Document: 462 U.S. 36 103 S.Ct. 2218 76 L.Ed.2d 400 James G. WATT, Secretary of the Interior, et al., Petitionersv.WESTERN NUCLEAR, INC. No. 81-1686. Argued January 17, 1983. Decided June 6, Syllabus The Stock-Raising Homestead Act 1916 (SRHA) provided for settlement homesteads on lands surface which was "chiefly valuable grazing and raising crops." Section 9 SRHA reserved to United States title "all coal minerals" in patented under Act. When respondent mining company acquired a fee interest land covered by patent Act, it proceeded remove gravel from pit located use paving streets sidewalks town where its workers lived. Bureau Land Management then notified respondent, later determined, after hearing, that removal constituted trespass violation Department Interior regulation liable damages States. Board Appeals affirmed, holding is mineral patents issued SRHA. Respondent filed suit Federal District Court, but Court reversed. Held: Gravel found within meaning § Pp. 42-60. (a) For substance be SRHA, must not only familiar definition term, as gravel, also type Congress intended reserve 42-46. (b) Congress' purpose facilitating concurrent development both subsurface resources supports construing reservation encompass gravel. While expected homesteaders would stock-raising crops, sought ensure remain subject disposition States, general laws or otherwise, persons interested exploiting them. Given understanding used ranching farming, properly interpreted include substances, such are character, can removed soil, commercial purposes, there no reason suppose were included estate. 46-56. (c) conclusion purposes supported treatment other federal statutes concerning minerals, administrative judicial decisions over last 50 years have consistently recognized deposits could laws. 56-59. (d) Finally, this further buttressed rule grants construed favorably Government. This applies here with particular force, because legislative history reveals limit operation strictly lands. 59-60. 664 F.2d 234 (10 Cir.1981), John H. Garvey, Lexington, Ky., petitioners. Harley W. Shaver, III, Denver, Colo., respondent. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 1916, great homestead acts, crops" "not susceptible irrigation any known source water supply." 43 U.S.C. 292. 299. question presented case whether 2 * A. 3 (SRHA), 39 Stat. 862, ch. 9, §§ 291-302, permitted person qualified acquire laws, May 20, 1862, 12 392, 75, amended, 161 seq., make "a entry" "unappropriated, unreserved public . designated 'stock-raising lands.' "1 291. authorized designate 4 "lands is, his opinion, chiefly forage do contain merchantable timber, supply, character six hundred forty acres reasonably required support family." 5 To obtain patent, an entryman reside three years, 293, incorporating reference 37 123 (1912), 153, 164, "to permanent improvements upon tending increase value less than $1.25 per acre." 293. 6 provision at issue case, stated "[a]ll entries made shall all minerals so entered patented, together right prospect for, mine, same." "[t]he disposal accordance provisions force time disposal." B 7 On February 4, 1926, conveyed tract near Jeffrey City, Wyoming, respondent's predecessor-in-interest. Patent 974013 pursuant As 299, land. 8 In March 1975 Western Nuclear, Inc. (Western Nuclear), portion 1926 patent. Nuclear has been involved milling uranium ore around City since early 1950's. operations uses surfacing roads shoring shaft mine. view expense having hauled towns, decided economical local material, extract open premises. After acquiring land, obtained Wyoming Environmental Quality, state agency, permit authorizing some 43,000 cubic yards It most pouring nearby mill mine 10 November 3, 1975, State Office (BLM) served notice extraction against CFR 9239.0-7 (1975), current version (1982), promulgated Materials 1947, 61 681, 406, amended Surface Resources 1955, 69 368, 30 601-615. provides extraction, severance, injury, timber materials jurisdiction except when law regulations Department, act trespass." 