Document: 527 U.S. 263119 S.Ct. 1936144 L.Ed.2d 286 149 F.3d 1170, affirmed. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES No. 98 5864 TOMMY DAVID STRICKLER, PETITIONERv.FRED W. GREENE, WARDEN ON WRIT CERTIORARI TO APPEALSFOR FOURTH CIRCUIT [June 17, 1999] Justice Stevens delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The District Court for Eastern Virginia granted petitioner's application a writ habeas corpus and vacated his capital murder conviction death sentence on grounds that Commonwealth had failed to disclose important exculpatory evidence petitioner not, in consequence, received fair trial. Appeals Fourth Circuit reversed because not raised constitutional claim at trial or state collateral proceedings. In addition, concluded was, "in any event, without merit." App. 418, n. 8.1 Finding legal question presented by this case considerably more difficult than Circuit, we certiorari, 525 ___ (1998), consider (1) whether State violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 83 (1963), its progeny; (2) there was an acceptable "cause" failure raise court; (3), if so, he suffered prejudice sufficient excuse procedural default. 2 * early evening January 5, 1990, Leanne Whitlock, African-American sophomore James Madison University, abducted from local shopping center robbed murdered. separate trials, both Ronald Henderson were convicted all three offenses. first-degree murder, noncapital offense, whereas sentenced death.2 3 At woman named Anne Stoltzfus testified vivid detail about Whitlock's abduction. material claims should have been disclosed before includes documents prepared Stoltzfus, notes interviews with her, impeach significant portions her testimony. We begin, however, noting that, even testimony, record establish guilt charge. Whether would she testified, sufficiently impeached, is less clear. To put context, review testimony some length. Testimony Trial 4 4:30 p.m. Whitlock borrowed 1986 blue Mercury Lynx boyfriend, John Dean, who worked Valley Shopping Mall Harrisonburg, Virginia. 6:30 6:45 p.m., left apartment, intending return car Dean mall. She did again seen alive friends family. 5 Petitioner's mother driven Harrisonburg 5. also always carried hunting knife belonged father. Two witnesses, friend Henderson's security guard, saw mall afternoon. guard informed around 3:30 two men, one whom identified as petitioner, attempting steal parking lot. them under observation during remainder afternoon but lost sight 6:45. 6 approximately 7:30 witness Kurt Massie location Augusta County 25 miles short distance cornfield where body later found. driver vehicle; white front seat another man back. noticed muddy, it turned off Route 340 onto dirt road. 7 8 Buddy's Market, men sitting seat. see anyone else car. 9 arrived Dice's Inn, bar Staunton, Virginia, they stayed four five hours. They danced several women, including prosecution witnesses: Donna Kay Tudor, Nancy Simmons, Debra Sievers, Carolyn Brown. While there, gave Simmons watch Whitlock. Petitioner spent most time arrested grand larceny based possession Lynx. These women Tudor Three nothing unusual appearance, blood jeans cut knuckle. she, Henderson, together after closed search marijuana. driving Lynx, rode related leaning toward talking him; overheard crude conversation could reasonably be interpreted describing assault black person "rock crusher." stated made statement implied killed someone, so "wouldn't give him no trouble." 99. while around, took out threatened stab recklessly. then began driving. a.m. 6, drove Kenneth Workman's apartment Timberville.3 went inside get something, waiting him. Workman pants person. 10 motel Blue Ridge. A day Beach, rest week. pearl earrings wearing when last seen. driver's license bank card glove compartment unsuccessfully attempted use Beach. 11 When returned County, abandoned On 11, police Dean's, found Tudor's fingerprints outside shoe impressions matched soles shoes belonging petitioner. Inside car, retrieved jacket contained identification papers Henderson. 12 recovered bag mother's house contained, among other items, cards "tank top" shirt human semen stains it. Tr. 707. 