Document: 383 U.S. 413 86 S.Ct. 975 16 L.Ed.2d 1 A BOOK NAMED 'JOHN CLELAND'S MEMOIRS OF WOMAN PLEASURE,' et al., Appellants,v.ATTORNEY GENERAL the COMMONWEALTH MASSACHUSETTS. No. 368. Argued Dec. 7 and 9, 1965. Decided March 21, 1966. [Syllabus from pages 413-414 intentionally omitted] Charles Rembar, New York City, for appellants. William I. Cowin, Brookline, Mass., appellee. Mr. Justice BRENNAN announced judgment of Court delivered an opinion in which THE CHIEF JUSTICE FORTAS join. This is obscenity case Memoirs a Woman Pleasure (commonly known as Fanny Hill), written by John Cleland about 1750, was adjudged obscene proceeding that put on trial book itself, not its publisher or distributor. The civil equity suit brought Attorney General Massachusetts, pursuant to Laws Chapter 272, §§ 28C—28H, have declared obscene.1 Section 28C requires petition commencing be 'directed against (the) name' order show cause 'why said should judicially determined obscene' published daily newspaper sent registered mail 'to all persons interested publication.' Publication this occurred Boston newspaper, copy G. P. Putnam's Sons, alleged copyright holder book. 2 As authorized § 28D, Sons intervened proceedings behalf book, but it did claim right provided section issue tried jury. At hearing before justice Superior Court, conducted, under 28F, 'in accordance with usual course equity,' court received evidence also, allowed section, heard testimony experts2 accepted other evidence, such reviews, assess literary, cultural, educational character constituted entire neither side availed itself opportunity introduce 'as manner form publication, advertisement, distribution.'3 entered final decree, 'is entitled protection First Fourteenth Amendments Constitution United States action law enforcement officer provisions * 28B, otherwise.'4 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial affirmed decree. 349 Mass. 69, 206 N.E.2d 403 (1965). We noted probable jurisdiction. 382 900, 232, 15 154. reverse.5 3 term 'obscene' appearing statute has been interpreted expansive permits: 'statute covers material constitutional sense.' v. Book Named 'Tropic Cancer,' 345 11, 13, 184 328, 330 (1962). Indeed, decree us equates finding within meaning declaration Amendment.6 Thus sole question state courts whether satisfies test established Roth States, 354 476, 77 1304, 1498. 4 defined following terms: '(W)hether average person, applying contemporary community standards, dominant theme taken whole appeals prurient interest.' U.S., at 489, S.Ct., 1311. Under definition, elaborated subsequent cases, three elements must coalesce: (a) interest sex; (b) patently offensive because affronts standards relating description representation sexual matters; (c) utterly without redeeming social value. 5 purported apply definition held criteria satisfied. need consider erred concluding satisfied appeal patent offensiveness criteria; reversal required misinterpreted value criterion. applied criterion passage: 6 'It remains can 'utterly importance'. are mindful there expert testimony, much strained, effect structural novel literary merit; displays skill characterization gift comedy; plays part history development English novel; contains moral, namely, sex love superior brothel. But fact may indicate some minimal does mean any importance. do interpret 'social importance' requiring unqualifiedly worthless deemed obscene.' 73, N.E.2d, 406. holding 'unqualifiedly cannot proscribed unless found so even though possess requisite offensive. Each federal independently; weighed nor canceled offensiveness.7 Hence, view below possessed only modicum value, reversed being founded erroneous interpretation standard. II. 8 It necessarily follow determination sense would improper circumstances. On premise, we no occasion assess, offensive, minimum circumstances production, sale, publicity relevant determining publication distribution constitutionally protected. Evidence commercially exploited sake appeal, exclusion values, might justify conclusion setting relaxed dispense requirement devoid rather that, elaborate Ginzburg pp. 470—473, 947—948, where purveyor's emphasis sexually provocative aspects his publications, could accept evaluation face In proceeding, however, were asked judge abstract, aided limited specific set publicity.8 All possible uses therefore considered, mere risk panderers pervasively treats matters alter fact—given attributing historical will importance hands those who publish distribute basis 9 Reversed. 