Document: 370 U.S. 254 82 S.Ct. 1346 8 L.Ed.2d 474 DRAKE BAKERIES, INCORPORATED, Petitioner,v.LOCAL 50, AMERICAN BAKERY & CONFECTIONERY WORKERS INTERNATIONAL, AFL-CIO, etal. No. 598. Argued April 18, 1962. Decided June Robert Abelow, New York City, for petitioner. Howard N. Meyer, respondents. Mr. Justice WHITE delivered the opinion of Court. 1 The petitioning company brought this action damages in District Court under § 301(a) Taft-Hartley Act, 29 U.S.C.A. 185(a), alleging that respondent union had violated no-strike clause collective bargaining contract between and company. sole question case is whether was correct holding employer's claim an arbitrable matter ordering a stay pending completion arbitration. Appeals Second Circuit affirmed judgment by equally divided vote.1 This granted certiorari (368 975, 480, 7 437), set cause argument immediately following Atkinson v. Sinclair Refining Co., 238, 1318. 2 company's business baking selling cakes other bakery products. On December 16, 1959, notified its employees because Christmas Year's would fall on Fridays it desirable to have fresh products sell Mondays holidays, not work Thursdays before but Saturdays those holidays. Meetings 18 22 ensued, position being exercising management's prerogative rescheduling work, union's proposed schedule were obligated 26 or January 2. A compromise arrangement worked out 26, 80 190 reported day, sufficient number allow production proceed. Further conversations 28 fruitful, however, Saturday, 2, unable produce goods only work. promptly filed damage 4, 1960, instigated encouraged members strike report all violation contained contract. No answer has been affidavit support motion stated what contain specifically denied 3 As true Atkinson, supra, issue arbitrability courts be determined entered into parties. '* * (A) party cannot required submit arbitration any dispute which he agreed so submit.' United Steelworkers Warrior Gulf Nav. 363 574, 582, 1347, 1353, 4 1409. But here much different from agreement Atkinson. Under Article V2 contract: 'The parties agree they will attempt adjust complaints, disputes grievances arising them involving questions interpretation application covered act conduct relation hereto, directly indirectly.' broad language, indeed, procedure thereafter provided V does not, as did exclude claims complaints employer. It first instance represented committee shop chairman, employer manager. Failing adjustment at stage, submitted writing 'the claiming aggrieved party,' whereupon plant manager are reach satisfactory agreement. If reached within seven days time writing, either 'shall right refer *.' 5 stop with 'involving matter' procedures apply party, parties, indirectly. asserts there clause. therefore 'complaint' against concerning 'acts' 'conduct' union. There also involved 'dispute' company, denies all, precipitated strike, itself breached scheduling holidays.3 face easily reaches caused alleged 6 earnestly contends intended arbitrate fundamental breach contract, express inclusion suffice require appears more reasonable us expect such matter, if indeed basic excluded comprehensive language intended. In VII,4 contains provisions, prohibited strikes, insulated union, officers strikes authorize, that, even unauthorized disciplinary taken strikers. V, most appropriate point damages, do so. Instead, inclusive coverage left intact. Of significance certain events occurred August 1959. At took connection overtime Labeling 'overtime strike' 'breach contract,' wrote letter State Mediation Board saying arbitrator appointed requesting appointment 'determine suffered by' result strike. An award requested, injunctive relief continuance strike.5 appear, then, just four months earlier considered union-led arbitrated provisions contract.6 further violations clause, excused pursuing post-breach remedies called deny grievance contract—as generally (United 584, 1409)—contemplate course many breaches Indeed, central assertion bound arbitrate, rather than over, Saturday view, sui generis bargained inherently 'fundamentally inconsistent with' faithful observance condition precedent duty (even though promised so), must deemed waived, estopped asserting, arbitrate. 9 However, prescribed no inflexible rule rigidly linking clauses every situation.7 attempted, claimed right, terminate entire extinguish permanently obligations provisions. sued and, far record reveals, continued effect, promises promise Moreover, case, agreeing without excluding where struck over negatived intention upon absence strikes. They thus cut ground automatically regardless circumstances, repudiation arbitrating, theories waiver, estoppel, otherwise.8 Arbitration themselves repudiated, meant survive contexts, total breach;9 determining one repudiated his circumstances critically important.10 having respect ignored holiday 10 passing 301, Congress interested enforcement contracts since 'promote higher degree responsibility agreements, thereby promote industrial peace' (S.Rep. 105, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 17). particularly placing 'sanctions behind agreements disputes' (Textile Workers Union Lincoln Mills, 353 448, 456, 77 912, 917, 972). preferred method settling declared '(f)inal parties' (§ 203(d) U.S.C. 173(d), 173(d)). 