Document: 353 U.S. 252 77 S.Ct. 722 1 L.Ed.2d 810 Raphael KONIGSBERG, Petitioner,v.The STATE BAR OF CALIFORNIA and the Committee of Bar Examiners State Barof California. No. 5. Argued Jan. 14, 1957. Decided May 6, Rehearing Denied June 17, See 354 927, 1374. Mr. Edward Mosk, Hollywood, Cal., for petitioner. Frank B. Belcher, Los Angeles, respondents. Justice BLACK delivered opinion Court. The petitioner, Konigsberg, graduated from Law School University Southern California in 1953 four months later satisfactorily passed bar examination. Nevertheless, Examiners, after several hearings, refused to certify him practice law on grounds he had failed prove (1) that was good moral character (2) did not advocate overthrow Government United States or by unconstitutional means.1 As permitted state law, Konigsberg asked Supreme Court review Committee's refusal give its certification. He contended proved met all requirements admission bar, action deprived right secured Fourteenth Amendment Constitution. Court, without opinion, with three seven justices dissenting, denied his petition review. We granted certiorari because constitutional questions presented were substantial. 351 936, 76 832, 100 L.Ed. 1464. I. 2 Before reaching merits, we must first consider State's contention this does have jurisdiction case. argues petitioner present claims manner prescribed court's rules, decision grant relief can be attributed failure conform procedural rules rather than a rejection claims. 3 In considering actions exercises original is restricted limited made an appellate court. For example, court declared re Lacey, 11 Cal.2d 699, at page 701, 81 P.2d 935, 936: 4 'That has inherent power authority admit applicant reinstate previously disbarred despite unfavorable report upon such application Board Governors Bar, think now well settled state. * recommendation advisory only *. (T)he final determination these matters rests court, powers regard are plenary judgment conclusive.'2 5 special rule, Rule 59(b) which governs Examiners.3 requires 'shall specify relied shall accompanied petitioner's brief.' complied rule. specifically charged findings supported any lawful evidence.4 then went assert action, based alleged evidence, attempt violation deprive 'of life, liberty, property, due process law' deny 'the equal protection laws.' 6 Throughout hearings before repeatedly objected about beliefs associations asserting inquiries infringed rights guaranteed First Amendments. urged would abridge freedom speech, press assembly, violate process, laws if it political opinions, writings, affiliations. asserted affirmatively there no legal basis finding morally unfit law. insisted determining whether qualified comply cited as supporting position Wieman v. Updegraff, 344 183, 73 215, 97 216, Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee McGrath, 341 123, 71 624, 95 817, where condemned arbitrary offensive process.5 Since challenged sufficiency evidence review, seems clear examined entire record Examiners6 been aware arguments during authorities support arguments. 7 contends, however, enough raise objections petition, 59(b), hearings. It under will unless argument citation brief submitted person seeking Because Konigsberg's repeat, precisely detail, set forth petition,7 continues, compelled hold could narrow ground. But cases do require conclusion. true appeal ordinary civil errors should pointed out clearly concisely, reasons why they erroneous, reference authorities.8 However case reviewed apply but rule applying proceedings. nothing indicates adopted type contentions raised also brief. one cited, Johnson California, 744, 52 928, contrary. challenging suspended alleged, apparently offhand way, Act 'unconstitutional.' bare, sweeping assertion. While said insufficient presentation issue nevertheless ahead reject Johnson's constitutional. 8 Counsel concedes courts criminal often pass issues ineptly argued defendant's sometimes all.9 counsel states, relaxing standard obvious—such may involve forfeiture accused's life. case, consequences take run cases. prevents earning living practicing This deprivation grave man who spent years study great deal money preparing lawyer. 