Document: 420 U.S. 103 95 S.Ct. 854 43 L.Ed.2d 54 Richard E. GERSTEIN, State Attorney for Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida, Petitioner,v.Robert PUGH et al. No. 73—477. Argued March 25, 1974. Reargued Oct. 21, Decided Feb. 18, 1975. Syllabus 1. The Fourth Amendment requires a judicial determination probable cause as prerequisite to extended restraint liberty following arrest. Accordingly, the Florida procedures challenged here whereby person arrested without warrant and charged by information may be jailed or subjected other restraints pending trial any opportunity are unconstitutional. Pp. 111-119. (a) prosecutor's assessment cause, standing alone, does not meet requirements is insufficient justify trial. 116-118. (b) Constitution require, however, oversight decision prosecute information, conviction will vacated on ground that defendant was detained determination. 118-119. 2. determination, an initial step in criminal justice process, made officer adversary hearing. 119-125. sole issue whether there detaining further proceedings, this can determined reliably use informal procedures. 120-122. Because its limited function nonadversary character, 'critical stage' prosecution would require appointed counsel. 122-123. 483 F.2d 778, affirmed part, reversed remanded. Leonard R. Mellon petitioner. Raymond L. Marky, Tallahassee, Fla., amicus curiae, special leave Court. Bruce S. Rogow, Coral Gables, respondents. Paul Friedman, Washington, D.C., United States, [Amicus Curiae Information from pages 104-105 intentionally omitted] Mr. Justice POWELL delivered opinion 1 case held under constitutionally entitled pretrial liberty. 2 * In 1971 respondents Pugh Henderson were Dade County, Fla. Each with several offenses information.1 denied bail because one charges against him carried potential life sentence, remained custody he unable post $4,500 bond. 3 indictments required only capital offenses. Prosecutors charge all crimes prior preliminary hearing obtaining court. Fla.Rule Crim.Proc. 3.140(a); v. Hernandez, 217 So.2d 109 (Fla.1968); Di Bona State, 121 192 (Fla.App.1960). At time arrested, rule seemed authorize hearings test detention cases. 1.122 (before amendment 1972). But courts had filling foreclosed suspect's right See ex rel. Hardy Blount, 261 172 (Fla.1972).2 They also habeas corpus could used, except perhaps exceptional circumstances, information. Sullivan McCrory, 49 794, 797 (Fla.1951). possible methods statute allowing after 30 days, Fla.Stat.Ann. § 907.045 (1973),3 arraignment, which District Court found often delayed month more Rainwater, 332 F.Supp. 1107, 1110 (S.D.Fla.1971).4 As result, substantial period solely prosecutor. 4 Respondents filed class action County officials Federal Court,5 claiming constitutional requesting declaratory injunctive relief.6 Turner Faulk, informations, subsequently intervened.7 Petitioner Gerstein, defendants.8 5 After delay while Legislature considered bill have afforded persons granted relief sought. supra. court certified Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 23(b)(2), Fourteenth Amendments give question cause. ordered defendants named plaintiffs immediate determine detention.9 It them submit plan providing cases instituted 6 submitted prepared Sheriff Wilson Purdy, adopted it modifications. final order prescribed detailed post-arrest procedure. 336 490 (SD Fla.1972). Upon arrest accused taken before magistrate 'first appearance hearing.' explain charges, advise his rights, appoint counsel if indigent, proceed unless either prosecutor unprepared. If requested time, set date 'preliminary hearing,' within four days 10 been released provided sanctions failure hold at times. hearing' counsel, allowed confront cross-examine adverse witnesses, summon favorable transcript request. no discharged. He then same offense complaint but indictment returned days. 7 Appeals Fifth stayed Court's appeal, awaiting decision, judiciary voluntarily similar procedure own. learning development, remanded specific findings constitutionality new system. Before issued findings, Supreme amended procedural rules governing statewide, parties agreed should direct inquiry rather than 8 Under every must 24 hours. 