Document: 351 U.S. 49 76 S.Ct. 574 100 L.Ed. 917 EAST TEXAS MOTOR FREIGHT LINES, Inc., et al., Appellants,v.FROZEN FOOD EXPRESS, Secretary or Agriculture, al. INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION, Appellant, v. FROZEN EXPRESS AKRON, CANTON AND YOUNGSTOWN R. CO. Appellants, Nos. 162—164. Argued and Submitted March 7, 1956. Decided April 23, Mr.Robert W. Ginnane, Washington, D.C., for I.C.C. Mr. David G. Macdonald, East Texas Motor Freight Lines, Carl L. Phinney, Dallas, Tex., Frozen Food Express. Charles H. Weston, Secy. of agriculture. Messrs. P. Reynolds, Helmetag, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa., appellant Railroads. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion Court. 1 Three motor common carriers filed a complaint with Interstate Commerce Commission under § 204(c) Part II Act, Stat. 547, as amended, U.S.C. 304(c), U.S.C.A. alleging that Express, carrier by vehicle, was had been transporting fresh frozen meats dressed poultry in interstate commerce without certificate convenience necessity from which covers those commodities. The prayed cease desist order. Express admitted it so named commodities but asserted defense operations were within exemption 203(b)(6).1 2 found performing unauthorized not 203(b)(6). 62 M.C.C. 646. Accordingly ordered to engaging these operations. brought suit before three-judge District Court, 28 2325, set Commission's order aside, 1336, 1336; 550, 305(g), 305(g); 60 243, 5 1009, 1009. answer United States intervention Agriculture supported position original complainants other interested associations intervened support Commission. Court sustained conclusion are nonexempt No appeal taken holding. held exempt 203(b)(6) restrained enforcing its respects products. 128 F.Supp. 374. cases here appeal. §§ 1253, 2101(b), 2101(b). 3 We agree ruling does square statute. vehicles carrying 'agricultural (including horticultural) (not including manufactured products thereof)' designed preserve farmers advantage low-cost transportation. See especially 79 Cong.Rec. 12217. victory Congress recognition price farmer obtains his is greatly affected cost them consuming market their raw state after they have become marketable incidental processing. 4 history words * contained supports conclusion. bill came floor House Foreign Committee (79 12204) exempted 'motor used exclusively livestock unprocessed agricultural products.' Id., 12220. Pettengill offered an amendment substituted 'unprocessed products' phrase thereof.' That agreed following colloquy: 'Mr. Pettengill. Chairman, we heard good deal discussion this afternoon what processed product, whether would include pasteurized milk ginned cotton. It intent committee should Therefore, meet views many Members thought strike out word 'unprocessed' make apply only 6 Whittington. In words, amendment, cotton bales cottonseed transported ginneries public warehouse be exempt, whereas might if language remained, because ginning sometimes synonymous 7 correct.' 8 plain change commodities' considerably broadened making clear lost preliminary processing manufacturing.2 Killing, dressing, freezing chicken certainly commodity. But no more drastic than takes place pasteurizing, homogenizing, adding vitamin concentrates, standardizing, bottling. Yet agrees 'manufactured' falls meaning 'agricultural' exemption. 52 511, 551. also exempt. 523—524. there hardly less difference between field at gin bale gin, pen one dressed. baled cottonseed, well chicken, gone through stage. neither has normal sense word. Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass'n States, 207 556, 562, 204, 206, 336, case arising tariff laws, said, 9 '* Manufacture implies change, every manufacture, yet article result treatment, labor, manipulation. something necessary, forth illustrated Hartranft Wiegmann, 121 609, 1240, 30 1012. There must transformation; new different emerge, 'having distinctive name, character, use." imported corks made ready use beer bottles stamping, removal dust, meal, bugs, worms, washing steaming remove tannin increase elasticity, drying. Plainly, processed. drawback provision laws. And see 615, 1243, 1012; Dudley, 174 670, 19 801, 43 1129. 10 A killed still chicken. Removal feathers entrails market. cannot conclude merely makes turns into commodity.3 11 At some point manufacturing will merge. where commodity retains continuing substantial identity stage say 12 expert judgment entitled great deference familiarity conditions industry regulates. American Trucking Ass'ns 344 298, 310, 73 307, 314, 97 337. placed limits on statutory powers; our duty judicial review determine limits. Social Security Board Nierotko, 327 358, 66 637, 90 718. Those passed permitted expand such involved dressing 13 Affirmed. 14 BURTON, whom FRANKFURTER, MINTON HARLAN join, dissenting. 15 For reasons given Commission, 646, administrative practice over years, I sustain interpretation Act effect poultry, like meats, part valid determination treatment arbitrary unreasonable. On contrary, much evidence clearly decision. Consequently, accord decision weight ordinarily informed action. significant distinction two, allowable judgment. 16 'Such determinations (of fact Shipping basis orders) aside courts them. Even though, upon consideration all evidence, court reach conclusion, authorized substitute own judgment.' Swayne & Hoyt, Ltd. 300 297, 304, 57 478, 481, 81 659. also, Federal Communications WOKO, 329 223, 229, 67 213, 216, 91 204; Pierce Auto 515, 535—536, 687, 697 698, 821; Barrett Line, 326 179, 199, 65 1504, 1513, 89 2128. Sec. provides: 'Nothing part, except provisions section 204 relative qualifications maximum hours service employees safety operation standards equipment shall construed property consisting ordinary livestock, fish shell fish), thereof), any property, passengers, compensation *.' Two changes clause reached final form. 'fish, shellfish,' added 'livestock' 12220), strengthened 'absolute rather discretionary' 12225—12226. As originally enacted 1935, 'used exclusively' 1938 'exclusively' deleted end clause: "if compensation." 1237. 1940 'ordinary' inserted 'livestock,' applicable 'ordinary livestock.' 54 921. Finally, 1952, commodities.' 479. most sold alive grower controlling. exempts unless 'manufactured.' concerned processing, person who it.

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