11 BLM's appraisal report described deposit follows: "The property alluvial 6.4 14 acre parcel mined There 6-12 inches overburden site *. estimated thickness will average feet more thickness." 13 technical analysis accompanying report, geologist William D. Holsheimer observed overlain soil cover fairly well developed loamy sand, 12-18 thickness," "[t]here relatively good vegetative cover, consisting mainly sagebrush, understory various native grasses." concluded "the highest best material (gravel) site." BLM determined had committed unintentional trespass. Using royalty rate yard, ruled $13,000 site. appeal (IBLA), IBLA affirmed ruling trespass, "gravel Act." 85 Dec. 129, 139 (1978).2 15 seeking review Board's decision Administrative Procedure 701 seq. encompasses 475 F.Supp. 654 (1979). Recognizing term 'mineral' does closed, precise meaning," id., 662, Government's position principle narrowly construed, ibid., history, contemporaneous definitions, court decisions," 663.3 16 appealed Tenth Circuit. That reversed, extracted did constitute (1981). reaching conclusion, Circuit relied heavily prior enactment containing "mineral land" beyond reach Id., 240. analogy "ordinary rocks stones," 242, said cannot lest patentees left "only dirt, little nothing more." Ibid. reasoned "if ordinary follows form fragmented rock, mineral." 17 importance administration 33 million SRHA,4 we granted certiorari. 456 987, 102 2266, 73 1282 (1982). We now reverse. II 18 before enacted, word "minerals" "used many senses, dependent context, definitions dictionary throw light signification given case." Northern Pacific R. Co. v. Soderberg, 188 526, 530, 23 365, 367, 47 L.Ed. 575 (1903). broad sense word, doubt mineral, plainly animal vegetable. But scientific division matter into animal, vegetable kingdom absurd applied grant lands, belong kingdom." may necessary inorganic qualify sufficient. If considered owner estate nothing. 19 Although therefore understood certain narrower word. example, if "its common [as] comprehensive including every description stone rock deposit, metallic non-metallic substances," Waugh Thompson & Coal Co., W.Va. 567, 137 S.E. 895, 897 (1927); see, e.g., Bd. County Com'rs Good, 44 N.M. 495, 105 P.2d 470, 472 (1940); White Miller, 200 N.Y. 29, 92 N.E. 1065, 1068 (1910), included. If, however, substances definite chemical composition, Ozark Chemical Jones, 125 1, (CA10 1941), cert. denied, 316 695, 62 1291, 86 1765 (1942); Lillington Stone Maxwell, 203 N.C. 151, 165 351, 352 (1932); Aitken, 25 Philippine 7, (1913), 20 serve exclude Cf. Toole, 224 440 (D Mont.1963) (deposits peat moss, high organic content, laws). one Andrus Charlestone Products 436 604, 611, 98 2002, 2006, 56 570 (1978).5 21 legal prevailing indicate hand, supra, quoted approval statement English "everything mere surface, agricultural purposes; anything useful whatever, marble, fire clay, like, comes mines land." U.S., 536, S.Ct., 369 (emphasis added), quoting Midland Ry. Checkley, L.R. Eq. 19, (1867). Soderberg concerned proper classification granite quarries 1864 statute railroads exempted lands." held fell exemption, concluding merely metalliferous their arts manufacture." 537, 369.6 22 1910 rejected attempt cancel entry alleged sand thereon. Zimmerman Brunson, Pub.Lands 310, overruled, Layman Ellis, 52 714 (1929). claimed building refusing Brunson's entry, explained "deposits occur considerable frequency domain." Dec., 312. He cases "possess peculiar characteristic giving them special value." errs relying evidence relevant factor consider determining legislature ascribed see how inference drawn 64th unlikely members aware Zimmerman, never tested courts mentioned reports debates Helvering New York Trust 292 455, 468, 54 806, 810, 78 1361 (1934). Even conclude approved Secretary's rather Court's adopted "mineral" mineral.7 III 24 neither nor prevailed sheds much us, strongly contention includes below, underlying severing facilitate resources. wish entrust ranchers farmers. Since crops entail congressional important several land-grant enacted 1900's classifying non-mineral. Under old system classification, owned depended classified non-mineral entire disposed basis classification. encouraged tracts depending With respect deemed incentives discovery exploitation major statutes.8 parties who wished specified those statutes, exploration they provided. 