Document: 489 U.S. 46 109 S.Ct. 916 103 L.Ed.2d 34 FORT WAYNE BOOKS, INC., Petitionerv.INDIANA et al. Ronald W. SAPPENFIELD, al., Petitioners v. INDIANA. Nos. 87-470, 87-614. Argued Oct. 3, 1988. Decided Feb. 21, 1989. Syllabus In No. the State of Indiana and a local prosecutor (respondents) filed civil action in state court against petitioner operator an "adult bookstore," alleging that it had violated Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute by engaging pattern racketeering activity consisting repeated violations laws barring distribution obscene books films. Respondents sought injunctive relief under Civil Remedies for Racketeering Activity (CRRA) statute, including forfeiture all petitioner's property used alleged activity, moved, separate petition, order immediate seizure subject to forfeiture, as authorized statute. After court, ex parte, heard testimony support this ordered bookstore its contents. Following unsuccessful attempts vacate on federal constitutional grounds, certified issues Court Appeals, which held relevant RICO/CRRA provisions Federal Constitution. The Supreme reversed, upholding both constitutionality CRRA pretrial seizure. 87-614, bookstore" was charged with distributing matter violation (a misdemeanor) addition RICO (felonies) based these predicate acts obscenity. trial dismissed charges ground unconstitutionally vague applied obscenity offenses. Appeals reversed reinstated charges, holding not unconstitutional declined review. Held: 1. This has jurisdiction hear Under general rule defining finality context criminal prosecution judgment conviction imposition sentence, would usually conclude since neither nor sentence present here, below final hence reviewable 28 U.S.C. § 1257, limits review "[f]inal judgments or decrees." But case merits exception recognized Cox Broadcasting Corp. Cohn, 420 469, 482-483, 95 1029, 1039-1040, 43 328, "[w]here issue been finally decided courts further proceedings pending party seeking here might prevail nonfederal thus rendering unnecessary Court, where reversal be preclusive any litigation cause action." Petitioner could well grounds at subsequent trial, Appeals' bar charges. Moreover, clearly involves First Amendment challenge statute's facial validity. Adjudicating proper scope protection is "federal policy" application rule. Resolution important possible places efforts control organized crime should remain doubt. Flynt Ohio, 451 619, 101 1958, 68 489, distinguished. Pp. 54-57. 2. There no State's inclusion substantive among offenses 57-60. (a) "racketeering activities" forbids are "pattern" multiple certain crimes, one. Given totally encompasses law, if latter vague, former cannot either. 87-614 convicted violating without first being "found guilty" distributing, attempting conspiring distribute, materials. To argue, does, "inherent vagueness" standards established Miller California, 413 15, 93 2607, 37 419, root his objection nothing less than invitation overturn Miller—an rejects. That punishments available different from those does render void vagueness. 57-58. (b) While greater violations, there constitutionally significant difference between them. stiffer may provide additional deterrent who otherwise sell materials result some booksellers practicing self-censorship removing protected their shelves. deterrence sale legitimate end laws, mere assertion resulting enough antiobscenity law unconstitutional. Petitioner's contention sanctions so severe itself ripe, penalties. 59-60. (c) basis RICO/obscenity must "affirmed convictions." As long standard proof respect elements allegation, proof, beyond reasonable doubt, requisite number proscribable acts, requirements have met. will require fire "warning shot" form misdemeanor prosecutions before bring felony And merit occurred indictment brought, only because did take place same initiated, but more significantly such essentially turn head. 60-62. (d) Nor he provided prompt postarrest adversarial hearing question allegedly distributed. He request hearing, Police officers' purchases few items connection investigation stores trigger concern. P. 62. 