Document: 521 U.S. 346117 S.Ct. 2072138 L.Ed.2d 501 KANSAS, Petitioner,v.Leroy HENDRICKS.Leroy HENDRICKS, Petitioner,v.KANSAS. Nos. 95-1649, 95-9075. Supreme Court of the United States Argued Dec. 10, 1996. Decided June 23, 1997.* Syllabus * Kansas' Sexually Violent Predator Act establishes procedures for civil commitment persons who, due to a "mental abnormality'' or "personality disorder,'' are likely engage in "predatory acts sexual violence.'' Kansas filed petition under state court commit respondent (and cross-petitioner) Hendricks, who had long history sexually molesting children and was scheduled release from prison. The reserved ruling on Hendricks' challenge Act's constitutionality, but granted his request jury trial. After Hendricks testified that he agreed with physician's diagnosis suffers pedophilia is not cured continues harbor desires cannot control when gets "stressed out,'' determined violent predator. Finding qualifies as mental abnormality Act, ordered him committed. On appeal, State invalidated ground precommitment condition did satisfy what it perceived be "substantive'' process requirement involuntary must predicated illness'' finding. It address ex post facto double jeopardy claims. Held: 1.The definition satisfies requirements. An individual's constitutionally protected liberty interest avoiding physical restraint may overridden even context. Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 11, 26, 25 358, 361, 49 L.Ed. 643. This has consistently upheld statutes detain people unable their behavior thereby pose danger public health safety, provided confinement takes place pursuant proper evidentiary standards. Foucha Louisiana, 504 71, 80, 112 1780, 1785-1786, 118 437. unambiguously requires finding dangerousness either one's self others, links determination person disorder.'' Generally, this sustained statute if couples proof some additional factor, such abnormality,'' see, e.g., Heller Doe, 509 312, 314-315, 113 2637, 2639-2640, 125 257, these requirements serve limit those suffer volitional impairment rendering them dangerous beyond control. sets forth comparable criteria its Contrary argument, never required adopt any particular nomenclature drafting leaves task defining terms medical nature have legal significance. Cf. Jones States, 463 354, 365, n. 13, 103 3043, 3050, 77 694. legislature therefore use specific term free similar term. Pp. ____-____. 2.The does violate Constitution's prohibition ban lawmaking. (a) establish criminal proceedings, punishment. categorization proceeding question statutory construction. Allen Illinois, 478 364, 368, 106 2988, 2991-2992, 92 296. Nothing face suggests Legislature sought create anything other than scheme. That manifest intent will rejected only provides clearest scheme so punitive purpose effect negate intention deem civil. Ward, 448 242, 248-249, 100 2636, 2641-2642, 65 742. He failed heavy burden. Commitment implicate two primary objectives punishment: retribution deterrence. Its retributive: affix culpability prior conduct, uses conduct solely purposes; make conviction prerequisite commitment; lacks scienter requirement, an important element distinguishing statutes. Nor can said act deterrent, since personality disorder unlikely deterred by threat confinement. conditions surrounding confinement-essentially same civilly committed patient-do suggest purpose. Although here involves affirmative restraint, dangerously mentally ill been historically regarded legitimate nonpunitive objective. Salerno, 481 739, 747, 107 2095, 2101-2102, 95 697. confinement's potentially indefinite duration linked, objective, holding until no longer causes others. thus permitted immediate upon showing dangerous, longest detained single judicial one year. State's procedural safeguards applicable trials itself turn proceedings into prosecutions. Allen, supra, at 372, S.Ct., 2993-2994. Finally, necessarily fails offer treatment where possible, treatment, though merely ancillary, rather overriding, concern. conclusion removes essential both (b) amount second prosecution punishment offense which convicted. Because nature, do constitute prosecution. Jones, supra. As tantamount punishment, detention Double Jeopardy Clause, follows prison Baxstrom Herold, 383 107, 86 760, 15 620. argument that, survives "multiple punishments'' test, "same elements'' test Blockburger 284 299, 52 180, 76 306, rejected, apply outside successive (c) claim similarly flawed. Ex Post Facto Clause pertains exclusively penal California Dept. Corrections Morales, 514 499, 505, 115 1597, 1601, 131 588. Since application raise concerns. Moreover, clearly retroactive effect. criminalize before enactment deprive defense available time crimes. P. 2086. 