Document: 368 U.S. 297 82 S.Ct. 327 7 L.Ed.2d 299 Phil CAMPBELL, Commissioner of Agriculture the State Georgia et al., Appellants,v.William HUSSEY, Jr., al. No. 42. Argued Nov. 14 and 15, 1961. Decided Dec. 18, Rehearing Denied Feb. 19, 1962. See 1005, 596. G. Hughel Harrison, Asst. Atty. Gen. Georgia, Denmark Groover, Macon, Ga., for appellants. Homer S. Durden, Swainsboro, appellees. Sherman L. Cohn Solicitor General's office United States as amicus curiae. Mr. Justice DOUGLAS delivered opinion Court. 1 This is a suit brought by owners operators tobacco warehouses in to enjoin officials from enforcing certain provisions Tobacco Identification Act. Ga.Laws 1960, 557, p. 214. A three-judge court was convened, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2281, 2284, U.S.C.A. it granted relief. 189 F.Supp. 54. The case here direct appeal.1 § 1253, 1253. 2 Act that are challenged concern type flue-cured leaf tobacco. It defined 'that grown traditional loose-leaf area which consists State(s) Florida, Alabama.' By 13(A) received warehouse sale2 shall be marked with 'white sheet ticket.' 3 Sales at these sales within competence congress regulate. As stated Mulford v. Smith, 307 38, 47, 59 648, 652, 83 L.Ed. 1092: 'In nearly one hundred per cent. so sold purchased extrastate purchasers. In markets where both interstate intrastate purchasers not known, when grower places his on floor sale, whether destined interestate or commerce. Regulation effective, must, therefore may constitutionally, apply all sales.' 4 Congress 1935 enacted Inspection Act, 49 Stat. 731, 511, its declaration purpose, 2, 511a, stated: 5 '* * classification according type, grade, other characteristics affects prices therefor producers; without uniform standards inspection evaluation susceptible speculation, manipulation, control, unreasonable fluctuations quality determinations occur detrimental producers persons handling commerce; such constitute burden upon commerce make use imperative protection others engaged public interest therein.' (Italics added.) 6 511b Secretary authorized 'to establish size, condition, determined, official *.' Detailed have been prescribed Secretary. 'type' tobacco, regulations state: has same corresponding qualities, colors, lengths treated regardless any factors historical georgraphical nature cannot determined an examination tobacco.' C.F.R., 1961 Cum.Supp., 29.1096. 8 Type 'That commonly known Southern Flue-cured New Belt Alabama, produced principally southern section some extent Florida 29,1100. 9 also provide placed federal certificate announced time lot offered auction (7 C.F.R. 29.80, 29.1144)—an identification made blue ticket. 10 question scheme regulation left room identify white tag Alabama. 11 earnestly argued there no conflict between Georgia's law, requires labeled such. connection pointed out includes 'produced principally' Alabama labeling origin merely supplements does it. 12 We do law conflicts law. Rather we pre-emption. Under can but 'official' standard—one 'uniform' eliminates confusion3 classifying geographical characteristics. words, our view Congress, legislating concerning types auction, preempted field supplementary state those types. seen, Federal says 'uniform inspection' 'imperative House Report 1102, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., reviewed length harm growers resulted absence governing 'grades' market. 'There 60 100 grades single practical farmer familiarize himself technical based Id., 2. need 'a definite standard' grading, id., 'standard grades,' 4, repeated over again. importance grade' emphasized debates House. Congressman Hancock this legislation provided market 'would inspected competent judges Government employ graded 79 Cong.Rec. 11870. Mitchell added 'Standard would serve guide farmers their market.' 11878. Senate 1211, approval bill report Department Agriculture. After stating purpose standards' farmers, added: 'The authorize established purpose.' 1. 13 adopts making 'type, condition' given 'the States.' 3, 511b, 511b. precise unequivocal saying what 'official are. Among things they say, already noted, 'which includable 14, grown, meets specifications type. then excludes local regulation, even though latter more than supplement former. definition adopted, complementary fatal scheme. Missouri Pacific R. Co. Porter, 273 341, 346, 47 383, 385, 71 672; Rice Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 218, 230, 67 1146, 1152, 91 1447; H. P. Hood & Sons Du Mond, 336 525, 543, 69 657, 667, 93 865. 15 Affirmed. 16 WHITTAKER concurs result. 17 Dissenting BLACK, joined FRANKFURTER HARLAN, FRANKFURTER. 18 Acting under unchallenged authority him Act1 classify into 'types' designate 'auction markets' convenient points 'type areas,' comprehensive system up 27 different tobacco—based chemical qualities resulting soil climate2—which turn broken down 170 grades—based visual group, color.3 relates types, nothing whatever Secretary's grade regulations. 