Document: 370 U.S. 478 82 S.Ct. 1432 8 L.Ed.2d 639 MANUAL ENTERPRISES, INC., et al., Petitioners,v.J. Edward DAY, Postmaster General of the United States. No. 123. Argued Feb. 26 and 27, 1962. Decided June 25, Stanley M. Dietz, Washington, D.C., for petitioners. J. William Doolittle, Jr., respondent. Mr. Justice HARLAN announced judgment Court an opinion in which STEWART joins. 1 This case draws question a ruling Post Office Department, sustained both by District Appeals, 110 U.S.App.D.C. 78, 289 F.2d 455, barring from mails shipment petitioners' magazines. That was based on alternative determinations that magazines (1) were themselves 'obscene,' (2) gave information as to where obscene matter could be obtained, thus rendering them nonmailable under two separate provisions 18 U.S.C. § 1461, U.S.C.A. known Comstock Act.1 Certiorari granted (368 809, 37, 7 19) consider claim this inconsistent with proper interpretation application principles established Court's prior decisions. Roth v. States, 354 476, 77 1304, 1498; Smith California, 361 147, 80 215, 4 205.2 2 Petitioners are three corporations respectively engaged publishing titled MANual, Trim, Grecian Guild Pictorial. They have offices at same address common president, one Herman L. Womack. The consist largely photographs nude, or near-nude, male models give names each model photographer, together latter. also contain number advertisements independent photographers offering nudist sale. 3 On March 1960, six parcels containing aggregate 405 copies magazines, destined Alexandria, Virginia, Chicago, Illinois, detained Alexandria postmaster, pending his superiors Washington whether 'nonmailable.' After evidentiary hearing before Judicial Officer Department there ensued administrative court decisions now review. I. issue obscenity, distinguished unlawful advertising, comes us following findings, supported substantial evidence we, indeed parties, most part, themselves, accept: not, asserted petitioners, physical culture 'body-building' publications, but composed primarily, if not exclusively, homosexuals, no literary, scientific other merit;3 they would appeal 'prurient interest' such sexual deviates, any interest sexually normal individuals; (3) read almost entirely possibly few adolescent males; ordinary adult normally buy them. 5 these premises, it decided below argued us, thought depend solely determination relevant 'audience' terms their should judged. view obscenity evidently stemmed belief 489, 1311, 1498, single test determining challenged material is obscene: 'whether average person, applying contemporary community standards, dominant theme taken whole appeals prurient interest.' (Footnote omitted.) basis rejecting contention judged likely impact 'average person,' even though recipient held finding respecting homosexual' sufficed establish Government's obscenity. 6 We do reach dispositive aspect case. For we find lacking element which, less than interest,' essential valid neither nor Appeals addressed itself all: These cannot deemed so offensive face affront current standards decency—a quality shall hereafter refer 'patent offensiveness' 'indecency.' Lacking quality, legally need words 'obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy vile,' connote something portrayed manner make unacceptable mores. While usage different shades meaning,4 statute since its inception has always been aimed obnoxiously debasing portrayals sex.5 Although condemns irrespective effect may upon those into whose hands falls, early States Bennett, 24 Fed.Cas. p. 1093, 14571, put limiting gloss statutory language: reaches only indecent expressed supra, 'taken 'effect' element, originally cast somewhat language (see U.S., 487, 1310, 1311), federal law leading English Regina Hicklin, (1868) L.R. Q.B. 360, Australian judge given illuminating analysis: 'As soon reflects word word, nothing corrupting depraving susceptible people, used describe things decency induce sinful thoughts, becomes plain, I think, Cockburn, C.J., * R. Hicklin propounding logical definition merely explaining particular characteristic necessary bring publication within relating libel.6 tendency deprave makes criminal. It once crime justification intervention law. But sole what constitutes libel. There libel unless published according calculated described *.'7 Close, (1948) Vict.L.R. 445, 463, Judgment Fullagar, (Emphasis original.) 