Document: 531 U.S. 356121 S.Ct.955148 L.Ed.2d 866 NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of United States Reports. Readers are requested notify Reporter Decisions, Supreme Court States, Washington, D. C. 20543, any typographical or other errors, order that corrections may be made goes press.BOARD OF TRUSTEES THE UNIVERSITY ALABAMA, et al., PETITIONERSv.PATRICIA GARRETT al. No. 99-1240. SUPREME COURT UNITED STATES Argued October 11, 2000 Decided February 21, 2001 Syllabus Respondents Garrett and Ash filed separate lawsuits against petitioners, Alabama state employers, seeking money damages under Title I Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 (ADA), which prohibits employers from "discriminat[ing] a qualified individual disability because th[at] ... regard terms, conditions, privileges employment," 42 U.S.C. 12112(a). In an disposing both cases, District granted petitioners summary judgment, agreeing them ADA exceeds Congress' authority abrogate State's Eleventh Amendment immunity. The Circuit reversed on ground validly abrogates such Held: Suits federal court by employees recover reason failure comply barred Amendment. Pp. 4-17. (a) Congress States' immunity when it unequivocally intends do so acts pursuant valid grant constitutional authority. Kimel v. Florida Bd. Regents, 528 62, 73. Only second these requirements dispute here. While not base abrogation upon its Article powers, see e.g., id., at 79, nonconsenting federal-court suit does exercise power 5 Fourteenth Amendment, 80. Section authorizes enforce substantive guarantees contained 1 enacting "appropriate legislation." See City Boerne Flores, 521 507, 536. Because this Court's responsibility, Congress', define substance guarantees, 519-524, legislation, extent reaches beyond precise scope 1's protections, must exhibit congruence proportionality between injury prevented remedied means adopted end, 520. 4-7. (b) first step applying principles identify some precision right issue. Here, inquiry requires examination limitations places treatment disabled. To so, looks prior decisions Equal Protection Clause dealing Kimel, supra, 83. Cleburne Living Center, Inc., 473 432, held, inter alia, mental retardation did qualify as "quasi-suspect" classification for equal protection purposes, 435, that, accordingly, city ordinance requiring special use permit operation group home mentally retarded incurred only minimum "rational-basis" review applicable general social economic 446. Although "negative attitudes" "fear" often accompany irrational biases, their presence alone violation make. Thus, require make accommodations disabled, long actions toward individuals rational. They could quite hardheadedly-and perhaps hardheartedly-hold job-qualification allowance If disabled required, they have come positive law through Clause. 7-10. (c) private States-that there discrimination violative remedy imposed congruent proportional targeted violation-are met First, ADA's legislative record fails show identified history pattern employment See, 89. extend local governmental units cities counties, Lincoln County Luning, 133 529, 530, rejects respondents' contention unconstitutional should well States. finding "historically, society has tended isolate segregate disabilities, and, despite improvements, forms continue serious pervasive problem." 12101(a)(2). includes instances support finding, great majority incidents deal activities employment. Even if were determined half dozen relevant examples showed action part taken together fall far short even suggesting legislation based. 89-91. Moreover, statements House Senate committee reports indicate Congresss sector. Second, rights remedies created raise same sort concerns found Boerne, supra. For example, while would entirely rational (and therefore constitutional) employer conserve scarce financial resources hiring able existing facilities, facilities readily accessible usable individuals, 12112(5)(B), 12111(9). except "reasonable accommodatio[n]" requirement where can demonstrate accommodation impose "undue hardship" it, 12112(b)(5)(A), but, exception, duty what constitutionally required. shortcomings apparent compared Voting Rights 1965. Holding latter "appropriate" Fifteenth Amendment's racial voting, South Carolina Katzenbach, 383 301, emphasized had documented marked 312, litigation proved ineffective problem, 313. contrast kind evidence detailed considered present case, stark. uphold application allow rewrite laid down Cleburne. broadly enlarge congressional 10-17. 