Document: 368 U.S. 81 82 S.Ct. 216 7 L.Ed.2d 147 INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION, Appellant,v.J-T TRANSPORT COMPANY, Inc., et al. U.S.A.C. TRANSPORT, INC., al., Appellant, v. J-T Nos. 17, 18. Decided Dec. 4, 1961. On appeals from the United States District Court for Western of Missouri. [Syllabus pages 81-82 intentionally omitted] B. Franklin Taylor, Jr., Washington, D.C., appellant in No. 17. Roland Rice appellants Richard A. Solomon, appellee States, both cases. James W. Wrape, Memphis, Tenn., Transp. Co., 49, 53, 54: Robert Ginnane, 53. 49 and 54. all three Alvis Layne, remaining appellees Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered opinion Court. 1 These are judgments three-judge district courts, 28 U.S.C. § 1253, U.S.C.A. which set aside orders Interstate Commerce Commission denying applications permits as contract carriers. 185 F.Supp. 838; 188 160. 2 Appellee J—T Transport Company asked to extend its present operations an irregular-route carrier airplane parts include carriage aircraft landing gear bulkheads Boeing Airplane Co. supported application. Common carriers opposed application, did another carrier, Transport, indicated it preferred applicant over other because unsatisfactory experience with latter operations. that was more practicable than common carriage, a carrier's could be better integrated manufacturer's production. Though examiner recommended grant permit, denied (74 M.C.C. 324, 79 695) saying no attempt had been made ascertain if existing services were capable meeting needs shipper. It ruled 'There is, effect, presumption will adversely affected by loss 'potential' traffic, even they may not have handled before.' 695, 705. held established need this service shown 'the service' 'inadequate.' Id., 709. 'not needed' cannot found consistent public interest or National Transportation Policy, those terms used 209(b) Act amended, 71 Stat. 411, 309(b), 309(b). said shippers require distinct type provided protesting indeed position provide any needed would though never business question. 3 Raddish application carry canned goods points Arkansas one Oklahoma various thirty-three on return. His his prospective motor carriers, 54, rail 49. 4 Reddish showed he customers who ordered less-than-truckload amounts. maintained low inventories expedited deliveries small quantities short notice. Some accepted only certain days, requirement calling integration coordination between shipper customer. The inadequate these shipments, such lots often carried consolidated loads caused delays shipments. Moreover, served making necessary unload shipments reload them causing delays, misconsignment, damage goods. also testified cost prohibitive use private carriage. render adequate multiple pick-up delivery most transferring Examiner granted. it, saying, inter alia, performed injured potential shippers' desire obtain lower rates primary reason their support but sufficient basis justify authority carrier. 35. 5 cases turn meaning language added 1957. 6 Our decision Contract Steel Carriers, 350 409, 76 461, 100 L.Ed. 482, rendering specialized sense hauled limited group commodities irregular routes, become reached new within limits license. That concern proposed amendments Act.1 203(a) (15) amended so define engages transportation vehicle 'under continuing contracts person number persons furnishing special individual nature required customer carriers.' adding additional issuance viz., 'that unwilling unable has shown.' vigorously some quarters.2 addition 203(a)(15) objected ground many driven out meet test performing change impossible prove competing 'unwilling' very difficult 'unable' service, intimate knowledge opposing 8 bowed objections;3 bill passed eliminated changes except ones changed result our supra.4 Section 203(a)(15), however, far material here, description term 'contract vehicle' furnishes 'transportation designed each customer.'5 And sentence sets forth five factors shall consider determining whether permit should issue: 9 'In national policy declared (this Act), (1) applicant, (2) proposed, (3) effect granting upon (4) and/or (5) changing character shipper's requirements.' (Numerals added.) 10 seems clear provisions adequacy is criterion considered Commission, instructed carriers,' well denial shippers. Or put matter otherwise, question shipping necessarily includes extent, nature, character, suitability existing, available makes line requirements policy. But facilities willingness ability determinative. 