9 view repeated assertions throughout various federal rights, practices cannot conclude intended uphold exclusion lawyer elaborate Our conclusion us them.10 II. 10 turn merits. passing application, conducted series At questioned length affiliations beliefs. Practically directed ever member Communist Party. declined respond line questioning, insisting intrusion into areas protected Federal ground divulge opinions order qualify relevant.11 rejected substantial doubts loyalty dispel. sent formal written notice—which served Court—stating because: 12 1. demonstrate 13 2. show force, violence other means. 14 simply answer questions.12 15 suggestion excluded merely failing inquiries. Nor indicate action. After responding allegations, defense substance given notice denial rejecting application.13 16 There statutes, decisions, even Rules Committee, called our attention, suggests Examiner's inquiry is, ipso facto, excluding irrespective how overwhelming showing flimsy suspicions Examiners. Serious elemental fairness explicitly warning barred reason alone, though unimpeachable, giving chance comply.14 matter importance applied brand new exclusionary application—all telling doing so.15 17 If possible say solely public interest, decide far-reaching complex relating assembly. justification straining reach difficult problems when itself seen fit, time, base answer. makes question independent arise, determine constitutionally permissible. mean intimate problem here nor approve disapprove particular him. 18 believe case: Does reasonable Governments Nation? issue, must, course, account some inference doubtful drawn. 19 established carried burden proving Government. contends here, rationally supports doubt loyalty. correct, although meet qualifications demands become true, California's both discriminatory.16 examination record,17 agree two Bar. 20 A. Good Moral Character.—The term 'good character' long used qualification membership useful purpose respect. term, itself, unusually ambiguous. defined almost unlimited number ways definition necessarily reflect attitudes, experiences, prejudices definer.18 Such vague qualification, easily adapted fit personal views predilections, dangerous instrument discriminatory 21 benefit tells 'stresses elements honesty, respect others nation.' decisions so broad claimed counsel. These instead appear define terms absence proven conduct acts historically considered manifestations 'moral turpitude.' To illustrate, held convicted forgery practiced license,19 obtained false representations committed fraud court,20 affidavits along admission.21 emphasized neither proposed those appearing equates unorthodox parties bad character. Assuming purposes counsel's whole fairly find 'honesty, 22 A people know Here, forty-two individuals known different times past twenty attested excellent character.22 testimonials came persons every walk Included among them Catholic priest, Jewish rabbi, lawyers, doctors, professors, businessmen social workers. following typical statements Konigsberg: 23 'He Constitution high esteem vigorous supporter rights. indicated me open-mindedness seemingly inconsistent calculated disregard duty loyal conscientious citizen.' rabbi: 24 'I unreservedly recommend ethically serve (the bar).' lawyer: 25 principle much more profound average exhibits consciousness which, my unfortunately too rare applicants.' Monsignor: 26 hesitate you. I am satisfied measure up members profession.' 27 Other witnesses testified belief democracy devotion democratic ideas, principled convictions, honesty integrity, conscientiousness competence work, concern affection wife children country. These, traditionally kind qualities make significance enhanced fact adult while employed responsible professional positions. Even significant, single questionable way. 28 background, furnished strong proof life always honest upright. Born Austria 1911, brought country eight old. graduating Ohio 1931, taught American history literature time Cleveland school. 1934 scholarship received Master Arts degree Social Administration. District Columbia supervisor Department Health. 