Document: 494 U.S. 558 110 S.Ct. 1339 108 L.Ed.2d 519 CHAUFFEURS, TEAMSTERS AND HELPERS, LOCAL NO. 391, Petitionerv.Thomas C. TERRY, et al. No. 88-1719. Argued Dec. 6, 1989. Decided March 20, 1990. Syllabus McLean Trucking Company and petitioner Chauffeurs, Teamsters Helpers Local 391 (Union) were parties to a collective-bargaining agreement which covered respondent employees. When the Union declined refer grievance committee respondents' charges against McLean—arising from McLean's layoff recall policies—on ground that relevant issues had been determined in two prior proceedings concerning complaints referred on behalf, respondents filed suit District Court. Alleging breached violation of § 301 Labor Management Relations Act, 1947, violated its duty fair representation, they requested injunctive relief and, inter alia, compensatory damages for lost wages health benefits. They also made jury demand all triable by jury. After bankruptcy, action it, claims relief, dismissed. The then moved strike no right trial exists representation suit. Court denied motion, Appeals affirmed, holding Seventh Amendment entitled their claim monetary relief. Held: judgment is affirmed. 863 F.2d 334 (CA 4 1988), Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion with respect Parts I, II, III-B, IV, concluding entitles trial. Pp. 563-564; 570-574. (a) To recover money an breach employee must prove both employer's terms union handling grievance. DelCostello v. Teamsters, 462 151, 163-164, 103 2281, 2289-2291, 76 476. P. 563-564. (b) remedy seek them presented That remedy—compensatory damages—is traditionally legal has none attributes be present before this will characterize as equitable. not restitutionary, because backpay sought wrongfully held Union, but benefits would have received processed grievances properly. Nor award incidental to, or intertwined with, here are seeking only damages. Moreover, although under Title VII Civil Rights Act 1964 considered equitable remedy, characterization does require well. Congress specifically characterized form "equitable relief," it similar pronouncement regarding representation. Further, noted employer generally restitutionary nature. MARSHALL, joined THE CHIEF JUSTICE, WHITE, BLACKMUN, concluded Part III-A: 1 1. determine whether particular resolve (as opposed equitable) rights, such plaintiff trial, courts examine nature involved more importantly, sought. Tull United States, 481 412, 417-418, 107 1831, 1835-1836, 95 365. 564-565. 2 2. A comparison 18th-century causes leaves question equipoise, reveals presents issues. comparable trust beneficiary trustee fiduciary duty. DelCostello, supra—which, determining appropriate statute limitations hybrid action, dicta attorney malpractice historically at law, closest state-law analogy claim—did consider analogy, fully captures relationship between represented Nevertheless, cannot wholly equitable, since issue—which order prevail—is contract claim, issue. Parcel Service, Inc. Mitchell, 451 56, 101 1559, 67 732. 565-570. 3 BRENNAN proposed historical test mandated should turn solely available equity dispense process comparing issue English forms action. Since always given weight than analogous right, unlikely analysis result different decisions. Comparisons contemporary rights ancient writs needlessly convoluted jurisprudence embroiled recondite controversies better left historians. modern statutes so remote concept too often there firm basis comparison. Because remedies today corresponds far directly Georgian England, manageable current test, reliably grounded history. 574-581. STEVENS was recognized common substantive asserted common-law typical law. sufficient Court's provided evolution doctrine through suits tried juries, well-recognized scrutinize any curtailment utmost care, fact resembles closely other 581-584. 5 J., announced REHNQUIST, C.J., BRENNAN, STEVENS, JJ., joined, III-A, WHITE joined. post, p. 574, 581, opinions concurring part judgment. KENNEDY, dissenting opinion, O'CONNOR SCALIA, 584. 6 J. David James, Greensboro, N.C., petitioner. 7 Robert M. Elliot, Winston-Salem, respondents. 8 Court, except III-A. 9 This case who seeks union's alleged We hold 10 * governed conditions employment terminals. 