Document: 390 U.S. 629 88 S.Ct. 1274 20 L.Ed.2d 195 Sam GINSBERG, Appellant,v.STATE OF NEW YORK. No. 47. Argued Jan. 16, 1968. Decided April 22, Rehearing Denied June 3, See 391 971, 2029. [Syllabus from pages 629-630 intentionally omitted] Emanuel Redfield, New York City, for appellant. William Cahn, Mineola, N.Y., appellee. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered the opinion of Court. 1 This case presents question constitutionality on its face a criminal obscenity statute which prohibits sale to minors under 17 years age material defined be obscene basis appeal them whether or not it would adults. 2 Appellant and his wife operate 'Sam's Stationery Luncheonette' in Bellmore, Long Island. They have lunch counter, and, among other things, also sell magazines including some so-called 'girlie' magazines. was prosecuted two informations, each counts, charged that he personally sold 16-year-old boy dates October 1965, violation § 484—h Penal Law, McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 40. He tried before judge without jury Nassau County District Court found guilty both counts.1 The (1) contained pictures depicted female 'nudity' manner subsection 1(b), is 'the showing * buttocks with less than full opaque covering, breast fully covering any portion thereof below top nipple *,' (2) were 'harmful minors' they had, within meaning 1(f) 'that quality representation nudity (which) (i) predominantly appeals prurient, shameful morbid interest minors, (ii) patently offensive prevailing standards adult community as whole respect what suitable (iii) utterly redeeming social importance minors.' held sales therefore constituted 'knowingly minor' '(a) picture depicts harmful minors,' '(b) magazine contains (such pictures) which, taken whole, conviction affirmed by Appellate Term, Second Department, Supreme denied leave Appeals then appealed this We noted probable jurisdiction. 388 904, 87 2108, 18 1344. affirm.2 I. 3 involved here are adults, Redrup v. State York, 386 767, 1414, L.2d.2d 515.3 But does bar appellant stocking selling persons older, invalid our decision Butler Michigan, 352 380, 77 524, 412. 4 Obscenity area protected speech press. Roth United States, 354 476, 485, 1304, 1309, 1498. three-pronged test judgment variable formulation determining stated plurality A Book Named 'John Cleland's Memoirs Woman Pleasure' Attorney General Com. Massachusetts, 383 413, 418, 86 975, 977, 16 1. Appellant's primary attack upon leveled at power adapt define material's thus exclude so expression. makes no argument definition 1(f). Thus '(n)o issue presented concerning involved.' Roth, U.S., 481, 1307, n. 8. 5 'upheld Legislature's employ concepts obscenity'4 same challenge state enact such law addressed 484—h. Bookcase, Inc. Broderick, N.Y.2d 71, 271 N.Y.S.2d 947, 218 N.E.2d 668, dismissed want properly federal question, sub nom. Leary, 385 12, 81, 11. In sustaining law, said, N.Y.2d, p. 75, N.Y.S.2d, 952, N.E.2d, 671: 6 '(M)aterial distribution adults necessarily constitutionally restriction dissemination children. words, concept unprotected matter may vary according group whom questionable directed quarantined. Because State's exigent preventing children objectionable material, can exercise protect health, safety, welfare morals barring books recognized adults.' 7 draw line 17. Rather, contention broad proposition scope constitutional freedom expression secured citizen read see concerned sex cannot made depend an minor. accordingly insists denial access condemned 484—h, insofar constitutes unconstitutional deprivation liberty. 8 occasion consider impact guarantees totality relationship minor State, cf. re Gault, 387 1, 13, 1428, 1436, 527. It enough purposes we inquire impermissible so, accord more restricted right assured determine themselves see. conclude say invades minors.5 9 argues there invasion rights indistinguishable invasions Nebraska forbidding study German, struck down Meyer Nebraska, 262 390, 43 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042; Oregon interfering children's attendance private parochial schools, Pierce Society Sisters Holy Names Jesus Mary, 268 510, 45 571, 69 1070; compelling against their religious scruples give flag salute, West Virginia Board Education Barnette, 319 624, 63 1178, 1628. reject argument. do regard York's regulation defining involving freedoms. Rather simply adjusts 'to realities permitting type assessed term sexual interests *' minors. Mishkin 502, 509, 958, 56; supra, 951, 671. That has make adjustment seems clear, even where freedoms control conduct reaches beyond authority over *.' Prince Commonwealth 321 158, 170, 64 438, 444, 645.6 sustained guardian nine-year-old girl, members sect Jehovah's Witnesses, violating Massachusetts Child Labor Law girl sect's tracts streets Boston. 