Document: 128 S. Ct. 2020 (2008) UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Efrain SANTOS and Benedicto Diaz. No. 06-1005. Supreme Court of United States. Argued October 3, 2007. Decided June 2, 2008. *2022 Matthew D. Roberts, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Todd G. Vare, Indianapolis, IN, respondents. Paul Clement, Solicitor General, Counsel Record, Department Justice, Alice Fisher, Assistant Attorney Michael R. Dreeben, Deputy to the Joel M. Gershowitz, Attorney, L. Jefferson, Barnes & Thornburg LLP, Respondent Santos. Stuart Altschuler, Brian Werner, Bess, Marlen Cortez Winston Strawn Chicago, Illinois, Justice SCALIA announced judgment delivered an opinion, in which SOUTER GINSBURG join, THOMAS joins as all but Part IV. We consider whether term "proceeds" federal money-laundering statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1), means "receipts" or "profits." I From 1970's until 1994, respondent Santos operated a lottery Indiana that was illegal under state law. See Ind.Code 35-45-5-3 (West 2004). employed number helpers run lottery. At bars restaurants, Santos's runners gathered bets from gamblers, kept portion (between 15% 25%) their commissions, rest collectors. Collectors, one whom Diaz, then money Santos, who used some it pay salaries *2023 collectors (including Diaz) winners. These payments runners, collectors, winners formed basis 10-count indictment filed States District Northern Indiana, naming 11 others. A jury found guilty count conspiracy gambling business (§ 371), running 1955), launder 1956(a)(1)(A)(i) 1956(h)), two counts laundering 1956(a)(1)(A)(i)). The court sentenced 60 months imprisonment on 210 three counts. Diaz pleaded money, him 108 imprisonment. Appeals affirmed convictions sentences. Febus, 218 F.3d 784 (C.A.7 2000). declined review case. 531 U.S. 1021, 121 587, 148 Ed. 2d 503 (2000). Thereafter, respondents motions 28 2255, collaterally attacking rejected claims one, challenge based Seventh Circuit's subsequent decision Scialabba, 282 475 (2002), held statute's prohibition transactions involving criminal applies only profits, not receipts. Id., at 478. Applying holding respondents' cases, no evidence were (Santos's winners, Diaz's receipt payment his collection services) involved opposed receipts, lottery, accordingly vacated convictions. affirmed, rejecting Government's contention Scialabba wrong should be overruled. 461 886 2006). granted certiorari. 550 ___, 127 2098, 167 812 (2007). II statute prohibits activities "proceeds." Most relevant this case is 1956(a)(1)(A)(i), criminalizes promote activity.[1] This provision uses describing elements offense: Government must prove charged transaction "in fact involve[d] proceeds specified unlawful activity" (the element), also defendant knew "that property in" "represent[ed] form knowledge element). 1956(a)(1). *2024 does define When undefined, we give its ordinary meaning. Asgrow Seed Co. Winterboer, 513 179, 187, 115 788, 130 682 (1995). "Proceeds" can mean either Both meanings are accepted, have long been usage. See, e.g., 12 Oxford English Dictionary 544 (2d ed.1989); Random House Language 1542 ed.1987); Webster's New International 1972 ed.1957) (hereinafter 2d). contends dictionaries generally prefer definition over "profits" definition, any preference too slight us conclude primary meaning "Proceeds," moreover, has acquired common provisions Federal Criminal Code. leave undefined. 1963; 21 853. Recognizing word's inherent ambiguity, Congress defined various provisions, sometimes Compare 2339C(e)(3) (2000 ed., Supp. V) (receipts), 981(a)(2)(A) ed.) (same), with 981(a)(2)(B) (profits). Since context gives meaning, cannot say truly ambiguous isolation statute. Sav. Assn. Tex. Timbers Inwood Forest Associates, Ltd., 484 365, 371, 626, 98 740 (1988). word appears repeatedly throughout those appearances ambiguity intact. Section 1956(a)(1) itself, instance, makes sense definition: engage financial receipts profits crime; intend carrying crime profits; try conceal nature, location, etc., profits. same true other legislation used. They make definition. example, 1956(a)(2)(B), speaks represented by "monetary instrument funds." ALITO's dissent principal dissent) much 14 use statutes,[2]*2025 Model Money Laundering Act, international treaty subject, include gross post, 2036-2038. do think shows drafters art "receipts." laws cited dissent, postdate 1986 several years, so acting against backdrop definitions when enacted If anything, they show others believed statutes ought sought clarify created left undefined.