193 F.3d 1214, reversed. CERTIORARI TO APPEALS FOR ELEVENTH CIRCUIT Rehnquist, J., delivered Court, O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, JJ., joined. concurring opinion, Breyer, dissenting Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, Opinion Chief Justice Rehnquist Court. We decide here whether State provisions (ADA Act), 104 Stat. 330, 12111-12117.1 hold suits 2 certain including job procedures, hiring, advancement, discharge employees, employee compensation, training, employment." 12112(a), 12111(2), (5), (7). "mak[e] reasonable known physical otherwise who applicant employee, unless [the employer] undue hardship [employer's] business." 12112(b)(5)(A). 3 " '[R]easonable accommodation' include- 4 "(A) making used disabilities; (B) restructuring, part-time modified work schedules, reassignment vacant position, acquisition modification equipment devices, appropriate adjustment modifications examinations, training materials policies, provision readers interpreters, similar disabilities." also "utilizing standards, criteria, methods administration effect basis disability." 12112(b)(3)(A). 6 defines "disability" include impairment substantially limits one more major life individual; impairment; (C) being regarded having impairment." 12102(2). A "qualified" he she, "with without accommodation, perform essential functions position holds desires." 12111(8). 7 Respondent Patricia Garrett, registered nurse, was employed Director Nursing, OB/Gyn/Neonatal Services, University Birmingham Hospital. App. 31, 38. 1994, diagnosed breast cancer subsequently underwent lumpectomy, radiation treatment, chemotherapy. Garrett's treatments required her take substantial leave work. Upon returning July 1995, supervisor informed she give up position. 39. then applied received transfer another, lower paying nurse manager. ibid. 8 Milton worked security officer Department Youth Services (Department). 8. commencing employment, suffered chronic asthma his doctor recommended avoid carbon monoxide cigarette smoke, modify duties minimize exposure substances. later sleep apnea requested, again doctor's recommendation, reassigned daytime shifts accommodate condition. 9. Ultimately, none relief. 8-9. Shortly after claim Employment Opportunity Commission, noticed performance evaluations than those previous occasions. 9 ADA.2 Petitioners moved claiming 989 F. Supp. 1409, 1410 (ND Ala. 1998). single agreed petitioners' motions judgment. 1410, 1412. cases consolidated appeal Circuit. Appeals reversed, 1214 (1999), adhering intervening decision 139 1426, 1433 (CA11 1998), cert. granted, 525 1121, dismissed, 1184 (2000), 10 certiorari, 529 1065 resolve split among Courts question sue ADA. 11 * provides: 12 "The Judicial shall construed equity, commenced prosecuted Citizens another State, Subjects Foreign State." terms applies citizens our extended applicability own 72-73 (2000); College Savings Bank Prepaid Postsecondary Ed. Expense Bd., 527 666, 669-670 (1999); Seminole Tribe Fla. Florida, 517 44, 54 (1996); Hans Louisiana, 134 1, 15 (1890). ultimate guarantee sued court. 13 recognized, however, "act[s] authority." U.S., 12202 ("A immune eleventh amendment Constitution [a] Federal competent jurisdiction chapter"). question, then, acted within subjecting 14 not, course, powers enumerated I. 79 ("Under firmly established precedent [Age Discrimination 1967] rests solely commerce power, today's cannot maintain employers"); Tribe, ("The restricts judicial III, circumvent placed jurisdiction"); Bank, 672; 627, 636 Alden Maine, 706, 730-733 (1999). Fitzpatrick Bitzer, 427 445 (1976), we held "the principle sovereignty embodies, necessarily limited enforcement Amendment." Id., 456 (internal citation omitted). As result, concluded, power. Our adhered proposition. Accordingly, apply statute legislation.3 provides, part: "No abridge immunities States; nor deprive person life, liberty, property, due process law; deny laws." grants 536 (1997). mere repetition jurisprudence. "Rather, 'to enforce' deter guaranteed thereunder prohibiting somewhat broader swath conduct, itself forbidden text." 81; 16 confirmed, long-settled responsibility Congress, guarantees. 519-524. reaching actual "congruence end." II 17 now familiar us examine last Term 83, look 18 432 (1985), challenge retarded. specific erred holding 435. answered affirmative, concluding instead incurs legislation.4 statement today seems prescient, explained 19 "if large amorphous class deemed quasi-suspect reasons given Appeals, difficult find principled way distinguish variety groups immutable disabilities setting off others, themselves mandate desired responses, degree prejudice least public large. One need mention respect aging, ill, infirm. reluctant set out decline so." 445-446. 20 Under rational-basis review, possesses "distinguishing characteristics interests implement," act differences rise violation. 