1936 worked executive agencies Supervisor Relief With entry Second World War, volunteered Army commissioned second lieutenant. selected training orientation officer Army's information education program capacity North Africa, Italy, France Germany. promoted captain Germany Seventh Army. principal functions explain soldiers advantages compared totalitarianism. honorable discharge 1946 resumed career work. 1950, age thirty-nine, entered 1953. criticism military service, performance 29 Despite forceful crime done anything depraved, by: testimony ex-Communist attended meetings Party unit 1941; certain officials their policies; (3) When items analyzed, fitness 30 Testimony Ex-Communist.—The suspicion chiefly 1941. From witness' appears discussion group. On crossexamination she conceded her sole believing party attendance meetings. Her concerned events occurred many identification very convincing.23 She admitted personally never contact except her. And response communist, philosophical sense, distinguished Party, replied: 'If you want categorical 'Are communist?' no.'24 31 assumed 1941, mere character.25 engaged abetted unlawful immoral activities—or knew nature. be, effect, involved illegal disloyal activities, swept group party. 1941 recognized Citizens free belong wanted so. attempted attach penalties Its candidates' names ballots voters. Those accepted word joined expect penalize them, directly indirectly, thereafter.26 32 Criticism Certain Public Officials Their Policies. 1950 wrote editorials local newspaper. severely criticized, things, country's participation Korean policies leaders major parties, influence 'big business' racial discrimination, Court's Dennis (Dennis U.S., 494, 857, 1137) cases.27 read light give-and-take controversy extreme interpreted performing duties that, writer, injurious public. drawn editorials.28 nature expressions permitted. system criticize government agencies. Courts not, immune criticism.29 censorship reconciled national speech guise determinign character,' directly. 33 Refusal Answer Questions.—During prolonged trustworthiness, traits generally thought related Almost affiliations, questions, explaining understanding Amendments inquire person's Essentially, same stand taken similar Tenney Committee. 34 tell associated groups allegedly dominated tends therefore unnecessary founded. Prior claim improper frivolous30 faith. Obviously draw inferences truthfulness, candor general prohibited making.31 us, unwarranted. 35 Advocating Overthrow Force.—The found force violence. oath advocated overthrowing Government, emphatically declared: will.' No witness fact, gave utterly premise disloyal.32 told ready California.33 36 belonged provide presently advocates force.34 ex-Communist, remember anyone else advocating violent certainly newspaper champions overthrow. Instead, expressed hostility doctrine. wrote: 37 'It vehemently advocacy danger proponents punished. agree. un-American undermine processes. preach punished.' 38 offers editorial violence: 39 'Loyalty America, meant adherence basic principles Declaration Independence—not men. Loyalty America means militant noble ideals faith people. today, therefore, opposition betraying traditions, squandering manpower, honor riches.' 40 surface call armed revolution. contrary, manifests strongly conviction government. However, attempts adverse use 'militant' points sense 'war-like.' far-fetched exhortation America's 'noble ideals' demonstrates willingness institutions.35 41 recognize leaving select own bars, equally important exercise way impinge expression association. composed lawyers worthy objective sacrifice vital freedoms obtain goal. society unintimidated—free think, speak, act Independent Bar.36 justifies establish Without authentic reliable reflecting adversely him, comprehend background before, more, adequate concluding lifetime citizenship worth little frail withstand 42 below reversed remanded further proceedings opinion. 43 Reversed remanded. 44 WHITTAKER took part consideration 45 FRANKFURTER, dissenting. 46 Insistence establishment treated, slighting intent, 'technicality.' truth, conditions alone highest deep working federalism. admonition uttered hundred ago Benjamin R. Curtis, ablest Justices sat repeated: 'Let remembered, also,—for just forgetting it,—that between States.' Memoir Curtis 340—341. keeping within limits Stone, unanimous Healy Ratta, 292 263, 270, 54 700, 703, 78 1248: 'Due rightful independence governments, actuate courts, scrupulously confine precise statute ('the Congress conformity judiciary sections Constitution') defined.' 