohibits law.4 51 Stevens' observation perception changed. post, 37-39. Indeed, appears gained greater societal acceptance. scarcely argument denying refuse views. popular not. Texas Johnson, 491 397 (1989) (holding Johnson's conviction American flag Amendment); Brandenburg Ohio, 395 444 (1969) Ku Klux Klan leaders' advocating unlawfulness reform Amendment). idea embraced advocated increasing numbers protect voice 52 extolling Brandeis' comments Ice Co. Liebmann, 285 262, 311 (1932) (dissenting opinion); 2, 40, confuses two entirely principles. Ice, struck Oklahoma manufacture, sale, distribution ice license. Brandeis, champion experimentation economic realm, dissented. Brandeis never speech. contrary, commentary provides case. speaking Founders Nation, emphasized "believed think you speak indispensable discovery spread truth." Whitney California, 274 357, 375 (concurring opinion). continued: 53 "Believing discussion, eschewed silence coerced law-the worst form. Recognizing occasional tyrannies governing majorities, amended Constitution assembly guaranteed." 375-376. 54 be, tenet derogate "While strike government." 55 reversed, cause proceedings opinion. 56 ordered. APPENDIX OPINION 57 §10:5-4 2000). Obtaining employment, privileges discrimination; civil 58 "All persons shall opportunity obtain accommodations, advantages, facilities, assisted housing real property race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, age, marital status, affectional familial sex, conditions limitations applicable alike persons. declared right." 59 §10:5-5 Definitions 60 "As used act, unless meaning context: 61 62 "l. `A include, to: tavern, roadhouse, hotel, motel, trailer camp, day resort entertainment transient guests seeking health, recreation rest; producer, manufacturer, wholesaler, distributor, shop, store, establishment, concession dealing goods services kind; restaurant, eating house, food sold consumption premises; maintained sale cream, fruit preparations derivatives, soda water confections, beverages kind retailed garage, conveyance operated land water, air, stations terminals thereof; bathhouse, boardwalk, seashore accommodation; auditorium, meeting place, hall; theatre, motion-picture music hall, garden, skating rink, swimming pool, amusement park, fair, bowling alley, gymnasium, shooting gallery, billiard pool parlor, amusement; comfort station; dispensary, clinic hospital; library; kindergarten, primary secondary school, trade business high academy, university, educational institution supervision Education, Commissioner Education Jersey. Nothing herein contained construed institution, bona fide club, private; nor anything facility religious sectarian natural parent loco parentis direct education upbringing child control hereby affirmed; bar post school using faith criteria ancestry admission students." Notes sheds Director certified is" registered 746 (emphasis added). testified morality grounds revocation adult's 761. Public broadened scope groups; heightened equal scrutiny cases. Romer, 629. Some municipal ordinances criminal psychiatric treatment, military appearance, source income, residence, ideology. Mass., Ordinance §12-9(7) (ex-offender, status); Code §1-2519 (personal residence); Seattle, Wash., Municipal §14.08.090 (political ideology). Four Courts Appeals ruled Welsh 993 F.2d 1267 (CA7); cert. denied, 510 1012 (1993); (1998); Seabourn Coronado Area 257 Kan. 178, 891 385 (1995); Quinnipiac Comm'n Human Rights & Opportunities, 204 Conn. 287, 352 (1987); Schwenk 275 Ore. 327, 551 465 (1976). No appellate supreme court-except case-has reached result. anticipated result illustrated reasons likening 580. stated: "Assuming large enough benefits (apart expression) generally mandated access provision, nonetheless refused readily club applicant manifest taken club's 580-581. 63 whom Breyer join, dissenting. 64 "prides itself judging her merits" "in vanguard fight eradicate cancer unlawful society." Peper Princeton Univ. Trustees, 77 55, 80, 389 465, 478 (1978). Since 1945, discrimination. broadly advantages "of accommodation." construction "place expansive statutes. 1991, nine traits including individual's "sexual orientation."1 trenches (BSA). 