441. "Such run afoul relationship disparity legitimate purpose." Heller Doe, 509 320 (1993) (citing Nordlinger Hahn, 505 (1992); New Orleans Dukes, 297, 303 (1976) (per curiam)). articulate reasoning moment particular made. Rather, burden challenging party negative 'any reasonably conceivable facts provide classification.' Heller, (quoting FCC Beach Communications, 508 307, 313 (1993)). 21 Breyer suggests stands broad proposition decisionmaking reflecting runs post, (dissenting opinion) Cleburne, 448). biases unconstitutional) discrimination, noted Cleburne: "[M]ere attitudes, fear, unsubstantiated factors properly cognizable zoning proceeding, permissible bases treating differently ." 448 (emphasis added). language, read context, simply states unremarkable widely acknowledged tenet jurisprudence scrutiny violate "rationally furthers purpose Massachusetts Retirement Murgia, 314 curiam). 22 result towards hard headedly-and Clause.5 III 23 Once metes bounds Just committed "under color law," appropriately exercised response transgressions. Prepaid, 640 ("It conduct then-unremedied patent infringement sought redress Patent Remedy Act"); 89 ("Congress never age much less whatsoever rose level violation"). ADA, fact 24 contend themselves, but governments, counties. All these, say, "state actors" purposes Brief true, government. 530 These entities claims ever rely render so. It no sense consider violations part, beneficiaries 25 assembled many finding. But 26 brief cite involve department head North refused hire health administrator blind; similarly, student university Dakota denied opportunity practice teach dean time convinced blind people schools. microfilmer Kansas Transportation fired epilepsy; deaf workers Oklahoma paid salary hear. Indiana Personnel Office woman concealed disclose wished obtain employment.6 27 Several undoubtedly unwillingness officials Whether debatable, particularly incident described context. each fuller 89-91; 530-531. "some 43,000,000 12101(a)(1). 1990, 4.5 million people. Dept. Commerce, Bureau Census, Statistical Abstract 338 (119th ed. 1999) (Table 534). telling, think, numbers, minimal 28 maintains host representing persons disabilities. close materials, undercuts conclusion. Breyer's Appendix C consists findings, unexamined, anecdotal accounts "adverse, disparate officials." Post, 3. Of already explained, treatment" amount applies. accounts, moreover, submitted directly Task Force Empowerment Disabilities, findings employment.7 Force's Report entitled From (Oct. 12, 1990). And, truly understood information behavior expect conclusion Act's findings. There none. 12101. infer conclusions regarding societal likewise participated action, 3, flatly contradict assertion. After describing presented Committee Labor Human Resources subcommittee (including dissent relies), Committee's report reached, following conclusion: "Discrimination still persists critical areas sector, accommodations, services, transportation, telecommunications." S. Rep. 101-116, p. (1989) Education Labor, addressing provisions, reached "[A]fter extensive analysis over number Congressional sessions, exists compelling establish clear comprehensive prohibition H. R. 101-485, pt. (1990) inference draws unwarranted, strong reflects body's judgment been documented. 29 possible squeeze whereas "can business covered entity." However, makes unlawful range alternate responses imposing burden" employer. employer's prove suffer burden, (as does) complaining negate decision. 30 forbids administration" disparately impact basis. Washington Davis, 426 229, 239 insufficient subjects strict scrutiny. ("[O]ur embraced official act, racially discriminatory purpose, disproportionate impact"). 31 efforts 1965 respond violations. 301 (1966), voting. Concluding Amendment,8 "[b]efore measure, explored care problem voting." 308. 32 Act, officials, found, routinely voting tests exclude African-American registering vote. 312. persisted inexplicable 50-percentage-point gap registration white voters promulgate remedial scheme designed meaningful Nation abundant systematic denial identified. 