259 Kan. 246, 912 P.2d 129, reversed. THOMAS, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, JJ., joined. concurring opinion. BREYER, dissenting opinion, STEVENS SOUTER, joined, GINSBURG, joined Parts II III. Carla J. Stovall, Topeka, KS, petitioner No. 95-1649. Thomas Weilert, Wichita, Justice THOMAS Court. 1 In 1994, enacted Stat. Ann. §59-29a01 et seq. (1994). invoked first Leroy inmate children, shortly after became law. challenged on, inter alia, process, jeopardy, grounds. pre-commitment illness.'' re 261, 138 (1996). petitioned certiorari. subsequently cross-petition reasserted federal We certiorari cross-petition, 518 ----, 116 2522, 135 1047 (1996), now reverse judgment below. 2 A 3 (Act) 1994 grapple problem managing repeat offenders.1 already addressing defined "mentally ill,'' existing were inadequate confront risks presented "sexually predators.'' preamble, explained: 4 " [A] small extremely group predators exist disease defect renders appropriate [general statute] . contrast statute], generally anti-social features unamenable illness modalities render behavior. further finds predators' likelihood engaging predatory violence high. procedure risk society. prognosis rehabilitating setting poor, needs population very different traditional statute].'' 5 result, found necessary "a long-term care predator.'' Ibid. predator'' as: 6 "any convicted charged makes §59-29a02(a). 7 defined, turn, "congenital acquired affecting emotional capacity predisposes offenses degree constituting menace safety others.'' §59-29a02(b). 8 originally structured, pertained to: (1) presently confined like "has offense'' release; (2) "charged incompetent stand trial; (3) "not guilty reason insanity offense''; (4) guilty'' because defect. §59-29a03(a), §22-3221 (1995). 9 initial version applied currently designed initiate series procedures. custodial agency notify local prosecutor 60 days anticipated might met criteria. §59-29a03. then obligated, within 45 days, decide whether file seeking person's commitment. §59-29a04. If filed, determine "probable cause'' existed support eligible Upon determination, transfer individual secure facility professional evaluation would occur. §59-29a05. evaluation, trial held reasonable doubt made, transferred custody Secretary Social Rehabilitation Services (Secretary) "control, changed safe large.'' §59-29a07(a). 10 addition placing burden State, afforded number safeguards. case indigent person, provide, expense, assistance counsel examination professionals. §59-29a06. also received right present cross-examine witnesses, opportunity review documentary evidence State. §59-29a07. 11 Once confined, [t]he shall conform constitutional treatment.'' §59-29a09. Confined three avenues review: First, committing obligated annual continued warranted. §59-29a08. Second, permitted, time, appropriate, could authorize release. §59-29a10. without Secretary's permission, petition. §59-29a11. standard, freed B 12 1984, taking "indecent liberties'' 13-year-old boys. serving nearly years sentence, slated halfway house. Shortly release, however, August 19, appeared moved dismiss grounds violated various provisions. concluded there probable cause predator, evaluated Larned Security Hospital. 13 requested qualified During trial, own testimony revealed chilling repeated child molestation abuse, beginning 1955 exposed genitals young girls. At pleaded indecent exposure. Then, 1957, lewdness involving girl brief jail sentence. 1960, molested boys while worked carnival. offense, paroled, rearrested 7-year-old girl. Attempts made treat deviance, 1965 considered "safe large,'' discharged psychiatric hospital. App. 139-144. 14 thereafter, assaulted another boy girl-he performed oral sex 8-year-old fondled 11-year-old boy. again imprisoned 1967, refused participate offender program, remained incarcerated parole 1972. Diagnosed pedophile, entered into, abandoned, program. despite having help pedophilia, children. Indeed, soon 1972 parole, began abuse stepdaughter stepson. forced activity over period approximately four years. noted above, "taking adolescent attempted fondle them. result conviction, once imprisoned, sentence reached conditional date September 1994. admitted repeatedly abused whenever confined. explained "get[s] stressed "can't urge'' molest Id., 172. recognized harms hoped again, stated sure way keep abusing future "to die.'' 190. readily condition; indeed, told physician "treatment bull----.'' 