Document: 452 U.S. 692 101 S.Ct. 2587 69 L.Ed.2d 340 State of MICHIGAN, Petitioner,v.George SUMMERS. No. 79-1794. Argued Feb. 25, 1981. Decided June 22, Syllabus When police officers executing a warrant to search house for narcotics encountered respondent descending the front steps, they requested his assistance in gaining entry and detained him while searched premises. After finding ascertaining that owned house, arrested him, person, found heroin coat pocket. Respondent, who was charged with possession on moved suppress as product an illegal violation Fourth Amendment. The trial judge granted motion quashed information, both Michigan Court Appeals Supreme affirmed. Held : initial detention respondent, which constituted "seizure" assumed be unsupported by probable cause, did not violate constitutional right secure against unreasonable seizure person. For Amendment purposes, contraband founded cause implicitly carries it limited authority detain occupants premises proper is conducted. Because lawful require re-enter remain until evidence establishing arrest found, incident thereto were constitutionally permissible. Pp. 694-705. 407 Mich. 432, 286 N.W.2d 226, reversed. Timothy A. Baughman, Detroit, Mich., petitioner. Elliott Schulder, Washington, D. C., U. S., amicus curiae, special leave Court. Gerald M. Lorence, respondent. Bruce J. Ennis, Jr., New York City, American Civil Liberties Union, Justice STEVENS delivered opinion 1 As Detroit about execute narcotics, steps. They basement pocket envelope containing 8.5 grams heroin.1 2 Respondent He Amendment,2 information. That order affirmed divided panel Appeals, 68 Mich.App. 571, 243 689, over dissent three its justices. 226. We State's petition certiorari, 449 898, 265, 66 127, now reverse. 3 * dispositive question this case whether violated attempts justify eventual respondent's person arguing included persons those premises, just authorization furniture containers particular things described might concealed. But correctly noted, even if otherwise acceptable, argument could outside warrant. See Mich.App., at 578-580, N.W. 2d, 692-693. If permissible, there no need reach includes there, because when had done so.3 Our appraisal validity therefore depends upon determination conducted their search.4 II 4 In assessing detention, we note first within meaning Amendment.5 does contend otherwise, record demonstrates free searching home. It also clear formally after completed. dispute involves only constitutionality pre-arrest assume cause. 5 Dunaway v. York, 442 200, 99 2248, 60 824, reaffirmed general rule official must supported formal made. located murder suspect neighbor's took into custody, transported station, where interrogation ultimately produced confession. he confessed, presumably would have been set established during questioning, argued should equated upheld "reasonable" view serious character crime fact articulable basis suspecting involved. Id., 207, S.Ct., 2253. firmly rejected argument, noting "the petitioner important respects indistinguishable from traditional arrest." 212, 2256.6 stated: 6 "Indeed, any 'exception' cover intrusive threaten swallow seizures are 'reasonable' based 7 "The central importance probable-cause requirement protection citizen's privacy afforded Amendment's guarantees cannot compromised fashion. 'The has roots deep our history.' Henry United States, 361 98, 100 [80 168, 170, 134] (1959). Hostility mere suspicion prime motivation adoption Amendment, decisions immediately 'common rumor or report, suspicion, "strong reason suspect" adequate support arrest.' 170] (footnotes omitted). familiar threshold standard reflects benefit extensive experience accommodating factors relevant 'reasonableness' provides relative simplicity clarity necessary implementation workable rule. Brinegar [338 U.S., 175-176, 1310-1311]." 213, 2256. 8 Although refused find exception rule, recognized some significantly less than withstood scrutiny under reasonableness embodied these cases intrusion "was so much severe" involved opposing interests prevention detection officer's safety" reasonable. 209, 2254. 9 such case, Terry Ohio, 392 1, 88 1868, 20 889, narrow criminal activity make intrusions individual's personal security approved "frisk" weapons justifiable response reasonable belief dealing possibly armed dangerous suspect.7 second Adams Williams, 143, 92 1921, 32 612, relied hold officer forcibly stop investigate informant's tip carrying narcotics.8 And States Brignoni-Ponce, 422 873, 95 2574, 45 607, held enforcement problems confronted roving Border Patrol agents, though sufficient random stops vehicles near Mexican border citizenship, id., 882-884, 2580-2581,9 vehicle agents' awareness specific facts indicating contained aliens. reasoned difficulty patrolling long interest controlling influx aliens justified intrusion, usually lasting more minute, stop. 878-880, 2578, 2579.10 Cortez, 411, 690, 621. 10 These recognize admittedly covered constitute substantial law may made activity. cases, inDunaway, applying ultimate Amendment.11 consistent every arrest, having essential attributes unless demonstrate confined momentary, on-the-street accompanied frisk Adams.12 Therefore, decide controlled examine justification. III 11 Of obtained contraband. A neutral detached magistrate believe being authorized invasion resided there. one residents searched, although significant restraint liberty, surely itself.13 Indeed, safely most citizens—unless intend flight avoid arrest—would elect observe possessions. Furthermore, type imposed here likely exploited unduly prolonged gain information seek normally will through detention.14 Moreover, own residence, add minimally public stigma associated itself involve neither inconvenience nor indignity compelled visit station.15 sharp contrast custodial Dunaway, "substantially intrusive" arrest. 