Document: 408 U.S. 204 92 S.Ct. 2308 33 L.Ed.2d 293 Vincent R. MANCUSI, Correctional Superintendent, Petitioner,v.William C. STUBBS. No. 71—237. Argued April 17, 1972. Decided June 26, Syllabus New York State sentenced respondent as a second offender, based on his 1964 felony conviction in Tennessee. Respondent's petition for federal habeas corpus, denied by the District Court, was granted Court of Appeals, which concluded that Tennessee violated Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment right to confront witnesses thus not available predicate 'second offender' stiffer punishment. The then resentenced same sentence, upon still another Texas. Held: 1. State's resentencing did moot instant case since respondent's appeal involving validity Texas is state courts, therefore has present interest availability Pp. 205—207. 2. Upon discovering witness had removed himself permanently foreign country, powerless compel attendance at trial, either through its own process or established procedures depending voluntary assistance government; resultant unavailability sufficiently strong warrant corpus court's upsetting determination available. Barber v. Page, 390 719, 88 1318, 20 255, distinguished. 207—213. 3. Where bona fide unavailable, requirements Confrontation Clause are met when prior-recorded testimony admitted, occurred if prior bears 'indicia reliability' would afford 'the trier fact satisfactory basis evaluating truth statement.' Dutton Evans, 400 74, 89, 91 210, 27 213. 213—216. 442 F.2d 561, reversed. Maria L. Marcus, City, petitioner. Bruce K. Carpenter, Buffalo, N.Y., respondent. Mr. Justice REHNQUIST delivered opinion Court. 1 Respondent Stubbs convicted court offender under laws reason murder obtained 1964. He thereafter sought claiming violation against him, could be used but Appeals reversed, 561 (CA2 1971). We certiorari, 404 1014, 671, 30 661 reverse reasons hereinafter stated. 2 * Prior our consideration merits it necessary deal with suggestion because petitioner seek stay mandate rather obeyed Stubbs, this moot. parties agreed oral argument received However, he appealing from sentence grounds constitutionally infirm, run course even courts. 3 Until can said certainty courts may validly resentence term they imposed decision now review here, continues have an support second-offender sentencing Petitioner's obedience judgment does case.1 In Bakery Sales Drivers Local Union Wagshal, 333 437, 68 630, L.Ed. 792 (1948), union appealed injunction issued United States ground been provisions Norris-LaGuardia Act. Dealing 'preliminary claim' mootness case, said: 4 'The claim also affidavit stating after dismissal lifted boycott. Since record show pending action we must assume union's merely here review. turn merits.' U.S., 442, S.Ct., 633. 5 Much earlier stated similar view these circumstances: 6 'There no question debtor whom money recovered pay bring writ error it, reversed recover back money. And defendant ejectment error, failing give supersedeas bond, submit giving possession land, recover, reverses judgment, means restitution. both cases mrely submitted perform court, thereby lost reversal appeal.' Dakota County Glidden, 113 222, 224, 428, 429, 28 981 (1885). 7 Under authorities moot, merits. II 8 July 1954, trial first degree, assault intent murder, two counts kidnaping. jury impaneled evidence presented respondent, few days release penitentiary kidnaped Mrs. Alex Holm forced them gunpoint accompany him their car. drove car sat front seat, while Holms seat. testified somewhere east Blountville, Tennessee, without saying anything, shot twice head killed Holm. left car, ride hitchhiker, ultimately arrested roadblock. At time arrest, explained blood clothing having resulted fallen off cliff fishing. 9 took stand defense, admitted gunpoint, Holms' intervals pointed gun Holm's face. during apologized forcing ride; assured let out Bristol, cause any trouble; laid pistol seat near Tennessee: 10 'It seems awful strange, everything just seemed I remember tree come up like clear focus, reddish haze. mean there pain nothing. . felt sharp seem start my go all way down me reached hands heard loud roar, bang Stuff started running face shirt think got gun. went outside door. .' After that, testified, 'everything black.' 