Document: 373 U.S. 267 83 S.Ct. 1122 10 L.Ed.2d 338 Rudolph LOMBARD et al., Petitioners,v.STATE OF LOUISIANA. No. 58. Argued Nov. 5, 6 and 7, 1962. Decided May 20, 1963. John P. Nelson, Jr., New Orleans, La., for petitioners. Jack F. Gremillion, Baton Rouge, respondent. Archibald Cox, Sol. Gen., the United States, as amicus curiae, by special leave of Court. Mr. Chief Justice WARREN delivered opinion 1 This case presents review trespass convictions resulting from an attempt Negroes to be served in a privately owned restaurant customarily patronized only whites. However, unlike number cases this day decided, no state statute or city ordinance here forbids desegregation races all facilities. Nevertheless, we conclude that is governed principles announced Peterson v. City Greenville, 244, 1119, reason must reversed. 2 Petitioners are three Negro one white college students. On September 17, 1960, at about 10:30 morning they entered McCrory Five Ten Cent Store Louisiana. They sat down refreshment counter back store requested service, which was refused. Although sign so indicated, management operated on segregated basis, serving patrons. The designed accommodate 24 persons. were welcome shop other areas store. manager, believing 'unusual circumstance' sitting created 'emergency,' asked petitioners and, when did not do so, ordered closed. manager then contacted called police. He frankly testified cause any disturbance, orderly, he them because Negroes. Presumably petitioner company 3 A police officers, including captain major police, arrived shortly after called. Three officers had conference with manager. went behind counter, faced petitioners, loud voice leave. also merely quietly throughout these happenings. When remained seated, spoke Goldfinch, him what doing there. Goldfinch replied 'were going sit there until served.' still declined leave, arrested led out store, taken away patrol wagon. later tried convicted violation Louisiana criminal mischief statute.1 statute, its application case, has elements usual statute. Each sentenced serve 60 days Parish Prison pay fine $350. In default payment fine, each additional prison. appeal Supreme Court judgments conviction affirmed. State 241 La. 958, 132 So.2d 860. Because substantial federal questions presented, granted certiorari. 370 935, 82 1579, 8 805. 4 Prior occurrence Orleans officials, characterizing conduct such 'sit-in demonstrations,' determined attempts secure desegregated though orderly possibly in-offensive local merchants, would permitted. 5 Exactly week earlier, 10, like place Woolworth same city. immediate reaction thereto Superintendent Police issued highly publicized statement discussed incident stated 'We wish urge parents both students who participated today's sit-in demonstration upon young people actions community interest. * (W)e want everyone fully understand department personnel ready able enforce laws Louisiana.'2 13, four before petitioners' arrest, Mayor unequivocal condemning demanding cessation. widely publicized; it read part: 'I have today directed superintendent demonstrations will permitted regardless avowed purpose intent participants *. 7 'It my determination interest, public safety, economic welfare require cease henceforth prohibited department.'3 Both statements Times-Picayune. that, their knowledge, eating establishment desegregrated 9 charged failing request There evidence indicate obedience directive officials. told am allowed you here. We sell rear where colored counter.' (Emphasis supplied.) And '(a)s matter routine procedure.' whistled employees removed stools, turned off lights, put up saying One 'it appeared very efficient thing, knew do.' conceded his decision operate facility 'conform(ed) policy practice' well custom. whether 'in last 30 (he had) into managers relative problems,' stated: '(w)e spoken it.' above tended officials' coerced But coercion developed trial judge forbade ask issue. need pursue inquiry further. State, city, may act authoritatively through executive legislative body. See Ex parte Virginia, 100 339, 347, 25 L.Ed. 676. As interpret statements, permit seek service restaurants. Consequently, treated exactly if prohibiting conduct. just held makes unlawful owners restaurants seat whites together, under State's processes employed way enforces discrimination mandated cannot stand. Equally achieve result official command least much coercive effect ordinance. direct continuance restaurants, prohibit toward discontinuance; restricted solely preserve peace nondiscriminatory fashion situation violence present imminent demonstrations. Therefore here, Peterson, convictions, commanded directing restaurant, Turner Memphis, 369 350, 805, 762. 11 Reversed. 12 DOUGLAS, concurring. 