Document: 480 U.S. 340 107 S.Ct. 1160 94 L.Ed.2d 364 ILLINOIS, Petitionerv.Albert KRULL, George Lucas and Salvatore Mucerino. No. 85-608. March 9, 1987. Syllabus An Illinois statute, as it existed in 1981, required licensed motor vehicle vehicular parts sellers to permit state officials inspect certain records. In pursuant the a police detective entered respondents' automobile wrecking yard asked see records of purchases. He was told that could not be located but given list approximately five After receiving permission look at cars yard, he ascertained three were stolen fourth had its identification number removed. then seized cars, respondents arrested charged with various crimes. The trial court granted motion suppress evidence from agreeing federal-court ruling, issued day after search, statute violated Fourth Amendment because permitted officers unbridled discretion their warrantless searches. State Supreme Court affirmed, rejecting petitioner's argument admissible acted good-faith reliance on making search. Held: 1. exclusionary rule does apply obtained by who objectively reasonable upon authorizing administrative searches, which is subsequently found violate Amendment. Pp. 349-355. (a) Application these circumstances would have little deterrent effect future misconduct, basic purpose rule. Officers conducting such searches are simply fulfilling responsibility enforce written. If clearly unconstitutional, cannot expected question judgment legislature passed law. 349-350 (b) justified basis deterring legislative misconduct. Police, legislators, focus Furthermore, there no suggest legislatures inclined ignore or subvert There also indication exclusion declared unconstitutional significant enactment similar laws. Legislators enact statutes for broad programmatic purposes, procuring particular cases. greatest enactments courts' power invalidate statutes. Even if provided some incremental deterrent, benefit outweighed substantial social costs exacted 350-353. (c) contention application large numbers people affected search persuasive. Although individuals may considered weighing benefits applying rule, fact many will require rule's meaningful effect. P. 353. (d) exception recognized here discourage criminal defendants presenting meritorious claims Defendants always able argue suppression officer's reasonable, therefore good faith. persons covered bring an action seeking declaration statute's unconstitutionality injunction barring implementation. 353-354 (e) Under here, support if, passing it, wholly abandoned constitutional laws, statutory provisions law enforcement officer should known unconstitutional. 355. 2. detective's reasonable. assuming vested too much discretion, this defect been obvious acting 356-360. Ill.2d 107, 89 Ill.Dec. 860, 481 N.E.2d 703, reversed remanded. BLACKMUN, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., WHITE, POWELL, SCALIA, JJ., joined. MARSHALL, filed dissenting opinion, post, p. ----. O'CONNOR, BRENNAN, STEVENS, joined, Michael J. Angarola, Chicago, Ill., petitioner. Paul Larkin, Jr., Washington, D.C., U.S., amicus curiae, Miriam F. Miquelon, respondents. Justice BLACKMUN Court. 1 United States v. Leon, 468 897, 104 3405, 82 677 (1984), ruled warrant neutral magistrate, where ultimately unsupported probable cause. See Massachusetts Sheppard, 981, 3424, 737 (1984). present case presents whether when act 2 * Illinois, part Vehicle Code, has comprehensive scheme regulating sale vehicles parts. Ill.Rev.Stat., ch. 951/2, &Par; 5-100 5-801 (1985). A person sells vehicles, deals automotive parts, processes scrap metal, engages business must obtain license Secretary State. 5-101, 5-102, 5-301. licensee maintain detailed record all purchases sells, including dates acquisition disposition. ¶ 5-401.2. form "at any time during night day" allow "examination premises licensee's established place determining accuracy records." 5-401(e) (1981).1 3 Respondents 1981 operated Action Iron & Metal, Inc., city Chicago. Detective Leilan K. McNally Chicago Police Department regularly inspected yards statute. Tr. 12.2 On morning July 5, yard. Id., 7. identified himself respondent Lucas, working locate records, did produce paper pad listed. 