210, 2255.16 12 justification occupant pursuant valid warrant, nature "articulable facts" supporting relevant. Most obvious legitimate preventing event incriminating found. Less obvious, but sometimes greater importance, minimizing risk harm officers. danger suggested record, execution kind transaction give rise sudden violence frantic efforts conceal destroy evidence.17 minimized routinely exercise unquestioned command situation. Cf. W. LaFave, Search Seizure § 4.9, pp. 150-151 (1978). Finally, orderly completion facilitated present. Their self-interest induce them open locked doors use force damaging property delay task hand. 13 appropriate consider individualized base home subject already noted represents incremental liberty existence however, objective detention. judicial determined someone committing crime. Thus rather field critical given thrust themselves home.18 connection gives easily identifiable certain determining justifies occupant. 14 Payton 445 573, 1371, 63 639, enter private residence routine felony without obtaining suggestion adequately protect stake, distinction between far interposition magistrate's zealous citizen: 15 "It true afford requirement, suffice interpose citizen. participation persuade justified, law. Thus, dwelling lives within." 602-603, 1388. 16 holding today. harboring citizen home.19 contraband20 conducted.21 17 judgment 18 ordered. 19 STEWART, whom BRENNAN MARSHALL join, dissenting. correct stating "some Amendment." Ante, 697. escalate statement ignore protections us all. There two types first, represented line perform pat-down dangerous. E. g., 23-24, 1881, 889. brief international borders citizenship. g. 881, 2580, 607. 21 From exceptions prohibition leaps very broad idea courts approve wide variety find, balancing purposes conduct severity appears "reasonable." 700-701, nn. 11, 12. lines do represent sort exemplary test cases. Rather, isolated performed balance objectives privacy. permitted today, inside it, categorically different poses threat guaranteed Constitution. 22 common denominator checkpoint presence governmental independent ordinary investigating apprehending suspects, enough overcome presumptive restraints conduct. At issue "more crime; addition, immediate taking steps assure himself weapon unexpectedly fatally used him." 23, 1881. Though engaged crime, purpose patdown investigation itself, neutralization policeman investigative circumstance." 26, 1882. Stating holding, said: "When believing individual whose suspicious behavior close range presently others, appear clearly deny power take measures determine neutralize physical harm." 24, 23 Similarly, received tip, amounting Williams gun. acted legally reaching car intruding Williams' see indeed lethal weapon. what possibility seizing suspected gun: discover allow pursue fear . ." 146, 1923, accord, Pennsylvania Mimms, 434 106, 110, 98 330, 333, 54 331. Ybarra Illinois, 444 85, 93, 338, 343, 62 238. 24 supra, patrols immigration border, doing stressed unique inquiries undocumented creates "significant economic social problems, competing citizens legal resident jobs, generating extra demand services." 878-879, 2579. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 543, 96 3074, 49 1116, upholding similarly permanent checkpoints, 2,000-mile virtually uninhabited area, prove insuperable Government entrants. 552, 3080. 25 seems clear, therefore, before court can uphold ground light interests, government beyond normal goals investigation, extraordinary obstacle investigation. 26 What approves today need. respondent.1 One found." 702. other present." 703. Unlike nothing discovering wrongdoers. Fourteenth Amendments impose activities, unreasonably inconvenient. 27 police, acting seize available later developed turned upside down. "facilitate" authorize fundamental principle scope underlying suffered damage. engage searches simply enhances ability investigations eventually lead Davis Mississippi, 394 721, 726-727, 89 1394, 1397, 676.2 28 Beyond justifying I Court's limited, unintrusive permits "reasonableness" test. said 2255, Ohio "defined category 'seizures' substantially arrests requiring replaced test." (Emphasis added.) then Terry, Adams, Mimms declared extremely time degree intrusion. 210-211, 2255-2256. consumed minute interrogation. 211, rare narrow. required inquiry "reasonably related initiation," 29, 1884, and, unusual provided limiting ensuring narrowness action. order. 29 explicit "a conducted." 705 superficial reading, language suggest minor duration, "while conducted" mean several hours.3 thereby prisoner potentially period time.4 questionable asserted acknowledged reasonably provide circumscribing help search, protract search.5 30 " 'long-prevailing standards' 'the best compromise [the] often interests' 'safeguard[ing] rash interferences privacy' 'seek[ing] fair leeway enforcing community's protection.' 