Document: 449 U.S. 490 101 S.Ct. 737 66 L.Ed.2d 686 Feodor FEDORENKO, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES. No. 79-5602. Argued Oct. 15, 1980. Decided Jan. 21, 1981. Syllabus The Displaced Persons Act of 1948 (DPA) enabled European refugees driven from their homelands by World War II to emigrate the United States without regard traditional immigration quotas. It provided that any person "who shall willfully make a misrepresentation for purpose gaining admission into as an eligible displaced thereafter not be admissible States," and applicable definition "displaced persons" specifically excluded individuals who had "assisted enemy in persecuting civil[ians]" or "voluntarily assisted forces" operations. Petitioner was admitted under DPA visa been issued on basis his 1949 application which misrepresented wartime activities concealed fact after being captured Germans while serving Russian Army, he served armed guard at Nazi concentration camp Treblinka Poland. Subsequently, became American citizen 1970 papers naturalization also did disclose service guard. Government brought this denaturalization action § 340(a) Immigration Nationality 1952, requires revocation citizenship "illegally procured" "procured concealment material willful misrepresentation." charged petitioner, applying citizenship, committed crimes against inmates because they were Jewish, therefore procured illegally misrepresenting facts. presented witnesses testified seen petitioner commit acts violence inmates, expert witness interpretation DPA, would have found ineligible matter law if it determined camp, regardless whether volunteered atrocities inmates. In testimony, deliberately gave false information connection with visa, but claimed forced serve denied personal involvement camp. District Court entered judgment finding, inter alia, although lied about when applied 1949, met its burden proving war Treblinka. court held disclosure petitioner's involuntary grounds denial statements misrepresentations "material facts" within meaning statute materiality standard announced Chaunt v. States, 364 350, 81 147, 5 120. As alternative decision, even assuming facts, equitable mitigating circumstances—the inconclusiveness evidence uncontroverted responsible law-abiding since coming States—required permitted retain citizenship. Appeals reversed, holding misinterpreted test no discretion enter face finding concealing Held : Petitioner's must revoked procured." Pp. 505-518. (a) carries heavy proof proceeding, justifying clear, unequivocal, convincing, leave issue doubt. However, there strict compliance all congressionally imposed prerequisites acquisition Failure comply these conditions renders certificate procured," is unlawfully can set aside. 505-507. (b) DPA's prohibition misrepresentation" gain "eligible person," only applies facts." Under analysis courts below, raised case contained visa. plain language purposes excluding mandates literal interpretation, rejected Court, individual's guard—whether voluntary involuntary—made him Since considered true facts made applicant here would, law, unnecessary determine applications applications. 507-514. (c) 1970, filed petition required lawfully permanent residence, turn individual possess valid unexpired immigrant And time initial entry obtained through valid. thus failed satisfy statutory requirement Congress prerequisite naturalization, 514-516. (d) Although suit equity, district lacks refrain entering naturalized whose Once determines has misrepresentation, excuse conduct. 597 F.2d 946, affirmed. Brian M. Gildea, New Haven, Conn., petitioner. Atty. Gen. Benjamin R. Civiletti, Washington, D. C., respondent. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 Section Stat. 260, amended, 8 U.S.C. 1451(a), . misrepresentation."1 action, alleging fact. reversed ordered denaturalization. We granted certiorari, 444 1070, 100 1013, 62 751, resolve two questions: failure disclose, come country, during Second Treblinka, Poland, rendered revocable fact, so, nonetheless possessed favor circumstances. 