'effect requirements' relevance. This phase problem reflected broadened definition 'a vehicle'—one 'designed customer.' 203(a)(15). means, we think, 'distinct need' must weighed against services. indulged substance limit provided' carriers—a provision sought unsuccessfully incorporated into Act. We see room favor of, against, findings under 209(b). balance where lies. aim 1957 amendments, read legislative history, protect status quo establish regime allowed desirable. 11 assume Congress, amending statute, intended adopt administrative construction prevailed prior amendment. 12 By criteria directed consider, Congress expressed manifest solicitude directs attention situation at expense supporting shippers, when contrary implications. Such doubtless exists cases, might produced consequences adverse while just certainly burdensome Had having drawn crystallized interests, attempted judge much delicacy inquiry permits, cautious about disturbing conclusion. 13 determination primarily responsibility compulsion accept reading where, convinced loaded scales. indulging before,' assigning applicants burden proving inadequacy services, favored protestants' interests manner countenanced anything discoverable Congress' delegation responsibility. 14 argued holding willing able rely presumption. are, convinced. placed improperly rejection amendment suggests. capabilities matters peculiarly knowledge. In case same error, evident statement 'shippers failed show reasonably request.' 35, 42. 15 proper procedure, conclude, first demonstrate undertaking proposes tailored need. protestants then evidence If done, shifts equipped protestants. 16 Act, 1957, standard 'reasonably adequate.' different select service. can fill need,' service.' 17 offered irrelevant needs, too high, seek relief reduction. 42 43. think factor contest vehicles rail, Schaffer 355 83, 78 173, 117, particular mode operate rate 'inherent advantages' 54 899, note preceding section 1. analogy, 'economical' framework policy, defined Act6—'the Commission's guide' interest. McLean Trucking 321 67, 82, 64 370, 378, 88 544. seem hardly contestable meant, example, costs prohibitive, 'need' See Herman R. Ewell Extension—Philadelphia, 72 645. does mean lawfulness injected certificate proceedings. issue offers advantage establishes overrides counterbalancing considerations presents issues fall proceeding. 18 agree court that, supra, giving power maintain, respects firmer footing. said, 'Under statute entitled met.' 838, 849. agree. furnish still wholly For customer' fill. character' 'requirements' before Hence normal end matter. nonetheless fit business, length purse, desired. fact do presently perform being tendered divert 'upon services' newcomer unusual case. 19 merits, brings expertise bear problem, findings, grants denies applications. Yet itself. Findings substantial required. Public Service Comm'n 356 421, 427, 796, 799, 886; Smelting 339 186, 193, 70 537, 542, 94 750. 20 Since standards employed ones, causes remanded further consideration findings. American Assns. 364 1, 15—17, 80 1570, 1578, 1579, 1527. Accordingly below affirmed. 21 Affirmed. 22 FRANKFURTER, whom HARLAN STEWART join, dissenting. 23 related decree setting order contract-carrier §§ 303(a)(15), At Court's determinations exceeded four particulars. First, considering inadmissible 'sixth criterion' designated revised Second, imposed specifically refused approve. Third, concluded reliance capacity 'reasonable needs' specific Fourth, charged invoking impermissible previously undertaken traffic. 24 Disposition conclusions turns context Motor Carrier 1935, apart unintelligible; next due what here do, disclosed fair final report application; and, importantly, appropriate regard judicial review action now us. I. 25 noted, time industry unstable economically, dominated ease competitive entry fluid picture. result, became overcrowded economic units proved satisfy minimal safety financial So felt compelled authorization interstate preserve system overcompetition * *.' Ass'n 344 298, 312—313, 73 307, 315, 316, 97 337. 26 conditions prompted recommendations greatly esteemed Federal Coordinator Transportation, Joseph Eastman. S.Doc. 152, 73d Cong., 2d Sess. (1934). One prime purposes measure control scope common-carrier service: 27 'These ignored tendency demoralize impair undertakes serve alike importance county. 