Document: 367 U.S. 886 81 S.Ct. 1743 6 L.Ed.2d 1230 CAFETERIA AND RESTAURANT WORKERS UNION, LOCAL 473, AFL-CIO, et al., Petitioners,v.Neil H. McELROY al. No. 97. Argued Jan. 12, 1961. Decided June 19, Rehearing Denied Oct. 9, See 82 21, 22. Mr. Bernard Dunau, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. John F. Davis, respondents. Justice STEWART delivered the opinion of th Court. 1 In 1956 petitioner Rachel Brawner was a short-order cook at cafeteria operated by her employer, M & Restaurants, Inc., on premises Naval Gun Factory1 in city Washington. She had worked there more than six years, and from employer's point view record entirely satisfactory. 2 The Factory engaged designing, producing, inspecting naval ordnance, including development weapons systems highly classified nature. Located property owned United States, installation under command Rear Admiral D. M. Tyree, Superintendent. Access to it restricted, guards were posted all points entry. Identification badges issued persons authorized enter Security Officer, officer subordinate Officer Lieutenant Commander C. Williams. been such badge. 3 where she contract with Board Governors Factory. Section 5(b) provided: 4 '* * no event shall Concessionaire engage, or continue operations this Agreement, personnel who 5 '(iii) fail meet security requirements other applicable regulations Activity, as determined Activity.' On November 15, 1956, Mrs. required turn identification badge because Williams' determination that failed installation. Officer's subsequently approved cited § 5(b)(iii) basis his action. At request Union, which represented employees cafeteria, sought arrange meeting officials 'for purpose hearing regarding denial admittance Brawner.' This denied Tyree ground would 'serve useful purpose.' 7 Since day withdrawn has not permitted offered employ another restaurant company suburban Washington area, but refused location inconvenient. 8 petitioners brought action District Court against Secretary Defense, Williams, their individual official capacities, seeking, among things, compel return badge, so might be resume former employment. defendants filed motion summary judgment, supported various affidavits exhibits. granted complaint dismissed judgment affirmed Appeals Columbia, sitting en banc. Four judges dissented.2 We certiorari an alleged conflict between Appeals' decision Greene v. McElroy, 360 474, 79 1400, 1377. 364 813, 43, 44. 9 As case comes here, two basic questions are presented. Was commanding deny access way he did? If authorized, did excluding operate deprive any right secured Constitution? I. 10 supra, unwilling find, absence explicit authorization, aeronautical engineer, employed private contractor property, could barred following profession governmental revocation clearance without according him confront cross-examine hostile witnesses. found neither Congress nor President explicitly procedure followed denying information. Accordingly we reach constitutional issues otherwise have proceed premise authorization wanting must shown present case, putting one side Government's argument differing circumstances here justify less rigorous standards measuring delegation authority. 11 It cannot doubted both legislative executive branches wholly legitimate potential sources control military base is clearly within powers President. Article I, 8, Constitution gives power 'provide maintain navy;' 'make rules government regulation land forces;' 'exercise exclusive legislation over places purchased consent legislature state same be, erection forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, needful buildings;' laws necessary proper carrying into execution foregoing *.' Broad area also vested II, 2, makes Chief Armed Forces. 12 provided Navy 'shall administer Department Navy' 'custody charge Department.' U.S.C. 5031(a) (c), U.S.C.A. 5031(a, c). administering Department, given statutory 'prescribe regulations, inconsistent law, department, custody, use, preservation appertaining it.' 22, law requires States Regulations President, 6011, pertinent effect when Brawner's revoked had, fact, expressly Truman August 1948. 13 requirement presidential approval ancient vintage.3 significance often recognized Smith Whitney, 116 167, 181, 570, 577, 29 L.Ed. 601; Johnson Sayre, 158 109, 117, 15 773, 776, 39 914; Grain Corp. Phillips, 261 106, 43 283, 284, 67 552; Denby Berry, 263 29, 37, 44 74, 77, 68 148.4 may take settled are, words Marshall, endowed 'the sanction law.' Maurice, Brock. 