10 BLACK STEWART concur reasons stated their respective dissenting opinions p. 476 497, 950 956, Mishkin State York, 515 518, 968, 969. 11 APPENDIX TO OPINION MR. BRENNAN. 12 STATE STATUTE. 13 MASSACHUSETTS LAWS, CHAPTER 272. 14 SECTION 28B. Whoever imports, prints, publishes, sells, loans distributes, buys, procures, receives, possession purpose loan distribution, knowing obscene, indecent impure, whoever, wholesale distributor, jobber, sends delivers retail storekeeper pamphlet, magazine printed material, had previously ordered writing, specifying title quantity he desired, shall punished imprisonment prison more than five years jail house correction two one half years, fine less hundred dollars thousand dollars, both correction. 28C. Whenever reasonable believe imported, sold, loaned distributed, person intends import, sell, same, attorney general, district district, bring information directed name. Upon filing equity, shall, if, upon summary examination notice, returnable thirty days, name addressed thereof, why impure. Notice given once each week successive weeks city and, if filed county Suffolk county, then also county. notice copyrights, author, names appear fourteen days least return day notice. After issuance motion general attorney, make interlocutory adjudication same force twenty-eight E F, until made further court. 28D. Any file answer named time allow, jury 17 28E. If appears answers allowed, petitioner, own motion, reason contrary appearing, default finds 18 28F. appearance filed, down speedy hearing, first appeared answered, E. Such conducted including rights exception appeal. receive experts cultural distribution. 19 28G. An C open objection ground judgment, sought thereby relief claimed thereunder defendant's knowledge obscenity, indecency impurity 20 28H. B indictment complaint offence committed after C, thereon, any, admissible evidence. prior defendant, conclusively presumed favor offence, decedent contents 21 DOUGLAS, concurring. 22 Pleasure, or, often titled, Hill, concededly erotic novel. 1749 endured date, despite periodic efforts suppress it.1 relates adventures young girl becomes prostitute London. end, she abandons life marries her lover, observing: 23 'Thus, length, I got sung into port, where, bosom virtue, gather'd uncorrupt sweets: looking back vice run, comparing infamous blandishments infinitely joys innocence, help pitying, point taste, who, immers'd gross sensuality, insensible delicate charms VIRTUE, PLEASURE greater friend, VICE enemy. temperance makes men lords over pleasures intemperance enslaves them to: one, parent health, vigour, fertility, cheerfulness, every desirable good life; other, diseases, debility, barrenness, self-loathing, evil incident human nature. 24 '* paths Vice sometimes strew'd roses, they ever many thorn, cankerworm: Virtue roses purely, eternally unfading ones.'2 25 1963, American publishing undertook Memoirs. record indicates unusually large number orders placed universities libraries; Library Congress requested translate Braille. Commonwealth instituted ultimately way here, praying citizens spared necessity themselves read it. 26 upheld suppression. reverses, prevailing having seized language candidly admitted Hill 'some value.' decide disingenuous this. base my vote reverse Amendment permit censorship expression brigaded illegal action. test, compelled clear 'obscene.' prosecution virtually effort prove importance.' defense, hand, introduced considerable impressive work historical, importance.3 27 judges, historians philosophers. competent render independent worth except our capacity private citizens. pair Brother CLARK Universalist minister quote Appendix. censorship, wisdom merit significance evaluated. record, choice irrespective include libraries. 28 Four seven Justices conclude obscene. 403. judges Appeals Larkin N.Y.2d 399, 252 N.Y.S.2d 71, 200 760. To outlaw voting let majorities rule minorities thought supreme. forbids abridgment 'freedom speech, press.' Censorship most notorious abridgment. substitutes majority minority tastes viewpoints tolerated. 29 me inexplicable how nonetheless banned advertised sold. However florid cover, whatever pitch advertisements, remain same. 30 Every argued office flooded letters postal cards urging protect Nation striking publication. messages identical commas semicolons. inference irresistible copied school church blackboard. Dozens mailed precinct. drives incessant pressures great. Happily bow them. mention emphasize lack popular understanding system. Publications utterances immune majoritarian control Amendment, applicable Fourteenth. No exceptions made, obscenity. Court's Roth, 'outside' justification. 