26 number reasons,9 came viewed poor means ensuring optimal nation's resources, turn century movement arose replace reservation. 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt withdrew approximately 64 thought forms citing prevalence fraud need dispose "under conditions inure benefit whole." 41 Cong.Rec. 2615 (1907). Garfield reported possible method Government retain coal," explaining "[s]uch permits separation unhampered adapted." Report (1907), H.R.Doc. 5, 60th Cong., 1st Sess. 15. subsequently urged "[r]ights separated rights forests beneath it, these should separate Special Message Congress, Jan. 22, 1909, Messages Papers Presidents 7266. 27 Over next responded enacting specifically identified States,10 shift culminated Unlike preceding reservations, limited minerals. crops," 292, 28 encourage designed supply joint thereof prospect, enter, underlie H.R.Rep. 35, (1916) added). advised "induce mountainous regions exist likely found," issuance "unconditional comparatively large might withdraw immense areas prospecting development." Letter First Assistant Chairman House Committee Public Lands, 15, 1915, reprinted 5. 29 preserve "coal laws" existence enacted. July 1866, 86, 166; 10, 1872, 91, 152, Those remained basically unchanged through present day, provide incentive individuals locate claims "valuable deposits." 22. claim located, obtains exclusive possession lines [his] locatio[n]" lying surface. 26. contemplated location laws,11 prospectors lands.12 determination contemplated. Ninth noted Union Oil California, 549 1271, 1274 (CA9) 434 930, 418, 291 (1977), indicates nature via Act."13 See Power Light 45 App. 127, 134 (1980) ("When dispute resource [SRHA] reservation, helpful manner used"); American Law Mining 3.26 (1981) ("The [in SRHA] considering terms intended.") Isbell Construction 385, 391 (1971) (holding "grazing district land") crops. evident express limiting "of family," numerous See, 293 (patent makes "permanent acre"); 299 (prospector patentee caused prospecting). 31 interpret (i.e., inorganic), Mining, 326. ("A sever taken value."). 536-537, ("mineral manufacture"); ("the value") original). interpretation serves encouraging farming ordinarily value.14 Whatever scope be, convinced Like inorganic. Moreover, 1929 overruled 310 32 "[w]hile distinguishing characteristics purely physical, notably, small bulk, rounded surfaces, hardness, render readily distinguishable fragments very properties long imparting utility natural state." 714, 720 Insofar concerned, irrelevant composition. What significant purposes. 34 certainly whose "experience efforts [were] line stock farming," extracting others have. informed farmer-stockman desire minerals," think he coal. Stock-raising involve pit. 35 convey farmers stockmen effect saying solely initiative interests lie elsewhere. resolving ambiguity language decline construe produce result odds statute. Instead, way overriding objective Mastro Plastics Corp. NLRB, 350 270, 285, 349, 359, 100 309 (1956); SEC Joiner Leasing Corp., 320 344, 350-351, 120, 123, 88 (1943); Griffiths Commissioner, 308 355, 358, 60 277, 278, 84 319 (1939). IV Our often arisen, treated two that, like allotted Indian therein Indians, mineral. Division Solicitor's Opinion, M-36379 (Oct. 1956). Similarly, 394-396. highly pertinent past half-century until varieties prospectively purview 