Document: 385 U.S. 263 87 S.Ct. 457 17 L.Ed.2d 351 UNITED STATES, Appellant,v.Anthony L. FABRIZIO. No. 47. Argued Nov. 7, 1966. Decided Dec. 12, Jerome I. Chapman, Washington, D.C., for appellant, pro hac vice, by special leave of Court. Mrs. Betty D. Friedlander, Waverly, N.Y., appellee. Joseph A. Millimet, Manchester, N.H., State New Hampshire, as amicus curiae, Mr. Justice HARLAN delivered the opinion 1 An indictment filed in United States District Court Western York charged appellee, Fabrizio, with knowingly carrying 'in interstate commerce from Keene, Hampshire to Elmira, York, * records, papers and writings, wit: 75 acknowledgements purchase a sweepstakes race be used, adapted, devised designed use, wagering pool respect sporting event, that is: sweepstake he then well knew; all violation Section 1953 Title 18, U.S.C.' That section provides pertinent part: 2 '(a) Whoever, except common carrier usual course its business, carries or sends foreign any record, paraphernalia, ticket, certificate, bills, slip, token, paper, writing, other device devised, use (a) bookmaking; (b) pools event; (c) numbers, policy, bolita, similar game shall fined not more than $10,000 imprisoned five years both. 3 '(b) This apply (1) parimutuel betting equipment, tickets where legally acquired, materials used at racetracks events connection which is legal under applicable law, (2) transportation placing bets wagers on event into such statutes State, (3) carriage newspaper publication.' 4 In response limited demand bill particulars Government stated only papers, writings issue were specified acknowledgments, no state law was charged. Appellee moved dismiss ground it did 'not set forth facts sufficient charge Defendant of' this statute. supporting affidavit three specific shortcomings claimed. first contended § intended reach activities organized crime those participating an illegal gambling lottery enterprise. Absent allegation class statute also deficient failure name 'illegal' pool, being Finally, urged acknowledgments 'to use' Sweepstakes impossible fact rested misinterpretation 'use' since valueless, need have been retained order collect sweepstakes. 5 The thereupon dismissed holding '(t)he does come within purpose disclosed legislative history Act.' brought case directly here provisions Criminal Appeals Act, 18 U.S.C. 3731. We noted probable jurisdiction, 383 904, 86 891, 15 661. Our function Act construction 'this liberty go beyond question correctness consider objections indictment. Government's appeal open whole case.' v. Borden Co., 308 188, 193, 60 182, 186, 84 L.Ed. 181. See Keitel, 211 370, 29 123, 53 230.1 For reasons follow, we reverse. 6 turn deficiencies alleged noting tracks language thus makes incumbent upon appellee demonstrate additional allegations claims necessary are required fulfill statutory purpose. may dispose quickly appellee's contention. 'Whoever, *' engages forbidden conduct. exempt carriers clear Congress painted broad brush, limit applicability respects companion legislation wished restrict provision given individuals, so language.2 A without definition covered group, would view it, might raise serious constitutional problems. Lanzetta Jersey, 306 451, 59 618, 83 888. And asserted restriction defeat one purposes aimed paraphernalia existing but essential creation activities. As hearings made clear, often fabricated transported persons engaged legitimate businesses.3 Since thwart movement accomplishment goal reaching 'whoever' carried commerce.4 7 Appellee's next contention, earnestly supported amicus, based reading intent. emphasizes congressional desire attack crime, served restrictions distribution materials. argues exemption 1953(b) certain enterprises 1953(a) limitation itself types favored reflect policy respecting individual policies these exemptions limitations merely indicative general policy. existence when passed necessarily exempted, said, rather wording. Government, hand, contends exceptions point up breadth had carefully examined approved exemption. 8 find contention keeping Act. Although least legalized time passed, certainly aware run governments countries, coverage 'unlawful' sponsors measure drafted limited.5 passing 1084 1952 exempted transmission information former latter 'unlawful activity.' Thus reasonable assume indication staterun if desired them. 9 Exemption principal 1953, aiding suppression contrary example, prohibits sale transfer paper purporting represent interest drawn without' regardless legality place drawing. N.Y.Const., Art. I, 9, N.Y. Penal Law, McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 40, §§ 1373, 1382. To allow lottery, state-operated not, flow freely significantly endanger It lotteries, introduced strengthen closing loopholes placed them narrow interpretation included France States, 164 676, 219, 41 595 Francis 188 375, 23 334, 47 508.6 anomalous hold meant bar themselves free circulation lottery. 