Document: 65 L.Ed.2d 468 100 S.Ct. 2439 447 U.S. 727 UNITED STATES, Petitioner,v.Jack PAYNER. No. 78-1729. Argued Feb. 20, 1980. Decided June 23, Rehearing Denied Aug. 11, See 448 911, 101 25. Syllabus At respondent's nonjury trial for falsifying a federal income tax return by denying that he maintained foreign bank account, respondent moved to suppress loan guarantee agreement in which pledged the funds account as security. The District Court found guilty on basis of all evidence, but then (1) Government had discovered result flagrantly illegal search officer's briefcase, (2) suppressed Government's evidence except and related testimony, (3) set aside conviction failure demonstrate knowing falsification. court held, inter alia, that, although did not violate Fourth Amendment rights, inherent supervisory power courts required it exclude tainted search. Appeals affirmed. Held: 1. Respondent lacks standing under documents illegally seized from officer. A defendant's rights are violated only when challenged conduct invaded his legitimate expectation privacy rather than third party, possessed no interest this case. Cf. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 128, 99 421, 58 387; United States Miller, 425 435, 96 1619, 48 71. Pp. 731-733. 2. does authorize otherwise admissible ground was unlawfully party before court. Under Amendment, deterring searches justify exclusion at instance who victim practices. And values assigned competing furnishing trier fact with relevant do change because has elected analyze question instead Amendment. Such extend so far confer judiciary discretionary disregard considered limitations law is charged enforcing. 733-737. 590 F.2d 206 (6th Cir.), reversed. Sol. Gen. Wade H. McCree, Jr., Washington, D.C., petitioner. Bennet Kleinman, Cleveland, Ohio, respondent. Mr. Justice POWELL delivered opinion Court. 1 whether properly fruits an unlawful invade rights. 2 * Jack Payner indicted September 1976 charge 1972 violation 18 U.S.C. § 1001.1 indictment alleged denied maintaining time knew such Castle Bank Trust Company Nassau, Bahama Islands. case rested heavily dated April 28, 1972, security $100,000 loan. 3 waived right jury agreement. With consent parties, Northern Ohio took motion hearing consolidated merits. evidence. also found, however, exploiting occurred January 15, 1973. therefore "all introduced exception Payner's . testimony." 434 F.Supp. 113, 136 (D.C.Ohio 1977). As alone insufficient falsification, conviction.2 4 events leading up 1973 dispute. In 1965, Internal Revenue Service launched investigation into financial activities American citizens Bahamas. project, known "Operation Trade Winds," headquartered Jacksonville, Fla. Suspicion focused investigators learned suspected narcotics trafficker there. Special Agent Richard Jaffe Jacksonville office asked Norman Casper, private investigator occasional informant, learn what could about its depositors. To end, Casper cultivated friendship vice president Michael Wolstencroft. Wolstencroft Sybol Kennedy, former employee. When banker intended spend few days Miami 1973, devised scheme gain access records would be carrying briefcase. approved basic outline plan. 5 arrived 15 went directly Kennedy's apartment. 7:30 p. m., two left dinner Key Biscayne restaurant. Shortly thereafter, entered apartment using key supplied Kennedy. He removed briefcase Jaffe. While agent supervised copying approximately 400 taken "lookout" observed Kennedy dinner. observer notified pair restaurant, replaced. photographed evening included papers evidencing close working relationship between Perrine, Subpoenas issued Perrine ultimately uncovered issue 6 States, acting through Jaffe, "knowingly willfully participated seizure Wolstencroft's ." Id., 120. According court, "the affirmatively counsels agents limitation permits them purposefully unconstitutional one individual order obtain against parties 132-133. provided leads led discovery critical 123.3 Although impinge upon believed Due Process Clause Fifth "knowing purposeful bad faith hostility any person's fundamental constitutional rights." 129; see id., 133, 134-135. 7 Sixth Circuit affirmed brief endorsing Court's use power. Cir. 1979) (per curiam ). decide due process question. We granted certiorari, 444 822, 42, 62 28 (1979), we now reverse. II 8 This discussed doctrine "standing invoke [Fourth Amendment] exclusionary rule" some detail last Term. 138, 427-28, 387 (1978). reaffirmed established rule may unless finds or own 133-140, S.Ct., 425-429. See, e. g., Brown 411 223, 229-230, 93 1565, 1569-70, 36 208 (1973); Alderman 394 165, 171-172, 89 961, 965, 22 176 (1969); Simmons 390 377, 389, 88 967, 973, 19 1247 (1968). party. U.S., 143, 430; 149-152, 433-435 (POWELL, J., concurring); Combs 408 224, 227, 92 2284, 2286, 33 308 (1972); Mancusi DeForte, 392 364, 368, 2120, 2123, 20 1154 9 foregoing authorities establish, recognized, F.Supp., 126. disturb conclusion "Jack were Wolstencroft." Ibid.; F.2d, 207. Nor we. 71 (1976), depositor thus "protectable interest" copies checks deposit slips retained bank. 437, 1621; 442, 1623. Nothing record supports contrary case.4 10 believed, should gross illegalities infringe contends approach—as applied case—upsets careful balance interests embodied decisions view, extension enable exercise standardless discretion their application enforce agree Government. III 11 certainly can understand commendable desire deter deliberate intrusions persons unlikely become defendants criminal prosecution. 