Document: 515 U.S. 50115 S.Ct. 2021132 L.Ed.2d 46 Janet RENO, Attorney General, et al., Petitioners,v.Ziya K. KORAY. No. 94-790. Supreme Court of the United States June 5, 1995. Syllabus * Under 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b), a defendant generally must "be given credit toward service term imprisonment for any time he has spent in official detention prior to date sentence commences." Before respondent's federal commenced, was "released" on bail pursuant Bail Reform Act 1984 and ordered confined community treatment center. After his prison began, Bureau Prisons (BOP) relied its established policy refusing had at He exhausted administrative remedies then filed habeas petition. A District denied petition ground that stay center not "official detention" under 3585(b). In reversing, Appeals declined defer BOP's view highly restrictive conditions while is because subject control. It reasoned instead includes "jail-type confinement." Held: The respondent within meaning Pp. ____. (a) Viewed isolation, phrase could either refer, as Government contends, court order detaining committing him custody General confinement, or, argues, release an "official" significantly curtailed liberty. Examination light context which it used, however, reveals Government's interpretation correct. P. (b) language be construed conjunction with 1984, since 3585(b) provides only presentence restraints liberty authorizes courts place such defendant's That two choices: may "release" bail, 3142(c), or "detained" without 3142(e). suffers "detention" when committed General's custody, 3142(i)(2); admitted even like was, see "released." (c) Section 3585(a) related sentencing provisions confirm available those defendants who were detained penal correctional facility history also support this reading. provision reduces "imprisonment" by amount before sentence, strongly suggesting period equivalent itself. And nothing suggests Congress replaced 3568 substituted "in custody" disagreed Courts Appeals' uniform rule released bail. To contrary, presumably made change conform statute nomenclature used 1984. (d) internal guideline, BOP likewise interpreted require 3142 "detention order." This most natural reading phrase, guideline agency charged administering entitled some deference where permissible construction statute. (e) contrast, plausible if read isolation. But then, interpretation. Respondent correctly notes do materially differ from imposed assigned part sentence. However, fact does undercut important distinction between all bail: former always remain completely alternative would fact-intensive inquiry into circumstances confinement each case determine whether subjected On other hand, both clear notice consequences order. Finally, lenity apply here. "ambiguous" purposes merely there division judicial authority over proper construction. Rather, applies if, after seizing everything aid can derived, make no more than guess what intended. case. 21 F.3d 558, reversed remanded. REHNQUIST, C.J., delivered opinion Court, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, THOMAS, GINSBURG, BREYER, JJ., joined. J., concurring opinion. STEVENS, dissenting Miguel A. Estrada, Washington, DC, petitioners. Irwin Rochman, New York City, respondent. Chief Justice REHNQUIST Court. 1 Title commencement magistrate judge question presented detention," thus during We hold not. 2 April 23, 1991, Ziya Koray arrested laundering monetary instruments violation 1956(a)(1). 18, pleaded guilty charge Maryland. One week later, 25, entered "release order" ordering pending sentencing, Pretrial Services Agency. required "confined [the] premises" Volunteers America "authoriz[ation] leave reason unless accompanied" special agent. October 22, sentenced 41 months' imprisonment. remained until November day reported Allenwood Federal Prison Camp serve 3 requested (BOP Bureau) approximately 150 days 25 1991. Relying policy, refused grant credit. exhausting remedies, corpus Middle Pennsylvania seeking 3585 petition, finding did constitute 4 Third Circuit reversed. 558 (1994). acknowledged overwhelming majority "have concluded section . presentenced whose allowed them outside Prison[s] facilities." Id., 561. declined, Bureau's view—that " 'official detention' 'released' F.3d, 562-565. Instead, 3585(b)'s need "as provided Prisons,' "there requires Bureau," "[a] 'detain' person 'official[ly]' General." 563-564. Concluding jail-type confinement," 567, remanded determination confinement" 5 granted certiorari resolve conflict among prisoner against 1984.1 513 ----, 115 787, 130 779 (1995). now reverse. 6 determines commences began. states: 7 "Calculation 8 "(a) Commencement sentence.—A received awaiting transportation to, arrives voluntarily commence at, served. 9 "(b) Credit custody.—A shall — 10 "(1) result offense imposed; 11 "(2) commission 12 "that been credited another sentence." (emphasis added). 