10 well-being course subject regulate, view, justify limitations availability 17, least if rational legislature find exposure might harmful. First all, interpretation consistently parents' claim own household direct rearing basic structure society. 'It cardinal us custody, care nurture child reside first parents, whose function include preparation obligations neither supply nor hinder.' 166, S.Ct., 442. could parents others, teachers example, who responsibility entitled support laws designed aid discharge responsibility. Indeed, 1(f)(ii) expressly recognizes parental role assessing sex-related Moreover, prohibition desire purchasing children.7 11 independent youth. squarely bottomed Judge Fuld, now Chief emphasized significance earlier People Kahan, 15 311, 258 391, 206 333, had version grounds vagueness. concurring opinion, 312, 392, 334, said: 12 'While supervision reading best left knowledge parentalcontrol guidance always provided society's transcendent protecting reasonable them. is, therefore, altogether fitting proper regulate pornography special standards, broader those embodied legislation aimed controlling 13 165, 441, Court, too, children' 'safeguarded abuses' prevent 'growth into free well-developed men citizens.' only remaining, Legislature rationally conclude, has, materials proscribed 'abuse.' 14 Section 484—e states legislative finding 'a factor impairing ethical moral development youth clear present danger people state.' very doubtful expresses accepted scientific fact.8 suppressed circumstances lie behind phrase 'clear danger' application speech. 486—487, 1309—1310.9 To sustain requires able irrational 400, 627, German language 'cannot reasonably regarded harmful.' said seeing material. sure, lack 'studies' purport demonstrate growing consensus commentators 'while these studies all agree causal link been demonstrated, equally agreed disproved either.'10 demand legislatures 'scientifically certain criteria legislation.' Noble Bank Haskell, 219 104, 110, 31 186, 187, 55 112. relation objective safeguarding harm. II. challenges subsections (f) (g) event void vague honest distributor publications know when violated construed 'virtually identical Court's most recent statement elements obscenity. (A Pleasure 1),' 76, 953, 672. gives 'men acting adequate notice prohibited' offend requirements due process. 492, 1313, Winters 333 507, 520, 68 665, 672, 92 840. As required Smith California, 361 147, 80 215, 205, 'knowingly.' scienter requirement centers 'knowingly' includes 'reason know' belief ground warrants further inspection inquiry both: character content described herein susceptible examination defendant, minor, however, mistake shall constitute excuse liability hereunder defendant bona fide attempt ascertain true minor.' (i), passed after decided Finkelstein, 342, 214 363, 174 470, general statute, 1141 Law. scienter, sense contents rests necessity avoid hazard self-censorship compensate ambiguities inherent obscenity,' U.s., 511, 965. Finkelstein interpreted require vital element scienter' terms: 'A (§ 1141) clearly indicates aware distribute should punished. innocent but calculated purveyance filth exorcised 344 345, 364, 471. (Emphasis supplied.) 510—511, 964, validity founded foreclosed light construction. When attention nature statute. 1965 N.Y.S.Leg.Ann. 54 56. infer reference provision herein' incorporates gloss given 'character' Finkelstein. circumstance rejection appellant's unnecessary today 'what sort mental requisite permissible prosecution,' 154, 219. attacks impermissibly vague. however proviso defense 'honest mistake' tell bookseller effort must excused.' wholly merit. acquitted proves Cf. 1967 235.22(2), supra. 19 Affirmed. APPENDIX TO OPINION THE COURT. enacted L. 327, provides: 21 s Exposing Definitions. used section: 22 (a) 'Minor' means person seventeen years. 23 (b) 'Nudity' human male genitals, pubic nipple, depiction covered genitals discernibly turgid state. 24 (c) 'Sexual conduct' acts masturbation, homosexuality, intercourse, physical contact person's clothed unclothed public area, or, female, breast. 25 (d) excitement' condition stimulation arousal. 26 (e) 'Sado-masochistic abuse' flagellation torture clad undergarments, mask bizarre costume, being fettered, bound otherwise physically restrained part one clothed. 27 'Harmful description representation, whatever form, nudity, conduct, excitement, sadomasochistic abuse, it: 28 29 30 'Knowingly' having of, reason know, 32 33 34 2. unlawful knowingly sellor loan monetary consideration minor: 35 picture, photograph, drawing, sculpture, motion film, similar visual image body abuse 36 book, pamphlet, magazine, printed reproduced, sound recording enumerated paragraph subdivision hereof, explicit detailed verbal descriptions narrative accounts excitementSexual sado-masochistic 37 3. exhibit admission ticket pass admit premises whereon exhibited, show presentation part, 38 4. hereof misdemeanor. B 39 statutes referring are: 40 Cal.Pen.Code §§ 311—312 (Supp.1966); Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. 