96, 105, Fed.Cas. 15,747.5 And find room substantial doubt conferred upon summarily 14 0701 delineates traditional responsibilities duties officer. provides part follows: 'The responsibility absolute, except when, extent, relieved therefrom competent authority, these regulations. authority commensurate responsibility, subject limitations prescribed 0734 provides: 16 'In general, dealers tradesmen agents admitted command, officer: 17 '1. To conduct public business. 18 '2. transact specific business individuals latter. 19 '3. furnish services supplies otherwise, insufficiently, available command.' 20 difficult conceive conferral officer, exercise exclude person status. Even benefit illuminating gloss history, hardly phrase 'tradesmen agents' covered status employee precision.6 But meaning need vacuo. verbalization unquestioned officers installations exercised throughout our history.7 21 An Attorney General Butler 1837 discloses will earned living working bases even then long standing. Speaking Superintendent Military Academy, General's stated: 22 '(H)e always regarded citizens resident limits—such sutler, keeper commons, tailor, shoemaker, artificers, etc., though they own houses grounds, occupy buildings belonging *—as tenants will, liable removed whenever, superintendent, interests academy require it. 'This,' observes, 'has practice since I command; such, am told, usage administration my predecessors." Op.Atty.Gen. 268, 269. 23 many times. commandant reservation necessarily extensive practically exclusive, forbidding entrance controlling residence interest demand.' 26 91, 92. '(I)t well post commander can, discretion, those grounds.' JAGA 1904/16272, May 1904. 'It Post statutes therefrom, admit them restrictions prec ribe good order discipline (1918 Dig.Op.J.A.G. 267 cases cited).' 1925/680.44, October 1925. 24 Under Regulations, light historically civilians can remain serious Tyree's 'security Her first place permissible, officer's only came exception general rule exclusion contained third paragraph Regulations. plain made absolute withdraw permission time. II. 25 question remains whether site employment violated Due Process Clause Fifth Amendment. answered easy assertion that, place, deprived liberty Superintendent's 'One go Bagdad, Government prohibit going unless means consonant due process Homer Richmond, 110 U.S.App.D.C. 226, 229, 292 F.2d 719, 722. petitioners' claim advised grounds accorded refute them. satisfied, however, constitutionally required. Amendment does trial-type every conceivable impairment interest. 'For, 'due law' generally implies includes actor, reus, judex, regular allegations, opportunity answer, trial some course judicial proceedings, yet, universally true.' Den ex dem. Murray's Lessee Hoboken Land Improvement Co., How. 272, 280, 372. very nature negates concept inflexible procedures imaginable situation. Federal Communications Comm. WJR, 337 265, 275—276, 69 1097, 1103, 93 1353; Hannah Larche, 363 420, 440, 442, 80 1502, 1513—1514, 1307; Hagar Reclamation 108, 111 701, 708—709, 663, 667, 28 569. "(D)ue process,' unlike legal rules, technical conception fixed content unrelated time, circumstances.' 'compounded reason, past decisions Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee McGrath, 341 123, 162—163, 71 624, 643, 95 817 (concurring opinion). 27 make clear, consideration what set begin precise function involved affected Where possible characterize (perhaps oversimplification)8 mere privilege Executive's plenary power, traditionally held notice Oceanic Steam Navigation Co. Stranahan, 214 320, 340—343, 671, 676—677, 53 1013; rel. Knauff Shaughnessy, 338 537, 70 309, 94 317; Jay Boyd, 351 345, 354—358, 76 919, 924—927, 100 1242; cf. Buttfield Strn ahan, 192 470, 497, 349, 355, 48 525. What, then, case? most assuredly follow chosen trade profession. Cf. Dent State West Virginia, 129 114, 231, 32 623; Schware Bar Examiners, 353 232, 77 752, 796; Truax Raich, 239 33, 36 7, 60 131. remained free obtain get job, either employer. All work isolated Moreover, operating regulate license, lawmaker, entire profession, branch business, but, rather, proprietor, manage internal operation important federal establishment. People Crane, N.Y. 154, 167—169, 108 N.E. 427, 431—432, L.R.A.1916D, 550 (per Cardozo, J.); Perkins Lukens Steel 310 113, 129, 869, 877, 84 1108. proprietary capacity, Government, pointed out, unfettered control. 30 Thus, impaired quite different lawyer Schware, physician Dent, supra. like 1108, involves dispatch its affairs. consistently closely analogous Brawner's, retaining denied. become principle employment, legislation, appointing Matter Hennen, Pet. 230, 246, 259, 138; Crenshaw 134 99, 431, 434, 33 825; Parsons 167 324, 331—334, 880, 882—883, 42 185; Keim 177 290, 293—294, 574, 575, 774; Taylor amd Marshall Beckham (No. 1), 178 548, 575—578, 890, 900—901, 1187. reaffirmed recently Vitarelli Seaton, 359 535, 968, 1012. There out Vitarelli, Interior qualified protection Civil Service Act, 632 seq., 'could discharged time giving reason page 539, 972. 