13 v. Wilson, 503 329, 337, 112 1351, 1355-1356, 117 593 (1992), we specifically noted Congress' use but occasion term. so today.2 14 contends refers confinement. Respondent, argues magistrate's Viewing said plausible. "fundamental principle statutory (and, indeed, itself) word cannot determined drawn used." Deal States, 508 113 1993, 1996, 124 44 (1993). examining light, believe correct one. 15 "spent commences," added), making awarded Because 3141 seq., body law liberty, 3142(a) (authorizing impose "pending trial"); 3143(a) "is imposition execution sentence"), Act. especially enacted same Sentencing part.3 See Gozlon-Peretz 498 395, 407-408, 111 840, 848-849, 919 (1991) ("It uncommon refer other, legislative enactments interpreting specialized terms," presumed have "legislated reference to" terms). 16 choices dealing criminal "charged offense" trial, 3142(a), "has found sentence," 3143(a)(1) (1988 ed., Supp. V). (1) (2) variety conditions, including residence §§ 3142(c)(1)(B)(i), (x) (xiv). If, "finds condition combination will reasonably assure appearance safety community," 3142(e), "shall person," ibid., issuing "direct[ing] corrections facility." 3142(i)(2). Thus, General; Dawson Scott, 50 884, 888-891, nn. 11-12 (CA11 1995); Moreland 968 F.2d 655, 659-660 (CA8), cert. denied, 506 675, 121 598 (1992); id., 661-663 (Loken, concurring); Becak, 954 386, 388 (CA6), 504 945, 2286, 119 211 (1992). 17 "commences" "the served." 3621, turn, Prisons," 3621(a), "may designate ., maintained otherwise appropriate suitable." 3621(b) facility" therefore designated sentences, retains discretion "direct transfer one another." 3621(b). reinforced governing administration sentences. For example, 3622 gives limited "participate training educational program continuing facility," 3622(b), "work paid employment 3622(c). words should bear subsections they above statutes, Estate Cowart Nicklos Drilling Co., 505 2589, 2596, 120 379 (1992) ("the basic canon [is] identical terms meaning"), "penal 3621(b), 19 view. As context, anomalous interpret control, views restriction "probation," 3563(b)(10), (12), (14), "supervised release," 3583(d), rather "imprisonment." Zackular, 945 423, 425 (CA1 1991). 20 With respect history, predecessor, 3568, award "any connection acts imposed." (1982 ed.) added) (repealed). uniformly held allow restrictions placed Polakoff 489 727, 730 (CA5 1974) (time "highly restricted bond" creditable 'custody' "); Robles, 563 1308, 1309 (CA9 1977) ("time bond appeal served 'in custody' "), 435 925, 98 1491, 55 519 (1978); Ortega 510 412, 413 (CA10 1975) (" "actual custodial incarceration," free bond"); Peterson, 507 1191, 1192 (CADC "not stipulations large conditional release"). altered by, inter alia, "replac[ing] detention.' U.S., S.Ct., 1355; rewording statute, denying provisions, 3622, Moreland, supra, 662, n. concurring). Bureau, 334-335, 1354-1355, 3142(e) order," 3142(c) matter how conditions.4 explained, ____, reasonable language. true appears "Program Statement"—an guideline—rather "published regulations rigors Administrative Procedur[e] Act, public comment." 562. akin "interpretive rule" "do[es] notice-and-comment," Shalala Guernsey Memorial Hospital, 514 1232, 1239, 131 106 (1995) still deference, cf. Martin Occupational Safety Health Review Comm'n, 499 144, 157, 1171, 1179, (1991), "permissible statute." Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 837, 843, 104 2778, 2782, 81 694 (1984). 22 indicated, disagrees "plain meaning" though contention isolation: these order, sojourn amounted detention." language; too much say "cannot adopted by" Bureau. Sullivan Everhart, 494 83, 91-92, 110 960, 966, 108 72 (1990). foregoing textual historical analysis, initial plausibility simply carry day. 23 improper focus release/detention dichotomy construe (under 3142(c)(1)(B)(xiv)) are just onerous faced defendants. addition, asserts constituted "sentenced" prisoners deemed last their sentences center, Dept. Justice, Program Statement 7310.02 (Oct. 19, 1993) (interpreting 3624(c) centers, centers meet 3621(b)'s definition facility"), work release, 3622(b) (c). 24 quite theory thence remaining exists other. Unlike control Randall Whelan, 938 522, 525 (CA4 distinction, identity custodian legal practical significance. summarily reassigned different officer revokes 3148(b), modifies 3142(c)(3). "detained," "[t]hat single factor encompasses wide restrictions." Randall, 525. "Detained" disciplinary procedures; summary reassignment system, Meachum Fano, 427 215, 224-229, 96 2532, 2538-2541, 49 451 (1976); and, being BOP, full many Moody Daggett, 429 78, 88, 9, 97 274, 279, 236 Bell Wolfish, 441 520, 544-548, 99 1861, 1876-1879, 60 447 (1979).5 seem unwise treat differently similarly situated fact—the having own grave difficulties. based information hands private entities right. Even readily available, seems certain sufficiently vague amorphous kind disparity arise. 26 finally adoption test calculating split Circuits concerning reach detention,' Brief 34, 13, ambiguity forms fall 34. misconstrues doctrine. 