25-26. requested received Upon checking his mobile computer serial several them stolen. Also, four placed under arrest. 8-9, 16-17. Respondent Krull, holder license, Mucerino, later. violations 4 (the Circuit Cook County) App. 20-21. relied following 5-401(e), licensees, Bionic Auto Parts Sales, Inc. Fahner, 518 F.Supp. 582 (ND Ill.1981), aff'd part, vacated remanded 721 F.2d 1072 (CA7 1983). Federal District concluded " 'a constitutionally adequate substitute warrant.' F.Supp., 585-586, quoting Donovan Dewey, 452 594, 603, 101 2534, 2540, 69 262 (1981). instant agreed invalid "affects pending prosecutions completed." 20. basis, evidence. 20-21.3 5 Appellate First Judicial District, court's ruling further proceedings. 22. It observed recent developments indicated McNally's might relevant assessing admissibility evidence, first make factual determination regarding 25. wish reconsider holding light decision Appeals Seventh upholding amended 1983).4 remand, however, adhered grant suppress. stated one searched reasons Bionic. faith relevant, all, only acts warrant, possible bearing case. 32-35.5 6 affirmed.6 703 noted heavily regulated industries upheld necessary promote interest, 'in terms [the] certainty regularity application, provide[d] 116, Ill.Dec., 864, N.E.2d, 707, S.Ct., 2540. acknowledging licensees furthered strong public interest preventing theft automobiles trafficking "vested decide who, when, how long search." Ill.2d, 707. 7 rejected State's nevertheless admitted Michigan DeFillippo, 443 31, 99 2627, 61 343 (1979), arrest made ordinance defining offense, held DeFillippo contrasted before substantive procedural directly without cause, conducted latter type traditionally admitted. 118, 865, 708. Because define but, instead, used justify admission 118-119, 8 We certiorari, 475 1080, 106 1456, 714 (1986), consider applies constitutionality II A. 9 When violation Amendment, judicially developed usually precludes use proceeding against victim illegal seizure. Weeks States, 232 383, 34 341, 58 L.Ed. 652 (1914); Mapp Ohio, 367 643, 81 1684, 1081 (1961). stressed "prime purpose" "is deter unlawful conduct thereby effectuate guarantee unreasonable seizures." Calandra, 414 338, 347, 613, 619, 38 561 (1974). neither intended nor 'cure invasion defendant's rights already suffered.' 906, 3412, Stone Powell, 428 465, 540, 96 3037, 3074, 49 1067 (1976) (WHITE, dissenting). Rather, "operates created remedy designed safeguard generally through effect, rather than personal right party aggrieved.' 348, 620. 10 As remedial device, properly restricted those situations effectively advanced. Thus, circumstances, examined achieved, weighed likelihood deterrence withholding reliable information truth-seeking process. See, e.g., Janis, 433, 454, 3021, 3032, 1046 (evidence federal civil outweigh societal imposed exclusion); 351-352, 621-622 contravention grand jury proceedings minimal advance misconduct expense impeding role jury). 11 applied whose magistrate even though defective. factors, sound reason means judicial responsible issuing warrants. First, historically "to punish errors judges magistrates." 916, 3417. Second, "no suggesting magistrates lawlessness among actors requires extreme sanction exclusion." Ibid. Third, importance "for believing judge magistrate." explained: "Judges adjuncts team; officers, they stake outcome prosecutions." 917, threat improperly warrants, defective sufficient inform error made. 12 context alter behavior officers. prior cases, that, violating suppressed "only can said knowledge, Amendment." Peltier, 422 531, 542, 95 2313, 2320, 45 374 (1975); Tucker, 417 447, 2357, 2365, 41 182 Where explained 13 '[e]xcluding ends appreciable way; painfully apparent . circumstances. Excluding way affect unless him less willing do duty.' 920, 3420, 539-540, 3073 14 Leon particularly absent officer, objective faith, within scope. "In most illegality thus nothing deter." 920-921, 3419. determine cause exists issue and, ordinary case, determination. sole obtaining carry out officer. 