65 designed replace prejudice principle, comment experiment "things social" 66 "To stay things grave responsibility. Denial fraught Nation. happy incidents single courageous may, citizens choose, laboratory; try novel experiments risk rest country. experiment. embodies measure arbitrary, capricious unreasonable. this, due process clause matters substantive procedure. power, ever guard, lest prejudices legal guide light let minds bold." 67 "exercise power" today, accord "courageous State" due. 68 BSA's "impos[e] burdens" "collective behalf [its] goals," 622, 626-627 BSA communicate endorse. therefore, 69 joined 1978, years old. Three later 18th birthday. Along way, earned badges, admitted prestigious Order Arrow, awarded Scout-an three percent 1989, Assistant Scoutmaster. On 19, honored participation, Boys sent advising stated "is privilege" denied "whenever concern youth." 135. Expressing surprise sudden expulsion, explanation 136. response, second decision established specifically At BSA. 71 teaches boys immoral. Consequently, argues, doing contention, quite plainly, what, exactly, actually teaches. 72 reads follows: potential." Its charter "to promote, organization, cooperation agencies, themselves others, train scoutcraft, courage, self-reliance, kindred values, methods 15, 1916." U.S.C. § 23; 315-316. describes "representative membership," defines "boy [that] reflects proportionately characteristics boy population area." 65. particular, emphasizes "[n]either bylaws permits boy. responsibilities representative community, district, council." 66-67 original). 73 Oath" Law" setting forth central tenets. promise, "obedient." Accompanying definitions provided Handbook Scoutmaster Handbook. instance, "obedient" 74 OBEDIENT. follows rules family, troop. obeys thinks unfair, tries changed orderly manner disobey them." 188 deleted). 75 bolster teaching wrong, directs attention appearing phrase ("On straight"); together comprising 76 such: strong character, your life honesty, purity, justice. Respect defend Your open. Be actions, faithful follow virtuous self-reliant." 78 points straight": 79 "In consideration fitness, key `courage.' boy's courage head heart tell wrong. Moral emotional present opportunities wise guidance alert Scoutmaster." 239-240. 80 offers following: 81 CLEAN. keeps body mind fit clean. chooses company live ideals. helps 82 "You ashamed dirt wash off. play hard work can't getting dirty. game done, disappears soap water. 83 "There's another won't off washing. shows up foul language thoughts. 84 "Swear words, profanity, dirty stories weapons ridicule hurt feelings. racial slurs jokes making fun ethnic mental limitations. knows kindness mean-spirited avoids words deeds. defends targets insults." 225-226 original); 189.2 85 plain neither principles-"morally "clean"-says slightest thing whatsoever matters. 86 topic underscores directed sex organization: "Your parents guardian teacher know." (1992) (reprinted 211). sure, forbidden asking issues nature, Scoutmasters are, literally, last encouraged ask: "If growing up, relationships, decisions, ask. Talk parents, leaders, teachers, Moreover, steer curious adolescents sources information: 87 ask information answer honestly factually, realm expertise comfort. concerns answer, refer leader, doctor, professional." (1990) 264). 88 More specifically, number up: 89 advice 90 "How handle matters? 91 "Rule 1: You undertake instruct formalized manner, family life. proper area, probably qualified this. 92 2: seek advice, competence. intercourse, really worried pimples, needed. 93 3: problems [are] them. spiritual leader doctor deal them, go there. available, can. don't highly professional role. extreme, passing buck." (1972) 546-547) 94 self-proclaimed ecumenism, furthermore, difficult discern stance Insofar concerned, "absolutely nonsectarian attitude toward training." 362. define constitutes religion. responsibility leaders." 76. sponsor local troops. immoral wrong homosexuals,3 exceedingly adopts philosophy comes especially advised (and told them);4 aware religions 95 fill void pointing "policies procedures relating Scouting" Committee Ante, 9. appropriate." 454. entire read, far equivocal: 96 "4. Q. employed non-professional? 