19 regulations, is: 20 Fluecured Alabama.'4 21 While designated bear showing Agriculture's contains requirement type.5 Because omission fact, expert testimony, during last five years 'tobacco had reputation being best States,' speculators areas outside taken advantage general similarity appearance order sell 14. complaints practice constituted fraud well buyers coming State, Legislature passed requiring warehousemen place not.6 To accomplish following definition: 22 'Type used herein mean Alabama.'7 23 Despite variations wordings, obvious definitions precisely thing—namely, only, classified Whatever doubt might otherwise existed score completely dispelled record case. For parties lawsuit, who lived presumed familiar themselves stipulated 'designated only Two responsible unequivocally supported correctness stipulation—one testifying 'geographical origin' other, Director Division Commodity Stabilization Service,8 three went Department's definition, 'geography, climate.' There evidence 1959 map showing, every since passage Act,9 borders areas' approach plainly limits area.10 That did regard attacked inconsistent further, specifically, shown fact after itself issued 464.1211(b)—which shows designed protect protects markets—approving identifying colored tags 'all sale Thus clear beyond dispute, recognized, neither nor 29.1096 'same examination,' because climate distinct 'characteristics' determinable examination. 24 Court compelled decide case, me apparently does, premise with, rather as, definition. Consequently, must accept undoubted full effect simply assure bidders located will able distinguish officially States. Since conceded basic much information possible about commercial markets, admit help effectuate secure benefits Act's classifications. At least early history country 1619, Virginia first act, sought honest sellers were willing profit damage integrity product.11 Yet now holds passing intended cover entire compelling abandon historic laws harmony classifications, actually necessary give them effect. 25 holding seems departs drastically longcontinued striking unconstitutional except decisions considerations manifest careful study analysis issues involved. Here Court's presents indicates preclude require label each truthfully Indeed, cites two prior cases Court, dealing very explicitly recognized basis language, justify finding congressional intent pre-empt legislation. Townsend Yeomans,12 Chief Hughes, canvass generally, rejected contention precluded regulating charges operating pointing 'had limited objective,' going say: 26 'Instead frustrating operation laws, act expressly afforded opportunity cooperation states protecting farmers' interests. find ground possession exclusion own requirements.'13 statement reiterated buttressed when, later, called pass constitutionality Currin Wallace.14 again speaking adhered earlier Act: 'But (in Yeomans) found undertook regulate hence concluded restricted requirements free deal matters covered therewith.'15 29 I think plain entirely correct cases. word anything cited legislative part exercise power prevent commission come borders. disclosed language history, promote dissemination market, restrict availability information.16 failure open disclosure stretch imagination should remain secret why made. knew various geographically separate further marketing practices industry marketed area' grown. conditions generally prevailing, simple reason market.17 30 shows, however, changed radically recent years. An ever-increasing amount another sale18—particularly higher prevail result commercially superior powerful lure want superficially similar tremendous influx unidentified inferior threatens literally destroy rob value labor. attempting eliminate claimed unfairness outright thus seeks partial frustration through changing objective attain enactment 31 whole structure think, that, far precluding sort effectuation affirmatively and, Hughes cases, hoped cooperation. forces unwilling communities. Before compliance mandatory, referendum conducted consent two-thirds previous season obtained. denies 'close market' transactions designated' him, although provide, purely voluntary basis, grading selling wish avail services. Section recognizes continued existence functions powers providing agreements agencies covering employment inspectors, samplers weighers perform tasks inspecting, typing most central features sweeping 32 Insofar bothers take fresh look specific so, re-evaluating understanding set forth solely federally warehouses—a certainly controvert which, know, none lawsuit controverted. makes attempt relate issue show just how supports inference classification' applied sold. Instead, proceeds bare conclusion pre-emption application mechanistic formula operates independently intent. formula, 'complementary scheme.' know previously Certainly, support action here. 33 Porter,19 'cannot coincidence opposition to, enactments disclose intention enter jurisdiction.' But discussed involved great detail 'no necessary.'20 intend go facts before lay rule automatic 'coincidence' authorities relied reference. cited, Napier Atlantic Coast Line Co.,21 typical. Napier, Brandeis, usual way, declared considering exclude exerting police clearly manifested *.'22 lend slightest applies 34 second mechanical Corp.23 On page said: 35 'Congress legislated traditionally occupied. So start assumption superseded unless Congress.' 