921, B 15 approach equally applicable actions warrant. Unless excluding fulfilled To paraphrase Court's comment Leon: "Penalizing [legislature's] error, own, logically contribute violations." Ibid.7 16 Any difference between our therefore, rest legislators. two groups serve different functions justice system, differences controlling purposes initial matter aimed like Moreover, extent we inquiry, set legislators "are "neutral officers," magistrates, id., 3417, "adjuncts team." system laws establishing perpetuating system. order fulfill responsibility, legislators' deliberations necessity significantly hurried "engaged often competitive enterprise ferreting crime." Johnson 333 10, 14, 68 367, 369, 92 436 (1948). Before office, take oath Constitution. Const., Art. VI, cl. 3. Indeed, according presumption validity, courts presume manner. McDonald Board Election Comm'rs 394 802, 808-809, 1404, 1408-1409, 22 739 (1969); N. Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction § 2.01 (4th ed. 1985). 17 Congress enacted permitting violative Legislatures confined efforts specific categories businesses regulation, resulting constitutional. (1981); Biswell, 406 311, 1593, 32 87 (1972); Colonnade Catering Corp. 397 72, 90 774, 25 60 (1970); Jamieson-McKames Pharmaceuticals, 651 532 (CA8 1981), cert. denied, 455 1016, 102 1709, 72 133 (1982); W. LaFave, Search Seizure 10.2, pp. 132-134, n. 89.1 (Supp.1986) (collecting cases). oaths "lawlessness 18 conclude respects next inquiry necessitated "have effect," ibid., enacting offered us believe broad, investigations. logical assume Invalidating informs affects subsequent results legislature's modified version happened very indicate invalidity significant, additional deterrent.8 provide "substantial rule." 907, 3412.9 indulge weighing, convinced unjustified. 19 result entire industry citizens, while issuance person. This distinction examine "weighing benefits," simple tip balance advanced way.10 20 choose contest validity unable evade review. explicitly adopted "preclude review seizure" lose incentive litigate claims. "the magnitude conferred successful [suppression] makes unlikely litigation colorable substantially diminished." 924, 25, 3421, effort defendant unlike subject course followed respect Several brought declaratory suit challenging Code (1981), provision 585. Subsequent declaration, respondents, state-court trial, challenged 13-17.11 21 "good-faith" "where manner condemned Lo-Ji New York, 442 319 [99 2319, 920] (1979)," so facially deficient "that executing reasonably valid." 923, 3422. Similar constraints recognize today. Nor Cf. Harlow Fitzgerald, 457 800, 818, 2727, 2738, 73 396 (1982) ("[G]overnment performing discretionary functions, shielded liability damages insofar known"). emphasized standard reasonableness adopt one; turn subjective individual 919, 20, 3419, 20.12 III Applying principle enunciated necessarily reasonable.13 occasions, schemes authorized industries. (1981) (inspections underground surface mines Mine Safety Health Act 1977); (1972) firearms dealers Gun Control 1968); (1970) liquor 26 U.S.C. §§ 5146(b) 7606 (1964 ed.)). inspection program component regulation industries, acknowledged unannounced, inspections "if enforced effective." 316, 1596; decisions 23 "make clear determined regulatory presence sufficiently defined owner commercial property help aware periodic undertaken purposes." 600, 2539. 24 Donovan, pointed valid provide, "in warrant." Marshall Barlow's, 307, 98 1816, 56 305 (1978), sure, 8(a) Occupational 1970 invalid, partly "authority devolve[d] almost executive field, whom 323, 1825.14 contrast, 1977 tailored problems unsafe conditions pervasive checked Government "a predictable guided presence." 604, 2541. standards constitutionality, licensing helped "facilitate discovery prevention thefts." "reasonable adequately control parts." Circuit, used-car automotive-parts put notice entering field extensive regulation." F.2d, 1079. directed industry, effectiveness scheme. According failed pass muster solely Assuming, correct analysis, render unreasonable. day," seemed limit scope While circumscribe officers' important constitutionality,15 restrictions realized them.16 relied, appeared legitimately business.17 27 Accordingly, reversed, inconsistent opinion. 28 ordered. 29 dissenting. 30 I join O'CONNOR's find discuss holdings (1974), (1976), (1976). subscribe portion 31 STEVENS join, today extends grace period seizure legislation requirements impunity. rationale extension give independent defense departure precedent. respectfully dissent. 