47 Prerequisites properly claim. rested non-federal ground, i.e., relevant reviewing it. regulating procedure, strangle prevent coming undoubted prescribe appropriate procedure bringing befoer courts. Squeezing squeezed, most five pages dealing threshold according requirements. 48 State—and expresses whole,' Rippey Texas, 193 504, 509, 516, 517, 767; Skiriotes Florida, 313 69, 79, 61 924, 930, 85 1193—has violated Constitution, question. safeguard against power, fair adjudicated assume presume guess-work. enable certification reached Strict jurisdictional requirement Whitney People well-known liberties included Holmes Brandeis, mindful protecting Due Process Clause. 269 530, 22, 70 396; 538, 120, 400; 274 357, 641, 1095. Honeyman Hanan, 300 57 350, 476; cf. Minnesota National Tea Co., 309 551, 60 676, 84 920. 49 making sure, through adjudicated, infringement duly protects becomes denial. delay price small cost proper functioning aspects. responsibility particularly respective boundaries authority. 50 remand Clause Amendment. 51 HARLAN, whom CLARK joins, share brother FRANKFURTER. so, since decides feel basis, differ widely impelled particularly, reasons: record, reveals something quite draws it; involves area federal-state relations—the administer standards bars especially reluctant slow enter. Granting exempt limitations, see Schware New Mexico, 232, 752, what steps outside role arbiter super appeals. 53 anaccurate statement decided. concerning certified met. Petitioner, designated agency, unequivocal disavowal testing reliability disavowal, organizations belonged, current Petitioner persisted refusing entirely reasoned efforts secure answers. His refusals irrelevant asking violence, having question, ask foregoing circumstances, overrule 55 liberty property process. 56 outset laid aside things wanting (a) 'a character,'1 (b) 'by means.'2 placing respects.3 entitled refuse put Committee,4 improper. accorded attacked respect.5 wholly insufficiency establishing says: '* law.' 58 important. turning it, revert us. contains demonstrating factual issue. me, violates committee decline obstructs investigation deliberately, justification, valid standards, deemed State, carry qualified.6 59 understand reasoning separate then, reads constituted 'independent' denying admission. What done, warned do,7 impossible proceed affirmative qualified—i.e., placed sustain proof. Whether justified susceptible fragmentation seeks subject unable follow says, hand, 'we questiosn drawn,'8 and, treat qualifications. Of course down abstract circumstances facto calls statutory blocks qualified. words, affirmatively. Thus mistaken stating answer.' show, exclusion. supposed seriously authorize candidate unprotected obstruction Cf. supra (concurring opinion). unmistakable right, Bar.9 pp. 56—59 brief: 62 'Even serious arises applicant's qualifications, normally privileged keep himself. Thus, form required applicants asks details employment, education, suspended, reprimanded censured profession organization, arrested, lawsuit incidents derogatory bearing answers embarrass applicant, either runs risk 63 'Respondents submit unreasonable cooperate supplying requested 64 '(a) Character:—Reasonable arose sources: 65 '(5) Petitioner's effectively doubt. 66 'Petitioner stated thereafter foreclosed. equivalent accept further. respondents compliance Section 6064.1, where, bare foreclosed inquiry. *' (Italics, subheading '(a),' added.) 67 shows primary persistent blocking test veracity forcible government.10 68 story best language itself. interpolate extent necessary quoted context. 69 hearing Subcommittee place September 25, appeared preliminary history, questioning connections 'subversive' organizations, ensued: 'Q. acquainted books obliged thing, endeavoring change words popular conception communism expressly certifying person. You familiar statute? Yes, am. Communist? Chairman, glad 72 happy different. That faced today nameless accusers informers, will, confront cross-examine, answering accusations, suspicions, protections ordinarily exist situation, don't myself void, statement. obviously. pretending shocked naive this. definitely don't, unequivocably, specific kind, party, puts position, whatever truth wasn't get dozen informers opposite, days Daily News turncoats unquestionably citizens. Therefore, Preston, first, yes, will. binding states. Certainly attorneys ought leadership defend diverse views. again intend specific, responsive answer? hall. you, speaking files—I shouldn't dignify calling evidence; informers. community. active politically, proud discuss judgment, hysterical characters 74 else. trying admission, privilege broad, like question; your point, information, job says character, doesn't reputation. aid someone thinks Could circumstances.' 