Document: 508 U.S. 333 113 S.Ct. 2112 124 L.Ed.2d 306 Jerry D. GILMORE, Petitioner,v.Kevin TAYLOR. No. 91-1738 Argued March 2, 1993. Decided June 7, Syllabus * At his trial in Illinois state court, respondent Taylor admitted the killing with which he was charged, but presented evidence to support claim that only guilty of voluntary manslaughter. The jury received instructions modeled after pattern on murder and manslaughter convicted murder. After conviction sentence became final, sought federal habeas relief ground violated Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. While case pending, Court Appeals, relying Cupp v. Naughten, 414 141, 94 396, 38 368, held as much, finding because preceded voluntary-manslaughter instructions, did not expressly direct a it could return if found defendant possessed mitigating mental state, possible for find without even considering whether entitled conviction. Falconer Lane, 905 F.2d 1129. State conceded Taylor's were unconstitutional, argued rule "new" within meaning Teague 489 288, 109 1060, 103 334, form basis relief. District agreed, Appeals reversed, concluding Boyde California, 494 370, 110 1190, 108 316, Connecticut Johnson, 460 73, 969, 74 823 (plurality opinion), rather than Cupp, specific enough have compelled result Falconer. Held: is may provide Pp. ____. (a) Subject two narrow exceptions, decided defendant's become final announces new rule, i.e., dictated by precedent at time final. This principle validates reasonable, good-faith interpretations existing precedents made courts therefore effectuates States' interest finality criminal convictions fosters comity between courts. (b) flaw somehow lessened State's burden proof below constitutionally required cases such In re Winship, 397 358, 90 1068, 25 prevented from an affirmative defense. Cases following Winship line establish States must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt respect every element offense place defendants proving defenses, see Martin Ohio, 480 228, 107 1098, 267; Patterson New York, 432 197, 97 2319, 53 281, and, thus, make clear unlikely progenitor rule. Nor do other cited dictate result. Boyde, supra—in clarified standard reviewing ambiguous impermissibly restricted jury's consideration relevant evidence—was capital case, Eighth Amendment requires greater degree accuracy fact noncapital cases. contrast, cases, containing state-law errors relief, Estelle McGuire, 502 ----, 112 475, 116 385, there no counterpart doctrine supra, Sandstrom Montana, 442 510, 99 2450, 61 39, discusses, flow Winship's due process guarantee, does apply defenses. failure consider defense violation right present complete defense, since involving dealt exclusion testimony witnesses, expansive reading these would nullify reaffirmed supra. (c) fall into either Teague's exceptions. "decriminalize" any class conduct or small core rules requiring observance those procedures are implicit concept ordered liberty. 954 441 (CA 7 1992), reversed. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion Court, SCALIA, KENNEDY, THOMAS, JJ., joined, all n. 3 SOUTER, J., joined. O'CONNOR, filed concurring judgment, WHITE, BLACKMUN, dissenting opinion, STEVENS, Mark E. Wilson, Chicago, IL, petitioner. Lawrence C. Marshall, appointed this respondent. Chief Justice REHNQUIST Court.* 1 Respondent Kevin sentenced 35 years' imprisonment. given Seventh Circuit granted its recent decision 1129 (1990), unconstitutional they allowed verdict instead. We conclude announced prior precedent, 334 (1989). Accordingly, respondent's case. 2 Early one morning September 1985, involved dispute former wife her live-in boyfriend, Scott Siniscalchi, over custodial arrangements daughter. A fracas ensued three adults, during stabbed Siniscalchi seven times hunting knife. died wounds, arrested home later morning. charged Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 38, ¶ 9-1 (1985). trial, took stand claimed acting under sudden intense passion provoked lesser-included 9-2. close evidence, judge sufficient supporting "heat passion" require instruction manslaughter, instructed follows: 4 "To sustain charge murder, propositions: 5 "First: That Defendant performed acts caused death Siniscalchi; 6 "Second: when so intended kill great bodily harm knew act cause created strong probability committing invasion. "If you your each propositions has been proved doubt, should guilty. 8 9 . 10 11 [sic ] 12 "Third: acted passion, resulting serious provocation another. 13 14 15 "As stated previously, If guilty, him offense; both. On hand, can both offenses." App. 128-131. 16 These after, virtually identical to, formally adopted 1981, Pattern Jury Instructions—Criminal §§ 7.02 7.04 (2d ed. 1981), had uniformly judges 1961, enacted definitions governed until 1987. See Haddad, Allocation Burdens Murder-Voluntary Manslaughter Cases: An Affirmative Defense Approach, 59 Chi.