33 evidence, enactment represents "comprehensive national elimination 12101(b)(1). final desirable policy, authorize violates Those here, Cleburne.9 34 Reversed. NOTES: Respondents' complaints alleged "Question Presented" sections. i; Though briefs parties discuss sections arguments, briefed "services, programs, entity," 12132 available expressly deals subject. Russello 464 16, (1983) ("[W]here language section omits generally presumed intentionally purposely inclusion exclusion") quotation marks divided issue, compare Zimmerman Oregon Justice, 170 1169 (CA9 1999), Bledsoe Palm Cty. Soil & Water Conservation Dist., 816 disposed issue II, different I, favored briefing statutory question. certiorari respondents Rule 24.1(a), portion writ dismissed improvidently granted. Monrosa Carbon Black Export, 359 180, 184 (1959). raised claims, presently intended invoke 12101(b)(4). Applying basic rationality struck 447-450. city's purported justifications light how treated similarly situated respects. permit, apartment houses, multiple-family dwellings, retirement homes, nursing sanitariums, hospitals, boarding fraternity sorority dormitories ordinance. worth noting enacted every Union measures. At Member remarked "this probably few times front Government, it's funny." Hearing Against Cancer Victims Handicapped Subcommittee Opportunities 100th Cong., 1st Sess., (1987). go accommodation. adopting tenets eugenics movement early century, extreme measures sterilization suffering hereditary disease. laws upheld attack 70 years ago Buck Bell, 274 200 (1927). indication harsh adopted. small fraction anecdotes identifies relate most, somewhere around 50 allegations describe conceivably most firm drawn. overwhelming pertain services addressed Titles virtually identical sovereign mean recourse discrimination. prescribes standards enforced damages, injunctive relief Ex parte Young, 209 123 (1908). addition, protecting aspects independent avenues redress. n. 5, 35 whom O'Connor joins, concurring. Prejudice, beginning understand, rises malice hostile animus alone. insensitivity caused simple want careful, reflection instinctive mechanism guard appear respects ourselves. Quite apart historical documentation, knowledge human instincts teaches routine might seem unsettling us, guided better angels nature. little doubt, impairments confronted stem indifference insecurity malicious ill will. 36 undoubted achievements statutes assist incentive, flowing legal duty, develop understanding, decent perspective, accepting into larger society. works teacher. So doubt will milestone path decent, tolerant, progressive 37 order, say capacities, entities, assumption embody misconceived perceptions citizens. charge engaged laws, accusation based hostility omission remedy. can, do, stand citizenry. neutral ready instruction enact demand. revise policies seen incorrect new understanding proper policy always constitute purposeful intentional 229 (1976). 38 shown several case. transgressing mistreatment lack concern impairments, expected courts discussion confirming documentation exist. That awareness, consciousness, commitment disadvantaged absence correctives 39 noted, acting Constitution, compel act. What involved subjected liability brought Government (to consented, 755 (1999)), collect moneys treasury consent State. predicate unconsenting patterns capacity. predicate, discussed established. With observations, join opinion. 40 Souter Ginsburg join, dissenting. 41 Reviewing administrative agency record, unconstitutional. concludes ante, improperly attempted "re-write" sufficiently tailored address 14-15. "power enforce, legislation" guarantee. Const., Amdt. 14, 5. recognizes, 'run Clause' 'rational purpose.' Ante, 440 (stating sustain related interest"). my view, concluded constitutes requirement. And all requires. 43 says primary evidence. "Congress 12. fact, compiled vast documenting 'massive, society-wide discrimination' pp. 8-9 testimony Justin Dart, chairperson Disabilities). addition hearings (see A, infra), experience gathered during contemplated considerable B, task force assess legislation. attended 30,000 people, thousands experienced hand. Empowerment, 1990) (hereinafter Report). hearings, "census data, polls, studies" led conclude "people group, occupy inferior status society, severely socially, vocationally, economically, educationally." 12101(a)(6). "[t]wo-thirds 64 [were] working all," though wanted to, productively. flowed significant "stereotypic assumptions" "purposeful unequal treatment." 12101(a)(7). 44 powerful throughout general, implicates governments well, agencies form believe prevalent. "make[s] sense" consideration governments. 71. obligation creates alike. E.g., Richmond J. A. Croson Co., 488 469 (1989). Local closely with, supervision of, government situated. Nor determining apparently "local" entity suggests-it 'detailed [state] law.' Regents Univ. Cal. 519 425, 430, (1997) Moor Alameda, 411 693, 719-721 (1973)). 45 event, rest roughly 300 record. C, infra. fail "fall[s] based." 46 congressionally appointed collected numerous examples, provided adverse, officials. reveal, describes "half dozen" hundreds adverse hands officials-instances impossible job, retain transportation others get work, education, prerequisite obtaining State-imposed barriers frequently vote, enter building, access important calling emergency assistance, place live 448. 