Document: 342 U.S. 36 72 S.Ct. 97 96 L.Ed. 48 UNITED STATESv.CARIGNAN. No. 5. Argued Oct. 8, 1951. Decided Nov. 13, Mr. Philip Elman, Washington, D.C., for petitioner. Harold J. Butcher, Anchorage, Alaska, respondent. Justice REED delivered the opinion of Court. 1 Respondent Carignan was convicted in District Court Territory Alaska first degree murder attempting to perpetrate a rape. Compiled Laws Annotated, 1949, § 65—4—1. He sentenced death. The conviction reversed by United States Appeals Ninth Circuit. v. States, 185 F.2d 954. sole ground reversal admission confession obtained manner held be contrary principles expounded this McNabb 318 332, 63 608, 87 819, and Upshaw 335 410, 69 170, 93 100. 2 case is here on writ certiorari granted petition Government. 341 934, 71 853, 95 1363. question presented whether it error admit at trial respondent's murder. inadmissible because given before arrest, indictment, or commitment charge. after respondent had been duly committed jail, Rule 5, Federal Rules Criminal Procedure, 18 U.S.C.A., under warrant which charged that he had, time six weeks murder, perpetrated an assault with intent 3 advances three additional issues support besides above point detention. First. Error, argued, court admitting secret interrogation psychological pressure police officers. Second. Further error, said, followed from failure submit jury, as fact, voluntary involuntary character confession. Third. Error occurred when refused permit take stand testify absence jury facts believed indicate confession.1 4 concedes regard third issue better practice, admissibility issue, judge hear defendant's offered testimony surrounding facts. Therefore, Government makes no objection ground. We think clear defendant entitled such opportunity testify. An inadmissible. Wilson 162 613, 623, 16 895, 899, 40 1090. Such evidence would pertinent inquiry might material determinative. refusal reversible error. As necessary new examination into confession, there need now pursue record second brought forward respondent, except say giving do not necessarily establish coercion, physical psychological, so render will determine necessity instructions weight accorded if admitted evidence. Cf. Lustig, Cir., 163 85, 88—89; 338, note 612, 819. So long coercive methods threats inducements confess are employed, constitutional requirements forbid private those lawful custody use information voluntarily given.2 5 following summary uncontradicted discloses circumstances leading detained Anchorage connection subsequent about 11 a.m., Friday, September 16, 1949. identified line-up victim, confessed assault. Around p.m. same day arrested His charge took place 6 During between his detention assault, questioned basis review. A witness who seen man involved victim together scene crime station during time. From picked out one appearing person saw occasion. did give any activities committed. 7 night lodged city jail. next morning, Saturday, Herring, Marshal, undertook earlier No appears violence, persistent questioning, deprivation food rest. told have make statement, promises could made him way another. There were pictures Christ various saints walls office conversation occurred. Marshal evidently suggested Maker more truth crime. also shows he, orphan asylum youth, Carignan. On request priest called. accused talked alone some later statement. After return jail left undisturbed. 8 Sunday questioned, Monday morning again grand room courthouse. Upon Marshal's statement make, answered but wished see first. 9 talking time, gave written noncommittal Two other officers then perhaps rather talk alone. They withdrew. Craignan, response inquiry, around twenty-seven years 'there hanging, what happen I couldn't promise anyone else.' McNeil Island, location nearest federal penitentiary, reply Carignan's, 'had known men learned trade something their lives.' few moments' further completed put It killing. 10 Whether confessions excluded criminal trials violation Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination,3 rule forced untrustworthy,4 these bar matter law. test accused's courts has 'freely, voluntarily, without compulsion inducement sort.'5 However, recent enforced judicially created evidence, label 'McNabb rule' applied, shall 'illegal due promptly carry prisoner committing magistrate, 'confession result torture, psychological".6 Violation rule, view Appeals, assertedly caused reverse conviction.7 Our problem review covers or, not, should extended By Mitchell, 322 65, 70—71, 64 896, 898, 88 1140, decided intended penalty sanction R.S.D.C. 397, statute. conclusion applies Procedure.8 This Alaska. 