Document: 379 U.S. 294 85 S.Ct. 377 13 L.Ed.2d 290 Nicholas deB. KATZENBACH, Acting Attorney General, et al., Appellants,v.Ollie McCLUNG, Sr., and Ollie McClung, Jr. No. 543. Argued Oct. 5, 1964. Decided Dec. 14, Archibald Cox, Sol. Gen., for appellants. Robert McDavid Smith, Birmingham, Ala., appellees. Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of Court. 1 This case was argued with 515, Heart Atlanta Motel v. United States, decided this date, 241, 348, in which we upheld constitutional validity Title II Civil Rights Act 1964 against an attack no hotels, motels, like establishments. complaint injunctive relief appellants attacks constitutionality as applied to a restaurant. The heard by three-judge States District Court injunction issued restraining from enforcing 233 F.Supp. 815. On direct appeal, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1252, 1253 (1958 ed.), noted probable jurisdiction. 802, 348. We now reverse judgment. 2 1. Motion Dismiss. 3 moved dismiss want equity jurisdiction that claim is pressed here. grounds are authorizes only preventive relief; there has been threat enforcement appellees they have alleged irreparable injury. It true ordinarily will not interfere such cases. However, may do consider application declaratory judgment under 2201 2202 ed.). In case, course, appeal would still lie § 1252 But even though Rule 57 Federal Rules Procedure permits although another adequate remedy exists, it should be granted where special statutory proceeding provided. See Notes on Advisory Committee Rules, U.S.C.App. p. 5178 ed.) provides determination rights duties arising thereunder, 204—207, courts should, therefore, refrain exercising their 4 present however, unique position. interference governmental action occurred question before us companion well case. important decision these cases announced quickly possible. For reasons, concluded, above caveat, denial discretionary required 5 2. Facts. 6 Ollie's Barbecue family-owned restaurant Alabama, specializing barbecued meats homemade pies, seating capacity 220 customers. located state highway 11 blocks interstate one somewhat greater distance railroad bus stations. caters family white-collar trade take-out service Negroes. employs 36 persons, two-thirds whom 7 12 months preceding passage Act, purchased locally approximately $150,000 worth food, $69,683 or 46% meat bought local supplier who had procured outside State. expressly found substantial portion food served commerce. refused serve Negroes its dining accommodations since original opening 1927, July 2, 1964, operating violation Act. court below concluded if were lose amount business. 8 merits, held could Fourteenth Amendment because conceded State Alabama involved refusal also admitted Thirteenth authority neither validating nor invalidating As Commerce Clause, 'an express grant power Congress regulate commerce, consists movement goods information another'; clause 'to intrastate activities, but extent part necessary appropriate effective execution commerce.' There must be, said, close relation between activities commerce requires control former protection latter. Congress, rather than finding facts sufficient meet rule, legislated conclusive presumption affects serves offers travelers This, held, demonstrable connection sold conclusion discrimination affect 9 basic holding Motel, answers many contentions made appellees.1 outlined overall purpose operations plan valid exercise insofar hotels motels transients without regard race color. restaurants 10 Section 201(a) commands all persons shall entitled full equal enjoyment services any place public accommodation segregation ground race, color, religion, national origin; 201(b) defines establishments places them supported action. Sections 201(b)(2) (c) 'restaurant * principally engaged selling consumption premises' 'if admits covered provisions Government makes contention at Alabama. frequented sole question, narrows down whether II, annually receiving about $70,000 Congress. contended ample basis upon find racial receive out does, fact, impose commercial burdens magnitude appellees' major argument directed premise. They urge existed. turn. 4. Congressional Hearings. both Houses conducted prolonged hearings And, said there, while formal findings made, course necessary, make mention testimony better understand problem determine reasonable means toward solution. record replete placed restaurants. A comparison per capita spending restaurants, theaters, indicated less spending, after discounting income differences, areas widely practiced. condition, especially aggravated South, attributed Under Secretary segregation. Hearings Senate S. 1732, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., 695. diminutive springing total loss customers has, regardless absence evidence, fewer enjoys sells consequently buys. S.Rep. 872, 2d 19; Hearings, 207. addition, General testified type imposed artificial restriction market' interfered flow merchandise. Id., 18—19; also, point, see Senator Magnuson, 110 Cong.Rec. 7402—7403. references discriminatory situations causing wide unrest having depressant effect general business conditions respective communities. See, e.g., 623—630, 695—700, 1384 1385. 