97 knowingly employ professionals non-professionals. unaware prohibit 98 "5. Should non-professional terminated? 99 Yes, absence contrary. ordinance employment upon applicable, it, Paragraph position, 454-455 100 aspects relevant disposition exclusionary adopting sufficient, itself, prevail claim. 18-23. 101 expressed- unlike, memorandum, circulated few Committee. remained, effect, secret Far claiming intent homosexuals, posture-to world themselves- been: tolerance, welcoming classes men. respect, weaker past. 102 apparent draftsmen foresaw possibility Their conflicted policy, "obe[y] laws," "he laws] unfair" contingency. 4-5. apparently consider characterize individuals. portions assume "privilege" grant withhold. address proclaimed discriminatory if, when, arise-as now then, unequivocal suggests appropriate unpublished forthright attempt amendment statute. ("If them.") 103 Fourth, "appropriate." connect Whatever "appropriate" unconnected to, mentioned nowhere in, myriad creeds appear principles taught executives gays-and nothing in. 104 relies four statements issued 1993.5 All little, any, relevance Court.6 event, 105 stating: 457-458. third 1992 substantially same. 459. 1993, changed: 106 "BSA Position 107 108 109 "Accordingly, 110 Aside revoked, while tried abandoned effort. organization." Instead linking tenets goals-to "clean"-BSA chose instead "expectatio[n]" preferred homosexuals. insufficient 111 during brief period homosexuality's inconsistency Beyond sentence statements, indication incompatible Neither altered; reflect statement; lessons imparted Scouts; change limiting discussion matters; restrict acceptable affiliations condemn short, collective foster homosexuality.7 112 took Though policies interpretation Handbooks broad tolerance combined declaration "proper area" render equivocal incoherent worst. held, throw mixture contradictory positions invoke minimum, adhere 113 declare believed "homosexual deed." 457 expelled conduct.8 114 clear, equivocal, undisclosed evidences connection intentions brief-though ultimately abandoned-attempt sentence, show efforts belief. Furthermore, fail Nor opposed 115 inability failure significant. several suits challenging policy.9 amicus briefs earlier (Roberts 609 537 (1987)) cases; notice 1990 subjected laws, associate. Yet steps expulsion clarify how exclusivity connected speaks volumes credibility since 1984 issue-indeed, concerned twice file Court-yet intervening six (or explusion) explain why activities, instilled Handbook, lessons, otherwise. III 116 finds Amendment-speech, assembly, redress grievances, religion." 618. "when interferes individuals' selection endeavor, implicated." "[t]he purposes absolute"; rather, degree afforded vary depending extent liberty stake case." 623, choosing associates, selective Constitution." routinely easily policies, schools,10 firms,11 labor organizations.12 once face squarely conflicts 117 conflict. `designed spirit genuine Americanism civic avenue intelligent men community.' 612-613. divided chapters, described `young men's organization[s],' regular restricted males ages 35. 613. Minnesota's Act, `deny enjoyment sex.' 615. associate-in 118 Cautioning "absolute," "[i]nfringements justified 623-626. interest. "failed Act imposes burdens "taken regularly worthy Amendment," "no concluding voting impede views." 626-627. Act," "requires Jaycees' creed men, restrictions ideologies philosophies 627. 119 approach (1987). International, corporation, founded `an united worldwide humanitarian service, vocations, build goodwill peace world.' 539. cross section 540, women. "[T]he women," explained General Secretary, "results `aspect fellowship enjoyed membership.' 541. allowed operate effectively foreign countries varied cultures mores." California's Civil prohibited 541-542, n. associate, members. 120 548. sure," continued, "Rotary commendable [California's Act] clubs abandon alter activities. basic will, peace. classification community." worked "slight infringement serves women." 549.13 121 Several perfectly Club. Both Amendment,14 yet dispositive. adopt well.15 articulate Club, male-only [exclusively] membership' exclusively "operate effectively" countries. 