Document: 492 U.S. 490 109 S.Ct. 3040 106 L.Ed.2d 410 William L. WEBSTER, Attorney General of Missouri, et al., Appellantsv.REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES al. No. 88-605. Argued April 26, 1989. Decided July 3, Syllabus Appellees, state-employed health professionals and private nonprofit corporations providing abortion services, brought suit in the District Court for declaratory injunctive relief challenging constitutionality a Missouri statute regulating performance abortions. The statute, inter alia: (1) sets forth "findings" its preamble that "[t]he life each human being begins at conception," "unborn children have protectable interests life, health, well-being," §§ 1.205.1(1), (2), requires all state laws be interpreted to provide unborn with same rights enjoyed by other persons, subject Federal Constitution this Court's precedents, § 1.205.2; (2) specifies physician, prior performing an on any woman whom he has reason believe is 20 or more weeks pregnant, must ascertain whether fetus "viable" "such medical examinations tests as are necessary make finding [the fetus'] gestational age, weight, lung maturity," 188.029; (3) prohibits use public employees facilities perform assist abortions not save mother's 188.210, 188.215; (4) makes it unlawful funds, employees, purpose "encouraging counseling" her 188.205, 188.215. struck down above provisions, among others, enjoined their enforcement. Appeals affirmed, ruling provisions question violated decisions Roe v. Wade, 113, 93 705, 35 147 subsequent cases. Held: judgment reversed. 851 F.2d 1071 (CA8), THE CHIEF JUSTICE delivered opinion respect Parts I, II-A, II-B, II-C, concluding that: 1. This need pass statute's preamble. In invalidating preamble, misconceived meaning dictum Akron Center Reproductive Health, Inc., 462 416, 444, 103 2481, 2500, 76 687, "a State may adopt one theory when justify regulation abortions." That statement means only could "justify" otherwise invalid under Wade ground embodied State's view about begins. does terms regulate aspect appellees' practice, 1.205.2 can do no than offer protections tort probate law, which permissible supra, U.S., 161-162, S.Ct., 730-731. emphasized implies limitation authority value favoring childbirth over abortion, Maher Roe, 432 464, 474, 97 2376, 2382-83, 53 484, read simply express sort judgment. extent preamble's language might used interpret statutes regulations something courts definitively decide, and, until those applied restrict ppellees' activities some concrete way, inappropriate federal address meaning. Alabama Federation Labor McAdory, 325 450, 460, 65 1384, 1389, 89 L.Ed. 1725. Pp. 504-507. 2. restrictions 188.210 188.215 assistance nontherapeutic contravene decisions. Due Process Clauses generally confer affirmative right governmental aid, even where such aid secure liberty, property government deprive individual. DeShaney Winnebago County Dept. Social Services, 489 189, 196, 998, 1003, 249. Thus, supra; Poelker Doe, 519, 2391, 528; Harris McRae, 448 297, 100 2671, 784, upheld withholding funds but allowing payments services related childbirth, recognizing government's decision favor through allocation violate Wade. A implement resources, hospitals staff. There merit claim Maher, Poelker, McRae distinguished grounds preventing access facility narrows forecloses availability abortion. Just cases, Missouri's encourage places obstacle path who chooses terminate pregnancy, leaves choices if had decided operate all. challenged ability obtain she physician affiliated hospital. Also without assertion thatMaher, that, since evidence shows facility's costs recouped patient pays expended, goes beyond expressing preference creating choose cannot stand absent compelling interest. Nothing States enter remain business entitles physicians patients Indeed, recoup subsidy, direct indirect, available, difficult see how procreational choice burdened ban cases support commit resources abortions, turn profit doing so. 507-511. 3. controversy 188.205's prohibition counsel moot. did consider 188.205 separately from 188.215—which respectively prohibit counseling—in holding three sections unconstitutionally vague violative woman's appealed invalidation 188.205. light claim, accepts purposes decision, directed primary conduct care providers, instruction fiscal officers allocate counseling, appellees contend "adversely" affected section therefore there longer case before question. Since plaintiffs masters complaints appellate stage, seek equitable vacate instructions dismiss relevant part complaint prejudice. Deakins Monaghan, 484 193, 200, 108 523, 528, 98 529. 511-513. JUSTICE, joined Justice WHITE KENNEDY, concluded II-D III 1 Section 188.029 statute—which specifies, first sentence, carrying child shall determine viable using degree care, skill, proficiency commonly exercised practitioners field; then provides, second making viability determination, child's maturity—is constitutional, permissibly furthers interest protecting potential life. 513-521. 2 (a) committed plain error reading requiring after specified performed. sense sentence require useful subsidiary findings. Reading circumstances, including physician's reasonable professional indicates they would irrelevant determining dangerous mother fetus, conflict sentence's requirement apply his skill It also incongruous provision, especially word "necessary," expressed statutory viability. 514-515. 3 (b) reasonably designed ensure performed viable. section's intended viability, having chosen point safeguarded. creates what essentially presumption weeks, rebut tests—including, feasible, fetal capacity—indicating While found uncontradicted established 20-week viable, 231/2 24 weeks' gestation earliest possibility exists, 4-week estimating supports testing weeks. 515-516. 4 (c) conflicts following it. will undoubtedly show many been were fact second-trimester 162, 731, recognized "important legitimate," limited involvement maternal id., 164, 732, allowed proscribe protect 165, 732-33. discretion langu ge Colautti Franklin, 439 379, 388-389, 99 675, 681-683, 58 596, stating determination is, be, matter responsible attending And, findings increase expenses validity questioned Akron, 434-435, 2494-2495, held was because substantially increased procedures. 