31 extent 'obscenity' crime common unclear. generally agreed reported involving conduct King Sir Sedley.4 literature, exclusive concern ecclesiastical courts,5 constitute indictable offense 1727.6 later involved 'obscene impious libel' (a bawdy parody Pope's 'Essay Man') member House Commons.7 these few say common-law doctrines regard anything uncertain. 'There term. There identification. unity describing what prosecuting little ability smell it.' Alpert, Obscene Literature, 52 Harv.L.Rev. 40, 47 (1938). 32 fully developed adoption justified assuming left unscathed. Bridges California, 314 252, 264, 62 190, 194, L.Ed. 192, said: 33 '(T)o assume field became ours deny belief 'one objects Revolution get rid liberty speech Schofield, Freedom Press Amer.Sociol.Soc. 67, 76. 34 'More specifically, forget environment ratified. presenting proposals embodied Bill Rights, James Madison, leader preparation 'Although know whenever great rights, jury, freedom press, conscience, come body (Parliament), invasion resisted able advocates, yet Magna Charta contain provision security respecting people America alarmed. press choicest privileges people, unguarded British Constitution." 35 And see Grosjean Co., 297 233, 248 249, 56 444, 448—449, 80 660. 36 true, observed laws books handful adopted.8 was, Fourteenth, restraint power. Moreover, absence cases relative period immediately Amendment. passed legislation middle nineteenth century.9 Neither warrants particular class nothing merit. faced difficult questions poses libel Times Co. Sullivan, 376 254, 269, 84 710, 720, 686, recognized 'libel talismanic immunity limitations.' ought fictionalized assertions obscure here. Were undertake inquiry, unable, opinion, escape society suppression literature override censorship. 37 censor always quick function terms protective society. absolute, deprives power pass propriety, morality expression. Cf. Kingsley Int'l Pictures Corp. Regents University, 360 684, 688—689, 79 1362, 1365—1366, 1512; Joseph Burstyn, Inc. Wilson, 343 495, 72 777, 96 1098. Perhaps frequently assigned justication erotica produce antisocial conduct. relationship proven.10 judgments speculation, guess pornographic sort would, provide substitute—not stimulus—for See Murphy, Value Pornography, Wayne L.Rev. 655, 661 n. (1964). gear diet nation tepid stuff incapable triggering demented mind. demands horrible example perpetrator violence, whose pocket allows saddled regime censorship.11 38 Whatever reach regulate conduct, stand supra, leaves government ideas. 39 CONCURRING. 40 DR. PEALE AND FANNY HILL. 41 Address Rev. R. Graham, Church Denver. 42 December 43 present twentieth century, seems symbolize quest moral. Sin, Sex Self-Control Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, well-known clergyman portrays struggle middle-class arrive means stabilizing behavior patterns. time, disturbing sold stores Peale's volume. seventeenth century Hill: Pleasure. 44 Quickly, very common. One scientific technological sophistication, while old. acclaimed pulpit, protested Court. authored Christian pastor, represents thoughts experiences prostitute. far public concerned, moral hopelessly immoral. While Peale attempting redeem society, serve another instance overall trend toward immoral order. Most parents pleased find children reading am afraid sorely distressed discover among offspring. 45 Although expect similarities between pastor prostitute, subject matter is, ways, strangely similar. radically different, concerns Both authors deal experience. They concerned happens world live day. significantly all, age-old 'What moral?' readily admit obvious Cleland. search clothed passages seem equate debauchery concerned. punctuated noble 'truth,' 'love,' 'honesty.' 46 These important themselves. literature. Whether survive through centuries question, although edge Peale! However, symbolic represent important. begins analysis disorder today. He admits traditional Judeo-Christian longer strong forceful guides. writes: 48 'For forty since ordination, preaching surrender Jesus Christ adopt affirmative attitudes abundantly triumphantly. still absolutely convinced true. bleakly aware seventh decade seemed away principles practices religion—not them.' (Page 1.) 49 reflects various changes place suggests enthusiastic loss allegiance religion, nevertheless, willing recognize illusion. 