11 Nine years Middle 12 successfully urged contention effective counsel 1954 appointed only four before place. Bomar, Civil Action 3585 (MD Tenn.1964). elected retry so By Holm, who born Sweden become naturalized American citizen, returned taken permanent residence there. subpoena sent attempt serve last known address. No service obtained, called son elicited father resided Sweden. Over appropriate objection constitutional grounds, judge permitted read jury. again stand, recited version events, convicted. This due affirmed Supreme State, 216 Tenn. 567, 393 S.W.2d 150 (1965). 13 challenged retrial infirm sustained contention, relying Court's 255 (1968). 14 Barber, prospective prosecution Oklahoma incarcerated prison 15 'We made absolutely effort obtain presence Woods other than ascertain Oklahoma. It acknowledged various commentators heretofore assumed mere absence jurisdiction sufficient dispensing confrontation theory 'it impossible attendance, force jurisdiction, party desiring helpless.' Wigmore, Evidence § 1404 (3d ed. 1940). 16 'Whatever accuracy one time, increased cooperation between themselves Federal Government largely deprived continuing criminal law. For example, currently custody, U.S.C. 2241(c)(5) gives power issue writs ad testificandum request prosecutorial authorities. (Citations omitted.) addition, policy Bureau Prisons permit prisoners testify proceedings pursuant 17 'In avail above alternative seeking secure Woods' petitioner's trial.' (Footnotes Id., 723—724, 1321. 18 Because use methods considering whether preliminary hearing subject cross-examination. 19 'Moreover, reach result facts actually cross-examined hearing. See Motes States, 178 458, 993, 44 1150 (1900). basically right. includes opportunity cross-examine occasion weigh demeanor witness. A ordinarily much less searching exploration into simply function more limited determining probable exists hold accused trial. While some justification holding cross-examination satisfies demands clause where shown not, out, such case.' 725—726, 1322. course, absent Tennessee; resident argues might attempting invoke 1783(a), provided relevant that: 21 'A subpoena, appearance citizen beyond whose proceeding desired Attorney General. (1958 ed.) (Emphasis supplied.) 22 cited authority applying section certainly statute appear designed purpose.2 23 Uniform Act testificandum, practice honor supported conclusion obligations make good-faith showing boundaries prosecuting State. There been, however, corresponding developments area obtaining country nations. nation, far shows, government. Cf. People Trunnell, Cal.App.3d 96 Cal.Rptr. 810 (1971). stronger warranted unavailability. Before Stubbs' infringed, adequacy examination consideration. 24 addition recent decisions dealt length California Green, 399 149, 90 1930, 26 489 (1970), 213 (1970). focus concern insure 'are indicia reliability widely viewed determinative statement placed though declarant,' supra, 220 'afford statement,' 161, 1936. statements, numerous unavailable bear referred Dutton. 25 least Mattox 156 237, 337, 39 409 (1895), admissible cases. circumstances surrounding were significantly conducive assurance those supra. serious merits, conducted jury, magistrate.3 represented effectively witnesses. urges itself overturned finding ineffective counsel, necessarily likewise fell short standards. rested apparent per se rule conclusively presumed interval counsel's appointment date If rendered Chambers Maroney, 42, 1975, 419 disapproved rule, addressed effectiveness But do so. When affirming expressly determined adequate. Whatever circumstances, bound res judicata Bomar efficacy contends binding subsequent review, requires inadequate. Counsel list questions asked With exception directed events leading shooting. Though haec verba nonetheless adverted defense will ever develop precisely lines inquiry frame exactly words another, proffer new material line touched conclusion, part, questioned about although originally later became effect guest. Parts Second Circuit thought significant fired accidentally, found guilty unless kidnaping ended. theory, trip transmogrified kidnaper guest, ended shooting strengthened given notion. 29 charge convict Felony death occurring Its authorized premeditated commission robbery.4 failure elicit views guest turned Holm—however interesting hear—could prejudiced deliberate judge's charge. adequate availed opportunity, transcript bore afforded "the statement," 220. consistently requirement Clause, was, therefore, permitting infirmity resulting prevent offender. 31 Reversed. 