153, 190.2 16 unanimously determined, matter law, custody. 17 appealed, claiming, among things, Federal Due Process, Jeopardy, Clauses. accepted claim. Kan., P.2d, 138. declared order involuntarily proceeding, prove clear convincing ill, himself 259, 137. Court's "the violates substantive rights.'' 18 majority dissent, each arguments 264-294, 140-156 (Larson, dissenting). 19 argues agree. freedom always core Process arbitrary governmental action,'' 1785, 437 (1992), absolute. context: 20 [T]he secured Constitution every jurisdiction import absolute be, all times circumstances, wholly restraint. There manifold restraints subject common good. basis organized society members.'' 643 (1905). 21 Accordingly, certain narrow circumstances forcible detainment safety. See, 1788 N.Y. Laws, ch. 31 (Feb. 9, 1788) (permitting "furiously mad''); see A. Deutsch, Mentally Ill America (1949) (tracing 18th 19th centuries); G. Grob, Mental Institutions America: Policy 1875 (1973) (discussing colonial early American statutes). See Foucha, 1785-1786; Addington Texas, 441 418, 426-427, 99 1804, 1809-1810, 323 (1979). limited subclass contrary our understanding liberty. id., 426, 1809-1810. 22 others initiated offense,'' "suffers §59-29a02(a) more mere predisposition violence; rather, past creates incapacitated. we recognized, [p]revious instances indicator tendencies.'' 323, 2644, 257 (1993); Schall Martin, 467 253, 278, 104 2403, 2417, 81 207 (1984) (explaining "from point view nothing inherently unattainable about prediction conduct''). 23 dangerousness, standing alone, ordinarily sufficient justify they coupled abnormality.'' Heller, 2639-2640 (Kentucky permitting retarded'' ill'' individual); 366, 2990-2991, 296 (1986) (Illinois Minnesota rel. Pearson Probate Ramsey Cty., 309 270, 271-272, 523, 524-525, 84 744 (1940) (Minnesota "psychopathic personality''). These added plainly kind statutes: existence disorder'' difficult, impossible, §59-29a02(b) consistent narrows class dangerousness. 24 nonetheless earlier cases dictate commitment, citing Addington. asserts equivalent coined Legislature, community. assertion, devoid talismanic Not "psychiatrists disagree widely frequently constitutes illness,'' Ake Oklahoma, 470 68, 81, 105 1087, 1095, 53 (1985), used variety expressions describe properly Addington, U.S., 425-426, 1808-1810 (using "emotionally disturbed'' ill''); Jackson, 406 732, 737, 1855, 1857-1858 "incompetency'' "insanity''); cf. 88, 1789-1790 (O'Connor, part judgment) (acknowledging authority "some justification doing so''). legislatures Rather, traditionally left legislators 694 (1983). consequence, have, years, developed numerous specialized define concepts. Often, definitions fit precisely employed "insanity'' "competency,'' example, vary substantially counterparts. Gerard, Usefulness Medical Model Legal System, 39 Rutgers L.Rev. 377, 391-394 (1987) differing purposes system profession recognizing illness). definitions, "take account issues responsibility competency,'' need mirror advanced profession. Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic Statistical Manual Disorders xxiii, xxvii (4th ed.1994). 26 To extent set relating inability doubtless professionals diagnosed suffering classifies serious disorder. 527-528; Treatments Disorders, 617-633 (1989); Abel & Rouleau, Male Sex Offenders, Handbook Outpatient Treatment Adults 271 (M. Thase, B. Edelstein, M. Hersen, eds. 1990).3 conceded becomes "control lack control, adequately distinguishes perhaps dealt through proceedings. suffices purposes. 27 thrust proceedings; hence contends where, here, newly "punishment'' Clauses violated. unpersuaded established 28 "is construction.'' 2992. initially ascertain meant "civil'' so, defer legislature's intent. Here, objective evidenced placement probate code, instead well description creating "civil procedure. '' Ann., Article 29 (1994) ("Care Persons''), (emphasis added). protect harm. recognize label dispositive,'' 369, 2992, reject party challenging proof'' [is] [the State's] intention'' "civil.'' 