375, 611.15 Edwards Kleppe, 588 671, 673 (CA9 1978); Andrus, 553 1209, 1214-1215 1977), reversed,16 (1978); Melluzzo Morton, 534 860, 862-865 1976); Clear Enterprises, Keil, 505 180, 181 1974) (per curiam ); Verrue 457 1202, 1203-1204 1972); Barrows Hickel, 447 80, 82-83 1971); Schaub, 163 875, 877-878 (D.Alaska 1958); Taking Sand Lands Aid Highways, 294, 295-296 (1933); 718-721 (1929), overruling (1910).17 Barngrower, 57 533 (1942) (clay silt deposits); Stephen E. Day, Jr., 489 (1924) (trap rock). occasion decide appropriate note Coleman, 390 599, 1327, 1331, 170 (1968), "served patents" 1955.18 38 suggests similarly clearly applicable location. Ante, 51. Simply consistent same matter, deposits" presumptively part obviously locatable, whereas locatable. indication V established Government, passes what clear language, doubts resolved it." 353 112, 116, 77 685, 687, 693 (1957). 617, 2009, (1978), 2009; Caldwell 250 14, 20-21, 397, 398, 63 816 (1919); 534, "limit bill 53 1171 (the "would kind mineral;" kinds reserved") (Rep. Ferris). construction favor sovereign head VI 40 foregoing reasons, hold Accordingly, judgment Reversed. 42 POWELL, whom REHNQUIST, STEVENS, O'CONNOR join, dissenting. far-reaching of, particularly successors to, 33,000,000 (SRHA). provides, reserves minerals." At question, adopts new statutory term: "[T]he [includes] estate." 53. compounds, clarifies, inherent "minerals."1 raises questions answers. definition, arguable falls 53-55, n. 59. goes become exploitation. Tr. Oral Arg. 18-20.2 And about peat?3 I read leave dubious assurance dirt itself easy believe result. act, intent existing 8, Winona St. Peter Barney, 113 618, 625, 606, 609, 1109 (1885). avoids largely ignoring gravel—like clay 46 Interior's deposit" laws4 clear: "[W]hatever standard authorities subject, quantity quality sufficient account coming laws." Coast Marble Pub. 233, 244-245 (1897). Commissioner Drummond Surveyors-general, Registers, receivers (July 1873) (reprinted Copp, Mineral 61, (1881)). Department's test parts. First, cause characterize subject. supra. Second, appear commercially exploitable.5 earliest decisions, commonplace W.H. Hooper, 560, 561 (1881) (gypsum); H.P. Bennet, 117 (1884) (permitting placer stone). soon began recognize group being authorities." Dunluce Placer Mine, 761, 762 (1888), "brick clay" warrant deposit. despite finding "undoubtedly 'clay placer' purpose." 761. 48 followed subsequent cases.6 An our (1910). four consideration Marble, stated: 49 A search failed disclose single classifies application purchase This, fact domain, points deposits, unless possess value, regarded reviewed stone,7 concluding: From above resume 51 absence specific legislation refuse classify such, sole chief proximity city, contradistinction domain. 313. 1929. officials Litch Scott, 467, 469 foreclosing land," even though "it [did] [claimant's] connection cultivation sale." Hughes Florida, 401 Andreius Jones wrote: concur [of shell rock] presents features greatly similar Brunson. ." 403-404. Thus, laws.8 silent exactly defined "mineral," equally participated actively drafting advising Congress.9 record, recently applying laws.10 agency implement persuasive intention. previously accorded Interior. Burke Southern 669, 677-678, 907, 910-11, 58 1527 (1914); 55 Despite "specific Congress," 715 thirteen SRHA.11 721. result, staking patents, fishing camps cabin sites. 730, 84th 5-6 (1955), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News, p. 2474. Legislation 1955 clarified confusion created.12 Ultimately, once again coverage laws;13 reaffirmed laws;14 legislatively overruled.15 has, holds, mineral.16 inferring contrary lay understanding, mineral.17 Congressional stockraising subordinate ultimate settling West. Sess., (1916); 626, 63d 2d 10-11 2, More cattle belief Nation unit needs instance, Kansas Iowa, each citizen home tenant (perhaps) distant landlord, builder schools churches, voluntary payer taxes government. 