75 point 'free speech,' champion opinion.' 'ever knowingly participated organization (he) believed sympathetic communistic cause,' replied can't difference other' organization's objectives in, 'say better might been.' Then followed this: name listed Congressional Un-American Activities Yes. identified were. saw report. sort thing referring moment referred accusations.' Next attitude Association Universities teachers claiming Fifth self-incrimination: 79 'Mr. Sterling: Let try clarify takes complete teacher beliefs, subscribes prerequisite continuing teaching job. disclose lost Translating Association, prospective colleagues wish completely candid saying profession. took. that. already. Under guarantee nothing, yourself, right. profession, insist Put another meaning invoke guarantee?' 80 elaborated length, continues follows: embodied Soviet Union government, noncommunist accomplished bloodless revolution go board Mafia, pretty generally, regarded tenets acts. Now murder no, business Party—I paraphrasing illustration—if believes principles, see. Well argue 82 Well, wrong. overthrow, other. disagree objective. suggesting, critical period face threats basing forego privileges proposal is? argument. 83 No, proceeding hurt murder? unhesitatingly, 'No, murder.' So Russian world domination premise. Therefore advoate not. specifically. did, Jefferson discussion, ballot, minority majority view, changes sought ballot box believe. experience shown direct party?' situation accusations report, gradually being discredited sources, accusing anonymous faces, cross examine position? fight wind-mills air situation. 'Do violence?' answered Black: still puzzles prejudicing taking file practically happened before. theory above 86 How know? Isn't named Committee? 87 Preston: 88 accepts hearsay testimony? assuming didn't implication. side reports need willing sell possibility hysteria accepted. All paper discredited. Wasn't weeks San Francisco woman won amount suit 'Red,' teacher, prima facie—libel, was. yourself official body. talking street. 89 afraid negative say, been,' answer, half been, perjury trial jury perjury. wasn't, undoubtedly before— 90 Subjecting charge? hall opportunity rather, people, play. justice. teaches.' recall knowing Mrs. Bennett (formerly Judson), Subcommittee's next witness, occurring testified: 91 Is make, Konigsberg? By Witness: add enlarge on. 92 assume, substantially would. 93 observed, assumed, instance Communist. include understood 94 Would different? deliberately discussed Communist?' no. describe lot, studied fundamental concepts system. 96 Your Party?' 98 99 'A. care Do distinction philosophically Party? 101 thinking described elementary democracy, Communist; common term. 102 views.' 103 Bennett, member, testified, presence member. 104 December 9, 1953, counsel, Mosk. devoted cross-examination net earlier seeing room familiar. colloquy returned ideological continues: 105 Freston: counsel? 106 107 One bothering affiliation, objection raises 108 Mosk: witness. 109 raised. troubles endeavored forthright questions. effect reason, least sometime accused prosecuted Now, rationale frankly left confused wonder perhaps enlighten help maybe better. 110 interpose time. Just sure last hearing—Mr. position—as perfectly categorically that? 111 'The 112 wouldn't argument, commonly understood. Communist, namely doctrines communism, speaking, belief? 113 114 obligation argue. position. Am correct 115 Either addressed me. (W)e address ourselves pertinent 'What individual relation dealt, occupations professions followed, Bar?' 116 'Now, feeling stood belief, religious, otherwise, days, sorts places affirming denying. 117 'Now struck transcript exactly himself, matter, feels answered, unprepared extent. correctly. 