3.130(b). This appearance' respects crucial one: make amendments changed hearings, restricting felony codifying available indictment. Rule 3.131; see re 3.131(b), Rules Criminal Procedure, 289 (Fla.1974). 9 supplemental answered basic objection, since still 355 1286 Fla.1973). Reaffirming original ruling, declared continuation practice unconstitutional.10 affirmed, 778 (1973), modifying decree minor particulars suggesting form acceptable, long Id., 788—789. Gerstein petitioned review, we certiorari importance issue.11 414 1062, 94 567, 38 467 (1973). We affirm part reverse part. II 11 framed proceedings below, presents two issues: detention, so, approved Constitution. A. 12 Both standards derived common-law antecedents. Cupp Murphy, 412 291, 294—295, 93 2000, 2003, 36 900 (1973); Ex parte Bollman, Cranch 75, L.Ed. 554 (1807); Burford, 448, 495 (1806). standard defined terms facts circumstances 'sufficient prudent man believing (suspect) committed committing offense.' Beck Ohio, 379 89, 91, 85 223, 225, 13 142 (1964). Henry 361 98, 80 168, 134 (1959); Brinegar 338 160, 175—176, 69 1302, 1310—1311, 1879 (1949). standard, like those searches seizures, represents necessary accommodation between individual's State's duty control crime. 'These long-prevailing seek safeguard citizens rash unreasonable interferences privacy unfounded fair leeway enforcing law community's protection. many situations officers course executing their duties less ambiguous, room some mistakes reasonable men, acting leading sensibly conclusions probability. practical, nontechnical conception affording best compromise has accommodating these opposing interests. Requiring unduly hamper enforcement. To allow law-abiding mercy officers' whim caprice.' 176, 1311. 14 implement Amendment's protection invasions privacy, existence decided neutral detached whenever possible. classic statement principle appears Johnson 333 10, 13—14, 68 367, 369, 92 436 (1948): 15 'The point Amendment, grasped zealous officers, denies enforcement support usual inferences men draw evidence. Its consists requiring drawn instead being judged engaged competitive enterprise ferreting out crime.' 16 Terry 392 1, 20—22, 88 1868, 1879—1880, 20 889 (1968).12 17 Maximum individual rights assured magistrate's review factual justification arrest, such requirement constitute intolerable handicap legitimate Thus, expressed preference warrants when feasible, supra, 96, S.Ct., 228; Wong Sun 371 471, 479—482, 83 407, 412—414, 441 (1963), never invalidated supported failed secure warrant. Ker California, 374 23, 1623, 726 (1963); Draper 358 307, 79 329, 327 Trupiano 334 699, 705, 1229, 1232, 1663 (1948).13 18 practical compromise, policeman's on-the-scene provides legal arresting suspected crime, brief take administrative steps incident Once suspect custody, reasons dispensing judgment evaporate. There longer danger escape commit police evidence magistrate. And, taking summary subside, need increases significantly. consequences prolonged serious interference occasioned Pretrial confinement imperil job, 19 '1. carry common family relationships. Goldfarb, Ransom 32—91 (1965); Katz, Is Crime 51—62 (1972). Even release accompanied burdensome conditions effect significant See, e.g., U.S.C. §§ 3146(a)(2), (5). When stakes high, essential furnish meaningful result historical guided interpretation Amendment. Carroll 267 132, 149, 45 280, 283, 543 (1925). customary, obligatory, brought peace shortly M. Hale, Pleas Crown 77, 81, 95, (1736); W. Hawkins, 116—117 (4th ed. 1762). Kurtz Moffitt, 115 487, 498—499, 148, 151—152, 29 458 (1885).14 'examine' prisoner witnesses reason believe was, jail bailed not, discharged custody. 583—586; 116—119; J. Stephen, History Law England 233 (1883).15 reviewed higher writ corpus. 