516-517. 5 (d) doubt cast these so much flaw reflection Roe's rigid trimester analysis proved unsound principle unworkable practice. refrain reconsidering constitutional rulings, notwithstanding stare decisis. E.g., Garcia San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 105 1005, 83 1016. framework hardly consistent notion like ours general usually speaks principles. framework's key elements—trimesters viability—are Constitution's text, bounds inquiry indeterminate, result web legal rules become increasingly intricate, resembling code rather body doctrine. why should extend throughout pregnancy coming into existence abandoned. 517-520. 6 (e) BLACKMUN's contention join "great issues" debate includes "unenumerated" privacy Griswold Connecticut, 381 479, 85 1678, 14 510. Unlike purport whole framework, complete detailed distinctions, govern asserted liberty apply. sought deal areas practice traditionally left States, balance once all, reference calendar, against claims pregnant decide abort. experience applying later suggests wisdom necessarily attempting elaborate differences between "fundamental right" 420, n. 1, 2487, "limited fundamental right," post, 555, protected Clause. Moreover, although allow before, goal adjudication remove inexorably "politically devisive" issues ambit legislative process, rather, hold true puts reach democratic process not. Furthermore, suggestion bodies, Nation half population female, treat invitation enact reminiscent dark ages misreads scant justice serve bodies people elect them. 520-521. 7 affords occasion disturb Texas criminalized infringed derived distinguishable facts, determined P. 521. 8 O'CONNOR, agreeing doctors find maturity, properly plurality, plurality proceeded reconsider refrains deciding questions so, formulate rule broader precise facts applied. Ashwander TVA, 297 288, 346, 347, 56 466, 482-483, 483, 80 688. appeal dispute parties created sentence. nothing delineate unchallenged overcome prudently employed. As interpreted, requirements recognizes, interpretation 188.029's promote possible. Thornburgh American College Obstetricians Gynecologists, 476 747, 770-771, 2169, 2183-2184, 90 779. Similarly, basis reliance lower disappears findings, attempted substitute ascertainment remains "the critical point." Nor marginal cost 434-439, 2494-2497, since, here, place "heavy, unnecessary burden" whereas previability doubled costs. involved generally; concerns postviability renders equally compelling. Thornburgh, 2183-2184. When invalidity actually turns upon time enough reexamine carefully. 525-531. 9 SCALIA explicitly overrule Avoiding narrow manner possible required precedent justified policy. To needlessly prolong field answers central political juridical, thus object organized pressure institutions democracy ought receive. particularly perverse narrowly order avoid inexpressibly "broader-than-was-required-by-the-precise-f cts" structure presented inasmuch constitutes imposition concerning increases palpable harm, eliminate largely unrestricted skillfully telling them 532-537. 10 REHNQUIST, C.J., announced unanimous Part WHITE, SCALIA, JJ., joined, III, joined. J., p. 522, 532, filed opinions concurring BLACKMUN, dissenting part, BRENNAN MARSHALL, 537. STEVENS, 11 Webster, Jefferson City, Mo., appellants. 12 Charles Fried, Washington, D.C., amicus curiae, supporting appellants, special leave Court. 13 Frank Susman, St. Louis, appellees. [Amicus Curiae Information pages 497-499 intentionally omitted] 15 Chief REHNQUIST KENNEDY join. 16 United Eighth Circuit several (1973), We noted probable jurisdiction, 488 780, 102 772 (1989), now reverse. 17 * June 1986, Governor signed law Senate Committee Substitute House Bill 1596 (hereinafter Act statute), amended existing abortions.1 consisted contains legislature well-being." Mo.Rev.Stat. (1986). further precedents. 1.205.2. Among maturity child." 188.029. 18 five employed two class action Western challenge statute. Plaintiffs, Court, certain First, Fourth, Ninth, Fourteenth Amendments Constitution. App. A9. They violations various rights, "privacy women seeking abortions"; "woman's abortion"; "righ[t] physician-patient relationship"; medicine"; "right due inherent risks childbirth"; "receive . adequate advice treatment" Id., A17-A19. 19 Plaintiffs "on own behalf entire consisting licensed offering counseling entir females within Missouri." A13. Health offers family planning gynecological public, up 22 "gestational age,"2 Planned Parenthood Kansas provides age. A9-A10. individual physicians, nurse, social worker. All "public employees" facilities" paid funds," defined 188.200. plaintiffs, scope employment, Two A54-A55. Several filed, temporarily restrained enforcement Act. Following 3-day trial December declared seven unconstitutional 662 F.Supp. 407 (WD Mo.1987). These included 1.205; "informed consent" inform 188.039; post-16-week hospitals, 188.025; mandated 430. 21 exception appeal. (1988). declaration conception "simply impermissible adoption regulations." 1076. Relying 596 (1979), intrusion F.2d, 1074-1075. invalidated 1081-1083. our 784 (1980), (1977), " '[t]here difference funding effect staff publicly owned hospital.' 1081, quoting Nyberg City Virginia, 667 754, 758 (CA8 1982), dism'd, 1125, 3102, 77 1358 (1983). provision prohibiting both overly inconsistent enunciated 1077-1080. court hospitalization 16-week 1073-1074, 1077-1080, parts udgment below. See Juris. Statement I-II.3 II Decision us four Act: preamble; abortions; counseling; seriatim. A. 23 Act's noted, Legislature "[u]nborn mandates "all privileges, immunities available citizens, residents state," 1.205.2.4 relied 'a abortions.' 1075-1076, 687 (1983), citing 159-162, 729-731. rejected "abortion-neutral," "merely determine[d] nonabortion context, traditional prerogative." thought plausible inference" "every remaining bill regulates abortions" understood backdrop life." Ibid.5 contends itself precatory imposes substantive n t standing Brief Appellants 21-24. hand, insist operative guide Appellees 19-23. maintain, example, definition prevent dispensing forms contraceptives, intrauterine device. 22. 25 view, dictum, Certainly "implies abortion." 2382-83. 