118 preparation, asked. indication informed prepared nothing. heat tension meeting aware, regrets later. 119 expressing obvious doctrinaire's everybody agrees tries sacred concepts. side, affiliation conception, goes essence man's religion philosophy code ethics, here. 120 confess error moment, going Freston's recollection correct. charge, recall. given. up, now—I haven't it—was connection documents nature, happens Owen Lattimore, association subversive elements—I recalling memory— expressed. pending mentioned commented element perjury, none whatsoever. discussion. 121 Wright: stage on, character? factor? bearing? scope inquiry? 122 distinction. conclusion, relevant, inquired competent testimony. realm political, religious field yes takes. 123 Having felt denied, won't compelling forward? 124 approaching do. 125 could, know, bring workers, universities come capacities, he, affirmatively, void wants fill, recognizing standing firmly. 126 commend principle, let judgment. 127 comment certainly— 128 extremely hard Committee.' third, last, January 27, 1954. letters presented, ensued memorandum filed over answer: 129 Thank wondering disinclination 130 memorandum, lengthy addition point. 131 bothers previous hearing. 132 bother analogy indicated, judicial tribunal assist 133 implicit until economic mind, predicated. mind thinking. 134 obviously, letters, fields inquire. fundamentally greater stands, credit profession' 135 reported unfavorably, full March 13, 1954, statement, following: 136 Fuller: to? 137 object witness's 138 belongs Elks Masons sort? 139 140 all? 141 142 relate associates with. 143 respectfully citizen 144 Chairman: (and sincerely know) 145 basis. thing. factor past, determination. denies influenced to, determined yet. wishes afford facilities utmost, permit veracity. 146 sincerity initial analysis sets limit body has. Once now?,' means, answers, opinions. empowered allow 147 decision? 148 falsity (whether Amendment) maintain Chairman doing, (at afternoon), coincide prominent take. 149 conducting impartial 150 'A lady heard deny? 151 again, 152 153 activity, however choose 154 again? 155 156 part? 157 dealt 158 affirm 159 160 attention connected associations. 161 Which 162 163 wish, to. 164 privilege. (Witness to) 165 amply covered ago. one, 6064.1. 166 O'Donnell: Are now? 167 before? 168 169 give. Elk, Freemason, Democrat Republican. incriminating Democratic Democrats traitors. 170 Have member? 171 172 are? 173 ones. prepared, conforming 174 states deeply part. 175 said— 176 otherwise moment.' Finally, questions: 177 Whitmore: contention, rely provisions 6064.1 getting 6064.1? 178 essence, My interpretation section opinion—because obviously issue—there interpret wrong, wrong; means' 'No,' 'Yes' far go; raising (which pertinent) 179 precluded omissions yours problem? 180 181 contending bound 182 yourselves truth. individual's 183 Maxfield: Doesn't defeat falseness statement? Why can't— 184 truthfulness. couldn't records, 185 Acts omissions. 186 Anything evaluate certainly. 187 broad. purpose? 188 Again hearsay, prosecution introducing deep-seated policy evidentiary search seizure results act, years, introduced. 189 tried clear—(it unconstitutional, now)—it permits go. Legislature passage. (such myself) you?' (sic) record. 190 evaluation effort associations? 191 interpretation.' 192 February 8, April 20, 1955. III. ends story. Whatever conclusions sitting judges, bar. 194 Among obligated readily once exhausted; facts underlying conclusory cross-examination. holds conclusion—that non-advocacy overthrow—violates 195 untenable. conceivable ascertain squared assertion scarcely inquiry, namely, apparent himself relying privilege.11 Yet assumes, invade unprivileged 196 excludes membership, present, attests prevented discharging responsibilities investigating dispel conscientiously entertained can, derive 197 self-evident Can really bar-admissions reveal addresses, former employers, record? An utmost committee's business; yet rejected. 'evidence' moving forward sufficient 198 understandable carefully avoids 'in faith' material interprets attesting we, printed hear observe sincere disadvantaged, function judgments Moreover, resolution altogether beyond sincere, refuses reasonably area. this; solves exists. impose notions today's represents unacceptable concern. 