Document: 478 U.S. 265 106 S.Ct. 2932 92 L.Ed.2d 209 B.H. PAPASAN, Superintendent of Education, et al., Petitionersv.William A. ALLAIN, Governor Mississippi, al. No. 85-499. Argued April 22, 1986. Decided July 1, Syllabus Federal school land grants to Mississippi in the early 19th century did not apply lands northern that were held by Chickasaw Indian Nation, an area came be 23 counties State. The Chickasaws thereafter ceded this United States a treaty under which sold, but no for public schools (Sixteenth Section lands) reserved from sale. Congress then provided reservation lieu (Lieu Lands) Sixteenth Cession and vesting title Lieu Lands State use within Cession. These given state legislature, however, sold invested proceeds loans railroads later destroyed Civil War never replaced. Under current statute, remaining "constitute property trust benefit schools." Another statute provides all funds derived or shall credited districts township such are located any belong expended except education children district belong. Consequently, allocated directly apply. With respect counties, now belong, legislature has paid "interest" on lost principal acquired sale those form annual appropriations schools. This dual treatment resulted disparity level available as compared rest State, average income per pupil latter being much greater than former Petitioner local officials schoolchildren filed suit District Court against respondent officials, challenging alleging (1) unwise investment had abrogated State's obligation hold perpetuity (2) deprived minimally adequate equal protection laws. Declaratory other relief was sought. dismissed complaint, holding claims barred by, inter alia, Eleventh Amendment. Appeals affirmed, although claim asserted ongoing disparate distribution support schools, remedy would Amendment, dismissal complaint proper since differential funding unconstitutional San Antonio Independent School Dist. v. Rodriguez, 411 93 1278, 36 16. Held: 1. Petitioners' even if petitioners' characterization legal wrong breach continuing comply with obligations is accepted. There substantive difference between not-yet-extinguished liability past meet responsibilities petitioners. Edelman Jordan, 415 651, 94 1347, 39 662. In both cases, trustee required, because loss corpus, its own resources take place corpus corpus. Thus, claim, like rejected Edelman, may sustained. Pp. 279-281. 2. alleged constitutional violation unequal benefits precisely type permissibly fashioned Ex parte Young, 123, 28 441, 52 L.Ed. 714. essence present state-held assets actions. 281-282. 3. assertion petitioners conclusion rather factual allegation must accepted true. focusing only disparities properly pleaded, determined Rodriguez dictates applicable standard review: violates rationally related legitimate interest. incorrectly determined, controlled case. purport validate variations might result decisions merely allowing control over tax constitutionally permissible case different here financing attributable decision divide unequally among districts. Nevertheless, question remains whether received are, allegations matter law, interest, should resolved remand. A crucial consideration resolving federal law requires allocate economic townships located. If, choice matter, states depends policy itself violative Equal Protection Clause. If it is, enjoined implementing policy. But valid bound it, rational reason disparity. 283-292. 756 F.2d 1087 (CA5 1985), affirmed part, vacated remanded. WHITE, J., delivered opinion Court, O'CONNOR, joined; Parts I III BRENNAN, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, JJ., Part II BURGER, C.J., POWELL REHNQUIST, joined. concurring judgment dissenting joined, post, p. ---. part POWELL, T.H. Freeland, III, Oxford, Miss., Richard Lloyd Arnold, Jackson, respondents. Justice WHITE Court. 1 case, we consider they unlawfully denied granted well 100 years ago. Specifically, determine what extent these Amendment and, barred, any, sufficient withstand motion dismiss failure claim. 