[3] Under definitions, coherent; redundant; rendered utterly absurd. face there more reason than line our decisions, tie go defendant. rule lenity requires interpreted favor defendants subjected them. Gradwell, 243 476, 485, 37 407, 61 857 (1917); McBoyle States, 283 25, 27, 51 340, 75 816 (1931); Bass, 404 336, 347-349, 92 515, 30 488 (1971). venerable vindicates fundamental principle citizen accountable violation whose commands uncertain, punishment clearly prescribed. It places weight inertia upon party best induce speak keeps courts making law Congress's stead. Because always defendant-friendly dictates adopted. III Stopping short calling interpretation absurd, nonetheless because fails proper scope hinders effective enforcement Neither overcomes lenity. According Government, if read "receipts," *2026 will disserve purpose is, says, penalize criminals activities. On view, "[t]he accurately reflect scale activity, activity generated Brief 21; see 2037-2039 (ALITO, J., dissenting). interpreting play part mind reader. In seminal rule-of-lenity decision, Chief Marshall impulse speculate regarding dubious congressional intent. "[P]robability guide court, construing penal safely take." Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 76, 105, (1820). And Frankfurter, writing another case, said following: "When leaves Judiciary task imputing undeclared will, resolved lenity." Bell 349 81, 83, 620, 99 905 (1955). statutory advanced construe textbook example begging question. To sure, meant could aimed dangers concealment promotion. But very issue "profits," distinctive danger arises leaving hands yield crime. rational surely decided risk leveraging into next poses greater threat society mere crime-related expenses justifies harsh penalties. accepted invitation about purpose, would confront explain strange consequence interpretation, described "merger problem." 34. nearly every illegal-lottery paying winning bettor intends few lotteries, any, criminalizing 1955, "merge" evidently operators ordinarily deserve up years imprisonment, 1955(a), result merger additional 20 Prosecutors, course, acquire discretion charge lesser offense, bothwhich predictably plea bargain charge. problem limited operators. For host predicate crimes, depend manner timing associated commission Few crimes entirely free cost, costs paid advance. Anyone pays proceedsfor felon stolen rented getaway carwould violate wealth-acquiring multiple participants become initial recipient wealth confederates *2027 shares.[4] Generally speaking, episode includes offense participant passes someone else, merge laundering. There 250 offenses Dept. Bureau Statistics, Motivans, Offenders 1994-2001, p. 2 (2003), online http:// www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/mlo01.pdf (as visited May 29, 2008, available Clerk Court's file), many foreseeably entail such transactions, 1956(c)(7) (establishing trafficking selling offenses, might after transportation sale). suggests explanation why wanted normal had duly considered appropriately punished elsewhere Code radically increase sentence Interpreting eliminates problem. Transactions normally occur during course identifiable thus More generally, enters possibly consist what remains paid. Defraying activity's simply covered. solution may giving narrow "promotion prong" statute: deemed "promote" "by doing things ... needed merely keep running," 2044, promotion (presumably) cause grow. 2d, p.1981 (giving "[t]o contribute growth [or] enlargement" something). (This argument embraced BREYER's well. 2034-2035.) however, bare act promotion, engaging certain "with intent activity." (emphasis added). naturally bears meanings, prosperity" something, "further" something. p.1981. Surely promotes "the on" enterprise assuring continues business.