13 13, farmer called advise wallet; area led discovery frozen, nude, battered body. 69-pound rock, spotted blood, lay nearby. Forensic indicated caused "multiple blunt force injuries head." 109. rock suggested used inflict these injuries. Based contents stomach, medical examiner determined died fewer six hours eaten.4 14 number Caucasian hair samples scene, which probably petitioner's. Given weight argued killers must held victim down struck weapon. 15 estranged husband, Jay defense March told present scene participate murder. inconsistent respects witnesses. For example, days elapsed between picked up Stoltzfus' 16 occasions blonde girl mall, witnessed their abduction call police, week half incident discussed classmates students. One police. next night detective visited following morning station story Detective Claytor, member City Police Department. Claytor showed photographs possible suspects, "with absolute certainty" slight reservation woman. Id., 56. 17 trial, 14-year-old daughter Music Land store looking compact disc. assistance clerk, described "Mountain Man," entered.5 Because "revved up" "very impatient," frightened backed up, bumping into (whom "Shy Guy"), thought felt something hard pocket coat. 36 37. 18 store, later. 6:45, heading back Land, encountered threesome: Guy" walking himself, followed girl, Man" yelling "Donna, Donna, Donna." bumped asked directions bus stop.6 left. 19 first tried follow concern behavior, "lost him" headed Land. clerk returned, shiny dark "beautiful," "well dressed happy, singing ." 41. stopped behind minivan stop sign, third time. testified: 20 " 'Mountain Man' came tearing entrance door van just really mad ran banged backside wall 'Shy Guy' 'Blonde Girl' standing [and white-pickup truck turn] . 42 43. 21 After going passenger side pickup truck, girl's "pounded on" window, shook yanked open jumped in. motioned "Blonde Girl" in, stepped gas "just laid horn" go people horn "blew long time" 22 "started hitting shoulder, right shoulder looked like me started head I became concerned upset. So beeped, honked my honking opened got him." 44 45. 23 pulled parallel moment, leaned over ask repeatedly "O.K." "frozen" mouthed inaudible response. drive away realized "the only word possibly be, help." 47. slowly curb honking, briefly followed, write "3x4 [inch] index card,"7 home empty tank "three kids supper." 48 49. 24 picture pointed Man." pretrial publicity influenced identification, replied "absolutely not." explained: "[F]irst all, exceptionally good memory. very close contact [petitioner] emotional impression behavior I, caught attention paid attention. absolutely doubt identification." 58. 26 produce witnesses testify. Documents 27 materials provide basis consist taken letters written Claytor. cast serious confident assertion "exceptionally memory." content critical substantive claims, summarize content. 28 Exhibit handwritten note interview 19, weeks crime. indicates identify female victim. apparently female. 306. 29 document Febrary 1. It contains summary conducted 20, 1990.9 "she sure males female." 30 entitled "Observations" 31 letter "to clarify confusion you." states remembered being helped jog Her description comment: "I vague memory I'm of. seems wild guy come running through pulling Then window.? Were those memories same person?" 316. postscript noted "doesn't remember seeing Ibid. 32 captioned "My Impressions 'The Car,' paragraphs size comparing Volkswagen Rabbit, mentioning plate vividly recalled 317 318. 33 brief dated 25, stating spending "looking current photos," "beyond shadow doubt."10 expanded include clothing appearance college kid "singing" "happy." 387 388. 34 16, thanks "patience sometimes muddled memories." student school never associations you make." 321. 35 8, undated summarizes events commented: "So 3x4 card? nice simply gone information. But totally wrote trivial episode carrying proceeded own full-time load JMU. Monday, 15th. cleaning card. tore little pieces bottom trash bag." 326. 37 There dispute parties counsel Exhibits 2, 7, prosecuting attorney conceded himself 1, 3, 4, until file available petitioner.11 purposes case, therefore, assume having 6.12 Proceedings 38 found, charges robbery, prosecutor maintained policy, access prosecutor's files,13 motion evidence.14 closing argument, lawyer effectively support robbery charges, well lesser offense insufficient prove guilty 192 193. 