9—16 40—9—27 (1963); Conn.Gen.Stat.Rev. 53—243 53—245 (Supp.1965); Del.Code Ann., Tit. 11, 435, 711—713 (1953); Fla.Stat.Ann. 847.011—847.06 (1965 Supp.1968); Ga.Code Ann. ss 26—6301 26—6309a (Supp.1967); Hawaii Rev. Laws 267—8 (1955); Idaho Code 18—1506 18—1510 Ill.Ann.Stat., 38, 11—20 11—21 Iowa 725.4—725.12 (1950); Ky.Rev.Stat. 436.100 436.130, 436.540—436.580 (1963 Supp.1966); La.Rev.Stat. 14:91.11, 14:92, 14:106 Me.RevStat.Ann., 2901—2905 (1964); Md.Ann.Code, Art. 27, 417—425 (1957 Supp.1967); Mass.Gen.Laws 272, 28—33 (1959 Mich.Stat.Ann. 28.575—28.579 (1954 Supp.1968), Comp. Mich. 750.343—750.347; Mo.Ann.Stat. 563.270 563.310 (1953 Mont.Rev.Codes 94—3601 94 3606 (1947 Neb.Rev.Stat. 28—926.09 28—926.10 Cum.Supp.); Nev.Rev.Stat. 201.250, 207.180 (1965); N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. 571—A:1 571—A:5 N.J.Stat.Ann. 2A:115—1.1 2A:115—4 N.C.Gen.Stat. 14—189 N.D.Cent.Code 12—21—07 12—21—09 (1960); Ohio Rev.Code 2903.10—2903.11, 2905.34—2905.39 Okla.Stat.Ann., 21, 1021—1024, 1032—1039 (1958 Pa.Stat.Ann., 18, 3831—3833, 4524 R.I.Gen.Laws 11—31—1 11—31—10 (1956 S.C.Code 16—414.1 16—421 (1962 Tex.Pen.Code, Arts. 526, 527b (1952 Utah 76—39-5, 76—39—17 Vt.Stat.Ann., 2801—2805 (1959); Va.Code 18.1—227 18.1 236.3 (1960 W.Va.Code 61—8—11 (1966); Wyo.Stat.Ann. 6—103, 7—148 (1957). 41 STEWART, result. 42 doctrinaire, knee-jerk Amendment would, course, dictate nullification statute.1 result required, I think, bear mind protects. liberty order preserve Nation Holmes called 'free trade ideas.'2 end, Constitution protects just man's write publish wants. secures well man decide himself will listen. guarantees, short, society choice. Such presupposes capacity choose. 44 occurs setting choice absent, government co-exist implement guarantees. So city ordinance prohibiting imposing opinions others 'by way trucks loud raucous noises streets.'3 And my Brothers BLACK DOUGLAS thought itself foisting uninvited views captive audience.4 think permissibly that, precisely delineated areas, child5—like someone audience—is possessed individual presupposition premise, suppose, deprive marry, vote—deprivations intolerable adults.6 46 hold face,7 violates Fourteenth Amendments. 47 DOUGLAS, concurs, dissenting. 48 While willing reverse 515, reasons Brother FORTAS, objections strike deeper. 49 If field substantive process seeking measure propriety Amendment, suppose difficulty decisions act. For view many 'obscene' book tract deleterious effect young, although seriously doubt wisdom trying put fresh, evanescent, natural blossoming category 'sin.' 50 That, preceptor field. Anthony Comstock, waged war 'obscenity' year 1872 until death 1915. Some set forth Traps Young, published 1883, excerpts out Appendix opinion. 51 title refers 'traps' created Satan 'for boys girls especially.' operated theory every 'inborn tendency toward wrongdoing mainly fear final judgment.' tended remove 'trap' created. Hence, Comstock much wider range literature apparently inclined do.1 52 responsible Federal Anti-Obscenity Act March 1873. Stat. 598. soon followed. organization Suppression Vice, act incorporation granted one-half fines levied successfully agents. 53 Young authorities irrational2 (Ferguson Skrupa, 372 726, 83 1928, 93; Williamson Lee Optical Co. Okl., 348 483, 75 461, 99 563; Daniel Family Sec. Ins. Co., 336 220, 550, 93 632; Olsen 313 236, 61 862, 85 1305) young banned.3 problem seemed me quite different. mandate (originally applicable Government States Amendment) 'abridging speech, press.' appreciate impliedly excluded; indicated prior why unable reach conclusion.4 Ginzburg 463, 482, 942, (dissenting opinion); Jacobellis Ohio, 378 184, 196, 84 1676, 1682, 793 (concurring Black); 508, 1321, 1498 opinion). corollary expressed Public Utilities Comm'n Columbia Pollak, 343 451, 467, 468, 72 813, 823, 96 1068 opinion), Big listen published. wrong concluding kind condemns fact, notion censorship press sometimes harm regulated. once visited foreign nation regime strict bookstalls religion mathematics. Today determines regulating reasonableness child. process, limit alone. 