[5] event, believe *2028 "narrow" solve share dissent's misperception just conduct ongoing enterprises rather individual acts. theft individual, ask expenditure intended "grow" culprit's business. stands major obstacle BREYER admits casts doubt position, 2034, believes "other, legally felicitous" solutions problem, 2035. He solved underlying laundered distinct order separately punishable." Ibid. insuperable difficulty whatever words Even assuming not) propriety judicial rewrite, avoid unusual fashion, adopting possible term? pins hope possibility, "if `merger' essentially fairness sentencing," Sentencing Commission revise recommended sentences Post, 2034-2035. 2044-2045 (in agreement). certainty. once again, choose chancy method solving interpret language it? noted, supra, 2026, affects sentencing; charging decisions plea-bargaining B argues becausequite franklyit easier prosecute. Proving unquestionably require proof difficult obtain. Essentially, asks resolve light presumptive facilitate prosecutions. That position turns upside-down. defendants, prosecutors. demands interpretation. Not more, render disposition inconceivableas proved imposed similar burdens prosecution elsewhere. 1963(a) (criminal forfeiture requiring determination "gross proceeds"); 853(a) (same).[6] untrue added "serve discernible purpose." 2041 ensure severe penalties removal permit *2029 next. 2025-2026. exaggerates difficulties. "proceeds sufficient offense. Thus, establish element needs single instance profitable gave rise transaction. select instances profitability clearest. Contrary 2038, 2040-2041, factfinder need gains, expenses, losses attributable entire enterprise. What exceeded fairly it.[7] charges "enterprise" see, 1956(c)(7)(C), typically "continuing series violations," 848(c)(2), presumably satisfied violations, Richardson 526 813, 818, 119 1707, 143 985 (1999). selecting (again) prosecutor often able instead overarching As offenseknowledge involves activitythat provable almost proved) circumstantial evidence. accepting he knows long-continuing drug-dealing operation know infer long-running launderer-criminal relationship launderer hiding criminal's Moreover, entitled willful blindness instruction professional launderer, aware high probability funds deliberately avoids learning truth themas rarely unprofitable. *2030 IV Concurring judgment, STEVENS expresses view legislative history reflecting legislator's belief how apply 2032, 2033. apply, thinks, organized syndicate sale contraband supposedly contains views circumstances.[8] 2031-2032, n. 3. short, STEVENS' original him; neither nor amicus suggested it; precedent cases. relies proposition undefined word, repeated different each provision. 2. worlds apart provision, factual contexts. never engaged interpretive contortion; ago, opinion joined STEVENS, forcefully it. Clark Martinez, 543 125 716, 160 734 (2005), change application. id., 378, 716. hold otherwise "would chameleon," 382, within jurisprudence... dangerous judges text cases," 386, Precisely result, cases "give limiting construction called applications, even though standing alone, support limitation. lowest denominator, were, govern." 380, 716 Our obligation maintain consistent disappear involved. contrary, tax taxpayer civil applications triggered Thompson/Center Arms Co., 504 505, 517-518, 10, 112 2102, 308 (1992) (plurality opinion). remain consistent, lest subject misled. if, contends, 2031, "effectively" licenses write brand-new law, accept power where written Congress. *2031 Hudson, 7 Cranch 32, 34, 3 259 (1812). appropriate add concerning stare decisis effect opinion. vote necessary since rests narrower ground, accordingly. Marks 430 188, 193, 97 990, 260 (1977). narrowness ground consists finding contrary. holds. outcome contrary exist. speculations point address before him, purest dicta, today's holding. far particular concerned, counsel argue (and overrule supra). warned, however: Justices joining reject (apparently) dissent. 