39 judge instructed jury charge established beyond reasonable "jointly par- ticipated fatal beating" "was active immediate participant act acts victim's death." 160 161. abduction, 200 201. listening arguments sentencing phase, findings "vileness" "future dangerousness," unanimously recommended imposed. 40 Supreme affirmed sentence. Strickler Commonwealth, 241 Va. 482, 404 S. E. 2d 227 (1991). court properly "joint perpetrator" theory evidence, viewed favorably verdict, amply supported prosecution's participants actual killing.15 41 December 1991, appointed new represent advanced ineffective-assistance-of-counsel based, part, counsel's known possession." 205 206. answer claim, asserted such unnecessary policy.16 dismissed petition, Murray, 249 120, 452 648 (1995). Federal Habeas Corpus 1996, filed federal petition entered sealed, ex parte order granting examine copy files case. Record, Doc. 20. That examination materials, above. Supra, 15. 43 exhibits, direct invalid comply rule Maryland. Commonwealth's dismiss except contention Brady, ineffective counsel,17 denied due process law Fifth Fourteenth Amendments. denying dismiss, "demonstrated cause earlier [because] [d]efense independent withheld throughout proceeding." 287. reviewing making assumption disputed exhibits defense, prejudicial undermine confidence jury's verdict. 396. judgment writ. 45 part remanded. procedurally defaulted factual petition. knew interviewed officers, opined "reasonably competent sought court" files, response "simple request, likely ordered production files." 421. Therefore, reasoned, address unless demonstrate prejudice. 46 Under precedent party "cannot default exercise diligence." 423 (citing Stockton 920, 925 (CA4 1994)). Having already decided counsel, finding foreclosed cause. Moreover, fault lawyers' make relied policy. 424.18 47 As alternative decision, provided help either phases trial." 425. With respect guilt, relevant argument rather he, actually sentencing, import" future dangerousness vileness rested evidence. Finally, default, fail merits absence 425, 11. Appeals, Court's remanded instructions II our certiorari directed rule. begin analysis identifying essential components violation. 49 "that suppression favorable accused upon request violates punishment, irrespective faith bad prosecution." U.S., 87. since duty applicable though has accused, United States Agurs, 427 97, 107 (1976), encompasses impeachment Bagley, 473 667, 676 (1985). Such "if probability result proceeding different." 682; Kyles Whitley, 514 419, 433 434 "known investigators prosecutor." 438. individual learn others acting government's behalf police." Kyles, 437. 50 cases, cases condemning knowing perjured testimony,19 illustrate special role played American truth criminal trials. Within system, said Attorney representative ordinary controversy, sovereignty whose obligation govern impartially compelling all; interest, shall win justice done." Berger States, 295 78, 88 (1935). 51 This status explains broad disclosure conclusion every violation necessarily establishes outcome unjust. Thus term "Brady violation" refer breach evidence20 is, so-called material" although, strictly speaking, real nondisclosure suppressed produced different are true violation: issue exculpatory, impeaching; State, willfully inadvertently; ensued. 52 unquestionably contrast (a) terrifying confidently (b) initial perception event "as notice, suffices impeaching character undisclosed documents.21 least documents, fact counsel. component necessary satisfy "materiality" inquiry element claimed 53 acknowledges defaulted, decide excused adequate showing alleged itself. constitutes causes assert courts, "material" purposes, rise overcome III 54 expressly disavows reliance Brief Respondent 18, 6. consistently diligence, Despite concession, appropriate explaining why reasons failing cases. 55 factors explain advance claim: Commonwealth; policy;22 aware claim. second i.e., non-disclosure policy fairly characterized conduct attributable impeded claim.23 explained Murray Carrier, 477 478, 488 (1986), ordinarily existence default.24 56 If rely on, presumption fully perform implicit representation included tendered examination, think proceedings equally reasonable. Indeed, standard vary depending timing default." 