26 think decide. offered 730-731, that. What we have, then, situation confronted 1725 (1945). case: 27 "We invited yet threatened petitioners others anticipated. Lacking authoritative construction courts, arises, lacking give controlling ourselves, record presents set applied, plainly disposed procedure." 1389. 28 way. Until "is empowered abstract propositions, declare, future principles affect thing issue it." Tyler Judges Registration, 179 405, 409, 206, 208, 45 252 (1900). Valley Forge Christian Americans Separation Church & State, 454 473, 752, 759, 70 700 (1982).6 B 29 "[i]t employee employment mother," while "unlawful assisting mother."7 contravened 1082-1083. take contrary view. 30 said earlier Term 249 (1989); "[O]ur individual." Connecticut welfare Medicaid recipients received unequal subsidization put it: 31 "The different kind previous obstacles absolute otherwise—in An indigent desires suffers disadvantage consequence Connecticut's fund childbirth; continues dependent sources service desires. made attractive alternative, thereby influencing imposed restriction already there. indigency difficult—and perhaps, impossible—for neither nor way regulation." 32 521, 2392 city Louis "no violation electing, policy choice, financed hospital corresponding 33 More recently, most restrictive version Hyde Amendment," 325, 27, 2692, withheld program reimburse 'except endangered carried term.' Ibid. (quoting Pub.L. 94-439, 209, Stat. 1434). showing Congress' authorization "reimbursement medically generally, rationally legitimate encouraging childbirth. 2692-93. 34 "[t]o demonstrate clearly women." 1081. reasoned "could doctor unprivileged status adopted similar anti-abortion stance." "[s]uch obtaining delay timing well." McRae. here facili ies "places pregnancy." 315, 2687. refusal "an least range Congress subsidize all," 317, 2688, circumstance easily remedied, considerably less burdensome, indigency, "may funding. 2383. Having strains logic employees. If "make 2382, surely 36 distinguish additional showed pays." 1083. Absent expenditure "expressing" "its abortions," "obstacle exercise [that not] interest." disagree. 37 "Constitutional greatest," 476, 2383, "when attempts impose force law; power actions deemed far broader." Nor, suggest, 46-47. abortions.8 38 facilitating afford pay city-owned pay. 520, 2392; 524, 2393-94 (BRENNAN, dissenting).9 mayor's "subject approval disapproval polls," forbid city, pursuant processes, normal done." 2392. Thus uphold C 39 relating states purpose; cannot, engage speech; forbids speech facilities. vague, unacceptable infringement fourteenth amendment receiving information knowingly intelligently." 1079.10 40 Appeals' I-II. threshold reaches conduct, counseling. accept, provider, public," solely persons expending funds." 43.11 41 31-32. stage litigation. Caterpillar Inc. Williams, 482 386, 398-399, 107 2425, 2432-2433, 96 318 (1987). majority agrees moot, argument amounts accompanying declarative relief. 199-201, 528-529, 529 (1988); Munsingwear, 340 36, 39-40, 71 104, 106-107, 95 (1950). accordingly complaint. Deakins, 528. "Because [dispute] rendered moot [appellees'] willingness permanently withdraw action, dismissal prejudice indicated." D 42 provides: 43 "Before performs twenty exercising ordinarily skillful, careful, prudent engaged conditions. cause mother."12 44 disagree provision. emphasizes standards ordinary profession. 32-35. stress prescribes "tests necessary" maturity. 26-30. "doctors weight maturity." 1075, 5. indicated needed "unreliable inaccurate" add $125 $250 stated "amniocentesis, method accepted 28-30 gestation, expensive, significant fetus." 46 law. Our usual defer court's "fallen error" case. Frisby Schultz, 487 2495, 2501, 101 420 Brockett Spokane Arcades, 472 491, 500, 9, 2794, 2800, 86 394 (1985). 'In expounding guided single member look policy.' Philbrook Glodgett, 421 707, 713, 1893, 1898, 525 (1975), Heirs Boisdore, How. 122, 1009 (1849). Chemehuevi Tribe Indians FPC, 395, 402-403, 1066, 1071-1072, 279 (1975); Kokoszka Belford, 417 642, 650, 94 2431, 2436, 374 (1974). runs "afoul well-established difficulties." Frisby, 2501. 47 viability-testing test construe "necessary,"13 seems clear violates well-accepted canons ex rel. Stern Brothers Co. Stilley, 337 S.W.2d 934, 939 (Mo.1960) ("The basic intention, effectuate possible, favors constructions harmonize reason, tend unjust, absurd, unreasonable confiscatory results, oppression"); Bell Mid-Century Ins. Co., 750 708, 710 (Mo.App.1988) ("Interpreting phrase literally produce absurd result, strongly presumed intended"), BLACKMUN ignores. Post, 545-546. 48 concerned promoting health. indicating directs specifying consideration, capacity. viable," "231/2 exists." F.Supp., 420. But 421, 49 legitimate" potentiality 731. During trimester, "may, chooses, procedure ways health." 732. After compelling, regulate, proscribe, except necessary, appropriate judgment, preservation mother." 732.14 50 rely, Pennsylvania standard possibly void vagueness. 390-401, 683-689. course reaching conclusion, reaffirmed Central Mo. Danforth, 428 52, 64, 2831, 2838-39, 788 (1976), 'the particular physician.' 396, 686. 545, 6, ignores "neither proclaim elements entering viability—be factor—as determinant 682. superimpose reason. 1074-1075; 423. expense 51 resulted area virtual Procrustean bed. Statutes informed consent provided patients, "structur[e] dialogue physician." 763, 2180, 779 dissenters pointed out, sustained judicial review, 802, 2200 (WHITE, dissenting), surgical 783, 2190-91 (Burger, dissenting). 52 Stare decisis cornerstone system, where, amendments, able changes. Scott, 437 82, 101, 2187, 2199, 57 (1978). refrained reconsideration "unsound practice." 546, 1015, 1016 (1985); Solorio 483 435, 448-450, 2924, 2931-2933, 364 (1987); Erie R. Tompkins, 304 74-78, 817, 820-822, 82 1188 (1938). falls category. place, terms, speaking principles, does. framework—trimesters text else expect principle. doctrine.15 it, country's "ex officio board powers approve disapprove practices States." 99, 2854 (opinion part). Cf. Garcia, 547, 1015-16. 54 come line writing context analysis, positing "compelling interest" pregnancy. "[T]he interest, viability." 795, 2197 dissenting); 828, 2214 (O'CONNOR, dissenting) ("State ensuring exist 'throughout pregnancy' ") (citation omitted). 