2 * A. 3 born Ukraine 1907. He drafted Army June 1941, shortly thereafter. After series prisoner-of-war camps, selected go German Travnicki where received training September 1942, assigned uniform rifle 1942 1943. infamous described "human abattoir" several hundred thousand Jewish civilians murdered.2 uprising led closure August 1943, transferred labor Danzig then Poelitz, continued eventually Hamburg warehouse Shortly before British forces city 1945, discarded able pass civilian. For next four years, worked Germany laborer. B 4 1948, enacted (DPA Act), 1009, enable Act's persons"3 country ."4 10 placed eligibility seeking "[a]ny States." established elaborate system determining status. Each first interviewed representatives International Refugee Organization Nations (IRO) ascertained refugee person.5 official Commission,6 preliminary determination DPA. final decision one State Department vice consuls, specially trained task sent Europe administer Act.7 Thereafter, reviewed officials Naturalization Service (INS) sure laws. October person. falsified lying activities. told investigators Commission farmer Sarny, 1937 until March deported work factory Poelitz end war, fled Hamburg.8 same story consul signed sworn statement containing representations part discovered sailed residence. took up residence Connecticut three decades uneventful life worker. 6 1969, INS office Hartford, Conn. application,9 mention testimony examiners. examiners value recommended granted. On recommendation, Superior Haven County April 23, 1970. C 7 Seven years later, moved Miami Beach become resident Florida,10 Southern Florida revoke complaint alleged should deemed Jewish. both facts.11 Government's trial included six survivors specific camp.12 pretrial identification photo array photograph, courtroom identifications. called Kempton Jenkins, career foreign officer consuls administered Jenkins some 5,000 tour duty. Record 711-714, 720-722. Without objection proffered accepted court, Id., 719-721, 726-727, 734. 9 applicant's status.13 indicated suggestion "had involved in" processing suspended permit thorough investigation. 766. If law. 767-768, 822. explained exclusion persons civil[ians]," service14 768, 797-798. emphasized "uniformly" vice-consuls, furthermore, knew known visa.15 767. used screen applicants interviewing applicants, bent over backwards interrogating each understood what doing. 746. stand own behalf. thousands murdered there. 1442, 1451-1452, 1465. id., 1276, 1297-1298, 1539-1540; insisted merely perimeter admitted, however, followed orders shot general direction escaping 1943 1507-1509, 1546, 1564. maintained prisoner 1495, guards significantly outnumbered soldiers camp,16 paid stipend good stripe Germans, allowed regularly never tried escape. 1467-1471, 1489-1494, 1497, 1508.17 Finally, conceded application. 1518-1524. 11 455 F.Supp. 893 (1978). 1949.18 found, concluded could credit neither survivors' nor testimony,19 12 Turning question "material" relying our 120 (1960), prove 13 "that either (1) suppressed 'which, known, warranted citizenship' (2) 'might useful investigation possibly leading discovery other warranting citizenship.' " F.Supp., 915 (quoting U.S., 355, S.Ct., 150). 14 claim ruled withheld test. argued, second require prevented revealed contended instead might uncovered such argued fell ambiguous enough support But decisions Courts Third Ninth Circuits,20 position interpreted tests requiring "the citizenship." 916. Applying test, statute. doing Jenkins' persecution involuntarily. Second, "certainly would" prompted activities, inquiry additional 916.21 15 circumstances Specifically, relied inconclusive, well States. suggested previously consider equities case. reasoned granted, similar available proceedings. 16 Fifth Circuit remanded instructions cancel 946 (1979). agreed controlling statements, disagreed Court's ultimate Instead, clear convincing citizenship.22 17 formulation case, satisfied authorities conducted disclosed clearly convincingly proved resulted visa23 "by whereabouts guard." F.2d, 953. further erred supposing notwithstanding "[t]he does accord authority fraudulent procurement 954. Accordingly, revoked.24 affirm, reasons differ those stated Appeals. 18 Our examination questions proceed framework lines prior may, blush, appear point different directions. 