3. contents 87-470 improper. single copy book film seized retained evidentiary purposes finding probable cause, films taken out circulation completely until determination after adversary hearing. risk prior restraint, underlying special Fourth accorded searches for, seizures of, materials, renders invalid here. Even assuming forfeitable when proved they were in, derived from, Probable believe valid insufficient interrupt presumptively Here, "obscene" occurred. petition thereon aimed establishing occurred, recited respect. Mere transpired adequate remove circulation. other crimes case. Where claimed can rebutting presumption expressive Amendment, rebutted justification seizing properly proceeding. 62-67. 504 N.E.2d 559, remanded; 505 504, affirmed remanded. WHITE, J., delivered opinion Part I REHNQUIST, C.J., BRENNAN, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, JJ., joined, II-A Parts II-B II-C III joined. concurring part judgment, post, p. 68. dissenting part, BRENNAN MARSHALL, 70. John H. Weston, Beverly Hills, Cal., petitioners. Stephen Goldsmith, Indianapolis, Ind., respondents. Justice WHITE Court. 1 We us two decisions courts, involving Acts cases bookstores containing 2 * causes arise wholly unrelated incidents. 3 Fort Wayne Books, Inc., corporations1 each operated Wayne, Indiana. On March 19, 1984, prosecutor, respondents three corporations em- 4 joins I, opinion, STEVENS II-A. ployees defendants engaged repeatedly films, thereby law.2 complaint 39 convictions selling publications stores. App. 9-37. It also currently Id., 37-44. proceeds sales alleged, operate maintain bookstores. invoking Ind.Code. 34-4-30.5-1 seq. (1988). Among remedies requested Books' property, real personal, "was course intended use realized through" activity." 47. Such Ind.Code 34-4-30.5-3(a) 5 "Verified Petition Seizure Property Subject Forfeiture," particular judicial our consideration Specifically, asked Allen County Circuit "to immediately seize . 'subject forfeiture' set forth [the CRRA] complaint." 51. 34-4-30.5-3(b) (1988), empowers prosecutors bringing actions move permits orders "upon showing law] occurred." supported affidavit executed police officer, recounting defendants, describing various believed affiant obscene, conspiracy several employees officers previous 55-78. 6 supporting exhibits it. day, entered existed Books directing estate, publications, personal comprising corporate defendants. 81-83. court's county sheriff padlock done, days later, hauled away enforcement officials. No date ever set. 7 1984 bookstores, parte order. An motion failed yield relief. Other obtain measure failed. did, however, certify Appeals. June 1985, violative United States 4447 479 578 (Ind.App.1985).3 proposition store specific matter. 559 (1987). 8 granted Wayne's certiorari, 485 933, 108 1106, 99 268 purpose considering substantial raised B 9 adult Howard County, Indiana, led there, April charge Sappenfield six counts matter, 35-49-3-1 employing amendments discussed above, filing petitioner. 142-143, 148-149. Class A misdemeanors C felonies. 10 Relying Court's supra, "Indiana's statute." 506 11 consolidated consider common presented cases. II 12 Since challenges we deal 13 noted 138-149. challenged raising indictments. 150. makes claim Constitution bars materials.4 Rather, particulars advances attacks 14 Before address claims, decrees" courts. defined sentence. See Parr States, 351 513, 518, 76 912, 916, 100 L.Ed. 1377 (1956); Berman 302 211, 212, 58 164, 166, 82 204 (1937). unreviewable. 15 are, exceptions 328 (1975). identified four categories even though fits within fourth category described Cox: 16 "[W]here still come. circumstances, refusal state-court decision seriously erode policy, entertained issue, determined litigation." S.Ct., 1040. 