50 struggle, says develop new perspective current dilemma times. What disaster really opportunity. idea, coming him, surprising, devoted concept 'positive thinking!' concludes welcome old external authorities fallen. individuals coerced certain patterns behavior. 51 According challenge. Our longed when disciplined self-control, motivated compunction. Bravely forthrightly, announces now self-control replace authority. add values contained tradition 'the life' never abandoned emanate wellsprings 'Truth.' internalized individuals. situation solution offers assisting individual times, close views Sigmund Freud. felt corrupt result, sure defense super-ego conscience. precisely recommends. 53 Interestingly enough Cleland, issues. presented subtly problem deals identical. contend wholly feel interests. 54 firmly immoral, piece fact, go suggest significant represented Self-Control. nature allegory. th story, unethical emerges ethical. Nothing distressing commonly considered may, reality, demonstrate characteristics concern. 55 real irony naive warmth, faithfulness amid surroundings situations whole, condemns debased depraved. outside brothel afirms faith dignity man, treated unimportant creatures. prostitution, friendship, understanding, respect When absent lover returns, lost gutter. perceives healthy discovered loved think suggesting cautious condemned honor. From viewpoint, story tragedy self-control. She refused internalize inherent andthe catalog scenes fifty-two symbol lives. 57 others, correct saying did, appreciate self-expression. 'clients' looked end. understand persons. Charles, returned filled guilt remorse. herself offer him devotion. 58 feeling fear scenes, author raises serious takes idea repression create develops self-expression dares calls debased, genuine beings, develop. Far glorifying vice, points accusing finger man. 59 quickly 'message' missed reads Hill. point. become accustomed pre-judging ethical unable harms people. 60 beautifully describes meaningful relationships man woman marriages, use gratification otherwise, well versa. simply many, ways hurt, injure degrade worse either visiting morality. 61 sick attempts describe ones. modern certainly valuable tell behave, ourselves related writing emphasizes useful commodities available man—self-centeredness self-understanding popular, humane. 'Peale approach' breeds contentment, Standards thinking appropriate use. marked chaos confusion, viewpoint comfort satisfaction. trouble it, results conformity, rigid understanding. personality configurations intense propositions Truth Right but, build wall attitude creates certainty, warmth. 'my kind people' 'right.' forces degrade, dismiss attempt destroy anyone agree us. 63 alive sensitive choose want. slave free time. Self-control opposite ends continuum. like both, necessary choice, openness contradictory qualities. denies possibility want, comes conformity creativity. want behave structured predictable manner, ideal creativity meaning. 64 Long ago Plato said, honored country cultivated there.' More more, reward alike frightened, beyond belief, take consensus. collapses, fall, Decadence, individual, arises distinguish immorality, controlled strangled robot. 65 understand, victim himself brilliant clarity persuasion learn leave alone, 66 basic choices Man autocentric existence ambiguity responsibility. Autocentricity presupposes 'closed world' predetermined animal-like. contrast view, allocentric outlook 'open encounter total world.' Growth, spontaneity goals existence. 67 epitomizes approach. 'warm blankets' comfortable 'cocoons' lose humanity. posits raise sights, stretch imagination, cultivate sensitiveness deepen ad broaden perspectives. discussing Floyd W. Matson writes, 68 'Human beings conditioned apathy affluence prefer regressive path resistance promise end striving. otherwise: word, themselves.' (The Broken Image, page 193.) 69 overly drawing lines bad, wrong, true false, availability Prostitution oldest profession world, becoming disturbing: look like?' 70 CLARK, dissenting. 71 regret write opinion. continuous flow reaching increasing controlling typical. 'stomached' past almost outcry. Though purist—or shrinking violet—this too me. declare thus affords circulation. give remarks proper obliged portray book's contents, causes embarrassment. quotations typical episodes debase Reports course. Let pinpoint today's field. case, import laid 1498 (1957), '(a) WHITE condition rejects gives smut artist rein carry dirty business. My case—which deciding opinion—was cast solely be: 'whether requirements: (1) judged parts; (2) standards.1 denoted 'such slight step truth benefit derived clearly outweighed *.' 