31 argued Public Workers America (C.I.O.) Mitchell, 330 75, 556, 91 754, Wieman Updegraff, 344 183, 73 215, 97 216. individual's entitled protection, contended said deciding us hold case. observed '(n)one deny' 'Congress 'enact providing Republican, Jew Negro appointed office, attend Mass active missionary work." 100, 570. unconstitutional statute excluded solely membership 'Communist-front' 'subversive' organizations, regardless knowledge concerning activities purposes organizations belonged. said, 'We pause consider abstract exists. sufficient say extend servant whose pursuant patently arbitrary discriminatory.' 192, 219. Nothing decided lead conclusion heard. Those demonstrate governments, operations, do complete freedom enjoyed acknowledge exist restraints governments dealing before removed. assume if announced discriminatory—that kept Democrat Methodist. follow, advanced was, rational accord Finally, noted bestow disloyalty infamy, attendant foreclosure opportunity. 190—191, 218—219, 216; 140—141, 632, 817; Bailey Richardson, 86 U.S.A.pp.D.C. 248, 182 46, equally divided Court, 918, 669, 1352.9 shows Factory, concurred Superintendent, particular nothing indicate impair Barwner's opportunities anywhere else.10 Judge Prettyman, speaking Appeals, 'Nobody disloyal suspected slightest shadow intentional wrongdoing. 'Security requirements' installation, circumstances, cover matters loyalty.' 109 49, 284 183. For appears, simply thought garrulous, careless 34 reasons, conclude 35 Affirmed. BRENNAN, whom CHIEF JUSTICE, BLACK DOUGLAS join, dissenting. 37 grave doubts removal petitioner's reasons' charges order. . 1959, compulsion Court's pass issue, violation 38 read definiteness protected kinds injury. Indeed, acknowledgment seems compelled cases. 1952, 1947, 569, 754 (dictum); Torcaso Watkins, 488, 1680, 982. words, lifted avowedly race, religion, political opinions, concede 'liberty' 'property' unnecessary state—had injured. But, says, open discrimination here. expressed obscuring formulation worked. separation risk,' properly established, unconstitutional. goes beyond that. holds valid forecloses further inquiry. That is, foolish enough doing—and few after today's decision—he blind behind dismiss discriminatory causes. Such result nullifies substantive right—not arbitrarily injured Government—which purports recognize. What sort enjoys absolutely procedural protection? mean imply full panoply having subjected trial, cross-examination confrontation accusers, proof guilt reasonable doubt. far holding all. told wrong; chance defend herself. victim basest calumny, perhaps caprice rested completely. believe procedures. '(T)he heard being condemned suffer grievous loss kind, involve stigma hardships criminal conviction, society.' 1951, 168, 646, 1961, 719. Parker Lester, Cir., 1955, 227 708. sum, taken away 'arbitrary' detail innocence, show, perhaps, true deprivation forbidden Constitution. contradiction subscribe. 40 One circumstance particularly fairness essential. Petitioner summarily, designation odious consoles itself speculation merely rrulous, indeed might, although never out. common understanding hereafter live work, term risk' carries much sinister meaning. Beilan Education, 1958, 357 399, 421—423, 78 1317, 1325, 1330—1331, 1414 (dissenting likely accusation communism imputation small personal fault. Perhaps reasons lumping multitude sins misleading term. ought affix 'badge infamy,' 191, 218, statement charges, speak reply. 41 course, justly view, fundamentally unfair, therefore violative Amendment, valuable relationship summarily. name now officially changed Weapons Plant. referred 'Gun Factory' opinion. appeal originally panel three judges, reversed, judge After rehearing banc, original withdrawn, affirmed. 39, 173. R.S. 1547 (1875) derived Act July 14, 1862, c. 164, 5, Stat. 565. April 24, 1816, 69, 298; March 3, 1813, 52, 819. 270. approa l relied finding certain administrative unauthorized. Phillips Corp., 279 244, 248—249, reversed 552. 270, 275. A tradesman defined Webster 'a shopkeeper; also, employees.' Webster, New International Dictionary (Second Edition, Unabridged, 1958), 2684. contrast history program McElroy striking. '(p)rior World War sporadic efforts establishments manufactured materials national defense.' 493, 1412. Requirement Trial-Type Hearing, Harv.L.Rev. 193, 222—224. Compare 229—230, Note, Supreme 1950 Term, 65 107, 156—158, Problems Removal Servants, 54 Mich.L.Rev. 219, 240—241. oral counsel emphatically 'by fact' prevent obtaining property.

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