17 satisfies above-cited passage: Thus, debatable whether grant claims "might policy." Ibid. 18 protections often See, e.g., National Socialist Party America Skokie, 432 43, 44, 97 2205, 2206, 53 96 (1977) (per curiam ); Miami Herald Publishing Co. Tornillo, 418 241, 246-247, 94 2831, 2834-2835, 41 730 (1974). statutes criminalize patterns calls into legitimacy practices Government.5 "Whichever way decide merits, intolerable leave unanswered, freedom press Amendment; uneasy unsettled posture [of question] harm operation free press." 247, n. 6, 2834 6. 19 O'CONNOR contends contrary counseled (1981) ). Post, 69-70. understood it, "[t]he [in was] [that] record prosecute petitioners selective discriminatory Equal Protection Clause." Flynt, 622, 1960 (emphasis added). claim, rather (albeit one issues). result, inapplicable Though dissenters disagreed premise holding, contended dispute demanded attention exception, see U.S., 623, 1961 (Stewart, dissenting); id., 623-624, 1960-1961 (STEVENS, dissenting), fact Member concluded Flynt—as today—that us, refuse invoke hold authority issue. 20 Consequently, case, validity 21 broadest conviction. argument regard twofold: first, "enterprise" distributed vague; second, potential lacks "necessary sensitivity amendment rights," Brief 23. arguments turn. 22 (1) 23 forbidden (Ind.Code 35-49-3-1) 35-45-6-1 incorporates reference. 24 argues 419 (1973), pp. 24-33. Yet, reject. note 35-49-1-1 closely tailored conform standards. Cf. Sedelbauer State, 428 206, 210-211 (Ind.1981), cert. denied, 455 1035, 102 1739, 72 153 (1982).6 dismiss rested vagueness defect law. 150-151, 161-167. 25 find At forthcoming prove doubt element offense, allegation (or attempted conspired violate) (1988); N.E.2d, 566. to, distribute) 26 true, argues, 16-18, violations. fail how vagueness.7 (2) 27 next rests imposed violators "racketeers": "draconian" improper chilling effect freedoms, contends. 12, 17. "heavy artillery" "war crime" improper, therefore, permitted purposes. true penalties felony, misdemeanor. found guilty him, faces maximum years prison $20,000 fine; instead indictments, punishment face jail $30,000 fines. Compare 35-50-2-6 (1988) 35-50-3-2 obviously do perceive punishments.8 Indeed, function quite similarly enhanced sentencing scheme such, "[i]t limit resorting weapons armory law." Kingsley Inc. Brown, 354 436, 441, 77 1325, 1328, 1469 (1957). 29 materials; perhaps means—as suggests, 20-22—that cautious practice practical reality "any applicable bookseller induce tendency inhibitory dissemination material obscene." Smith 361 147, 154-155, 80 215, 2019-2020, 205 (1959). Arcara Cloud 478 697, 706, 106 3172, 3177, 92 568 (1986). precedents. 30 raises violations—under 22-23. However, These reviewed if) enforced 31 32 Finally, narrower objections obscenity-related prosecutions. 33 First, face, "the requires successive dates brought." 33. rejected like contention, albeit dicta, Sedima, S.P.R.L. Imrex Co., 473 479, 488, 105 3275, 3280, 87 346 (1985). reason allegation—including acts—all analogy suggested amicus brief apt: "This never required warning shots, prosecutions, materials." Amicus Curiae 16. likewise decline impose requirement 35 second aspect claim—that brought—also merit. (Howard County) initiated; standing advance facts. More significantly, suggestion fails head: large national enterprises commit numerous jurisdictions, example. 36 Of course, correct "community standards" vary committed. as, example, measured appropriate community's standard, why prosecution—alleging violations—may 431 291, 306-309, 1756, 1766-1768, 52 324 (1977). 38 Second, shortly arrest, 36-37. reasons. appear below. 