59 recommending "citizen sovereignty" soil,18 surely intend destroy sovereignty reserving actually soil.19 first ownership 1975. One too late, inaction, take action serious extent titles SRHA.20 Owners entitled expect fairer my view, adhere adopted. affirm Appeals. Whether semiarid West, rest Nation. reason, set forth length concurring Watt Alaska, 451 259, 273, 101 1673, 1681, 68 80 (1981), final unique case.* while join POWELL'S why better simply deny effectively suspended executive Taylor Grazing 1269 (1934), 865, 315 Both repealed Policy 1976, 90 2787, 1701-1782. Existing unaffected repeal. calculation 30¢ rejecting Nuclear's arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable. 139. adjusted appraiser's rounded-off figure $12,802.50. 140. Following ruling, Stock Growers Association (WSGA), intervened proceedings, motion requesting alter amend order trial. expressed concern mean hearing WSGA's motions, rest: "What operations. do[es] way, shape lends helping rancher. All lend[ ] whoever happens operation. fact, out ranch production. intention claiming [the of] rancher's] own related ranching. States." WSGA, intervenors stipulation providing bar "from future, issues gravel." incorporated judgment. Director Management, 1948, Statistical Appendix, Table impression courts. condemnation proceeding Mexico Supreme held, explanation, ex rel. Highway Comm'n Trujillo, 82 694, 487 122 (1971). listing clause meant "minerals." Skeen Lynch, 1044, 1046-1047 (CA10), 284 633, 539 (1931). reasons expressly addressing negate phrase "and ejusdem generis. context listed differently 1873, 607, 279, 71 addition, Acts 1909 acquisition 844, 81; 583, 318, 83 April 30, 1912, 105, 99, 90. "other confirmed alternate phrases became (1916). Relying Oregon "land contains agriculture statutes." Loney Or. 378, 112 P. 172, 175 Atkinson Evans, Wash. 219, 89 565, 567-568 (1907) (relying limestone, silica, silicated statute). Quite apart follow approach leading contemporary treatise pointed out, Lindley Mines 424, 996 (3d ed. 1914), inconsistent traditional problem. Whereas emphasized substance, rulings "in purposes." 245 Bennett Moll, 584 (1912) (pumice); McGlenn Weinbroeer, 370 (1892) (building stone); Bennett, 116 560 (gypsum). 1913 study Geological Survey, Bulletin Classification 138-139 (1913). 21, 66, 201, granting railroads, 489, 3; 1864, 217, states colleges, 130, 503. generally Sweet, 563, 567-572, 193, 193-95, 473 (1918); Deffeback Hawke, 115 400-401, 95, 98, 423 statutes. frequently misclassified Misclassification resulted practical difficulties telling contained 405, 101, affidavits entrymen, surveyors, information available field offices contesting Frequent errors inevitable. 3.1 (1981); West Edward Rutledge Timber 244 90, 587, 590, 1010 (1917). erroneously statute, received discovered Diamond Coke 233 236, 239-240, 507, 508-09, 936 Shaw Kellogg, 312, 342-343, 632, 644-45, 1050 (1898). Absent proof fraud, recourse passed. contained, grantee discover exploit so, undeveloped. settlers withdrawn 81. Agricultural Entry 1914 valuable, phosphate, nitrate, potash, oil, gas, asphaltic 509, 142, 121 prescribing standards govern owners estates miners. extended "[a]ny enter times [under therein." protect homesteader, condition prospector's injure, damage, [homesteader's] improvements," prospector "shall prospecting." Any who, discovering acquires same" "reenter occupy incident removal," (1) written consent waiver (2) compensates homesteader "crops tangible improvements" (3) executes bond secure payment damages. 1949 increased patentee's protection expanding liability miner "any damage grazing." 