Document: 357 U.S. 144 78 S.Ct. 1127 2 L.Ed.2d 1221 Weldon Bruce DAYTON, Appellant,v.John Foster DULLES. No. 621. Argued April 10, 1958. Decided June 16, Mr. Harry I. Rand, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. J. Lee Rankin, Sol. Gen., respondent. Justice DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Petitioner, a native-born citizen, is physicist who has been connected with various federal projects and associated as teacher several our universities. In March 1954 he applied passport to enable him travel India in order accept position research at Tata Institute Fundamental Research, affiliated University Bombay. Director Passport Office advised that his application was denied because Department State 'feels it would be contrary best interest United States provide you facilities this time.' Petitioner conferred an officer result conversation executed affidavit1 which covered wide range matters inquired into stated part: 3 'I am not now I have never member Communist Party. 4 'With possible exception casual brief association work Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee few months 1941 1942 (all related below); any organizations designated on Attorney General's list (which carefully examined). 5 engaged activities which, so far know or time knew, support supported movement. 6 wish go abroad sole purpose engaging experimental physics Research going engage can imagine, will way advance movement.' 7 The wrote petitioner's lawyer reply had given careful consideration affidavit added, 'in view certain factors Dayton's case liberty discuss him, must adhere its previous decision interests Dayton Later again, saying: 8 'In arriving refuse Dayton, took connection Science Victory communists. However, determining factor persons suspected being part Rosenberg espionage ring alleged presence apartment New York allegedly used microfilming material obtained use foreign government.' 9 Thereupon petitioner, pursuant Regulations Secretary State, amended, 22 CFR § 51.1 et seq., filed petition appeal, Board Appeals.2 He also requested, Regulations,3 information from particulars concerning three items: (1) 'association communists'; (2) ring'; (3) 'alleged Board's contained some, but very little, requested; stated: 10 'The file contains indicating applicant present 65 Morton Street, City summer 1949 (July August) Apartment 61, City, during month January 1950. applicant's relationship, if (past present), following-named considered pertinent review case: Marcel Scherer, Rose Segure, Sandra Collins, Frank Bernard Peters, Kurt Fritz, Karl Sitte, Louis S. Weiss, Alfred Sarant, William Perl.' 11 A hearing held4 witnesses petitioner testified. Pursuant Regulations5 announced, over protest, consider 'a confidential composed investigative reports Government agencies' allowed examine.6 by Acting submitted recommendation Secretary, after entire record basis all evidence, including investigation,' application. denial rested specifically upon 51.135 Regulations.7 12 then brought suit District Court declaratory relief. entered summary judgment Secretary. 146 F.Supp. 876. Appeals reversed, 99 U.S.App.D.C. 47, 237 F.2d 43, remanded reconsideration light earlier Boudin v. Dulles, 98 305, 235 532. 13 On remand without further under 51.135(c),8 saying 'the issuance national interest.' document called 'Decision Findings' reproduced Appendix opinion. 14 again granted 876; affirmed divided vote, 102 372, 254 71. here writ certiorari. 355 911, 343, 272. 15 question most discussed briefs oral argument whether accorded satisfied requirements due process. majority thinks we need reach constitutional question, since their face these findings show only reasons today held impermissible. Kent 116, 1113. Whether there are undisclosed grounds adequate sustain Secretary's action decision. 16 Reversed. Opinion 17 Decision Findings Case 18 examined files proceedings before Appeals, security information, found concluded follows: 19 a. find active while California 1943—44, serving Chairman organization much period. As instrumental organizing said organization. This finding based open record, own statements. 20 b. Confidential constituting Office, myself, indicates above-named conceived organized Party officials front propaganda activities; Collins Segure were members Committee. II. 21 period 1946—1950, Ithaca, York, maintained close relationship one Sarant. At invitation, Sarant wife lived home eight 1947—1948, pending completion next door home. Thereafter neighbors until July, approximately July 18, 1950, became subject intensive interrogation Federal Bureau Investigation. Approximately week begun departed Ithaca subsequently Mexico wife. establishes respect Party; admitted membership years 1943 1944; involved apparatus Julius Rosenberg. III. 23 more than occasion, building lessee 6—I. record. 24 Sarant's other spy classified documents ultimately transferred power. IV. 25 1938 applicant, experienced physicist, Peters; Peters responsible offer employment Bombay, India; primary purposes proposed collaboration Institute. 26 recently renounced American citizenship, outside States; numerous both country abroad; agent. V. 27 reason believe, balance movement purpose, knowingly wilfully advancing reached conclusion foregoing together relating thereto, well disclosure might prejudice conduct relations. taken serious doubts general credibility raised convincing testimony apparently disinterested ever having Street. therefore Section 51.135(c) (22 51.135(c)), interest. VI. 28 referred paragraphs I(b), II(b), III(b) IV(b) above relates internal States. substance disclosed To disclose publicly sources details would, my judgment, detrimental compromising methods seriously interfering ability Executive Branch obtain reliable affecting security. Moreover, adverse effect utilize interfere established relationships intelligence area; might, paragraph V, 29 Date: October 4, 1956. 30 CLARK, whom BURTON, HARLAN WHITTAKER concur, dissenting. 31 dissent 1120, 1121, decided day, think authorized deny cause. Because does issues inappropriate me, dissenter, them time. Cf. Hobby, 1955, 349 331, 353—357, 75 790, 801—803, L.Ed. 1129. Accordingly, affirm authority reaching issue. 51.142, provide: 'At stage Division Board, deemed necessary, may required, application, subscribe, oath affirmation, statement past If states Communist, refusal proceedings.' 51.138. event shall entitled appeal provided 51.139.' 51.139. 'There hereby within hereinafter less officers State. act appeals adopt make public rules procedure, approved duties performed panel acting determination. accord right represented counsel, each witness inspect transcript testimony.' 51.162. permit relevant case. Applicant may, filing petition, address request writing such additional explanation necessary preparation conformity laws regulations, pass promptly finally requests advice take whatever deems insure full fair case.' 51.163 provides: evidence formality admissibility. Such except examine paper appeal. appear testify behalf, counsel provisions 51.161, behalf. cross-examined counsel. wishes call unable personally, discretion, deposition. depositions person designee administer oaths affirmations depositions. manner protect tending compromise methods.' Supra, note 4. providing contingency state: 51.170. preponderance supporting possession. inability meet advised, detail, attack informants.' That section promote assuring world integral unit not, through passports, movement, no passport, limited direct immediate return States, issued to: '(a) Persons terminated circumstances warrant conclusion—not otherwise rebutted evidence—that they continue furtherance discipline '(b) Persons, regardless formal state affiliation Party, direction, domination, control exercised movement; '(c) 7.

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