2 * history stretches back 200 years.1 Even before ratification Constitution, Confederation initiated practice regard Northwest Territory2 followed most eventually became admitted Union. particular, Land Ordinance 1785, survey Territory, "reserved lot 16, every township, maintenance said township. . ." Laws 565 (1815).3 1802, when eastern portion Territory Ohio, Ohio been previously 1785 Stat. 175.4 3 Following example reserving " 'grants made common purposes each public-land Between 1802 1846 section sixteen, thereafter, sections sixteen thirty-six. some instances, additional have granted.' Andrus Utah, 446 500, 506-507, n. 7, 1803, 1807, 64 458 (1980) (quoting Morrison, 240 192, 198, 326, 328, 60 599 (1916) (footnotes omitted)). basic few then. U.S., at 522-523, 4, S.Ct., 1815, 4 (POWELL, dissenting). addition designated manner, provision pertinent one another. generally indemnified missing sections, select amount unavailable lands. See, e.g., ch. 83, 179 (1826). See supra, 507-508, 1807-1808; supra 200-202, 329-330. Although pattern consistent terms grant lands, specific provisions varied time. B. Hibbard, History Public Policies 314-318 (1939). For example, Indiana Alabama, expressly inhabitants directly. 290 (1816) (Indiana); 491 (1819) (Alabama).5 1845, instead explicitly lay. 233-234 (1803) (Mississippi); 375 (1817) (same); 5 58 (1836) (Arkansas). Michigan 1836, hand, simply "to 59. After used Michigan, granting generally, norm. 9 (1846) (Wisconsin); 11 383 (1859) (Oregon). Finally, recent phrased outright gifts express trusts. also stated generally. addition, though, specifically trustee, there explicit restrictions management disposition trust, Government retains oversight responsibility. 574 (1910) (Arizona New Mexico). follows thus described. 1798, created included about southern third Alabama. 549. extinguished excepted "the number same." 233-234. 1804, extended northward boundary Tennessee. 305. Two later, authorized selection Sections Territory. 401 (1806). Eventually, 1817, further Sales Act new covered 1803 Act. 1817 "surveyed divided manner surveying territory"; thus, required 16 therein." (1817). selected thereof Mississippi. Lambert 211 Miss. 129, 137, 51 So.2d 201, 203 (1951). 6 By their terms, Acts essentially comprising until 1832, Treaty Pontitoc Creek. 7 381. surveyed "in same conditions lands," id., 382, City Corinth Robertson, 125 31, 57, 87 So. 464, 465-466 (1921). attempted providing [the Cession] State." 116. Chicksaw Lands, 174,555 acres, App. 36, 1856, authority Congress, 10 (1852), proceeds, approximately $1,047,330, 8% railroads. 1856 Miss.Laws, 56. them, unfortunately, subsequently during From historical circumstances, evolved still apparently large treated such." Miss.Code Ann. § 29-3-1(1) (Supp.1985). operation trusts, retained tie particular administration beneficiary status. delegated boards throughout State: Where lie where originally appropriated lies district, board "control jurisdiction arising heretofore hereafter made." Ibid. respect, "under general supervision commissioner." Ibid.6 Further, has, set forth certain prescriptions §§ 29-3-1 29-3-135 Most important 29-3-109 (1972 Supp.1985), provides: 8 "All expendable sixteenth located, Such purpose educable otherwise law." Originally, rate 8%, 1890 6%. Const., Art. 8, 212. 1985 $62,191. 37. many remainder 1984, legislative appropriation estimated relative substitute $0.63 pupil. comparison, $75.34 Id., 44.7 It gave rise action. 1981, petitioners, Cession, Northern respondents, assortment funds. traced characterizing illegal several actions area. 1850's perpetuity. actions, financial turn allegedly 12 Based allegations, sought various forms regarding denial protection.8 declaration legislation purporting implement void unenforceable; establishment fund suitable perpetual plaintiffs; alternative making plaintiffs value original 13 limitations Constitution. Fifth Circuit Papasan States, (1985), agreeing requested Noting court "seeks another plainly appropriate one," Holt Civic Club Tuscaloosa, 439 60, 65, 99 383, 387, 292 (1978), deemed assert current, ongoing, so, found Court's (1973).9 14 We certiorari, 474 1004, 521, 88 454 vacate remand proceedings. 