55 Stat 188.030 (1986) ("No unless preserve woman"). fetus. satisfied constitutional. takes task failure 510 (1965), Roe. unlike such, opinion, holding, establish judging during term regulation, calendar form herself abort carrying. 518, 15, unnecessarily described today treats established, Clause, be. viable—an end concede legitimate—and sufficient sustain constitutionality. accuses us, alia, cowardice illegitimacy dealing politically divisive domestic time." 559. prohibited supra. divisive" whereby elected representatives matters concern done today. suggestion, 538, 557-558, women, Dark Ages views Both appellants curiae urged 12-18; Amicus 8-24. present case, however, differ Here, stake. 117-118, 709. revisit undisturbed. modify succeeding 59 Because none Constitution, 60 Reversed. 61 62 I concur II-C opinion. 63 below subsections 1(1) 1(2) appellees, 22, "interfer[e] contraceptive choices," 564, devices act female ovum fertilized male sperm. defines "conception" fertilization sperm male," 188.015(3) (1986), invests children" "protectable 1.205.1(2), moment conception. ." 1.205.3. STEVENS asserts interference postfertilization contraception 564-566. amici suggest developing technology vitro fertilization, technique couples unable bear number ova removed often produces excess ("unborn definition) discarded reinserted uterus. Association Professionals Amici 38. correct constitutionally progeny, but, contraception. For matter, original complaint, 8-21, motion limine limit testimony 57-59, enjoin Griswold. Neither indication fertilization. agree therefore, intimations unconstitutionality too hypothetical procedures remedies 64 me follow directly 76, 528 facial utilization participation mother, succeed. Given facility" "any institution, facility, equipment, physical asset owned, leased, controlled agency subdivisions thereof," 188.200(2), conceivable applications unconstitutional. try enforce water sewage lines, leasing state-owned equipment land. 49-50; National Public Hospitals 9-12. Whether here. proposition quite straightforward defeat facially "A course, mount successfully, challenger circumstances exists valid. [relevant statute] insufficient render wholly invalid, 'overbreadth' doctrine outside First Amendment." Salerno, 481 739, 745, 2095, 2100, 697 note, binding Supreme final statutes. Virginia Booksellers Assn., 383, 636, 644, 782 O'Brien Skinner, 414 531, 740, 743-44, 702 Should happen ultimately giving specific vacation 'clears relitigation parties,' events rekindle controversy." 201, 5, 529, (1988), 40, 107, Unless appearance rise relitigation, jurisdiction hear merits dispute. 66 "determination viability" ante, 513-521, hand. 1071, 1988) (emphasis original). together 188.029—which "determine conditions"—it contradictory nonsense situations careless imprudent correct: viability," 514, add, physician. 67 understand past Therefore, necessity accept (1973). Where question, venerable adjudicatory processes 'anticipate advance it.' 688 (1936) (Brandeis, concurring), Liverpool, New York Philadelphia S.S. Commissioners Emigration, 113 33, 39, 352, 355, 899 (1885). "formulate applied." 483. Quite simply, habit nature absolutely case." Burton 196 283, 295, 243, 245, (1905). every upheld, us. Precisely "good-cause exception" restraint. Three Affiliated Tribes Fort Berthold Reservation Wold Engineering, P.C., 467 138, 157, 104 2267, 2279, 81 (1984). 532-533 (SCALIA, judgment). And 68 assessing important recognize 407, 420-422 accordingly, "presumption weeks," 515, anything arguably introduction presumption. refers passage 2839, (1976): achieved vary 188.029, argued (though, w uld think, unsuccessfully), restricts physician," imposing burden overcoming "superimpos[ition] [of] 517, interprets Contrary plurality's Rather, precisely impose. 69 "virtually eliminat[e] 30. propose abstain provision's "in saving proposed." fallen abstention prudent. Accordingly, eliminated. imprudent, "promot[es] Ante, 515. No contrary. considered possible." 769-770, 2183. guidance, looked Assn. Ashcroft, 2517, 733 upholding presence 482-86, 2520-2523 Powell, J.); 505, 2532 merely emergency promotion certain. Despite recognition differed respect, hint differs depending seeks nine Members appear agreed impermissibl 811, 2205 832, 2216 exactly interpreted. Colautti, observed: 72 [of viability] Viability 73 below, odds Colautti. 1074; On substituted "elements require, "those 514 added). "critical point" 74 Finally, halfheartedly, suspect striking requirement. 517. dissented my apart continue problematic, 2213-14 (dissenting opinion), distorted misapplied evaluating fair consistency past: previability, lawful unduly burdens 453, 2504 opinion) (internal quotations 75 undue decision. alone reject point, just Akron. imposed, majority's heavy, unnecessary, burden," 438, 2497, doubling "women's relatively inexpensive, accessible, safe Ibid.; 434, 2494-95. By contrast, usefully 20-24 fe marginally, Prolife Gynecologists ("At ultrasound examination age routinely plaintiff clinics. effectively designated sec. 188.029"); ("A obtained age"); ("There methods gestation. simple obvious inference. well known lungs mature 33-34 assessment thirty-three mature. cf. Medical (no sonogram); (another clinical inference, accurate report last menstrual period), Smith, Frey, Johnson, Assessing Gestational Age, Am.Fam.Physician 215, 219-220 feature distinguishes majority. 527-528. Under casts foundation reevaluating misinterpreted because, reverse Appeals. sum, II-D. 78 79 II-D, share 556, done, explicitly. contrive indeed almost national import, reasons, recited dissents colleagues See, e.g., 786-797, 2192-2198, 453-459, 2504-2508, (1983) 172-178, 736-739 (REHNQUIST, Doe Bolton, 179, 221-223, 762-63, 201 (1973) outcome today's doubtless heralded triumph statesmanship. statesmanlike self-awarded sovereignty little proper cruel posed juridical—a properly, great damage O'CONNOR's assertion, 526, 'fundamental restraint' taken seriously. finessing not, suggests, ibid., adhere strict 'decid[ing] nature.' procedural ground, decided, deciding, meets whether, benchmark, else. involved, avoiding separate 'formulate applied.' 