'juvenile delinquents' known mostly Thus, U.S.C. 1461 (punishing mailing material) consolidated (Roth (Alberts California), 311 (prohibiting, inter alia, keeping advertising material), authoritatively prohibitions speak preceded time; interpret occasional utterances suggesting considered expressions particular Justices See, e.g., Chaplinsky Hampshire, 315 568, 571—572, 62 766, 768—769, 1031; Beauharnais Illinois, 250, 266, 725, 735, 919. then, since 1957 adhered myself. age. rationality how modern Comstocks 'protecting' groups society, merely movies come clearance exceedingly dull boring, understand become excited alarmed something done stop flow. thing parents5 organizations active involved. different implicated censor. keep hands officials off printing presses America systems literature. wanted way; indeed police prosecutor middle publishing business. amendment achieve amendment, perhaps country up national board censorship. Censors are, propelled neuroses6 universally impossible. Any highly subjective, turning neurosis Those deep-seated, subconscious conflict either great crusaders avid customers it.7 letting citzens judges people, old, read. issues canvassed debated creating country. wisdom, launched sits Nation's censors. With qualified first, it, second, beneficial publication minds old. await authorized censor publishers, authors, distributors fined jailed print MR. JUSTICE DISSENTING. COMSTOCK, TRAPS FOR YOUNG 20—22 (1883) came went fro earth, watching traps rejoicing numerous victims, room improvement schemes. daily did meet requirements. weekly illustrated papers crime sports, brothels, gin-mills, thieves' resorts, gross, libidinous, monstrous, decent spurned excluded home sight. too highpriced children, cumbersome conveniently parent's eye carried boy's pocket. resolved another trap especially. vile papers, lining news-stands shop-windows along pathway school church, go places instruction giving him opportunity defile pure flaunting atrocities eyes. rejoiced greatly professing Christians silent acquiesced plans. refined women freely displayed sale; few, any, courage enter protest display indecencies, scarcely land boldness dealer filth, 'will you cent patronage long devil-traps ruin young.' pround respectable citizens account, caused honorable mention imps, because quiet orderly assitance rendered him. stirred tools earth promise few paltry dollars improve death-dealing deathtraps, forthwith series new snares fascinating construction, small tempting price, baited high-sounding names. These sure-ruin comprise large variety halfdime novels, five ten story low-priced pamphlets girls. class silly, insipid tale, coarse, slangy dialect barroom, blood-and-thunder romance border life, exaggerated details crimes, real imaginary. colored sensational reports while far larger number, deal improbable creations fiction. unreal outstrips real. Crimes gilded, lawlessness painted resemble valor, making bid bandits, brigands, murderers, thieves, criminals general. Who prison, gambling saloon, brothel companion child? Yet insidious foe selected stories allowed associates child's shape thoughts. finest fruits civilization consumed vermin. Nay, products corrupt eggs kinds villainies hatched. Put entire batch together, publishers vendors single instance elevated morals, noble instinct developed leading many, vast majority stories, possesses usually extraordinary beauty countenance, superb clothing, abundant wealth, strength giant, agility squirrel, cunning fox, brazen effrontery daring villain, destitute God man. foremost desperadoes, beau-ideal maidens, high favorite rich person, indorsement lifts villain lofty positions provides liberally wealth secure immunity crimes. maiden foul loathsome criminals. Many favor marriage cheapen virtue. II SPECIAL WASHINGTON POST (March 1968) AUSTIN C. WEHRWEIN White Bear Lake, Minn., 2.—Faced threat suit, 12,000 north St. Paul reviewing mandatory education courses, couldn't please everybody. Mothers threatened picket films scheduled. Mrs. Robert Murphy, mother led protests, elementary 'took privacy marriage.' 'Now,' she 'our kids shut bedroom door means. program taking childhood away. third graders movie birth She second-grade walking around 'apples oranges blouses.' Her seventh-grade son sheet menstruation, demanding 'why about menstruation?' fears lead experimentation, 'pagan' argued animals don't teach things 'before they're ready.' 'One block told mother, 'Guess what, next week teacher's gonna daddy fertilized you," reported Martin Capeder. 'They need that.' Norman Jensen, principal Lincoln School, program, runs kindergarten through 12th grade, approved district's PTA council, Lake Ministerial Association district board. based, polls showed per got education, curriculum 'matter-of-fact.' protesting insisted objection such, get 15—'or start shaving.' (In nearby Park, 71 formed 'Concerned Parents Against Sex Education' planning legal action seventh grade. asked equal time PTAs eight schools discuss topics contraceptives, unqualified instructors, belief, morality attitudes.') protesters list terms definitions deemed objectionable. Designed included vagina, clitoris, erection, intercourse copulation. 