15 first bars complaint. "The Judicial power construed extend equity, commenced prosecuted Citizens Subjects Foreign 17 language encompasses suits brought citizens long ago well. Hans Louisiana, 134 504, 33 842 (1890). "[I]n absence consent agencies departments named defendant proscribed Amendment." Pennhurst Hospital Halderman, 465 89, 100, 104 900, 908, 79 67 (1984).10 bar exists equitable. 100-101, 907-909. 18 official instead, status less straightforward. 714 (1908), enjoin official's action based determination enactment purportedly cannot taken capacity authorization nullity. As explained Young itself: "If act Attorney General seeks enforce officer proceeding comes into conflict superior he stripped his representative character subjected person consequences individual conduct. impart him immunity responsibility supreme States." 159-160, 454. 19 official, acting capacity, sued court. Pennhurst, 102, 105, 909, 910; Hutto Finney, 437 678, 692, 98 2565, 2574, 57 522 (1978). 20 does insulate challenge defendant. accordance rationale, applies underlying upon acts illegal. Cory White, 457 85, 102 2325, 72 694 (1982). And foreclose alone. 456 104-106, 910-911. supremacy implicated contrary only. 21 described types cases formally requirements inconsistently stretch too far upset balance interests embodies. applicability tailored conform possible situations "necessary permit courts vindicate rights responsible 'the States.' 910 160, 454). focused opposed violated time period past, ends intended indirectly encourage compliance through deterrence third-party compensation. noted: "Remedies designed end necessary interest assuring law. compensatory insufficient overcome Green Mansour, 64, 68, 423, 426, 371 (1985) (citation omitted). 22 Relief serves compensate party injured defendant.11 true denominated damages. Ford Motor Co. Department Treasury Indiana, 323 459, 65 347, 89 389 (1945). tantamount award damages though styled something else. 69-70, 426-427; 664-668, 1356-1358, 662 (1974). On bring accompanied substantial ancillary effect treasury. Milliken Bradley, 433 267, 289-290, 97 2749, 2761-2762, 53 745 (1977); 667-668, 1357-1358. purposes, line permitted prohibited will often indistinct: "[T]he instances day night." 667, 1357. Compare, Quern 440 332, 1139, 59 358 (1979), supra. discerning side falls, look substance sought, see, 668, 1358, guided policies Young. B 24 Relying Alamo & Cattle Arizona, 424 295, 96 910, 47 (1976), Lassen Arizona ex rel. Highway Dept., 385 458, 584, 515 (1967), contend "[s]chool trusts impose burdens states, who trustees, include preserving maximizing income, converted wrongfully, payment indefinitely." Brief Petitioners 13. idea last gleaned prior judicial construction common-law rules govern rely contending seek prospective, injunctive remedy, requiring income. 25 To begin with, clear binding trust. fact, fee simple absolute imposed. Alabama Schmidt, 232 168, 34 301, 555 (1914); Cooper Roberts, How. 173, 338 (1856).12 accepted, distinction formal sort Edelman. There, upheld "equitable restitution" plaintiff class "all AABD wrongfully withheld." 656, 1352. found, contrary, "retroactive monetary practical indistinguishable aspects 1358. 26 withholding accrued very similar obligations. discern seeking corpus,13 return itself. That equivalent one-time restoration award, lump sum, 'an liability.' 289, 2762 664, 1356). C 27 held, agree ruling. asserted: "By aforesaid future deprivations Plaintiffs Plaintiff while securing Defendants deliberately, intentionally, purposefully, design laws secured Fourteenth Constitution 20. 29 them "their education, reasonable opportunity therefor," 21, right Thus 30 violation—the lands—is results subject claims, eliminate disparity, require expenditure funds, ensure 'compliance federal-question determination' bestow liability. Milliken, 1358). essential respects approved Milliken. correct Clause basis.14 31 legally Fed.Rule Civ.Proc. 12(b)(6). review well-pleaded Miree DeKalb County, 25, 2490, 557 Kugler Helfant, 421 117, 95 1524, 44 (1975); Scheuer Rhodes, 416 232, 1683, 40 90 (1974); Cruz Beto, 405 319, 1079, 263 (1972); Gardner Toilet Goods Assn., 387 167, 1526, 704 (1957). Construing facts relevant obtained record light favorable ascertain could granted. 