'The differ skim cream traffic leave portion lacks butterfats competitor. Obviously unfortunate undesirable results. 29 '* regulation operators, chief purpose protecting unfair demoralizing competition.' Report 1934, H.R.Doc. 89, 74th 1st (1935). 30 Eastman's proposal enacted 1935 (now Part II). H.R.Rep. 1645, (1935); S.Rep. As enacted, laid stringent controls former hold themselves general public, 203(a)(14), 207, non-discriminatory tariffs, 216(d), 217, uncontrolled charges above reasonable minimum, 218. owning vehicles, presumably included few approval going I, 5, CFR 179.2—179.5 (1961). No limitation types compete, there developed inherent difference performable carriers.1 Instead, chose destructive competition entrusting administration generalized qualifications permit. 31 originally 543, 544 (1935), provided: 32 means person, (other carrier) *, which, agreements, directly lease arrangement, transports passengers property foreign commerce 33 209(b), 553 authorized appeared, 34 operation, extent 202(a) part (the forerunner Policy adopted 1940) 35 design sections explicated shortly after passage, Contracts 628 (1937). rule-making proceeding attach limitations forestall transgression reasons given promulgation rule afford persuasive contemporaneous understanding Act: 36 carrier' coined State statutes statutes, protection expressly recited regulating others, appeared implication. 37 'This principle 1935. underlying plainly promote efficient interest, confined view. 38 patent object cut-throat M.C.C., 629. Filing 8, (1939). 39 After reciting relative freedom enjoyed concluded, controversy: 40 inevitable disadvantage accentuated becomes source positive peril competitors, claiming promiscuous dealings (who) play act abate instead intensified 631. II. 41 acting beginning regarded crucial consistency history C. & D. Oil Application, 329, 332 (1936), early stated guiding reaffirmed times since: 'We foster sound motor-carrier industry, normally accorded right transport handle adequately, efficiently, economically territories them, seeking enter field circumstances disclosed.' 43 A discloses unwaveringly applied identical nearly case, rulings exactly akin challenged here. 44 supra. engage although based legitimate reasons, not, standing alone, enough finding 45 L. Smith 717 Applicant peak-load supplies protestant 'may augment through purchase equipment thereby emergency (At 719.) thus 46 Eastern Shore 175—176 (1938). There several none ever it. shown, ruling insufficient 47 William Heim Certage Extension Operations Indianapolis, 329 dedicate trucks exclusive use. testimony undertake overcome variety shipped, denied, probably initiate Nevertheless 'would tend correct substantially improve' deficiency 'mere desire' again rejected factor. 48 Horace Daum Operations—Illinois, 366 (1940). Shipper using own trucks, stating refused, continue facilities. operated full capacity, needed. Reaffirming D., N. S. Craig 705 (1941). introduced 1940, determine lines theretofore altered deletion word 'special' 203(a)(15)2 adoption form.3 examination change, approved distinctions Commission,4 restated unmistakably entrenched 203(a)(15): '(T)he statutory definitions essentially declaratory law. words, remains ultimate carriage.' 710.) Numerous secondary tests distinguish shared feature: 'specialization, either physical respect served, without showing exist.' 711; italics report.) remain itself similar want unless specialize specialization mind 50 take form peculiar consist rigid devotion otherwise ordinary single shippers.' 708.) 51 This, seen, almost literal paraphrase later emerged 52 Having anticipated explicit congressional manner, continued adhere earlier purpose. 53 Samuel Major 795, 799—800 (1944). authorized, equipped, Willard J. Hibbard Operations—Lime, 311 (1947). emphatic satisfactorily job: participated absence required, warrant carrier.' 314.) B F Bus Service, 501 (1951). remarkably like one, devised virtually express bus employees plant Clifton, New Jersey, back York. two miles transfer local crosstown plant. Two run assured. Each desirous obtaining thought so. 55 resolving issue, foresaw essentials third fourth explicitly commended 209(b): 56 'Before operation Among affect patrons, inconvenience patrons suffer conversely, benefits ascertainment weighing respective facts.' 504—505.) 57 Applying formula determined others future, outweighed convenience applicant. drew especial pertinency 58 '(W)here generally rely, immediately potentially weakening inconsistent interest.' 