Document: 128 S. Ct. 989 (2008) G. Steven ROWE, Attorney General of Maine, Petitioner, v. NEW HAMPSHIRE MOTOR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION et al. No. 06-457. Supreme Court United States. Argued November 28, 2007. Decided February 20, 2008. *993 Paul Stern, Augusta, ME, for petitioner. Beth Brinkmann, Washington, DC, respondents. Douglas Hallward-Driemeier, States as amicus curiae, by special leave the Court, supporting Rowe, General, Deputy Counsel Record, Melissa Reynolds O'Dea, Christopher C. Taub, Peter B. LaFond, Assistant Attorneys Office Petitioner. T. Friedman, Ruth N. Borenstein, Lawrence R. Katzin, Morrison & Foerster LLP, San Francisco, CA, Brian Matsui, Respondents. Justice BREYER delivered opinion Court. We here consider whether a federal statute that prohibits from enacting any law "related to" motor carrier "price, route, or service" pre-empts two provisions Maine tobacco law, which regulate delivery to customers within State. 49 U.S.C. §§ 14501(c)(1), 41713(b)(4)(A); see Me.Rev.Stat. Ann., Tit. 22, 1555-C(3)(C), 1555-D (second sentence) (2004). hold both provisions. I A In 1978, Congress "determin[ed] `maximum reliance on competitive market forces'" would favor lower airline fares and better service, it enacted Airline Deregulation Act. Morales Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 378, 112 2031, 119 L. Ed. 2d 157 (1992) (quoting U.S.C.App. § 1302(a)(4) (1988 ed.)); 92 Stat. 1705. order "ensure not undo deregulation with regulation their own," Act "included pre-emption provision" said "no State ... shall enact enforce relating rates, routes, services air carrier." Morales, supra, at 2031; 1305(a)(1) ed.). 1980, deregulated trucking. See Motor Carrier 94 793. And little over decade later, in 1994, similarly sought pre-empt state trucking regulation. Federal Aviation Administration Authorization 108 1605-1606; also ICC Termination 1995, 109 899. doing so, borrowed language 1978 wrote into its 1994 says: "[A] may related price, service respect transportation property." 14501(c)(1); 41713(b)(4)(A) (similar provision combined motor-air carriers). The subsequently adopted An To Regulate Delivery Sales Tobacco Products Prevent Sale Minors, 2003 Me. Acts p. 1089, sections are relevant here. first section forbids anyone other than Mainelicensed retailer accept an tobacco. 1555-C(1). It then adds that, when licensed accepts ships tobacco, must "utilize provides *994 kind recipient-verification service. 1555-C(3)(C). make certain (1) person who bought is whom package addressed; (2) addressed legal age purchase tobacco; (3) has himself herself signed package; (4) addressed, if under 27, produced valid government-issued photo identification proof age. Ibid. Violations punishable civil penalties. 1555-C(3)(E) C(3)(F) (first offense up $1,500; subsequent offenses $5,000). second "knowingly" "transport" "tobacco product" "a person" unless either sender receiver license. 1555-D. "person deemed know contains marked containing displays name license number Maine-licensed retailer; receives someone whose appears list un-licensed retailers Maine's distributes various package-delivery companies. (emphasis added); 1555-C(3)(B), 1555-D(1). again 1555-D(2) (up $1,500 per violation against violator and/or violator's employer). B Respondents, several transport associations, brought this lawsuit court, claiming statute. District held (among things) portions we have described, namely "recipient-verification" (§ 1555-C(3)(C)) "deemed know" (the sentence 1555-D). 377 F. Supp. 197, 220 (D.Me.2005). On appeal, Appeals First Circuit agreed pre-empted 448 F.3d 66, 82 (2006). granted certiorari review these determinations. 551 ___, 127 3037, 168 725 (2007). II interpreted 1978. U.S., 2031. follow interpreting similar before us "when judicial interpretations settled meaning existing statutory provision, repetition same new indicates, general matter, intent incorporate well." Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith Inc. Dabit, 547 71, 85, 126 1503, 164 179 (2006) (internal quotation marks alterations omitted). Here, copied air-carrier Compare 41713(b)(4)(A), ed.); H.R. Conf. Rep. 103-677, pp. 82-83, 85 (1994), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 1676 (hereinafter Rep.). did so fully aware Court's interpretation set forth Morales. Rep., 83, 1676, 1755 (motor carriers will enjoy "the identical intrastate preemption prices, routes *995 originally contained in" Act); ibid. (expressing agreement broad Morales"); id., 85. determined: "[s]tate enforcement actions having connection with, reference "`rates, services' pre-empted," 384, 2031 such occur even law's effect "is only indirect," 386, omitted); pre-emption, makes no difference "consistent" "inconsistent" regulation, 386-387, deleted); occurs least where laws "significant impact" Congress' deregulatory pre-emption-related objectives, 390, described overarching goal helping assure reflect "maximum forces," thereby stimulating "efficiency, innovation, low prices," well "variety" "quality." Id., given principles, enforcing consumer-fraud statutes deceptive airline-fare advertisements. 391, American Wolens, 513 219, 226-228, 115 817, 130 715 (1995) (federal application State's consumer-protection airline's frequent flyer program). Finally, might affect "tenuous, remote, peripheral... manner," forbidding gambling. But say where, how, "it be appropriate draw line," "present borderline question." 