-Kent L.Rev. 23 (1982).1 object instructions. returned charge, 17 unsuccessfully challenged appeal, then petition postconviction dismissed petition. But while appeal Supreme invalidated People Reddick, 123 Ill.2d 184, 122 Ill.Dec. 1, 526 N.E.2d 141 (1988). According law, placed prosecution disproving state. Id., 6, N.E.2d, 146. take advantage Reddick affirmed denial involve constitutional error, type error grant Taylor, 181 Ill.App.3d 538, 130 101, 536 1312 denied request leave appeal. 18 Having exhausted remedies, attacking process. Eleven days later, much (1990). defect identified court quite different Reddick: Because F.2d, 1136. "Explicit misdirection scale," held, "violates guarantee process." 1137. reaching conclusion, principal reliance 368 (1973). 19 proceeding, Falconer, (1989), (1992). Although now thought "too general Teague," 452, concluded 316 (1983) "specific compelled" reached 452. Teague, bar retroactive application 453. certiorari, 506 52, 121 22 (1992), reverse. 20 retroactivity progeny question before us "new rule." Graham Collins, 892, 897, 260 (1993); Stringer Black, 503 1130, 117 367 (1992); U.S., 305-311, S.Ct., 1072-1075 opinion). Though we offered various formulations what constitutes put "meaningfully majority 'if final.' " Butler McKellar, 407, 412, 1212, 1216, 347 (1990) (quoting 301, 1070 (emphasis original)); also Graham, 897; Sawyer Smith, 497 227, 234, 2822, 2827, 111 193 (1990); Saffle Parks, 484, 488, 1257, 1260, 415 Penry Lynaugh, 492 302, 329, 2934, 2952, 106 256 "The 'new rule' courts," 414, 1217, thus 21 begin our analysis actual It (1970); nor affirmatively misstated applicable law. (The way relied upon subsequently subject prospective only. Flowers, 138 218, 149 304, 561 674 (1990).) Rather, read consecutively, elements set forth juror applying continuing decide out, justify returning lesser process, challenge witnesses presumed tell truth, effect shifting innocence. explicitly presumption innocence well amount violation. 149, 401. think view shared Circuit. 267 (1987); 281 (1977). argues proposition committed instructing lessen wholly Cf. Engle Isaac, 456 107, 119-121, 21, 102 1558, 1567-1568, 71 783 (1982) (challenge correctness self-defense law provides relief). need address contention say like crystal compel 24 additional believed first There, "constitutionally evidence." 380, 1198. work change favoring defendants, be considered analysis. Lockhart Fretwell, 838, 850, 180 (1993). Nevertheless, true Herrera 853, 859-860, 203 Beck Alabama, 447 625, 100 2382, 65 392 (1980). Outside context, never said possibility misapplying gives rise error. To contrary, contain 385 (1991). Moreover, fashioned inquiry "whether likelihood applied prevents petitioner court's California's "catch-all" factor determining certain evidence. Since "[t]he able give evidence," id., 377-378, 1196, plainly relevant. evidence" 26 plurality (1983). violates 39 (1979), harmless-error course deciding question, discussed nature discussion below. lineal descendant Winship; simply creates relieves doubt. Johnson plurality's establishing "due principle" lead "the ignore exculpatory doubt." 453 added). neither stretched far Winship. most risk fail related apply. supra; 27 offers separate (but related) rationale claims supported compels Circuit's ruling Falconer: viz., interfered fundamental previously Constitution guarantees 'a meaningful opportunity defense.' Crane Kentucky, 476 683, 690, 2142, 2146, 636 (1986) California Trombetta, 467 479, 485, 104 2528, 2532, 81 413 (1984)). invoked see, e.g., Chambers Mississippi, 410 284, 93 1038, 297 (1973), Webb Texas, 409 95, 351, 34 330 (1972) (per curiam); Washington 388 14, 87 1920, 1019 (1967). None them restrictions imposed ability Drawing includes it, confusing prevent violate process.2 nullity instructional generally And level generality invokes too guidance purposes inquiry. 491, 1261. 28 For foregoing reasons, disagree foreordained hold Teague.3 All remains falls collateral review. exception applies "plac[e] kinds primary, private individual power law-making authority proscribe." 307, 1073 opinion) (internal quotation marks omitted). clearly inapplicable here, conduct. 495, 1263. second permits 'watershed procedure' implicating fairness proceeding." 1264 311, 1075). inapplicable. expressed concern might confused cannot holding "small 'observance liberty.' 903 1075 omitted)).4 29 judgment 30 Reversed. 31 whom WHITE joins, judgment. 32 killed Siniscalchi. He contended, however, "act[ed] [Siniscalchi]." 9-2 account believed, then, Illinois, Ibid. asked mind convict acquitting choice: murder—not Indeed, produced raise negate 146 As result, permitted merit. 33 similar comport best. according ambiguity resulted misunderstood once (to admitted), stopped deliberating 441, (CA7 1992). words, though issue reach bore absence This, 450. understood (1989) bars announcement corpus. 