27 employed truckdrivers bargaining units agreement, members Union. In 1982 implemented change operations resulted elimination some terminals reorganization others. As change, transferred terminal located Winston-Salem agreed give special seniority relation "inactive" employees laid off temporarily. 11 working approximately six weeks, alternately recalled several times. Respondents contesting layoffs recalls. challenged policy stripping driver his rights. claimed giving inactive drivers preference over these proceedings, ordered lay recalled; addition, recognize until properly recalled. 12 On decision, list when Winston-Salem. Soon after this, though, employees, thereby allowing regain next round layoffs, then, lower priority first. Accordingly, another grievance, alleging actions designed circumvent initial decision committee. representative appeared contentions those truckdrivers. At conclusion hearing, committee's first decision. 13 continued engage periodic recalls workers terminal. third proceedings. 14 July 1983, 61 Stat. 156, 29 U.S.C. 185 (1982 ed.),1 permanent injunction requiring defendants cease illegal acts reinstate proper status; sought, 1986 bankruptcy; subsequently, voluntarily dismissed, along 15 pleadings. motion strike. interlocutory appeal, Fourth Circuit affirmed court, (1988). granted petition certiorari conflict issue,2 491 903, 109 3183, 105 692 (1989), now affirm Circuit. II 16 inferred unions' exclusive authority National (NLRA), 49 449, 159(a) ed.), represent unit. Vaca Sipes, 386 171, 177, 87 909-910, 17 842 (1967). requires "to serve interests without hostility discrimination toward any, exercise discretion complete good faith honesty, avoid arbitrary conduct." Ibid. discharge enforcement resulting agreement. Thus, required pursue manner consistent principles most agreements accord finality arbitration procedures established normally bring unless he can show 2289-2290, 476 (1983). Whether sues labor one entities, same facts damages: Id., 164-165, S.Ct., 2290-2291. III 18 constitutional case—whether trial.3 provides "[i]n Suits where value controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, preserved." includes 1791; phrase "Suits law" refers "suits [are] ascertained determined, contradistinction alone recognized, administered." Parsons Bedford, Pet. 433, 447, L.Ed. 732 (1830); see ibid. ("[T]he amendment may well construed embrace admiralty jurisdiction, whatever peculiar assume settle rights"). extends created Congress. 417, 1835, 365 (1987). merger systems law equity, Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 2, carefully preserved stake. Beacon Theatres, Westover, 359 500, 501, 79 948, 952, 988 (1959), " 'Maintenance fact-finding body importance occupies place our history seeming scrutinized care' (quoting Dimick Schiedt, 293 474, 486, 55 296, 301, 603 (1935)). 19 we "First, compare statutory brought England equity. Second, nature." Tull, supra, U.S., 1835-1836 (citations omitted). second inquiry important analysis. Granfinanciera, S.A. Nordberg, 492 33, 42, 2782, 2790, 106 26 (1989).4 20 An unknown England; fact, collective unlawful. See N. Citrine, Trade Law 4-7 (2d ed. 1960). therefore look cause existed 18th century 21 contends vacate set aside process. century, Story, Commentaries Equity Jurisprudence 1452, pp. 789-790 (13th 1886) (equity jurisdiction "mistake arbitrators"); see, e.g., Burchell Marsh, How. 344, 96 (1855) (reviewing bill award). support cites (1981), that, purposes selecting various state period employer, 62, 1563.5 22 inapposite, however, posed case. No representation; concerned '[t]he proceeding did not, indeed, could employee's union. . arbitrator decided primary need undone, even if ultimately prevails.' 167, 2292 73, 1569 (STEVENS, part) (footnotes omitted)). 23 argues Such within 960, 266; Restatement (Second) Trusts 199(c) (1959). persuasive analogy. Just act best beneficiaries, 2A W. Fratcher, Scott 170 (4th 1987), union, workers, power behalf faith, 909-910. just control trustee, 187, individual lacks direct taken Cox, Legal Nature Collective Bargaining Agreements, 57 Mich.L.Rev. 1, (1958). 24 grievances. cases, sue injure beneficiaries' interest trust, 282, 25-29, including holds Trusts, 82, comment a. sole responsibility settle, arbitrate, otherwise dispose claim. 192. Similarly, typically broad how employer. See, 185, 914. enforce entered into "improperly refuses neglects person," 282(2), shows 2289-2290. Bowen States Postal 459 212, 243, 588, 605-606, 74 402 (1983) (WHITE, part). 