112—115; 243; Cranch, 97—101. furnished model America immediately adoption supra;16 (1806); States Hamilton, Dall. 17, (1795), indications Framers Bill Rights regarded 'reasonable' seizure. U.S., 317—320, 335—336 (Douglas, J., dissenting).17 B 21 here, determination.18 defends file itself furnishes sufficient detain Although conscientious affords measure do think prosecutorial alone meets Indeed, previous decisions compel disapproval Albrecht 273 5, 47 250, 251, 71 505 (1927), upon Attorney's invalid accompanying affidavits defective. did explicitly state official oath conclusion implicit illegal Amendment.19 More recently, Coolidge New Hampshire, 403 443, 449—453, 91 2022, 2029—2031, 564 (1971), responsibility inconsistent role reaffirmed Shadwick City Tampa, 407 345, 2119, 32 783 (1972), issuance someone independent prosecution. Court, 297, 317, 2125, 2136, 752 (1972).20 separation functions Frankfurter context: 22 'A democratic society, respect dignity central, naturally guards misuse process. Zeal tracking down crime assurance soberness judgment. Disinterestedness prevent disregard cherished liberties. Experience therefore counseled safeguards dangers overzealous well despotic. awful instruments cannot entrusted single functionary. complicated process divided into different parts, separately vested various participants whom relies vindication.' McNabb 318 332, 343, 63 608, 614, 87 819 (1943). 23 holding trial, imply prosecute. Instead, adhere 369 541, 545, 82 955, 957, 98 (1962); Lem Woon Oregon, 229 586, 33 783, 57 1340 (1913). Nor retreat established void subsequent conviction. Frisbie Collins, 342 519, 72 509, 96 541 (1952); Illinois, 119 436, 421 (1886). noted although who presently challenge confinement, F.2d, 786—787. Compare Scarbrough Dutton, 393 (CA5 1968), Brown Fauntleroy, 143 U.S.App.D.C. 116, 442 838 Cooley Stone, 1213 (1969). III full panoply safeguards—counsel, confrontation, cross-examination, compulsory witnesses. A sort modeled used justifies going presenting grand jury. Coleman Alabama, 399 90 1999, 26 387 (1970); Y. Kamisar, LaFave & Israel, Modern Procedure 957—967, 996—1000 1974). proof usually referred 'probable cause,' jurisdictions approach prima facie guilt. ALI, Model Code Pre-arraignment Commentary Art. 330, pp. 90—91 (Tent. Draft takes form, customarily employed. both presentation exploration testimony cross-examination. kind appointment indigent defendants. assumes increased become complex, likelihood promptly diminishes. 33—34. 25 These proceedings. arrest.21 That standard—probable crime—traditionally proceeding hearsay written testimony, modes proof. 'Guilt proved beyond doubt confined experience tradition, extent embodied Constitution, crystallized consistent standard. historically grounded our system, developed dubious unjust convictions, resulting forfeitures life, property. 27 'In dealing very name implies, deal probabilities. technical; they considerations everyday technicians, act. accordingly correlative what proved.' 174—175, 1310, 1879. 28 Cf. McCray 386 300, 1056, 62 (1967). justified lesser nature itself. fine resolution conflicting reasonable-doubt even preponderance demands, credibility determinations seldom deciding supports belief F. Miller, Prosecution: Decision Charge Suspect 64—109 (1969).22 say confrontation cross-examination might enhance reliability most cases, value too slight holding, matter principle, formalities designed employed making cause.23 identified stages' impair defense merits Wade, 388 218, 226—227, 1926, 1931—1932, 1149 where critical stage Alabama prosecution, majority concurring opinions factors distinguish First, charging offense. finding mean tried all. addressed sure, affect defendant's ability assist preparation defense, present high probability harm controlling Wade Coleman. Second, compromised assistance exploring preserving witnesses' testimony. consideration apply produce 31 conclude recognize systems vary widely. preferred procedure, shaped accord viewed whole. While limit precise desirability flexibility experimentation States. desirable, example, first officer,24 342—344, 613—614, incorporated setting fixing release. existing satisfy Others adjustment, acceleration hearings. Current proposals reform suggest ways testing detention.25 Whatever adopt, provide reliable condition liberty,26 arrest.27 IV agree timely much outlined decree, remand opinion. so ordered. 