19 hand, recognized right acquire precious once acquired, loss severe unsettling consequences. See Costello 365 265, 269, 534, 536, 551 (1961); 353, 149; Baumgartner 322 665, 675-676, 64 1240, 1245-1246, 88 L.Ed. 1525 (1944); Schneiderman 320 118, 122, 63 1333, 1335, 87 1796 (1943). reasons, we "carries proceeding divest supra, 536. 'clear, convincing' 'the doubt.' 125, 1336 Maxwell Land-Grant Case, 121 325, 381, 1015, 1028, 30 949 (1887)). Any less exacting inconsistent importance stake proceeding. reviewing cases, carefully examined record ourselves. See, e. g., supra; Nowak 356 660, 78 955, 1048 (1958); supra. 20 At time, cases 1451(a); Afroyim Rusk, 387 253, 267, n.23, 1660, 1667, 757 (1967). Maney 278 17, 49 73 156 (1928); Ness, 245 319, 38 321 (1917); Ginsberg, 243 472, 37 422, 61 853 (1917). decisions: 21 "An alien seeks political rights member Nation rightfully obtain them upon terms specified Congress. 22 23 "No slightest unless requirements are complied with; every treated condition government may challenge demand cancellation accordance requirements." 474-475, 425. 24 This judicial insistence precedent simply acknowledgment alone constitutional prescribe rules naturalization,25 courts' assure particular legislated safeguard integrity "priceless treasure." Johnson Eisentrager, 339 763, 791, 70 936, 950, 94 1255 (1950) (Black, J., dissenting). 25 Thus, glance actually reflect consistent recognition issues stake—for Government—in With mind, contention reversing III 26 and, indeed, cannot 1949. "willingly" so avoid possibility repatriation Soviet Union.26 1520. noted dispute "lied" 914. falls admonition 1013. not, inquiry, agree Government27 provision facts.28 examine then, particularly service, "material." 27 outset, proper judging material. Both assumed, Appeals, above-quoted governed (1960). do find obvious here. arrests arrest statute.29 pertained place came country. concerning lawfulness 28 instant events relies unlawfulness focused raises visa.30 These distinctions plainly raise important 29 is, course, measured effect admissibility Rossi, 299 650, 652 (CA9 1962). very least, Because conclude Chaunt's governs 2(b) incorporating "[p]ersons will [considered persons]" Constitution IRO, see n.3, visas Act.31 camp—whether provision.32 based firsthand experience practice circulate among files shown 826. informed former visas. evidently confirm accuracy testimony. 913. construing 2(a) voluntarily civilians, ignore how it.33 31 construction show unable "involuntary assistance" exception 2(a), incorrect. precisely rejected: That perfectly capable adopting "voluntariness" limitation felt necessary comparing 2(b), excludes ." principles construction, deliberate omission word "voluntary" compels conclusion visas.34 National Railroad Passenger Corp. Assn. Passengers, 414 453, 458, 690, 693, 646 (1974); Botany Worsted Mills 282, 289, 129, 132, 379 (1929). stated: "We liberty imply opposed explicit To [so] hold construe amend it." Detroit Trust Co. Thomas Barlum, 293 38, 55 31, 36, 79 176 (1934). FTC Sun Oil Co., 371 505, 514-515, 83 358, 364-365, 466 (1963). uncontradicted unequivocal room doubt DPA.35 "willfu[l] [and material] misrepresentation[s] [made] person." express statute, "thereafter Ibid. 32 was, makes resolution fairly straightforward. noted, 506-507, citizen's 1451(a). §§ 316(a) 318 1427(a) 1429, residence.36 Lawful 13(a) 1924, ch. 190, 43 153, 161 (repealed 1952), "[n]o ."37 consistently Ablett Brownell, 99 U.S.App.D.C. 387, 391, 240 625, 629 (1957); ex rel. Jankowski Shaughnessy, 186 580, 582 (CA2 1951). "all laws, apply pursuant Act." inadmissible inasmuch Polites 426, 436-437, 202, 208-209, 173 (1960); Schwinn 311 616, 70, 85 390 (1940); 22-23, 15-16; 475, 425; Luria 231 9, 34 10, 11, 58 (1913); Johannessen 225 227, 240, 613, 56 1066 (1912). Cf. 163, 1355 (Douglas, concurring).38 lexicon "jurisdictional grant [of citizenship] predicated," missing citizen. 