'Fertilization Birth' woman birth. optional shown classes. Ginny McKay, president local defended saying 'Sex beautiful thing. (the PTA) realized time.' Murphy predicted result: 'Instead (sic) 15-year-old pregnant girls, they'll 13-year-old girls.' III (A). T. SCHROEDER, OBSCENE LITERATURE AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 277 278 (1911). appears unifying generalized word 'obscene,' (that common conception indecency), affiliated emotion disapproval. varying temperament persons, stages development, aroused entirely stimuli, associated infinite ever-changing objectives, characteristic nature; art. Since experiences, fewer still evolve agreement conceptional emotional associations, follow practically none judging conclusions agree. like words delicate, ugly, lovable, hateful, etc., abstraction based reasoned, sense-perceived, likeness between selection classification made, similarity emotions aroused, images; turn, depends fears, hopes, experience, suggestions, degree neuro-sexual psycho-sexual health. emotions, feel, firmly convinced strongly agitated.' This, demonstration exists believe picture. Since, devoid unification; subjective element, emotion, indefinable nature, inconstant stimulus capable arousing immeasurable relative degrees intensity, follows incapable accurate uniformity result, 'purity.' Being essentially inextricably frame qualities alone, possible, possible alleged 'test' conclusion conceivable book. Therefore, judicial 'tests' judgment, but, contrary, rule uncertain, invokes experiences test(e)rs foggy realm problematical speculation psychic tendencies, help meaningless useless. 'test,' criminality, standard unavoidably becomes personal standard, differing 'test.' objectionable, Later uncertainty guilt renders unconstitutional. (B). KALLEN, ETHICAL ASPECTS CENSORSHIP, IN SOCIAL MEANING LEGAL CONCEPTS 34, 50—51 (N.Y.U. 1953). authoritarian's will, difference inferiority, wickedness corruption; apprehend devotion error commitment sin. acknowledge attributes turpitude intellectual vice. Above him, simple existence, aggression good, true, right. His imperative destroy it; contain hunt down, cut out. Certain psychology suggest aggression. compulsive bring open contemplation secret parts censor's psychosomatic personality, potent suffer shamefaced dishonor naked exposures. activities, call constant preoccupation parts, psyche penalties concern trans-valuing pursuit obscene, indecent, pornographic, blasphemous morals. censor, purporting, unconscious actual dynamic, corruption, frees consciousness dwell corruption shame dishonor. overt sincerity: 'When genius arts produces lewd lascivious ideas, deadly perceptible ideas represented gross experience prose poetry. ear sensuous enter, thoughts corrupted, conscience seared, reproduced fancy awaken forces evil explode irresistible force carrying destruction safeguard virtue honor.' Did Bernard Shaw, gave English comstockery, declare himself, preface Shewing-Up Blanco Posnet, specialist immoral, heretical plays reconsider morals'? brave passionately explored fought outer inner saved honor destruction. observation save introspection others? reveal, hundreds thousands false. Like correlation misfortune sixth day number comstockery signalizes fear-projected superstition. externalization anxiety fear, fact objectively studied appraised. reaction-formations self. Of incomplete motivation logic censorial establishments tradition, drives items syndrome dominants greed pelf, power, prestige, reinforced lost, lost insatiable demands more. Authoritarian societies insure goods prescriptive creed code rulers supernatural origins sanctions. enforcement prescriptions entrusted ultimate police-power central hierarchy, department thought-policing. (C). CRAWFORD, PSYCHOPATHIC, PSYCHOANALYTIC REVIEW 440, 445—446 (1923). Objection, works objectors, 'immoral,' principally psychopathies intact, scheme repression, inevitably involves psychopathic conditions, intact. activities professionally definitely furnish proof evident student matters abnormal. safe psychopath back it. Carried logical literary Every instinctive feeling understanding life. Literary art, creative effort, form sublimation. conscious instinctively seeks. artist, attained understanding, communicates readers. matters, popular beliefs, taboos error. (T)he presence thinks unprofitable, unwise itself, strong evidence nonrational. Most deepseated convictions race belong category. Anyone encounter nonrational attitude. sublimition writer sublimation reader. typical patient alike deeprooted aversion Inferiority complexes feel comfortable, though illusory, superiority, Again, realization