2036, 2044. V brought employees, employee. type characterized lottery's Indeed, did prove, admitted, affirm Appeals. ordered. concurring judgment. potentially terms, effectively delegates filling gaps Commissioner Fink, 483 89, 104, 107 2729, 74 (1987) (STEVENS, dissenting) ("In process legislating inevitable open spaces implicitly authorized fill"). included statutes,[1] done 1956 ed. V), somewhat unique varied lengthy list activities, (defining "specified include, inter alia, controlled substance murder, bribery, smuggling, forms fraud, assets, environmental health care offenses). Although so, seems clear provided shall referring fact, general 981, provide "proceeds," recognizing thatfor subset activities"proceeds" allow deduction costs. *2032 goods services "property kind obtained directly indirectly net gain profit realized offense") respect lawful sold amount "less direct incurred providing services"). previously recognized statute.[2] expressly differently applied me gap variety conscientiously endeavoring carry out Therefore, ALITO plurality state, 2044 (dissenting opinion); ante, 2030-2031 opinion), pick applicable matter incongruous be. rightly argues, revenues syndicates sales.[3] sheds identify types proscribed 541, "Entry falsely classified." 541 provides "[w]hoever knowingly effects entry goods, wares, merchandise, less measure thereof, false classification quality value, duty due, imprisoned years." Conceivably stemming misstating valuethat reduced dutiesor total price later sold, misclassification trivial impact price. Just tell calculate violations equally silent unlicensed stand-alone venture. consequences applying receipts" conducted perverse contemplated Congress, particularly given nothing thorough indicates otherwise.[4] Constrained constitutes "promotion,"[5]*2033 runs squarely "merger" Allowing treat expense operating separate practical tantamount double jeopardy, unfair substantially conviction increases maximum prescribed Guidelines ranges crimes.[6] significant enhancements cap five 1955 important limitation defendant's sentencea eviscerated suggest advisory nature post-Booker, Booker, 220, 738, 621 possibility amendment Guideline, soften blow, (opinion ALITO, J.); 2034-2035 BREYER, J.), indeed could. hand softened resort Booker appeal 2000, prior Booker. day, both return prison serve remainder revenue essential notes, "no Code, crime." Ante, 2027. conclusion dovetails require. Faced lack speaking my obtain weigh determination. plurality's *2034 persuasive.[7] Accordingly, concur dissenting. join while adding following observations referred "`merger problem.'" 2026 Like plurality, automatically cover constitute Operating business, inevitably investment overhead well employees customers; drug drugs; bank robbery distribution cash confederates. (i.e., "financial transaction" "involves made activity"), seek heavier penalty (say, years), warranted lighter gambling). understand possess punishment-transforming power. Perhaps reason, Tenth Circuit "Congress follows time afford alternative punishing `specified activity.'" Edgmon, 952 F.2d 1206, 1214 (1991). And, 1997, told agreed "money properly `merged' Report Congress: Policy Offenses, including Comments Report, 16 (Sept. 1997), www.ussc.gov/r_congress/launder.pdf 20, file). like But, unlike look solution. thing, creates serious logical difficulties describes. 2038-2041 opinion) (describing accounting). *2035 other, felicitous Circuit, punishable. 1214. Alternatively phrase where, issue. (The argument, here. 784, 789 (2000).) Finally, sentencing, adequate authority instructed "avoi[d] unwarranted sentencing disparities" among "found conduct." 991(b)(1)(B) added); 994(f) (instructing attention disparities). current Commission, Manual 2S1.1 (Nov. 2007) (USSG), exception situation taken place, seem create disparity identical conduct. My Commission's past efforts closely level crime, App. C, Amdt. 634 (Nov.2001), willingness disparity. Such approach without creating complex interpretations language. retroactively. 994(u). these possibilities, THE CHIEF JUSTICE, KENNEDY, Fairly read, 1956(a), in," dictionary Third 1807 (1976) 3d). ed.1987) ("the sum derived transaction"). effort term. Ignoring used, problems address, obvious considerations responsible drafting certainly mind, quick pronounce hopelessly invoke Concluding opinion's frustrate Congress' maim defense enterprises. Fortunately, STEVENS's recognizes "include[s] sales." 2023-2024 judgment).