526. latter sound principle, departed good exists. Term, authored despite racially based set-aside unsupported identified discrimination, went outline criteria tailoring race-based present. Richmond J.A. Croson 469, 506-508, 706, 727-729, 854 (1989). deprivation Sixth Amendment shown, us—which Perry Leeke, 272, 278-280, 594, 599-600, 624 285, 602 (KENNEDY, certainty instance assuredly Marbury Madison, Cranch 137, (1803), mandamus Secretary given authorizing issuance spoken broadly fashion announcing new reached identical displaced. describe recent O'CONNOR joined: Daniels 474 327, 662, 88 overruled "deprivation" occur negligent acts, ignoring alternative occurred, postdeprivation 340-343, 679-681 (STEVENS, Illinois Gates, 213, 2317, 527 replaced pre-existing "two-pronged" totality-of-the-circumstances approach, concurrence's ave old test, 267-272, 2347-2350 rare, out acknowledge rule, explicit acknowledgment unheard of. Commonwealth Edison Montana, 453 609, 2946, 884 (1981); Perez Campbell, 402 637, 91 1704, 233 (1971). sampling narrower, ignored adopting though Justices, Michelin Tire Corp. Wages, 423 276, 535, 495 (1976); Pointer Texas, 380 400 (1965); Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 1684, 1081 (1961). wrong, ignore reality facts" frequently good-cause exception. convert "broader-than-was-required-by-the-precise-facts" real valid reasons go stingy ones. Ordinarily, avoids throwing settled confusion; preserves chaos evident anyone count. Alone broad retaining control, citizens issue, continuously distorts perception role forward another carts full mail streets demonstrators, urging us—their unelected life-tenured judges awarded extraordinary, undemocratic characteristics popular will—to will. indecisive taking unexceptional enough, avoid: harm requires. Anyone avoided himself day argument. Not believed, pre-Roe, believe, caused Perhaps proscribed. arguable entails. arguable, me, run corner grudgingly yield change law—but desirable begs decided. 84 understanding Wade,* examined examining contravention. newly contracted abstemiousness, take, wonder, permit question? vote Justices contradicts it—and (under discovered "no-broader-then-necessary" requirement) minor problematical aspects reconsidered, expects legislatures whose compliance straight face. appears mansion constitutionalized constructed overnight disassembled doorjamb doorjamb, never entirely down, wrong Of courses oday—to reaffirm explicitly, sub silentio, question—the responsible. dissent reached. MARSHALL join, part. 87 Today, survive secure. Although extricates single, incremental, (the silently, explicitly) return virtually unfettered control quintessentially intimate, personal, life-directing carry term. today, yesterday, enacting inhibit meaningful right, implicitly invites provoke hope sometime procreative freedom severe limitations prevailed country January 1973. Never memory foments disregard gone deceptive fashion. At level effort evisceration precedents deafening silence jettison, obscures portent analysis. With feigned restraint, announces "undisturbed," albeit "modif[ied] narrow[ed]." disclaimer totally meaningless. filled winks, nods, knowing glances away stone face search conceives Clause free coercive brooding influence State. truth protective umbrella. fear future. equality millions lived years integrity of, esteem for, dissent. parades this, relegate comments margin.1 consideration 1.205, 188.215, am disturbed misapplication facilities," discussion prologue requirement, 188.029—the construes implicating itself. There, tucked radical reversal abortion; there, primarily, attention. 92 furthering fully (as opposed health) third finds throw framework. 518-520. flat contradiction 163, concludes upholds "permissibly furthers" 519. outset, note haste compounds errors presented. purportedly drives decisions, contrived conflic : product aggressive misreading wooden application irreconcilable derogation 'district appeals better schooled respective States.' 482, 499-500, 2799, Abruptly setting aside "plain error," reads believes exercise, must, feasible 514-517. according directing findings" record. undertake whatever regardless abortion.2 Had written, construed, muster rational-basis standard, review Williamson Lee Optical 348 461, 563 (1955). mandating procedures, amniocentesis, presented, justification, rational relation life.3 arbitrary discomfort, risk, expense, discernible procurement arduous tortured import patently irrational irrespective framework.4 eschews resolution, precipitating crisis. Far difficulty, engineer dramatic retrenchment jurisprudence exaggerating untenable contests becomes 164-165, If, hold, estimated greater (and margin 515-516), Roe.5 holds mistakenly aborted lack precision estimates other, authority. Although, correctly points incidental to, accommodation unquestioned non-therapeutic short, construed effortlessly current doctrine.6 How ironic disingenuous, scolds fails difficulties. distorting manages noncontroversial grounds; rushes headlong deeper thicket, brushing pretext scuttling Evidently, perspective, problem raised difficulty—one remedied forbearance notwithstanding. summarily discards analytic core 'unsound practice.' claims, closely resembles regulatory doctrine, when, fact, 519-520. bother explain alleged flaws Bald masquerades reasoning. object, clearly, persuade, prevail. remarkable arguments mention, jurisprudential underlying notably specifically, extent, extends childbearing Eisenstadt Baird, 405 1029, 349 (1972) (contraception); Loving 388 1817, 1010 (1967) (marriage); Skinner Oklahoma Williamson, 316 1110, 1655 (1942) (pro reation); Pierce Society Sisters, 268 510, 571, 1070 (1925) (childrearing).7 unsurpassed significance mark battleground fought, parties, petitioners, unprecedented amici. grounds, abandoned arguing mention privacy, complains viability—do are, somehow terms. 518-519. Were concern, abandon jurisprudence. knows, know, elements" countless doctrines nowhere text. Amendment's "actual malice" proving libels, Times Sullivan, 376 254, 710, 686 (1964), obscene. Miller California, 413 2607, 419 verbal formulations intermediate scrutiny evaluates Equal Protection simple. Like judge-made measuring strength balancing individuals competing government. developed see, species "liberty" safeguards procreation. recently Tho nburgh few "more dignity autonomy" "certain sphere liberty" reserves intrusive uniquely self-defining 772, 2184. 