135. No condone possibly behavior those planned executed "briefcase caper."5 Indeed, replete denunciations lawless undertaken name enforcement. E. Jackson Denno, 378 386, 84 1774, 1785, 12 908 (1964); Olmstead 277 438, 485, 564, 575, 72 L.Ed. 944 (1928) (Brandeis, dissenting). But our cases show these unexceptional principles command every illegality. Instead, they must weighed considerable harm flow indiscriminate rule. Thus, "has been restricted areas where remedial objectives most efficaciously served." Calandra, 414 338, 348, 94 613, 620, 38 561 (1974). acknowledged suppression probative exacts costly toll ability ascertain truth 137-138, 427-28; Ceccolini, 435 268, 275-279, 98 1054, 1059-61, 55 268 (1978); Stone Powell, 428 465, 489-491, 3037, 3050-51, 49 1067 (1976); Michigan Tucker, 417 433, 450-451, 2357, 2367, 41 182 (1974).6 Our have consistently recognized unbending sanction ideals governmental rectitude impede unacceptably truth-finding functions judge jury. supra, 485-489, 3048-3050; 620. After all, defendant, constable, stands trial. 13 same societal risk defendant invokes party's caution even asserts rights.7 Caceres, 440 741, 754-757, 1465, 1473-74, 59 733 refused violations executive department's rules. Elkins 364 206, 216, 80 1437, 1443, 1669 (1960), called restrained 14 "[A]ny apparent discovering ought imposed considerations outweigh general need untrammeled disclosure competent justice." Ibid. Nardone 340, 60 266, 267, 307 (1939). 16 conclude beyond doubt 137, 427; 174-175, 966-67.8 either case, underlying detrimental impact excluding remain precisely same. 17 erred, therefore, concluded "society's [bad faith] outweigh[s] society's evidence." reasoning, affirmed, amounts substitution judgment controlling Court.9 Were accept power, hold far. Reversed. Chief BURGER, concurring. I join Payner—whose guilt doubt—cannot take advantage Wolstencroft, makes clear reason sound 21 Orderly government system separate powers calls internal self-restraint discipline each Branch; authority over operations Executive Branch, respect courts. fully inapplicable kind, read condoning IRS "private investigators" disclosed record, approval evidence-gathering methods. MARSHALL, whom BRENNAN BLACKMUN join, dissenting. 23 today holds unable prevent prosecution though obtained intentional satisfy requirement That holding effectively turns rules created assertions sword used permit deliberately another person. Unlike Court, believe protect integrity judicial misconduct. 24 facts more stated establish level misconduct sunk Operation Winds initiated (IRS) 1965 gather information Fla., office. It until late October informants, names addresses individuals accounts Bank. work soon thereafter. already acquaintance trust officer frequently visited detective worked Casper. early business trip him trip. Plans caper," it, began earnest. 25 details plan several occasions during week trip.1 told get needed supply photographic services. On specifically informed enter operation superior, Troy Register, Intelligence Division Jacksonville. Clearance obtained, proceed plan.2 following day if refer locksmith "trusted." gave referral.3 26 plans finalized arrival 15. couple eventually restaurant dinner.4 Using Kennedy,5 stole rendezvoused IRS-recommended parking lot five blocks apartment; made fit lock newly home agent. selected location photographing eight met there act haste.6 opened Jaffe's presence. photography expert documents.7 arranged watched date, lookout agent's finished copied, relocked returned entire "caper" lasted one-half hours. 27 stop point, however. During weeks, additional information. sent visit there, pursuant Casper's instructions, rolodex file turned testified cared how obtained.8 paid $8,000 cash services rendered obtaining turn $1,000 money her role caper" theft file. 29 revealed showed Florida resulted uncovering principal piece reluctantly9 powers. 30 findings concerning activities. agents, others, knowingly encouraged arrange offices Bank." 120-121 (ND 1977) (footnotes omitted). active participant admittedly engaged 121. officials involved compels materials toward strictures Constitution." 