135-137. unlike owned "seized" officials purchased 138-147. previously concerns. Maryland Macon, 472 463, 468-471, 2778, 2781-2783, 86 370 40 consequently affirm reverse, sustaining 42 line dating back Marcus Search Warrant, 367 717, 81 1708, 1127 (1961), rigorous procedural safeguards employed "obscene." Marcus, again Quantity Copies Kansas, 378 205, 84 1723, 809 (1964), invalidated large-scale confiscations copies selected cases, ones came them, undertaken pursuant "procedure 'designed focus searchingly obscenity.' " 210, 1725 (quoting 732, 1716). also, Lee Art Theatre, Virginia, 392 636, 88 2103, 1313 (1968). refined approach decisions. Most importantly, Heller New York, 483, 492, 2789, 2794, 745 "seizing destroy them block exhibition very bona fide preserving evidence proceeding." "judicial proceeding," restrained 492-493, 2794-2795. publication Ibid.; York P.J. Video, 475 868, 874-876, 1610, 1614-1616, 89 871 44 while contraband, instrumentalities, (and warrant circumstances), involved. Lo-Ji Sales, 442 319, 326, 5, 2319, 2324 60 920 (1979). materials" motivates 470, 2782. concerns here.9 45 below, precedents limitations area established. rules largely 564-567. included laws10 observed (which made strict accordance law) nature suspected seized, upon neutral sequestered represented assets acquired activity. "The remedy restrain future speech disgorge through Stated simply, irrelevant 565. specifically legislative "merely semantic device circumvent well-established doctrine." 564. "if shown," ibid.; permissible, concluded. adding obscenity-law list ruse sidestep Amendment. disposing assume deciding (like bank account yacht) actually laws.11 assumptions, though, incontestable begun put named complaint, sure includes admonition 47 Here not—and been—any True, adjudicated unchallenged. firmly legal (1986); (1973). case; Therefore, 48 respondent's couched law—instead brought statute—is unavailing. far Near Minnesota rel. Olson, 283 720-721, 51 625, 632-633, 75 1357 (1931), restraint "characterized" little consequence. Schad Mount Ephraim, 452 61, 67-68, 2176, 2181-2182, 671 (1981); Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. Conrad, 546, 552-555, 1239, 1243-1245, 448 For Vance Universal Amusement 445 308, 1156, 63 (1980) ), struck down placed exhibitions Texas "public nuisance" failure comply fatal defect. 708, 3178 (O'CONNOR, concurring) (noting "city nuisance pretext closing sold indecent implicate analysis review"). accept Indiana's "pretextual" offenses, escape merely recategorizing "racketeering." 49 least Amendment,12 literally thousands carried 87; Record 601-627. Yet remained warranted statutes. If values expressed dealing interrupting flow reversed.13 IV 50 reasons given remanded proceedings. affirmed, too ordered. judgment. Although agree her conclusion majority otherwise. jurisdictional divided Sappenfield: punished offense. Disposition deserves—if requires—a participating Justices. Screws 325 91, 134, 65 1031, 1051, 1495 (1945) (Rutledge, result). 54 notwithstanding my view, feel obligated reach Sappenfield. Vuitch, 402 62, 97-98, 91 1294, 1311-1312, 601 (1971) (separate statement). Because what conviction, join WHITE's (except II-A) 55 part. 56 dissent disposition concur presents, others, 57 corporations, Fantasy One, Two, yet tried Petitioners' appeal were, interlocutory. Except limited rendered highest had. 1257. 620, 1959, Ohio's "[a]pplied prosecution, normally sentence." Neither guilt over Sappenfield, "probability piecemeal [because] [i]t appears involved publication[s] [are] 621, 1960. Similarly, "delaying convicted, [not] policy meaning alter conclusion." assumption "[a]djudicating rule," ante, 55, expands permit interlocutory implicating broad expansion narrow statutory unwarranted. Ironically, well. Accordingly, writ certiorari want jurisdiction. appellate already interests affected, depend pre-existing 50-51. Sappenfield—whether Books. Were include equally invalid. fully applies "no Ante, 60. statement questions 59 whom MARSHALL join, 87-470. correctly decides subjected refusing evaluate interlinked whole, reaches wrong result. 