33 ante, ----, accurately summarizes Leon' holding: defective." reasoning supporting conclusion based factors: historic absence limitations, deters context. my view, rationales leads contrary 35 agree involved (repealed Ante, And, notes, 357, 13, correctness finding here. turns authority 36 Unlike powerful historical gathered Statutes core concern Framers repeatedly reaction ancient Parliament indiscriminate general writ assistance, Wm. III, c. 22, (1696), moving force behind Payton 445 573, 583-584, 21, 100 1371, 1378-1379, 63 639 (1980); Stanford Texas, 379 476, 481-482, 85 506, 509-510, 431 (1965); Boyd 116 616, 624-630, 524, 528-532, 746 (1886). James Otis' royal Superior Boston overreaching 1761: 37 ". dying oppose powers faculties God me, instruments slavery hand, villany other, assistance is. 39 power, places liberty every man hands petty 40 No Acts establish writ; words petition, void. constitution void." Works John Adams 523-525 (C. 1850). Paxton's Case, Quincy 51 (Mass.1761). Otis lost argued; won prevent later trial. But, history's vindicated Otis. authorize became embodied 42 Almost 150 years argument, excluded court. (1914). (1961), extended trials. has, course, Ybarra 444 85, 62 238 (1979) (statute detention being warrant); Torres Puerto Rico, 2425, luggage Rico); Almeida-Sanchez 413 266, 93 2535, 596 (1973) border areas); Sibron 392 40, 88 1889, 917 (1968) frisk suspicion danger); Berger 388 41, 1873, 1040 (1967) (permissive eavesdrop statute). itself "legislative sanction." supra, 394, 345. 43 face purport disturb rulings. 'Those which, own terms, satisfy traditional probable-cause Amendment.' 39, 2633. principles announced cases fully consistent here." 912, 8, 3414, 8. short, both history interpretations 20th-century equivalent assistance. 44 supplies demanded proposition actors, pose values have, occasion, adhere cited illustrate. noted, suggests abuse precisely evil eliminate. stark fear posed serious values. point denouncing Parliament: place, please your Honors, admit writs kind legal; is, special writs, houses, &c. specially forth writ, Exchequer home, Lord Treasurer asks suspects goods concealed desires 524 46 drawn legislator sound. particularized, specific, nonpolitical. authorization threaten everyone, authorizes single Act, other sweeps broadly, whole classes particularized showing. time; thousands millions more one. Certainly poses greater liberty. 47 tradition independence concluding until presented contrary, relatively opportunity 3418. facilitate enforcement. times proved unpopular; measure Framers' majority expedient compromise Constitution itself. Bram 168 532, 544, 183, 187, 568 (1897). virtue political subjected pressures 48 Finally, disagree rule" "The inevitable Constitution's prohibition seizures requirement shall obey strictures catch fewer criminals." Stewart, 83 Colum.L.Rev. 1365, 1393 (1983). Providing freely perform convict otherwise escaped creates positive promulgate 392-393, 344. heartily ordinarily seriously uphold proper constitutional, yield temptation exception. none rationales, supports History ought legislatively experience provides conceding value arguable, am unwilling abandon precedent favor suppression. And willing, still adopts difficult administer anomolous. 50 unclear. (1982)." think errs importing "clearly law" test into area, know. instructs rely Each fact-specific, self-terminating episode. Courts need inquire understanding except instance rely. today, what know evolving legal rules, become "clearly" process long, tedious, uncertain day. certiorari York Burger, 479 482, 61, (1986). six events remains fair ground litigation. Nothing justifies extraordinary length act. difficulties violates substantial. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise 27:24, 130 (2d 1984) ("The [Davis Scherer, 3012, 139 (1984) ] relates locating line rights. assigning task drawing attempting impossible. abstract becomes unclear variable imperfectly understood facts ."). outside dubious. fairness defendant, well policy, dictates government suits arguable violations. 807, 2732, (citing Butz Economou, 438 478, 2894, 2910, 57 895 (1978)). But illegally implicate concern. 