32 Texas' system two main sources. Approximately half Texas Minimum Foundation Program, program aimed guaranteeing minimum 9, 1283. sources—in taxes. 1284, 21. system, differences amounts collected taxes, "substantial interdistrict expenditures [were] varying degrees 15, 1287. examining disparities, declined heightened scrutiny either wealth suspect classification fundamental right. latter, recognized importance noted "is afforded our Constitution." 35, 1297. not, possibility "that identifiable quantum protected prerequisite meaningful exercise speak vote]." 1298.15 Given radical educational opportunity, concluded scheme bore "some relationship purpose." 44, 1302. Applying standard, reasonably structured accommodate separate forces: 35 '[T]he desire members society children, family provide best can afford children.' ". While child permits encourages measure participation district's level." 49, 1305 J. Coleman, Foreword G. Strayer R. Haig, Financing Education York vii (1923)). 37 basis, mere "happenstance" quality vary values render "so irrational invidiously discriminatory." 55, 1308. "any taxation indeed existence governmental units jurisdictional boundaries inevitably arbitrary." 53-54, 1307. 38 Almost again considered schools—this relation expend "legally admitted" States. Plyler Doe, 202, 2382, 786 measurably change approach articulated Rodriguez. reiterated undocumented aliens class. 475 223-224, 2397-2398. justifications discrimination offered "wholly insubstantial costs involved Nation." 230, 2401. infringed reviewed strict scrutiny. indicate, yet definitively settled questions discriminatorily infringe accorded review. Nor resolution issues. true, accept couched allegation. Briscoe LaHue, 663 713, 723 (CA7 1981), aff'd grounds, 460 325, 103 1108, 75 (1983). 2A Moore Lucas, Moore's Practice ¶ 12.07, 12-64, (1985). that, relating just do allege Counties taught read write; receive instruction basics; actual education. see credit disregard 41 Concentrating fact documented record, persuaded constitutes 42 test, roots aside, attack Mississippi's reasoned inevitability real estate managed administered locally, supplied rationale alleged. disagree Appeals' apparent understanding crux overall organization program. Instead, restricted aspect program: funding. All center around benefits, concerning programs included. 43 contention unconstitutionally discriminatory. examined structure purpose. reaching conclusion, necessarily resulting taxes acceptable goal effective levels. decision. case.16 Here, goes neither nor ad valorem component system. solely And, unpersuaded resolves favor distributing districts, detriment students. such," (Supp.1985), carrying out vested Secretary "school belong," educating therefore traceable taxation, rationality therefore, rested differing adjunct funding, settle constitutionality differ respect.17 45 believe, pursue issue Neither parties addressed think posed case: distribute does? 46 Contrariwise, below terms.18 assigned task significance, allocation duties justifying assigning exclusively perform function none manage lower instance. Accordingly, insofar claims. affirmance vacated, remanded proceedings opinion. 48 So ordered. 49 whom STEVENS join, part. 50 join II-C, II-A II-B reasons my dissent Atascadero Scanlon, 473 234, 258-302, 105 3142, 3155-3178, 171 (BRENNAN, makes valiant effort principles ante, 276-279. mind, restatement underscores implausibility entire venture, clearly demonstrates jurisprudence consists little more hoc unmanageable bearing coherent framework; indeed, efforts order produced "[f]or indistinct," 278. hodgepodge produces positive society. Its impair prevent enforcement highly unlikely having supreme, Framers nonetheless unenforceable broad precedents. demonstrated Term Atascadero, thing. magnitude mistake increased changes (1890), took step down ill-advised path, National play role protecting individuals today. Only stare decisis continued adherence unfortunate doctrine. Stare force reckoned felt particularly constrained expanding protective mantle sovereign immunity, 165-166, 50, 943, (1984) (STEVENS, dissenting); 304, 3179 However, Chief Taney observed, ultimately "depend[s] altogether reasoning supported." Passenger Cases, 283, 470, 702 (1849) (dissenting opinion). supported sound reasoning; bad matters great institutional this, yield. 