54(a). See 411, Mitchell's commitment, illegally prolonged, elicited 'through illegality.' admission, therefore, 'use fruits wrongdoing its officers.' supra, 413, 172.9 12 stated thus: '* * illegal *." page 172, 13 One cannot justifies characterization unlawful does apply terms, neither nor made. detention, legal. Further, than strong suspicion murderer. That arose doubtful identification passing resembling similarity assault.10 hardly expected uncertainties investigation. falls outside reason i.e., abolish thought improper benefit commissioner. 5(b), 8. 414, 172; 344, 614. received 14 Another extension accentuate shift voluntariness legality arrest restraint. Complete afforded civil rights must disregarded upon proof voluntary. just merciful preserves society alike. sacrifice justice sentimentality. mechanical based helpful addition rules decline extend fixed exclusion statements wardens concerning crimes while prisoners legally charges. 15 decision modified and, opinion, judgment affirmed. MINTON part consideration case. 17 DOUGLAS, whom BLACK FRANKFURTER join, concurring. agree properly set aside. But my strikes deeper rests opinion. time-honored obtaining accused. arraignment, we dealt Then exclusive control police, subject mercy, beyond reach counsel friends. What happens behind doors opened closed discretion black chapter every country—the free well despotic, modern ancient. In tried rid system breeding grounds coerced confessions. 19 method (often minor one) investigating wholly different easy short cut police. How convenient vehicle investigation! can access night. Arraignment gives protection. pretense used device breaking long, relentless, repeated questionings, abhorrent. disreputable practice honeycombed municipal country.* perversion 'legal' 20 propose would, course, reduce 'efficiency' prohibition confessions, right bail, trial, most our procedural safeguards. country, however, early choice—that dignity privacy individual worth all-powerful 21 framing courts. drawn light particular reflects. Hence, fact arraigned easily conceived immaterial. announce today means Therein lies vice. confesion violates Amendment. Since controversy below, they available affirmance Appeals. Langnes Green, 282 531, 535, 538, 51 243, 244, 245, 246, 75 520; Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 304, 330, 57 216, 225, 81 255. Ziang Sung Wan 266 1, 14, 45 3, 131; Lisenba People State California, 314 219, 239, 62 280, 291, 86 166; 346, 615, Hardy 186 224, 228, 22 889, 890, 46 1137. Bram 168 532, 542, 183, 186, 42 568; Powers 223 303, 313, 32 281, 283, 56 448. Wigmore, Evidence (1940 ed.), 822. 131. 100; 954: 'Healy, Circuit Judge: 'What decide outlined bring within spirit holding decision, 100, *.4 'In writer approaching pressure, unmixed deceit, contributed extraction majority possible aspect reverse.' 958. Bone, 'However, emphasize concurrence solely appellant prior being interrogated making convinces me freely product form vitiate it.' 961. Pope, Judge, dissenting, 962. Procedure: 'Rule Proceedings Commissioner— '(a) Appearance Commissioner. officer issued complaint unnecessary delay commissioner nearby empowered commit persons offenses laws States. When officer, filed forthwith. '(b) Statement inform him, retain preliminary examination. required may him. allow reasonable consult bail provided rules.' Mitchell minutes two policemen jailed housebreaking larceny. For purpose aiding clearing up series housebreakings, appearance postponed eight days. weakness shown record. 'Q. Now, Keith, you called identify resembled saw, male grass night? A. taken viewed line-up. Do recall how many line-up? either four five, don't exactly recollect. Did pick appeared occasion? did. courtroom resembles party question? do. Will out? over there.' R. 120—121. able remember recognize person? positively swear person.' 128. park grass? difficulty recognizing time? Well, no. looking nearer like seen.' 130. See, example, 29 City Club Bulletin Portland, Oregon, 7, June 18, 1948.

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