47 notes, rarely additional, sufficient instance, lacked justification standpoint. "described context"). Perhaps explains view "minimal discrimination." Ibid. legislature law. unlike courts, must, does, draw conclusions-for likely motive need-from opinion-based kind, lacks refutation. (task "met representatives opposed [the] ADA," public, although "about 2,000 letters" "one letter opposition"); (summarizing cost "less $50," expense interpret deaf, "frequently exaggerated"). reviewing investigation piece appears contemplate. Compare 12-13, Katzenbach Morgan, 384 641, 652-656 (1966) (asking reasonable, adequate evidentiary record). traditionally break category category. (noting two Reports mentioned employment), 654 (considering "might" concluded); 652 (holding Puerto Ricans supported abolishing literacy test qualification voting). 48 Regardless, unjustified 12101(9) (finding "unnecessary prejudice" "costs billions dollars unnecessary expenses resulting dependency nonproductivity" added)). Legislative History (Leg. Hist.) (Committee Print Labor), Ser. 102-B, 1620 (testimony Arlene B. Mayerson) (describing "unjustifiable loss opportunities"); 1623 study showing 'strong employers' fears low unjustified' "). typically 12101(7). Leg. Hist. 1622 ("Outmoded stereotypes manifested medical 'requirements' unrelated successful generalized supervisors personnel, excluded jobs qualified"). followed "a bare desire harm politically unpopular group," 447 Agriculture Moreno, 413 528, 534 (1973) (omission Cleburne)), attitude[s]," "fea[r]," 448, "irrational prejudice," 450. Adverse motives Cleburne's terms. 49 bears arbitrary invidious sense, thus unjustified. revealed "most [one State] discriminated applicants average period five cancer," coworkers' misguided belief "cancer contagious." 1619-1620 Mayerson). school inexplicably exempt teacher, taught "listening skills" Government's Lodging 1503. director blind-even applicant. 974. Certain promoting 1159, 1577. zoo turned away children Downs Syndrome "because zookeeper] feared upset chimpanzees." 7. "fear," board obviously pretextual hearing arguments facility house 'deviants' needed 'room roam,' 1068. complete listing forth believed represented signs widespread strict, judicially standard, justification. Kennedy's empirical conclusion-which Congress-rests heavily "extensive violations," States." (Kennedy, concurring) points challenged irrational, hence unconstitutional, "burden classification." Or Brandeis, writing put matter ago, 'if conceived sustain' 'there presumption existence facts, assails carry . arbitrary.' Pacific Box Basket Co. White, 296 176, 185 (1935) Borden's Farm Products Baldwin, 293 194, (1934)). Imposing "burden" "negative[d]" rationally objective. 51 approach neither proof" favors rule restraint judges exercises "Limitations stemming nature Congress." Mitchell, 400 112, 248 (1970) (Brennan, Marshall, part). Rational-basis review-with presumptions favoring constitutionality-is paradigm restraint." 52 Indeed, drew very institutional distinction. "courts reluctant, system separation scrutinize choices." invocation deference "[]5 [Fourteenth] empowers protection] mandate." 439 contrary claims-a "congressional direction" stringent standard "controlling." (refusing invalidate "should await prescription"). Cf. 284 (Stewart, part) paint brush confine function deciding controversies records"). short, "to Cleburne," repudiated itself. 53 determine authority, adopt rules reflect court's limitations. Unlike gather across Nation, magnitude easily 442-443 (addressing problems "large diversified group" "is technical matter, legislators professionals ill-informed opinions judiciary"). attitudes beliefs, enabling understand where, extent, refusals callous unreasonable point lacking judges, Members constituents first-hand issues. elected. When majority's proof rule, we, i.e., 'sit superlegislature judge wisdom desirability determinations.' 319 restrict restricted underlying principle-a restraint-on head. unusually inadequate. Read favorable eye, indicates seriously treatment. instances, violated justification-shorn judicial-restraint-related presumptions-that recognized 55 argues alternative statute's damage "congruent" "proportional" found. 520 (1997)). accommodation" requirement, 12112(b)(3)(A), "far excee[d] required." 14. contexts "constitutionally Griggs Duke Power 401 424, (1971), 239, Rome 446 156, 172-173 (1980), Mobile Bolden, 55, 62 (1980) (plurality opinion). 