Document: 434 U.S. 125 98 S.Ct. 340 54 L.Ed.2d 346 State of NEW YORK, Appellant,v.CATHEDRAL ACADEMY. No. 76-616. Argued Oct. 3, 1977. Decided Dec. 6, Syllabus A three-judge District Court issued a judgment (later affirmed by this Court) declaring unconstitutional New York statute (1970 N.Y.Laws, ch. 138) that authorized reimbursement to nonpublic schools for state-mandated recordkeeping and testing services, permanently enjoining any payments under the Act, including expenses such had already incurred in last half 1971-1972 school year. Thereafter Legislature enacted 1972 996, authorizing sectarian their performing state-required services through Appellee brought action 996 Claims, which held violated First Fourteenth Amendments. The Appeals, being view comported with Court's decision Lemon v. Kurtzman, 411 192, 93 1463, 36 151 (Lemon II ), ultimately reversed, remanded case determination amount appellee's claim. In case, after state specified secular been struck down (in 403 602, 91 2105, 29 745 I )) trial court on remand enjoined performed but not prohibited provided before date, approved disposition ground equitable flexibility permitted weighing "remote possibility constitutional harm from allowing keep its bargain" against substantial reliance at State's express invitation. Held : 1. This has jurisdiction appeal as Appeals' was final federal issue is ripe appellate review 28 U.S.C. § 1257(2). P. 128. 2. Chapter violates Amendment made applicable States because it will necessarily have primary effect aiding religion, or result excessive involvement religious affairs. distinguished. Pp. 128-133. (a) Here (contrary situation ) expressly amounts "heretofore hereafter expended." To approve enactment thus inconsistent order, would expand reasoning hold legislature may effectively modify court's injunction whenever balancing equities might conceivably justified granting similar relief first place. 128-130. (b) If authorizes identical were be reimbursed 138, reasons invalid. 130-131. (c) Even if, appellee contends, Claims make an audit basis authorize only clearly purposes, detailed inquiry itself encroach upon Amendments making arbiter essentially dispute. 131-133. 3. Contrary II, do support what done constitutes new independently significant infringement Moreover, could relied 138 spending own funds nonmandated, perhaps sectarian, activities otherwise able afford. 133-134. 39 N.Y.2d 1021, 387 N.Y.S.2d 246, 355 N.E.2d 300, reversed remanded. Jean M. Coon, Albany, N. Y., appellant. Richard E. Nolan, City, appellee. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion Court. 1 April United Southern declared York's Mandated Services 1970 N.Y. Laws, fixed cost certain required law. Committee Public Education & Religious Liberty Levitt, 342 F.Supp. 439. order year.1 subsequently judgment. Levitt Education, 413 472, 2814, 37 736. 2 June responded enacting N.Y.Laws. Act "recognize[d] moral obligation provide remedy whereby . recover complete them prior thirteenth [, 1972,] on" invalidated conferred "to hear, determine" claims nonprofit private expenses. Thus explicitly prohibited: academic 3 appellee, Cathedral Academy, sued defended unconstitutional.2 agreed Amendments, dismissed Academy's suit. 77 Misc.2d 977, 354 370. Appellate Division affirmed, 47 A.D.2d 390, 366 900, adopting dissenting Division, claim.3 300. An taken Court, we postponed further consideration question our until hearing merits. 429 1089, 97 1097, 51 534. We conclude finally determined 1257(2).4 4 * courts parties all considered controlled principles established concerned permissible scope Federal forbidding statute. Previously same litigation Pennsylvania specific contract State, entry appropriate decree. ). On remand, date decision, did prohibit date. 348 301 n. (E.D.Pa.). denial retroactive injunctive noting "in adjudication elsewhere, remedies are special blend necessary, fair, workable." U.S., 200, S.Ct., 1469 (footnote omitted). 5 evil intended rectify governmental entanglement inherent Pennsylvania's elaborate procedures ensuring "educational kept free influences." Id., 202, 1470. themselves assumed constitutionally permissible, since they directly supportive activities. Because supervision long completed respect incurred, proposed pose no continued threat entanglement. Two other problems having "constitutional overtones"—the impact funding even entirely nonreligious school—threatened minimal "only once circumstances recur." Ibid. 6 context unique equity weigh invitation State. "applying familiar principles," properly decline enter little if anything advance interests while working considerable hardship schools. Cf. Hecht Co. Bowles, 321 321, 64 587, 88 L.Ed. 754. 