25 contend less like Russell Palmer, Wils.K.B. 325, Eng.Rep. 837 (1767). 301/duty dictum "the union." 2292. however. Presented range alternatives, find context inquiry, capture does. inadequate respects. Although ways duty, fundamentally different. large controlled underlying parties. Unlike client controls significant decisions fire dissatisfied attorney's performance. option unhappy majority unit share dissatisfaction. J.I. Case Co. NLRB, 321 332, 338-339, 64 576, 580-581, 88 762 (1944). convincing persuade us Union's argument mischaracterizes observed Ross Bernhard, 396 531, 90 733, 729 (1970), "The depends rather character overall action." 538, 738 (emphasis added) (finding shareholder's derivative suit, type plaintiffs' negligence). discussed above, 564, here, breaching representation.6 viewed isolation, issue, ever, claim—a issue.7 28 Respondents' thus encompasses equipoise B Our determination preliminary. 47, 2793. case, request representing Generally, traditional offered law." Curtis Loether, 415 189, 196, 94 1005, 1009, 39 260 (1974). "any necessarily 'legal' relief." added). 86, n. 9, 2814 dissenting). Nonetheless, conclude exception general rule legal. 30 First, "action[s] disgorgement improper profits," 424, 1839. 197, 1010; Porter Warner Holding Co., 328 395, 402, 66 1086, 1091, 1332 (1946). employees' restitutionary. 31 "incidental relief" Mitchell DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 288, 291-292, 80 334-335, 323 (1960) (District power, incident powers, Fair Standards Act; restitutionary). damages, characteristic clearly absent case.8 32 nonetheless labeled awarded VII, 1964, 42 2000e seq. Albemarle Paper Moody, 422 405, 415-418, 2362, 2370-2372, 45 280 (1975) (characterizing assessing judge erred refusing relief). It compelling provision based NLRA governing awards unfair practices, 160(c) ed.) ("[W]here directs reinstatement employee, back pay organization"). 419, 2372. convinced. 33 never Lorillard Pons, 434 575, 581-582, 98 866, 870-871, 40 (1978). Assuming, deciding, here. 2000e-5(g) court affirmative appropriate, include, limited hiring ., deems appropriate"). 196-197, 1009-1010 (distinguishing VIII, housing §§ 3601-3619 "legal" purposes). Furthermore, nature, 1010, contrast violations VII. 34 VII's modeled practices apparently reasons context. practice provisions components national policy, identical. NLRA, primarily public effecting federal targets 'the wrong done employee.' Electrical Workers Foust, 442 49, 12, 99 2121, 2126, 60 698 (1979) 182, 8, 912-913 8) deleted). differ vindicate goals. Certainly, connection parallel 35 hold, Considering parts IV 36 balance, convinces one. search adequate analog revealed issues, Appeals. 37 ordered. 38 I agree claims. join opinion. do reprises "Sui[t] Amendment, ante, believe simplified. expounded 194, 1008, (1974), vindicated However, expounding repeatedly discounted significance deciding applies. think time altogether.1 decide questions If i.e., kind permissibly delegated dispute non-Article decisionmaker trials frustrate Congress' enacting scheme.2 41 insistence hinges used 200 years ago convolutes jurisprudence. For past decade half, explained equal weight, right. ante 565; (1989); 421, 1837, (1987); 1009. existence turns congressional delegation specialized decisionmaker,3 remains little purpose rattling dusty attics writs. come borrow William Occam's razor sever portion long acknowledged factors "requiring extensive possibly abstruse obviously difficult apply." 10, 738, (1970). Requiring judges, neither training nor necessary reputable scholarship, root tangle secondary sources hundred example, S.A., last Term, dissent, writing struggled heard quoted Professor Garrard Glenn. 44, 2791. countered "[o]ther scholars looked conclusion. Still others questioned soundness distinction Glenn drew. Trying read ambiguous fraudulent conveyance perplexed jurists each era, conflicting found relevance." 85, 2813 (footnote item-by-item evaluation WHITE's sources. id., 2793, 6.4 43 sure, unusual embarrassing disagree vehemently. But behooves judges province judicial expertise. inquiries analogs susceptible sound resolution circumstances. scholar observes: "[T]he line (and non-jury trial) fixed static There continual borrowing other; frequent instances sloughing older functions. accompanied equivalent led very overlap equity." Right Jury Trial Actions, 72 Yale L.J. 655, 658-659 (1963). 