491. 57 contends, maintenance purported contain irrelevant presses assertion. First, argues testimony,25 published newspaper,26 clear Second, allowing diligent obtained similar court. find neither factor persuasive. 58 Although lawyers post-trial multiple means follows records pertaining interviews, sent detective, existed suppressed.27 correct "open file," especially unlikely suspected additional withheld. newspaper articles meetings yet believe incomplete. 59 Furthermore, does done so.28 understand position, cause.29 Even pursuant broader provisions afforded law, modified Brady.30 Mere speculation may review. Nor, opinion, suspicion suffice impose evidentiary support. Proper procedures counsels against requirement proceedings, facts them. presumption, 'tradition experience,' prosecutors 'discharged official duties,' Mezzanatto, 513 196, 210 (1995), novel suggestion conscientious error mere prosecutorial misstep occurred. 60 position particularly weak confirmed justification noted, incompetent warden responded pointing need do "were voluntarily given full everything government."31 representation, believing trial.32 61 decisions Gray Netherland, 518 152 (1996), McCleskey Zant, 499 467 (1991), preclude adequate. previously earlier. See Gray, 161; McCleskey, 498 499. context defendant cannot "reasonable investigation" mandated hands State.33 62 controlling precedents Amadeo 486 214 (1988). latter case: 63 "If Attorney's memorandum discoverable concealed Putnam officials, concealment, tactical considerations, reason challenge court, ample precedents." 222.34 64 considerations inadvertent impact fairness deliberate concealment. results error, 110. 65 summary, prior evidence; fulfilling (c) asserting "everything government."35 constitute cause, combination surely suffices. IV 66 differing judgments attest difficulty resolving Unlike Stolzfus [sic] Without doubt, sense discrediting might changed 67 That, obtain relief. He convince us "there probability" defense. stressed Kyles: "[T]he adjective important. verdict understood resulting worthy confidence." 434. 68 Appeals' negative considering ample, warranted imposition penalty. incorrect. materiality matter determining whether, discounting inculpatory light remaining conclusions. 435. Rather, whole verdict." 69 Judge hold hearing determine satisfied "potentially devastating entry favor. 392. admittedly argument. violent propensities instigator leader and, inference, emphasized importance proving abduction: 70 "[W]e lucky enough eyewitness [what] happened [In a] lot don't. can theorize what Mrs. happened." 169. 71 involving Henderson,36 persuaded ringleader. reasoned conviction" first-degree, capital, sufficed thus, 72 possibility total, substantial, discount result, phases. did, introduce substantial mitigating abuse child stepfather.37 recognized, burden result. 73 entirely discredited, still enterprise near kept week.38 evening. 74 More importantly, depend proof dominant partner: Proof equal judge's instructions.39 Accordingly, strong killer consistent killing.40 75 considerable forensic physical linking crime.41 rock,42 victim,43 powerful supporting acted jointly commit brutal 76 recognize testimony; disinterested, narrative account transpired 1990. However, eyewitnesses, friend, placed Dean's 77 provides death, severely impeached. predicates murder: deadly weapon intent defile.44 habeas, rejected barred instruction ground "abduction defile" predicate age 12.45 us. assuming, erroneous, armed conviction. 78 "flowed almost inferences testimony," "hard object" coat 35. ignores contended weapon.46 specifically argue robbery.47 79 maintains impacted decision relate eligibility penalty phase.48 discretionary penalty, violent, aggressive person, portrayal damaging dancing drinking message conveyed jury. Notwithstanding obvious significance convinced impeached excluded entirely. 80 Brady: prosecution. demonstrated postconviction shown disclosed. therefore show 81 Affirmed. Notes 82 unreported. reported, Pruett, 1170 1998). 2. May fled apprehended Oregon. 1991. 84 3. witness. 85 4. roommate dinner 86 appearances great detail. "a kind multi layer look." wore grey t-shirt Harley Davidson insignia shirt, stained semen, discovered house. replied, "That it." 37, 39. "had colored sleeve knit neat. weren't old jeans. dressy slacks sort." hair, shaggy eyes, sweet smile, small mouth. Just touch freckles face." 60. 