'That policy can effectuated means chosen settlement their differences given full play' American Mfg. 564, 566, 1343, 1345, 1403). our federal labor policy, therefore, we reason preserve stabilizing influence situation this. We could enforce refusing suit both granting until arbitrated. prefer do.11 11 Petitioner relies decisions various Courts denying stays suits want dispute.12 Most them, narrowly drawn here.13 And least two comparable breadth instant held stayed arbitration.14 12 Mastro Plastics Corp. National Labor Relations Board, 350 270, 76 349, 100 L.Ed. 309, replace who unfair practices, absolute said despite prohibition waive employees' flagrant practice, absent statement effect. urges precludes case. Mastro, practice threatening very existence itself. per se practice15 suggestion one-day nature. decide entitle rescind abandon declare forever discharged refuse hold obligates forbidden justify relieving consequences intertwined denials all. 13 entitled damages; staying action, arbitration, depriving damages. simply remit forum use processing claims. That forum, true, may courtroom,16 persuaded remedy inadequate. Whether awarded normally expected serve 'effective' deterrent future urges, answered abstract general terms. question, well best peace, factual context particular cases. Here, call men basing years past presents suited bargain. 14 final proceeded dispatch seeking default, agree. attempting consulting this, take arose 4. occasion insist moving Court.17 shows previous situation, aware followed.18 should followed here. 15 For foregoing reasons, affirming correct, merits, panel decision properly withdrawn. 16 Affirmed. 17 FRANKFURTER part consideration HARLAN, dissenting. 19 presented court, arbitrator, so, suffered, matters court law hardly less competent, adjudicator, arbitrator. special suppose kind whose expertise likely area claims, Navigation 580—582, 1351—1352, 1409; Enterprise Wheel Car Corp., 593, 597—598, 1358, 1361, 1424. standpoint employer, when recognized self-enforcing. 20 persuasive evidence affords persuade me contemplated forego statutory 301 respecting I reverse below substantially reasons Appeals, 287 F.2d 155. originally heard appeal three-judge panel, reversed below. (287 155). rehearing ordered active judges 3—3 4—2 vote withdrew (294 399). priority questioned petition certiorari, later petitioner abandoned question. 'Article V—Grievance Procedure '(a) 'In shall duly designated Shop Chairman Employer Management. handling interference business. '(b) Committee Management effect adjustment, then party. up Plant Manager representative management purpose. mutually means, event (7) after submission above, herein provided.' Immediately weekend exchanged telegrams, exchange charged: 'We informed you with, accept your proposal amend alter week-ends. Your threats penalties violates *. retract demand arbitration.' VII—No Strikes boycott, interruption stoppage, temporary walk-out lock-out during terms except fail abide Arbitrator, receipt decision, provision. neither International Union, Local officer, agents members, liable intentional slowdowns suspensions if: gives written notice Company twenty-four (24) hours copies posted bulletin board authorized slowdown suspension cooperates getting return remain 'It including discharge, employee engages subject Union's accordance engage stoppage.' Apparently thought borrow nature injunction, enforceable statute similar Norris-LaGuardia Act. 101 et seq. Ruppert Egelhofer, N.Y.2d 576, 170 N.Y.S.2d 785, 148 N.E.2d 129, 70 A.L.R.2d 1048. opposed dispute, controversy obligation overtime. settled conclusive determination dispute. understand opinions Textile 455, 923, 972 567, 1346, 1403, enunciate flat these regarded exact counterweights setting, wrenching dependent covenants severable 174 Lucas Flour 369 95, 105—106, 571, 577—578, requiring implied disputes. Accordingly, upheld due walkout unlike present one, conceded liability vel non. contend consider whether, And, course, constituted waiver claim. See re Pahlberg Petition, 131 968 (C.A.2d Cir.); Kulukundis Shipping Co. Amtorg Trading 126 978 Pennsylvania Greyhound Lines Amalgamated Ass'n, 98 F.Supp. 789 (W.D.Pa.), rev'd grounds, 193 327 (C.A.3d Batter Bldg. Mats. Kirschner, 142 Conn. 1, 110 A.2d 464; Heyman Darwins, Ltd., (1942) A.C. 356 (H.L.) (disapproving Jureidini Br. Ir. Ins. (1915) 499, 505 (H.L.)). Shanferoke Coal Supply Westchester Serv. 297, 299 Cir.), aff'd, 293 449, 453—454, 55 313, 315, 79 583. Corbin, Contracts 1443 (1961 Supp., n. 34, pp. 192 193) states: repudiator's depend character so-called 'repudiation' it. One flatly repudiates provision mere nonperformance, unjustified, 'repudiation.' good faith facts him performance lose otherwise had. inconsistency demanding same legal privilege proceed performance.' Cf. Boone Eyre, Bl.H. 273, Eng.Rep. 160 (K.B. 1777) (L. Mansfield): (W)here mutual go whole sides, conditions, other. part, paid defendant covenant, plead precedent.' Dermott Jones, 23 How. 220, 231, 442. These cases collected withdrawn 155, 158 Vulcan- Cincinnati, Inc. Steelworkers, 289 103 (C.A.6th Cir.). E.g., Furniture Colonial Hardwood Flooring 168 33 (C.A.4th limited wages, hours, working 1318; Automobile Benton Harbor Indus., 242 536 Cuneo Press, Kokomo Paper Handlers' 235 108 (C.A.7th grievances. see E., R. M. Miller Metal Prods., Inc., 215 221 Cir.) ('(a)ll differences, arise agreement'); Markel Elec. Workers, 202 435 ('differences meaning agreement, trouble plant'). Signal-Stat 475, 298 Yale Towne Lodge 1717, 882 id., 883—884 5, collecting authorities lower courts. law, permit arbitrators Publishers 414, 208 981, 171 323. Mines U.S.App.D.C. 207, 257 211; Cameron Iron Works, 467, 473 (C.A.5th Charles Dowd Box Courtney, 368 502, 513, 519, 525, 483; H.R.Conf.Rep. 510, 41—42, U.S.Code Cong.Service 1947, p. 1135. Bernhardt Polygraphic 198, 203, 276, 199. Compare Cir., L. Hand, J.), 583, Lane, Ltd. Larus Bro. 243 364 text acompanying notes 5—6, supra.

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