44 exist exacting research elicit clear analog.5 creature quite foreign England. 565-566, Stewart perplexities task dissent 550, 744, albeit drawing is," said, "that are, part, things inherently 'legal issues' 'equitable issues.' factual 'like chameleons [they] take color surrounding circumstances.' 'nature issue' approach hardly meaningful."6 grappled three decades realization engaging impracticable unilluminating. rest course, offer cases self-executing. Courts still ask involves fewer variables simpler choices, whole, scholasticist debates engaged. propose remain true undisputed historically, "[j]urisdictional lines [between equity] matter remedy." McCoid, Procedural Reform Trial: Study Theaters, 116 U.Pa.L.Rev. Redish, Irrationality Rational Decision Making, 70 Nw.U.L.Rev. 490 ("In sought").7 46 say division exactly mirror 1791. late day profess preserves British century. 193, 1007 ("Although thrust preserve 1791, settled beyond time"); (1959) (rejecting relevance chancellor's historic ability mixed precede claims—with attendant collateral-estoppel effects); (1970) (requiring shareholders' though procedurally equity). 47 Indeed, repeated simplified use. circumstance equally submit unheard ill-fitting writ shaky availability If, rare tie breaker needed, let break favor trial.8 48 What Blackstone described glory transcendent privilege subject enjoy," Blackstone, *379, crucial eyes founded country. encroachment civil colonial administrators "deeply divisive preceding outbreak hostilities colonies England," reinstituted ensued. Wolfram, Constitutional History Minn.L.Rev. 639, 654-655 (1973). "In probably universally secured American constitutions.' 655 L. Levy, Freedom Speech Press Early History—Legacy Suppression 281 (1963 reprint)). Fear Federal Government guaranteed voiced Philadelphia Convention 1787 regularly during ratification debates, concern precipitated maelstrom Constitution. 657-660. caliber 446, (1830), Story stressed: justly dear people. object deep solicitude, every upon watched great jealousy." Jacob New York City, 315 752, 752-753, 62 854, 854-855, 86 1166 (1942), said "[t]he basic fundamental feature system [a] sacred citizen [that it] jealously guarded courts." 50 guard save needless intractable excursions increasingly unfamiliar territory simply retiring prong already cast certain doubt. prepared factor affect outcome rarest hypothetical what reason insisting proceed arduous inquiry? wall, especially ourselves put there. 51 52 unnecessarily exaggerating finding precise analogue III-A Ironically, stressing identifying exact analogue, diminished utility looking analogue. 53 suggested past, 74, 1570, (1981) (opinion Of counterpart definition, recently action—whether product express enactment interpretation—can 17th- Were "recently recognized." 54 surely overstates action's similarity trustee. settlor, corpus, instrument executed convey property beneficiaries chosen settlor's pleasure. distinctions reified matters pure form. trusts originated expand varieties land ownership feudal evolved protect paternalistic beneficence wealthy, generations time. 1987); Friedman, 222-223 Beneficiaries protected own judgment.1 attorney-client relationship, contrast, advances client's dealings adverse Clients saved lack skill, honored. members, group, accordingly hire, fire, representatives—prerogatives anathema trust.2 Equitable reasoning calibrated sophisticated jurist, accountant, chancellor appropriately invoked impact trustee's conduct future contingent remaindermen reviewed. commonsense understanding jury, selected community, disputes factory, warehouse, garage resolved. realities relationships, grist jury's defining developed juries. (1967), itself were, (1979), 56 correctly 195, "in ordinary district courts, functional justification denying sort enforced occasion remark earlier "specifically law," rights" "typical Rogers 467 1110, 1116-1117 (CA7 1972). Duty involving stuff disputes. excluding my view, useful "with care," 565, provide plainly today. 58 whom SCALIA join, dissenting. 59 asks guarantees correct, formulation premises govern Under 1005-1008, presence "legal remedies." character, permitted (1989). Members malpractice. 