2641, 742 (1980). consider 30 threshold matter, retributive conduct. Instead, purposes, demonstrate exists previously Illinois triggered commission assault, explaining "received punish misdeeds, primarily show accused's predict behavior.'' 371, 2993. addition, commitment-persons absolved Act. §59-29a03(a) absence misdeed. Thus, fact "tied activity'' "insufficient statut[e] punitive.'' Ursery, 2135, 2149, 549 unlike statute, predator; instead, based customarily Kennedy Mendoza-Martinez, 372 144, 168, 83 554, 567-568, 644 (1963). intended retributive. 32 function deterrent. Those are, definition, prevents exercising adequate Such And part. represented restrictive placed prisoners, experiences essentially patient institution. 50-56, 59-60. none parties institutionalized general conditions, difficult conclude being "punished.'' 33 issue involve inexorably lead government imposed punishment.'' 746, 2101, 697 (1987). take measures restrict ill. non-punitive regarded. 2101-2102. has, fact, cited unstable individuals public'' classic example detention. 748-749, 2102-2103. protecting community harm constituted commitments But held. 34 focuses focus, misplaced. Far linked namely, hold 3051-3052 (noting approval "because impossible how given recover [from insanity]-or indeed ever recover-Congress chosen leave length indeterminate, periodic patients's suitability release''). If, adjudged statutorily entitled §59-29a07 35 Furthermore, indefinite. maximum incapacitated seeks continue year, detainee standards demonstrates intend remain 36 next confronted argument. There, "place[d] great reliance accompanied usually trials'' argue name only. decision provide prosecutions.'' protections taken confine particularly individuals, meeting strictest chose afford transform 37 "treatment.'' Without asserts, amounts little disguised assumes available, (or refused) it. apparently assumption, explaining: 38 "It overriding concern segregation offenders public. goal reintegrating incidental, best. record reflects nonexistent. concedes amenable statute]. [that illness. light, provisions appear somewhat disingenuous.'' 258, 136. possible read passage untreatable sole incapacitation. Absent treatable illness, concluded, against will. 40 Accepting court's apparent category obligate us conclusions. observed procedures, incapacitation end 373, 2994; "overriding concern'' "segregation offenders'' 136, especially ancillary providing offenders, possible. While aim incapacitate treat, detaining whom nevertheless hardly seen furthering "punitive'' confining afflicted untreatable, highly contagious disease. Accord Compagnie Francaise de Navigation Vapeur Louisiana Bd. Health, 186 380, 811, 46 1209 (1902) quarantine communicable diseases). Similarly, value require precondition insane acceptable existed. otherwise simply successfully treated afflictions. Greenwood 350 375, 410, 415, 412 (1956) ("The recovery defeat power petitioner''); O'Connor Donaldson, 422 563, 584, 2486, 2498, 396 (1975) (Burger, concurring) (" [I]t remains stubborn many forms understood, sense effective therapy yet discovered them, rates "cure' low''). 41 Alternatively, treatable, concern,'' (at least committed). ibid. ("It incarceration treatment''). Even accept provision Legislature's "overriding'' "primary'' passing rule out possibility punitive. critical language Services, whose committed, obligation Hendricks. §59-29a07(a) ("If determines secretary social rehabilitation services large'' added)). Other sections echo persons. (establishing "for predator''); §59-29a09 (requiring "conform "care [persons dangerous] recovery,''' 2992 (quoting Ill.Rev.Stat., 38, ¶105-8 (1985)), commits.'' 370, 42 program offered seemed meager, remembered surprising. What significant, supervision Department Health Rehabilitative housed unit segregated operated employees Corrections, trained individuals.4 And, [a]bsolutely'' receiving neighborhood "31.5 hours per week.'' Tr. Oral Arg. 14-15, 16.5 43 Where "disavowed intent''; segment individuals; strict safeguards; directed status committed; recommended possible; impaired, say acted Our 44 provides: [N]or offence twice put life limb.'' understood preclude interpreted prevent "punishing twice, attempting criminally, offense.'' Witte 515 389, 396, 2199, 2204, 132 351 (1995) internal quotation marks omitted). him, principles incarceration, amounted offense. disagree. initiation (1983) verdict insanity). "punishment,'' follow 620 (1966), expressly expiration offending principles. reasoned "there conceivable nearing commitments.'' 