Document: 414 U.S. 70 94 S.Ct. 316 38 L.Ed.2d 274 Louis J. LEFKOWITZ, Attorney General of New York, et al., Appellants,v.M. Russell TURLEY al. No. 72—331. Argued Oct. 10, 1973. Decided Nov. 19, Syllabus York statutes require public contracts to provide that if a contractor refuses waive immunity or testify concerning his state contracts, existing may be canceled and he shall disqualified from further transactions with the State for five years, disqualification contracting authorities upon person's failure answer questions respecting transactions. Appellees, York-licensed architects, when summoned before grand jury investigating various criminal charges, refused sign waivers immunity, whereupon were notified appellees' conduct had their attention called applicable statutes. Appellees thereafter brought this action challenging as violative constitutional privilege against compelled self-incrimination. A three-judge District Court declared unconstitutional under Fourteenth Fifth Amendments. Held: 1. The Amendment self-incrimination is not inapplicable simply because issue arises in context official inquiries into job performance contractor. ordinary rule available witnesses these appellees were, State's legitimate interest maintaining integrity its civil service independent contractors, like other concerns, cannot override requirements Amendment. Pp. 77—79. 2. could compel testimony been immunized waiver sought by State, threat loss would have no less than direct request without resort device, Garrity v. Jersey, 385 493, 87 616, 17 562; Gardner Broderick, 392 273, 88 1913, 20 1082; Uniformed Sanitation Men Assn., Inc., Comm'r, 280, 1917, 1089, there distinction terms compulsion between those cases contract 79—84. 3. Under proper accommodation Amendment, can employees contractors respond inquiries, but only it offers them sufficient supplant privilege. Kastigar United States, 406 411, 92 1653, 32 212. 84—85. 342 F.Supp. 544, affirmed. Brenda Soloff. City, appellants. Richard O. Robinson, Buffalo, N.Y., appellees. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered opinion Court. 1 Municipal Law §§ 103—a 103—b, McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 24, Public Authorities 2601 2602, 43—A, any subdivisions, years.1 In addition specifying terms, person respect subdivisions. case whether sections are consistent insofar makes States 2 * two architects licensed York. They charges conspiracy, bribery, larceny. asked, refused, effect which right witness themselves. then excused Attorney, directed law, thereupon alleging future privileges threatened asserted pertinent statutory provisions was convened four at Amendments, 544 (WDNY 1972). We noted probable jurisdiction, 410 924, 93 1353, 35 585 (1973). appealed pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 1253. affirmed judgment II 3 provides 'shall himself.' protects individual being involuntarily himself prosecution also him put proceeding, criminal, formal informal, where answers might incriminate proceedings. McCarthy Arndstein, 266 34, 40, 45 16, 17, 69 L.Ed. 158 (1924), squarely held 4 '(t)he ordinarily dependent nature proceeding used. It applies alike proceedings, wherever tend subject responsibility who gives it. mere fully does one party defendant.' 5 respect, Arndstein reflected settled view object 'was insure should compelled, acting investigation, give show committed crime.' Counselman Hitchcock, 142 547, 562, 12 195, 198, 1110 (1892). See Bram 168 532, 542—543, 18 183, 186 187, 42 568 (1897); Brown Walker, 161 591, 16 644, 40 819 (1896); Boyd 116 634, 637—638, 6 524, 534, 536—537, 29 746 (1886); Saline Bank, Pet. 100, 7 (1828). This now States. Malloy Hogan, 378 1, 84 1489, 635 (1964). 'It must considered irrelevant petitioner inquiry defendant prosecution, has long similar federal inquiries.' Id., 11, S.Ct., 1495. contexts, therefore, protected rightfully refuse unless until least use evidence derived therefrom subsequent defendant. 441, 212 (1972). Absent such protection, nevertheless answer, inadmissible later prosecution. supra; supra. Against background, room urging arises, here, Surely, juries appellee were. Hale Henkel, 201 43, 66, 26 370, 375, 50 652 (1906). true strong, furnishing wide range goods services; sufficiently strong suggestion able interrogate about regard discharge waiving they otherwise entitled, incriminating obtained prosecutions. But claims overriding interests unusual litigation fared well. 8 supra, insisted marshaling distributing assets bankrupts, protect bankrupt during examinations mandated Bankruptcy Act. That position did prevail. bankrupt's had, afforded And recognized knowledgeable perhaps implicated witnesses, enforcement transportation laws 'would become impossible,' proceeded on basis granted adequate compelled. U.S., 610, 651. Similarly, antitrust private corporations stake essential command witnesses. Also, difficult overestimate importance laws; price third-party satisfy imperatives Finally, almost very here involved, recently do forfeit duties used 562 (1967); 1082 (1968); 1089 (1968). III 9 certain police officers an conducted fixing traffic tickets. asked following warnings removed office anything said proceeding. No kind offered law. answered over objections, prosecutions conspiracy. 