505.) 59 adjusting conflicting whose accommodation committed strong way appropriately evaluated. Subsequent impressive proof uniform practice. 60 Kilmer Extension—Uniontown, 561 close facts. Shippers fragile earthenware products, requiring handling equipment, desired trailers, trained experienced drivers, wished flexibility picking up portions load factories. something provide, denied.' 571.) 61 Beatty Express, Extension—Soap Pittsburgh, Pa., 66 160 (1955). satisfactory refusing requested recapitulated applying, clarifying especially proof: 62 'It record authority, involved. (N)or unique doubt involved soap products preparations convenient shipper, lacking prejudiced handicapped Past coupled mere preference authority. consistently conditions, territory operation.' 162.) 63 Overland Freight Lines, Extension—Kentucky, 69 143, 148 (1956). An despite placement platform payment overtime raised low-sales-value merchandise. '(W)e conclude placements, whole, unreasonably delayed inconveniently merit inadequate.' diligence future spot relied deny Refiners Extension—Missouri, 272 (1957). Issuance occasions shipment protestants, consignee applicant's obtained. III. 65 law practice governing applications, language, summarized follows. Strictly regulated backbone industry. tasks easily field. operational awarded obliged certificates handle. Accordingly, undertaking. Protestants proposed. sufficient. Unless superior assurance him once denied. Only thus, viable satisfied. body precedent, conscientiously period years effectuate policies formulated enforcement, told overturned terms, origin, amendments. 67 411 (1957), reads follows: 68 commerce, compensation (a) tranportation assignment (b) (Changes italicized.) (1957) following provision: requirements.'5 From italicized follow longer assign weight, judgment, so, argued, conjunctive equipoise, demanding untilted fulcrum, complete metaphor, located argument precisely referred us construction, little argument. suggested interpretation plain advance far. 'plain meaning' automatic canon mischievous misleading long ago rejected. Boston Sand 278 41, 48, 52, 170; Ass'ns, 310 534, 542—550, 1059, 1063—1067, 84 1345. Words seldom shape them. Once 'tyranny literalness' rejected, Witkovich, 353 194, 199, 77 779, 782, 765, real seemingly words supplied whole relevant history. Indeed aid, 'all light relevantly shed clause Congress,' Universal Corp., 218, 221, 227, 229, 260. starting point appreciation 'mischief' alleviate. instance, fortunately, hard find, exposed 482. had, active solicitation contracts, expanded indistinguishable cease desist. affirmed reversal order, relying written6 declare 'A free aggressively search license.' U.S., 412, 463. 74 latitude authoritatively recognized subjecting mischief restrictive rewriting I.C.C.Ann.Rep. 162 Chairman Clarke Senate hearings stood, expansion offer particularly feared advantages 'encroach off depend overall public.'7 75 clearly apprehended evil favorable S.Rep.No. 703, 85th 3, U.S.Code Cong. Adm.News p. 1599. phrased House Report, 'obliterates distinction make opens door unjust discrimination among H.R.Rep.No. 970, presenting Senator Smathers, Subcommittee Chairman, fulfill: 'Unlimited diversion carriers' public; consequently, precise deemed necessary. Supreme situation.' 103 Cong.Rec. 14035, 14036 'more carriage' resulting restrict opportunities enhance To sure, responsive decision. Neither nor mention addition. contained bills, 1384 H.R. 5123, initially Commission. They emanated suggestion Conference, case; General Counsel, Clarence Todd, Subcommittee, appellees' position: thing always carrier—they every case—but carriers; balanced, taken consideration.' Hearings 300. observations, address Consideration adverted 305; Subcommittee. event, 'balance' struck defined, process determined. fact, appear practice; neither relaxation it: 'consistent policy' believe easier All give opinion, important 304. 83 evidenced Smathers' explanation recommending adoption: this, Committee proposing helpful law.' Like letter Committee, belief 8825 eventually passed) improvement submitted draft form.' Sess., Appendix loser. If, construing legislation, look sponsors meaning, Schwegmann Bros. Calvert 341 384, 394—395, 745, 750 751, 95 1035, statements worked long-standing preferring applicants. particularized indications confirmed reinforced precluding view, decision, radical departure regulatory leading disposition, criticized mentioned subcommittee drafted bill. representative throughout hearings, suspected overturned, scarcely unqualified cong., (1957); 14035 (remarks Sen. Smathers). contrary, good assuming approved. issued endorsement: 85 'Your committee system, stable objectives bill, passed.' 