54 today holds agree. breached placed BRENNAN suits. Ante, 292-293 part). normally citizens, believe willingly accepts Government, waives consents beneficiaries assistance. 81, 432, (BLACKMUN, 3178, 688-696, 1368-1372, (1974) (MARSHALL, 55 Enabling statehood, including protections incorporated 1789, Sixteenth-Section Mar. 348, 349. giving "upon conditions, respects, 2, 56 nature Lands. But, notes discussing bind attached. 287-289, Moreover, concluded, fuller conveyed reveal waived suit. Absent bar, survive dismiss. which, fairly, suggest schoolchildren. They leased minimal leaseholds ownership without consideration, generated railroad stock, decided pay 6% hypothetical replace proceeds. assertions, stage proceedings, sufficiently articulate acted aid speculators, railroads, development expense obligation. impress beneficiaries, fiduciary duty. recognizes, duty entirely lost. 280-281. expressed MARSHALL 691-692, 1369-1370, entitled proved trial reverse trust-based consideration. THE CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST refutes detrimentally affects students Statistics show statewide ranking ranking, scattered widely 154 "critical element Mississippi," account 11/2% schools.1 find basis assumption prove affected differential, Rule Procedure 12(b)(6).2 61 brief procedural helpful putting litigation perspective. group county boards, superintendents schoolchildren, residing north June numerous attacking between, payments (the Chocktaw area) 62 recounted "illegalities" 1785. statutes "purport authorize, confirm" sales declared "unlawful, unenforceable, limited (a) 1936; (b) May 19, 1852; (c) March 3, 1857; (d) effect." (citations 63 defendants "an express/constructive trust": permitting (e.g., Ordinance), selling properties ill-advisedly investing violations due process "free education" and—of relevance stands Court—violations infringement "fundamental rights" "a class" education." impairment contract taking wide-ranging relief, conveyance money compensation 1832 "would prudent management." obtain substitution lost, "which offshore oil, gas mineral rights." additionally "enjoin" "direct" establish value" "hereafter" perpetuity" demanded steps "eliminate guarantee protect denials laws."3 laches, limitations. appealed. order, Amendment—a disposition. reach issues raised right" 285. 66 begins discussion 283-292, acknowledging notice "relevant petitioners." 283. figures light, fatally undercut alleged—and true—that districts.4 characterizes "unjust, inequitable deprivation counties." reads students," 288. contains assertions conclusory believing ever proven. shown Table A, comparable to, higher than, payments—as demonstrate beyond argument—are insignificant total sources 68 data. "have themselves Section" program, relying limitation, "decline[s] dissent's invitation receipts overall." 288-289, 17. thereby ignores undisputed bases analysis secondary elementary Clause, least context concerned substance, de minimis 69 Appendix opinion, "School Finances," shows distributed "Current Expenditure Pupil," Pupil Instruction Cost," Less Transportation." $1965.78, $1,261.09 went towards "instructional cost." spent $300 expenditure; $200 instructional expenditure. $1,400 lowest expenditure, $2,400 highest pupil, $74.71—the lands—creates "detriment" gives rational-relation standard.5 70 fatal second statistics conclude B, "Receipts Schools," 1984-1985, $16,272,925, accounted Schools" dwarfed $752 million (totaling 74% Schools"). Variations small districts.6 71 12(b)(6) State-wide rankings insignificance dissent. APPENDIX TO OPINION OF TABLE SCHOOL FINANCES Average Current Cost ADA 73 Transportation 74 (1984-1985) Amount Rank 76 Natchez Adams 2,131.22 1,253.67 2,018.70 77 Alcorn 1,694.89 132 1,270.49 1,585.03 129 78 1,947.49 1,274.92 1,862.16 Amite 2,331.43 1,454.17 2,057.52 80 Attala 2,109.59 1,298.66 1,936.06 81 Kosciusko 1,877.64 1,104.12 139 1,727.96 82 Benton 2,121.78 1,338.89 1,952.98 83 Bolivar #1* 2,082.64 1,339.85 2,012.20 84 #2* 2,769.62 1,804.24 2,699.23 85 #3* 1,943.55 1,264.60 1,873.11 86 #4* 1,793.43 110 1,182.67 1,722.98 91 #5* 2,027.20 1,309.88 1,956.74 #6* 1,657.08 136 1,173.85 116 1,586.61 128 Calhoun 1,770.32 115 1,199.18 1,656.17 111 Carroll 2,014.44 1,295.68 1,821.73 2,158.73 1,438.50 1,901.76 Houston 1,797.93 108 1,233.84 1,681.46 Okolona 1,635.52 143 1,106.77 137 1,565.18 Choctaw 1,935.99 1,309.67 1,787.92 Claiborne 4,085.75 2,066.37 3,799.88 Enterprise* 1,729.02 123 1,143.75 1,538.66 Quitman Cons.