56 wrong behavior, reasonable? "reasonable" "unreasonable" differ. words, exceed necessary just power-the minimum- repeatedly confirmed. 1880, wrote "brought domain power" whatever "tends submission" "prohibitions" secure Virginia, 100 339, 346 (1880). More recently, added 5's "draftsmen expressed Necessary Proper Clause, Art. 8, cl. 18." 650 McCulloch Maryland, Wheat. 316, 421 (1819)). 57 keeping principles, said "[i]t resolution various conflicting considerations-the risk pervasiveness , adequacy availability remedies, significance affected." 653. "It enough perceive conflict did." 324 (interpreting worded "any effectuate prohibition"). Nothing words "tend[ency] enforce" 346, achieve objective, 324, outside 650, somehow "appropriate," 58 recent professed follow longstanding Congress. 81 (2000) ("Congress' confined merely parrots wording prohibit "somewhat text"); 639 (1999) (" 'Congress wide latitude' ") 519-520); (reaffirming Morgan); (Congress' "conclusions deference"). today, purports apply, depart from, standards. declarations practical significance. 'sounds word promise ear breaks hope.' IV 59 reminiscent (now-discredited) limitation once Commerce Carter Coal 298 238 (1936), Darby, 312 100, (1941) (rejecting Coal's rationale). judging race gender, 518 515 (1996), threatened protected liberty free speech, Reno American Civil Liberties Union, 844 (1997); Post Siegel, Law: Antidiscrimination Legislation Morrison 110 Yale L. 441, 477 scrutiny); Constitutional Law 5-16, 959 (3d 2000) (same). discriminate anyone, pose threat liberty. why "minimum 'rational-basis' review" 7-8, stricter seeks help individuals. 60 recognize nonetheless imposes removes suit, thereby potential monetary liability. Rules interpreting protection, counter object By denying laws. 1. Hence "principles federalism obstacle overridden War Amendments 'by legislation.' specifically expansion intrusion sovereignty." Rome, 179. 445, (1976); 345. ironically, greater poses creation here-the decentralized actions-the cure problems, uniform injunctions, 12188(a)(2), sometimes draconian intrusive. 704-705 (Breyer, dissenting). 15, reasons, serves interest. 61 demands, non-deferential competencies, invades assigns 648, (The "sponsors supporters primarily interested augmenting Congress"). Its saps force, effectively "confin[ing] insignificant role abrogating branch [is] prepared adjudge unconstitutional." 648-649. enable provision, see, 100-185 (1996) (Souter, joined dissenting); 699-700 dissenting), gives stated, respectfully dissent. 63 APPENDIX OPINION BREYER, 1989: Hearings 2273 Judiciary Rights, 101st Sess. 65 Act: 933 Hazardous Materials Energy (1990). 66 Surface Public Works Transportation, 67 Disabilities: Telecommunications Relay V Finance Select 68 Field 69 2273, Joint (July Sept. 13, 1989) (two hearings) Oversight 4498, 1988: 2d 71 Small Business, (1990); Handicapped, (May 1989 Hearings). 72 2345 73 B 74 Disability 75 June 10, 1948, ch. 434, 351 76 Architectural Barriers 1968, 4151 seq. 77 Rehabilitation 1973, 701 78 Pub. 91-230, VI, 84 175 (reenacted Individuals 1400 seq.) Developmental Assistance Bill 6000 80 Accessibility Elderly 1973ee Air Carrier Access 1986, 41705 82 Advocacy Mentally Ill 10801 83 Fair Housing 1988, 3604. 85 Submissions Disabilities. (available Clerk case file). ALABAMA 86 Page 87 00002 88 00003 inaccessible 00004 failed train teachers students learning 90 00005 interpretive 91 00006 police 00007 92 00008 child education cerebral palsy 93 00009 getting 94 00010 buildings services; 95 00011 schools; 96 00013 97 00014 building codes 00015 courthouse 98 00017 instructions machine people; restrooms newly renovated 00021 00023 99 00024 00025 schools 00026 101 00027 man vocational rehabilitation palsy; 102 00031 schizophrenics; homes 103 00032 00033 ALASKA 105 106 00038 classes 107 00041 office 108 00042 Alaska Performing Arts Center 109 00044 00046 curb cuts sidewalks near 111 00048 erroneously 00049 performing arts center 112 00050 Psychiatric Institute patients 113 00052 disregarded accessibility 114 00055 jail 115 00056 Seward 00057 116 00058 communicate 117 00059 segregated seating inaccessibility 118 00061 Ferry Columbia Railroad; interview wheelchair 00062 119 00063 using respirator Division Medical 00065 hall 120 00067 district retaliated teacher asking assigned classroom 00069 121 00070 cuts; 122 00071 00072 motor vehicles 124 00073 Hall 125 00075 covering graduate 00076 00077 ARIZONA 126 127 00090 survey Phoenix's 00110 128 00112 recreation 129 00116 visual assistance 130 00117 131 00119 Arizona Economic Security took 31/2 fix unsafe van lift 132 00121 county paratransit college 00124 restrictions driver's license deafness 00125 135 00127 136 00129 entrance, restroom, water fountain, leased 