Document: 424 U.S. 544 96 S.Ct. 1023 47 L.Ed.2d 222 UNITED STATES, Petitioner,v.Bobby Gene GADDIS and Billy Sunday Birt. No. 74-1141. Argued Dec. 15, 1975. Decided March 3, 1976. Syllabus Respondents were indicted for entering a federally insured bank with intent to rob it by force violence (Count 1) robbing the 2), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), possessing funds stolen robbery 3), 2113(c), assaulting four people dangerous weapons during (Counts 4-8), 2113(d), thereafter found guilty sentenced on all counts. The Court Appeals reversed, ordered new trial ground that, as held Heflin v. United States, 358 415, 79 451, 3 407, was plain error allow jury convict accused receiving same money taken robbery, that under Milanovich 365 551, 81 728, 5 773, remanding case appropriate appellate remedy. Held: 1. A person convicted violating §§ (b), (d) cannot also be or proceeds 2113(c). Heflin, supra, U.S., at 419-420, 451. Pp. 547-548. 2. mistaken requiring remedy court's not having dismissed Count lack proof, since can corrected vacating convictions sentences count. Milanovich, distinguished. 548-549. 3. Counts 1 2 should vacated. Prince 352 322, 77 403, 370. P. 549 n. 12. Cir., 506 F.2d 352, vacated remanded. Andrew L. Frey, Washington, D.C., petitioner. Tommy Day Wilcox, Macon, Ga., respondents, Pro hac vice, special leave Court. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion federal grand Georgia, returned an eight-count indictment against respondents Gaddis Birt, charging them 2113(a);1 2113(c);2 course 4 8), 2113(d).3 At ensuing Government's evidence showed three armed men had 6, 1974, robbed National Bank Walton County Loganville, Ga.,4 robbers making their getaway engaged exchange gunfire Loganville's lone police officer. further two been Birt.5 counts indictment, judge each aggregate prison terms 25 years.6 In imposing sentences, stated: "(T)he realizes twenty-five years is maximum, cases say there merger those offenses. If any question legality sentence, that's Court's intention." Fifth Circuit reversed judgments conviction upon District Judge permitting eight indictment. Specifically, court this decision made clear "it taking obtained robbery," "the proper remand trial." 354. We granted certiorari because discordant views Circuits regarding application decisions.7 421 987, 95 1989, 44 476. correct holding (d), This much clearly settled case. "subsection (c) designed increase punishment him who robs but only provide receive loot from robber." 419, 454. . Congress trying reach group wrongdoers, multiply offense themselves." Id., 420, S.Ct., Thus, while present "merger" 2113(a) 2, 370, could include Receipt possession 2113(c) simply lesser included within total framework provisions 2113. Rather, reaches different "group wrongdoers," i. e., "those mistaken, however, supposing our required ordering "proper remedy" Judge's very unusual facts wholly presented here. 6 petitioner her husband, "as owners automobile, transported others arrangement whereby break into States naval commissary building view stealing government funds," she husband "were remain outside return accomplices after accomplishment theft," they "drove off without awaiting friends."8 believed jury, sufficient support verdict commissary.9 There other conduct part about 17 days appropriated silver currency concealed suitcase home.10 concealing property.11 refused instruct both currency, separately have instructed theft. Since impossible which count, if either, properly would petitioner, grossly disparate imposed (who larceny count), set aside remanded trial. 7 order. While certainly beyond reasonable doubt aggravated no whatever "from Indeed, except asportation itself, nothing show ever received possessed bank's funds. Their share was, fact, never found. Accordingly, His doing so fully now simple expedient count.12 8 many prosecutions 2113 will not, course, clearcut Situations often exist where before prosecutor certain participated person, though himself robber, least knowingly robbery.13 such impropriety file information containing violations well 2113(c).14 If, satisfied go counts, he must, members may defendant robbery. He must first consider charges charge find insufficient proof participant robbery.15 9 For reasons stated, judgment vacated, proceedings consistent opinion. 10 It ordered. 11 Judgment 12 STEVENS took consideration 13 WHITE, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, concurring. 14 Because deems distinguishable 773 (1961), sees occasion continuing validity decision; I do read reaffirming, addition describing, rule when (1) erroneously permitted knowing (2) convictions. 15 As states, stop going permitted, count well, casts absolutely conviction. Under circumstances defendant. concluded satisfactory certainty offenses, instructed. shows element established doubt. That went whether date trustworthiness findings problem which, considered separately, one bears relation Stromberg California, 283 359, 51 532, 75 L.Ed. 1117 (1931), single valid invalid theory. Stromberg, know anything. class governed untainted fact its finding are factually 16 correctly instructs elements crime resulting sentence sustained. convicts possession, vacated.* result expenditure resources possibility acquittal through loss causes reliably reason. "(a) Whoever, violence, intimidation, takes, attempts take, presence another property thing value belonging to, care, custody, control, management, of, bank, credit union, savings loan association; "Whoever enters enter association, used whole commit building, thereof, used, felony affecting association statute "Shall fined more than $5,000 imprisoned twenty years, both." "(c) Whoever receives, possesses, conceals, stores, barters, sells, disposes subsection (b) section shall subject provided said taker." "(d) committing, attempting commit, defined subsections (a) section, assaults puts jeopardy life use weapon device, $10,000 Two entered brandishing pistols, third man remained car outside. indicted, Wayne Davis, pleaded principal witness Government respondents' 20-year (18 2113(a)), 25-year (§ 2113(d)), 10-year 2113(c)), run concurrently. See, E. g., Sharpe, 452 1117, 1119 (CA1); Ploof, 464 116, 119-120 (CA2); Roach, 321 1, (CA3); Phillips 518 108, 110 (CA4); Sellers, 520 1281, 1286 Harris, 346 182, 184 Abercrombie, 480 961, 964-965 (CA5); Ethridge 494 351 (CA6); Dixon, 507 683 (CA8); Tyler, 466 920 (CA9); Keating 413 1028 Glass 678 (CA10). 557, 731 (dissenting opinion). 641, 554-555, 5, 729-730. 641. light concurrent leaving 2113(d). Such hard hypothesize. possess person's less eyewitness circumstantial actual statement contrary dissenting 558, 731-732, incorrect. hand, incumbent prosecution prove offense, identity participants theft irrelevant issue defendant's guilt. mechanistic reading Heflin's language might rule, remembered ultimately And "pyramid penalties." 453-454. did purport add alter statutory * district judges juries majority requires, arise. However, instructing attest, 1281 (CA4 1975), cert. pending, Nos. 74-1476 74-6503; 108 1975) (en banc), 75-167 75-5457; (CA8 1974), 74-5869, nonetheless mistakes, reason believe mistakes completely cease just today reiterates instructions.

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