34 Affirmed 35 STEWART, DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, MARSHALL join, concurring. I concur Parts opinion, clearly least detention. members represent relief. 37 Having Florida's current inadequate, unnecessary go way dicta. particular, abstract, attempt specify protections accorded incarcerated suspects Specifically, extends imprisoned human propriety garnishing commercial bank account, North Georgia Finishing, Inc. DiChem, Inc., 419 601, 719, 42 751; refrigerator, Mitchell T. Grant Co., 416 600, 1895, 40 406, temporary suspension public school student, Goss Lopez, 565, 729, 725, driver's license, Bell Burson, 402 535, 1586, 90. true 'balance interests always thought define 'process due' seizures property cases,' ante, 125 n. 27, involve continuing incarceration presumptively innocent person. join effort foreclose claim traditional due applicable context 39 prerogative each instance develop Morrissey Brewer, 408 488, 2593, 2603, 484. particular method determining properly evaluating whole, isolating total recognizes, great diversity exists among aspect systems. Ante, 123-124. adequate evaluate appropriate future response today inadequate. Respondent 3, 1971. On robbery, carrying concealed weapon, possession firearm during commission felony. 2, breaking entering assault battery. record indicate case. indictment, Sangaree Hamlin, 235 729 (Fla.1970); 3.131(a) infra, 117 19. construed permissive mandatory. Evans 197 323 (Fla.App.1967); Fla.Op.Atty.Gen. 067—29 cf. Karz Overton, 249 763 (Fla.App.1971). superseded Procedure. 272 65 (Fla.1972). raised 3,160, petitioner represented oral argument arraignment 'attack sufficiency him.' Tr. Oral Arg. (Mar. 1974) 17. assumed, deciding, true. 781 (C.A.5 1973). 1983, jurisdiction based 1343(3). ask alternative remedy. asked authorities 1115 1116 (S.D.Fla.1971). neither nor ordered, lawsuit come exclusive Preiser Rodriguez, 411 475, 1827, 439 Wolff McDonnell, 418 539, 554, 555, 2963, 2973, 41 935 (1974). auto theft, 11, Faulk soliciting ride marihuana. included justices judges small-claims courts, authorized group power arrests County. certiorari. correctly respondents' barred equitable restrictions federal intervention prosecutions, Younger Harris, 401 37, 746, 669 (1971). injunction directed prosecutions such, legality hearing, prejudice conduct merits. Conover Montemuro, 477 1073, 1082 (CA3 1972); Perez Ledesma, 82, 674, 701 (1971); Stefanelli Minard, 117, 118, 138 (1951). ruling statewide 'legislative rule' unconstitutional, outside judge virtue 2281. legislative application, denying decisions. injunction, over appeal. remand, 'statute' amended. fairly read unconstitutional; incorporate holding; enjoin rule. 788 790. district three order. Kennedy Mendoza-Martinez, 372 144, 152—155, 559—560, 644 Flemming Nestor, 363 603, 606—608, 1367, 1370—1371, 1435 (1960). informed us convicted. Their ended. belongs, narrow termination representative's moot claims unnamed class. Sosna Iowa, 393, 553, 532 (1975). temporary, unlikely given appeal nonetheless suffer repeated deprivations, certain similarly situated allegedly unconstitutional claim, short, distinctly 'capable repetition, yet evading review.' filed, Such showing ordinarily avoid mootness Sosna. suitable exception requirement. Sosna, 559 11; Rivera Freeman, 469 1159, 1162—1163 (CA9 length ascertained outset, ended recognizance, dismissal guilty plea, acquittal means individual, plaintiff, enough certify Moreover, constant suffering deprivation certain. attorney representing defender, safely assume clients live interest reiterated equally arrests, described 'very heart directive' 'where governmental search seizure efforts gather wrongful acts collected invasion citizen's private premises conversation.' 