33 lead us affirm (and ), argues, revoked. view adopted true, notes, equity. Knauer 328 654, 671, 1304, 1313, 90 1500 (1946); 27-28, 15. points numerous exercised re Iwanenko's Petition, 145 838 (N.D.Ill.1956); Petition R., 969 (Mass.1944). weigh light order arrive solution just fair. argues power exists, conduct past reasonable doubts allegations complaint, permitting presents argument respect assume believes deciding lack correct noting necessarily properly exercise characterizing certain meets naturalization.39 limited include illegal "Once qualify defect By token, Indeed, contrary suggestion, 503, settled lower efforts moderate otherwise mandate example, (1917), "possessed qualifications entitled aliens citizenship,"id., 321, 119, file arrival "no vested dispense with" requirement. 324, repeat said earlier cases: 35 sanction changes modifications; duty rigidly enforce legislative vital public welfare. 36 241-242, 616-617. sum, 1451(a) procured. affirmed.40 So ordered. 39 THE CHIEF JUSTICE concurs judgment. 40 BLACKMUN, concurring 41 I much reasoning result reaches. am perplexed, reluctance, ante, 508-509, write separately my understanding yield state belief rigorous protect citizens. 42 Chaunt, reveal response form constituted statute.1 351-352, 148-149. construed authorizes "if citizenship," "might 150. says need invoked premised misstatements stage, explain why so. fail relevant governing bars terms, now, restricted single stage process.2 nondisclosures arose arrived nothing import suggests omissions assessed differently tendered distinction intended, eluded unquestioningly appliedChaunt's distortions request process. Kassab & Service, 806 (CA6 1966); 650 1962); Langhammer Hamilton, 295 642 (CA1 1961). 44 relevance oversight. far me vary misrepresented. Nor underlying more depending transpired.3 context, nondisclosure addresses fundamental issue: shield review citizenship? 45 articulated approaches provide guidance uniformity inquiries. today adopts considers new minimal materiality: announces visa." Ante, 509. bears small resemblance "first test" too deems "which, of" eligibility. effective difference between standards, persuasive contriving difference, rely explicitly risking confusion likely engendered multiple standards.4 46 Application significant departure basic analysis. 500, communicating 1518-1522.5 Vice Consul demonstrates qualified person's visa.6 exclude grounded mandate,7 fashion position.8 circumstances, certainly status Having evidence, Chaunt. 47 strikes careful balance commitment supervising process interest preserving full equal national community, conferring benefits inestimable it. freedoms opportunities secured long treasured fortunate them, yearned countless fortunate. "man's than rights."9 effects justly "more serious taking one's property, imposition fine penalty."10 Where, here, right, forcefully scrupulously justification proof. Before sustaining impose grave consequences denaturalization, regarded "to scrutinize utmost care,"11 reasonably possible citizen."12 48 attentive long-recognized unique join accepting diluted standard. nondisclosed triggered unproved disqualifying 950-951 (CA5 1979). concluding demonstrated actual existence facts—facts themselves citizenship—this adheres believe indeed contemplated standard, suspect reluctance stems desire sidestep created sure, announce disjunctive approach materiality, factors "test" same: hypothesized First, contains reduced thwarted unqualified. willing approve showing prescribed met. This, seems me, exhaustive reviews 663-668, 957-960; 656-669, 1306-1312; 666-678, 1241-1247; 131-159, 1339-1353. Of ability investigate vigor affected adversely inability discover suppressed. transform unhampered itself. answer worth asking weak ever 50 intended follow "two tests" methods proved. reading so-called test;13 appears dissent believed intended.14 51 Significantly, accords policy considerations informing area conferred, mere suspicion cer tain undisclosed exclusion, fear valued danger erosion. weaker employed, remain situations allegedly closely tied expression beliefs implicating First Amendment.15 Citizenship determinations continue involve judgments "good moral character" attachment Constitution," 1427(a), judiciary's remains difficult balancing Congress, feel secure freedoms. impaired justify freedoms, threatens "nothing attenuated, suspended, animation."16 reject approach, follows essential teaching regret unwillingness say 52 WHITE, dissenting. 