[1] agree *2036 insofar holds varies depending produces funds, least preserves correct most focus concern enacted. While recognize "net profit," 3d 1807, question presented answered opening dictionary. step abandon summon Rather, thing customarily herea staple laws, instructive definedand manythe specifies in." leading laundering, Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (Convention), Nov. 15, 2225 U.N.T.S. 209 (Treaty I-39574), adopted 146 countries,[2] instructive. 1956(a)(1)(B)(i). Article 6.1 obligates signatory nations criminalize transfer property, knowing concealing disguising illicit origin helping person offence evade legal her action." 277 defines "any obtained, indirectly, through offence." 275 (Art. 2(e)). covers receipts.[3] *2037 similarly broad Act (Model Act). President's State Drug Laws, Economic Remedies, C (1993). 5(a)(1) activity," from, produced through, caused omission... includ[ing] kind," 4(a). Fourteen way encompasses Ariz.Rev.Stat. Ann. §§ 13-2314(N)(3) 2001), 13-2317(F)(4)(b) Supp.2007); Ark.Code 5-42-203(5) (2006); Cal. Health Safety 11370.9(h)(1) 2007); Haw. Rev.Stat. 708A-2, 708A-3 (2007); Ind. 35-45-15-4, 35-45-15-5 2004); Iowa 706B.1(1), 706B.2 (2005); La. Stat. 14:230(A)(4) Mich. Comp. Laws 750.411j(f), 750.411j N.M. 30-51-2(E), 30-51-4(A) (2004); Ohio Rev.Code 1315.51(H), 1315.55 (Lexis 2006); Penal 34.01(4), 34.02 Utah 76-10-1902(9), 76-10-1903 Va.Code 18.2-246.2, 18.2-246.3 Wash. 9A.83.010(5), 9A.83.020 (2006). Cf. N.J. 2C:21-25(d) 2005).[4] pattern usage revealing. strongly lawmakers, knowledgeable reach profits.[5] *2038 good uniform chief ends. First, deterrence preventing traffickers amass large quantities using "to luxurious lifestyle" enjoy fruits crimes. Statement, C-105. Crime, Interim President Cash Connection: Financial Institutions, 7-8 (Oct.1984) Report); Aranson, Bouker, Hannon, Laundering, 31 Am.Crim. L.Rev. 721, 721-722 (1994); H.R.Rep. 99-746, (1986) H.R. Rep.). Second, inhibit dirty enterprise's growth. (a)(2)(A), (a)(3)(A); 5(a)(2), (4); 2C:21-25(b)(1); 34.02(a)(3)(4). objectives frustrated Dirty "a grow whenever possesses amounts illegally cash. Suppose, cartel sends shipment drugs country, intercepted, ends loss quantity hands, designed source further plausible transactions. leaders live luxury, incentive individuals stay enter. finance future shipments expand public safety harmed. enacting primarily concerned realize consistently loses last presents operation. narrowing reaches results wanted. immunizes successful periods temporarily red. important, introduces pointless proof. present stores little proofwhich harder assemble acknowledges represent implausibility income highlighted professionals hired money. Those stress importance prosecuting launderers. Depts. Treasury 2001 National Strategy, pp. ix-x, 1-2 (Sept.2001), http://www.treas.gov/ press/releases/docs/ml2001.pdf; *2039 Action Task Force 1996-1997 Typologies (Feb.1997), www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/31/29/ 34043795.pdf; Butterworths Guide Law Practice 629 (T. Graham ed.2003); Ratliff, Party Laundering: Problems Proof Prosecutorial Discretion, Stan. Rev. 173 (1996); Sultzer, Scope Problem Attempts Combat It, 63 Tenn. 143, 147-148 (1995); H. Rep., 16-17. hamstringing "kno[w] represents likely (or perhaps care) black acquired. specialists beyond something intend. revealing explicitly form, necessarily [specified illegal] 1956(c)(1). required say, sales gambling. launderers derived. Consequently, 1956(c) dismisses concerns observation entity period. 2029-2030. accepts million dollars occasion? inference requisite circumstances posits, requirement convincing find reasonable pose troublesome aim statute) obstacle. D alleged produce nettlesome especially acute principally target, large-scale operations continue substantial period time, cartels syndicates. wake influential report focused type. (described S.Rep. 99-433, 2-4 Rep.) *2040 16). identified groups presenting problems. 7. "narcotics traffickers, billions detection government, greatest demand services" "numerous typical loansharking gambling, appreciable schemes." illustrate section devoted studies, 29-49. prime discussed so-called "Pizza Connection" prosecuted York City 1980's. showed Sicilian Mafia imported huge heroin here, accumulated millions cash, smuggling them overseas suitcases funneling maze accounts. 