Document: 369 U.S. 404 82 S.Ct. 853 7 L.Ed.2d 829 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD, Petitioner,v.WALTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, and Loganville Pants Company. Petitioner, v. FLORIDA CITRUS CANNERS COOPERATIVE. Nos. 77 94. Argued March 19 20, 1962. Decided April 9, Norton J. Come, Washington, D.C., for petitioner in Robert T. Thompson, Atlanta, Ga., respondents No. 77. Mr. O. R. Bowden, Jacksonville, Fla., respondent PER CURIAM. 1 These cases are here on petitions certiorari to the Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit, which refused enforcement orders Board. We granted (368 810, 812, 30, 31, 21) because there was a seeming noncompliance by that court with our admonitions Universal Camera Corp. National Labor Relations Board, 340 474, 71 456, 95 L.Ed. 456. said while 'reviewing is not barred from setting aside Board decision when it cannot conscientiously find evidence supporting substantial, viewed light record its entirety furnishes, including body opposed Board's view,' may 'displace choice between two fairly conflicting views, even though would justifiably have made different had matter been before de novo.' Id., at 488, 465. 2 Each these involves alleged discriminatory discharges employees violation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(3), U.S.C.A. 158(a)(3); each ordered, inter alia, reinstatement workers question back pay. See 124 N.L.R.B. 1331, 1182. In type case Circuit has fashioned special rule announced Tex-O-Kan Flour Mills Co., 122 F.2d 433, rendered 1941. ceaseand-desist order, generally 'costs no money only warns observe right already existed; short demonstration easily justify such an order.' 438. But established more onerous cases: 3 'Orders pay somewhat different. They impoverish or break employer, they law penal orders, nature penalties infraction law. The them ought therefore be surmise suspicion, reasonable, enough. duty weigh test course This overrule fact conclusion supported substantial evidence, we deem incorrect under all evidence. * matters now concerning us, controlling ultimate true reason governed very person who discharged reemploy instance. There doubt employee making complaint discharged, if laid off reemployed, he time member union. membership cause, union welcomed persons having authority discharge employ. If other apparent, logically inferred. Even discharger disavows oath, can assign credible motive need delived. remains knows real cause discharge, swear. says activity, but something else existed as ground, his oath disregarded suspicion lying. must impeachment him, contradiction, circumstances raise doubts, inconsistent positive sworn exact point.' 438—439. 4 weight necessary sustain repeatedly followed decisions refusing particular order. Williamson-Dickie Mfg. 130 260; Alco Feed Mills, 133 419; Ingram, 273 670; Allure Shoe Corp., 277 231; Frosty Morn Meats, Inc., 296 617. 5 77, Walton Cir., 286 16, 25, resolving issue credibility witnesses employer union, reasons question, relied stated supra. 94, Florida Citrus Canners Cooperative, 288 630, decided less than three months later, opinion mentioned. seemingly applied. 636 638. 6 place statutory scheme one substantiality another cases. Pittsburgh S.S. 498, 453, 479, case, both same day, were involving reinstatement. state review Courts employer's statement believed unless 'impeachment him' 'substantial contradiction,' 'circumstances' 'raise doubts' 'inconsistent Examiner—the whose appraisal testimony discredited Co-operative case—sees hears testify, reviewing look cold records. As case: '* findings examiner considered along consistency inherent probability testimony. significance report, course, depends largely importance case.' U.S., 496, 469. For demeanor witness 8 satisfy tribunal, witness' true, truth opposite story; denial deny, uttered hisitation, discomfort, arrogance defiance, give assurance fabricating, that, is, alternative assume what denies.' Dyer MacDougall, 201 265, 269. 9 how rid yardstick proceedings decision. function deposited, here, Appeals, makes clear. 'will intervene standard appears misapprehended grossly misapplied.' 491, 466. Since apparently colored given remand reconsideration. 10 Reversed. 11 Justice FRANKFURTER, whom HARLAN joins, dissenting. 12 brought claim exceeded power over 160(e), requiring 'the whole' canvassed. does did assess inferences drawn, accordance scope judicial outlined companion 479. remands whether improperly influenced determinations deemed erroneous legal applied 433. 13 I am constrained disagree Court's disposition grounds. First, assumes identity entirely issues. Second, neither apply stringent wrongful discharge. Finally, think rule, insofar below disapproved accord prior this conflict rule. 14 accepted Trial Examiner violated 8(a)(1) 158(a)(1), surveillance activities, interrogations regarding threats reprisals adherence. enforce order reinstate number pay, holding reading dead it, support their activities. 16. 15 found bargain required 8(a)(5), participated resulting strike replaced (3). denied cease desist, request, pay; so concluded, consideration whole, critical finding refusal 630. 16 today reverses misapplication set forth 10(e) Administrative Procedure 1009(e), elaborated 'The respect questions whole shall conclusive.' finds erroneously adopted forbidding discredit impeached contradicted. reversed 'relied Co.,' Citrus, although cited, 'its applied.' 17 1. Tex-O-Kan. 18 That came Judge Sibley, writing court, ample cease-and-desist against interference activity: 'a desist point costs But, continued, enough.' 20 Accepting 'may employ,' enforced back-pay several instances where refuted facts. management gave contradicted facts—that job abolished, work inadequately done, engaged irregular conduct company property failed report taking sick leave—the held anti-union animus without support: 21 '(I)t point. squarely ruled jury Pennsylvania R.R. Co. Chamberlain, 333, 53 391, 819, ruling applicable fact-finder.' F.2d, 439. 