485, 1309 (quoting Chaplinsky Hampshire, 315 568, 572, 766, 769, 1031 (1942)). decision value' suggested, expounded. Harlan Manual Enterprises, Day, 370 478, 82 1432, 639 (1962), reference Roth. Rather 'patent offensiveness' besides 'prurient appeal.' Nor Brennan concurring Enterprises test. Jacobellis Ohio, 378 184, 191, 1676, 1680, 793 (1964), joined Goldberg, wrote: 'Recognizing enunciated (in Roth) perfect, substitute equally problems, adhere standard.' Nevertheless, proceeded add: 73 'We reiterate, recognition excluded importance,' repeated converse announce non sequitur: 74 follows dealing advocates ideas artistic importance, branded denied protection.' 1680. 75 Significantly Jacobellis, Brennan, mentioned varied previous cases. recognizing Chief dissent joined, specifically stated: 76 'In light foregoing, reiterate acceptance case: Material protected regulation proscription interest." (Emphasis added.) 202, 1685. asserted accept, limiting review consideration 'sufficient evidence' support 78 Three members hold here properly Massachusetts. retry 'Findings Fact, Rulings Law Order Final Decree' 'this fields art, science, news impure.' portions findings: 'Opinions aid comprehension facts, course, usurp Highly artificial, stylistic abundance metaphorical descriptions conclusions pretty strained value: preached better love, Fanny's acts, particularly boy seduced, least, contrary. Careful best plainly ideas, artistic, attributes. 'This states suppressible not.' Scileppi People Fritch, 119 (243 1, 192 713).' Finding 20. None findings overturned addition reverses casual statement, Why, statement erroneous, affirm correct, tell. followed 81 ultimate separate distinct together Accordingly, turn attack. repeat depict sordid III. series minutely vividly described episodes. starts 15-year-old girl, arriving London seek household work. goes employment happenstance meets mistress house. pages. remaining detail initiation experiences, lesbian sister sorts types houses variety men. reader uninterrupted succession Fanny, observer participant, vile male witnesses hesitant courtroom. run gamut experience lesbianism, female masturbation, homosexuality boys, destruction maidenhead consequent gory descriptions, seduction virgin boy, flagellation female, versa, fervid engagement, abhorrent dozen bizarre different intercourses characters. sequence four girls presence relate lurid details virginity glorification evening 'publick trials' engages intercourse others witness, giving detailed movement reaction couple. 83 exposed bodies participants minute detail. pubic hair used background vivid precise response, condition, size, shape, color organs before, during orgasms. short transitory episodes, scene identify next orgy, smutty comparison doubt arouse interest. Likewise repetition episode candor renders 'patently offensive.' facts weigh heavily appraisal claims 'redeeming 85 unfortunately offered testimony,2 called several attest careful reveals substance. For example, witness testified: 'I art asks receives response orderly organized fashion, fictional central character, style *. call intellectual someone extremely curious seeks accuracy physical sensations, psychological responses empiricist tells things 18th otherwise know.' 87 art. evoked sensual. presentation difference; presents lascivious sustained tension.3 Certainly baroque vitiate legal standpoint, remember expressed 'elaborate language.' meticulous presentation, 'intellectual' insult travel tag. harlot—a sensualist—exploiting attractions fun, money, lodging keep, inheritance, finally husband. life, curiosity extended pursuit delight wherever 'external debaucheries. empiricist, confines observations 'experiments' sex, primary attention depraved, lewd, deviant practices. 88 Other produced testified profound 'idea sensual passion truly experienced associated emotion love' 'can wholesome, healthy, itself,' whereas novels sexes seen manifestation decadence, insterility perversion.' proves gave probative weight. rview 'where 'pornography' brutalize, idealizes. sense, fantasy—and fantasy, mind woman. organ phenomenal absurdity.' Finally, saw 'a minor deluding guide respectful interesting footnote novel.' unrelated reveal Another turns convention upside Admittedly 'high art' 'an skip elevation erections.' 