Document: 344 U.S. 590 73 S.Ct. 472 97 L.Ed. 576 KWONG HAI CHEWv.COLDING et al. THE SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. No. 17. Argued Oct. 17, 1952. Decided Feb. 9, 1953. Mr. Carl S. Stern, New York City, for petitioner. John F. Davis, Washington, D.C., respondent. Justice BURTON delivered the opinion of Court. 1 A preliminary consideration that is helpful to solution this litigation whether, under 8 CFR § 175.57(b),1 Attorney General has authority deny a lawful permanent resident United States, who an alien continuously residing and physically present therein, opportunity be heard in opposition order his 'permanent exclusion' consequent deportation, provided determines based on information confidential nature, disclosure which would prejudicial public interest. Assuming, as seems clear, does not have such authority, critical issue then presented whether he following additional circumstances: seaman, currently maintains residence States usually there, however, returning from voyage seaman vessel American registry with its home port included scheduled calls at foreign ports Far East, detained board by General. For reasons hereafter stated, we hold these circumstances do change result suggested. 2 Petitioner, Kwong Hai Chew, Chinese last admitted 1945. Thereafter, married native bought they reside York. Having proved good moral character preceding five years, petitioner secured suspension deportation. In 1949, was January 10, 1945.2 World War II, served credit Merchant Marine. He never had any difficulty governmental authorities. April, 1950, filed petition naturalization still pending. November, screened passed Coast Guard employment merchant vessel.3 same month signed articles chief steward S.S. Sir Franklin, City. The include several East. remained aboard but, San Francisco, March, 1951, immigration inspector ordered him 'temporarily excluded,' 175.57, whose entry deemed 3 On vessel's arrival York, March 29, petitioner's 'temporary continued permitted land. 30, sought writ habeas corpus District Court Eastern charging detention arbitrary capricious denial due process law violation Fifth Amendment Constitution States. Purporting act 175.57(b), directed denied hearing before Board Special Inquiry exclusion made permanent.' continues all nature cause accusations against 'exclusion.' Ellis Island 'for safe-keeping behalf master 'Sir Franklin." 4 issued after hearing, it dismissed F.Supp. 592. Appeals Second Circuit affirmed. 192 F.2d 1009. Both courts relied upon ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 537, 70 309, 94 317. We granted certiorari because doubtful applicability decision importance administration Nation's program. 343 933, 72 769. Bail 98 717. It also Appeals, without prejudice application Applications bail are pending Commissioner Immigration Naturalization 5 detention, notice charge thereto. Petitioner contends authorized 175.57(b). that, if regulation purport authorize invalid attempt deprive liberty Amendment. Agreement petitioners first contention makes unnecessary reach recond. 6 case supra, below, point. relates rights entrant deal question alien's right heard. purposes constitutional process, assimilate status States.4 To simplify issue, consider what been undertaken but within territorial boundaries 7 1. well established remains person protection may deprived life, or property law.5 Although later established, respondents contend, can expelled deported, yet expulsion, entitled least executive administrative tribunal.6 Congress prescribe conditions expulsion even expel allowing fair heard.7 example, chance prove mistaken identity. At stage instant case, one exclusion, legislative construction proedural process.8 This being recognized, interpret making no process. Section 175.57(b) uses term 'excludable' designating aliens applies. That naturally those assimilated their status. nowhere refers aliens, apply residents Accordingly, find language required States.9 thus clear here made, 9 us Secretary State concurred General, pursuant Presidential Proclamations 2523, U.S.Code Cong.Serv.1941, p. 883, CFR, 1943 Cum.Supp., 270, 2850, Cong. Serv. 2618, 1949 Supp. 41. latter proclamation August 'ratified confirmed' regulation. Those proclamations, turn, depend Act May 22, 1918, 40 Stat. 559, amended, June 21, 1941, 55 252, 22 U.S.C. 223, U.S.C.A. 223. questioned regulation, above interpreted, comes authorizations, authorizations extended dates material case. 66 163, 1101 seq., 333. nothing statute proclamations for, permits sustains broader interpretation than given it. wording now reflects congressional intent substantially inserted Subversive Activities Control 64 1008. See note 1, supra. 10 2. Petitioner's final gone outside registry, and, completion voyage, returned board, still, point view, procedural regard indisputably enjoyed prior terminated voyage. From not, purposes, treated alien, so treated. 11 175.57(b)'s authorization hearings raises conflict limited assimilation petitioner, continuous accords naturalization, expressly prescribed Nationality 1940: 'Sec. 307. (a) No * shall naturalized unless (1) immediately date filing resided years *. 12 '(d) regarded meaning chapter: 13 '(2) Continuous service vessels owned, rendered subsequent applicant's into naturalization.' 54 1142—1143, 707, 707. also, 325, 1150, 1015, (Supp. V) 725, 725.10 14 While ultimate remain subject alteration ports, follow thereby His cannot capriciously taken him. Where neither Congress, President, nor inescapably said so, ready assume them attempted hearing.11 15 preservation leave unprotected spot armor. Before admission residence, satisfy suitability status.12 receiving clearance cruise, approved Guard.13 acceptance action thereon, assurance necessary security risk. U.S.C., c. 11, Subchapter III—Nationality Through Naturalization, §§ 701—747, 701 747. 