36 More importantly, treat could settled rigid strike Quite contrary, recognizing 'is often perplexing question' analyzed demonstrating Warehouse amended, 241 seq., special peculiar history' amendment underlying field. Far supporting declare unconstitutional, stands refutation proper today governed holdings pre-emption—the final Mond.24 all. There, majority decided York burdened violation Commerce Clause. casual reference 'decisions acts,' way proposition held pre-empted statute carefully kind involved.25 37 Just few weeks decision did, People California Zook,26 specifically argument specified activity unlawful, 'coincidence ineffective opposition,' 'aiding' enforcement invalid.' emphatically idea identity meant invalidity measures.' factor complicated pattern relevant pre-emption, out, words Holmes, 'must answered judgment particular case.'27 dissent Zook written Burton concurred Douglas Jackson, took position, here, passes consistent it, opposition, attempts farther seen fit go.'28 commerce, touching subject obliterated dissenting today. 38 test determining results Elevator, Congress.'29 Measured test, invalidated. 39 historically exercised before, product 1619. midst crisis 1666, Lord Baltimore proposed closely required Colony 'Maryland' Colonies.30 Even times past, area. Turner Maryland,31 barred Clause indicate origin, saying: 40 legislature Maryland, earlist colony formation government, raised compulsory. included many features, extended form, weight packages containing article. Fixing alleged state, preserving article legitimate means statutes naturally conduce end.' doctrine implied if comprehensiveness manifest. properly mechanically uses particularly undercut policy experience almost half centuries behind Of several infirmities have, reached lower court, namely, light complaint grounds violated Equal Protection Due Process Clauses Fourteenth Amendment. Plainly heard court. Lime Avocado Growers, Inc. Jacobsen, 362 73, 80 568, 568. manner described Yeomans, 301 441, 445, 57 842, 844, 81 1210; Wallace, 306 1, 7—8, 379, 441; American States, 328 781, 800, 66 1125, 1134, 90 1575. below defines basis. If tag; while came side Savannah River South Carolina tag. 'Both distinction color tags, elsewhere. create wide disparity price groups receiving amount. losses business plaintiff warehousemen.' 54, 59. 511—511q, 511 511q. system, subdivision 'class,' largely method cure 29.1040. 29.1053. 29.1100. 29.80 29.1144, arguably interpreted impose sold, interpretation place, witness describe situation existing 1960 appear government attached sale. And said presently required. Service Agricultural Marketing branches directly addition exactly Regulations. 29.153 (vv) Rules Regulations Agriculture, Aug. 7, 1936. solicitude Carolina, note opinions, misplaced. map, referred above, 13. Journal Burgesses (McIlwaine ed.), Laws, 11. 1210. 454, 848. 441. 13, 386. 511h, provides: collect, publish, distribute, telegraph, mail, cost grower, timely supply demand, location, disposition, quality, important sponsor, Representative Flannagan, introducing Representatives: 'Simply objects: First, growers' grader determine offer second, furnishing daily news service bringing put position intelligently reject Surely entitled offering offer—and day markets. Deny rights you deny fair sale.' 11802. earliest days country, exclusively Wyckoff, Colonial 62. persisted substantially year 1950. Research 101, Auction Tobacco, 8. practice, begun around 1955, growing since. Thus, 1959, 22,000,000 pounds non-Type representing 17% year, implicit 672. 385. 272 605, 207, 432. 611, 209. 1447. Bethlehem Steel Labor Relations Board, 330 767, 1026, 1234. 725, 729, 841, 843, 1005. 844. quotation Holmes Pennsylvania Public Comm., 250 566, 569, 36, 37, 64 1142. especially significant primary Charleston Western Varnville Furniture Co., 237 597, 604, 715, 717, 1137. he 'When subject-matter hand, go.' later holding, oft-repeated remark 'upon case.' 783, 1034, 1234 (separate Frankfurter). U.S., 752, 853. n. 27, supra. 209, 432; Kelly Washington, 302 58 87, 3; Zook, 1005; Huron Portland Cement City Detroit, 440, 442—443, 813, 815, 852. All consistently automatically destroyed. San Diego Building Trades Council Millmen's Union, Local 2020 Garmon, 359 236, 773, 775, concurring Harlan, Clark, Whittaker Stewart, therein. 76. Contemporary manner. Hening, Laws Virginia, VIII, 1679; c. V, 1705; VI, 1726. 107 49, 44, 53, 370.

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