13 While I join Court, concluded necessary more particularity why become involved 'significant extent' (Burton Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 715, 722, 81 856, 860, 45) denying equal protection I. 14 court below based affirmance ground segregate private choice, uninfluenced State. If intrusion man's home yard farm garden, property owner could obtain aid against intruder. For Bill Rights, applied States Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment, casts weight side privacy homes. Third Amendment ban quartering soldiers homes radiates philosophy. Fourth while concerned invasions searches seizures, eloquent testimony sanctity premises. even enter precincts must, rare exceptions, come armed warrant magistrate. person standing limited access. principle castle basic our system jurisprudence. 15 departments retail served, within Fifth aura constitutionally protected it. Access existence. 16 'Ownership does always mean absolute dominion. owner, advantage, opens use general, rights circumscribed statutory constitutional those Marsh Alabama, 326 501, 506, 66 276, 278, 90 265. 17 line between business been long hotly contested. Ice Co. Liebmann, 285 262, 52 371, 76 747, latest chain. over dissent Brandeis Stone, unconstitutional Oklahoma requiring manufacturing ice sale distribution license Brandeis' tradition ancient doctrine perhaps best illustrated1 German Alliance Ins. Kansas, 233 389, 34 612, 58 1011, L.R.A.1915C, 1189, upheld Kansas regulated fire insurance rates. McKenna, writing said, fundamental thing; but instrument, means rendering interest.' Id., 408, 617. Cf. Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 1028. 18 Some reflect creative judges make innkeepers, common carriers, perform function taking care travelers.2 Others involve power legislature impose various kinds restraints conditions business. conjunction forces, judicial legislative, came pass 'A large province industrial activity joint sovereignty market state.'3 19 fours earlier ones holding renders 'has interest' (German supra, 617) declared, some States,4 refuse customer account race proprietor violating should await action declaring courts type segregation. Common-law fashioned rules governing innkeepers carriers.5 Holt, C.J., Lane Cotton, Mod. 472, 484 (1701): 20 'Wherever subject takes himself trust benefit rest fellow-subjects, eo ipso bound things reach comprehension office, pain him. road shoe fall horse, smith on, it, lie him, made profession trade good, thereby exposed vested interest king's subjects employ trade. innkeeper entertain guest house full, carrier, horses loaded, take packet proper sent carrier.'6 21 Judges written constitution guide. were, sure, statutes callings.7 civil remedies made. live proclaims laws. That standard Griffin Illinois, 351 12, 585, 891; Douglas California, 353, 814, 811. legislatures foist racial segregation places ownership control. extends 'state' action, personal action. wholly apart interceded judiciary sanctions places. She consistently Equal Protection Amendment. 22 penalty (60 jail $350 fine) imposed Louisiana's judiciary. Such holdings Shelley Kraemer, 334 1, 68 836, 92 1161, Barrows Jackson, 346 249, 73 1031, 97 1586.8 Those restrictive covenants. Kraemer suit enjoin covenant purchaser. Jackson collect damages selling residential Negro. cases, one, 'property' cases. drawn dealing There, involved, said Kraemer: 23 'That capacities regarded meaning proposition established decisions Court.' U.S., 14, S.Ct., 842. list instances one. Many noted 14—18, 842—844. Most First, Fourth, incorporated indeed implicated judiciary, prosecutor Kraemer—and Jackson—held acting alone desired buy areas, violated Places accommodation stores, render 'service manner carriers old. substance old common-law bearing required case. Restaurateurs amusement resort never subjected duties carriers.9 But, important whole body law response felt needs times spawned it.10 time interdependence greatly increased; laissez faire largely disappeared; men dependent neighbors services housing necessities life. By enforcing invoked now us, access mainstream interdependent life race. Yet, 'if outside realm doubt, bar groups, color, rights, privileges, opportunities accorded groups.' Oyama 332 633, 649, 269, 249 (concurring opinion). 26 An carrier exclude drunks, criminals diseased persons, public's protecting guests' health outweighs providing accommodations small group travelers.11 general rule, race; rule country can provide 'separate equal' facilities.12 period history giving sanction rule. Compare Plessy Ferguson, 163 537, 1138, 41 256, Gayle Browder, 352 903, 77 145, 114, affirming, D.C., 142 F.Supp. 707. surely show passed innkeeper, developer, retailer draw line, bias sending outlawed customers prison exacting fines them. 27 Business, property. Yet hardly enterprise feel pinch regulation—from price control, inspection, zoning, safety measures, minimum wages working conditions, unemployment insurance. doors open public, apartheid engrained It courts, legislatures, police.13 II. 28 greater throwing deal idea expressed Garner Louisiana, 368 157, 248, 207, another refused view novel; stems first Harlan Civil Rights Cases, 109 3, 58—59, 18, 55, 835: 29 'In every material sense applicable practical enforcement railroad corporations, keepers inns, agents instrumentalities amenable, respect functions, governmental regulation. seems me settled Exparte denial, citizen, race, equality secured law, denial not, left, question, practically mercy corporations individuals wielding States.' nexus agency. Pennsylvania Board Trusts, 353 230, 806, 792. Or numerous devices. 