'ambiguous' because" "a authority" Moskal 103, 108, 461, 465, 449 "after derived," Smith 2050, 2059, 138 (1993) (internal quotation marks brackets omitted), "no intended." Ladner 358 169, 178, 79 209, 214, 199 (1958). 27 judgment reversed, further proceedings consistent 28 ordered. 29 concurring. 30 reads gains months jail, five close encountered halfway house. cogently explains why adopts I write separately point out argued us elect intelligently, i.e., comprehension house, unlike yield eventual foreclose possibility fundamental fairness describe "due process" calls check. Cf. Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. (setting convey pleads understands plea). 31 dissenting. 32 Pursuant officer, premises [Volunteers (VOA) ]," euphemistically styled order—provided authorized accompanied Special Agent Dennis Bass." While VOA, "had account presence times day, random breath urine tests, access visitors manner, paucity vocational, educational, recreational services compared Sizer, 566 (CA3 1994). Except off-site medical exam, VOA hours days. my opinion, unquestionably 33 Both text purpose clearly contemplate locked up seven week, Such surely less General. Indeed, acknowledges force plain argument. Ante, ____.* Moreover, manifest give convicted gave rise conviction. When typical prison, operated State, county, contract government. 34 Purporting establish contrary conclusion, labors prove obvious proposition persons issued ed. V), well 3585(a), proof constitutes certainly form detention. fails demonstrate receive court-ordered full-time facility. 35 Court's creates result. "committed General" authorize state conditions." Ante 5. conclusion plainly war common sense rejects it. ("[T]he grants custody"); Reply 7-8. 36 attempts escape self-created anomaly "need do[es] propriety giving law. collapses majority's house cards. "text" limits rejects, limit detention, absolutely concluding 24-hour-a-day ways. 37 Given implications decision, fairly justifies judicially mandated, neither (because General) nor labeled "release"). Nor rely nature itself, concedes exact facility, purports sort ante, indeed odd (as above) itself rejected. 38 relies "custody," arguing intend settled "custody" existed cases cited majority, stands include involved situations large. (defendant "travel social report weekly probation officer"); "obey laws, jurisdiction permission travel, obey orders, keep attorney posted address employment"); ("released personal recognizance"); "at least (albeit passage Act) "enforced approaching incarceration." Brown Rison, 895 533, 536 1990). agree intended incorporate understanding fail intention supports 39 Simply accepting avoid anomalies created effectuate intent Congress, provide fair spend necessary appropriate. reasons, persuasive affirm judgment. syllabus prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Lumber 200 321, 282, 287, L.Ed. 499. Compare 888-891 1995) safe sentence); 657-660 (CA8) (en banc) sentence), Edwards, 960 278, 282-283 (CA2 1992) home electronic monitoring Pinedo 955 12, (per curiam ) trial 387-388 (CA6) mother's 1991) Insley, 927 185, 186 Woods, 888 653, 655-656 1989) 1006, 1301, 478 (1990), Mills Taylor, 967 1397, 1400 "conditions approach[ed] incarceration"). Our task strictly violated equal protection principles treating pre-trial post-sentenced App. 23. rejected Pet. Cert. A-28. waived argument Circuit, 559, (1994), renewed amicus curiae brief USC Law Center's Post-Conviction Project raises similar argument, Amicus Curiae 20-23, properly Parcel Service, Mitchell, 56, 60, 2, 101 1559, 1562, 67 732 (1981) (noting decide issues raised amici decided appeals interested party); 531, 1870, (1979) (same). Comprehensive Crime Control Pub.L. 98-473, Tit. II, Stat. 1976. relating known ch. I, 1987. explained 5880.28(c) (July 29, 1994), follows: "Prior Custody Time Credit. [Sentencing Act] new provision, pertains "credit controlling determinations SRA. "Definitions: "Official 'Official defined, recommended placement secure environment remains Marshals Service Those and/or removal return further, prosecution unauthorized absence program/residence. conditionally requirement participation residence. "A eligible credits 1982 (18 3152-3154), 3141-3143), time. 'highly restrictive,' 'house arrest,' 'electronic monitoring,' 'home confinement'; requiring daily Marshal, Probation person; considered Prisons, regarding participation, placement, subsequent environment, status indicate (see 522 (4th Cir.1991) 185 Cir.1991). Further, government prosecute cases, lawfully 1994) original). arrested, law, turned later prosecution. situations, often see, e.g., Operations Memorandum 1989); Sentence Computation Manual CCCA (1992 Supp.1994), BOP. These obviously governed here decision authorities. dissent wrong states "adopt[ed] rejected" allowing custody." Post, 565 'To normal English speaker, forced live ' 1401 ("[C]onfinement 'falls convincingly intent' 664 (CA8 (Heaney, whom, Lay, McMillian, R. Arnold, Gibson, join, dissenting) ("ordinary 'period temporary disposition court' ").

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