86 Furthermore, session 218(a), 343 318(a), file actual rather minimum charges. legislation 168—169 (1956), 335, eliminate construed pari materia original Act's manifested 2: 87 (pt. II Act) promotion end, view.' IV. foregoing distillation form, engaging 'and shown.'8 quoted Department, 10—11, deleted 'unduly restrictive' problem. withdrew initial increased restrictions affords conclusion legislatively disapproved narrowed. 89 truth, place demonstrating state ('unwilling'), ('unable'), entirely protestant. Thus, witness heard from, 'because 22. Later on, Conference presented 294—295. subsequently 44. (1957).9 V. 90 isolation organic affects. repeal. Even suggestive Guessefeldt McGrath, 342 308, 313—315, 338, 341—342, 96 342. 91 Committees addressing bare heedless practicalities procedure committees occasion overturn pattern inviting views precedents, selecting evincing respect. careful architects fashioned harmoniously inadvertently add colonial wing gothic cathedral. VI. 92 What disposes contention erroneously imported not. implicit enunciated proceedings, nothing intimates change. fundamental difficulty judgment rests mistaken apprehension permissible determinant action. Thus characterized 'to insure (applicant's shipper's) receive 848 (W.D.Mo.1960). error. 93 grounds invalidated order. for. done trial examiner's reviewed Division establish, things, meet. policy.' 328 (1958). perfectly placing protestant, leaving go forward demonstration shipper.10 reconsideration purport made: find 709 (1959). fuller applicants, turned dispositions confirm suspicions. Roy Yiengst 265, 268 (1959), 'showing unable' possibly careless phrase conclusive phraser deciding. were, opinions bind hands decisions. looked behind discovered shorthand complicated allocation proof; come subsequent assertion superiority showing. true Carolina Haulers, 254, 256 (1958), likewise report, whole,' Louisiana, 290 70, 80, 28, 33, 181, arose. When apparent statutorily 98 respects, report. U.S.A.C., field, approximately percent consisting parts, landing-gear Company, accustomed modifying fashion production schedules. Specifically, concerns 708, 99 'U.S.A.C. holds operating Its drivers security clearance; suitable transporting assemblies, equipment; specifications fixtures modify pieces trailers conceive quarrel *' 707. moreover, ample extensive detailed Decker, charge fleet disputed surely prohibition shifting persuasion superiority. 101 persuaded, lenient merely 'available involved.' 701. standard: 'No 850. record, judged statute's requirements, sustain holding. 102 place, 'Plainly, records enumeration previously. J—T. trailer exclusively Boeing's $3,360 weeks. underslung adjustable floor roof rearend loading, fully enclosed height clearance roads traveled. spotted Wichita plant, notice supplier's Indianapolis pick bulkheads. 104 Traffic Manager J T possible near-by terminal. scheduled assembly predetermined time; constant engineering necessitated supply planes, delay expensive. disinclined terminal, tariffs gave decide use, carelessness 1953, uncertain fault 105 terminal Topeka, Kansas, cover Wichita. canvas-topped install removable elevatable days install, ten tariff prevent overloading.11 106 open did, obstacle. ambiguous ancient complaint control. offset, be, presence terminal: way, Wichita, why telephonic consultation reaching supplier actuality misunderstanding obligation credit.12 107 matter, inserted noted qualify qualification controlling irrelevant. 108 Beyond parsing adequate' expresses preserving inroads putting afforded Another describing practice, affected, 109 erred resolution 209(b)—'the protesting. carriers'—by aid unwarranted 110 how enjoying However, past holdings efficiently granted equally valid today act. 111 How confident blindly applying called 'in effect' presumption, face 'can handle,' explain. Doubtless erected simply possessed (15). But, did. 112 went further, protestant's requisite effect. 