'moral person belongs society whole,' 777, Correspondence, Phil. Pub. Aff. 288-289 152-153, 726. limits accommodate, destroy, preserving 154-162, 727-31. Fashioning accommodations government, establishing benchmarks evaluate lies very heart adjudication. enterprise, interpretation, wise paramount define rights. next alleges "been doctrine." 518. Again, genuine vast ordinance clinics furnished assistant exclusively. Simopoulos 506, 2532, 755 Are distinctions finer, "regulatory," drawn jurisprudence, "release time" permitting public-school students school hours receive religious Establishment release-time Clause? Compare Zorach Clauson, 343 306, 679, 954 (1952), McCollum Board Education School Dist. 71, Champaign County, 333 203, 649 (1948). Fourth recognizes factual intricate. aerial observation helicopter hovering feet expectation unusually low altitude. Florida Riley, 445, 451, 693, 697, 835 (1989) attorney-client communication guarant ed counsel, Geders 425 80, 1330, 592 judge separated defendant lawyer 15-minute recess defendant's testimony. numerous differentiations mean regulation. careful reflect itself, highly specific, determinations "unduly burdensome" "reasonable" "rational" "necessary" interests. wrote Court: "[M]any branches abound nice troublesome nonetheless necessary: 'I trouble ourselves depends degree. soon civilized.' 334, 667, Le Roy Fibre Chicago, M. P.R. 232 340, 354, 415, 418, 631 (1914) (Holmes, partially concurring). "differences degree" account holdings Simopoulos, Those rest doctor-counseling Virginia's burdensome interest.8 best markedly schemes 'ex board,' 2854, (1976) part), involving religion schools board, prison bureau prisons. Abbott, 401, 1874, 459 (adopting incoming outgoing mail). delicate complicated judgments "have intricate," contends, overstepped role. opposite: intricate remained conscientious duty carefully, fall rationale "it-is-so-because-we-say-so" brute force; persuasion, place. answering uniform improve written: "I protection embryo—even 'protecting citizens' .—increases progressively dramatically organism's capacity feel pain, pleasure, survive, react surroundings day. development fetus—and itself—are static conditions, reality. [U]nless 'person' well-recognized being; indeed, difference, permissibility terminating scarcely legislatures. protection—even represents 'those citizens'—it odd argue freshly egg 9-month-gestated, sentient eve birth. Recognition distinction supported logic, history shared experiences." 778-779, 2188 (footnote 129-147, 715-24. 110 convinced, six ago particular, fairly, sensibly, functions safeguard liberties accommodating reflects biological truths development; marks objectively regarded distinct from, woman. time, undeniable evolves postnatal form, loses dependence uterine environment, fetus' fostering regard general, practical follows "quickening"—the feels movement womb—and occurs establishes applicable ample pregnancy.9 previously "[c]onstitutional always ascertainable boundaries," boundaries responsibility 771, discharged science compelled. advances i 111 opportunity unobjectionable minted circular answer keeping attempt either independent meaning, consists novel dressed-up lenient scrutiny. One clear, however: purposes, overruled.10 112 completely disregards irreducible minimum Roe: receives written Since, conception, served abolished, hindrance "permissible." hindrance, permissibly) furthered. tax criminal satisfy standard. So, memorize recite pretends survives, explaining assert whereas, criminalizing This, difference. repudiates stands; conscience, "undisturbed" call permits arises fail muster? suspects agrees. impossible paragraph, implicit laws, non-scrutiny, sometime, regime appointees declare intends: law.11 114 "not bang, whimper," landmark generation, darkness hopes visions guaranteed unique children. ob ivious insensitive families, ordered lives around reproductive vital economic walks again labor psychological harms accompany conscript "distressful future." 153, 727. 115 know experience, Cates Rochat, Illegal Abortions States: 1972-1974, Family Planning Perspectives 86, year hundreds thousands desperation, defy safety unclean unsympathetic hands back-alley abortionists, themselves, disastrous results. Every year, poor minority die suffer debilitating trauma, name enforced morality dictates compassion, 116 aspirations understandings inevitable brutal consequences doing, tough-approach utters word. callous. profoundly destructive institution. overturn rare grave undertaking. secured personal 200 history. applies somewhat diminished departure demands justification." Arizona Rumsey, 212, 2305, 2310, 164 Vasquez Hillery, 266, 617, 624, 598 ("[T]he observer discern detours occurred articulable felt obliged 'to bring agreement ascertained,' Burnet Coronado Oil Gas 285 393, 412, 443, 449, 815 (1932) dissenting)). justification abrogation destroy people's firm belief, possess unabridgeable conduct.12 117 discussed perhaps length above, serious heavy persuading changes dictate" abandonment Vasquez, 625, freedom. Instead, standing, refuses discuss unenumerated encompasses criticize criticisms pure ipse dixit. 118 comes cost. "permits presume bedrock founded proclivities individuals, contributes system fact." 265-266, 624. Today's involves time. refusing proposed revolutionary revision abide charges door. say undeserved. 119 least, stands still retain destinies. signs ominous, chill wind blows. 120 121 comment portions 539-541, (concurring identifies provisions. affirm preamble,1 explanation. 122 188.0292 enables conclude: "[W]e m dify cases," ill advised slightly nonliteral construction, 542-544 525-531 judgment), demonstrated, 123 foreclosed interpretation. concurred state-law guidance conclusion." Bishop Wood, 426 341, 2074, 684 (1976).3 Second, statute." Citizen Department Justice, 491 440, 481, 2558, 2580, 377 judgment).4 Appeals, 1074-1075 1988), Mo.1987), ignored. twice uses mandatory "shall," qualifying language. adds preceding 124 My th whole, "finds" "begins conception" commands maximum development." "[o]bviously, literal tends accomplish goal. "incongruous," assume trying nonviable fetuses costly.5 contrary, meant satisfied, manifestly (1955), "irrespective Roe[v. (1973),] framework." 544 125 texts equate implantation uterus, occurring days fertilization.6 common IUD morning-after pill.7 threatens encroachments professional, persuaded Accord, 1075-1076. 