215, 232, 54. Circular 1278, Claims Domain, 235, 236 (March 12, 1935); 185.1 (1939), 3811.1 By terms, apply belonging (e.g., leaseholds, easements), Devearl Dimond, 260, 262 (1955) (minerals "vacant, unreserved, undisposed lands" adding Navajo Reservation Utah). Sept. 1964, 985, 1400 (for creating Review Commission, 'public lands' outstanding laws"). geothermal steam constitutes remember contrast situation treating cancellation calls entries, consequence rests estate, latter wishes sell raise carry activities successfully. literal reading suggest establish maintain successful homesteads. argument defeated unable essential profitably Shiver 159 491, 54, 231 (1895), cut homestead, notwithstanding making crime led perfection during period, exception 497, 56. mechanical problem, emphasizing privilege residing five period perfect thus patent] ineffectual homesteader] build himself house, outbuildings, fences, cultivation," [homestead] limits modifies" Cook, (19 Wall) 591, 593, 210 (1874) (although treaty gave Indians although "timber standing realty, sold be," Indians' occupancy encompassed "for premises" improvement land"); Alabama Lands—Act Apr. 23, 32, ("There Persons therefrom, domestic .") rely purpose. connected activity. "[n]o stone, pumice, pumicite, cinders petrified wood give effective validity hereafter date affected enactment. permissible 601, Interior], rules prescribe, (including following: cinders, clay) locatability M-36417 (Feb. 1957). different claims. upheld exploitable seek certiorari Circuit's decision, petition water. 610, 2006 '[w]hether locatable 1872.' "). contrary, Anchorage Schubert, 114 436, 438 1953), grounds, 623 1955), either elsewhere reflect "prudent-man test" 1894. test, repeatedly 602, 1330, (1968); Best Humboldt 371 334, 335-336, 379, 381-82, (1963); Cameron 252 450, 459, 410, 412, 659 (1920); Chrisman 197 313, 322, 770 (1905), prudence justified expenditure labor means, reasonable success, developing mine." Castle Womble, (1894). "precious metals demand," "little room profit." 603, 1330. nonmetalliferous "by accessibility, bona fides development, market, demand, factors, mined, 296. Foster Seaton, 271 836, 838 (CADC 1959). estate" tautological, "that purposes" ignore prerequisites quality. guidance soil." operated quite time, am puzzled creates today. 3812.1 (1982) ("Whatever authorities, thereof, laws."); infra. inclusive agree pose impediment task establishing stock, undoubtedly policies acts. 71, solution rancher's problem allow ante, 54-55, 14. apparently free "coal," sure lightly Congress. free-use invites litigation use, rancher, ranch, successors-in-interest have, developer halt "its" My list exclusive. "Landowners 'moss rock,' moss grown, contractors decorate fireplaces homes. 'valuable,' government." Case Note, Water L.Rev. 216 (1983). "general laws," refer primarily declares purchase. 50-51. notes, 39, restrictions directly 1916. noted, 611. government private owners, still C. Lindley, Relating Minerals pp. 174-175 1914). claimant remains same. 44. unanimous "valuable". King Bradford, 108, 109-111 (1901) (brick clay); Bettancourt Fitzgerald, 620, 621-622 cement manufacturing); Holman Utah, 314, limestone); Victor Portland Cement 325, 326 (1914) (limestone shale); Mrs. A.T. Van Dolah, Opinion A-26443 1952) (clay). Gray 18, (1919) road land); 222, 229 (1896) (petroleum) (overruled Feb. 11, 1897, c. 216, 526); Jordan Idaho Aluminum M. 500, 501 (1895) (alumina) (but Downey Rogers, 707, 709 (1883) alum)); Tucker Florida Navigation 414 (1894) (phosphate) 246-247 (1897)). Southwestern 597, 602 (salt) policy saline acts). mineral—at least time. Conlin Kelly, 2-3 (1891) (declining (1884)); Clark Ervin, 122, 124 (1893); Hayden Jamison, Florence Delaney, (1893) (glass August 1892, 348, (making mineral). Stanislaus Electric 655, 658-661 (§ common, low-grade purposes). founded monuments ornamentation. Wienbroeer, 370, 374 (1892). Rep. " '[w]hatever subject.' (quoting 1873)). "an examination individual adjudicated based, forming them, 16. Barringer J. Adams, cxxv (1900) (list nonmetallic gravel); Barringer, Commercial Value (1897) (listing petroleum, salt, 996-997 (recognizing "commonplace gravel"); Snyder, 144, (1902) (discussing treat 1914, homesteading unappropriated referred comment. months deciding submitted draft substitute Bill. committee hearings bills, second committee. 