'Where participating involved, hence ordinarily 848. somewhat know expert insight achieved conclusion, variance deliberate issue. Apparently shows replied know. 113 improper statute. invariably unaffected ourselves unanimously held, since legally cognizable injury accrue 114 '(S)urely Motors shipper) event deprive standing. independents sees predictions go. then, maintain 'party interest' 205(g) 'person suffering legal wrong aggrieved' 10(a) Administrative Procedure Ass'ns 18, 1580, 115 'adversely affected' hostility review, 116 305. visited demonstrated antipathy emphasis rejections, significant desires controlling. 117 episode point. scheme way. remember chosen regulate forces impartial body. frequently advantages, chiefly operations, safeguarded entrusted I.C.C. self-interest behave arbitrarily, reject refuse 'consider' commanded account, weight value evaluation comparative conclusive. 118 demonstrates unwisdom overturning exercise functions surface improprieties. traffic; U.S.A.C.'s. 119 'ability depends dependent kind continuance operations.' 708. 120 content 'presumption' flows ability: decidedly rested array actually soliciting recent 'deadheads,' empty impressive: March deadheads loads; April, 60. empty-equipment existed Aircraft-parts recently decreased. obsolescence, spotty, recurrent highs lows. engaged programs building 184's, B—47's, B—36's. ended. 121 Surely defense, lay keep U.S.A.C.'s excess profitably defense needs. advert illustration adversity VII. 122 relation courts delineated treatment closely parallel Secretary Agriculture Central Roig Ref. 338 604, 403, 381. Sugar 1948, 205(a), 1115(a), allocate marketing quotas refineries amounts fair, efficient, equitable distribution' (compare policy'), 'by taking consideration' factors—one processing raw sugar cane, decided inapplicable, marketings capacity. equal referring pre-World War base selected wartime demands. attacked exceeding Appeals. reversed, discretion vested sugar-quota scheme. direction Secretary's assigned situation. arbitrary choice reach distribution, stand. 123 commonplace criterial adequately supported, left agency interpreting Congress. misconceived abstract conceptions 'fact,' 'law,' 'law-application.' thing, vary another, task exercising informed proceedings extends testimonial submissions obedience command. derived for, reviewing intervene. agency's determination, resting (where, true, required) evidence, intervention absent. Compare Union Pacific 222 541, 547 548, 108, 110—111, 308. 124 agencies sifting draw competence ascertaining language. Social Security Board Nierotko, 327 358, 368—371, 637, 642—644, 718, Labor Relations Hearst Publications, 322 111, 128—131, 851, 859—860, 1170. precision technical complexity issues, certainty experimentation, likelihood foreclosing assessing factors, guided investigation sheds alleviate, addressed. 125 reveals conferred None precedents contrary; Pierce Auto 515, 535—536, 687, 697—698, 821 (not gauge interest; Commission); Bass 163 (W.D.Va.1958), aff'd per curiam, 358 333, 351, (same); cf. Detroit Cleveland Nav. 326 236, 240—241, 75, 38. n. 90, 175, 177, deliberately refrained evaluating carriers.13 126 Determinations judicially respected exercises beyond jurisdiction courts. Their correction transcends including course disregard procedural proprieties powers. 127 claim unsupported evidence. Pan 304 156, 158, 771, 773, 1262; Camera Corp. Board, 340 474, 456, 456; 10(e), 237, 243 (1946), 1009(e), 1009(e). negatives neglected 128 Of 88, 176, 'represent, best, compromise stability alleged familiarity problems considerations.' 314, 337; Parker, 60, 66, 1490, 1493, 2051. standard. 705—706. 129 stand, tell leaves unclear conclusions. Chicago, M., St. P. P.R. 294 499, 510—511, 462, 467, 1023. felicitously less extraction diffuse duty serried array. if, grounds. 130 function impose lucidity elegance exposition warning City Yonkers 320 685, 327, 400, exacting overnice electric interurban railway integral steam railroad allow suspend facts spread until parties appeal. finding. took entered Court, lengthy Comm. 323 675, 130, 548. wasteful charade ought repeated 131 I reverse 132 concurring part. 133 canning companies return materials cans, lids, corrugated boxes. groups railroads, 134 recitation facts, briefly summarized. volume small-lot purchasers. inventories, necessitating effecting pickups purpose, sending single-lot truckloads Steele Canning Company's furnished trucks. strike occurred, independent sold Steele, wish expand sales 135 Under temporary offering stops transit truckload rate, stop-in-transit charge, rates. 