32 MARSHALL, dissenting. dismiss improvidently granted. below concerns conviction. relied multiple 1966 offense. conceded argument, whatever For, held defective, substituted conviction, reinstated enhanced previously imposed.1 34 nevertheless adjudication rely separate factors. First, event case—the resentencing—was adverse below, cannot controversy. And, second, prove defective matter law, future wish again, should defects own. 35 proposition falls wide mark case. well unsuccessful litigant complying unfavorable disposition appeal. Thus, paying pendente lite. enjoined boycotting striking particular store, lifting boycott strike (1948). principle protect goes what required obtains relief prohibited him. entering compromise settlement debt. 224—227, 429 430. employees store employment elsewhere. 36 within Drivers, abandoned, temporarily, impose recidivist below. below; complete substitute here.2 reversing already obtained. 37 offers disregard perhaps independent first. invalid proceedings, revive rests estimate controversy gave rise litigation substantial probability recurring. That analysis carry considerable weight, applied uniformly regularly refused adjudicate claims litigants argue illegal probably harm future. E.g., Socialist Labor Party Gilligan, 406 583, 1716, 317 (1972); SEC Medical Committee, 403, 577, 560 (1972).3 Moreover, find recur presuming invalid. Such presumption flies convictions valid.4 betrays surprising lack confidence processes record. 38 possibility revived too remote speculative keep alive precedents. invoking discretionary certiorari reaches decide well. 40 principal witness, appear. Instead, introduced previous wholly today concludes deny 'to confronted him,' guaranteed Amendments. To result, distinguishes (1968), untenable utterly ignores rationale. 41 prison. consistent requirements, lieu conditions met: (1) (2) adequately neither condition met; failed hence unavailable; moreover, pre-trial 42 purports apply two-part test devotes space part test, analyzing concluding greater Barber. distinction purpose tenable, view, peculiar somewhat troublesome. fails totally explain how satisfied here. On question, say: unavailability.' 43 difficulty position never factual Rather, bare lives enough compulsory process, 574—575, 150, 153—154 (1965), dissenting 565 Apparently takes view. Page squarely rejected obliged appearance, refusal equivalent asking receiving rebuff." 724, 1322, quoting 381 479, 481 (CA10 1966) (Aldrich, J., dissenting). As Barber: short, 'unavailable' purposes foregoing 724—725, 45 seeks distinguish prisoner, power. Here, hand, argued help. analysis, place reliance statutory citizens living abroad, apparently 25, 1948, c. 646, 62 Stat. 949, 1783 ed.). rest very significance. three months Congress amended provide: 46 order issuance requiring person body designated national ..' Oct. 3, 1964, Pub.L.No. 88—619, 10(a), 78 997 (emphasis added). 47 October then, appears assist securing trials date, control. 48 agree, nor relieved obligation presence. reduced likelihood succeed. hardly framed terms 'good-faith effort' success guaranteed. If, difficult produce justify witness; try. minimum, notified scheduled, invited expense. Beyond offered expenses. Finally, Swedish authorities, international comity. 49 'so reveals, sole why (the witness) dispensed lightly.' 725, 50 respectfully dissent. 51 DOUGLAS joins Part opinion. dissent states controlled (1972). committee requested Dow Chemical committee's proposed resolution proxy annual meeting stockholders. initially request, thereupon invoked aid suit inclusion proposal. suit, succeeded agency's set aside Appeals. latter acceded request. accomplished ancillary SEC, compliance Chemical, anything judgment. rough parallel Committee if, ruling favor Governor pardon Stubbs. But, us now, (1885), Committee. amendment 1783, authorizing 'before by' sheds different light difference nature discussed Brennan's 196—199, 1955—1956, accord felony-murder provides: 'Every committed perpetration of, perpetrate, arson, rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, degree.' Code Ann. 39—2402. then-applicable statute, former N.Y.Penal Law 1941, trigger provisions, maximum sentence. subsequently law increase provide 70.10. underlying statute. 5.05. (1972), third litigant. see difference, party, lite order, long seeks. burning building surely fire lightning bolt, may, sanctions quite apart Indeed, closely analogous each conflict parties, alleged expected recur. allegation alive. Even pending, e.g., Bloch 226 185, 188 (CA9 1955), cert. denied, 350 948, 76 323, 100 826 (1956); Empire Packing Co., 174 16, (CA7), 337 959, 69 1534, 99 1758 (1949); Proposed Rules Courts 609(e) Advisory Committee's Note.

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