111-112, 763. meets incarceration. 306 (1932). Under Blockburger, "where transaction violation distinct provisions, one, not.'' 304, 182. "offense,'' elements compared specified "offense'' invoking conduct) poses novel Clause. 47 ""forbids new measure crime consummated,''' pertain 588 Lindsey Washington, 301 397, 401, 57 797, 799, 1182 (1937)). impose punishment; thus, permits account, used, enactment, nor crimes, III 48 comports neither runs afoul exercise impermissible ordered. 50 concurring. 51 I join full add comments. Though argued us, matured turns law punishes extending textbook object adopted sham pretext, indication forbidden punish. gives complete explanation why contention succeed us. All this, concerns alone. My brief, comment caution dangers inherent conjunction application. seems too, validate assuming level treatment. Members seem agree, then, abnormality, real, continuing, established. Confinement begun serving, completed 762-763, (1966). attendant protections, including yearly instance pattern tradition case, abnormality-pedophilia-is described DSM-IV. 527-528 ed. 1994). 54 Notwithstanding attributes, practical life. stage knowledge, although treatments predicted, psychiatrists engaged treating reluctant find measurable success come detainee. 55 response "A exactly should anyway,'' or, words force member, "So it.'' Testimony Jim Blaufuss, 503. point, With record, all, vindicate wrong. place. improvident plea bargain side, performing function. persist books bear mind systems confinement, deterrence 56 conforms precedents. become mechanism deterrence, shown too imprecise solid concluding justified, precedents suffice Justices SOUTER join, GINSBURG joins III, dissenting. 58 agree "definition abnormality''' Ante, __. Kansas, treatable; him) thereafter. These, other, special convince me effort civilly, inflict him. prohibits crimes enactment. 59 begin area agreement. "dangerous'' automatically (1992); forbids reasons, i.e., irrespective used. satisfied ill.'' 260-261, 137-138 believed "substantive process'' namely 257-258, matters briefly. my view, classify 370-371, 373-375, 2992-2993, 2994-2995, (1986). leeway making determination. __; 87, 1789 judgment); But, subscribe reasoning, together, limits substantively sets. 61 E.g., Assn., 1994) (describing range paraphilias discussing stress aggravates pedophilic behavior); Hersen eds.1990). concede debate called "illness.'' R. Slovenko, Psychiatry Criminal Culpability (citing illnesses); Schopp Sturgis, Sexual Predators Illness Civil Commitment, Behav. Sci. Law 437, 451-452 (same). Compare Brief Association Amicus Curiae (mental satisfied) Menninger Clinic al. Amici 22-25 (requirement satisfied). presence vigor important. rejecting another. 431, 1812, debate, therefore, helps inform bounds reasonable, just write laws bounds. 13. 62 consist course antisocial behavior, includes specific, serious, unusual actions. —(For ante, __.) akin e. g., 274, 525-526, (upholding flowed ""utter impulses''') 205 Minn. 545, 555, 287 N.W. 297, 302 (1939)); Oakes, Rep. 122, (Mass.1845) (Shaw, C. J.); 419-420 furiously mad Dershowitz, Origins Preventative Anglo-American Law-Part II: Experience, U. Cin. 781 (1974). notion "irresistible impulse'' often helped shape law's related recommendations experts seek translate insights workable rules. Institute, Penal Code §4.01 (insanity defense, part, rests law''); Goldstein, Insanity Defense 67-79 (1967) test). 63 Third, dangerous. makes'' "likely engage'' "acts violence'' future. §§59-29a02, 59-29a03 favored Dr. Befort, released. 248-254. happens out'' confirmed Befort's diagnosis. 64 disorder; irresistible impulse, children; presents believe Foucha. rested qualify statute. interpretation. rules forbid separate covering classes committable individuals. falls scope "lac[k] informed concerning §59-2902(h) tell imposes requirement. Capacity obviously incompatible severe Neither amici uniform body says much, any. Guidelines Legislation Hospitalization Adults, 140 Am. 672, 673 (1983); Stromberg Stone, Ill, Harv. Legis. 275, 301-302 DeLand Borenstein, Medicine II, Rivers Practice, 147 (1990). Consequently, boundaries congruent. 