199 dissent. meets Business Professions Code, 1937, § 6064. 6060(c) certified. provides 'who license Preston 643, 435; Brydonjack 208 Cal. 439, 281 P. 1018, A.L.R. 1507. 43, West's Ann.Rules Appeal, 59(b). Generally, divides main parts: 'Rules Appeal,' govern appeals cases; Original Proceedings Reviewing Courts.' asserted: '1. sustained '2. erred '3. exists petitioner.' Near Minnesota, 283 697, 625, 1357, Frost & Trucking Co. Railroad Commission 271 583, 605, 1101. Investigation Conduct Examination Admission Practice Law, 61, 829. refer them. McLean, 306, 770; Title Guarantee Trust Fraternal Finance 220 362, 515. See, e.g., Hadley, 118, 119, 442; Yaroslawsky, Cal.App. 175, 176, 293 815; Buck, 322, 237 63. York ex rel. Bryant Zimmerman, 278 63, 67, 184; Rogers Alabama, 226, 257, 417; Bridge Proprietors Hoboken Wall. 116, 571. whole, pursue interrogation. Neither intimated obstructing Some suggested was, application. part, '(P)etitioner invited 25th day September, 'On 8th February, 1954 denied. writing therefor. prior 17th May, Full Committee) introduced possessor notified therefor letter dated Sections California.' (Emphasis supplied.) note 1, supra, 'unconstitutional means,' Cole Arkansas, 333 196, 201, 514, 644. presenting version suggest upheld oral Counsel, instead, reiterated throughout, 752; 216. Local 10, etc. Graham, 345 192, 197, 585, 587, 946. Jordan De George, 223, 708, 886 (dissenting opinion); Iorio Day, Cir., F.2d 920, 921; Cahn, Authority Responsibility, Col.L.Rev. 838. Garland, 219 661, 354. Wells, 467, 657. Spears 211 294 923. statements. offered produce testify preferred writing. instructor School: acknowledged stated: Bennett's desired, concede. wish.' represented subsequent 232. Schneiderman States, 320 136, 1333, 1342, 1796. Ex parte 333, 366, exclude arms War Between States. Cummings Missouri, 277, 356; Brown Fassett, Tests U. Chi.L.Rev. 480 (1953). 'When benighted Hollywood Ten thus integral cold war machine people—then enemies indeed victory. commanders bulwark enemy, fascists gone far, farther think. damnable parallel willfully blind.' 1948 Senate, sharply criticized committee, subverting Americans, pledge you.' casting text disposes contention. Bridges 314 252, 190, 192. Rumely, 41, 48, 543, 547, 770 Thomas Collins, 323 531, 315, 323, 430; West Virginia Education Barnette, 319 642, 1178, 1187, 1628; Cantwell Connecticut, 310 296, 303—304, 900, 903. 1213; Jonge Oregon, 299 353, 365—366, 255, 260, 278. dissenting Jones City Opelika, 316 584, 611, 618, 1231, 1245, 1249, 1691, rehearing, 103, 800, 1290, 'Freedom absolute nature; tyrannical powerless control inward workings mind.' Slochower Higher Education, 350 557, 637, 640, 692; Sheiner Fla., So.2d 657; Marshall, Miss. 523, So. 791. Ullmann 422, 426—428, 497, 500—501. 511; Opinion Justices, 332 Mass. 763, 767—768, N.E.2d 100; Holland, 377 Ill. 346, 543; Matter Grae, 282 N.Y. 428, 963, 1276. 264, 265, 729. 6067, requires: 'Every faithfully attorney knowledge ability.' Compare footnote footnote. automatic regardless advocacy. disposition Cammer 399, 406—407, 456, 459—460, 474. Chafee, Harvard Record, Nov. 1950. 6060, Cal.Bus. Prof.Code (1937). 'unusually ambiguous' 'can definer.' maintenance allowed broadest scope. Id., 697; requirement. Farley, Attorneys Jurisdictions, Survey Legal Profession, Examinations Requirements 151, 159. (353 732): 'Prior (Konigsberg's) frivolous faith.' gives pause correctness latter 292, 298, 299, 742, 743, 745, 746, infra. exchange O'Donnell, counsel: interrupt immediately. comments myself. They disagreement ultimate results. absolutely treated impartiality. complaints Subcommittee.' Perhaps formulation adopt administration disclosed supply Hammond Packing 212 349—351, 370, 379, 530; Fed.Rules Civ.Proc., 37(b), U.S.C.A. italicized portions 11, 12, 15, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, (77 740, 741, 742 747, 748, 749, 750) unjustified adoption administration, drawing proper. shows, fortiori, needed Moore's Official Forms (1956) 165, litigation apparently, justify unprivileged, claimant disclaimed quoting parts emphasis Garner Works, 716, 720, 909, 912, 1317; 300, 301, supra.

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