Document: 364 U.S. 631 81 S.Ct. 358 5 L.Ed.2d 340 Maurice E. TRAVIS, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. Nos. 10, 3, 71. Argued Dec. 13, 1960. Decided Jan. 16, 1961. Mr. Telford Taylor, New York City, for petitioner in each case. George B. Searls, Washington, D.C., respondent Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of Court. 1 In this case1 was charged on four counts an indictment with making and filing false non-Communist affidavits required by § 9(h)2 National Labor Relations Act, as amended TaftHartley 61 Stat. 136, 146, further Act Oct. 22, 1951, 1(d), 65 601, 602, 29 U.S.C.A. 159(h). The that were writings or documents made executed Colorado filed Board. 2 Petitioner convicted appeal judgment conviction reversed a new trial. 10 Cir., 247 F.2d 130. tried second time again convicted. This affirmed appeal, one judge dissenting. 269 928. case is here writ certiorari. 363 801, 80 1235, 4 1146. 3 Before first trial, moved to dismiss ground venue improperly laid Colorado. District Court denied motion. Although Appeals another petitioner's it specifically approved laying (247 130, 133—134) recognizing its ruling conflict United States v. Valenti, 207 242. It solely issue we address ourselves. agreed union officer mailed there Board where they received filed.3 prosecution contends—and held below—that offense begun completed Columbia. view properly virtue 18 U.S.C. 3237(a), 3237(a) which provides: 'Except otherwise expressly provided enactment Congress, any against district * may be inquired prosecuted such completed.' 6 We start provision Art. III, Constitution criminal trials 'shall State said crimes shall have been committed,' safeguard reinforced command Sixth Amendment trial before impartial jury 'the wherein crime committed.' also assumption Colorado, residence petitioner, might offer conveniences advantages him Columbia lack. are aware provisions Acts Congress should not so freely construed give Government choice 'a tribunal favorable' it. Johnson, 323 273, 275, 249, 250, 89 L.Ed. 236. therefore begin our inquiry from premise questions more than matters mere procedure. 'They raise deep issues public policy light legislation must construed.' supra, at page 276, 251. 7 Where various duties imposed, some performed distant place, others home, has allowed fix former Johnston States, 351 215, 222, 76 739, 743, 100 1097. use agencies interstate commerce enables place particular agency used. Armour Packing Co. 209 56, 28 428, 52 681. 'The constitutional requirement locality offense, personal presence offender.' Id., 76, 433. language defining mean created continuing held, purposes, committed wherever wrongdoer roamed. Cores, 356 405, 78 875, 873. And see Brown Elliott, 225 392, 32 812, 56 1136. decisions discrete, looking nature charged. Thus, while mails thought allow either sending receiving end, recently restricted sender, already mentioned phrasing statute. 277—278, explicit, locus delicti determined alleged location act acts constituting it.' Anderson, 328 699, 703, 66 1313, 1216, 90 1529. 8 Section 9(h) Act,4 concerned, did require officers file affidavits. If had, whole process filing, including mails, logically constitute offense. But statutory design different. requires make no investigation nor complaint described 'unless Board' affidavit officer. filings conditions precedent union's Board's procedures. Leedom International Union, 352 145, 148, 77 154, 156, 201. statement statute,5 under brought, penalizes who knowingly makes 'false' 'in matter within jurisdiction department States.' There would seem unless statute demanded could extend help union; forms prescribed Columbia; there. words Act—'unless Board'—suggest us 'matter jurisdiction' meaning statute.6 When provides penalty,7 penal applicable 'to affidavits,' viz., those 'on Board.' 9 admits necessary 'occurrence' but argues, 'beginning' because defendant had irrevocably set motion placed beyond his control train events normally result (and result) consummation offense.' do agree analysis. Venue depend chance when carefully indicated crime. After mailing, lost; himself recalled it.8 Multiple general consisting 'distinct parts' involving continuously moving act.' Lombardo, 241 73, 77, 36 508, 509, 510, 60 897. explicitly designated paper filed, failure lies only place. pages 76—78, 509. theory followed Judge Maris stated 'until through become basis action 244. think correct 3237, read requirements explicit 9(h). specified; single having specified penalized. rationale file, equally here. conclude lay 11 brought two companion cases arising out same No. he asked newly discovered evidence. 71 granted petitioners these protective rights main litigation. since holding aside. Accordingly orders denying moot vacated customary manner. reversed. 12 Reversed. 13 HARLAN, whom FRANKFURTER CLARK join, 14 Title pertinent part: 15 (Emphasis added.) 16 On my Travis charged, I section entitled proceed made, Columbia, dissent Court's 17 Taft-Hartley Act,1 neither behalf labor kind question. 1001, 10012 That code falsify material fact, statement, writing document. elements involved, therefore, what does simply supply 'jurisdiction (an) States' 1001. viewed then 3237(a). Whether proper authorities best inconclusive. re Palliser, 136 257, 1034, 34 514, postmaster Connecticut letter constituted prohibited tender contract intent induce violate lawful duty, Connecticut. left open question whether York, U.S., 267—268, 1037. To effect Burton 202 344, 26 688, 50 1057. 897, considers particularly significant, controlling, Commissioner General Immigration certain information concerning alien woman harboring purposes prostitution. charge difficult how anything all except fails file. cf. contrast, present came into existence sworn 19 Nor opinions lower courts establish like clear line authority unwise now depart. anything, think, indicate contrary conclusion reached Compare Henslee 262 750; Miller, 246 486; De Rosier 218 420; Downey, 257 F. 366, Bridgeman 140 577, 20 circumstances, course follow appears me determine appropriate 'from it,' 1213, 1529, determination take account 21 '* vicinity unfairness hardship involved accused remote Provided permits, given construction will respect considerations.' 407, 877, 22 case, executed, most often suppose offices located, likely basic filed. witnesses relevant circumstances surrounding contested probably found execution which, instance place,' supra—that headquarters located international unions, elsewhere throughout country branch local officers, CFR 101.3. 23 say limited affidavit, lack consonance underlying permitting if allow. supra. essence until accomplished holds even begun. 1001 defines supplying requisite consists falsifying using document, seems eminently reasonable consider least definitively actually subscribed. Cf. Henslee, Rosier, Downey cases, 24 true Board, adds say, does, 'within fact completes giving over not, view, detract executed. Indeed very type situation contemplated 25 Since inappropriate me, dissent, discuss reach, refrain considering other grounds reversal urged petitioner. 71, certiorari phases them near close opinion. section, repealed 201(d) Labor-Management Reporting Disclosure 1959, 73 519, 525, provided: 'No affecting representation employees, raised organization subsection (c) issued pursuant (b) contemporaneously preceding twelve-month period national affiliate constituent unit member Communist Party affiliated party, believe in, supports believes teaches, overthrow force illegal unconstitutional methods. 35 A Criminal Code affidavits.' (Italics 35(A) June 25, 1948, 62 683, 862, covered, far 'Whoever, willfully falsifies, conceals covers up trick, scheme, device false, fictitious fraudulent statements representations, uses document knowing contain entry, fined $10,000 imprisoned five years, both.' Under regulations Counsel 101.3(b) (since deleted, Fed.Reg. 7501 (Sept. 17, 1959)). See note 2, 39 43.6(a) 'Mail deposited post office parent guardian minor child, person unsound mind.' effecting 160 title, (18 1001) 159(h), 201(d).

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