122 asked requiring "impose[d] goals." (emphases Notwithstanding obvious choice. Similarly, "affect ability" added); 581 (1995) ("[A] members"); (to "be able specific desired viewpoints nearly confine share religion"); NAACP Alabama Patterson, 357 449, 462-463 (1958) (asking "entail[ed] likelihood substantial restraint petitioner's "likely adversely petitioner pursue beliefs"). "impose burden," way," upon" "shared "basic beliefs." affected, restrained 123 exceptionally has, most, disapproving matter; silent; Law-and accompanying definitions-are devoid topic; area," province pastor; posture respecting religion instructs involving ways conveyed Handbooks. silent all-let alone [homosexuals] [Boy views" [BSA's] creed." "does [BSA] of" relied certainly adds actual disseminated weight International's assertion all-male fosters "fellowship" effectively." post-revocation dispositive Club; to-or of-BSA's 125 Equally temporary, though abandoned, cry Despite solitary sentences continued disclaim matter actively lesson sexuality. reference earlier, effectively, sides mouth. "substantial restraint" goals" unable identify clarity. IV 126 pretermits analysis. `teach[es] straight.' conclusion, remarkably, rests briefs. (citing 39; 5). insists "give expression" "we expression." 10. long "contains evidence" bare assertion, "[w]e further." Once "asserts" ibid., doubt" truth ante, 127 astounding am previous instance looking litigant inquiring further. astonishing because, acknowledges, record." 6. odd independent consists deferring "limited," 7, "it inconsistent." 8; ("[T]he message"). 128 calls thing. choice, is, expressing (whatever be) (if expressed) critically, analysis, litigating posture. Reflection dictates required. 129 Surely instances truly aims precludes compliance discriminate fear reaction opened up. implicit enumerated Amendment, license act impulse. defense charge violating epitomized exclude. defer prepared assert briefs, mark boundary exercises hand, sham attempts insulate nonexpressive hand. Shielding litigant's turn, legislation nullity, turn farce. prescription total do. Frankfurter's seem apt: 130 "Elaborately argue dignify substance. Of course leave abstention discriminations conscience put authority cherished feeling forbidding indulgence another's hurt. sword stultify Certainly insistence color relations us, ought higher sanction extend area nondiscrimination exacts." Railway Mail Assn. Corsi, 326 88, (1945) 131 course, valid run paying too little heed pass necessity. subtle impact. 132 warranted. V 133 Even fails, refrain debate dialogue can, advise entering adulthood talk "with Scoutmaster," life" 7-8. forum working compelled prefer remain subject. 134 West Virginia Ed. Barnette, 319 624 (1943), "requir[e] affirmation mind," "force citizen profess belief," "forego convictions 633-634. "[O]ne manifestation principle decide `what say.' 573. mistakenly treats going refers 564-565, 580-581 (noting distinction claims). though, proclaim send. 567. 135 implies, argue, "bully pulpit" convey messages troop, therefore impart. 21-22. endorse argument, lacks merit, accept. 136 contended, support, revoked. assumption future. article describing teenagers attended. passage reads: 137 "James co-president Gay Alliance Sharice Richardson, lived double pretending attending academy. 138 "He remembers dating girls laughing homophobic Rutgers. 139 `I model, someone accepting me,' said, adding wasn't experiences, network friends." 517. 140 article, remotely Scoutmasters, intention rule. accounts suddenly directives article. 141 University, presumably issues. outside carried inside encourages followers convert faith. Or belong party advance friends.16 proselytize unwilling another.17 bring politics troop.18 From discourage trusts disobedient flouts expelled. presume comply discuss politically religiously resist urge politicize meetings.19 puts implicated prospective understanding Law." added).20 142 majority, bully pulpit. homosexuality-even so. distinc[t] message," accordingly, "Dale's 11; ("By donning Scouting, `celebrate [his] identity' leader"). 143 majority's (1995). petitioners John South Boston Allied War Veterans ran privately Respondent, known "GLIB," gays, lesbians, bisexuals "as pride heritage individuals." 