208, 2254, quoting 338 160, 176, 1302, 1311, 93 L.Ed. 1879. present presents occasion departing principle, respectfully dissent. detail Moody's Court: "Upon arriving named address, Officer Roger Lehman saw defendant go out door proceed across porch down asked replied left keys inside, ring intercom. Dwight Calhoun came door, admit result, entrance forcing door. Once admittance gained instructed Conant, previously stationed along side bring defendant, still porch, house. "After eight detained, revealed plastic bags bar basement. owner Conant Controlled Substances Act 1971. M.C.L. 335.341(4)(a); M.S.A. 18.1070(41)(4)(a). bag defendant's jacket heroin, discovered forms instant charge." 441, 226-227. Constitution provides: people persons, houses, papers, effects, seizures, shall violated, Warrants issue, Oath affirmation, particularly describing place seized." requires rights. 576, 1374, 639; 2253, 824. apparently insufficient conviction. People Davenport, 39 252, 197 521 (1972). Davenport conclude 580-582, N.W.2d, Judge Bashara, dissenting 585, 695, justices court, 450, 463-464, 231, 237, pointed concerns proof conviction, 174-176, 1310-1311, Regardless law, here. challenge conclusion him. Brief 17. confused "search" presented tavern all customers happened No concerning legitimacy raised. concluded invalid 90-93, 341-343. issue. knew lived so. quite plain governs eventuate trip station prosecution crime—'arrests' terminology. whenever accosts restrains freedom walk away, 'seized' person." 16, 1877, "taken car, placed room." informed leave; physically restrained attempted employed assumed, explicitly stating, prohibit forcible committed. 32-33, 1885-1886 (HARLAN, J., concurring); 34, 1886 (WHITE, concurring). implicit Terry: "A individual, identity maintain status quo momentarily known time." 607; Spinelli 393 410, 584, 637, Aquilar Texas, 378 108, 84 1509, 723, "carried indicia reliability Williams." 147, 1924. absence rendered unreasonable. Delaware Prouse, 440 648, 663, 1391, 1401, 59 660, check drivers' licenses registrations suspicion" motorist unlicensed unregistered. Brown 443 47, 2637, 61 357, statute individuals identify unconstitutional applied committed 238, invoke patron Brignoni-Ponce encompass vehicle. Almeida-Sanchez 413 266, 2535, 37 596, checkpoints patrol, thus suspicion. Chief Warren identified Amendment" circumstances security." 19, 1878. Before analyzing scheme becomes meaningful assured point laws subjected detached, evaluate circumstances. making assessment imperative judged standard: moment 'warrant man caution belief' action taken appropriate? Carroll 267 132, [45 280, 543] (1925); Beck 379 89, 96-97, [85 223, 228, 142] (1964)." 21-22, 1879-1880 WHITE, concurring "an almost hard-and-fast cause." key reasonableness—the interests." 219, 2260. stop—investigating possible activity—is served, able longer Adams. commentator observed: techniques utilized effectively course Terry-type interrogation, include request identification detained. Sometimes communicate either citizens, effort verify explanation tendered confirm wanted. Or, offense occurred process checking locating examining objects abandoned suspect, talking people. viewed witnesses methods listed inherently objectionable; cast doubt makes moving another locale." 9.2, 36-37 "As reiterated few years ago, 'physical chief evil wording directed.' District Court, 297, 313, [92 2125, 2134, 752]. adhered procedure minimizes needless sort." 585-586, 1379-1380. Professor LaFave part "whether diligently pursuing means resolve matter way soon. p. 40 unlike designed opportunity Dunaway's confession, coercive aspects self-incrimination. leaving arrived significance. sidewalk inside. deals not, course, preclude comparable exigent question, case. Jackson significance Johnson 333 10, 13-14, 367, 368-369, 436: grasped officers, denies usual inferences men draw evidence. Its consists drawn instead competitive enterprise ferreting Any assumption disinterested reduce nullity people's homes discretion Crime, one's quarters, is, grave concern society, allows reached showing. concern, society chooses dwell surveillance. yield decided officer, agent." (Footnotes refusing declined adopt "multifactor 'reasonable circumstances' amount technical arrests." noted: "[T]he intended Framers too disappear consideration multifarious especially instance 'often crime.' 2257. WHITE concurrence rules, inherent "must large categorical basis—not ad hoc, case-by-case fashion officers." 219-220, depend hoc determination, quantum extent seizure. same result merely Zurcher Stanford Daily, 436 547, 560, 1970, 1978, 56 525. 581, 1989 (STEVENS, dissenting). circumstances, persuaded acknowledges, ante, 702, whatsoever feared safety others feared. says nevertheless "kind Ibid. demonstrate, facts, threatens speculation circumstance pose 92-93, 342-343, perplexing citation, notes entering person's carry declares "is today." 704. thought passage quotes Payton, arresting Since lies heart fail understand Payton's "relevance." reveal length Harris 331 145, 67 1098, 91 1399, Federal Bureau Investigation one-bedroom apartment burglar tools pair checks five hours. 476, 477, 85 506, 507, 431. confident assertions inoffensive First, innocuous mandated 701. This reasoning circular, since arises Second, reasonable-minded want fleeing infer else brought claim, penalize "fleeing arrest" amounts assert rights exclusionary stands exclusion. observes confess reason. restatement complete begs potential duration lengthy adverts problem suggesting "special case." 705, n. 21. criteria identifying circumstances" "prolonged"; particular, fails tell always however protracted, exceed ambiguity casts assertion, on-the-scene, judgments protections. 2256,

Category: 0