'State support schools arrangement, management, funds, squared' Clause. Cooper Aaron, 358 19, 78 1401, 1410, 5. Hampton Jacksonville, Cir., 304 F.2d 320. state-assisted escape duty irrespective actual operation hands lessee. Burton 45. Boynton 364 454, 182, 206. licensing surveillance brings domain. operate;14 during existence broad powers visitation control.15 thus instrumentality since charges supervises performance. regard far beyond mere income-producing requirement. 31 way, see supervise endow authority manage basis apartheid, foreign Constitution. LSA—Rev.Stat., 1950 (Cum.Supp.1960), § 14:59(6), provides pertinent 'Criminal intentional performance following acts: '(6) Taking temporary possession part parts business, remaining charge portion premises desist business.' full text reads: 'The regrettable lunch Canal st. chain several persons causes issue citizens Orleans. adult juvenile carefully, completely calmly. 'First, initiated group. firmly believe sentiments great majority responsible citizens, Negro, population. most mature continue exercise sound, individual judgment, goodwill responsibility. 'Members groups aware individual's obligation good conduct—an community. With continued, law-abiding change whatever normal, race-relations traditionally existed 'At say intends maintain order. 'No concern question either ability keep 'As regular operating program, prepared prompt effective disturbs creates disorder 'Finally, Louisiana.' Mayor's so-called peaceful picketing stores demonstrators sympathizers department, handled initial Friday follow-up Saturday creditable manner. keeping oft-announced government order preserved. carefully reviewed reports two misguided students, former considered participants, 'Act 70 1960 Legislative session (LSA—R.S. 14:103) redefines disturbing include 'the commission foreseeably disturb alarm public.' prevent prospective entering transact shall guilty disorderly peace. 80 14:100.1)—obstructing passages 'no wilfully obstruct free, convenient, normal sidewalk, street, highway, road, bridge, alley passage entrance, corridor building, structure, water craft ferry impeding, hindering, stifling, retarding restraining traffic thereon therein.' department.' Hamilton, Affectation Public Interest, 39 Yale L.J. 1089, 1098—1099. Jeremy, Law Carriers, Inn-Keepers, etc. (1815), 4—5, 144—147; Tids-well, Innkeeper's Legal Guide (1864), c. 1; Schouler, Bailments (2d ed. 1887), §§ 274—329, 330—341; Beale, Innkeepers Hotels (1906), passim; Wyman, Service Corporations (1911), 1—5; Burdick, Origin Peculiar Duties Companies, Col.L.Rev. 514, 616; Arterburn, First Test Callings, 75 U. Pa.L.Rev. 411. note p. 1110. See, e.g., McKinney's Consol.N.Y.Laws, Vol. 8, Law, 6, Art. 4; id., Executive 15; N.J.Stat.Ann., Tit. 10; 25; Cal.Civ.Code, 51. Cal.Health Safety Code, 35700 (1962 Supp.) seq.; Burks Poppy Constr. Co., 57 Cal.2d 463, Cal.Rptr. 609, P.2d 313; Martin York, Misc.2d 201 N.Y.S.2d 111. generally, Greenberg, Race Relations American 101—114 (1959); St. Louis U.L.J. 88 (1962). op. cit., 2, 274, 335; 2. White's Case (1558), Dyer 158.b.; Warbrooke (1609), Brownl. 254; Bennett Mellor (1793), Term Rep. 273; Thompson Lacy (1820), B. & Ald. 283. prosecutions, see, Rex Ivens (1835), Car. *213; Regina Sprague (1899), 63 J.P. 233. collection English Halsbury's Laws England (3d 1957) 441 Mews' Dig.Eng.Cas.L. 1924, pp. 1463 seq. Abstract Investment Hutchinson, 204 Cal.App.2d 242, 251, 309, 315; U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 401. Marrone Washington Jockey Club, 227 33 401, 679; Madden Queens County 296 N.Y. 72 N.E.2d 697, A.L.R.2d 1160; Alpaugh Wolverton, 184 Va. 943, 36 S.E.2d 906; Nance Mayflower Tavern, 106 Utah 517, 150 773. 2—16, 330; I; 420—426. 18; 320, 322. Compare, Constantine Imperial (1944), K.B. 693; 361, 565, 566, Steele, N.C. 766, 782, S.E. 478, 484, L.R.A. 516. Pollitt, Dime Demonstrations: Events Problems Sixty Days, Duke 315, 350 365; Henkin, Notes Revised Opinion, 110 473. Under provisions Article 7.02 Sanitary promulgated Health pursuant LSA Rev.Stat. 40:11, kind unless officer; permits whose establishments comply requirements Code. Title 40, 11, 15, 16, 52, 69, officials closely 'enter, examine, inspect grounds, structures, buildings, execution accordance Louisiana,' 'arrest regulation board article provision sanitary code *.' Penalties provided violations. 1956, 29—55, 56, 58; Home Rule Charter 4—1202(2).

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