53 primary certiorari sought citizenship.1 address applications, parties assumed visa.2 54 Recognizing problematic, majority turns wholly separate ground decide resting "adopted" (see 510, n. 31). reluctant extends briefed point. equally adopt course chosen majority, entirely unambiguous,3 addressed statute.4 clarify remand findings "either which, 151.5 57 urged complete, truthful citizenship.6 contend citizenship.7 opinion, latter correct.8 adopted, bear heavy, many impossible, existed defendant proceeded "materiality," greatly improving odds successful, encourage withhold information, often meet discovered. filled out war. list present membership organization elsewhere, including military service. produced test,9 immaterial willful.10 59 portion opinion. solely Therefore, vacate citizenship.11 60 STEVENS, litigation depressing. relief theories advanced untenable ground. Today affirms theory litigant expressly disavowed, jeopardize camps. seven-count prayed theories: invalid misstated birthplace States; person; (3) 1970; (4) character trial, judge apparently convinced suggestive procedures endorsed prosecution misidentification petitioner; performed atrocious witnessed testified;1 reliable;2 most witness. 893, 906-909. Judge 916; involuntary, 914; 917; character. refusing 918-920. errors 946. assessing misstatement misapplied 150; second, disturb 65 declines endorse Appeals' rationale. formulated context application,3 acknowledges automatically applicable. reach applicability concludes least holds voluntary, legally hence accept stripping rests (DPA). purports misstatements, irrelevant Every subsequently acquired civil populations"—even duress—has her erroneous 67 31), Part Annex "Persons persons]." listing classifications: 68 "2. shown: 69 "(a) populations countries, Members Nations; "(b ) outbreak world operations Nations." section dealing assisting "voluntarily," not. refused bar enemy, prisoners operation tasks cutting hair female execution performing orchestra ruse conceal nature hesitation perform duties excludable DPA.4 resolves dilemma perceived cut executed civilian populations. 512-513, 34. Thus give "persecution" yet defined reading. term conduct; probably encompasses almost aspect death 71 unpersuasive "kapos," supervised workers According survived kapos commanded beatings prisoners, force beating realistic injury prisoner. 293-295, 300-302 (Kohn), 237 (Turowski).5 Even completely successful deceiving caused characterized prisoners.6 view, reason surely voluntary. group actions uniformly defended 236-239 (Turowski), 300 1157-1159 (Epstein), underscores strained given statute.7 72 persuaded reasoning. unequivocally read "persons enemy."8 retreat concession Court.9 agreeing compelling. correctly construed, Given 74 seem components: investigation, circumstance. characterization probability components. There really inquiries, however: circumstance existed, Regardless focus components attach little weight third. Unless disqualified applicant, speculation initiated. establish probable inquiry. presume begun made, whatever now prove. application, denaturalize ago. 75 materially assistance application.10 76 gruesome recited create Holmes sort "hydraulic pressure" tends distort Perhaps refusal acquiesce reached highly respected colleagues attributable overreaction pressure. recognizing discounting factor, firmly profoundest error venturing unknown affirming human suffering consequence today's venture predictable; allayed avoided best doubtful. 77 respectfully dissent. Title provides pertinent part: "It attorneys institute proceedings reside bringing suit, revoking setting aside admitting canceling misrepresentation. Historians estimate 800,000 people L. Dawidowicz, Against Jews, 1933-1945, p. 149 (1975); Hilberg, Destruction Jews 572 manner: living facilities working daily trains barracks mess halls: dead nightfall. operated barbarous methodology brutally efficient—and camps fill darkest chapters annals existence, call Western civilization." 901, n.12 (SD Fla.1978). incorporated "refugees (IRO). 1009. IRO Constitution, 3037-3055, ratified December 16, 1946 (T. I. S. 1846) 20, 1948. 