14 Moreover impressive array highly restrictive travel resulted, practices prevent buying prepared premises trip, except isolated unkempt most unsatisfactory often unpleasant conditions. obviously discourages obstructs can hardly eating. Likewise, deterred professional, skilled, people moving into thereby caused industry reluctant establish there. supra, 18—19. 15 believe afforded established discrimination, obstructed directly it, suffered new businesses refrained establishing result it. Hence error concluding court's 'common experience' flies face stubborn fact. 16 goes saying that, viewed isolation, volume sources supplied insignificant when compared foodstuffs But, our late Brother Jackson Wickard Filburn, 317 111, 63 82, 87 L.Ed. 122 (1942): 17 'That appellee's own contribution demand wheat trivial itself enough remove him scope federal regulation where, here, his contribution, taken together others similarly situated, far trivial.' At 127—128, 90. 18 number witnesses attested fact merely regional nationwide scope. Against background, conclude focus legislation individual restaurant's appropriately considered importance knowledge 'representative throughout country, incidence left unchecked become far-reaching harm Polish National Alliance Labor Relations Board, 322 643, 648, 64 1196, 1199, 88 1509 (1944). 19 With situation spreading shows, await dislocation Consolidated Edison Co. New York 305 197, 59 206, 83 126 (1938): 20 'But cannot maintained exertion disruption provide measures object Act.' 222, 213. 21 5. Power Regulate Local Activities. 22 Article I, 8, cl. 3, confers '(t)o among several States' Clause same grants Laws proper carrying Execution foregoing Powers *.' grant, pointed 'extends those so over attainment legitimate end, Wrightwood Dairy Co., 315 110, 119, 62 523, 526, 86 726 (1942). Much being 'even activity regarded still, whatever nature, reached exerts economic 125, 89. beyond reach 'those completely particular State, other interfere, executing some powers government.' Gibbons Ogden, Wheat. 1, 195, 23 (1824). rule good today Chief Marshall laid almost century half ago. time again extends retail establishments, including indirectly burden obstruct detailed repeat 24 Nor ends come rest destination apposite That line reference taxation field regulation. 25 contend arbitrarily created meeting criteria set 'affect Stated way, omission provision case-by-case determination—judicial administrative—that 26 Congress' framing unprecedented. Darby, 312 100, 657, 61 451, 609 (1941), Fair Standards 1938.2 determined payment substandard wages employees production inhibited subject argued, invalid included independent inquiry regarding (Brief appellees, pp. 76—77, 609.) rejected argument, observing that: 27 '(S)ometimes did Safety Appliance Railway *. passing class last mentioned function regulated prohibited within power.' 120—121, 460. Here, refusals products generally. Of mere deemed does preclude further examination legislators, light them, rational chosen regulatory scheme investigation end. remaining question—one answered affirmative below—is either 29 Act,3 specific embodied statutes. findings. fatal statute, Carolene Products 304 144, 152, 58 778, 783, 82 1234 (1938), evidence presented fully nature meant alleviate. 30 Confronted adverse free Insofar sections here relevant concerned, (c), tie i.e., those, McClungs', serving think doing acted protect foster extending coverage offering 31 connecting factor much reliance, not, given aspects crucial matter. 32 broad sweeping; keeps sphere violates limitation Court, going back founding days Republic, interfere. applied, plainly resolution what first magnitude. limitations Constitution therefore declare valid. 33 reversed. 34 Reversed. 35 Concurring opinions BLACK, DOUGLAS GOLDBERG printed Inc., disposes challenges base Fifth, Ninth, Tenth, Amendments, Cases, 109 18, 835 (1883). 3. Applied. 52 Stat. 1060, 201 seq. 49 449, amended, 151

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