130 (footnote omitted) (emphasis original). actions "outrageous," ibid., "plotted, schemed acted contravention Constitution laws Florida, illegal." 31 disturbing finding manipulation requirements are, course, supposed uphold country. found: 32 "It evident including were, well aware who's [sic ] expectations subject search, cause incriminating parties. apprehend evaders, shares, real targets intrusion, acted, will future, according counsel. transacted 'briefcase caper' purposeful, like Payner." 131-133 findings. (CA6 purport aside. ante, 730-731, n. 3. cf. 733-734, 5. context bad-faith purpose Amendment—that considered. 34 exercised McNabb 318 332, 63 608, 87 819 (1943); Upshaw 335 410, 69 170, (1948); Mesarosh 352 1, 77 (1956); Mallory 354 449, 1356, 1479 (1957); (1960). Rea States,, 350 214, 76 292, 233 (1956) (supervisory enjoin testifying state turning State seized). rationale twofold: officials, 342, 345, 347, 615, 616; 14, 8; 217, 222-223, 1444, 1446-1447. Mapp 367 643, 659-660, 81 1684, 1693-94, 1081 (1961) (Fourth Fourteenth Amendments); 422 590, 599-600, 95 2254, 2259-60, 45 416 (1975) Dunaway New York, 442 200, 218, 2248, 2259, 824 (1979) Amendments). particularly stressed becoming accomplices 615 ("Plainly, resting secured flagrant procedure Congress commanded cannot allowed stand without making themselves willful disobedience law"); (the "to waters justice polluted"); 1447 (federal "accomplices sworn uphold"). 35 perhaps best expressed Brandeis famous dissenting 471-485, 570-575, (1928): "Decency, liberty alike demand shall subjected commands citizen. laws, existence imperilled fails observe scrupulously. potent, omnipresent teacher. For good ill, teaches whole people example. Crime contagious. If becomes lawbreaker, breeds contempt law; invites man unto himself; anarchy. declare administration end justifies means—to commit crimes secure criminal—would bring terrible retribution. Against pernicious resolutely face." 575. 37 noted "a redress wrong aid unclean hands," 483, 574, keeping principle lend enforcement itself "Then despite wrong. maintain promote confidence justice; preserve contamination." 484, 574-575. 469-471, 569-70 (HOLMES, dissenting); 488, 576 (STONE, Lopez 373 427, 453, 3, 83 1381, 1395, 462 (1963) (BRENNAN, dissenting).10 emphasis derived factual contexts exercised. large part invoked faced conduct. "[t]he go free constable blundered," People Defore, 242 N.Y. 13, 21, 150 N.E. 585, 587 (1926). "blunder" all; rather, intentionally explicit 440, 1388 "manifestly improper officials"). product action, conviction, places imprimatur lawlessness thereby taints integrity. 39 present falls within category. establishes, decision Payner. agents—stealing opening inside—were both patently Wolstencroft11 plainly law.12 exactly wanted, stolen Similarly, wanted prosecute Payner, conscious forgo opportunity others.13 40 Since vindicate hard why bases analysis entirely point others. way benefit chose admitted Payner; very first place. permitted based almost fruits, given full effect wrongdoings indeed accomplice accessory after fact, nought. pollution permitted.14 chooses allow manipulate achieve ends. previously noted, counsel." 132-133 supplied). Whatever play, never choice sacrifice person another. 42 engraft onto puzzling runs major behind powers—to court—but appears render superfluous. proper, require rights,15 Constitution. approach totally unfaithful prior cases, which, suggestion, disguise. 43 assertion supervising "among bar," 735, 7, inapplicable. Clearly bar. Equally clearly, embarked pattern express gaining claim tangentially heart case; produced conduct, brought simply attempted "general Branch," 737 (BURGER, C. concurring). Rather, permitting agency proceeds committed—to convict 44 Contrary characterization, "indiscriminate" "unbending" "exclusion done resort," 134, 74. proper "purposefully illegal" "motivated right." 134-135 threshold met, addition absent deterrent continued facilitate types prosecutions.16 'chancellor's foot' veto [by Court] practices approve," Russell, 423, 1637, 366 Hampton 490, 1646, 1650, 113 (1976) (plurality opinion). my Brother occasion: "The sometimes sharply defined standard make judgments [of fairness] sufficient deny judiciary's warranted circumstances. despair appropriate identify standards police relying 'chancellor's' 'fastidious squeamishness sentimentalism.' " 495, 6, 1652 (concurring judgment). arrived, profiting affirm action powers.17 Accordingly, dissent. Title 1001 provides part: "Whoever, matter jurisdiction department false, fictitious fraudulent statements representations, fined $10,000 imprisoned years, both." unusual sequence rulings byproduct conducted initially failed suppress. dismissed appeal want jurisdiction, vacated granting verdict guilty. reinstated verdict. challenge procedures. argued independent untainted behavior. purposes opinion, point. persuaded suggestion Bahamian secrecy creates (1976). outset, secret regarding played 730. Even causal link established, merit. cites provision, 1909 Bah.Acts, ch. 4, longer effect. safeguarded Banks Act, Bah.Islands Rev.Laws, (1965), added, 65, "(1) Except performance duties Act lawfully Colony provisions law, disclose relating affairs customer acquired Act." Companies Regulation 64, 10, amended, 1968 34, 1969 1971 statute hardly blanket privacy. Its limited; hedged exceptions; directed construing terms. Moreover, depositors know country requires report relationships institutions. 