568-569. analytic innovation identification model insufficient "is Having end. disagrees proposition, dissent. Both identify analogous. failing trust. Caffrey Darby, Ves.Jun. 489, 495-496, 1159, 1162 (Ch.1801); 205(a), Illustration 458, (1957) (Restatement). words, compares discretion, press argue lawyer mishandling Pitt Yalden, Burr. 2060, (K.B.1767); acting representative, speaking four states correct He observes attorney, unlike member beneficiary, litigation satisfied. Put way, agent client, unions trustees agents conventional sense being direction pursuing choose representative. (making elected representative); (1967) (allowing fulfilling representation). likewise, Blue Marshall, P.Wms. 381, 383-384, 1111 (Ch.1735); Restatement, 192, Taylor Davis, 330, 147, 149-150, 163 (1884) ("A agent. represents principal. [A trustee] principal"); A. Scott, 74-79 (3d 1967) agents). 63 Further considerations fortify controlling accords impartiality. make honest effort [its] any." Ford Motor Huffman, 345 337, 73 681, 686, 97 1048 (1953). standard benefit who, antithetical interests. Trust manner, Stuart Stuart, Beav. 430, 431, 169, 169-170 (1841); 183 ("When deal impartially them"); 183, 1471-1472, lawyer's loyalty terms. charged reconciling positions precluded Williams Reed, F.Cas. 1386, 1390 (No. 17,733) (CC Me.1824) (Story, J.); H. Drinker, Ethics (1953) (describing prohibition simultaneous lawyer, least knowing waiver parties, senior laidoff Cf. ABA Model Rules Professional Conduct 1.7(b) (1984); Code Responsibility DR 5-105(C) (1980). 65 makes model. "fashioned injured whole." (1979); Steele Louisville & Nashville R. 206-207, 226, 233-234, 89 173 (1944); 915. able, compensation, exemplary punitive 52, 2127. parallels prevailing 497, Eng.Rep., 1163 (ordering whole timely claims); 205, Comment a; G. Bogert Bogert, Trustees 862, 40, (rev. 2d 1982). These somewhat actions. clients sued attorneys professional obligations courts. Mallen V. Levit, Malpractice 5, 14-18 1981). maintains obtain evidence suggests resembled 2062, 75-76 Yates, J.) (discussing measure damages). Yet, matter, juries tort Browning-Ferris Industries Kelco Disposal, 257, 274, 2909, 2919, 219 cited 19th 315, 365-367; Wade, Attorney's Liability Negligence, Vand.L.Rev. 755, 772 reasons, By imply inform aspects Obvious differences contexts. directed precedents, insist considered, 1835. From follows 68 relies precedents overcome consists simplifications procedural reforms asserts whole. 569. addresses choosing decides 570-573. authorities holding. 69 raised merged. Fox, potential defendant threatened antitrust claims, declaratory Beacon, likely plaintiff. systems, Fox thought deprive counterclaims ruled merely taking advantage spirit Procedure, allow liberal joinder actions, Declaratory Judgment 2201, 2202 509-510, 956-957. Dairy Queen, Wood, 369 469, 82 894, (1962), held, plaintiff, asking complaint accounting trademark infringement, subsumed accounting. severable procedure. 477-479, 899-900. 71 shareholder-plaintiff demanded asserting corporation. devices shareholders raise corporation's again procedure allowed 542, 740. responded difficulties merged system. stand proposition distinct longer exist, possibility necessity using former reads whenever contains element 569-570. disagree. respondents, shown reached conclusion, inapplicable. divided self-standing declaratory, accounting, procedures, parsed elements out specific justifications. Actions which, question, involve predicate submitted merit. 1589-1590, 1967). claim's validity, raises play confirms consistency view us. deemed independent other. Proving collectivebargaining preliminary indispensable step obtaining breach-of-contract "inextricably interdependent" "[t]o prevail either company [employee-plaintiffs] contrary carry burden demonstrating Union." 2290-2291, (internal quotation marks absence wresting 75 rules despite appropriateness considerable adopted permitting definition whether, factors, places Curtis, 195-196, 1008-1009, actual antidiscrimination resemble explicit "go might suits, 77 422, 1838, played critical role environmental penalty, nuisance debt seemed models. noting penalties. 422-425, 1838-1839. comparisons appropriate; available, superior. stated "[o]ur single analog, consideration factors." 6. satisfies standard. 78 conveyances, entertain transfer determinate sum money. 