9 thoughtful studies American Law Institute reflect two-fold concept Its earlier draft Model Penal Code contains 'obscene': 'A thing if, considered whole, predominant goes substantially beyond customary limits candor description representation matters.' A.L.I., Code, Tent. Draft (1957), 207.10(2). added.) organization's currently proposed reads: 'Material addition describing representing Proposed Official (May 4, 1962), 251.4(1). added.)8 10 Obscenity requires proof distinct elements: patent offensiveness; appeal. Both must conjoin can found 'obscene' 1461. In cases, sure, elements tend coalesce, patently will usually carry requisite unusual instance where, here, limited class persons occasion arises truly inquiry offensive. 11 mistaken considering made obscenity.9 Reading dispensing portrayal 1461 common-law background, out keeping Roth's evident purpose tighten standards. rejected 'isolated excerpt' 'particularly persons' tests case, 488—489, S.Ct., 1310—1311, pains point all sex reached laws treating subject 'in appealing 1310. That, course, compendious way embracing standard offensiveness, manifested itself, corruptive material, brought via Hicklin. 12 To 'obscenity' exception 'the area constitutionally protected speech press,' Roth, 485, 1309, does require offensiveness vel non might well public jeopardy being denied access many worth-while works literature, science, art. travel far among acknowledged master-pieces fields 'dominant theme' might, reason, claimed reader observer. decline attribute Congress quixotic deadening bar offensive, stimulates impure desires sex. Indeed construction doubtless encounter constitutional barriers. 487 1310—1311. Consequently power exercised enacting more interdiction had theretofore understood. indecency self-demonstrating standpoint effect, said predominantly chosen force 13 come then phase Are face? Whether fact mixed law, see Lockhart McClure, Censorship Obscenity: Developing Constitutional Standards, 45 Minn.L.Rev. 5, 114—115 (1960), remanding initial consideration missing factor determinations. issue, involving factual matters entangled claim, Grove Press, Inc., Christenberry, 276 433, 436, ultimately Court. materials determine ourselves. 14 first 'community' think statute, reaching parts population ethnic cultural backgrounds, national decency. decide prescribe lesser geographical framework judging issue10 intolerable consequence denying some sections country acceptable, others prevailing Cf. Butler Michigan, 352 380, 524, 412. 15 As regards 'indecency,' gives little guidance indicating taking 'as whole.' 1311. Being concerned First Fourteenth Amendments protect admittedly obscene,11 explore standard. At least important state authoritative commentators subsequent cases12 indicate 'hard-core' pornography similar statutes. See, People Richmond County News, N.Y.2d 578, 216 N.Y.S.2d 369, 175 N.E.2d 681; 58—60. pornography, less, test, go further present hold question, cannot, permissible standard, pale notions rudimentary 16 accept full contrary (354 1310—1311), tends emphasize respects overdraw certain features several photographs, expense fairly depict.13 Our own examination leads conclude dismally unpleasant, uncouth, tawdry. enough 'obscene.' Divorced unfortunate patronage capturing (a issue), nude regarded objectionable female society tolerates. Of course every nudity obscene. See Parmelee 72 App.D.C. 203, 206 208, 113 729, 732—734; Sunshine Book Co. Summerfield, 355 372, 78 365, 352; Mounce 180, 267, 187. Were although transcend bounds decency, undifferentiated legislation ignoring admonition door (the Amendment) left ajar; kept tightly closed opened slightest crack prevent encroachment interests' (footnote omitted). 