10 final raises troublesome problem here. alleges knowing 'records, writings' activity. whether acknowledgment can be, was, trial presently before Wiesenfeld Warehouse 376 86, 91—92, 559, 563, 11 536, dealt defendant's claim him because his peculiar situation stating: 'Whatever truth claim, involves factual proof raised defensively merits. concerned relates sufficiency information, scope applied developed evidence adduced trial.' 12 Here, also, justifiably refuse However, operation Sweepstakes, while matter fact, disputed valid requirement 1953. considered Hvass, 355 570, 78 501, 496, determined district court rule 'law States' perjury inquire can, after issuance, Sweepstakes. 13 sold machine. customer writes address each ticket restricted purchasing himself.7 owner who has make purchase. completed held storage machine eventually acknowledgment, practically carbon copy ejected prize prizes paid person named But sense ordinary experience negative formalistic conclusion. serves significant psychological receipting assuring properly registered. Before fulfilled delivery remains writing used' sweepstakes.8 will prove out-of-state owners purchased their done through Fabrizio assured proper completion purchases. think comprehended terms power enact construed questioned 14 judgment reversed remanded further proceedings consistent opinion. ordered. Judgment directions. 16 STEWART, whom FORTAS joins, dissenting. me, key prohibition 'any *.' Hampshire's sweepstakes, machines, machines purchaser fills form provided address. After drawn, winners notified telegram. provide purchase, record transaction. eligible receive prize, retain present acknowledgment. contend federal another visit there, return home. argued visitor returns home receipt acknowledges personal way affects eligibility committed punishable imprisonment years.1 requires us branded felons many most thousands visitors there. I do believe unexpected result, abjectly literal approach could tolerate. No plausible construction, takes retaining antigambling undermined, opening growth racketeering. 19 apparently shares my concern overbroad some contentions. Court's stresses informed expects show records own purchases, deliver people whose behalf Hampshire. concludes: 'We 1953.' Ante, 271. agree conducting scheme substantiated charge, validly convicted case, 'used, adapted they serve role providing ultimate purchasers against agent behalf. effect extending sales across lines, undermine fertile opportunities racketeers.2 20 must emphatically disagree conclusion 'such transport 'acknowledgements Hampshire' recited 1953.3 furnished that, insofar relevant, simply reiterated bare lines.4 These charges consonant theory prohibited, even solely carrier's statute, along embodied rejected court. 21 appears concede, although altogether shown participated selling chances outside hint particulars. fell far short established specify elements offense apprise defendant prepared meet. Russell 369 749, 760—772, 82 1038, 1045, 1051, 240, cases discussed therein. entitled enlarge now revamping prosecution making new cannot remedy retroactively it. 22 long ago notion 'it lies province change charging part suit notions what ought been, grand jury probably attention called suggested changes Ex parte Bain, 121 1, 10, 781, 786, 30 849. Stirone 361 212, 80 270, 252; 770—771, 1050, 240. Bain observed, 'Any doctrine rights citizen mercy control prosecuting attorney 13, 787. today ignores principles, allows tried committing. reasons, respectfully dissent. pleading issue, Gilliland, 312 61 518, 85 598, nor questions relating us. Comyns, 248 349, 353, 39 98, 99, 63 287. Of remand remain unaffected anything decided today. 'being business wagering.' Hearings H.R. 468 Subcommittee House Committee Judiciary, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 261 (testimony Stinson American Totalisator Co.); S. 1653 Senate pp. Jacobs Jennings & Co.), 25 Nelson Bally Manufacturing Co.). See, e.g., 468, supra, n. 3, 26, Attorney General primary assist local enforcement laws pertaining like offenses: S.Rep. 589, 2, 'on paraphernalia' would, amendment, shipment equipment concerns. During Assistant Miller, representing Department Justice, specifically asked law. He unequivocally replied: 'No sir. proviso position devices should barred commerce.' 1653, note 294. studying Miller equally explicit. Irish soon declared arose 352. H.R.Rep. 968, 2—3, U.S.Code Cong. Admin. News 1961, 2634; 107 Cong.Rec. 13902 (remarks Senator Eastland). Commission, Program 5—8. colloquy between Senators Keating Kefauver reported 293—294 3. There distinguished exhausted losing horse race, yet exhausted. 'shall both.' enacted legislation, N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. 284:21—o, deter seek profit scheme: 'Purchase Tickets Fee Prohibited. engage offering for, of, fee service cost registered thereof greater price commission authority subdivision. Whoever violates hundred dollars, year, recites, full: 'The Grand Jury charges: about 24th day August, 1964, ANTHONY FABRIZIO, carry failed offense, stated: 'It claimed T. Code, written First Race September, 1964.'

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