'the protection coerced statements prohibits proceedings removal office, extends all, policemen members our body politic.' 500, 620. threats act responding interrogation voluntary effective self-incrimination, conceding, however, situations 'where anxious make clean breast whole affair volunteers information.' 499, 619. 10 officer who, after advised compulsory requested State. Conceding appellant discharged refusing duties, required terminated, was, Although executed invalid elicited evidence, purport recognize much instead attempted coerce penalty employment. 'testimony demanded part so prosecute him, solely purpose securing accounting trust.' 279, 1916. Hence, provision requiring dismissal refusal stand. 11 companion case, same effect. Here again, officially interrogated lead dismissal. presented 'a choice surrendering rights jobs,' 284, 1920, although clearly 'subject themselves account trust, involve attempt relinquish rights.' 285, 1920. These cases, predecessors, ultimately rest reconciliation well-recognized policies behind Murphy Waterfront Comm'n, 52, 55, 1594, 1596, 678 (1964), need well Federal Government, obtain information 'to assure functioning government,' id., 93, 1611 (White, J., concurring). Immunity 'rational demands government citizens testify.' 446, 1657. sense 'become out fabric.' Ullmann 350 422, 438, 76 497, 506, 100 511 (1956).2 13 agree Garrity, Gardner, control us. furnish possibly demanding disqualifying refused. seems us intended accomplish what specifically prohibited immunized. device. secured substantial economic sanction termed voluntary. As already noted, rejected claim face possible discharge, them. 498, holding implicit both Men. 14 asserts whatever employees, different architects. Because depend entirely livelihood, suggested agencies period years neither within meaning nor forbidden performance. we plaintiffs' asserting F.Supp., 549. fail see difference magnitude employee contractor.3 15 If argument cost small comparison losing job, premise harder find employment sector, architect. An architect lives off fees surely salary, salaries equally hard come sector sanctions taken some plight worse, firm employs will cancellation disqualification.4 significant infringement justified speculative ability affected cover damage. IV clear, before. due forbids Constitution permits fruits use. Furthermore, requires means disposal secure supplied still power courts testimony, grant contempt imprisonment. Shillitani 384 364, 86 1531, 622 (1966). given plainly insist either oath suffer By token, involved relevant current relationships appropriate time future. consent Rather, hold: evidence. circumstances offer immunity. Affirmed. BRENNAN, whom DOUGLAS MARSHALL join. 19 I join Court's all respects one. my 'if . use' 'I believe Amendment's jurisdiction compels man absolute transaction revealed testimony.' Piccirillo 400 548, 91 520, 527, 27 596 (1971) (Brennan, dissenting.) N.Y. 103—b (Supp.1973 1974) provide: Section 103—a. Ground municipal fire districts: 'A clause inserted specifications made awarded corporation department, agency thereof first day July, nineteen hundred fifty-nine district September, sixty, work services performed performed, sold sold, person, jury, head temporary commission agency, city empowered attendance examine oath, investigation state, political subdivision thereof, authority authority, question contract, '(a) firm, partnership member, partner, director selling submitting bids receiving awards entering corporation, district, goods, services, refusal, '(b) partnership, cancelled terminated incurring damages termination, monies owing done prior termination paid. 'The section force apply corpora- tion fifty-nine, sixty.' 103—b. Disqualification 'Any department three-c article. duty conducting chairman occurs send notice together names known director, commissioner departments, officials subdivisions officer, contract. However, sent ten days occurs. Prior expiration period, liable commence special term supreme court, judicial occurred, order determining response occurred material inquiry. Upon commencement sending court manner deem just. days, provided herein.' 2602 (Supp.1973—1974) 2601. authority: hereafter created subdivision, since date paid.' 2602. twenty-six three title. general be, persons (sic) responde Orloff Willoughby, 345 83, 73 97 842 (1953), doctor inducted Army denied divulge Communist, loyalty certificate prescribed commissioned officers. Instead 'Federal privilege' question. Government occasion consider exposed stated member Communist Party. differs significantly asks affirmatively expose apparent absence Kimm Rosenberg, 363 405, 80 1139, 1299 (1960), inapposite. alien whose deportation ordered ineligible discretionary permitting departure, failed establish affiliated Petitioner's imminent departure country, obviously remote. succinctly it: option lose livelihood pay antithesis free speak remain silent.' 616. 618, (1967). disqualifications 'any ..'

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