488, 1311.14 17 nonmailability improvident insofar depends II. remains advertising. contended petitioners purveyors advertisements, contents account. third-party photographers. And, respect understand Government suggest 'advertising' violated mailed 'gives leer promises customer pictures.' Hornick, Cir., 229 120, 121. Such approach withstand underlying precepts Roth. Poss 179 F.Supp. 411, 415; cf. Schillaci, 166 303, 306. branch rests, then, advertisers possession undoubtedly photographs,15 postal officials, obtaining lists received through studios advertising 19 A dealt with. Should 'obscene-advertising' proscription construed requiring publisher knew sell material? words, criminal scienter (note 1, supra), civil proceedings section escape burden proof? constrained negative answer. First, required indicted mailing proscribed statute. climate finds hesitate render civilly responsible innocuous others, absence showing he character And express grant authority keep note 2, slow suggestion expressly proceeding omitted altogether parallel proceeding. Second, ground decision 205, indicates arise construe proceedings. magazine mails, without publisher's knowledge included magazine, effectively 'impose severe limitation public's matter,' 153, 218, scienter. Since publishers practicably expected investigate advertisers, economic consequences order periodical entail heavy financial sacrifice, refrain accepting conceivably Department. deprive materials, otherwise entitled protection, legitimate recognized avenue public. unnecessary delineate scope satisfy Amendment. Yet safely it, presence satisfied, suggests be, defendant did 'good faith effort' ascertain advertiser's materials. 20 premises turn record officials informed Womack, prosecuting sending shown him. He afforded opportunity himself alleged Contrariwise, government witnesses admitted deleted photographic after proprietors convicted material.16 reveals none who allegedly obtained magazines; result checks. Nor linked seized police. Note 15, supra. connection—that 'hard core' studio advertisers—falls short adequate advertiser sale matter. Womack's conviction Womack 111 8, 294 204, remote like conduct part advertisers. time acting president another studio; vendee while issues published. Finally, general testimony inspector experience character, customers borderline followed up 'hardcore' matter, hardly probative significance hand. 21 best showed chargeable purposes, reflected score.17 22 conclusion, remotely implies approval type still sordid motives prompted publication. All repression 23 Reversed. BLACK concurs result. 25 FRANKFURTER took WHITE 27 BRENNAN, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE DOUGLAS join, concurring reversal. 28 agree reversed, reason my Brother HARLAN'S. plenary review1 holding 'nonmailable' because 29 Petitioners, employ distribution about half circulation 25,000. deposited publications transmission second mail Chicago. However, acting, apparently notice therefore withheld delivery forwarded samples Counsel April official notified nonmailable, formal insufficient monetary value involved. Shortly thereafter, 11, requested hearing, sought injunctive relief Columbia against stoppage mailing. day reversed ordered thereafter refused temporary relief. 21, pleadings filed, begun Officer. injunction suit dismissed condition seek final action forthcoming 28. 28, month days mailing, handed down opening court. 30 May 13, filed complaint alleging obscene, respondent's withholding 'unlawful inequitable censor harass plaintiffs restraint designed rights Amendment *,' requesting permanent moved summary judgment, arguing, inter alia, time-consuming product Order *. amounts obnoxious unconstitutional censorship. principal delay Plaintiffs assert conducted ex parte treading sensitivity apart substantive problems Further, argue entire procedure raises doubts constitutionality.' Respondent, too, judgment. His motion opinion. affirmed, 31 insistent questions validity rise vital orderly development body administration. risk erosion liberties train our vigilance methods whereby condemned Marcus Search Warrant, 367 717, 81 1708, 1127; Kingsley Books, Brown, 1325, 1469; 205. Questions procedural safeguards loom large wake us. Among are: (a) close means prosecution sender; (b) Congress, authorize exclusion mail, provide determined forum except court, (c) whether, censorship, conferred authorities exclude character.2 32 Lower courts judges troubled questions,3 now.4 surpasses material's 'mailability.' Moreover, dealing involves difficulty inheres others. conclusion ultra vires here asserts, greatly influenced doubts, establishment censorship constitutional. Hannegan Esquire, 327 146, 66 456, 90 L.Ed. 586; Kent Dulles, 357 116, 1113, 1204.5 33 Holmes said: 'The postoffice when sees fit, carries use much free right tongues take very strong convince me ever intended practically despotic man.' Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Burleson, 255 407, 437, 41 352, 363, 65 704 (dissenting opinion). 34 enactment amendment Criminal Code), authorized precise question. relies provision support questionable material. inferred declaration item 'nonmailable conveyed delivered post office letter carrier.' Even granting permit allowing legislative history, contrast history problems, raise serious doubt sensitive perfunctory provision. honeycombed hazards guaranties, grave raised ambiguous exists. 35 origin briefly told.6 tag end bill drawn 1865 meet requests various changes. version read: 36 'That book, pamphlet, picture, print, vulgar States; office, discovered destroyed, disposed of, direct. person deposit cause delivery, publication, knowing guilty misdemeanor, and, duly thereof, shall, offense, fined $500, imprisoned year, both, circumstances aggravations offense.' 37 proposal, Chairman Collamer Senate Committee 'may liable objection. am perhaps satisfied it,' Senator Reverdy Johnson, postmasters breaking seals, immediately Collamer's penal adopted. Collamer, agreeing nonpenal clause 'might precedent undertaking postmaster) sort over mails,' happy dropped. Johnson strike it: '(I)t establishing bad anything mail.' sent uncovered, sufficient evil. Sherman observed: 38 'I prefer, simply striking (sentence). prohibition going ought stand. aware city New York parties backs, know improper carried mails. therefore, carrying left. Probably him open struck *.' 39 acquiesced passed, reading: 40 Cong.Globe, 38th Cong., 2d Sess. 660—661 (1865); Stat. 507. possible constructions brief discussion. One possibility seals,7 remove name sender appropriate prosecution—and determined, trial sender, Support 1888 amending banning and—unlike explicitly providing 'shall withdrawn regulations Postmaster-General prescribe.'8 42 discussion unambiguous, suppose Johnson—who already noted awareness discoverable so, opposition stopped accepted Sherman's understood mean stop obviously transmitting authorities, again, previously violative, authorities. believe correct enactment. arguably correct, avoid section's probable infirmity9 Near Minnesota, 283 697, 51 625, 75 1357; Summerfield Co., 95 169, 221 42) violative attaint justified 'hoary dogma privilege impose conditions chooses, (for that) long evaporated.' 504, 1319, 1498 opinion); 156, 461, Speiser Randall, 513, 518, 1332, 1338, 1460. 43 Subsequent developments concerning removal reveal nearly contemporaneous distaste nonjudicial meaningfully ambiguity surrounding 1461's persisted throughout amendment, reconsideration, codification. concurrent Congress' handling related either clear or, inextricably intertwined judicial rather process. Nothing resolve Compare Lewis Morgan, 288, 311, 867, 873, 57 1190. 44 1868, making letters circulars lotteries, House Conferees proposal dead concern lotteries. Postal Farnsworth explained 'We dangerous confer postmasters, stricken out. provides wise extraordinary mere suspicion.' 40th 4412 (1868). Opinions Attorney advising postmasters' lottery emphasized necessity explicit authorization warrant Those opinions cited examples but, significantly, include 1461—an omission light observation aside '(i)f permitting detention escaped attention. believed that, least, affecting inquiry.' Furthermore, authorizations find, 'It seen properly called 'seizure' suspected because, probably, functionary punishment violating laws.'10 1872, amended codification legislation. added 'any envelope card scurrilous epithets written printed, disloyal devices printed engraved 302.11 revised enacted 1873. 598. penalties article immoral nature areas jurisdiction, expanded list items aid procuring abortion, banned importation items. When came floor, Casserly objected customs officers seize prohibited items: custom-house safety kind literature admitted.' 