561. When brought statute, account interpreted argued 144 agreed. pointed parade-like parade-is inherently undertaking. 568-570. Next, reaffirmed anyone she disagrees. 573-574. suggesting heterosexuals." 574. "would likely perceived" speech-or approved-because organizer's customary marches 575. superficial similarity close inspection gulf 145 critical conveying participating parade-otherwise, hardly all. Our inextricably tied parade, march. "inherent expressiveness [in parade] point," 568, formed pride, 561, 570. "distributed sheet intentions" "marched shamrock-strewn simple inscription `Irish Boston.' banner," marched unit intending 146 "[p]arades demonstrations understood neutrally presented selectively viewed" as, say, broadcast cable operator, usually "merely `a conduit' speech" others. 575-576. "customary parade." 147 cognizable world. Unlike sign; distribute sheet; sent, constitute Amendment.21 148 acts imbued qualify "speech" 376 (1968). limitless labeled `speech' whenever thereby idea." conceivably level, Dallas Stanglin, 490 24-25 (1989).22 speech; attributable joined; hence, joining), becomes been, 149 society alone-unlike individual's-should singled special treatment. Under reasoning, irreversibly affixed label "homosexual." label, unseen, communicates wherever goes. openness sole justification ostracism. unintended, tantamount prescribed inferiority.23 counsel remarked, "put around neck got created reputation. indeed, himself." Tr. Oral Arg. 25. 150 Another difference lies content place. govern Generally, disagrees, contradict garble normally involves avowal time. appointment group. 151 member. years, generously welcomed million Americans ranks. adults 571, 1200 (1999). notion size enormous prestige implicitly endorses non-Scouting context boggling. families, University.24 equally farfetched homosexuality, reported newspaper, allows Olympic gold medal winner Wimbledon tennis champion, "openly gay" message-for concealment; capable judged else; immoral-but excel. women, African-Americans, minorities, discrete group.25 legitimacy 152 decided frank police officers, librarians, athletic coaches, host jobs filled models children alike. Dozens units sponsored schools fire departments, affiliation agencies endorsing condoning people.26 VI 153 Unfavorable opinions "have ancient roots." Bowers Hardwick, 186, 192 (1986). Like atavistic groups, roots nourished doctrine. 196-197 (Burger, concurring); Loving Virginia, 388 (1967).27 Mathews Lucas, 427 495, 520 (1976) (Stevens, dissenting) ("Habit, distinguish female, alien citizen, illegitimate; inertia distinguishing black white"). interaction people, adherence thinking unfamiliar classes, modified opinions. examples: Psychiatric Association's Psychological removal "homosexuality" lists disorders;28 move communities;29 Blackmun's classic Bowers;30 Georgia's invalidation upheld Bowers;31 enactment provision past month witnessed remarkable changes attitudes homosexuals.32 154 still prevalent caused tangible harm countless class disputes. aggravated creation product habitual strangers. wisely advised, principles." 155 bold. respectfully dissent. again add "familial status" tenth class. provides: "10:5-4 right" instructed lesson: "(Hold cooking pots, shiny bright sooty outside, inside.) pots cooked in? Did hear somebody `Neither one?' "That's bad answer. wouldn't confidence patrol cook didn't out. "But pot that's inside. "Most outside. inside? Do clean? keeping Water, soap, toothbrush tak[e] care Only example respect-your clergyman, buddy trying thing." 289-290. Deans Divinity Schools Rabbinical Institutions Amicus Curiae ("The religi[ous] traditions coherent excludes institutions. movement nation's major institutions decades recognition communities, elders clergy"); Church Society Methodist al. Church, Episcopal Religious Action Center Reform Judaism, Homeland Ministries, Unitarian Universalist Association, orientation). ("Be beliefs"); ("by clergyman"); [t]alk leade[r]"); leader"); ("You [their] authorship obscure. policy-which identifies authors BSA-these unsigned. Two initialed (one "JCK"; "js"), tells initials belong. know widely distributed. have, available Handbooks; get of. 662, 668-669. forms relief: (1) revoked; (2) reinstating membership; (3) compensatory punitive damages. 