3037. following status: "1. criminals, quislings traitors. I, II, 3051-3052. temporary specialized agency deal aspects problem postwar Europe. network resettlement centers registered, housed, fed, medical care. Where possible, refugees' rehabilitation training, arranged legal protection stateless, negotiated agreements resettlement. generally, Holborn, Organization: A Specialized Agency Nations: Its History Work 1946-1952 (1956). oversee program envisaged Act. 1012-1013. consul, administering 715. spent months Washington put 711-712, 723, 726-727. nationality, claiming Sivasch, Ukraine. App. 26. November 1950, Certificate Arrival Preliminary Form Declaration Intention listed Sivasch again 7, 1951. 911. none information. related Army. 33. 896, n.3. securing thereby 5-year period immediately preceding filing naturalization. 1427(a). One Eugeun Turowski, saw shoot whip 134-136. Another, Schalom Kohn, day few Kohn 262-263, beat iron-tipped whip, prisoners. 268, 271, 322-323. third witness, Josef Czarny, arriving 434, 435-442. Gustaw Boraks repeatedly chase gas chambers, went. 886-888. occasion, heard ran outside gun drawn, standing close wounded woman later shooting. 630-634. Sonia Lewkowicz she 973, 1013-1015, 1039-1040. Pinchas Epstein killed friend his, making crawl naked fours. 1056-1070. consul's overridden general, situation happened. 721-722. consuls' experiences, discounted 756, 772, 795-796. reported questioned consular invariably 807-808. addition, acknowledge still 822-826. times notify investigated matter. accusation confronted 804, 807, 826-827. 150 Germans. 1444-1445. escaped Four caught executed, know happened others. 1535-1536, 1555. witnesses' identifications spreads impermissibly suggestive. in-court witnesses. initially picked spectator identified crowd reaction mistake. seated counsel table surrounded younger men. tainted discussion credibility problems survivors, "[e]ven defendant's commission short meeting unequivocal' left suspicions participated suspicions." 909. Riela, 337 986 (CA3 1964); La Madrid-Peraza 492 1297 1974). nationality misrepresentations. justified Ukrainians per se truth birth Declarations 1950 1951, examiner previous cause concern. 915. "destroyed utility require, 951. pointed strong incentive lie background prevent fitness deception uncovered, conducting past, discovering disqualification, evidence. Oddo, 314 115, cert. denied, 375 833, 84 50, that, findings, accept, issue. empowers "establish Rule Naturalization." Art. 8, cl. 4. motivated Union indicates disclosing chances confirms willful. Brief 18, n.13. speaks "willful "concealment fact," concealment, relate 271-272, 537-538, (1961). Logically, principle govern submitted asked "been arrested violation ordinance traffic regulation" particulars. answered "no." Neither directly 916-917. involving "a nondisclosure." 947. Hereafter, references rather referring designation definitional provisions 3051-3052, follows: "Q interview you [a visa] occupied Poland Ukrainian Guard application? "A Yes, would. your person? No, have. question, ask again, aware whatsoever axis auxiliary capacity Mr. last answer, proven atrocity? "The Court: Why? Witness: constitution 767-768. cross-examination, asked: Despite apparent assumption voluntarily, non-German visa? don't can't imagine hypothetical situation. secondly, think participation acquiesce[nce] doesn't kind latitude. What latitude, according hypothetical, involuntary? How Waffen [Axis combat unit]? crime humanity puts category. 822-823. compelled voluntariness concerned "bar camp." lazaret murdered, women played gate Germans' persuade arrivals was. technically assistance, "absurd deem 'assistance acquiescence' involuntary—even though 'voluntarily' omitted definition." Axis units 912. n.34, infra. n.33, lies, "interpreting" itself impose, focusing civilians. pistol, visit nearby village, shooting commandant fits Other line-drawing concern treatment involuntarily, conclusive largely recognize 2(a). mistakenly 915, conclusion. dissenting Stevens "expressly disavowed" post, 530, "unequivocally accepted," 535. Elsewhere, statute," sole assertions footnote brief quarrel [the Court's] 2(a)] case" (emphasis added). judgment, dissent's claims borne statement. accepted" exaggeration, briefs "express disavowal" Furthermore, endowed psychic powers privy deliberations, Stevens, 535-536, speculating chose "quarrel "in case." STEVENS' "erroneous," 533, note anything justifies omitted. Stevens' real function statutes guise "statutory interpretation." Potomac Electric Power Director, Office Workers' Compensation Programs, 274, 509, 513, 446. 