mass sublimate artist does, specious superiority forms account considerable arts. leader, reformer, aiming unconsciously leveling humanity plane pathological mediocrity. abnormal legend, literature, revelatory significant. legend finds taboos, discovers contemporary aims realistically life hardly obtain patients. frankness seeks vain comes contact, advances comparable research. commend realistic, patients, suffering specific difficulties, generally. realize important factors freedom. No primitive farther attitude slightly civilized successor, nearer significant (D). J. RINALDO, PSYCHOANALYSIS 'REFORMER' 56—60 (1921). aspect humanist movement sour disgruntled puritanism, glance contradict step libidinous development. hysterical outburst flesh masses Rubens, sinuous squirming lines Louis XV decoration. Both reactions past experience. Puritan sensualist rebels beginning restraint celibacy. Unfortunately, satisfy libido normal gratification healthy converted activities. super-excitement libertine. Unable satisfaction ways, inhibited, develops irritation, contradicting, breaking, thwarting manifestations exciting causes. Not produce mars them, smashing stained glass windows, destroying sculptures, cutting May-poles, dance, clipping hair, hideous misshapen garments silencing laughter song. build destroy. create hinders creation. abortionist illegitimate brat torn womb. cries sin, pleasure sin rather fights. enjoyment hates. From clime absent; never dominant deciding till bounds sanity. wait midwife abortionist, ever cure sickness survive periods impress repressions later days peculiar economy behavior. libertine destroys devouring substance self-satisfaction. reformer devours somewhat tax vice, living hysteria homologous opposite. reached critical strikingly psychological symptoms reactions, least, decadent Rome. extravagant cults, Spiritism, Dowieism, 'The Purple Mother,' eagerly seized upon, filling world clamor frenzy; mad pleasure, breaking scattering forms, orgy gluttony extravagance, crude emotionalism letter theater, deformed inverted Homo-sexualism openly admitted, 'sissy' red necktie familiar easily understood property jest pantomime. jazz jumble incongruities, dog dinners, monkey marriages, cubism, control, feminism, free-love, verse libre, moving pictures. Through strident note puritianism. grows other. Neither precede follow. rash beginnings reform movements license seem contradict. Significant strongest reformer. preach sermon ending, attempted rape seldom missing telephone; thrills expected thrill. paradox saw eunuch priests harlot priestesses Isis vice-crusading, vice-pandering reformers. Back lies condition, anti-alcoholism prohibitionist, cropped head puritan father, birth-control, vice-crusading virgins amiable sisters Aphrodite. Interpreted history, libertinism reformism differentiated cause effect, reaction, two-fold manifestation thing, condition. differ externals, operates genesis simultaneous. (E). H. LASSWELL, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY POLITICS 94—96 (1930). Another motive, early family days, influence prominent behavior, A's struggle maintain repressions. ('A' unidentified, nonfictional history author.) erected elaborate laid brother-hatred, 'irregular' sexuality drinking, indulgences. driven modifying environment impulses often partial indulgence repressed engaging various closely operations. sermons vice enabled let fantasies seduction. crusading ventures brought houses ill fame, partly discoverable rooms. rationalized arguing leader temptation path At increase diminish prostitution. motives prevented self-discipline prolonged abolish sufficiently night dreams dreams. spite efforts 'fight' 'antisocial impulses,' continued appear. Among consequences produced hypocrisy. 'battle' 'evil' partially successful, profound insecurity. self-punishing strain insecurity alleviated, found, publicly reaffirming distracting matters. rapid movements, dogmatic assertions, diversified escape gnawing incapacity cope desires master himself. Uncertain busy engaged endless committee sessions, conferences, meetings purpose. managed submerge buzzing ceaseless activity; stand solitude, drove futility; undertake laborious study, demanded world. manifest themselves, resistances. continually luring impotent. Although proposed theology student, chose immediate entourage, effected almost instantaneous recovery disappointments. inference considerably relieved postpone potency, strengthened during cheerfully postponement finally became wife. lived valued particularly conventional biological unmarried object good-natured comment. pastoral duties 'make calls' cheer bedridden, faint whisper really job. preaching socially occupation, ridiculous experienced little privileged mankind. prosecution. Ginsburg luncheonette offered sale. enlisted buy Ginsberg prosecuted. there, picked case, paid walked Ginsberg's offense duly authorities. invoked. convicted. court imposed suspended sentence. points out, mean lose necessary luncheonette. vulgar periodicals. However tasteless tawdry be, ruled (as acknowledges) offensiveness heretofore applied. (Gent Arkansas) 515 (1967). rulings cases avoids facing viewed boy, older. says lawyer choose 'obscene.' face. reasons, look ambit case. comprehensive statements duty cases—statements 187—190, 1677—1679, (1964) (opinion Brennan, J.).