Document: 332 U.S. 155 67 S.Ct. 1569 91 L.Ed. 1968 CALDAROLAv.ECKERT et al. No. 625. Argued March 31, April 1, 1947. Decided June 23, Rehearing Denied Oct. 13, See 68 30. Mr. Abraham M. Fisch, Isidor Enselman and Sidney Schiffman, all of New York City, for petitioner. Raymond Parmer, respondents. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion Court. 1 The S. Everagra is owned by United States managed in its behalf respondents as General Agents. (For relevant portions contract full consideration it relation to issues other than those here involved, reference made Hust v. Moore-McCormack Lines, 328 707, 66 1218, 90 1534.) On January 27, 1944, Everagra, docked North River, was being unloaded a stevedoring concern, Jarka Company. did unloading under with States, negotiated through War Shipping Administration. One provisions that 'the Administrator shall furnish maintain good working order all' necessary equipment. Caldarola, petitioner, an employee Jarka. In course his work on vessel he injured. He brought this action courts against respodents, cla iming injury caused defective boom they were liable failing their duty Agents sound condition. 2 Court Appeals, affirming Appellate Division setting aside verdict 270 App.Div. 563, 61 N.Y.S.2d 164, held law which bore not make them responsible third person 295 N.Y. 463, 466, N.E.2d 444. Because claimed conflict decisions, particularly between ruling 1534, we granted certiorari. 329 704, 195. 3 No doubt petitioner could have sued Admiralty. Section Suits Admiralty Act, 41 Stat. 525, 46 U.S.C. § 742, U.S.C.A. 742. chose do so. Presumably obtain benefit trial jury, asked relief from York. There no question Caldarola complains maritime tort. As such suable State virtue 9 Judiciary Act 1789 saves 'to suitors cases right common-law remedy where common competent give it.' 76-77, 28 371, subd. 3. Whether Congress thereby recognized there rights matters also congnizable admiralty, or whether concerning only 'saving' power use vindicate deriving extent remedies may be available, authorities speak clarity. Compare Waring Clarke, 5 How. 441, 460, 461, 12 226; Taylor Carryl, 20 583, 598, 599, 15 1028; Story Constitution (1st ed.) 533, n. 3, Schoonmaker Gilmore, 102 118, 26 95; Hamilton, 207 398, 133, 52 264; Chelentis Luckenbach S.S. Co., 247 372, 38 501, 62 1171; C. J. Hendry Co. Moore, 318 63 499, 87 663; Seas Sieracki, 85, 88, 89, 872, 874, 1099. any event, source merely affords means enforcing it, her determination decisive business invitee one who has control possession premises. Douglas York, Haven & Hartford R. 279 377, 49 355, 73 747, Testa Katt, 330 386, 810. 4 Appeals authoritatively determines liable, occurrence complainant. Insofar case exclusively concern law, court had final say holding tort latter complains. But liability entangled construction interpretation matter federal concluded meaning find it. We agree if, fair reading contract, over kind requires basis persons, cannot so read deny recognizes. It injured party agency created duties persons. Robins Dry Dock Repair Flint, 275 303, 48 134, 72 290. And narrow Everagra. This crucial issue, because Caldarola's would arise when possessio contr ol premises occurs, due negligence maintenance. Cullings Goetz, 256 287, 176 N.E. 397. amicus curiae, submitted what deem conclusive considerations owners pro hac vice vessel. consequences, both national international interests too far-reaching warrant forced build Serious affecting immunity Government vessels foreign ports well regulation taxation local governments needlessly raised. After all, compensated injury. provision that. Petitioner insists, enable him sue are deemed, and, therefore, subject ownership toward invitees. reject construction. 6 Our previous decisions require supra, arose Jones Act. 4, 1915, 1185, amended, 5, 1920, 1007, 688. Agency Agent 'employer' seaman term used therefore bring statutory 'employer.' hold practical purposes owner imposed upon him, care more stevedore employment pursuant States. Brady Roosevelt Steamship 317 575, 425, 471, likewise remote case. furnishing personam free own torts. reach 'different question' 'a cause action' been established. at page 585, 430, 471. That precise here, particularly, relationship which, invitees followed. 7 Judgment affirmed. 8 DOUGLAS, whom BLACK MURPHY concur, dissenting. For reasons stated my separate 734, 1231, I think since managing operating business. They were, principals longshoreman while deck reason breaking cargo boom, part ship's gear. 10 Circuit Second reached same result decided Lines. Militano Cir., 156 F.2d agent form agreement vice. Swan, J., speaking court, said case, 602, 'If remains employer sufficiently members crew escape respects. Thus stevedores safe place work, analogous owed landowner visitor.' does essay answer argument; nor address itself facts reviewed establish agent. avoids analysis actual arrangement viewing alarm consequences applied situations. concerned private press recognition. legal argument rest might inconvenienced if recognized. plain underwriter financial risks venture operator performs managerial functions usual way. To call government operation ignore realities relationship. Whatever situations, shocking operators getting manner traditional claims. 