16 were interpreted denying hearing. Also, will deportation giving reasonable charges sufficient meet requirements 17 conclude them, judgment reversed remanded 18 Judgment 19 MINTON dissents. '§ 175.57 Entry special cases. '(b) temporarily excluded official Department ground is, excludable more categories set forth 175.53, inquiry held until reported representative. appeal 175.53 basis interest.' defined 'to They include, membership 'a political organization associated carrying out policies government opposed measures adopted Government interest *' 'engaged organizing, teaching, advocating, directing rebellion, insurrection, violent uprising States.' CFR. statutory similar see October 16, amended 1008, 137—4, referring 137. Government, relies rather 137—4. 'Resolved Senate (the House Representatives concurring), favors each hereinafter named, suspended six months. 'A—6665545, Hai, Harry (Hai Chew). 'Agreed July 20, 1949.' 63 1240, 1242. effect action, 19(c) February 5, 1917, 62 1206, 155(c), 155: '(c) deportable suspend ineligible ineligible, ineligibility solely reason race, finds serious economic detriment citizen legally spouse, parent, minor child alien; (b) seven effective Act. If provisions subsection months, complete detailed statement facts pertinent suspension. during session reported, close next passes concurrent resolution stating substance cancel proceedings. Deportation proceedings canceled time pays fee $18 (In paid.) Upon cancellation paid record *.' 175.41(q) states 175.41 175.62 'The 'an States' means lawfully continental Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hawaii therein since maintained domicile States: significance clearance, Executive Order 10173, 18, Cong.Serv.1950, 1663, especially 6.10—1 6.10—9, published, 33 1951 Cum. Pocket 15, Magnuson 427—428, 50 191, U.S.C.A.Appendix, 191. implemented regulations December 27, Supp., 121.01—125.37. Parker Lester, 300, Id., Cir., 191 1020. 6.10—1, existed provided: 'Issuance documents persons vessels. document licensed officer certificated man employed Commandant satisfied habits life belief presence individual inimical Fed.Reg. 7007. Later published 100 gross tons upward, engaged other trade. 121.13—121.16. 'exclusion' preventing someone entering actually so. 'Expulsion' forcing 'Deportation' moving away expulsion. '* Bill Rights futile seeking shores. But once enters resides country becomes invested guaranteed people our borders. Such protected First Amendments clause Fourteenth None acknowledges distinction between citizens aliens. extend inalienable privileges 'persons' guard encroachment federal state authority.' Bridges Wixon, 326 135, 161, 65 1443, 1455, 89 2103 (concurring opinion). whom traditionally hospitable, accorded generous ascending scale increases identity society. Mere creates implied safe conduct gives certain rights; become extensive secure when declaration intention citizen, expand full citizenship naturalization. During probationary steadily enlarged except And, 1886, important guaranties—such Amendment.' Johnson Eisentrager, 339 763, 770—771, 936, 940, 1255. comments 'in extending protections beyond citizenry, pains jurisdiction gave Judiciary power act.' page 771, 940. related nonresident enemy position There lack physical jurisdictional court held, must understood holding, officers, executing involving persons, disregard fundamental principles inhere 'due law' adoption Constitution. One opportunity, some time, heard, respect matters depends—not necessarily regular, occasion, according forms judicial procedure, prompt, vigorous contemplated appropriate officers act. Therefore, competent Treasury officer, year statute, arbitrarily entered country, respects jurisdiction, part population, although alleged illegally here, custody deported questions exist where involved recognized.' Japanese Immigrant Case, Kaoru Yumataya Fisher, 189 86, 100—101, 23 611, 614, 47 721. compulsion long ago antecedent provide clandestinely illegally.' Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 33, 49—50, 445, 454, 616. pages 939—940; Carlson Landon, 342 524, 538, 525, 533, 96 547. Fong Yue Ting 149 698, 1016, 37 905, recognizing deport 'When requires one, tribunal meets prevailing standards impartiality.' 50, 454; Kwock Jan Fat White, 253 457—458, 464, 566, 567, 570, 1010. noted cases generally cited field relation deportability only reports show there considered fair. E.g., Volpe Smith, 289 422, 424, 53 665, 666, 77 1298; Stapf Corsi, 287 129, 131, 40, 41, 215; Claussen Day, 279 398, 400, 49 354, 758; Quon Poy Johnson, 273 352, 358, 346, 348, 71 680; Lewis Frick, 233 291, 293, 34 488, 489, 58 967; Lapina Williams, 232 78, 83, 197, 515; 729, 1028, 905. subsection, 175.57(a), word 'deported' supplement 'excluded': 'Any consultation State, interests provision survives modified form 330 1952, 251, 1441. includes savings affecting applied September 23, 1950. 405 contains general clause, 280, note. Existing 'Exclusion Without Hearing' discussed Report President's Commission 'Whom Shall Welcome' dated 1953, 228—231. discussion treats applicable reentrant suggest report discusses harshness 'reentry doctrine' recommends modification 199—200. reentry doctrine attempts limit instances hardship cites appear disclosed reenter. 2, 3,

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