7 present however, limit decree instead See 1, supra (emphasis supplied). took when passed that, like Academy detriment promise payment demanded reimbursement. But cf. Wright Council City Emporia, 407 451, 467, 92 2196, 2205, 33 51. rule mean every statute, dog, gets one bite, anyone his detriment. Nothing whose concern "examine evaluation proper means implementing decree," 1469, suggests broad general principle. 8 whether viewed attempt legislative simply law public schools, dispositive offend 9 here, during time period 10 rendering examination inspection connection administration, grading compiling reporting results tests examinations, maintenance records pupil enrollment thereon, health records, recording personnel qualifications characteristics preparation submission various reports regulation." 11 It states legislation representation now reimbursed. Thus, provides rather than many, changes method administering payments, nothing face indicates differ way those 138. 12 Unlike defect us I, invalidity lay itself, process administration. invalid "the aid [would] devoted functions [was] identifiable separable activities." 480, 2819. so both there assurance lump-sum reflected actual expenditures mandated impermissible risk indoctrination some themselves. noted particular "substantial prepared teachers authority institutions, drafted eye, unconsciously otherwise, inculcate students precepts sponsoring church." can hardly doubted 13 argues, Appeals construed require "establish claimed constitute furtherance purposes claimant." 397, 906. language said detail claimed, teacher-prepared tests, assure given find opinions indicate 996.5 14 contemplated, agree appellant sort into subtle implications in-class examinations teaching encroachment protections prove reimbursement, placed position trying disprove content classroom materials. fulfill duty resist possibly payment, see 2, supra, defendant undertake search meaning offered And decide cast role 15 prospect church litigating about does touches very core guarantee establishment, cannot saying happen once. Presbyterian Church Mary Elizabeth Blue Hull Memorial Church, 393 440, 89 601, 21 658. When contemplates approximately 2,000 totaling over $11 million, violation clear. 16 For stated, necessity either 602. III 17 assuming, did, infirmity tolerated considerations predominate, 996. 18 vice accomplished fact undone previously incurred. precisely past practices identified permissibly reimbursable expenses, additional single threaten By contrast, 19 Moreover detrimental materially different II. pre-existing perform essence, While never freeing uses invalidates Roemer Maryland Works Board, 426 736, 747, (plurality opinion), quite another matter accord positive weight interest balance measurable violation. 20 Accordingly, proceedings opinion. ordered.] 22 CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST believe 192 (1973), therefore affirm York. 23 WHITE, dissenting. 24 continues misconstrue Fist manner discriminates religion contrary fundamental educational needs country, dissent here 602 (1971); Nyquist, 756 (1973); 472 Meek Pittenger, 421 349 (1975); Wolman Walter, 433 229 (1977). "all persons acting behalf disbursements out pursuant provisions Laws 1970, moneys heretofore expended elementary secondary schools." 70 Civ. 3251 (June 1972). At oral argument Assistant Solicitor General frequently defends enabling suit unconstitutional. judges voted majority Division. 1022, shall refer Herlihy 396, 905, adopted Appeals. clear positions entitled determine claim, precise unclear, stated Part text below possible developments sufficiently minimize future justify II's considerations. Since remove affect threshold issue, Cox Broadcasting Corp. Cohn, 420 469, 478-480, 95 1029, 1037-1038, 43 328. claim part found "enforceable standards guidelines" "which enable separate apportion per-pupil allotment among allowed purposes." Misc.2d, 985, N.Y.S.2d, 378. reimburse maintaining attendance medical refusing "allowed purposes" impermissible. contradict interpretation. quoted somewhat ambiguous, appears interpreted post-audit contemplated burden claimant items solely ." 400, 908. As limiting fully address objections services. characterized "ministerial 'cleanup' function," 1470, exclude impermissibly aided purposes. test constitutionality filed stayed pending resolution case.

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