87 button Soltzfus' weave sweater, attire." 7. fourteen[-year-]old daughter, number, know, West NKA 243 remember, 'No Kids Alone 243,' age." 48. 89 8. originally attached affidavit submitted corpus. referred exhibit numbers, same. 90 9. out, omits reference recorded notes. 387. 91 10. mention meeting Dean. 92 file, id., 365 368, represented swore 330; recollection somewhat equivocal. Lead ibid., signed effect "remember information [the documents]" recall specific documents," 371. 93 12. explanation perhaps consequence Rockingham prosecutor. note, responsible "any 437 Thus, prosecutor, charged knowledge (1963). 94 13. sworn interrogatory requesting entire Strickler's inspect including, limited to, reports statements file." 368. shared understanding file" proceeding, "thoroughly investigated" "In aided office, intended present. numerous visits office cooperation, introduced unaware." 223. 95 14. pleadings "From inception Each attorneys offices reviewed government, formal [Brady] motion." 212 213. 96 "The accomplish killing. appeal, points struggle assailants victim, torn roots. beaten kicked, none immobilize skull crushed rock. Because, goes, dropped twice, ground, leaving bloodstained depressions frozen earth, assailant lifted head. dimensions exhibit, apparent single thrown simultaneously holding down. bloodstains further tended corroborate presence blows hence, participated killing." Strickler, Va., 494, 2d, 235. 97 16. 14, supra. 17. 384. 99 18. understand, thus unreasonable so. 100 19. See, e.g., Mooney Holohan, 294 103, 112 (1935) (per curiam); Pyle Kansas, 213, 216 (1942); Napue Illinois, 360 264, 269 270 (1959). 101 Consider, comment dissenting Whitley: "It untainted violation, probable entertained regarding guilt." 460 (Scalia, J., dissenting). 102 21. reject fall "inculpatory." Our Brady's requirements extend whatever characteristics, 103 22. precise policy" jurisdiction jurisdiction, meant 368; 104 23. certainly criticize practice increase efficiency process. merely asserts complies constitutionally obligated Brady. 105 24. turn prisoner objective external efforts State's exhaustive catalog impediments compliance rule, Reed Ross, 468 'some interference officials,' Brown Allen, 344 443, (1953), impracticable, standard." 488; 214, 221 222 106 25. times. 26. letter, appeared July 1990 (after trial) Daily News-Record, stated: occurred witnessing fact, hadn't intelligent, persistent, professional work Daniel wouldn't realize What sounded coherent incredible effort fit zillion puzzle big picture." 250. reporter Roanoke Times conflicted principally Tudor. 373. 108 27. discover copies herself, refused speak 370. 109 28. unable provide, illuminate, order. seal furnished relating district courts possess authority orders re 133 275, 280 1997). express Circuit's question. sweeping limits habeas. 29, infra. 110 29. "no allowed nature coram nobis leave deny limit Sup. Ct. Rule 4:1(b)(5)(3)(b); Yeatts 285, 289, 455 law. 111 30. R. 3A:11. excludes defendants inspection Common- wealth prospective agents reports, memoranda internal connection investigation [for scientific victim]." "Limited permitted Rules benefit Rules. Those rights general areas prescribed 3A:11." 491, 227, 233 31. quoted dispositive warden's original pleading. irrelevant, instituted 113 32. opposition funds investigator, argued: "Strickler's Petition 139 claims. By appointment investigator 'to procure certain claims' (Motion, p.1), implicitly conceding made. agrees." 242. assertions, how believes "good cause" 114 33. reach, knew, discover, involved attempt 162. 115 34. noteworthy distinguish apply "This differs crucial respects. And second, intentionally 21-page document, concealment here because, McCleskey's prevented raising petition." 501 502. 116 Since modify announce "new rule" today. Bousley 523 614 (1998). 117 36. summarized "Henderson's clothes night. property woman, restaurant Inn. 541. Inn wallet vicinity her. Significantly, confessed unidentified observed jeans." 395. 