22 2. History Circuit. 23 numerous cited quoted view justifying should lightly disregarded. Goodyear Tire & Rubber 129 661, 665; 419, 421; Oklahoma Transp. 140 509, 510; Edinburg Ass'n, 147 353, 355; McGahey, 233 406, 411—412; Drennon Food Products 272 23, 27; 25; Atlanta Coca-Cola Bottling 293 300, 306. also 617, 620—621, cited. On occasion distinguish those payment 260, 263; 670, 673. Tex-OKan determining bonus withheld discourage activity. Crosby Chemicals, 274 72, 78. It orders. 3. A Special Rule Reinstatement? 24 agree despite consequences 'There cases.' However, times past rules, dealing solely do either present presents appropriate admonishing applying double standard. Both concerned suggest alone. part differentiating Court, case. requirements reasonableness drawn reimbursement directed interference'—not strict. single factual underlay properly dealt purport standards purposes various parts nowhere 25 4. Tex-O-Kan's Credibility Present Cases. 26 (1) collective bargaining broken shortly after disastrous freeze threatened future business. responsible failure bargaining. He recited delay meeting attributed company. referred company's discuss union's proposal just freeze, face demands request postponement negotiations permit assessment effect intended do. favor General Counsel's witnesses, statements offered inducements forsake buttressed interpretation earlier called off. rejecting production manager Stephenson accepting Holly, promises made, comparison saying admitted subjects come up conversation; many later true; Holly logical speak sentiments might reasonably induced lead movement defection 27 support. could infer make formal postponing negotiations, since issued ultimatum rejected request. Moreover, credibility. clear Examiner's based belief reliance placed upon controversy labor union.' Beyond this, declared unable accept crediting discrediting indication opposition unlikely divulge details policy watchman. Wingate, chief representative, Wingate's 'more carefully scrutinized' himself Wingate sometimes inaccurate careless. 28 attacks Management Act doctrine. crux objection substituted judgment Board; particular, complains gives court's inclined principle witnesses. Neither petition nor brief merits cite ground Citrus. Yet Appeals' reference facts simply 'test attacked forbids dismiss summarily management's contradicted, impeached, inherently improbable. uncontradicted motivation doubt. witnesses; problem To sure, argues manifestations attitude hostility strayed outside bounds, pursuant unjustifiably own say so. following follow. (2) Walton, contrast, problem. Four nine Examiner, substandard performer, thirteen employees' agreed. support, pointed out four addition herself, unsatisfactory meager both. reversing layoffs Tex-O-Kan, pointing testimony, unimpeached, assigned plausible grounds selecting layoff, bases uncontradicted. 30 5. Substantial Evidence Test. 31 lays down dogmatic evidentiary practice authorizing acceptance plausible, uncontradicted, unimpeached holds determine absolute unreviewable: 32 story *." 33 statement, torn context Learned Hand's 269, elevated into ignores effectively insulates administrative review, contrary command record. 34 abound determination trier upset appeal. E.g., Tractor Training Service Federal Trade Commission, 227 420, 424 (C.A.9th Cir.); Kitty Clover, 208 212, 214 (C.A.8th Cir.). Professor Jaffe 'It jury, judge, agency nonreviewable uncontrovertible documentary physical contradicts it.' Judicial Review: Question Fact, 69 Harv.L.Rev. 1020, 1031. led some courts hold verdict party burden proof rests e.g., Giles Giles, 204 Mass. 383, 90 N.E. 595. Likewise, Davis speaks settled 'that trial tribunal disbelieve presented dispose proof,' Law Treatise, 29.06, p. 148. judge sitting permits closer scrutiny 52(a) Rules Civil Procedure, requires 'due regard opportunity witnesses.' And 337 656, 660, 1283, 1285, 93 1602, respondent's indicate bias, long none credited 'carries death wound' irrefutable truth.' 35 overlooked. overlooked itself examiner's findings, see 492—497, 466—469, and, therefore, Appeals. fact-finding divided, regard' advantage require appellate impotence. MacDougall logic, law; went affirm summary plaintiff, chance defendant's disbelieved denials—because, possibility alone convince affirmative, deny destroyed effectiveness review. Indeed, never complete deference findings. hold; great unfounded bias nonetheless reversible error. 490, S.Ct 466, 'clearly precludes being justified fair estimate worth informed within competence both.' 'fair testimony' hardly suggests free unfair estimate, especially 'courts responsibility fairness shown past. Congress imposed assuring keeps reasonable grounds.' states frankly 'Administrative often firmly believes clearly opposing evidence,' 145. concedes general unyielding agrees proper: 'even probably tolerate intuitive 'hunch' overwhelmingly points contrary.' Harv.L.Rev., 1032. 36 fact, least Dickinson United States, 346 389, 74 152, 98 132, draft board classified I—A Selective letters, affidavit ordained minister exempted service. Notwithstanding subject limited most conviction induction: 37 affirming thought local Dickinson's testimonial absence any impeaching contradictory uncontroverted registrant's places him prima facie exemption, dismissal basis speculation spirit foreign concepts justice.' 396—397, 157. 38 Chesapeake Ohio Martin, 283 209, 51 75 983, judge's demurrer defense Quoting length upholding determinations, concluded: 39 'We recognize below, alone; mean liberty, guise passing witness, disregard open doubt.' 216, 40 short, entitled came, bound misapplied correct standard, 'pass conclusions first instance independent Appeals,' 502, or, preferably, writs improvidently granted.

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