Document: 390 U.S. 563 88 S.Ct. 1231 20 L.Ed.2d 132 UNITED STATES, Appellant,v.Horace JOHNSON et al. No. 482. Argued March 14, 1968. Decided April 8, Ralph S. Spritzer, Washington, D.C., for appellant. Robert B. Thompson, Gainesville, Ga., appellees. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The question in this case is whether conspiracies by outside hoodlums to assault Negroes exercising their right equality public accommodations under § 201 Civil Rights Act 1964, 78 Stat. 243, 42 U.S.C. 2000a, are subject only a civil suit an injunction as provided 204 that Act, 2000a—3, or they also criminal prosecution 18 241, which provides fine and imprisonment conspiracy 'to injure, oppress, threaten, intimidate any citizen free exercise enjoyment privilege secured him Constitution laws United States, because his having so exercised same * *.' 2 indictment charged injure three patronize restaurant. defendants, who were outsiders, not connected with restaurant, used violence against these received service at purpose being part discourage them other Negro citizens from seeking service' there 'on basis white citizens.' 3 facts developed District Court granted motion dismiss on ground s 207(b) Act1 makes provision relief exclusive remedy Act. here appeal. 3731. We noted probable jurisdiction. 389 910, 19 258. 4 legislative history contains language seemed preclude indictment. Senator Humphrey, floor manager bill, explained 207(b): 5 'This would mean, example, proprietor who, first instance, legitimately—but erroneously—believes establishment covered section 202 need fear jail sentence damage action if judgment coverage title II wrong.' 110 Cong.Rec. 9767. Young agreed: 6 'The enforcement provisions based specific prohibition 203 denying interfering nondiscriminatory use facilities title. In violation, aggrieved person be able sue end denial interference prohibitions enforced suits injunction. Neither penalties nor recovery money damages involved.' 7384. Magnuson added: 7 'Moreover, every case, judicial determination must made prior entry order requiring onwer stop discrimination. Thus, no one become contempt sanctions—the sanctions act, until after it has been judicially determined act he ordered discrimination, violated order.' 7405. 8 That clear 'proprietor' 'owner' subjected liability, where had chance litigate But owner involved. Outside conspiracy; federal law, applicable them, clear. 241 derived Enforcement 1870, 6, 16 141, and, noted, protects 'in States.' restaurant such 'right,' least virtue 1964 said States v. Price, 383 787, 801, 86 1152, 1160, 267, reference 241. 'We think leaves doubt that, we give scope its origins dictate, accord sweep broad language.' 9 have over years given protection many rights 241.2 refuse believe operating fashion Ku Klux Klan, violating those 'rights' was designed protect. 10 Immediately stating remedies 'shall means enforcing title,' further 'nothing shall individual State local agency asserting Federal law inconsistent pursuing remedy, criminal, may available vindication right.' There is, therefore, within four corners evidence preempting mode protecting 'right' granting immunity long regime 11 It course, true 203(b) 2000a—2(b), bars assert therefore way could obtained party 204(a). A like Attorney General reason 206(a). read exclusive-remedy inserted make substantive accommodation defined exclusively Proprietors owners prosecuted criminally mere refusal serve Negroes. does purport deal outsiders; can imagine Congress desired brand new 241—a statute encompasses 'all privileges all supra, 800, 1160. 12 Reversed. 13 MARSHALL took consideration decision case. 14 STEWART, whom BLACK HARLAN join, dissenting. 15 I regret cannot join reprehensibility appellees' alleged conduct. issue conduct prosecution. Section Title secures equal places accommodation. prohibits ways: 17 'No shall(a) withhold, deny, attempt withhold deprive deprive, 202, (b) intimidate, coerce, coerce (c) punish attempting sucured 202.' authorizes private injunctive actions violations 203. 206 patterns practices resistance rights. Finally states: *.'1 plain clause 207 thus clearly precludes II.2 And very cited prevent prosecutions upon understanding enacted legislation. 21 Court's effort distinguish between violent third parties without support but belied Title, quoted above. intimidation coercion persons well proprietor. Congress, explicitly aware kind when II, prohibit 22 protect undoubtedly ineffective this. cannot, reason, rewriting enacted. 23 respectfully dissent. 2000a—6(b), provides: title, nothing including ordinance nondiscrimination establishments accommodiations, See, e.g., Classic, 313 299, 61 1031, 85 L.Ed. 1368 (the vote); Guest, 745, 1170, 239 (right travel); Waddell, 112 76, 35, 28 673 perfect homestead); Logan 144 263, 617, 429 while custody marshal); Mason, 213 115, 29 480, 53 725 officers perform duties); 267 (Fourteenth Amendment rights). proviso; brought prosecution, conspicuously absent list proviso applies: '(N)othing accommodations, (Emphasis added.) did allege injury than established 1964.

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