137 00130 injured trying restroom roadside stop; 00131 service ARKANSAS 138 00136 140 00138 authorized calculator 141 00139 inform about 00140 00141 142 00143 area housing 00144 143 00145 144 00146 handicapped parking 145 00147 mobility 146 00149 00150 147 00153 forced resign architectural 148 00154 meetings conferences locations 149 00155 150 00156 kinds 00159 151 00161 relocated 00163 CALIFORNIA 152 00166 sites 153 00168 California System telephone 154 00180 transit 00181 155 00202 Children's caring 00206 156 00208 TDD's 157 00210 158 00211 159 00212 160 00213 out-of-state relay 161 00214 community 00215 162 00218 163 00219 164 00220 165 00221 transportation; 00222 166 00223 airport; 167 00224 Service interstate calls 168 00225 169 00226 00227 terminate taking 00231 171 00232 serve jury 172 00236 TTD parents 173 00237 174 00240 00241 00244 00245 Exam high 176 00246 building; 177 00247 work; 00248 178 00249 00250 00252 00253 179 00254 courthouse; street signals too fast safe crossing 180 00255 181 00258 182 00261 Basic Educational Skills Test adults become 183 00262 doctors seizure disorders revoked patients' licenses, reporting conditions cause erratic driving COLORADO 00266 passed bus drivers, claimed lifts broken 186 00267 ramps; 00268 00269 187 00270 00271 188 00272 00273 00274 189 00275 cities; 190 00276 191 00277 political caucuses 192 00280 developmental attend 00281 regular until 194 00283 referrals psychiatric halfway house; Virginia illness CONNECTICUT 195 00285 parent 196 00289 renewal contract assistantship DELAWARE 197 198 00301 school; 199 00302 00303 machines; inadequate 201 00308 spent minutes crawling polling wheelchairs 202 00310 ceremony 203 00314 spaces, usually occupied cars 204 00315 percentage 205 00317 restrictive reintegration institutionalized 00319 00323 206 00325 late library 207 00329 fund 208 00330 vouchers 00331 criminal justice 210 00333 kept schizophrenia Delaware Hospital released 211 00335 labor department's 212 00336 213 00337 transport carrying oxygen 214 00338 staff sexually abused women 00343 215 00345 interrogated providing 216 00347 back GEORGIA 217 218 00362 colleges 219 00365 Georgia faced barriers, housing, 220 00366 classrooms 221 00367 located floor 222 00370 charged $600 per quarter 223 00371 Learning Adult Clinic fees 00372 224 00374 traffic HAWAII 225 00444 00446 226 00448 227 00451 unable elevator Commission employee's request 228 00452 timely books tape coursework; 00455 testify room 230 00456 231 00457 three-year-old fourth graders 232 00458 quadriplegic Hawaii 233 00460 emotional disorder alcoholism 00461 234 00462 unreliability 235 00463 236 00464 237 00467 elevators drivers announce stops 00468 harassed passengers 00469 00472 240 00473 opportunities stereotypical assumptions 00474 ramps 00475 00476 00477 241 00479 licenses 242 00480 park; 243 00484 244 00485 participate interscholastic sports 245 00486 traveling quarantine permitted exemption guide dogs 246 00487 unavailable 247 00488 00490 handi-van paralyzed waist 00491 249 00492 monitor residential 00494 00495 250 00496 appearance IDAHO 251 00502 00505 252 00506 adult victims abuse 253 00507 00508 00509 00510 254 00511 00514 255 00515 00516 256 00517 defenders' offices appeared intoxicated 257 00518 TTY 258 00521 injuries 00522 00523 259 00524 260 00528 courthouse, library, 261 00531 licensed speech impediment 262 00533 263 00537 264 00540 Idaho statewide 265 00541 welfare 266 00543 admission ILLINOIS 267 268 00546 ballots wait cold weather 269 00548 mainstream 270 00553 budget 271 00554 272 00559 threatening placement 00569 stations 273 00572 arrested overnight explanation 00573 00574 attendance PTA 00575 00576 275 00578 276 00579 telecommunications devices 277 00581 278 00583 medical, police, fire personnel trained receive TDD 279 00585 pools; municipal 00586 00587 00588 00589 00590 00591 00592 00594 00595 00596 00597 00600 00603 280 00605 buildings; INDIANA 281 282 00608 classified 283 00609 years, 00612 00613 00616 00618 00619 00621 285 00622 TTY/TDD's 286 00629 counselors discouraged 287 00637 physically dragged 288 00644 unit Central 289 00651 00653 290 00655 IOWA 291 292 00659 operator 00664 commission supply 294 00665 integrated KANSAS 295 00670 legally investigator ability drive 297 00673 arresting 00676 epilepsy 299 00679 00685 00695 00696 damaged poor lighting posed 00704 city-owned arena KENTUCKY 302 00706 driver bypassed standing stop dog 00709 304 00712 305 00717 00720 306 00723 00724 307 00729 department, 308 00731 parttime 309 00732 teaching courses music 00733 00736 310 00740 Kentucky School Deaf preferred rather LOUISIANA 311 00743 Louisiana 00745 00748 assumed coordination drunk 00751 00752 program 