34, "may camps," 530 (STEVENS, 1429 "[N]o chapter." 1181(a) H.R.Rep.No.1086, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., (1961) (Citizenship "some absent [for is] granted"). satisfies English language, history, civics. 1423, 1427(d). enunciated quoted 493, 1. Except added 1961 Pub.L. 87-301, 18(a), 656, unchanged version Now, initiation phrase, willful, 507-508, 28, citing 3, relates mean suggest attaining analyzed identical fashion. historically afforded greater protections already privileges benefits. choice, reflects weighty casually conferred lightly Berenyi 385 630, 636-637, 666, 670-671, 656 citizen, stage. Confusion extent present. primarily conflicting interpretations Compare 1964), 1962), 1966), WHITE's observation dissent, post 529, contrary. willfulness form, completed 1969. observes, 507, 26, 766-768, 822-823, substantially reproduced, 510-511, 31. length knowledge experience, "involuntary" virtually inconceivable. 754-758, 807-808, 823-824. While persuasive, ineligibility independently established. nn. Act, Eligibility extended forth Nations. ambit concern: 766-768. 790 (concentration status, more, render ineligible). Perez 44, 64, 568, 579, 603 (1958) (Warren, C. 663, 957, (1958). 1335. "second construes "possibly" modify entire phrase. sounder 915-916 (S.D. Fla.1978), whereby modifies ensuing "facts warrant citizenship" "other supplied), asks known. (second "disclosure citizenship"). proposed adopted: itself, falsification, misleading examining officer, forestalled defeat naturalization." 357, 151. (Emphasis original.) voiced imposing proceedings, invite dishonesty future WHITE expresses Post, 529. easy demonstrate occurred Records disappear, memories fade, actor's becomes reliable. arduous task, high occasionally benefit conceals Yet, practically constitutionally, citizens class trustworthy reliable native-born. procedural native-born, enjoy confidence fear. distributing handbills speaking park, merit degree Amendment protection. supra (membership Communist Party States); (same). 166, 1356 (Rutledge, concurring). 1, directs seek Similarly, asserts populations, involuntarily enemy. explains voluntariness. Yet argue words "assist" "persecute" truly coerced. Rather, "involuntarily" erroneous. satisfied. observed honest replies essential, 352-353, 149-150. (S.D.Fla.1978). 951 given, rebut establishing processed recommendation regarding conducted. physically hurt lacked Waterbury, Trial Transcript, 147-148. decided "there [petitioner's] mind himself war." 917. majority's Judge's mistaken identity resembled another authority. 908. extensive observations quoted: "Unfortunately, inexplicably, Vice-Consul approved "Jenkins' structure hardly conflicts trial. Ukranian uniforms slightly insignia. unanimous wore usual gray-green prisoner-guards didn't. get away transfer. take Berlin, opined) two-to-four-hour village couple miles away. "Jenkins totally Treblinka; Israeli quite indignant kapos. replied speculated 1945 retaliation, contrary." 911-913. Count truthfully crime. negative truthful. (as amended conference) question: "7. List organization, association, fund, foundation, party, club, society, place, service." permissible; arguable "membership" club "military service" contemplated. squad undressing aged infirm lazaret, eternally burning pit, shot. 287 (Kohn). "assist[ed] [prisoners] death": assisted, us, terror." Two witnesses, Czarny Boraks, recall hear 551, 686, Epstein, inflicted 1159. Moreover, hand large issuance weapons, receipt stipend, privilege village. supposedly distinguishing essentially unrelated victims heavily relies, "internal inmate collaborators." 828. Emphasis added. Footnote states: 'persons enemy' enemy.' Inasmuch Attorney General himself, presumably prevail uncover 2, rest de novo evaluation

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