'downfall' long delightful swoon depths pleasurable sensation.' indicating just item 'widely accredited deliberately English.' reviewer 'no harlot. Her 'Memoirs' combine grace disarming enthusiasm activity human. word.' 'expertise' none so-called attributes contrary, accentuate 89 'detectable merit' complex going adventures.' illustrate assertion 'writing skillfully done' pointed whore, 'Phoebe, 'red-faced, fat early 50's, waddles room.' doesn't walk in, in.' Given standard 'skillful writing,' surprising 90 claiming 'record psychological, (and) events period.' disprove assertion. depicts brothels metropolitan cities history. noticed tendency nakedness act sociological observation' additional proof, marvels 'refers constantly engine pulling you 19th 20th century.' How adds comprehension. lengths semblance ubiquitous acts excused tracing 'moral progress' heroine, silver watch servant odd custom about.' up bankruptcy content, adequately justifying court's 91 duty determine viewing standards. discount testimony. Socalled 'literary obscenity,' i.e., fantasies hard-core type engaging protection. calculated interest, beautiful prose. obviously dynamic connections sex—the emotional, intellectual, physical—but former promote immunity. technique perverse observation heights (sexual) enjoyment achieved affection prepares bed passion.' merely however found, unrelieved IV. 92 concurrence, DOUGLAS asserts proof produces anti-social foreclosed comment DOUGLAS' views, engrafted BRENNAN, 'appeals interest' offensive' suppressed encompasses qualities material. phrasing considered. 'redeem' implies balance esthetic harmful consequences pornography. scope criterion—which precision material's influence causing criminal crimes, mental, health person. area behavioral scientists lead believe. reason, division correlation socially deleterious 93 Psychological physiological studies aroused material.4 stimulation caused pornography legally insignificant medical manifests conduct.5 George Henry Cornell University exaggerated morbid abnormal perverted practices, unrealistic attitudes, induce person.6 sociologists adverse effects mental potentially disruptive community.7 94 addition, persuasive criminologists police officials. Inspector Herbert Case Detroit Police Department contends murder invariably tied literature.8 Director Federal Bureau Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover, repeatedly emphasized overwhelmingly crimes. Again, betweenpossession established, files agencies reports patterned depicted material.9 95 clergy outspoken encourages degeneracy misconduct. Journal-American August 7, 1964, Cardinal Spellman stressed direct immature confirmed practical service West Mission, Donald Soper prostitution. Rolph, Does Pornography Matter? (1961), 47—48.10 legislatures enacted measures restrict material,11 controls result obscenity.12 Likewise, trial, parties along attribute 97 consider. 'was values' commercial exploitation today Mishkin. 98 stated, study leads conceivable author's obsession phalli, repetitious accounts designed extrinsic tending attracted readers desirous vicarious pleasure, profit publisher's 'Introduction' recites 'never-do-well bohemian,' wrote guineas. Thereafter, publications 'embellished fresh inflammatory details' 'highly illustrations,' 'surreptitious circulation.' cover tempts announcement sale permitted 'after 214 suppression.' sophisticated tone, informs graphic genitals exploits. instance, states: 99 'Here there, Cleland's lovemaking marred perhaps adherence 'longitudinal fallacy'—the formidable bodily equipment accomplished lovers apt quite unnecessary relish 100 Many similarly reflect 'own evaluation' excerpt jacket hardcover edition typical: 101 'Memoirs product luxourious licentious, degraded, era. abounding improprieties, priapic vulgar pleasure aim existence, satisfaction epitome subject, stoops unbecoming 102 apparently sequel Cox-comb, Lancer Books, labels sensational literature.' daresay alone explains obscenity—preying carnal proclivities pecuniary advantage. judgment. 103 HARLAN, 104 aftermath 1498, stable approach devised Two nonobscene alike. believes Government save 'hard-core pornography.' 1957 prurience utter importance;1 expounded 463, 942, 502, 958, undergone transformation. 'pandering,' uncertain gloss interpretive aid, explicit intervening decisions. tangled affairs, forth 496, 1315, continue soundest intractable problem. Coxcomb, divides 105 premise bind fashion. consistent responsive functioning system area. 505—506, 1319—1320. decisions indicated protects 'free speech,' Gitlow 268 652, 625, 1138; Fiske Kansas, 274 380, 1108, utterance regulatory scheme enact State. delimit speech—the gravity regulated, Schneider Jersey, 308 147, 146, 155; 'clear present' danger, Schenck 249 47, 52, 247, 470 (Holmes, J.); magnitude avoid danger,' Dennis, Cir., 183 F.2d 201, 212 (L. Hand, J.)