42d 3d 1436 (1873). accordingly changed detain items, proceed condemn them, condemned. Id., 1525. trustworthy officers;12 insistence shows plainly congressional aversion 46 scant hasty consideration.13 reading fail penalize actual abortifacients. Closing inadvertent gap purpose14 1876 90, changes; substitution much—'declared non-mailable (which) post-office letter-carrier'—for cursory '(which) (not) evinces understanding removable submitted as, been, prosecution. manager assured House: 'Nor, sir, postmaster interfere anybody's mail. else, you convict, offer proof.' During debate speaker 'Whenever jury locality paper devoted deem immoral—the convict man sends receives newspaper third speaker, urging 'scurrilous' removed, warned: object purification committee reconsider too giving discretion.' Another Congressman feared severity letter, juries unwilling convict. Thus tenor premise application. No suggested Cong.Rec. 695—696.15 697 (1879). 47 Especially significant pointing purely events 1888. An months' duration crimes counterfeiting money orders. penalizing outside cover scurrilous, threatening, etc., language.16 promptly session 'there suspicion implied letters. intention, (new) eliminates feature 8189.17 48 new transferred section, 1463, 496, ban (19 90), 'every lascivious delineations, epithets, terms, printed'; instead declaring listed delivered, provided prescribe. *' strange, 1461—amended 1463 enacted—was withdrawal intention. contemplate agreement besides punish, mail—and states limitation; debate, focusing how reinforced restrictions underlined exclusively penal. 7660—7662, 8189. 49 last pertinent occurred 1909, again amended, abortifacients packet, package, filthy, vile, thing.'18 Though reports unenlightening, plain changes reverse limitations stated Swearingen 161 446, 562, 765, applied 'that form immorality relation impurity,' meaning prosecutions libel.' 451, 563; 995—999, 283—284.19 discussions members presenting prosecution; analogized fraudulent characterizes ambiguity, lest acquire powers exercise amount 995—998. 101 3804, 7798, 8241—8242 (1955). 50 Section towards authorizing Five statutes prohibiting introduction direct counterparts return matter.20 sharp contrast, 1461—itself silent sanctions penalties—has counterpart laws. mentioned recodification 1960—in 4001(a), collecting designating Report floor reviser's assure, change existing law21—ambiguous throughout. Office's weapon it. 1950, 4006 special found, General's satisfaction, using obtain vile thing: Postmasters mark 'unlawful' forbid payment orders notes, funds senders.22 clarity noteworthy history. 1956 sought23 enter order, invoked, respondent impounded. expire sought, Federal Court, continuing impounding. 20-day General, extension 'necessary effective enforcement (§ 4006).'24 1959, extensive hearings request period extended days, 'public interest.'25 Instead, 1960 stripped interim period, directed restraining Court.26 52 Tariff Act 1930. Prior resort matter's obscenity.27 work bill, Ways Means seditious replaced generally applicable procedures seizure officers, entailing review would-be importer. H.R.Rep. 7, 71st 1st Sess., 160, 185, 190, 244—245. passed House, reported Committee, S.Rep. 60; 71 4458 (remarks Smoot), ran expressions censorship: fears enhanced felt difficulties statute's proscriptions insufficient, leave initiative subjected expense, inconvenience, embarrassment would, believed, unreviewed exclusion. 4432—4439; 4445—4471. idea inspector, 5417—5423, Walsh Montana 53 'Everybody mind wants books Utah mind. all. country, abroad How situation? circulate punish offense Likewise, prohibit anybody circulates indictment endeavor deal thing.' 5419. id., 5425, 5430. compare remarks Senators Copeland, Cutting, Fletcher, Cong.Rec., 4435, 4450. 54 offered importing transmittal commence forfeiture 5421. misgivings sanction; jeopardize activity seriously. 5423—5431. corresponding Walsh's sanction, 5501—5520, Committee's attempt revert emphatically rebuffed. III. 55 practiced mailings generally. prescribing new.28 practice 1952 Solicitor testifying committee: 56 '(W)e informal procedure, far, hasn't tested gotten far. entry good send Solicitor's ruling. 