52 angles, odds, Griffith Kentucky, 314, 708, 649 (1987). Griffith, "basic norms adjudication" similarly situated defendants, 322, 713, retroactive yet having reached final, unappealable, judgment. retroactively debate Members years, 320-326, ---- - never doubt parties Stovall Denno, 293, 301, 1967, 1972, 1199 (1967). novelty taken illustrated effective done past, divorces right. 905-908, 3411-3413. "judicially aggrieved." 620, available instances implicated. (barring habeas corpus claims); (no States). Nevertheless, failure destroys whatever adjudication," require, surely mandate appearing conceivably favor. attempts carve proviso laws." "wholly abandoned" obligation Whatever exception, deny realistic possibility chill fall development governing 53 For reasons, Paragraph 5-401 compilation repealed 1983 Ill. Laws 83-1473, 2, Jan. 1, 1985. Its current replacement bears same paragraph number. Citations transcript refer Sept. hearing County. Record 24. consented That now Following Legislature timing, frequency, duration 1982 82-984, codified, amended, 5-403 supra. appeal, address earlier satisfied 1072, 1075 listed Lucas. 29; bypassed intermediate appellate appealed Rule 603. out: "One demonstrate inadequate presentations 'magistrate shopping' promotes 918, dismissed speculative, modify exist relies existing preinspection action, comparable possible, perhaps, possessed zeal unconstitutionally restrictive deterred declare fervor, disregard Constitution, preclude introduction prosecutions. equal importance, just magistrates' "rubber stamps police" problem major proportions, duties indifference enact. empirical ever undermine assumption, conclusions revised accordingly. 927-928, 3422-3423 (concurring opinion). "An objectionable collateral consequence interference system's truth-finding function guilty go free receive reduced sentences favorable plea bargains." 3413. true warrants few persons. example, controversial Aguilar 378 108, 84 1509, 723 (1964), Gates, 462 213, 238, 11, 103 2317, 2332, 76 527 (1983), believed uncorroborated allegations basis. Until view adjusted systematic granting erroneous views Other plaintiffs grounds actions. California Restaurant Assn. Henning, 173 Cal.App.3d 1069, 219 Cal.Rptr. 630 (1985) (organization restaurant owners vesting Labor Commissioner subpoenas compelling production books records); Hawaii Psychiatric Soc. Ariyoshi, 1028 (Haw.1979) (action enjoin Medicaid providers); Bilbrey Brown, 738 1462 (CA9 (parents sought school board guidelines principal teacher unconstitutional); Mid-Atlantic Accessories Trade Maryland, 500 834, 848-849 (Md.1980) (challenging Maryland Drug Paraphernalia provisions). dissent takes successfully denied Post, 368-369. recognizes, identical Leon. offers why challenges Instead, above, rested existence "substantive-procedural dichotomy," derive (1979). 708 deciding decided drew defines crime, excluded. None distinction, addressed evaluated statutes, allowed arriving airport pier Amendment); (search Border Patrol distance" border, distance air miles, court-ordered eavesdropping Amendment). suspicion" engaged activity cause). distinguish offenses either situation, merely carrying responsibilities implementing Similarly, exclude regardless characterized "substantive" "procedural." was, fact, us. concerned apparently junkyards 86-80, granted, 812, expressly limited Barlow's Act. "reasonableness depend needs privacy guarantees each statute," "apply regulations Colonnade-Biswell apply." 321, 1825. incorporated following: (1) initiated conducted; (2) last hours; (3) representative entitled inspection; (4) location 6-month response complaints about year half Indiana businesses, include discretion. Tindell, 272 Ind. 479, 399 (1980). constitutes alternative suppressing recognize, do, observed, authority. brief commented "[McNally's] examining inventory Metal Company." Brief Appellant 60629 (Sup.Ct.Ill.), 26. reference discussion authority; affirmed it. anticipate remand definitive preserved objection so, interpreted At juncture, decline invitation erroneously, believes Not premature, follow inexorably today's decision. clear, depends influence. answer albeit context, concededly

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