—may depend context exercised. When, Beauharnais Illinois, 250, 725, 919, group-libel morality,' 257, 731, acknowledging responsibility public-welfare committing uphold similar communications commerce Kovacs Cooper, 336 77, 448, 513. 106 allegedly should, sure, rubric self-executing standard, something 'know (they) it' (Stewart, J., 197, 1683, 793) smallest room disagreement varying tastes. plain, fall barred mails. articulation meaningful, characterize 'hard-core' self-demonstrating substantially Stewart's Ginzburg, 499, 957. conceded excluding mails pornography, universally country.2 dangers national level amply line 107 problems conditions across country, range curbing traditions local self-government welfare flexible defining bounds States. rationally notion out criteria, adequate considers offensiveness, pruriency, like. latitude deserve cautions federally imposed formula listing ingredients fixing proportions. lacks precision, imprecision characteristic meditating standards;3 voluntariness confession, ready illustrations. litigated examples, predictability increases, shortcut satisfactory solutions field, advantage supposing otherwise. 108 tests application illusion certainty confusion prejudice. declares (ante, 418). establish acknowledged respectable largely uncontradicted decisive hard all. Yet denying 'weighed against' 'canceled by' 419), terminates unwilling conclusive status Constitution.4 Apparently, negated pandering present. Using inherently vague 'pandering' offset wipes latter reliance experts, highly prejudicial restrictions. 493, 953. acknowledge shown quantum salacious, State's ban exceed limits. 109 aspect role play administering engendered oral argument decided. Short banned, be, task reviewing case-by-case basis. controlling, abide verdict. venture burden ameliorated advocated. 'Hard-core pornography' judging tangible concepts due ensures unusual require plenary 110 plenty room, know, law. Some propose encourage Others unduly restricts experimentation elusive myself, happen currently 'final word' experimentation, indeed underlying genius 111 premises supplementing earlier supra; 639, 203, 1686, 112 WHITE, 113 predominant exceeding customary limits candor. kind, unprotected 114 nevertheless reject case—that 115 today, candor, style, references bygone day, bound way. Well written, especially effective protected; poorly vulnerable. shouldn't buy value'? 116 fortiori, passage descriptive geography architecture, counseled contrary: fixed altered themes emphatic quotation 1031, less: 117 "* well-defined narrowly classes prevention punishment Constitutional lewd essential exposition added.)' 1309. 118 based Application involves exercise legislatures, juries. done 793. legislature unprotected, nonprurient world. Literary history, teachings (even prostitute) lessons wrapped packages. impeaches legislative censure. 120 remembered proscribed, imposes ban. Censure stems act, embrace wish so. insists treating forbidding prevent doing 121 below. text disposition 74—75, 403, 406 407 (1965), Whittemore summarized testimony: viz., chairman department Williams College, professor Harvard associate Institute Technology, Assistant Brandeis 'work 'historical containing 'deliberate, comedy.' fiction past.'1 saving ' follows: 'Cleland battle restricted Puritan, moralistic ethic spirit, flesh, element competing freer towards generous wholesome manifested Fielding's 'Tom Jones' evident (Richardson's) 'Pamela' girl; (his) 'Clarissa' trapped Obviously, themes, experience, Richardson believed chastity thing world; Fielding values.' translated realistic, naturalistic novel, language. words 'functions distance, portrayed.' therefore, response. depravity 'they subordinate primarily literary'; 'anger,' 'disgust, horror, indignation.' 'belongs smut.'2 academic headmaster school, core records decided 420—421, infra. 28B offense, inter alia, print, publish, loan, distribute, buy, procure, receive, 28H provides obtained 'shall '(i)f likely Commonwealth. constitutionality challenged coercive merits tendered, declaring premature. uncertainty content challenged, General's loaned, distributed Commonwealth.' inhibitory impact small measure collateral prosecutions statute. 