126 interferes choices, (1972); Carey Population Services International, 431 678, 2010, 675 (1977). mosaic defining accurately Stewart 167-170, 733-35, (1973): 127 "[I]n 479 [85 510], birth [Ferguson v.] Skrupa, [372 726, 1028, (1963),] understandably Yet, Rights, So now, substantively invaded 'liberty' Amendment. understood, long pre-Skrupa such. 128 129 "Several marriage [87 1823, ]; [268 Meyer Nebraska, [262 390, 1042 (1923) ]. Prince Massachusetts, 321 158, 166 [64 442, 645 (1944) Oklahoma, 541 [62 1113, [92 1038, 349] [ ], individual, married unwarranted fundamentally affecting beget child.' 'Certainly emotional self raising intimacy send [45 1070] (1925), teach foreign 262 390 [43 1042] (1923).' Abele Markle, 351 224, 227 (Conn.1972). 130 "Clearly, Jane embraced (Emphasis original; footnotes omitted.)8 131 "preventing 480, 1679—that fertilization—but implantation, pill. unquestionably theological argument,9 consistently secular legislation. Stone Graham, 449 192, 199 (1980) (per curiam ).10 aware differentiating effective immediately inescapably progeny. 132 absence declarations portion conclusion happens coincide tenets religions, McGowan Maryland, 366 1101, 393 (1961); 319-320, 2689, legislators voted motivated considerations, Washington Davis, 229, 253, 2040, 2054, 597 rests unequivocal endorsement tenet faiths,11 serves identifiable purpose. compels Clause.12 Wallace Jaffree, 38, 56, 2479, 2489, 133 explained position leaders Roman Catholic years. summarized report, entitled "Catholic Teaching Abortion," prepared Congressional Research Service Library Congress. part: 134 disagreement unformed formed crucial teaching soul. widely soul formation males respectively. 'unformed' 'inanimate' (from anima, soul) homicide, anticipatory quasi-homicide. definitive treatment Thomas Aquinas became dominant Latin Church. 135 136 "For Thomas, mediaeval Christendom lapse time—approximately days—after soul's infusion. 137 'seed seed sensation movement.' destroyed seed, man. Thomas. belief Christendom, reflected, Council Trent (1545-1563), restricted penalties homicide animated only." C. Whittier, Abortion: Its Origin Later Development (1981), reprinted 13a, 17a octo libros politicorum 7.12, attributed Aquinas). 138 Middle Ages, prefaced "finding" promptly conclude 139 endorses "person" Constitution.13 identifying differentiate period asGriswold establish, allows personhood. Focusing attention 140 pain mental anguish, suffering exist; respecting prescinds concept ensoulment—or acc pts Aquinas' ensoulment days—a embryo "seed" unfertilized ovum. 141 times military population. argues societal increasing policy, reflected legislation produced "pregnancy unmarried adolescents." Bowen Kendrick, 589, 593, 2562, 2566, 520 accord, 602, 2570. benefits, unlimited outweigh "protecting young incorrect decision," 102, 2856, parental, advice,14 legislature's official (2). 142 effect, tort, property, persuasive. Supporting enactments pertaining matter. Const., Art. 23. re Ray, B.R. 670 (Bkrtcy.Ct., ED Mo.1988); Berry Majestic Milling 284 182, 223 S.W. 738 (1920). cited buttressed "fetus 'person,' 'minor,' 'minor child' wrongful death statutes." O'Grady Brown, 654 904, 910 (Mo.1983) (en banc).15 143 Bolstering intensely character deeply convictions participants debate.16 inject tradition debate, foment disagreement." Allegheny Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh ACLU, 573, 651, 3086, 3132, 144 reasons. impact "legislative effect," argues, Legislature, that—to paraphrase Aquinas—until acquired movement, begun.17 then-existing regulations, 559.100, 542.380, 563.300 (1969), three-judge court. affirmed Danforth Rodgers, 1035, 534, 327 statutes, mad crime 2, 709-710, 1974, enacted 1211, stages things, 1974 "viability," 2(2); 3(2); spouse elective 3(3); parent 3(4); "preserve fetus" duty, him guilty manslaughter liable damages, 6(1); saline 9; recordkeeping 10, 11. 63-65, 2838-2839, 3(2), 65-67, 2839-2840, requirements. 79-81, 2845-2847. spousal 67-72, 2840-2843, parental 72-75, 2842-2844, 75-79, 2843-2846, 81-84, 2846-2848. 1979, passed hospital, 188.025 (Supp.1979); pathology performed, 188.047; 188.030.3; minors juvenile 188.028. 481-482, 2520-2521, above. 494, 2526-27. age" "length measured period." 188.015(4) 1073, 1.205 full: "1. assembly "(1) conception; "(2) Unborn well-being; "(3) natural parents well-being child. "2. Effective 1988, development, state, decisional interpretations thereof constitution state. "3. section, 'unborn children' include [sic ] offspring beings development. "4. indirectly harming failing prenatal care." Judge Arnold "insofar relates subjects abortion," "creating causes mother" extending fetuses. 1085 23-26. considerations employee" subdivision thereof." 188.200(1) "Public 188.200(2). socialized medicine funded. barred 19, (1980). desiring utilize personnel, termination pregnancies." 497 1063, 1065 1974). "sharply discriminate[s] kinds viewpoint: discourage 1085. funds" 188.200 "certainly 'encouraging counseling' from" penalty "[a]ny 188.010 188.085 [these] misdemeanor." 188.075 Black's Law Dictionary 928 (5th ed. 1979) ("Necessary. connection used, susceptible meanings. inevitability, convenient, useful, appropriate, suitable, proper, conducive sought"). understanding. 681, (1979) added) ("For logical [Roe] Hence, restricting o pregnancy"); 389, 682 ("Viability point. stretch other"); 61, 2837 (State "subsequent viability"); 428, 2491-92, (State's "becomes 'has capability womb' "). assistant, 448, 2502, himself. 2502-03. Likewise, clinics, hospitals. 437-439, 2496-97. far, (1977); facilities, example fine endemic compared worth footnote, incorrectly well. 165-166, 732-733, [has right] administer justifications intervention." subsequently (one points) (1976). hence sometimes nevertheless "does decision." 530. procedure, cost-doubling 530-531. costly tells tell "undue (or matter) "due." equal Wade's validity, attendant self-governance, discretion," Baldwin 281 586, 595, 436, 439, 1056 (1930) irrationality Similarly introduces achieve "interest "viability" mere (not certainty) survivability womb, "possible womb. expand further, approving chance realistically "abortion-neutral." declares 1.205.1(1) which, turn, fullest concluded, "intended 1076 1988). States' uncertain supplying fill interstices precedents." 