11 RUTLEDGE, respondents' counsel rule Nevertheless Court's view either so-called 'agency contract,' identical involved immunizes causing petitioner's 13 seamen, longshoremen.1 Also 688, whereas grounded decision rested effects Clarification 1943, 50 U.S.C.App. 1291, U.S.C.A.Appendix, bearing seamen involved. 14 flatly rejected events question2 effective strip various preexisting remedies, replacing single suit provided Act.3 preserve seaman's but ones.4 conjunction put forward having available thus effective, others excluded. excluded, neither long possessed seamen.5 simply specific fulcrum turning broader issue presented. seamen's longshoremen's combining present rights. true although some instances longshoremen, legislation succession occasioned industry's evolution phases ship shore duty, entitled similar protections. 1099; Atlantic Transport Imbrovek, 234 52, 34 733, 58 1208, 51 L.R.A.,N.S., 1157. necessarily governed covered decision. 16 But, recognizes, tort, longshoremen rather involved; moreover 'suable suitors, cases, remedy, it." Notwithstanding characterization skirts or, contrary, 9, supplies enforcement. says, '(New York's) (the) premises.' From conclusion disagree. For, founded creating then nothing nullifying substantive right. Its sole function supply commanded judgment arises creature entirety, state law.6 'exclusively law' respect state's 'had complains.' understand how can leave open hand supplying forum time rely seems do. entangle phase entangles hypothetically applicable another. 17 Regarding do, controlled aspect altogether should permit reaches. Regardless 'agency' makes company 'agent,' 'owner vice,' technically something else knowledge persons will come aboard undertakes keep equipment condition use.7 More especially apply undertaking constantly board observe creation hazardous vessel's daily routines addition, degree 'agent' here. 18 contract. ground became vice, taken application largely immaterial, perhaps words.8 19 view, incorporating Hearst case,9 recently extended coverae ocial Security 42 301 seq., Fair Labor Standards 29 201 seq. Silk (Harrison Greyvan Lines), 331 1463; Rutherford Food Corp. McComb, 722, 1473. While legislative origin, nevertheless 'control' test defeat longshoreman's procedure, 1789, 'be justified temporary situation unless inversion wisdom teaches letter killeth, spirit giveth life." 725, 1227, 1534. Finally, opinion, terms indemnity confirm contemplated. Not broad 'for expenditures every performing, procuring services, facilities, stores, required hereunder,' specified exceptions covering liabilities now question. expressly provided: 'To recovered insurance, reimburse (accruing during hereof) connection hereunder, including, without limitation, disbursements account wages, extra compensation, overtime, bonuses, penalties, subsistence, repatriation, travel expense, loss personal effects, maintenance, cure, vacation allowances, damages compensation death illness, insurance premiums, paid custom, articles labor agreements * *.' (Emphasis added.) 21 payments pension funds social security taxes. clause specifically contemplated paying claims maintenance cure 'damages illness,' indemnified payment. A construction, course, limit payment resort suit. hand, even literal cover judgments character specified. know why accepted desire uproot others, including insofar acquired ship, normally absence explicit command express contractual effect. Moreover, scope provided, see possible harm inflicted interpreting allow apply. 22 Accordingly, reverse Appeals. President, executive Merchant Marine pertinent primarily incidentally longshoremen. after noting disruptive longsettled flowing reduced assertion said: 'We assume authorize vast disturbance settled clear unequivocal command. permissible implication. (575), 580, (425), 428, Here disruption, occurred, done implied Act's Government's emergency taking shipping industry war purposes.' 1225, intent, said, found Congress, body exercising powers governmenta control; note 2. Confirmation conclusions summarized 2, history election given injuries accruing October 1941, before 24, date. Opinion reserved effect occurring 727, 1228, become asserting that, exceptions, enforceable proceedings admiralty courts, swept into hopper, 720, 1224, derived recognitio Congre §§ states exercise whatever jurisdiction concurrently admiralty. 226. However, 'It saved, remedy,' Moses Taylor, Wall. 411, 431, 397, saving enforced 'recognized sea.' 384, 504, 1171. 'The general rules proceeding instituted court.' Carlisle Packing Sandanger, 259 255, 259, 475, 477, 927. commentators recognize now, Benedict (6th 53—55; Stumberg, Maritime Cases Common-law Courts (1925) Tex.L.Rev. 246; Mole Wilson, Study Comparative Negligence (1932) 27 Corn.L.Q. 333, 353—355, though prior Cf. 404, 264. 'One act carries activity land possessor thereof, liability, enjoys bodily within outside land.' Restatement, Torts, 383. 'An custody chattels realize undue risk person, land, caused, continuance custody, failure take reasonable precautions authorized take.' Agency, 355. assuming Hust, seaman, ultimate control, spite meticulous differences Commission's standard 'But follow fact lost incurred. like National Relations Board Publications, 322 111, 64 851, 88 1170, involves mere ascertaining vicarious responsibilities tortious conduct employee.' 724, 1226, 1170.

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