61 bare delivery messages consenting adults prosecuted crime.1 Legislature done that: injecting designed curtail entirely kind antisocial conduct, penalties, wide-ranging unprotected speech. vast proscribe notion legislation survive scrutiny. 62 outset identify activity" accused willing purchaser magazines anyone sexual misconduct premises,2 displayed advertised inventory offensive way,3 children access films,4 foisted unwilling recipients.5 petitioners' public nuisances operating inappropriate places, manners, times.6 magazine misdemeanor.7 person commits misdemeanors, engages "pattern statute.8 means acquires, maintains, operates "enterprise,"9 she "corrupt business influence."10 Thus Act transform punishable up eight imprisonment.11 64 Proof exposes defendant prescribed Act, dissolving enterprise, forfeiting enjoining type future. §§ 34-4-30.5-2 34-4-30.5-4 (1988).12 small fraction activities enterprise unlawful, close entire business, inventory, owner chosen work. scheme, expressly approved sanctions, unequivocally affect remedial powers. categorically stated proved, bookstore's not, forfeiture.13 66 finds strictures reasons, offense necessarily, vague. 57-58, 7. non sequitur. Reference compounds intractable concept itself.14 view construction exhibited reader magazines—or just magazine. threat posed remedies.15 Instead reiterating written, shall discussion significance remedies. 67 disagree relating severity follow ripe perfectly clear Acts, enacted time targeting precisely parts scheme. obvious principal proving enable supplement unusually sanctions. descriptions "overall anti-racketeering laws"16 pertains obscenity"17 confirm event reading legislation. making comparable murder, kidnaping, extortion, arson evaluated fairly portion ignored. Recurrent history regulation abiding concern about media "tendency deprave corrupt" stir impulses lead sexually impure thoughts," "appeal prurient interest." Alberts California (decided Roth 476, 498-499, 1304, 1316-1317, 1498 (1957) (Harlan, Antecedents plainly reflect Early classified "Against Public Morals" Chastity Morality" "lewd," "indecent," "lascivious" depicted "criminals, desperadoes, men women lewd unbecoming positions dress." Ind.Rev.Stat. 2107-2109 (1897); Ann. 2359-2361 (Burns 1914). Prohibited profane cursing, advertising drugs female use, Sunday baseball, letting stallions public. 2110, 2111, 2113, 2117 2362-2364, 2369, 2373 morals paralleled elsewhere Great Britain. Report, 240-245. Paris Adult Theatre Slaton, 49, 104-105, 2628, 2658, 446 (1973) (BRENNAN, dissenting) (outlining laws' history). Quite longstanding suppressing prevent people having immoral thoughts.18 so, argued, threatens moral fabric society.19 69 Limiting society's expression protects communicative Roaden Kentucky, 496, 2796, 2801, 757 pornographic "dim uncertain," Bantam Sullivan, 372 58, 66, 83 631, 637, 584 (1963), "a adopt whatever procedures pleases obscenity," 731, 1716, employ careful assure adjudged withdrawn commerce. Freedman Maryland, 380 51, 85 734, 649 (1965); 23-24, 2614-2615.20 confers right possess legally obscene. Stanley Georgia, 394 557, 1243, 542 (1969). interest explicit remains strong despite continuing stifle distribution.21 70 Whatever society incurs indistinguishable caused great volume Amendment.22 Elimination volumes videotapes shelves scarcely serves controlling morality. seq., patterned, 560, furnishes "drastic methods" curtailing undesired activity.23 allow cast wide nets24 seize, sold, exhibited, store's books, magazines, videotapes—the nonobscene explicit, devoid reference.25 Reported indicate primarily directed bookstores.26 Patently, successful silence repress thoughts. 71 fair legislation.27 most realistic interpretation Legislature's intent expand traditional restriction that, protected, obscene.28 Fulfillment surely overflow boundaries holds today undertake authorizes. 