1121; CFR 103.24 (1979). generally California Bankers Assn. Shultz, 59-63, 71-76, 1494, 812 lacked reasonable documented account. property remains value officers respect. flout escape unscathed." 175, (1969). note investigated improprieties record. Oversight Hearings Operations Subcommittee House Committee (Operation Tradewinds, Project Haven, Narcotics Traffickers Tax Program), 94th Cong., 1st Sess. (1975). result, Commissioner "called off" Winds. Tr. Oral Arg. 35. adopted guidelines instruct informants officer, notify authorities. IR Manual §§ 9373.3(3), 9373.4 (Manual Transmittal 9-21, Dec. 27, measures appear face less positive might expect upholding indicate disapproval implemented assume similar attention responsible dealt appropriately. highly penalize society unnecessarily. Kaufman 237-238, 1068, 1079-80, 227 (1969) (Black, Oaks, Studying Exclusionary Rule Search Seizure, U.Chi.L.Rev. 665, 736-746, 755-756 (1970). Federal circumstances "willful law." 1447, (1960); 216-217, 293-294, 1652, concurring authorizes Constitution, statute, merely supervise justice" among 612. preventing incrimination whose weakened destroyed. adhere judgment. convinced benefits extending other further encroachment public prosecuting accused crime having acquitted convicted exposes truth." 967. 488-489, 3049-50, dissent post, 746, urges differs focuses "need courts." relied rationale, serves "twofold" illegality protecting 744. recognizes, purposes. Ibid., citing, (1961). rule, defendant. Post, 747; 486, 3048; preserving outweighed presenting fact. paragraph, supra; also, 485-486, 3048. None cited dissent, 744-745, since none victims limit traditional scope way; nor "superfluous." 748. reject substitute doctrine. difficulty attends protections expressly declined consider Clause. outrageous offend 'canons decency fairness,' Rochin California, 342 169, 205, 208, 183 (1952), quoting Malinski 324 401, 417, 781, 789, 1029 (1945) (opinion Frankfurter, J.), come play activity violates protected defendant," 1650 blandly states "Agent plan," characterization misleading light text infra, advance helped arrangements recommending "trusted," providing safe convenient documents, photographer IRS. "[w]hatever knew, [Register] knew." 121, 40; 513. follows Court: "Q. Isn't you committing act, somebody trusted keep mouth shut it? "A. There possibility, yes. fact? Yes." 119, 20; 452-453. interesting "trusted" 451. referral locksmith. Brief 4. open then, logical alternatives locksmith: Either way, improper, yet anyway. couple's departure peculiarly produce witness explain absence trial, inferred testimony "would unfavorable delineating improprieties" caper." 22. disbelieved beforehand 40. supra. 120, 25; 494-496. previously, provide equipment. cameras "microfilmer" "much quicker" regular camera. camera "Casper back owner." 493-495. again shows improper. 34; 501. 124, 129, inexplicably ignores thrust implies served deterrence future 736. Deterrence situations, means one. conceded below violated. 502. 78-5278 (CA6), 20. 14; 39. agrees unconstitutional. Ante, 733. characterizes incident "possibly behavior," ibid. appeared constitute prima facie larceny well. 130, 66. act. stealing criminal. theft, 123, 56. 131-133, 69. 505. aiding abetting However, resident, answer indictment. mere steps indicting undermine finding, substantial target investigation. concession violated, successfully prosecuted charge. cure denounce IRS, 734, while rewarding manner suggest immediate 737, 9. powers, reach issue, ), purposely raise Pet. Cert. 13. out address footnote. addition, plurality purports cite raised able Sims Georgia, 389 404, 407, 523, 525, 634 (1967), sentence quoted 9, proposition argument. pp. 21-22; Reply 78-5278, 6. challenging apply settled therein. consideration remand. others exposed admits corrective "appear law," 733, violating time, 135, 79, deterred 133. argues 402 Rules Evidence stripped States. Appeals, argument relegated footnote, 41, 27. issue. discussion legislative history convince me Congress' intent attempt radical curtailment long-established judiciary. Jacobs, 547 772, 777 (CA2 1976), cert. dism'd improvidently granted, 436 31, 1873, 56 L.E.2d 53

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