* fundamental youths, counsel's position. By doing essence problem; freed obscenity, turns publication, obscene? certainly cities counties villages unlimited withhold anything everything written pictorial younger people. justifies Constitution, says, variable, calls 'variable obscenity.' disagree this, insist assess principle—certainly apply it—the extent confined domain—may careful differentiation arbitrary, free-wheeling basis. where, enunciated seller fault. Petitioner offer sale, 'fault'—without deliberately, calculatedly sought induce Bookselling hazardous profession facts serious pushing pandering, asserted solicitude values, contrary traditions 527 begs undefined, sensible condemn. undefined approval denies art wish uninhibited access. magazines, allegedly distinguishing characteristics, punishment pushers panderers failure circumscribe limits may, limits, pushers. defensible assaults. convict passive operator maliciously designedly picks pays girlie presumably obscene. (1967) (1966) sufficiency evidence, burden proof, expert permissible, prerequisite argue trial 'contained excitement conduct,' aside Cole Arkansas, 514, 644. charges containing depicting nudity. convicted distinctly substantially offense. text attached A. L.1965, replace Inc., 409, 252 433, 201 14. turn replaced L.1967, 791, 235.20—235.22 major changes added 'is presumed (sell) 'it affirmative that: old more; exhibited draft card, driver's license, certificate official document purporting establish more.' addition intimate presumption. 205; Speiser Randall, 357 513, 78 1332, 1460; N.Y.U.L.Rev. 791 Albany L.Rev. 133 (1966). repealed outright 484—i 327. forbade 18. Tannenbaum, 268, 274 131, 220 783. analysis comparison Brooklyn 329 moot. sentenced year's imprisonment, $500 fine both. N.Y.Penal 1937. exercised 2188 May 1966, sentence counts. Under 470—a Criminal Procedure, thereafter recall impose year, 1967. so. Pierre 41, 910, 1199, moot petitioner finished serving review 'petitioner disabilities satisfied.' Id., 43, 911. concedes brief mootness flow conviction.' possibility ineligibility licensing municipal lawful occupations argument, parties advised crime, revocation lunchenonette business carries York. Bellmore 'unincorporated village' Town Hempstead, Island, N.Y.S.Leg.Man. 1154. town 'Commissioner Buildings suspend revoke issued, discretion, crime.' LL eff. December 8.1(e). entail collateral sufficient exception. Fiswick 211, 220—222, 224, 229—230, 91 196. Tannenbaum 439, 2107, 1300, Jacobs 431, 2098, 1294, entailed consequences. alleged, 'any penalty misdemeanor issue.' show, contend, revoked 'conviction crime'; suspension Administrative City requiring Department Licenses assure theatres conducted 'public morals.' One 'Sir.' Gent 769, 1415, Arkansas reflect limited juveniles applied suppress magazine. Other turned findings nonobscenity include: Central Magazine Sales, ltd. 389 50, 235, 49; Conner Hammond, 48, 234, 47; Potomac News 47, 233, 46; Mazes 453, 2105, 1315; Quantity Copies Books Kansas, 452, 2104, 1314; Books, 449, 1311; Aday 447, 2095, 1309; Avansino 446, 2093, 1308; Sheperd 1306; Friedman 2091, 1303; Keney 1302; Rosenbloom Virginia, 450, 1312; Sunshine Summerfield, 355 372, 365, 352. 270, 133, 783, 785, moot, 1300. Lockhart & McClure, Censorship Obscenity: Developing Constitutional Standards, Minn.L.Rev. (1960). authors state: 'Variable furnishes useful analytical took dealing denying adolescents audience sexually mature focuses make-up peripheral audiences circumstances, satisfactory delineating circumstance.' Suggestions specifically pornographic commentators. 195, Brennan Goldberg); id., 201, 1685 dissenting CHIEF JUSTICE); Ginzberg 498, 956, 31, STEWART); Interstate Circuit, Dallas, Cir., 366 F.2d 590, 593; Louisiana Dayries, D.C., 187 F.Supp. 241, 247; Levine, 156; Dennett, 564, 76 A.L.R. 1092; R. Kuh, Foolish Figleaves? 258—260 (1967); Emerson, Toward Theory Yale L.J. 877, 939 Gerber, Suggested Solution Riddle Obscenity, 112 U.Pa.L.Rev. 834, 848 Henkin, Morals Constitution: Sin Col.L.Rev. Kalven, Metaphysics 1960 Sup.Ct.Rev. 7; Magrath, Cases: Grapes 1966 7, 75. provisions listed None precise counterpart imply questions constitutionality. commentators, committed reconciled amendment,' recognize adults,' supervening 938, (1963): 'Different play, also, stake erotic strictly immaturity, considerations, rules. Without attempting formulate principles relevant suffices regulations communication conform 848; urged regulation. 