451. examined determine "dictated" decisions. doing, construed compelling conclusion used 452-453. writ corpus unless retried 120 days. I agree today least susceptible debate among jurists. 415, 1218, reason, based here. deciding, out merits construe narrowly does. write separately. 36 Prior phrased variety ways, consistent. Compare Mills Maryland, 486 367, 384, 1860, 1870, 384 (1988) (constitutional occurs "substantial probability" precluded evidence) 523, 2459, (1979) jurors "could reasonably concluded" crime). single "instruction erroneous interpretation," proper notes, chose more restrictive itself finds Ante, 37 purport limit limited it. (1991), example, reviewed disagreed Court's regarding instruction, ---- (O'CONNOR, part part), agreed conclusion: 'whether way' Constitution." supra ). "reasonable likeli hood" implying outside ante, ____, implication misconstrue precedent. When states "instructions relief," ibid. (citing supra), mean mere violation, corrected habeas. Some hence particular very scrutinized belies assertion requirement amendments create consider. See, Rock Arkansas, 483 44, 51, 2704, 2709, (1987) ("[t]he testify one's own behalf sources several provisions Constitution"); Delaware Van Arsdall, 475 673, 678-679, 1431, 1435, 89 (REHNQUIST, J.) ("the Confrontation Clause effective cross-examination" omitted)). category 40 likelihood" not. ____; me may. ----; part). jurists here—which assume determined established—violated Constitution. 41 Our answer question. course, (1970). straightforward spawned number corollary rules, "us[e] evidentiary presumptions relieving persuasion essential crime." Francis Franklin, 471 313, 105 1965, 1970, 85 344 Accord, Rose Clark, 478 570, 580, 3101, 3107, 92 (1986); 84-85, 976, opinion); Sandstrom, 521-523, 2458-2459. extended themselves "logical extension" Rose, 3107—one step further. standing leads doubt" process; disregarded meaningless distinction 42 opinions (1987), (1977), some circumstances meaningless. Patterson, extreme emotional disturbance doubt; instead defendant. 210, 2327. Martin, rejected petitioner's preponderance shifted crime. 233-234, 1102. (Although rule.) 43 differs ways. First, production persuasion; go jury, Ill.2d, Ill.Dec., Second, allocation burdens proof; all. articulated Appeals. least, confirm promulgated here goes hitherto requires. 44 purpose promote judgments. makes "reasonable, interpretatio[n]" exist decision, overturned Butler, 413-414, 1217. Whatever Appeals' holding, us, unreasonable allow all, free begrudging principles will 45 resolve conclusively likely hybrid permits, resolution promulgate Like believe exceptions nonretroactive conduct, less 'primary, conduct[,] proscribe.' Mackey United States, 401 667, 675, 91 1160, 1164, 404 (1971) (Harlan, judgments part)). embody "procedur[e] accurate seriously diminished." 1077. noted above, murder; that, provided, "a cry kind absolute prerequisite liberty." 314, 1077 46 erred join (wrongly, my view) suggesting incorrect one. reserve 47 STEVENS dissenting. 48 holds suffered Process, preclude further concludes, order avoid merits, proscription proceeding," 1263, Unlike am fully persuaded Therefore, assuming arguendo correct asks announce rule," 49 substantive alleged governs offense. asserts affirm 50 tried "murder" defined distinct crimes, albeit common. crime, (1) victim, (2) victim.1 who "under provocation," honest) belief deadly force justified imminent harm, offense, person innocent 51 presiding "let existed here." 96. No Yet explain Instead, telling about (intent causation death), stated: guilty." 129. went instruct possessing requisite mind, provocatin [sic] deceased. Serious excite person." 130. Finally, gave apparent attempt relation charges: 52 131. Even prosecutor failed inform offenses 98-99. accordingly suggested include explaining serve constitute charge. 99. indicated raised "I just don't want knowingly 101. declined suggestion responded prosecutor's concern: "We're doing knowingly; we're ignorance." 54 deliberations, signed effect. 131, 137. mentioned unsigned not-guilty forms 139-140. II 55 1198, (1990).2 detail why demonstrates Illinois. threshold 56 appears contest lay people understand provocation. explained (or neither) offenses, defendant, fact, satisfy offenses. indeed whenever (intent, causation, provocation) satisfied, causation) satisfied well. And, clarify choose event out. 57 complicated Provocation component easy convey idea intent, (3) 58 What actually did, list starting both, send deliberate. deliberation room, four sheets paper3, provided spaces jurors' signatures. indicated, respectively, verdicts "Not Guilty murder," "Guilty Voluntary Manslaughter," order. 135, 137, almost certainly not, consistent judge's There need, received, concedes "violated permitting defense." Brief Petitioner 12. unanimous evaluating same another case: "These essentially assure follows them, possibly manslaughter." 194, 5, 145 concluded: "No matter how existence 'manslaughter defenses,' nevertheless given." 