'If those, Administrative Procedure Act, just hopelessly sunk, all; lost. 58 'They may, never hope get can.'29 And: 59 '(S)ometimes five people together, pieces ask results, cases your personal ideas bringing up; strongly feel things, types can't reasonably objectively look honest difference time, conferences, do. 60 trouble definitely very, difficult prosecute.' Hearings Select Current Pornographic Materials, Representatives, Investigation Literature Allegedly Containing Objectionable Material, 82d 281, 282 (1952). 61 attention committee.30 report certainly dispel section. 62 'There problem censor, danger infringing freedom press *.'31 63 But, event, committees, reports, usurpation, singly collectively, suffice authorization. IV. 64 challenge unconstitutionality 1498. emphasized, however, safeguarding protections nonobscene 'is adopt whatever pleases regard speech.' 731, 1716, 1127. imply noncriminal process closely defined safeguards. fully gravest doubts. dispose view, falls assume radical departure traditions undertook clothe supervise tastes country.' 586. I, concur CLARK (dissenting). majority ancient Gaul split parts, ultimate today, despite mandate world's largest disseminator smut Grand Informer places obtained. grounds says HARLAN, writing STEWART, unobjectionable narrowly incites conduct,' taint unaware true information. joined DOUGLAS, proscriptions. reject affirm nonmailable. 67 briefly. agent Chicago marked unsealed inspection,1 noticed appeared Under 1902, material; president. violate amounted 'ex restraint,' Department's regulations. dispute mailings, declared contested upheld. 68 indicated, 97 years ago refuse receive presented rests discuss issue.2 that: 69 'Every article, thing, device, substance; (e)very card, circular, advertisement, information, directly indirectly, how, whom, matters, articles, (i)s supplied.) 70 genesis 3, 1865, 507, parts: '(N)o direct.' '(A)ny misdemeanor Cong. Globe, 661. 73 sponsor advised twofold effect: (obscene) out; latter penalty mails.' explanation seems undermine BRENNAN's contention, more. Maryland sealed envelopes break seal.' bill. Sherman, objected, saying out.' Ibid. suggestion, finally clearly permitted seals broken.3 74 1873 mails,4 succeeding ones, e.g., Laws Regulations (1893 ed.) 335. form. 90. 'to matter' letter-carrier.' comment bill's exclusion: '(T)he literature. By oversight drafting original applies disposition articles circulated sold abortion preventing conception. Already spoken portion passing provided. (I)t is. non-mailable. penalty. 695 (1876). 76 mailability adopted 1902. collection designate (Supp. II) 4001(a). statutes, consistent interpretation, stretches imagination Brandeis rel. 418, 421, 356, 357, 704. (1921) opinion): confessedly inserted violates Espionage copyright laws, scheme defraud, concerns 79 administration subordinates, rejects removes unmailable. existence doubted. individual illegally exercised.' Let indisputably sender's Giving wording interests involved, sanction imposed, anywise nonmailability. demands 'be carrier' tells command running charged system conditioned consideration. inject requirement, knows use, evidenced next sentence sanctions: 'Whoever knowingly uses carriage $5,000 years, responsibility why Congress—in wanted way. immaterial harm caused dissemination. interpreting 'serious question' envisioned. fear premised u.S. 205 (1959), Surely prerequisites quite bulk packages newsstands rains incriminations confiscate impound reasons, passing, requirement interesting problems. instance: Is permanently fixed unsuccessfully re-evaluated mailing? equitable 'clean hands' 'he seeks equity equity' squared enjoin assuming submit undisputed facts findings compel readers say set fact-finder remand entrusted initially responsibility.5 83 content direction tip-off business solicit social, educational, entertainment qualities stimulants homosexuals. 