66 confines (as "dangerous''). significant well. 67 treatment-whether, person. contrary, "abnormality'' "illness'' treated. (Kansas Attorney General, "you're claiming treatability ?'' answering [a]bsolutely''); Petitioner 42-47. Two groups Abusers 11-12 (stating "sex treated'' "increasing evidence'' shows "state-of-the-art programs significantly reduce recidivism''); Foundation 28. contrary. Hence unless available. 68 anyone somehow Clause's succeed). basic treatable. heart discussion infra, __-__, __, __-__. For reason, separately, discussion. points out, discussed later relevant analysis. 69 Law'' "inflicts'' greater punishment'' "annexed to'' "crime[s]'' "committed'' 1984. Calder Bull, Dall. 386, 390, 648 (1798) (opinion Chase, Const., Art. I, §10. agrees consummated.''' (citation omitted; emphasis "punitive.'' respect question, majority. 70 Certain resemblances between commitment'' punishments obvious. Like imprisonment, "secure'' (1994), "incarceration will.'' Gault, 387 1, 50, 87 1428, 1455, 527 (1967). Terry Davis, SRS Director Quality Assurance (App. 52-54, 78-81) (confinement wing hospital ordinary prisoners alike). Browning-Ferris Industries Vt., Inc. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 298, 109 2909, 2932, 219 (1989) part). incapacitation, which, Blackstone describing "depriv[e] injuring mischief.'' W. Blackstone, Commentaries *11-*12 (incapacitation punishment); 99, 1795 (Kennedy, dissenting) ("Incapacitation protection incarceration''); Brown, 381 458, 85 1707, 1720, 484 (1965) (punishment's "purposes: retributive, rehabilitative, deterrent-and preventative. One reasons imprisons inflicting harm, imprisonment less punishment''); LaFave Scott, Substantive §1.5, p. (1986); U.S.C. §3553(a); Sentencing Guidelines, Manual, pt. (Nov.1995). 71 sanction) §§59-29a02(a), 59-29a03(a) Revenue Mont. Kurth Ranch, 511 767, 781, 114 1937, 1947, 128 767 (fact tax marijuana "conditioned crime'' ""significant [its] prohibitory intent''') omitted); Lipke Lederer, 557, 561-562, 549, 550-551, 1061 (1922). (county prosecutors), guarantees (trial jury, counsel, evaluations), ("beyond doubt'') associated §§59-29a06, 59-29a07 72 obvious themselves, legally calls Yet commitment,'' perspective, 369-370, triggers difference. insistence crime, screening concretely potential danger, noncriminal law-type determinative. context noncriminal, helping judgmental mistakes wrongly 371-372, 73 similarities themselves criminal, word written §59-29a01, "clearest "civil,'' was, reality measure. reiterated 2992; close ""not paramount importance,''' 777, 1944-1945 looked behind fairly often. Halper, 490 435, 447, 1892, 1901, 487 (1989). 74 circumstance, pointing opposite directions, importance distinguish basically 2142, (1996) (asking ""either effect''' ""intention remedial mechanism''') (citations note feature. means itself, enough incapacitative believes exist, admission legislatively delay (so necessary), legislative begins look 75 whether, Fifth Amendment "criminal.'' authorized suffered 1. looking statute's label, civil-in "provided (also referring facts "established released briefest confinement''). reaching conclusion, ""essentially civil''' ""treatment, punishment.''' 367, 2991 People Ill.2d 91, 99-101, 89 Ill.Dec. 847, 851-852, N.E.2d 690, 694-695 (1985)). recovery''' "facility aside care.'' referred "treating punishing persons.'' —("Had shown, regimen identical felons care, case''). focus touchstone surprising, expect confine, protect, cure. say, nonpunitively motivated overcome insofar helpful, supported professionals, __). Conversely, reasonably practically medically oriented 78 Several treatment-related factors-factors led five-member Illinois' civil, punitive-in opposite. wrote offenders,'' "treatment'' "incidental best.'' By contrast, punishment''' statute.'' Ill.2d, N.E.2d, 694-695). 79 considerable weight findings lower courts regarding underlying officials' actions, Term Limits, Thornton, 779, 1842, 1867, 881 (ordinarily [w]e Romer Evans, 517 1620, 1624, 134 855 (1996); Hernandez New York, 500 352, 366-370, 111 1859, 1869-1872, 395 (1991) (plurality); 1873 concurring); Edwards Aguillard, 482 578, 594, 15, 2573, 2583, 96 510 (1987); 776, 780, 18, 1944, 1946, 18; Stone Graham, 449 39, 40-43, 101 192, 193-195, 199 (1980) (per curiam); Consolidated Edison Co. Public Serv. Comm'n N. Y., 447 530, 533, 535-537, 2326, 2330-2331, 2332-2333, 319 (1980), deference varies Crawford Board Ed. Los Angeles, 458 527, 544, 30, 102 3211, 3221, 948 (1982), conclusive construction statutes, R.A.V. St. Paul, 505 381, 2538, 2541-2542, 120 305 (1992). Allen's dissenters, majority, characterization factor determining constitutionality 2997-2998 (Stevens, final purpose'' statute). 