31-35; Casamento, 887 1141, 1148-1149 (C.A.2 1989). Following issuance turned discussion prevent (discussing "organized `businesses' prostitution, loansharking"), 4 ("Money crucial underpinning narcotics trafficking" (internal quotation marks omitted)); Hearing Legislation Senate Committee Judiciary, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., 1 (1985) (statement Chairman Thurmond); 29 Sen. Biden), DeConcini), D'Amato), 53 General Trott). concerns, unlikely enact daunting obstacles sort pressing problems, intercepts wire transfers occurred time. Tracing back proving impossible. Bajakajian, 524 321, 351-352, 118 2028, 141 314 (1998) (KENNEDY, hard precision occurred. roughly acquired, hurdle ring "Net income" excess related period." Estes, Accounting 88 (1981) deleted). accounting principles determining enterprises, therefore, special rules developed. *2041 drug-money discussing, decide syndicate's calculated annual, quarterly, basis. addition, forced devise calculation performed. connections uncertain degree between cities countries. Rules determine affiliated regarded several. papers incorporation, partnership agreements, instances) documents establishing precise relationships. expenditures expenses. murder magistrates, police officers, witnesses, rivals. 1154-1156; Gambino, 809 F. 1061, 1065-1068 (S.D.N.Y.1992). Are cost trade? expenses? conclusion, work depreciation instrumentalities occasionally replaced due enforcement. quite implausible juries grapple questions useful life of, processing plant laboratory airplanes boats smuggle drugs. issues ultimately courts, Illegal books records legitimate businesses do. tempting dismiss noted above "everyone knows" cartels, syndicates, profit. operate times, doubt. take notice profitable. citing "`receipts'" preferable "it prosecute," 2028 purpose. red period, times therefore throw obstacles. attempts minimize stating `profits' transaction." 2029. suggestion ignores reference "instance" realities *2042 prototypical engages single, discrete launders actfor "felon car." 2026. numerous acts accumulation launderingfor amasses sums Take, case transferring overseas, ("some activity") funds. 1956(a)(2)(B)(2). unrealistic traced salesor tracing. begins touting "single instance" theory cure produces, application work. "unlawful substantive lottery,[6] hardly apparent Did drawing "instance"? Each wager? last? day? week? month? addresses questions, charged, i.e., allegedly conducted, financed, 2029, Here, Indictment continued 6 ("[b]egining January 1989 continuing December exact dates being unknown Grand Jury"),[7] apparently compel leads, plainly noted. leads preposterous results. Suppose first and, end year, sixth year heavy losseslosses wiped years. 6-year two, three, four, come *2043 sense. Whenever comprehends considerable timeand precisely targetedthe already arise fraud. mail fraud (18 1341) scheme defraud, mailings carried furtherance scheme. Neder 527 1, 19, 1827, 144 35 (1999); Mankarious, 151 694 1998). activity"? Will mailing predicates, 1343), Zvi, 168 49 1999), institution 1344), Farr, 69 545 (C.A.9 1995). easy "expenses." small manager distributes operation, rough equivalent salary; recipients expect receive hand, expectation receiving percentage (perhaps addition salary), Santos' revenue. 5; Tr. 1399 (Oct. 9, 1997). cites 853(a), "elsewhere" burden examples inapposite. 2028-2029. income. fine "not twice proceeds." 1963(a). profits.[8] *2044 reasons, am convinced vary STEVENS) desire casesthat (conducting business) carries higher (20 years' imprisonment). misplaced justification hobbling fundamentally remedy remedy. mandatory minimum. judge convicted convicted, resulted (Nov.1997) which, pre-Booker[9] era, mandatory. violated latter Insofar requiredand now advise ofa stiffer sentence, Guideline. longer mandatory, impose Guideline USSG 2E3.1(a)(1) (Nov.2007), sentence. assumes correctness prong appeal, "promotes" things, bettors, running. brief puts it, "[c]ombined `promotion' statute." 