43-47, 2791-2793. Granfinanciera forward mere way Amendment. adhere language Constitution it. "preserves" cases. existing 1791 full adherence test. alternatives short rewriting exist. F. Procedure 8.5, 352 (1965) ("For evil, constitutio[n] charters embody judgment, deliberately made, leave extent about it"); Shapiro Coquillette, Fetish Cases: Rachal Hill, 85 Harv.L.Rev. 442, 449 (1971) ("Even ardent critic concede fallen entirely 'common law' seventh amendment"). abandon plain expect opposing views curtail future. enter domain becoming familiar Two centuries passed Amendment's ratification, incompleteness records know nonetheless, criticism deserves. application seem biased trials, become nullity. Lehman Nakshian, 453 162, 2698, 2702, 548 (no States); Katchen Landy, 382 323, 337-340, 467, 476-478, (1966) bankruptcy Luria 231 27-28, 15, (1913) cancel naturalization). resolves difficulty. Wright, 92, 609 1983) vast controversial literature scope is, fortunately, proportion practical problem courts"). 81 hesitate competence understand answers questions. Fay Noia, 372 399-415, 83 822, 827-836, (1963) Atascadero State Hospital Scanlon, 473 234, 260-302, 3142, 3156-3178, 171 (1985) (BRENNAN, shows, validity elsewhere. confined required. respecting wisdom aside. Like admire Other opposite view. Frank, Modern Mind 170-185 (1931). times preferable lessons experience teaches inquiry. obligation Bill Rights, compact generation wrote us, permit disregard 186, entertained fails according party assert name party. 282(1), (1957); 282.1, 2338-2340 1967); 606, correctness deny later result, Section 301(a) unions: contracts organization industry affecting commerce defined chapter, organizations, having amount regard citizenship parties." 185(a) ed.). Compare Leach Pan World Airways, 285 (CA11 1988) trial), Transportation Consolidated Rail Corp., 881 282 (CA6 1989) trial); Terry Helpers, (CA4 (same); Quinn DiGiulian, 238 U.S.App.D.C. 247, 739 637 (1984) Roscello Southwest Airlines 726 217 (CA5 1984) (same). expressly create resort unavailing. 1007, (1974) (recognizing 'cardinal principle ascertain construction fairly possible [constitutional] avoided.' Thirty-seven Photographs, 363, 369, 91 1400, 1405, 822 (1971))). STEVENS' emphasizes consideration, namely [presented claim] judgment." Post, 583. relied "as extending Amendment." 418, 4, "whether entrusted administrative agency impair functioning legislative scheme." 4. Article court; thus, abandoned reliance instead applied charges, 10(b) 453, amended, 160(b) characterizes "pars[ing] claims." 590. examination confront typical; instead, consisting discrete Had remained separate maintain defendants, Consideration warranted. overturn 1563-1564. analyzed whole; treat separately. itself, 587. duties. 240 c, illustration argument, conflates dissent's approach, unavailable would, effect, dispositive. inquiry—the relief—is determination. 565. analysis, therefore, replicate "abstruse historical" types MARSHALL's considers modern-day notes, permissible implicated court. Ante, Even assigned forum, 2790 looks alloting greater leads private right—a government's creating scheme. subordinate irrelevant subsequent easier Damsky Zavatt, 289 (CA2 1961), Judge Friendly, majority, admitted exegesis Exchequer 12th "may reek unduly study." 48. Clark, quipped 'if museum,' 59, denounced constructing "unreal unjustified" steps beginning attachment "an inapt label, namely, debt," forth, say, Chitty" Clark tax called "venture nomenclature" berated fast "somewhat uncertain history" ("[C]omplications stem shifts overlapping jurisdiction. careful historian encounters difficulty applying fruits study patterns unused, sometimes unknown, 1791") Quoting advocate abolishing altogether. 742-747 Contrary intimations KENNEDY's 592-594, am among them. imperative retain precisely KENNEDY bulwark restrict forefathers indispensable. doubt questions, 593-594, obliges that. Where evaluations reliable results. learned Justices Supreme arrive essentially speak solvency My delve peculiarly recalcitrant aspect certainly summarizes "competence general. 594. discovery manufacture fiction. Thus propose, focusing 2817 (BLACKMUN, dissenting) ("The uncertainty record lead doubt"). duties creator impose; confer them." willing collectively, settlor retains revoke odd

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