80 conclusion. funded contracts, little, any, staff. 131, 136; Charles 255 training); John House, Attorney, 367 (no contract signed bidders); 369 hired operate SVP clinical director, psychiatrist, psychologist). majority's invitation disagree, reveal according program's "essentially Befort Habeas Corpus Proceeding, 393; 249, 421 ("the prescribed statute'' "still available''); 420-421 (the "needed treatment'' "hasn't yet'' "Hendricks wasted ten months'' "terms effects''); 391-392 (Dr. admitting director). surprising official supporters permanently 468 (statement General Robert Stephan); 475-476, Special Assistant Stovall). Others thought 503 Blaufuss) ("Because Bill mean felon women SO BE IT!'')-a way, strongly denies. 82 acknowledged "provisions (although "somewhat disingenuous''). (legislative "prognosis rehabilita[tion] term'' "commitment necessary''); ("commitment deny increase provided. could, did, language, history, implementation characterize applies commits, confines, treats served virtually entire time-related circumstance deliberate. explicitly defers diagnosis, few weeks "anticipated release'' §59-29a03(a)(1) why, ask, sooner, sentences? course, sooner. offender's ends, threatening assures. rational way-providing indicated necessity. Wettstein, Perspective Washington's Statute, Puget Sound 597, 617 (1992) leads "loss memory'' "more offender'' "accept responsibility,'' attitude hardening "engender[s] distorted precipitating offense''). specifically poor'' months timing confirm counterargument. wanting (say, purposes) postpone occurs. reasoning here. Much (called "ward milieu'' "group therapy'') as, serves 142-143, 150, 154, 179-181 Washington points); Assurance, 78-81 (pointing surroundings receive treatment); 375-376. Task Force Community Protection, Final Report Booth Gardner, Governor II-2 (findings model stating [s]ex during incarceration''). adduced habeas assume supports 399, 406-408 ward milieu therapy); 416-417 offers voluntary basis, prisoners). Hence, arguendo permissible, provides. statement aims respond "long needs,'' imprisonment. (rather punishment) aim, later. Vt. Tit. §2815 (1959) (providing psychopaths first, afterwards). using alternatives, postrelease supervision, houses, methods supporting mentioned. 28; 11-12. consideration. Appendix, infra. failure consider, use, "alternative harsh methods'' achieve "purpose punish.'' Bell Wolfish, 520, 539, 20, 1861, 1874, draw avoid restriction requires. Keilitz, Conn, Gianpetro, Least Restrictive Involuntary Patients: Translating Concepts Louis U.L.J. 691, 693 (1985) "least alternativ[e]'' almost States); Lyon, Levine, Zusman, Patients' Rights: Survey Statutes, Disability L. 178, 181-183 (1982) reemphasize claims amici, 88 Fourth, confirm, comparison, indicate abnormal, mandatory programs. Ten apprehended Only seven, treatment) figure Acts Jersey, treatment). Of six (unlike Kansas) consideration alternatives. Ariz.Rev.Stat. §§13-4601, 4606 (Supp.1996-1997); Cal. Welf. Inst.Code §§6607, 6608 (West Supp.1997); Minn.Stat. §253B.09 N.J. 30:4-27.11d 1997); Wis. §980.06(2)(b) (Supp.1993-1994); Wash. Rev.Code §71.09.090 (Supp.1996-1997). Iowa, delays consequent prospectively only, problems. Iowa §709C.12 (Supp.1997) (Iowa "applies July 1997''); Thus experience confirms finding, suggest, offenders) punitive, purely several -which is, seen, criminal. detail, differs litigation. 90 "beyond doubt'' standard proceeding. 428, 1810. "reasonable guarantees, laws, here? answer lies -a Texas observed, exercis[e]'' "in sense.'' commitment's imprisonment; most, substitute Tex.Rev.Civ. §5547-41 (1958) (petition "proposed [but] proceedings''). relying interpretation, "State individual.'' 4, 1810, Turner, 556 S.W.2d 566 (1977)). Specht Patterson, 386 605, 608-609, 1209, 1211-1212, 326 (separate postconviction psychopath commitment/sentencing "criminal much harm''). change reach way. deciding subset (again, place). decides refuses it, refusal fully 91 not, untreatable. quotes excerpt support. court, untreatable; untreated -quite matter. Had excerpt, adopting reference opinion: "The forecloses punished Setting exacerbates minimizes offender, accompany Statute. Statute completion phase secondary, primary, concern.'' 136 Young Weston, 898 F.Supp. 744, 753 (W.D.Wash.1995)). 