6. *2045 dictated unreviewed element. Third, occurs 2027 disguise source, ownership, control 1956(a). next, inappropriately defends invoking lenity, put aside usual tools adopt narrowest terms "[b]ecause inherently contextual, deem `ambiguous' purposes articulate urged Government." Moskal 498 103, 108, 111 461, 449 (1990) (citing McElroy 455 642, 657-658, 102 1332, 71 522 (1982)). explained above, emerges clarity viewed context, inapplicable. * reverse Appeals, respectfully NOTES [1] reads follows: "Whoever, conducts (A)(i) $500,000 value transaction, whichever greater, twenty both." Respondents conspiring 1956(h). argued stand 886, 889 (CA7 2006), possibility. [2] majority defining Colo.Rev.Stat. 18-18-408 Fla. 896.101 Ga. 7-1-911, 7-1-915 Idaho 18-8201 Ill. Stat., ch. 720, 29B-1 2003); Kan. 65-4142 (2002); Minn.Stat. 609.496 609.497 Miss.Code 97-23-101 Mo.Rev.Stat. 574.105 (2000); Mont.Code 45-6-341 Nev.Rev.Stat. 207.195 N.Y. 470.00 470.25 Supp.2008); Okla. Tit. 63, 2-503.1 Ore.Rev.Stat. 164.170(2007); Pa. Cons.Stat. 5111 (Supp.2008); R.I. Gen. 11-9.1-15 S.C.Code 44-53-475 Tenn.Code 39-14-901 XX-XX-XXX Courts construed other. cf. Jackson, 124 S.W.3d 139, (Tenn.Crim.App. 2003) (linking "property"). California belong list, Cal.Penal 186.10 1999). 2007). Maryland well: Its set minimum laundered, Md.Crim. 5-623(a)(5) 2002) ("money exceeding $10,000"), term, 11-304. [3] thought Representatives (but Senate) passed bill ("criminally property") that, perhaps, 2037, 5. Putting ever compare R.L. C., 291, 306, 6, 1329, 117 559 (1992), 307, 1329 (SCALIA, judgment), bit totally unenlightening earlier terminology rejectedbecause captured meaning? [4] Reply 16; 2042-2043 "loot" comes distributing confederates' shares him) [5] note passing peculiarity rejects intended, "running," ("You decide, ladies gentlemen jury, payoff motivated bring customers back, reputation reliable attract customers.") [6] rely "other proceeds" prong, interprets proceeds, everything else. 2043. superfluous. did, still unthinkable: envision [7] asks, "[H]ow `instance' last?" 2042. answer "as chooses charge." Title 1955(a) conducts, finances, manages, supervises, directs, owns fined title An moment readily (if them) profitability. (To extent raises person's adopted.) "preposterous results" attributes 2042, conducting Of vast identifying prohibit discrete, (fraud, robbery) [8] refers. offers only: "As `proceeds' 2035-2036. item history, draws (which dubious, supra), nowhere cite addressing specifically Thus concurrence hypothetical infra, 2030, imagined history. terrorism, [the] offense." Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. Cline, 540 581, 595, 1236, 157 1094 (2004) (rejecting presumption "age" Age Discrimination Employment 1967). broader 2040. indicate actions convict promoting 1956, 789-790 criticizes allowing "dictated element." 2044-2045. base disagreement "promotion." 2007 Guidelines, 12. 2E3.1 (Nov.2007) (USSG). 2S1.1, adds levels 1956. appeared November Guidelines. Prior 2001, difference pronounced, (Nov.2000) 23, increased $100,000. "purest dicta," speculates resting "`proceeds' contrary." 2031. correct; presume summarized reflects 2035-2036 J.). unclean barrier conclusion. Martinez compelling reasonin stark contrast hereto argued. opinion," preceding text. Multilateral Treaties Deposited Secretary-General, pt. I, XVIII, 12, 2007), http://untreaty.un.org/ ENGLISH / bible englishinternetbible partI /chapterXVIII/ treaty13.asp (all Internet materials undertook Convention, new compliance. Enforcement Foreign Relations, 108th 10 Samuel Witten, Legal Adviser ("[W]e comply Convention's criminalization obligations legislation")). Connecticut, Conn. Gen.Stat. 53a-276 (2005) ("A exchanges monetary instruments constituting felony"). limits law's income," Arkansas, "criminal conduct: "`Criminal proceeds' means: (A) Anything furnished exchange received law; (B) Property traceable to" exchange. version originally reflected commercial "criminally designated 5484, 602, 154 introduced). property" understood "receive[d]" "obtain[ed]" 609; 389 (1967), constituting, 158 Senate, 2683, 2(a) (1986), acceded version. 1352, 48 enacted). perceived having meanings. Alameda, 2:96 CR-044 RL (ND Ind., 1996), 14-25 Indictment). 981(a)(2)(B), scope, However, "[i]n manner." Calculating noteworthy took procedures calculation. ibid. likewise subparagraph 981(a)(2), mention, analogous "cases services," "means [any] forfeiture, thereto, [9] (2005).

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