118 mitigation evidence: "On sit listen [petitioner's mother] Mr. sisters feel great, deal sympathy for, childhood life had. way circumstances birth. brutalized minute he's, born limitations ability born, extremely himself. difficult, look anything Sentencing Hearing, Record 119 38. hearing: control situation. Harrisonburg. field north Waynesboro. thereafter, ended situation." 120 trial: "You beating, 493 234 propriety appeal. 495, 121 40. acquitted jury, unlike petitioner's, convict 'inflict[ed] blows.' instructed, 'One aiding abetting killing, principle degree, Before death.' (CA4), p. 777. place instruction, embodied, proffered instructions, required blow Whitlock." recused presiding indicating formed 122 hairs bra microscopically alike identifiable characteristics" hair. 135. 128 129. them, 95. 123 42. shape "detailed, high quality rock] want case." 53. 124 Deputy Chief Medical Examiner, performed autopsy, object fractures "severe lacerations brain," fatal. 112. 125 44. Whitlock;" killing willful, premeditated"; (3) commission weapon, extort money pecuniary defile of, subsequent rape." 125, 648, 650 126 erroneously 218. 127 46. "really was. gun, wasn't knife. thing here, to[o] boulder." 167. defined instrument bodily injury manner circumstance used." 160. 129 dangerousness" "vileness." Neither depended "Before fixed alternatives. One, consideration history background, violence continuing, continuing threat society two, committing outrageously wantonly vile, horrible inhuman torture, depravity mind aggravated battery minimum murder." 899 900. 130 Opinion Souter, J. 131 Kennedy joins Part II, concurring part. 132 much does, starting view (which join) Like Court, ammunition Stoltzfus.1 ante, materiality,2 ultimately company majority, am disclosed, says, enquiry goes each step process: aggravating, death-qualifying facts, recommendation finds requisite aggravating factors, recommendation. penultimate burden. take mean possibility) recommend life, respectfully dissent. say it, unfortunate phrasing shorthand version customarily couched. speaks terms familiar, familiarly deceptive, formulation: rightly cautions words require let alone reached. 27; 435 Instead, restates (as elsewhere) 'the confidence' outcome. Ante, (quoting supra, 435). 134 repeated formulation words, continued "probability" raises unjustifiable risk misleading treating akin demanding standard, "more phrases getting will "inevitably imprecise," "significant possibility" better capturing degree question, warrant overturning 135 evolution stated, "suppression 83, itself (perhaps assuming usual meaning 703, (1985) (Marshall, dissenting)). essayed partial definition situations arguably within ambit first, reversal likelihood" false affected Giglio 405 150, 154 (1972), quoting 271 (1959)). treated synonymous equated perjured-testimony harmless doubt. 678 680, (opinion Blackmun, J.). Brecht Abrahamson, 507 619, 637 (1993) (defining harmless-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt 'reasonable possibility' contributed verdict"); Chapman California, 386 (1967) (same). fails request. refrained attaching label falling more-likely-than-not level criterion, court's 'conviction [was] influence effect.' Kotteakos 328 750, 764 (1946)). embraced first. Bagley phrase Strickland Washington, 466 668, 694 (1984), needed cited formulation, Agurs expression probability") Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 858, 873 874 (1982) sanctions Government deportation potential "could trier fact"). 136 circuitous path adopt suggests things. likelihood," distinct levels concerning hypothetical effects errors decisionmakers' reasoning, differences standards slight. gap formulations not" greater Third, larger gap, "probability," naturally read cognate "probably" confused not," Morris Mathews, 475 237, 247 (1986) (apparently "probably"); 254, (Blackmun, judgment) (cautioning confusing not). speaking characterize standard. then, soft edges phrases,3 touchstone remain "undermines confidence" factfinder reached 137 keeping caveats materiality, applying easy answers, candidly acknowledges. concedes Stoltzfus's "might trial," 27, "surely correct" phases," 138 end, inadequate recommendation, that. record, conclusions largely reflect assessments jurors ascribed My assessment turns points. ultimate crime appalling initiative leadership exercised particular defendant. comes prominence trio moving figure witness, describe