93 quotation, rest objectionable concede, 94 alternative recent comes sources. second, footnote, judge's statement, year __ 5. statements validity suit. reviewing case. lengthy dissent seizes upon, good reason. denied motion notice Order 94-73039, March chance resembling assertion parties' decision. Russell Southard, How. 139, 158-159, 927 (1851); Adickes S.H. Kress Co., 398 157-158, 16, 1598, 1608, 142 (1970); Hopt Utah, 488, 491-492, 972, 973, 183 (1885); Witters Servs. Blind, 474 481, 486, 3, 748, 751, 846 Haven Inclusion Cases, 399 392, 450, 66, 2054, 2088, 691 Stern, E. Gressman, S. Shapiro, K. Geller, Practice 555-556, 594 (7th 1993); Fed. Rule Evid. 201(b). ensure reliability material wishes entirety, best, hearing contained vague references provided, contains key fact. review, October 1995, meaningful 400. SVPs "have staffing.'' 393, 394. last "wasted effects'' far goes, [t]oday, it's still available.'' 420-421. She opposed SVPs, her record. 97 provide. evidence-which not-it 98 Regardless, "at best'' "incidental'' contradicts court. approach-its court-if followed sentenced Act), (1987), preventive accused pending permissible. involved speedy guilt innocence. emphasized Salerno "strictly duration.'' 82, 1787. "pretrial arrestees'' "one carefully exceptions Clause.'' 83, detention, "insanity acquittees Whatever Salerno's "due implications warrants mention. (1963), listed seven factors applying Sixth Amendments. include sanction scienter, relationship purpose, excessive relation 169, 568. "neither exhaustive "helpful.'' 2641-2642. Paraphrasing scienter; (such assigned. 168-169, 567-568. mentioned Mendoza-Martinez balance favor "punishment.'' "formula' identifying changes fall prohibition,'' 509, 1603; 1901; 453, 1904 concurring). done pointed litigation, conclude, light precedent, analysis, rooted stands, current implementation, towards he. attempt consequences attached "disadvantage[d] offender,'' Weaver 450 24, 29, 960, 964, (1981). Respondent 37-39. enacting operates prospectively, offend Weaver, 964-965. consecutive, concurrent, sentences, invoke recidivism lengthen retroactively, -if, one. because, said, tailor obstacle achieving public's safety; assurance freedoms issue, cut corners. hew liberty-protecting line. Federalist, 78, 466 (C. Rossiter 1961) (A. Hamilton). affirm Appendix: Selected Offense Statutes answers "yes" 108 categories) _______________________________________________ | Fails |to Con-| sider Less Res tric- Applies |Delays tive |Treatment| Alter Pre-Act |natives| Crimes |__________________|_________|_______|__________| |Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann.| |§§13-4601 |et |(Supp.1996-1997) Yes |Cal. Inst.| |Code |§§6600 |(West Supp.1997) No |Colo.Rev.Stat. |§16-11.7-101 |%tl |(Supp.1996) |Sometimes |Conn.Gen.Stat. |§17a-566 |(1992 Supp. |1996) |Ill.Comp.Stat., |ch. 725, |§205%tl |(1994) |Iowa 709C%tl |(Supp.1 996) |Kan.Stat.Ann. |§59-29a01%tl |Mass.Gen.Laws, 123A |(Supp.1997) |Minn.Stat.Ann., 253B%tl |(1994 |1996-1997) |Sometimes| |Neb.Rev.Stat. |§29-2923 |Generally |N.J.Stat.Ann. |30:4-82.4 1997) |N.M.Stat.Ann. |§43-1-1 |(1993) |Ore.Stat. |§426.510 |(1995) |Tenn.Code |§33-6-301%tl |(1984 |Utah |§77-16-1 |Wash.Rev.Code Ann.| |§71.09.01 |Wis.Stat. |§980.01 |(1996) (* = designation specify) Together 95-9075, syllabus prepared Reporter Decisions convenience reader. Detroit Timber Lumber 200 321, 337, 282, 287, 499. Subsequent amended ways §59-29a03 (Supp.1996) (changing notification days); §59-29a04 attorney proceedings). testimony, heard stepson, recounted events hands. 194-212. girls 191-194. Lester Lee, licensed worker male chief psychologist Lee trait disturbance, passive-aggressive personality, pedophilia. 219-220. 247-248. opined 263-264. William Logan, forensic accuracy offender. 328-331. recognize, harmony casting general, illnesses.'' 22-25. disagreements, tie hands laws. disagreement widest latitude congressional enactments, "undertakes areas fraught scientific uncertainties, options broad cautious rewrite legislation.'' 3053 (internal citation enjoy wide developing regimens. Youngberg Romeo, 457 307, 317, 2452, 2458-2459, (observing discretion responsibilities''). institution 2994 original measure, 28, corpus relief, admittedly conflicting ruled that: allegation petitioners designated predator true. 453-454. condition, appears furnishing easily

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