'consist young men poses handled focus genitals buttocks Because 'not adult, (who) (therefore) homosexuals males freely admit homosexual group. photographer naturally 'designed attract furnish addresses pictures obtained.' publishers' minds solicited purchasers. illustrate: captioned picture scantily attired legend 'perfectly proportioned, handsome, models, age 18—26.' Others featured photograph around privates retouched pubic hair 'original print photo.' specifically endorsed purchasing products. addition, four involved represented familiar publications.6 84 Turning directing corporate publishers, clearer 'Jack Jill' operation. planned stimulate erotic interests. improve suggestions wanted. example, 'physique fans want 'truck driver types' cleaned up, showered, ready bed (and) absolutely pretty faces personality totally unrelated appeal.' exchange compiling master selling 204 (1961). More recently pleaded insanity charges. Post, 1962, D—3. warned March, April, July 1959 prosecuted advertisements. continued disseminate removing convicted. controlled corporation filled above here. 85 do, leader. obvious comprehension. Milton: 'O dark, dark amid blaze noon.' show scienter, however stringently defined, repeal actually saw portray 'mother' jingle, 'Mother, swim? Yes, darling daughter. Hang clothes hickory limb don't near water.' 86 reasons below. 4161 U.S.C., part: and— 'Is carrier. causes thereon, place addressed, takes circulating disposing aiding instance, 'prior restraint' petitioner questioned withhold If discussed MR. 495, 1441, 421—422, (Brandeis, J., dissenting); 586, full-dress argument briefing, group,' deliberately audience Webster's International Dictionary (unabridged, ed., 1956) follows: '1. Offensive taste; foul; loathsome; disgusting. '2. chastity modesty; expressing delicacy, purity, exposed; lewd; indecent; language, dances, images.' lewd '4. Lustful; libidinous; lascivious; unchaste 'Syn.—Licentious, lecherous, dissolute, sensual; debauched, impure; salacious, pornographic.' Wanton; lustful. libidinous, salacious.' 'Not decent; specif.: Unbecoming unseemly; indecorous Syn.—Immodest, gross, obscene.' Defiled filth, moral; nasty; disgustingly dirty; polluting; 'Syn.—Squalid, unclean, licentious.' Morally contaminated; befouled sin; morally base wicked; evil; '3. unclean; filthy; repulsive; odious 'Syn.—Cheap (despicable), debased; depraved; corrupt, sordid, vicious; disgusting, loathsome, foul.' ed. 1961). bearing 1842 forbade 'indecent obscene' pictorial confiscation. 566 567. touching 'obscene book character' reenactment 1872 adjectives 302. 598, descriptive 'lewd' 'lascivious' character,' 450, 563, lascivious' offense. 1909 phrase 'and filthy' 'vile' 1129. 1955 arranged order. 183. Circuit 'indecent, vile' preceding lascivious,' reference Flying Eagle Publications, Inc. 273 799, 803. 'Obscene libel' derived libellus, 'little book.' St. John-Stevas, Law, 24. passage referred following: this, corrupt influences, fall. Now, work, sex, advanced thoughts libidinous character.' Q.B., 371. quotations Close signify 'tendency deprave' 'sexual thoughts' legal approved Institute, 'Proposed Draft,' annual meeting counsel entertained inherent extent tangentially summarized (supra, 481, 1434). expert adduced hearing. 1958 amendments 962, evince national. n. 1306. cited, 490, 1438. contained textual dominating page typical consisted photograph, occasional references model's (usually 26), color eyes, dimensions occupation. little, text pictures, weight lifting, muscle building 'Many posed front *; partially emphasis bare exposed genitals, semi-erect penis reclining legs (and sometimes arms well) spread wide Many wearing loin cloths, 'V gowns,' posing straps clothing Two pairs suggestively 'Each swords pointed objects virtually shoes, boots, helmets leather jackets chains beating weeping 'a define specific constituting danger.' Cantwell Connecticut, 310 296, 900, 906, 1213. police, possessing search arrest warrants, selling, sell, home Pictorial 'does sells undraped side photographs. photographs.' sure notation urged them; admission advertisers' late stage suggesting '(it) arguable' undertakes defend primarily was. fasten disclose 'knowledge' proved relevant. cross motions record, undertake controvert allegations One, Olesen, 371, 364, summarily argument. (a), answered affirmatively, employed. 