8-9, indefinitely Such scheme, disputed holdings, chilling burdening services. moreover, beginning 188.015(3), devices, "morning after" pill, 30-39. strong Whatever Harris, certainly withdrawn steps assure institutions. Specifically, 188.200, pertinent respects private, located Truman City—where, 1985, percent performed—even staffed primarily doctors, administered corporation: leased sweeping sharply Harris. said: there." ban, incentives ), disassociation personnel Poelker). "public" health-care institution attenuated, essential authorizing, supporting, positive association Dworkin, Great Abortion Case, Review Books, 29, 1989, 49. critical. Even decline participate pursue policies distributing affirmatively constrict private. knowledge substantial percentage providers 10-11, "leav[e] 509; fewer or, sick travel, shameful consultation one, command difficulties rejects respondents' "facial" succeed 523-524. open unconstitutional, irrefutable STEVENS' interpretive 560-563. [fetal] amniocentesis," "imposes 422 Yet literature amniocentesis useless e. 41. risk 1074-1075, 681-82, (1979). base synopsis mainly accordance tests. doctor, deem bears stand. convincingly demonstrated 527-531, stressed purview physician; instructs findin appropriate. women's 2497 acute-care double 2494-97. plurality), effectuation instead small aforementioned Griswold, responds "unlike apply." 520. ironic. mechanism Concededly, simple: contraception, accommodate Surely, suggesting foregone focus excuse embedded mask hostility recognized. regimes stark. prohibitively driving back underground obviously city's out-patient similarly undermine matern l Notably, now-familiar catch-phrase criticism recede technology, collision itself." 458, 2507 opinion). critique foundation. briefs conclusively demonstrate, "there 'anatomic threshold' 23-24 gestation." 7. 167. Distinguished Scientists Physicians, Nobel Laureates, 8-14. Prior organs sufficiently mutually sustaining prerequisite extrauterine survival, bridge gap three-day culture 24th week Fetal Extrauterine Survivability, Report Task Force Life community foreseeable 12. words, remain, Predictions fiction. Group Professors 23-25. Writing Powell observed phenomenon, response "In test. heightened abortion-inhibiting incompatible Wade." 420-421, "hold[s] not." unadulterated nonsense. matches lead allegedly conception) feather (a "liberty barely mentions, describes). balance—no all—places nothing, process. candidly best. 532. agree. Rights vicissitudes controversy, majorities officials courts. One's submitted vote; depend elections." West Barnette, 319 638, 1178, 1185, 1628 (1943). cherishes operation autonomy transient ultimate guarantor zone bitter disputes rise. reaffirming discharge duty. South Carolina Gathers, 805, 824, 2207, 2217, 876 accorded increases, decreases, antiquity, adjusts existence, surrounding premised validity"). Akron: "There adhering care. 1971 reargued—with extensive briefing—the Term. Justices. 1973, repeatedly Bellotti 132, 2857, 844 Beal 2366, 464 (1979); 443 622, 3035, 797 (1980); (1983); prefers refer 1.205.1 "prefatory statements effect." 21; codified Chapter Laws Construction Statutes, Title Revised 188, Regulation Abortions, XII, Welfare. appeared 1596, 500-501, regulations. states: "188.029. Physician, duties Durham Lumber 363 526-527, 1282, 1284, 1371 (1960); Propper Clark, 472, 486-487, 1333, 1341-42, 1480 (1949); Hillsborough Cromwell, 326 620, 630, 358 (1946); Huddleston Dwyer, 322 232, 237, 1018, 1246 (1944); MacGregor Mutual 315 280, 281, 607, 846, 864 ). problems poses question," Gomez 858, 864, 2237, 2241, 923 "it fairly valid," Communications Workers Beck, 735, 762, 2641, 2657, 634 "unless intent Congress," Edward J. DeBartolo Gulf Coast Building Trades Council, 485 568, 575, 1392, 1397, opts 1076-1077, Fallopian tube hours, travels uterus' cavity, cell division wall. D. Mishell V. Davajan, Infertility, Contraception Endocrinology 109-110 (2d 1986); 31-32 (ARHP Brief) (citing, Pritchard, MacDonald, N. Gant, Williams Obstetrics 88-91 (17th 1985)). "[O]nly per cent implanted." ARHP 32, (citing Post Coital Contraception, Lancet 856 (Apr. 16, 1983)). device, called IUD, "works implanting." Burnhill, Intrauterine Fertility Control 271, 280 (S. Corson, Derman, Tyrer eds. 1985). CFR 801.427, 34-35. Other "morning-after pills," high-dose estrogen pills intercourse, rape, French RU 486, pill works "during indeterminate 37. Low-level "combined" pills—a ordinary, daily ingested pill—also wall implanting. 35-36. contrast Stewart's explication flowed naturally stream SCALIA's "constructed Wade," 537 remarkable. "sanctity opposition sincere beliefs," Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (on "church denominations"); Holy Orthodox 12-14. proposition; posting Ten Commandments schoolroom walls 43-46, 194-96 Catholics Free Choice constant theology commencement personhood"). Pointing consensus life's onset experts medicine, philosophy, theology, 729, overrides doubly if, nonsecular. Member ever 156-159, 728-29, endorsed authorize 177, 739 (arguing "withdraw legislate matter"); 222, jointly characterizing issue," 535 likewise holding. benefit advice. character, seem may, legitimacy, makes—to marry, abort, wedlock—the profound wisely moral play decisionmaking irrational. perfectly parental-consent involve process." 103, 2856 examples treated born lifetime decedent, Uniform Probate Code 2-108 sanctions killing quick child, Ark.Stat.Ann. 41-2223 (1947). None organizations side sides, frankly religion. Agudath Israel America Curiae, Conference Curiae. Burke, Religion Politics Movements Issues World Religions 254-256 (C. Fu G. Spiegler 1987). "Just speak complementary components mind, individual's creed counterpart accepting proscribed sect another, conscience infidel, atheist, adherent non-Christian faith Islam Judaism. crucible litigation, unambiguously embraces select derives conviction beliefs worthy voluntary faithful, forestalling intolerance sects—or 'religions'—to encompass disbeliever uncertain. Jackson eloquently 1187, (1943): 'If fixed star constellation, official, high petty, prescribe orthodox politics, nationalism, religion, confess therein.' ., truth." 52-55, 2487-89, (1985) (footnotes

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