detail, providing frame From start male companion Guy," labels repetition dozen times (by Stoltzfus) relative roles crimes observation. According sort instinctively frightened." retiring up." 39, encounter spoke domineering, impatient" companion, Girl," join 36, 140 dressed, [a] van" hung approached window "shook door," "banging banging window" checked locked. "he tell mad. Shook faced her." push away, "motioned come" bidden. jump car," "jumped back" gas. "hitting [Whitlock] head," finally "open[ing] again" passed tan coat, "fiddled with" "what seemed time," "sat faced" sat relaxed." Whitlock's, whereupon unassertive "instinctively jumped, hide me." asked, "[A]re O.K.[?]," eye contact; didn't expression," "[j]ust serious, right," suggesting 46, word, "help." 141 rejecting notion discretion dominance accomplice shocking crime, regard colorful initiator broke beckoned companions him, violently subdued bare enough, enhanced inherent hallmarks reliability, shown, many details mentioned stand (such hour occurred, daughter's notation car) escaped persuasive come, indeed, conversations boyfriend. assess havoc cross-examiner wreaked choice. All taken, juror given. 142 course, considered jury; instead, doubts consideration, bearing figured prominently juror's fulcrum confidence. reasons. 143 emphasizes remorse, diminishing death. sufficiency supports brutality sangfroid complemented certainty ensuing 144 concludes proceeding. although stage, references grabbing complete stranger abducting her," 919; 904, determination dangerousness. convictions violence, point 913, lively portrait group, 145 important, common experience, empirical study, Bowers, Sandys, & Steiner, Foreclosed Impartiality Capital Sentencing: Jurors' Predispositions, Guilt-Trial Experience, Premature Decision Making, Cornell L. Rev. 1476, 1486 1496 tells phase often jurors' choice True, directly broader, recognized. rendered moved acquittal insufficiency 146 clearly shows aggressor. out. grabbed struggled trying , beating aggressor." 147 "principle," aggressor," figure, sequence events, credibility belief chief aggressor undermined hesitated 148 Massie's killed; week; here. accuracy question,4 subject major summation 28, 36: body, bloody, postmortem celebration car), Had totality believed Stoltzfus. Ultimately, accept calculus emphasized, undeniable said. Against this, 31, gripping story, Loftus Doyle, Eyewitness Testimony: Civil Criminal (3d ed. 1997) ("[R]esearch redoundingly proves format key making"). Its madly energetic morally apathetic accomplices, passive direction. perspective destroyed story. accordingly vacate remand reconsideration, extent 150 resolve eight withheld, claimed, five. assumed unresolved, respondent lack presumably affirms grant relies analysis, proceed well. difference affect prejudice, necessary. 151 suggestions opinions, Schlup Delo, 298, 327, (1995); Sawyer 505 333, 345 (1992), treats lead. contexts. possibility," defining competition Robinson-Patman Act, see, Brooke Group Ltd. Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 209, (1993); judging subpoena quashed Procedure 17(c), Enterprises, Inc., 292, 301 (1991); debtor's establishing reorganization exempt Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay provision, Sav. Assn. Tex Timbers Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd., 484 365, 375 376 adopted 750 (1946), harmlessness nonconstitutional criterion 638 (1993). define plaintiff's §7 Clayton Shoe Co. 370 294, 325 (1962); FTC Morton Salt Co., 334 (1948) (Jackson, part) (contrasting arguing Act); vacating, remanding intervening developments, Lawrence Chater, 516 163, 167 (1996) exempting organizations otherwise valid threats harassment disclosure, Buckley Valeo, 424 (1976) curiam). recently nominal compensation award suit Longshore Harbor Workers' Compensation Metropolitan Stevedore Rambo, 521 121, (1997), commonly pending certiorari. three-part test requires reverse below, likelihood irreparable absent stay. Barefoot Estelle, 463 880, 895 (1983); Packwood Senate Select Comm. Ethics, 510 1319 (1994) (Rehnquist, C. chambers). 153 highway. three, occupants black. 67, 73. brought cross-examination, cooperation agreement government admitted 101, 104.

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