258—260; Comment, Exclusion Children Violent Movies, 1149, 1159—1160 Note, Problems Legislation Protecting Children, Geo.L.J. 1379 commentator defective imposition accept relating arguments distinguish fit.' Elias, Publications Moral Corruption: Dilemma, Wm. Mary 302, 320—321 Compare 424, 980 nopinion Douglas, J.) 988 Clark, J.). cc. 18—19; Gaylin, Review, 579, 591—595 (1968); 52. Our irrelevant determination debate antisocial supra; 49—56; Dibble, Quarantine Protect So.Cal.L.Rev. 345 Wall, Youth: Problem Possible Solution, Crim.L.Bull., Vol. 8, pp. 28, Cal.L.Rev. 926, 934 Ford.L.Rev. 692, 694 J., M. Schwartz, Censorship: Mail, 191—192; Blakey, Notre Dame 1055, 1060, Green, Censorship, Juvenile Delinquency, U. Toronto 229, 249 (1962); Literature, 295, 373—385 (1954); Note Ky.L.J. 429, 447 (1964). despite vigor ongoing controversy perceptibly probably recipients medical practitioner recently suggested effects frivolous. Dr. Gaylin University Psychoanalytic Clinic, reporting psychiatrists L.J., 592—593, period growth (of youth) patterns behavior environmental stimuli sorts integrated workable self, sensuality elaborated, confronts security impulse encounters control—it period, undramatically time, legalized conceivably damaging.' emphasizes prepared intelligent chooses read: '(P)sychiatrists distinction pornography, unlikely se harmful, conceived potentially destructive. i.e., disapproved. outside identification processes. permit implies suggests seductive encouragement. approval, societal developing ego.' 594. Amendment. Stromberg 283 359, 532, 1117. Abrams 250 616, 630, 1173 Kovacs Cooper, 77, 86, 448, 513. 466, 822, BLACK), 823 DOUGLAS). question. Loving 1817, 1823, 1010; Carrington Rash, 380 89, 96, 775, 780, 675. notes, statutory definition, unconstitutionally Two writers explained follows: 'He wall fancies, fiercely ribaldry others.' Broun Leech, (1927). notable forerunner Englishman, Thomas Bowdler. Armed talent discovering 'offensive,' Bowdler expurgated Shakespeare's Gibbon's History Decline Fall Roman Empire. Shakespeare,' volumes 1818, famous 'omitting immoral irreligious incidentally rearranging chapters chronology dear obsessional heart.' Wilson, Obsessional Compromise, (1965) (paper Library American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.). effectiveness subtle instrument great. effective propaganda affect convivial 'purely personal' principle formulae stated, conversation; extends discussion topics. formulated taboo imposed; quasi-religious subscribe majority, master-symbol influential minority, apt universal effect. taboos—to expressive acts—are mores sanction largely durability—in resistance opposed contradictory counter-mores, disintegration returns security. succeed recurrent reaffirmations connection sanctioning power. circulation breach flowed offender power) serves color voluntary acceptance ritualistic avoidance, behalf oneself higher violation, exposed, strikes sinner god.' Alanson Foundation Memorandum: Propaganda Psychiatry 628, 631 (1940). Review: Prickly Pornography, My HARLAN present, 'stated acceptance' protection 705, 1314. observation, demonstrating Term 1790, 'whether utterance press' 'squarely presented' 1957. 1307. understandable, borne main enacting 'obscenity'; strictures comparatively late history. Gitlow 652, 1138, 1925, assumed infringement Due Process Clause Whitney 357, 371, 373, 641, 646—647, 1095; Fiske 655, 1108. 1931, 1117, guaranteed events inundating Court; 1948, 'lain dormant decades.' several reviewed sending mails. Amendment; rather, procedure, indictment. Chase, 135 255, 756, 117; Grimm 156 604, 550; Rosen 161 29, 434, 606; Swearingen 562, 765; Andrews 162 420, 798, 1023; Price 165 366, 727; Dunlop 486, 375, 799; Bartell 227 427, 383, 57 583; Dysart 272 461; Limehouse, 285 412, 843. Reverend Fr. Juan de Castaniza 16th century denounced expressing feelings. suspect 'vicious prone themselves.' Schroeder, Challenge 44—45 (1938). 'Obscenity, witchcraft consists, broadly speaking, (delusional) projection (which, implies, emanate within) external endowment (or witchcraft, persons) corresponding inward *. 'Thus persistent attempts betray unwittingly bearers ostentatiously avoid. ignorance evils treats, propitiatory noisy disapproval signify innocence purity.' Van Teslaar, Abnormal Psychology 282, 286 (1913). '(W)e reaffirm derived expression, protected.' 190, 1679. Cox Louisiana, 379 536, 545, 459, 471 (1965).

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