* 1,813.05 1,129.16 133 1,622.30 120 Clay 2,307.56 1,482.73 2,161.68 West Point 1,844.88 1,198.97 1,733.96 Coahoma Cty. 2,414.77 1,514.98 2,236.92 101 Clarksdale 1,918.05 1,255.92 1,891.53 Copiah 2,168.89 1,162.03 122 2,064.60 Hazlehurst 1,771.68 114 1,190.21 1,660.59 Covington 1,912.97 1,290.85 1,782.63 Desoto 1,565.04 148 1,021.31 150 1,467.48 146 FINANCES---Continued 107 109 Forrest 2,019.63 1,352.53 1,841.33 Hattiesburg 2,215.47 1,465.32 2,145.72 112 Petal 1,701.54 1,182.13 1,595.90 124 113 Franklin 2,298.67 1,514.75 2,121.11 George 1,474.78 153 982.08 152 1,341.92 Greene 2,056.05 1,278.69 1,834.67 Grenada 1,764.73 1,175.11 1,644.66 117 Hancock 1,750.66 119 1,011.95 151 1,566.13 131 118 Bay St. Louis 1,981.82 1,165.33 1,905.05 Harrison 1,860.89 1,264.10 1,758.84 Biloxi 2,251.56 1,411.45 2,163.00 121 Gulfport 2,496.19 1,457.45 2,433.81 Long Beach 1,920.58 1,257.30 1,843.01 Pass Christian 2,965.97 1,628.06 2,874.13 Hinds 1,918.64 1,215.27 1,796.81 Jackson 2,429.77 1,422.73 2,293.98 126 Clinton 1,813.93 1,178.70 1,702.73 127 Holmes 1,854.79 1,223.53 1,713.49 Durant 1,553.46 1,155.74 1,553.37 Humphreys 2,132.20 1,193.35 1,959.88 130 Itawamba 1,905.92 1,156.48 1,749.66 2,243.31 1,364.81 2,113.99 Moss 1,878.90 1,249.54 1,796.95 Ocean Springs 1,920.67 1,269.80 1,852.01 Pascagoula 2,538.68 1,494.00 2,458.17 135 East Jasper* 2,010.43 1,265.89 1,836.99 1,866.24 1,244.61 1,693.61 Jefferson 2,066.22 1,351.06 1,861.66 138 Davis 1,928.49 1,275.72 1,749.29 Jones 1,719.42 1,170.06 1,551.87 140 Laurel 2,639.67 1,590.71 2,581.89 141 Kemper 2,096.15 1,339.34 1,868.72 142 Lafayette 1,698.47 1,109.42 1,530.26 Oxford 2,226.94 1,514.00 2,118.55 144 145 147 Lamar 1,506.98 971.37 1,382.92 149 Lumberton Line* 1,601.57 1,182.43 1,601.07 Lauderdale 1,641.60 1,084.88 1,485.10 Meridian 2,136.57 1,398.45 2,064.38 Lawrence 1,980.57 1,840.85 Leake 1,720.38 1,132.06 1,574.13 Lee 1,694.48 1,162.81 1,587.20 155 Nettleton Line 156 Tupelo 2,199.64 1,337.87 2,137.07 157 Leflore 2,148.73 1,384.79 2,022.71 158 Greenwood 2,245.93 1,459.97 2,215.51 159 Lincoln 1,590.44 1,076.05 1,441.20 160 Brookhaven 2,031.92 1,416.07 1,920.57 161 Lowndes 1,640.09 1,060.41 1,517.19 162 Columbus 2,106.33 1,383.49 2,018.05 163 Madison 2,125.62 1,301.47 1,912.65 164 Canton 1,697.55 1,213.84 1,639.48 165 Ridgeland 1,814.86 1,150.59 1,704.57 166 Marion 2,272.92 1,494.76 2,061.49 167 Columbia 2,240.43 1,448.23 2,132.43 168 Marshall 1,684.23 1,201.21 1,524.60 169 Holly 1,975.64 1,232.12 1,860.84 170 Monroe 1,706.16 1,112.07 1,546.87 Aberdeen 1,890.98 1,245.80 1,796.93 172 Amory 1,840.11 1,283.43 1,764.71 173 Montgomery 2,022.40 1,213.96 1,856.00 174 Winona 2,005.07 1,401.42 1,945.24 175 Neshoba 1,638.19 1,162.39 1,502.41 176 Philadelphia 1,913.78 1,319.95 1,832.34 177 Newton 1,920.07 1,185.90 1,719.76 178 Sep. 1,945.74 1,249.46 1,831.42 Union 1,740.87 1,143.63 1,646.80 180 Noxubee 1,939.99 1,289.94 1,749.23 181 Oktibbeha 1,897.03 1,337.68 1,759.97 182 183 184 185 186 Starkville 1,965.92 1,252.02 1,879.25 187 North Panola 1,864.61 1,215.43 1,705.72 South 188 Pearl River 1,562.46 966.38 1,418.22 189 Picayune 1,752.85 1,190.01 1,672.13 190 Poplarville 1,862.97 1,190.15 1,707.74 191 Perry 2,311.91 1,371.84 2,111.50 192 Richton 1,886.43 1,174.43 1,719.79 193 Pike* 1,630.22 1,114.71 1,480.55 194 1,858.62 1,265.60 1,707.35 195 McComb 1,941.21 1,223.67 1,858.82 196 Pontotoc 1,775.64 1,134.82 1,630.30 197 1,643.80 1,064.43 1,461.72 198 Prentiss 1,884.35 1,316.58 1,756.40 199 Baldwyn 1,859.39 1,206.28 1,783.64 Booneville 1,887.23 1,282.05 1,792.72 201 1,988.47 1,335.45 1,893.71 