4, supra. infer adjectives 'indecent' 'impure,' synonymous '(M)aterial 'weighing' 'utterly' Zeitlin Arnebergh, Cal.2d 901, 920, Cal.Rptr. 800, 813, P.2d 152, 165 (1963).' (opinion J.). Followed e.g., Bruce, Ill.2d 459, 461, 202 498 (1964); Trans-Lux Distributing Maryland Bd. Censors, 240 Md. 98, 104—105, 213 A.2d 235, 238—239 76—78, 408—409, Cutter 'it reasonably age eighteen violation G.L. c. 28, morals youth.' (Section sell manifestly tends youth.') concluded 'limit granted (G.L.) intimate concerning regarding 195, 1682. regarded recorded grounds Holmes, (1821). differed volume Memoirs, 213—214 (Putnam ed. 1963). drew colleges located included: Fred Holly Stocking, Professor Chairman Department, College; M. Bullitt, Master Quincy House, Robert H. Sproat, Associate University; N. Holland, Technology; Ira Konigsberg, University. reviews impartial critics. are, sufficient warrant critical comment. V. S. Pritchett, Review (Oct. 31, 1963); Brigid Brophy, Statesman, 710 (Nov. 15, Adams, Review, (July Appendix view. case. captioned Le Roy Sr. Sidney, Sid. 168, pl. (K.B. 1663); second titled Sydlyes Case, Keble 620 1663). balcony nude, intoxicated, talkative. lengthy assembled crowd, uttered profanity, hurled bottles 'offensive liquor' crowd. proximate source Charles. 40—43 Queen Read, Mod. 142 (Q.B. 1707). Dominus Rex Curl, Strange 789 1727). Straus, Unspeakable Curll (1927). Wilkes, Burr. 2527 1770). Wilkes political action, critic government. Postgate, That Devil (1929). suggested convenient attractive charge seditious libel. 45. 483 1308. part, aimed blasphemy profanity. 482—483 12, 1821. 336. Civil War commonplace. Lockhart & McClure, Obscenity Constitution, Minn.L.Rev. 295, 324—325 (1954). Tariff Act 1842, 270, Stat. 566 (prohibiting importation 'prints'). followed; traced Cairns, Paul Wishner, Censorship: Assumptions Anti-Obscenity Empirical Evidence, 1009, 1010 Censorship, 1034 1041; 382—387. Jahoda's prepared Judge Frank, reprinted 237 796, 815—816 (concurring opinion). Those counsel Bok: care one's daughter books. suppose learned biologic seriously wrong home met sorted them; daughters meet library behind neighbor's barn, adversary directly. ladies appalled read, bottom one; further, discerning outcome. back, battles issues, old.' Gordon, Pa.Dist. Co.R. 101, 110. futile remove possibly stimulate conduct: 'The (of individuals), needless say, somewhere over-scrupulous extremes excitement frigidity Within variety, impossible define singly profane imperceptible degrees sexuality holy. 'hard-core.' Everything, capable perceiving apprehends books, pictures, charades, ritual, spoken directly self indulging others. Heinrich Pommerenke, rapist, abuser, mass slayer women Germany, prompted ghastly deeds Cecil B. DeMille's Ten Commandments. During Jewish dancing Golden Calf, doubts came clear: Women world's mission punish execute Leaving theater, slew park nearby. Haigh, vampire sucked victims' blood soda straws dissolved drained acid baths, murder-inciting dreams vampire-longings watching 'voluptuous' procedure of—an Anglican High Service!' 668. Obscenity: Developing Standards, 5, 53—55 (1960). preface paperbook edition, 'A Note History Pleasure,' mentions critics totally undistinguished. included Ralph Thompson Clifton Fadiman. xviii. 'Yet pangs defloration pleasure—Fanny's reader's. Postponing culmination deflowering equivalent postponing orgasm.' experiments stimuli 1009 cite research Kinsey disclosing stimulated definite subjects tested. E.g., Wertham, Seduction Innocent (1954), 164. Testimony Subcommittee Judiciary Committee Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, S.Rep.No. 2381, 84th Cong., 2d Sess., 8—12 (1956). Sorokin, Select Current Pornographic Materials, H.R.Rep.No. 2510, 82d (1952). See, Combating Merchants Filth: Role FBI, U.Pitt.L.Rev. 469 Fight Against Filth, Legion Magazine (May 1961). discussion (1963), 131—151. statutes compiled 17—23 Mexico prohibit municipalities publications. N.M.Stat. 14—17—14 (1965 Supp.). Report Joint Legislative Studying Dissemination Offensive (1958), 141—166. "redeeming importance" viewed angles. Compelling Post Office actively disseminating obnoxious itself. Or, concretely, facilitate insulate greatly inaction amounts thwarting regulation. deterrent vagueness near law's borderline devices rem Of newly adopted 'panderer' turning motives actions undercuts seller yes advance prosecution. rationale condemn value; note 'might conclusion' 420). reversal, assess'

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