435; 358, 364—367, 249 114, 120 123 opinion), 1. Goldman, 172 788, 794—795 (concurring Stanard 768 (opinion Douglas), Olesen Stanard, 227 785; 42. argues 'complain 'an specifying (where) vice lies Insofar constitutionality restraints, requirements convening three-judge 2282, attack grounded censorial Office, 2282 apply. My asserts level objection procedure. act body. presents jurisdictional agency A. Tucker Truck Lines, 344 33, 38, 67, 69, 54. artfully, stated: '(P)laintiffs constitutionality. fragile foundation mind, justifies deference determinations.' exists; failed there. continue Government, reservation, defends highlighted rejection 1836, grounds, President Jackson's suppress 'incendiary' abolitionist Rogers, Power (1916); Deutsch, Freedom Press Mails, Mich.L.Rev. 703 (1938). debates withheld. 661 (1865). occasionally treasonable newspapers lack authority. 51, 37th pp. (1863). imported forfeiture. 566; Three Cases Toys, F.Cas. 112, 16499; Anonymous, 1024, 470. comprehensive Bureau Customs, Paul Schwartz, Censorship: Mail (1961), Paul, Non-Mailability Historical Note, U.C.L.A.L.Rev. 660—661), later 496—497. 'out abundant caution' classes. 8189 (1888). 1463. 423, 429—430, dissenting). Op.Atty.Gen. (1878); 538 (1868); 399, 401 'which violation returned owner same, direct,' 323, done detained, material—except narrow described—may 511—512, 1449—1450. Casserly's statement, 1436, misunderstanding 6, 51—57. 'Section (1461) perfected complete kinds therein pass 3656. change. 4261—4264. Discussion obscenity—it afford guidelines action: 'Mr. MORTON. President, great care particularly defined. beginning eminently transmitted mails; vague abuse. prohibits adapted use.' What 'immoral use?' opinions. defined; means; everything differences point. CONKLING. now. be. remember pamphlets character—of incendiary friend Ohio (Mr. SHERMAN) suggests. Public portions moral. Some pack highly immoral; proper. enumerated.' 4263. 'And mailable wrapper libelous, threatening reflecting injuriously another, hereby letter-carrier; 188. 1873, 599, removed word's breadth vagueness to. 'blackmailing' debts. 2206, 6734, 7662 6733—6734. Limehouse, 285 424, 412, 843. 1718, libelous face, empowers governing §§ 1341 1302, 1341, fraud provisions, matching empowering satisfactory him, 'fraudulent' 'lottery mail' 4005, 4005; 1342, false address, identity 4003, 4003; (4) 1715 1715, firearms injurious transmission; (5) 1717, advocating treason, employees 708. 150cc, 150cc 1270 (plant pests), 141 seq. 1113 (plants plant products), 166, 618, 618 (foreign agents' propaganda violent disorder republic); 1575, 1575 (false seed); 77q, 77q (fraudulent regarding securities), 80a—20 (solicitation proxies), 80a—24 (sales 80b 80b—5 80b—6 (investment advisers' materials); 789, 789 (publications registered Communist organizations). School Magnetic Healing McAnnulty, 187 94, 109, 39, H.R.Rep.No.36, 86th A44 (1959); 105 3157 (1959) 106 15,667 (1960); 11. codified 4006, 4006. 655. appears between 1950 1956, asserted, agreed, power. 771. 699. Subcommittee Operations Civil Service Obscene Matter Sent Mail, (1959). 553. repealed 699 708, 729) 553, 4007 (74 655) repeats this: recognizes impounding person's advance courts. spirit due process, exemplified imposed. fly-by-night operators defraud peddle business—or address- recommended, approve, substitute code well-established operations. approve newspapers, volume.' S.Rep.No.2234, 84th 2—3, U.S.Code Adm.News 3598. 305 1922, 937, subsection provided: district (may cause, conformably Constitution), marshal officer), 305), immediate destroyed proceedings, municipal seizure, writ error.' 6; 505—506, 1446. date 1957. CFR 14.4, 203 (1962). Wong Yang Sung McGrath, 339 94 616; Riss & 341 907, 620, 1345; Cates Haderlein, 342 804, 47, 96 609; Walker Popenoe, 129, 149 511; Door Donaldson, 188, 195 764. see, 23. Roads H.R. 5370, 74th (1935); Hearings, 25; S.Rep.No.2179, 81st (1950); S.Rep.No.113, (1955); Procedure, (1940); 667 (1890) (upholding Tolstoi's 'Kreutzer Sonata'); Op.Asst.Atty.Gen., Post-Office Dept. 741 (1908) (holding provision, confined strict violated'). sharp—and colored 1915 Exclusion Certain Publications 63d (1915); H.R.Rep.No.2510, 32. 4058, 4058. inspection. 'All books, pamphlets, circulars, prints, &c., vulgar, delivery.' (1873 88. 'no contrary, accorded cf., National Labor Relations Board Walton Mfg. 369 404, 853, 829 bundles, intermingled bundles.

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