66-67. excluding "nonexpressive property," 67, "assum[ing] forfeitable" CRRA's post-trial 65, 11. extend prohibit stores' inventories, misdemeanors. 73 dimension exhibiting another commercial lawful unlawful. receiving revenue hardware pizza parlor funded loan-sharking proceeds. presumptive apply either latter. Seldom relevance invoked ordinary establishment. rid illegal influence, engender suspicion censorial motive. Prosecutors desire purge organized-crime taint; deterring pizzas hardware. Sexually movies, commodities exterminate. promotes extermination elimination establishments disseminated. 74 Perhaps all, virtually offer objectionable secluded areas. Young American Mini Theatres, 427 50, 2440, 310 (1976). Many noxious appendages sprawling industry. nevertheless host citizens desires best remote indirect injury third parties flows purchasers "sensitive tools" regulate Speiser Randall, 357 525, 78 1332, 1341, 1460 (1958). arm scalpels excise portions sickles mow use. tolerate. '[I]t better branches luxuriant growth, than, pruning away, injure vigour yielding fruits,' "29 "right receive information ideas, regardless social worth, fundamental society."30 reverse invalidate direct dismissed. Cinema Blue Erotica House Bookstore, entities seek enter appearance therefore added deemed constitute arising Goldsmith. basis, issuing seizures. Only petitioned Pet. Cert. iv. Officials Corporation factual aspects during Argument, Tr. Oral Arg. 53, suggest moot. event, distribute Pinkus 436 293, 303-304, 98 1808, 1814-1815, 293 (1978); Splawn 595, 597-599, 1987, 1989-1990, 606 (1977); 23-26, 2614-2616, (1973); 1327, manner similar 1961(1) (1982 ed., Supp. IV). "outcome determine using addition, followed Congress' lead, give rise laws. Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. 13-2301 (Supp.1988-1989); Ga.Code 16-14-3(3)(A)(xii) Conn.Gen.Stat. 53-394 (1985); Cal. Penal Code 186.2(a)(19) (West 1988). definition provides "matter," law's parlance) if: "(1) average person, applying contemporary community standards, dominant theme performance, appeals sex; "(2) performance depicts describes, patently way, conduct; "(3) serious literary, artistic, political, scientific value." 35-49-2-1 Pope Illinois, 481 497, 501-502, 4, 107 1918, 1921 439 (1987); 25-26, 2615-2616. statute—with violations—it seem inherently law: present, then some. past upheld 296, 1761 (5-year term $5,000 fine offense; 10-year $10,000 violation); Ginzburg 383 464-465, 2, 942, 944-945 (1966) fine). ruling petitioner, Court: "(a) Does shown I.C. violate due process guarantees Constitutions. "(b) Is Order issued enumerated Amendment." 700. answered negative. 566-567 dispose need Respondent argument, (and/or petitioner) sufficed justify impermissible. purport (even permissible Amendment). Instead, laws; prospective, seizure, (as explain below) not. Contrary urging, 44-45, forfeiture—or sanction laws—in context. involve depart usual 'concrete issues, actual .' Workers Mitchell, 330 75, 89, 556, 564, 754 (1947); Electric Bond & Share SEC, 303 443, 678, 687, 936 (1938). nonexpressive significance, Government—which Indiana's, seq.—does pursue bookstores" operations. 12; cf. Pryba, 674 F.Supp. 1504, 1508, (ED Va.1987). Each cites demonstrate "well established," 54, 5-to-4 vote. (1957), Chief Warren Justices Black, Douglas, BRENNAN; Stewart, dissented. (1977), (1978), violates 1970, moreover, President's Commission Obscenity Pornography advocated regulating adults' repealed. Report 51-56 (1970). recent pornography commission acknowledged scholarly comment generally agrees dissenters: "Numerous people, oral written evidence, urged mistaken They argued material, some, hard-core, value, impermissible "We seriously. light facts [v. ] unanimously outside coverage 1973 rulings [Miller 2607; 446; Kaplan 115, 2680, 492; 200-ft. Reels Film, 123, 2665, 500; Orito, 139, 2674, 513] scant 5-4 hardly difficulty. recognize bulk commentary resolution basic incorrect." Attorney General's Pornography, Final 260-261 (July 1986) (hereinafter Report). 