226, 817. light find issue Section 1555-C(3)(C) employ "delivery follows particular procedures. focuses (which substantial portion all services," 1551(1-C)), creating direct "connection with" services. At time, "significant" adverse "impact" Act's ability achieve objectives. Solicitor associations claim (and does deny) require offer system now provide prefer offer). were freeze place discontinue future. produces very avoid, namely, substitution own governmental commands "competitive forces" determining (to significant degree) provide. *996 concede less "direct" be, tells shippers what choose rather do. Nonetheless, differ significantly those absence dictate. being "treating sales restrictions differently purposes sense." Engine Mfrs. Assn. South Coast Air Quality Management Dist., 541 246, 255, 124 1756, 158 529 If efforts regulate, consequently affect, advertising about rates themselves. 1555-D's applies yet more directly creates conclusive presumption knowledge shipment originating sent specifically identified unlicensed retailer. That means imposes liability upon carrier, simply knowing (unlicensed) but carrier's failure sufficiently examine every package. thus requires check each markings compare attorney general's proscribed shippers. regulates aspect pick-up way state-mandated pre-empts. replies impose additional costs carriers. deny it), reply off mark. As immunize competition service-related do (or future not) wish Supra, 995-996. allow insist checking same. interpret permit these, similar, requirements could easily lead patchwork service-determining laws, rules, regulations. regulatory inconsistent major legislative effort decisions, federally unregulated, marketplace. 87. details program, program primarily promotes carriage, essential picking-up, sorting, carrying goodsessential carriage itself. C primary arguments focus reason why question. argues exception ground help prevent minors obtaining cigarettes. view, protect citizens' public health, particularly dangerous activity underage smoking. Despite importance health objective, cannot agree basis, exempting *997 otherwise pre-empt. says nothing exception. contrary, explicitly lists exceptions (governing vehicle safety, local route controls, like), health. 14501(c)(2) (c)(3); 41713(b)(4)(B). suggests provision's history indicates concern was sort enacted, instead "economic" See, e.g., 88; Columbus Ours Garage Wrecker Service, 536 424, 440, 122 2226, 153 430 (2002). frequently difficult distinguish between "economic"-related "health" -related motivations, infra, 997, and, indeed, parties vigorously dispute actual motivation Consequently, surprising declined insert term operative us, despite one time considered so. S.Rep. 95-631, 171 (1978) (reprinting Senate bill). argument implied "public health" "tobacco" rests largely nine States, resembling Maine's, thought "intrastate carriers," 86, 1758; Synar Amendment, denies funds they forbid minors, 42 300x-26(a)(1), (b)(1). history, however, suggest made firm judgment about, focused upon, us. Amendment nowhere mentions method issue; mention specific methods all. inability support some surprising. "Public define Many products create risks differing degree. justification rule regulating legitimate rules reasons. Given through travel, products, variety potential effects, many different kinds potentially available, difficulty finding criterion separating permissible impermissible public-health-oriented regulations, unlikely intended implicit enough cover shipments This generally regulation: instance, broadly forms conduct affects, say, truckdrivers, capacity members (e.g., prohibition smoking places). "too tenuous, peripheral manner." written "effect" "forbidden" 388, added). case, general, truckers solely *998 public, impact significant, peripheral. aim goods, commercial field vehicles plays role. operators perform services, limiting incompatible alternative services; because seeks enlist allies efforts. circumstances, perspective case "borderline" possesses authority entering moving State, broader encompass narrower manner shipments. assuming purely argument's sake authority, conclusion follow. restrict goods seriously total ban severely undermine effectiveness pre-emptive provision. Indeed, just rejected, extending ban. explained believe result. 996-998. aside regulations harm cigarettes falling hands minors. He like can prohibit persons providing (as already has, Me.Rev. 1555-B(2) (Supp. 2007)); non-face-to-face pass (non-carrier-specific) applicability; can, necessary, seek (see, 4081, 110th Cong., 1st Sess. (2007) (proposed bill shipment); 4128, Sess., 1411-1416, 577-583 criminal penalties trafficking contraband tobacco)). Regardless, For reasons, affirmed. ordered. GINSBURG, concurring. Today's decision declares key Law (FAAAA). breadth FAAAA's language, 14501(c)(1) coupled our decisions closely point, (1992), (1995), impel conclusion. write separately emphasize large gap left FAAAA perhaps overlooked Congress, urgent need National Legislature fill gap. *999 use children adolescents, recognized, single most threat States." FDA Brown Williamson Corp., 120, 161, 120 1291, 146 121 (2000). comprehensive currently exists sellers exploiting market. Instead, encouraged done funding incentives legislation making unlawful "sell distribute [tobacco] product individual 18." 106 394, 300x-26(a)(1). Lorillard Co. Reilly, 533 525, 552, 571, 2404, 150 532 (2001). measures youth access increasingly thwarted ease purchased Internet. "As cyberspace acts risk-free zone anonymously unrestricted online barrier control." Brief Control Legal Consortium Amici Curiae 10 (footnote California 9 ("Illegal Internet reached epidemic proportions."). amici maintain guard children, verification safeguards [must be] used handed over-the-doorstep . over-the-counter." Petitioner 8; 11; 11-12; cf. Amicus 16. provisions, holds, bar adopting sensible strategy. While join opinion, doubt drafters FAAAA, designed deregulate anticipated measure's facilitation minors' Now alerted problem, act care dispatch effective solution. SCALIA, concurring part. except (ante, 994-995, 996, 997) rely reports committees House show full other regard propositions apparent text unnecessary disposition both.

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