316, 2136. Another overruled Rabinowitz, 339 56, 70 430, 653 (1950), turn Chimel 395 752, 89 2034, 685 warrantless generated controversy, remains unsettled, enter home 474—481, 2042—2045, id., 510—512 2060—2061 (White, dissenting); Jones 357 493, 499—500, 78 1253, 1257, 1514 (1958). primary motivation seems penalty offender escape, fact fear liability false imprisonment, not. Hale recognized commitment, called mittimus, 'When hath felon, felony, custory till reasonably dismiss himself him; speed conveniently can, things. carryhim gaol, . now rarely done. '2. deliver constable vill, examined, farther proceeded shall require. '3. Or county taken, examination discharge, bail, him, 'And bringing safe, gaoler expect Mittimus detaining.' 589—590 (1736). inquisitorial, questioned prisoner's presence. quite harsh, 219—225, investigation turned up 233. Aaron Burr Columbia. petition Chief Marshall, courts. Then, arguments surveyed prisoners establish treason. N. Lasson, Development 15—16 (1937). law, recovery stolen goods, said victim appear goods place. executed, seized, alleged thief prompt thief. 149 152; Taylor, Two Studies Constitutional Interpretation 39—40 (1969); Boyd 116 616, 626 629, 524, 530—531, 746 received 3.120, sworn states By contrast, 'fair face,' 'properly constituted jury,' conclusively determines inquiry. 287 241, 53 129, 131, 77 283 (1932). Giordenello 480, 1245, 1250, 1503 willingness let jury's substitute attributable relationship protecting individuals Calandra, 338, 342—346, 613, 617—619, 561 earlier reached Ocampo 234 712, 58 1231 (1914), Philippine Islands. Interpreting statutory guarantee substantially identical Act July 1902, Stat. 693, Philippines conclusive cognate provision Green 184, 194—198, 221, 227—229, 199 (1957). were, incompatible later holdings Albrecht, Coolidge, Shadwick. identical, made. 'Presumably, whomever cause.' large interrogating headquarters cause." Mallory 354 449, 456, 1356, 1360, 1479 484 Gagnon Scarpelli, 1756. 656 parolee probationer revocation place 2603; 786, 1761. serves purpose gathering frequently distance violation occurred. 485, 2602; 782—783, 1759—1760. offer error formal violations professional satisfied ABA Professional Responsibility DR 7—103(A) (Final 1969) (a 'shall institute knows obvious cause'); American Bar Association Project Standards Justice, Prosecution Function 1.1, 3.4, 3.9 (1974); College Trial Lawyers, Conduct, 4(c) (1963). already overburdened volume complexities misdemeanors, early stages generally marked delays seriously quality justice. doctrine exacerbate problem delay. Several thereafter. Hawaii Rev.Stat. 708—9(5), 710—7 (1968); Vt. 3(b), 5(c). interpreted appearance. Jaben 381 214, 1365, 345 454, 1359. Uniform (Proposed Final 1974), entitled, 'without delay,' grounds exist presence accused. 311. Persons remain inability qualify offered another five considered. 344. ALI 1972, Tent. 5A. 1973) appearance, facts. 310.1. accused, request 'adjourned session' 'court days.' session, makes combination testimony: testimonial discharge additional state's submission affidavits, court, light parties, basis seeks subpoenas lead 310.2(2) 5A, kinds degrees conditional 3146; Release 5.2 341 specifically key factor STEWART objects choice rationale suggests offers civil Here complex threshold guaranteed relatively recent application variable debtor-creditor disputes government-created benefits. tailored balance including Part II—A, elaborate unique jurisprudence, conduct. simple (e.g., interview principal suspension) presented cited inapposite irrelevant wholly practicable follow suggestion STEWART's day probable-cause declares affirms prescribing implementation right. thus issues.

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