202 Rankin 1,556.15 1,043.08 1,427.91 1,711.80 1,151.38 1,594.58 204 Scott 1,737.36 1,213.54 1,600.68 205 Forest 1,827.34 1,287.52 1,711.70 206 Auguilla 2,018.96 1,187.61 1,921.95 207 Sharkey Issaquena* 2,016.35 1,246.07 1,841.20 208 Simpson 1,819.91 1,260.84 1,698.56 Smith 1,941.22 1,232.87 1,739.71 210 Stone 1,989.77 1,215.14 1,833.56 Sunflower 1,978.77 1,283.18 1,840.10 212 Drew 2,039.51 1,385.51 1,933.45 213 Indianola 1,640.99 1,178.18 1,589.70 214 E. Tallahatchie* 1,928.67 1,273.27 1,788.65 215 W. 1,847.13 1,269.31 1,707.58 216 Tate 1,786.61 1,176.14 1,648.01 217 Senatobia 1,743.53 1,189.10 1,671.48 218 219 220 221 222 Tippah 1,829.20 1,175.58 1,671.22 223 224 Tishomingo 1,968.02 1,157.67 1,819.53 225 Iuka 1,577.18 1,078.86 1,456.91 226 Tunica 1,809.43 1,092.64 1,661.67 227 1,658.56 1,104.20 1,527.78 228 Albany 2,073.07 1,367.04 1,985.33 229 Walthall 1,797.02 1,279.93 1,622.85 230 Warren 1,951.95 1,166.91 1,791.93 231 Vicksburg 2,209.59 1,388.60 2,128.96 Hollandale* 1,898.37 1,313.56 1,778.27 233 Leland* 2,261.80 1,498.17 2,141.71 234 Western 2,243.11 1,472.29 2,123.03 235 Greenville 1,974.31 1,279.45 1,918.06 236 Wayne 1,790.77 1,135.49 1,642.63 237 Webster 1,834.83 1,225.69 1,688.89 238 Wilkinson 2,304.75 1,442.19 239 Louisville 1,814.22 1,181.68 1,639.88 Coffeeville 2,241.05 1,278.55 2,028.25 Water Valley 241 Yazoo 2,845.92 1,490.19 2,333.34 242 Bluff* 2,500.03 1,524.17 2,448.57 243 2,023.38 1,205.28 2,018.31 244 Statewide 1,965.78 1,261.09 1,842.94 245 1,853.52 1,218.82 1,722.82 246 1,992.92 1,268.17 1,879.67 247 RECEIPTS FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS 1984-1985 Source Funds: Dept. Ed. $ 9,005,760 Per Capita Program 490,568,205 Vocational 16,269,064 61,454 Homestead Exemption 30,916,541 EFC Payments 2,898,692 Severance Tax 10,290,972 Driver Penalty Funds 555,963 Textbook 6,110,596 Lunch 574,624 Adult 35,619 Educable Children 511,070 Reform 985,796 Other 153,766 Total 568,938,122 56.1% 6,293,149 3,540,422 3,247,726 TVA 643,509 P L. 874 2,657,490 ECIA Ch. 64,896.618 4,388,330 ESEA 107,118 OEO 151,860 Soc. Sec. Tit. XX CETA (Emp. Comm.) 1,677,019 Sp. Milk Nonfood Asst. 67,638,280 Lunch, Commodities, Food 12,660,094 745,079 Handicapped 11,347,044 Governor's Office) 3,403,978 248 183,397,716 18.1% SCHOOLS---Continued Local Ad Valorem 165,985,203 Mineral Lease 86,276 Tuition Patrons 1,991,041 Transp. Fees 222,585 Sixteen Income 16,272,925 Interest Investments 12,800,202 Intermediate 816,620 Bond Int. Fund Receipts 25,405,580 24,668,351 Student Activity 7,063,639 5,809.634 Sources 261,122,056 25.8% 249 TOTAL REVENUE $1,013,457,894 100.0% Nonrevenue Receipts: Sale Bonds 33,393,809 Assets 1,603,699 Insurance Loss Recovery 3,383,380 Loans 10,357,549 NONREVENUE 48,738,437 250 $1,062,196,331 251 SOURCE: Board Education. 1986 Annual Report (1986). us 12(b), precluded items documentation grants. recited comprise disputed parties; significance facts. virtue cessions western south Canada, River, east west P. Gates, Law Development (1968). land-surveying applied territories thereafter: "At point crosses Pennsylvania border, north-south line—a meridian—was run base westward—the geographer's line—was surveyed; parallel lines longitude latitude surveyed, miles apart, square 23,040 acres. Each lots mile containing 640 acres." 65. 1-square-mile called "section," so numbered "Sixteenth Section." precise somewhat unclear, seems likely combination encouraging congressional accelerate price, trying put public-lands par taxable land, them. 522, 523, 1814, 288-289; 309-311 At technical interpreted 172, 302, (1914). Pursuant 7-11-4, January 1980, words "state commissioner" mean "secretary state." note following 1985, pending Appeals, passed House Bill 6, 23. $1 increase year reached maximum $5 fiscal 1989-1990 thereafter. offices Auditor 1984 $7 per-pupil basis. 38. process, contractual obligations, compensation, Ninth Of press contract-clause here. Since infra, 276-281, governs promise keep wasting assets. appeal joint stipulation. involving remain Clark Barnard, 436, 447, 878, 882, 780 (1883). consent. Miss.Gen.Laws, 495, 3(4). When liable awarded. 