1-9 (1914). passed bill, full Senate it. reintroduced House. Again advice Department. 4-8, floor debates, frequent drafted bill. 1127 (statement Congressman Taylor) (describing "one ever Congress"); 1130-1131. concludes "[i]t SRHA." 46. attribute ignorance Lorillard Pons, 575, 581, 866, 870, National Lead 140, 147, 237, 239, 496 (1920). assuming seems especially inappropriate congressmen interpretations 1174 Alternatively, "[e]ven [Northern v.] [188 366, (1903) ], quotation greater relevance views entrusted us now. Certainly searching examined look 368. policy. Ellis opinions none seeks looks 20. 391, 394-396 (1971); Solicitor, reversed Layman, differed originally compensation improvements. Pet. Cert. 52a, 2. 1956 Layman. Interestingly, took reservation: "[D]eposits shown economic nearness market profit reserved. M-36379, series culminating "materials" completely arguable, alone, (1968) ("[S]and, [and] really materials, handled 8743 (1955)) added Court). Indeed, initially "sand declared nonmineral longer [SRHA]." M-36417, Assuming, eventually quitclaim patentees, nevertheless difficult contend inquiry instance. continued "distinct value," deposit." Kaycee Bentonite 262, 274 (1955 "echoes" test). authority "public clear, assumes without discussion bring authorize actions Yet Bardon 145 535, 538, 856, 857, 806 (1892); Mall, Reservations, Rocky Mtn. Min.L.Inst. 399, 443-449 (1975). Furthermore, reserved, fail 601; 3601.1 (stating disposals" "valid, settlement, substances. indication, appears wants prevent materials. anomalous status escaped commented arguments advanced distinguish rationales locatable." Bentonite, 274, 9. relies dozen involving pre-1955 locations proposition 57-58. involves marketability questioned here, 13, patents. Commission Similar 1279 (SRHA "unrelated resources"), (1977); Bumpus 325 264 1963) (finding following gravel). Not gone far would. "is principally fill, sub-base, ballast, riprap barrow [a deposit]," "might marketable Verdugo Inc., I.B.L.A. 279 (1978) 50. fails note, rule, defeat legislature, withhold fair implication." Leo Sheep 668, 682-683, 99 1403, 1411, 677 (1979) Denver Rio Grande 150 975 (1893)). 679, 911, (Congress popular sense"); 676, 910 ("doubtless intended"); Marvel Merritt, 207, 208, 550 (1885) (statutory substances" "scientific meaning"). indicator sense" law's ignores this. Reeves, Meaning Word "Minerals," N.D.L.Rev. 419, ("As usually reservations minerals."); 431; Brief 1973), 7-14 (construing declaration taking's former landowners). Part I, unreasonable intended—when West—to move settle diminished significantly granted. intending analogous leases promote settlement. 1233-1234 Mondell) ("I Congressman] call refers surface-entry not. They titles. surface; him body mineral"). (surface owners' "can carried materially interfered land"). Based concerns, breadth obvious intent. 4. adopt Shell 446 657, 1932, 593 (1980). Its population generally, understand 654, 660 (Wyo.1979) ("Until [1975], practice companies, owning rancher [Bureau Management]"). REHNQUIST supra: "Generations Nor asserted before. traditionally certainty predictability unwilling upset settled expectations. 1413 (citations omitted). ago true today: undergoing profound changes. Among appeals. Today truth resort almost litigation. resort—including one—they occasionally withstand No appellate structure entirely eliminate error. Most certainly, sit correct perceive mistakes tribunals. work finality, monopoly finality respect. done appeals merits esteem Nation, but, unfortunately, nearly widely be. dedicated judges deference merits, able resist temptation tentative prediction answer theirs. certiorari." 275, 1682 (footnote

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