1129, 1136 ignorance, deprivation rights diminished III 60 Constitution, necessary examine operation regulating citizens society. below, ex post facto conviction, deprived fair trial. A. VI consistently notice penalties are. Miller Florida, 482 423, 429, 2446, 96 351 (explaining prohibition against laws, Const., Art. I, § 9, cl. 3, 10, 1); Beazell 269 167, 169, 68, 70 L.Ed. 216 (1925) (same); Buckley Valeo, 424 77, 612, 662, 659 (1976) their law); Bouie City Columbia, 378 347, 84 1697, 1701, 894 (1964) (same). conform dictates know Proper warning imperative. 62 through statutes, warned actions, warn treated interchangeable equivalent incarcerated short term years, imprisoned maximum years. murderer, fewer years up absent aggravating factors. &Par; 9-2(c), 1005-8-1(1) (4) Under acts, committed—voluntary —was nearly seriousness murder.4 presence adequate explanation treats undisputedly amounted 63 useful analogy elsewhere disprove (1987). impose heavy State. Despite status converts otherwise justifiable homicide. kills self-defense, being 64 context omission affirmative-defense fundamentally denies Process. Consider hypothetical example. citizen Atkins Parker, 472 115, 130, 2520, 2529, 86 (1985), Jane Doe chooses John Smith threatens substantial death, theory she rely representation legislature legal. try permit plead breach undoubtedly fairness. difficult sympathize Doe, legally concededly Not crimes equal, treat engage punishable Mullaney Wilbur, 421 684, 698, 95 1881, 1889, (1975), said: 66 "Indeed, viewed terms potential difference personal liberty attendant importance many crimes." 67 By equating thereby, effect, highly inaccurate 68 reduced meant exclude Any procedure increased despite provocation, decreasing jury. option, severely 416, ensured convicted, wrongly, 69 Returning example Doe's distort definition causing killings definition. prescribed results therefore, suggests asserted recognized 17. Beck, included record instruction. left open context. 638, 2390, 14. appeals claim. 7. claims, entitles drastic alternatives where similarity ends. reason reasonable-doubt Where 'plainly offense,' 634, 2388, quoting Keeble 412 205, 213, 1993, 1998, 844 (1973) original), thereby exposing penalty, free. problem extent fear disregard 72 opposite—that follow ignorant reduces literally distorts extending misinforming 73 Whether extend nullification bearing outcome premised notion faithfully premise operates contexts alike. Richardson Marsh, 481 200, 211, 1702, 1709, 176 B Through misled rights. Sixth 75 Fifth Amendments remain silent. precludes calling witness prosecution. South Dakota Neville, 459 553, 563, 916, 922, 748 (the "classic violation" consists trial); Malloy Hogan, 1489, 653 incorporates silent States). testify. 76 important evidently avail himself oath broke wife's intentionally fatally 80-81. testified, victim. 76-81. closing argument, 112-121. 77 jurors, effectively told testimony. Absent testimony, deliberated taken sworn actions statute. tell, confessed crime court. 78 desire tended show statute prompted transformed plea pleads informed consequences plea. Mabry 504, 509, 2543, 2547, 437 (1984); Marshall Lonberger, 422, 436, 843, 852, 646 apprised unknowingly confessing innocent. vitiated guaranteed Amendments. IV 79 profound misinforms governing legal principles, "Although precise contours [the discern, usually Gideon Wainwright, 372 335, 83 792, 799 (1963), represented counsel trials illustrate coming exception." 1264. significant proceeding counsel. critical one, takes 80 requested unreasonably stumbling blocks path enforcement marginally underlying spared attend ensure asks, trial.5 respectfully dissent syllabus prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber Co., 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. SOUTER joins footnote opinion. Effective July 1987, reclassified second-degree rewritten accordingly. 7.02B (3d 1992, Supp.1993). relies Cool 100, 354, 335 curiam true. Relying (1970), (1967), reversal "place[d] improper allow[ed] 102-103, 356. turn, emphasized, contravened command 104, 357. predicate Strongly fortifying deemed 1981—five —but 1961. stated, rule" "validat[e] courts." institutionalized practice period reasonableness BLACKMUN elevate contained merely come exception. reaches combining principles—the silent—into unrecognizable stew. intent attempting forcible felony time. 9-1(2) implies, confined citation implication, McGuire ____ judgment). Two referred invasion, convicted. longer hardly innovation "[T]he heat been, inception common homicide, culpability attaching unlawful homicide." 696, 1888, (1975). 4, added THE CHIEF JUSTICE circulated, deserves acknowledgment, let alone comment. justice country expect receive genuine issues dismissive conclusory rhetoric treated. adhere derided "constitutional stew."

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