602, 1991 Commonwealth Booksellers Assn. 236 Va. 168, S.E.2d 618 answering 484 383, 782 Ferber, 458 747, 3348, 1113 (1982); Ginsberg 390 629, 1274, 195 Erznoznik City Jacksonville, 422 2268, 125 (1975); 18, 2611. Renton Playtime 41, 925, "person knowingly intentionally sends brings distribution; offers distributes, matter; "commits class misdemeanor." 1983 Ind.Acts 311, 33, replace identically worded 35-30-10.1-2, repealed 49. punishes fines imprisonment year. 35-50-3-2. 35-45-6-1, entitled "Racketeer Organizations," part: 'Pattern activity' incidents intent, accomplice, victim, method commission, interrelated distinguishing characteristics isolated 'Racketeering commit, attempt conspire IC 35-49-3; murder (IC 35-42-1-1); battery 35-42-2-1); kidnapping 35-42-3-2); child exploitation 35-42-4-4); robbery 35-42-5-1); 35-43-1-1); burglary 35-43-2-1); theft 35-43-4-2); stolen 35-43-4-2). ." enumeration inexplicably omits parenthetical description 35-49-3. current disseminate harmful minors, minors. sole proprietorship corporation. RICO. Alvers 83, (Ind.App.1986) (corporation Act). 35-45-6-2(a) received directly indirectly uses invests acquire establish enterprise; acquires indirectly, associated conducts participates activity; corrupt felony." five years, increased reduced years. Eschewing proceedings, gamut Act. 7-49. padlocked furnishings, seized. appealed grounds. Consolidating originating Fourteenth Amendments months issued, judge subsequently Appellate dismissal explained: overall conceivable ramifications. appellants obscenity, shown. remedies, license revocation, enterprise." "[T]he question. unequivocal, "In sum, instituted compel pertain Constitution." 565-566. Marks 430 188, 198, 990, 996, 260 part); 85, joined STEWART dissenting). test determining existence likened "Justice Stewart's famous obscenity—'I know it'—set concurrence Jacobellis 184, 197, 1676, 1683, 793 [ (1964) ]." Morgan Bank Waukegan, 804 F.2d 970, 977 (CA7 (citing Papai Cremosnik, 635 1402, 1410 (ND Ill.1986)). "my government possession literature, absent minors obtrusive display unconsenting adults." 1927, (1987) 315-316, 1771-1772, Ward 767, 777-782, 2085, 2091-2094, 738 996 part). 305, 1815 (in absence precedents, sustain law). Professor Henkin explained, "rooted country's religious antecedents, governmental responsibility communal individual 'decency' 'morality.' Henkin, Morals Constitution: Sin Obscenity, Colum.L.Rev. 391 (1963). continued: "Communities believe, act belief, immoral, individual, decent society. too, corruptible character, source corruption eliminated. suppressed others. Much purity salvation welfare 'consumer.' bottom, crime. sin." 395. proposing RICO, Senator Helms stated: "[W]e experiencing explosion availability Today almost impossible open mail, television, walk downtown areas cities, suburban areas, accosted sheer pervasiveness tends make sensitive value chaste conduct leads abandon parents hard instill ". Surely coincidential [sic] rampant, levels promiscuity, veneral disease, herpes, immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), abortion, divorce, family breakdown, related problems. minimum, lowers tone contributes problems minimal nonexistent earlier periods history." 130 Cong.Rec. 844 (1984). Pub.L. 98-473, Stat. 2143, codified "To extent, constitutes abridgment speech, press, forms seen ultimately abridgments treats speaking printing special, anything spoken printed examined extraordinary care. regulations closer constituting action. else, barriers restrictions said scrupulously guarded." 