136 Existing possess joint-line Although transportation, displays sharp decline canned-goods tonnage. authorized. 137 asserted contended pickup expedition. profit conditions. resort 138 point, animated disposition today, 81, S.Ct., 204, pertinent 139 'Aside pertaining rates, devoid dissatisfaction Complaints slow time, inability arrange substantiated reference instances. regular hindered instances authorities jof achieving deliveries, request. warranted application.' 41—42 140 Little there. Suffice say them1 upset consider. 821; 168 350; 141 differentiates high 142 Before dispose pressed economies requirement. 143 91—92, 178, impliedly longstanding ignoring dissatisfied alone successfully remedy lies attacking 316. See, e.g., Dixon Koster (1942); F. Black Operations—Prefabricated Houses, 708—709 (1948); Pomprowitz Extension—Packing Products, 343, (1950). 42—43. 144 considerations. factor, challenge justification permitted, Omaha C.B.R. Bridge 234—235 (1950), largely stage yet revealing service,2 refusal Railway Express Agency 153 738, 741 (S.D.N.Y.1957), 270, 330, 257; 77, 86—87, 1499, 1503, 2065. 145 More fundamentally, misconceives 'modes' concerned maintaining been, 117. admonished, 218(b) prescribe undue 146 authorizing invalidate cost-justified away large England Rate Bureau Lewers, 651 therefore, exploit great detriment ignore proceeding, acts limiting entrance Nation's anything, looks way; 218(a) filing arguments fairly costs, sustained avoid hobble benefiting augmenting 149 styles 'embargo' exception usual disregarding level H.L. McBride Extension—Ohio, 790 (1954). 645, 648 treated 150 effort prohibitive. relatively inexpensive commodity sells prices compared prewar prices, percentage wise commodities. appears improbable margin thereon narrow move customarily moved tank-truck equipment. intrinsically unreasonable standpoint bulk liquid rights managerial reduction losing but, least negotiated positions clear. failure indicates forego lack move. 151 'Without departing proposition reasonableness necessity (Protestants') requirements. Protestants, action.' 152 'absorb' $200 30,000-pound shipment, adjust result. Similar numerous discussions learned drive market. Whether know, Schirmer Extension—Molasses, 240, 242 Until does, ensuring stays arbitrarily. Cf. Florida 282 214—215, 119, 125, 291. vacate remand strictly limited. full-dress unreasonable. deems necessary, embargo Hearings, 1384, Foreign Commerce, 6. Department (S.Hearings, 11) Commerce. 200 203. stated, 'Since concerning knowledge, absolutely contrary. 303. attitude follows Rep. Code Adm.News. 1601: reflection objections pattern. withdrawn.' pp. 2—3, 6, 7; H.Rep. 3. Sec. 303(a)(15) paragraph (14) therein), 1940 described Policy: hereby modes subject administered recognize each; safe, adequate, economical, encourage establishment maintenance discriminations, preferences practices; cooperate duly officials thereof; wages working conditions;—all developing, coordinating, water, highway, Postal defense. enforced view carrying declaration 899. classified commodities, admits 165.2 898, 920 899 (1940), 301, provides part: practices *—all developing Truman, conferee, bill: 'Section 203, paragraphs (15), rewritten sole eliminating pick-up, delivery, conferees intention, 203 intent iota pickup, over-the-road truckers whenever 11546 Bracketed numbers reference. excluded impose, substitute permit.' Steel, 412 empowers 'terms, respecting class thereof assure Surface Transportation—Scope Authority (hereinafter cited Hearings). printed significance deletions colloquy hearings: 'Senator SCHOEPPEL. ask there: Supposing you serving wasn't there, doing nowadays prompt service?' 'Mr. ROTHSCHILD (from deferred answer replied). (sic) someone claims there.' 200—201, any, exploratory speculation member government department problematical. fullest bear, emerges this: applies satisfied Schoeppel's followed detail effective August 22, 1's issued. Ziffrin, Inc. 318 73, 78, 465, 468, 621. detain total haul 5,500 pounds (R. 92), 24,000 pounds. (Protestant's exhibit 15, 147; 112.) J—T's want, feel best solely dedicated use.' 89.) choose can.' 97.) Again: my himself wants it.' 103.) erroneous understanding, demonstrate. met. Nor appellees. grant. conform dictates declaring that: 'To others.' 90—91, 178. pertain 710, weight. Indeed, negates interested classes collected Hale Hale, Competition Control III: U.Pa.L.Rev. 775, 783 (1960). sheet income 31).

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