237-238, 1686-1687, continues 24-28. imposed unsupported. suing repudiates Benedict City, 321, 327, 476, 478, 1005 (1919). affirmative upon. Restatement, adopt view: whole ceases exist, longer anything personal committed causing cease himself lent himself, insolvent priority creditors trustee. mean, owes debtor creditor, tortfeasor wronged. He beneficiary. purchase full disclosure circumstances known affecting transaction, transaction fair, aside." Restatement (Second) Trusts 74, Comment c, (1959) 28-29. respondents requested, Respondents Allain 17-19. note, "general supervision" (1908). "[W]e indication levels falls short [of hypothesized prerequisite]. Whatever merit appellees' argument occasioned opportunities finding interference spending where—as case—no charge fairly fails acquire skills enjoyment speech political process." 36-37, 1298. contends "another reason" Post, 301-302, 6. fundings taxation. validating occur asserts discrepancies districts." 299. envision threshold revenues Clause's strictures become binding. separated administration, seq. accounting correlated 37-19-1 Cf. 300-301, 5. situation, decline overall. append cause effects requirement. question, make observations. starting themselves, transferred California Comm'n 273, 279, 2432, 2436, (1982) (citing Borax Consolidated, Ltd. Los Angeles, 296 10, 23, 29, (1935)). transfer owned conclusions finds cases. 181-182, (1856), sale, stating directly, limitation power, sacred faith." adopted (1914), application Alabama's adverse possession revert Cooper, "[t]he gift absolute, although, doubt, 'there faith.' honorary. 173-174, 302-303 Stuart Easton, 394, 650, 654, 1078 (1898) (cited 174, 302) (" expression debase fee' ") Kerlin Campbell, Pa.St. 500 (1850)). interpretations earlier conceived conveying Brooks Koonce, 275 486, 27, (1927) (per curiam ), aff'g Sloan Blytheville Special 5, Ark. 77, 273 S.W. 397 (1925) (relying Schmidt large). interpreting obligation, worth noting here; Ervien 41, 75, (1919), up- enjoining Mexico Commissioner enumerated grant. phrase "breach trust" meant grantor use, exact performance conditions." 48, 76. More recently, 460-461, 585-586, enforced grant, maintain whatever terms." (1976). indicated create discussed sets variation stems Lassen, 460, 585. give grantee interests, enforceable asserting same. S.Rep. 454, 61st Cong., 2d Sess., 18-20 (referring "nothing principle," custom specify incoming mode disposing them"). Or perhaps viewed 'solemn agreement' ways analogized private parties." 507, 1807. Perhaps, then, possibly parties. disavowed position below, arguing distinguishable involve Reply 81-90 (ND Miss.), pp. 60-62. Tables Report, 144-146 respectively. One rarely sees sweeping duplicative requests relief. Apparently, signing counsel complied Rules Procedure. part: signature attorney certificate pleading, motion, paper, knowledge, information, belief formed after inquiry grounded warranted existing good faith extension, modification, reversal interposed improper purpose, harass unnecessary delay needless cost litigation." Despite 296, versus $0.63. petition certiorari $31.25 $0.80. 1087, 1091 1985); Pet. Cert. 4. unaudited aggregation reports presented November report 35. arose plaintiffs: $74.71. distributes equally "teacher unit[s]." 37-19-3 37-19-5 (Supp.1985); Tr. Oral Arg. 32. varies depending B; 1304, (1973). Discrepancies frequently offset almost always "disparity" relied 94-98 (listing revenue sources). petitioner's bears similarity arrangement state-funded school. supplement jurisdiction. Similarly, "minimum Supp.1985). constitute schools; 18%. levied among, two-thirds. infra. Texas, "[w]hile 1305. adequacy single factor education: teachers. established Commission Teacher Administrator oversee training, certification, evaluation teachers 37-3-2 guaranteed teachers' salaries augmented 37-19-7 37-19-15, scale increases tenure merit, 37-19-7, reduction supplements salary, 37-19-11, standards competency, 37-19-9, requirement employed 1975, "national examination," 37-19-13. County Office receipts/expenditures prorated consolidated ADA. denoted italic typeface. partially type.

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