249-250. videotape dealers' association, reports "three-quarters nation's video carry[ing] titles," viewed private individuals own cassette recorders, "accounts 13% valued $250 million annually." Groskaufmanis, What Films May Watch: Videotape Distribution 136 U.Pa.L.Rev. 1263, 1273, quotes Geoffrey R. Stone, now dean University Chicago Law School, follows: '[T]he market suggests many be, amusement, m[a]y containment, stimulation, fantasy, is, lives, valuable. overlooked.' 1269. (STEVENS part) ("However distasteful communication entertainment acceptable segment society; otherwise, marketplace"). highlighted "A central mission examine harmful. answer question, conscious examination constricted existing legal/constitutional 299. "As inquiry much considered 'pornographic' here." 302. harms terms, condemnation essential. From perspective immorality manifestations Issues human dignity decency, lack measurability, thinking harm. think condemned evils world eliminated, conscience demands it." 303. "Drastic methods combat [organized crime] essential, develop measures efficient crime." 116 35199 (1970) (remarks Rep. Rodino). Russello 464 16, 26-29, 104 302-304, (1983); Turkette, 576, 586-593, 2524, 2530-2534, 246 (1981). Elliott, 571 880, 903 (CA5) ("[T]he [Federal] net woven tightly trap smallest fish"), 953, 349, 344 (1978). observation, 601: concedes inventories alleged. reflects accurate reveals deeply-flawed regulatory response avant-garde theaters forfeited alongside cinematic classics, twice disseminated controversial works obscene? [T]he mean arrogate discretion continued theaters." deny professed faith abuse power 565, rev'g (Ind.App.1985). suppression sex-oriented borderline Dietz Sears, Sold "Adult Bookstores": Survey 5132 Magazines, Four Cities, U.Mich.J.L.Ref. 7, (1987-1988) (36% surveyed "in eyes juror liberal attitudes values," 100% values"). reported opinions reviewing statutes, 574 1034 Ind.1983) (dismissing suit LaPorte there); (Ind.1987) (case below), (Ind.App.1985) (Allen Marion Counties); Studio Evansville, 530 750 (Ind.App.1988) (upholding Vanderburgh movies minors); (Ind.App.1987) County). J.N.S., 712 1983) Indianapolis distributors' challenging CRRA). Crim. 87-00208-A Va., Nov. 10, 1987). District 1504 Va.1987), jury 'guilty interstate $105.30 worth Dennis Pryba's Washington, D.C., hardcore clubs [valued $1 million] terms statute.' Eggenberger, vs. Dealers Obscene Matter: Battle, Colum.J.L. Soc. Probs. Hayes, Jury Wrestles Lawyer 96, (Mar. 1988)). "Frequently probative objective happened subjective mind actor. actor presumed natural consequences deeds. particularly frequently product compromise, collective decisionmaking, mixed motivation." Washington Davis, 426 229, 253, 2040, 2054, 597 (1976) concurring). 628, (1931) ("[I]n passing ., tested effect"). entity moved undesirable, manner. besides passed patterned RICO-type based. 13-2301(D)(4)(u) Colo.Rev.Stat. 18-17-103(5)(b)(VI) Del.Code Ann., Tit. 11, 1502(9)(a), (9)(b)(7) Fla.Stat. 895.02(1)(a)(27) Idaho 18-7803(8) (Supp.1988); N.J.Stat.Ann. 2C:41-1(e) Supp.1988-1989); N.C.Gen.Stat. 75D-3(c)(2) N.D.Cent.Code 12.1-06.1-01(2)(e)(17) (Supp.1987); Ohio Rev.Code 2923.31(I)(1), (I)(2) Okla.Stat., 22, 1402(10)(v) Ore.Rev.Stat. 166.715(6)(a)(T), (6)(b) Utah 76-10-1602(4)(fff)-(iii), (zzz) Wash.Rev.Code 9A.82.010(14)(s) (Supp.1988). trend toward enforce comports urgings Pornography. 435 (Recommendation "10. STATE LEGISLATURES SHOULD ENACT RACKETEER INFLUENCED CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS STATUTE WHICH HAS OBSCENITY AS PREDICATE ACT"); 437 "15. THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE AND UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS USE ORGANIZATION ACT MEANS PROSECUTING MAJOR PRODUCERS DISTRIBUTORS OBSCENE MATERIAL"); 464, 498, 515. 433, 465, 472, 497 (recommending Governments enact authorizing forfeitures prosecution). 718, 631 (Hughes, C.J.) Writings James Madison 544 (1865)). 1247, (1969) (citation omitted).

Category: 2