27. done request relief, possible action influenced requests relief. 666-669 ("I heard occurred function Prior September function") (affidavit Merit Badge Counselor). oral asked: "[W]hat sense direction conduct?" Counsel answered: "[I]f [was because] excluded." 8. Commission (1987) (challenge girls); 3d 712, 195 325 (1983) denial homosexuals; rejecting association), overruled grounds, Runyon McCrary, 160, 175-176 advancement .' assumed segregation desirable, excluding minorities principle" citation omitted)). Hishon King Spalding, 467 69, (1984) ("[R]espondent argues Title VII infringe lawyers `distinctive contribution society,' respondent shown fulfill inhibited partnership merits. context, `[i]nvidious characterized exercising accorded affirmative protections' 93-94 ("Appellant organizations] interfere[s] workers race"). urged reading Troops members" "Girl boys." 37. occasion question, tendered note, ignores exemption reasonably sex," including, dressing room, station, hospital, sex." 12-13, §10:5-12(f) 1993)). [has] (citations omitted)); ("To Amendment"). "young men"; chapters organization[s]' "; reserving Likewise, International preference membership: "an men" excluded 539, 541 273) ("Scouts Scouters individuals") Bylaws Art. IX, §1, cl. 363) ("In church distinctively denominations required, unit, observe ceremony unique church"). Rules Regulations §2, 407) chartered councils, involve character"). Consider, regard, heterosexual, homosexual, acknowledges advocates well. ("[A]ny `morally straight' Oath, `clean' leaders") added) (certification Program). expel subject, reason-other blatant stereotyping-could presumption homosexuals? cites media interviews affidavit pro-gay agenda None conclusion. commenced; Times interview, owe is.' 513 demonstrates wants litigation-not position-to point, conceded revocation. Seattle `about giving adolescent model.' 549. television "I I'm proud stand hiding anything." 470. Lastly, "open 133. again, affiliation, acting (but not) pervasively identified (as gay) amount conduit publicizing position. noted, quoted above, establishes premise argument. Scouts-unlike expressive. Yoshino, Suspect Symbols: Literary Argument Heightened Scrutiny Gays, Colum. Rev. 1753, 1781-1783 (1996). Doe newspapers great importance Doe. Richard Roe, interested weekend weather forecast. Before 465. announces, conclusory barren implicated, `asserting true' Wooley Maynard, 430 705, 721 (1977) (Rehnquist, dissenting). "intimate 39-47. recognize relationships." 545. relationships. precise unclear, factors selectivity, relationship" sufficiently type 546. Considering 36, 4, impossible ranks falling marriage, bearing children, rearing cohabitation relatives. Loving, trial judge gave rationale Virginia's antimiscegenation statute: `Almighty races white, black, yellow, malay red, placed separate continents. interference arrangement marriages. separated intend mix.' Association 3, supra. significance magnified comparing vote Commonwealth's Attorney Richmond, 425 901 Justices-including Blackmun-voted summarily affirm District rejection Bowers. later, Blackmun Missouri Lib, 434 1080 university student agreed certiorari, citing university's suggested akin suffering measles quarantine regulations, presently measles, repeal providing measle sufferers quarantined." 1084 Powell Ga. S. E. Bradsher, Big Carmakers Extend Benefits Couples, Times, 9, 2000, p. C1; Marquis, Pride Observed About I. Workers, A26; Zernike, Couples Accepted Role Models Exeter, 12, A18. 156 157 Stevens's Part There, Stevens changing notes parallel decline stereotypical race gender. bases furnishing indicates, question. cognizant laudable resolution 158 (BSA) entitled, doors courts, raise resisting chosen association: interference. (1984). disclaimed future distinct unapologetic 12-13. 159 popularity advanced Whether rearguard irrelevant espouse, advocacy, channels customarily employs explains, way. less, ideal, inconsistently claimed, easy trump law.* If, met necessary, circumstances yield, says. epitomize publicly. modify muddle frustrate rule hypothetical, estimate progressive character unlike out; i.e. fide, thus

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