315 00753 00758 316 00759 Sheriffs Pension Relief Fund membership 317 00773 318 00776 MAINE 00778 sidewalk 321 00780 regulations 322 00782 town meeting MARYLAND 323 00785 325 00787 libraries, prison 326 00788 relations answer 327 00789 00797 328 00798 hospital MASSACHUSETTS 329 330 00808 Children day assistant 00812 331 00813 armory 332 00816 blindness 333 00829 Adoption Exchange let family mother muscular dystrophy 334 00835 hired able-bodied MICHIGAN 335 336 00920 Michigan 00921 campuses 337 00922 percent precincts Detroit 00923 buses 339 00924 discipline serving attending advisory 340 00925 stadium restrooms, fountains, telephones 00926 341 00928 342 00932 343 00933 wheelchairs; 344 00939 faculty 345 00947 00950 347 00958 00960 348 00961 sabbatical proposal member 349 00963 inappropriate positions 350 00964 00968 00969 girls' 352 00970 terminated banned future MINNESOTA 353 354 00974 score finalist blind, 355 00980 humiliated MISSISSIPPI 356 00853 00855 beaches, pools, parks 357 00984 Mississippi 358 00985 coordinate programs 00986 360 00987 post caution warning 361 00988 booths 00989 362 00990 pay 00992 363 00993 elementary braces cane walk 364 00994 rooms; 365 00996 366 00997 00998 courthouses 367 00999 instructor 01000 368 01001 place; MISSOURI 369 01003 370 01004 371 01006 372 01009 offices, schools, 373 01010 tried discourage person's chosen field 01013 374 01015 amplified sound courtrooms MONTANA 375 01017 01022 downtown 376 01023 paraplegics 01024 377 01026 vote 01027 NEBRASKA 378 379 01029 juries, commissions, committees 380 01031 381 01034 entrance NEVADA 382 01038 01043 385 01044 386 01046 387 01050 living 388 01051 389 01053 390 01054 crosswalk NEW HAMPSHIRE 391 392 01057 surplus funds 393 01061 counselor cut JERSEY 394 395 01067 visually impaired demoted 396 01068 permission open 397 01069 Cumberland campus 01072 MEXICO 398 399 01080 entry admitted partially sighted grades 01083 Mexico 01091 prisoners longer correctional 01092 402 01095 403 01097 404 01098 405 01099 406 01100 YORK 407 408 01109 409 01114 custodian locked 410 01119 legislature, freight 01129 village elevator; 412 01130 01134 beaches NORTH CAROLINA 414 415 01144 initially extra fee Down's afterschool 416 01155 told 417 01158 agencies, rehabilitation, 418 01161 jailed DAKOTA 419 420 01170 exam 01172 01175 laws; places; 422 01178 423 01183 424 01185 425 01186 01187 01196 head-injury election polls inspector OHIO 428 429 01215 trim trees regularly, hazard 430 01216 state, county, 431 01218 offices; 01221 433 01224 paranoid schizophrenic 434 01229 435 01230 436 01231 eligible 437 01234 438 01235 left stranded 01236 steered menial Ph. 01239 441 01241 Cleveland 01242 OKLAHOMA 442 443 01251 Tulsa Authority tenants 444 01258 skills; employees; effort 01265 pointed gun car quickly 01266 01269 01271 01275 hotel 01278 01280 449 01286 offered worker OREGON 450 451 01370 printed material 452 01375 gave cleaning 453 01377 degrees professional appro- priate advised seek entry-level 454 01378 PENNSYLVANIA 455 01391 issuance cards residents 457 01397 01399 01407 01408 01409 01410 458 01413 01421 459 01423 automatic ticket dispensers Pennsylvania Turnpike 460 01425 01427 01429 461 01430 GED unwilling 462 01432 enroll grade 463 01434 01435 rural 01436 01439 01441 SOUTH 465 01454 911 466 01457 departments TDD's; 467 468 01466 01467 hydrant pedestrians 01469 01470 470 01472 giving 471 01475 472 01476 certificate TEXAS 474 01483 poles obstructed sidewalks; 475 01503 teachers' pass assessment listening 476 01514 unblemished 20-year 01520 spaces 01521 chose science 478 01522 479 01526 480 01527 481 01529 482 01531 483 01536 boy HIV 484 01540 485 01542 cosmetology interpreter 486 01543 chiropractic x-rays 487 01549 instructors assessed skills 01551 UTAH 489 490 01554 491 01556 first-grade him 492 01563 implement panel 493 01576 persons; 494 01577 upper management 495 01580 reading 496 01581 coach football, 01584 01586 497 01587 belong 498 01592 Utah Syndrome, mainstreamed 499 01595 involuntarily hospitalized 500 01613 VERMONT 501 502 01634 VIRGINIA 503 504 01642 misclassified ineligible drama 01646 youth 506 01647 507 01654 01656 01660 rehabilitate 01663 01664 01667 510 01668 511 01671 512 01674 513 01675 01676 01677 514 01678 ramp 01679 01680 01682 01683 main intersection 516 01684 obstructing 01686 WASHINGTON 01690 01692 government's deterred 01694 522 01696 pursue 523 01706 ways 524 01716 sheriff 's discontinued 01717 ferry terminal WEST 526 01742 01745 01746 WISCONSIN 01752 01755 01756 532 01767 01758 533 01759 braille 01760 diabetes' 535 01761 01766 revoke hand controls 537 01771 WYOMING 538 539 01773 01775 540 01777 541 01780 542 01781 543 01786 marriage

Category: 9