Document: 499 U.S. 400 111 S.Ct. 1364 113 L.Ed.2d 411 Larry Joe POWERS, Petitioner,v.OHIO. No. 89-5011. Argued Oct. 9, 1990. Decided April 1, 1991. Syllabus During jury selection at his state-court trial for aggravated murder and related offenses, petitioner Powers, a white man, objected to the State's use of peremptory challenges remove seven black venirepersons from jury. Powers' objections, which were based on Batson v. Kentucky, 476 79, 106 1712, 90 69, overruled, empaneled convicted him several counts, he was sentenced prison. On appeal, contended that discriminatory peremptories violated, inter alia, Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, own race irrelevant right object peremptories. The Ohio Court Appeals affirmed conviction. Held: Under criminal defendant may race-based exclusions jurors through whether or not excluded share same race. Pp. 404-416. (a) Clause prohibits prosecutor using exclude otherwise qualified unbiased persons petit solely by reason their See, e.g., Batson, supra, 84, 1716; Holland Illinois, 493 474, 479, 110 803, ----, 107 905. Contrary Ohio's contention, racial identity between objecting does constitute relevant precondition challenge, would, in fact, contravene substantive guarantees policies underlying federal statutory law. Although did involve such an identity, it recognized harms depriving them significant opportunity participate civil life. U.S., 87, S.Ct., 1718. Moreover, has been subject prohibition since Congress enacted Civil Rights Act 1875. Thus, although individual juror have sit any particular jury, she possess be one account This rejects, as contrary accepted equal protection principles, arguments no stigma dishonor results if uses raw fact skin color determine juror's objectivity qualifications, see 1718, are permissible when visited upon members all races degree, Loving Virginia, 388 87 1817, 18 1010. 404-410. (b) A standing raise third-party claims prosecution because Cf., Singleton Wulff, 428 106, 112-116, 96 2868, 2873-2875, 49 826. First, causes cognizable injury, concrete interest challenging practice, discrimination casts doubt integrity judicial process places fairness proceeding doubt. Second, relationship is fully effective proponent rights they themselves would be, both common eliminating courtroom, there can will motivated, advocate proof discriminatorily constituted lead reversal conviction under 100, 1725. Third, unlikely dismissed sufficient incentive set motion arduous needed vindicate her rights. differs 410-416. Reversed remanded. KENNEDY, J., delivered opinion Court, WHITE, MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, SOUTER, JJ., joined. SCALIA, filed dissenting opinion, REHNQUIST, C.J., joined, post, p. ----. Robert L. Lane, Columbus, Ohio, petitioner. Alan Craig Travis, respondent. Justice KENNEDY Court. 1 Jury service exercise responsible citizenship community, including those who might contribute our civic this over century ago 1875, made offense See U.S.C. § 243. In trilogy cases decided soon after enactment prohibition, confirmed validity statute, well broader constitutional imperative neutrality selection. Strauder West 100 303, 25 L.Ed. 664 (1880); Virginia Rives, 313, 667 Ex parte 339, 676 (1880). many times we confronted issue cases, questioned premise qualification offends dignity courts. Despite clarity these commands eliminate taint administration justice, allegations bias persist. case, alleges prosecution's challenges. Invoking law, relying well-established principles standing, hold effected races. 2 * Petitioner indicted Franklin County, two counts count attempted murder. Each also included separate allegation had firearm while committing offense. Powers pleaded guilty invoked trial. 3 process, exercised first challenge venireperson. requested court compel explain, record, reasons excluding person. denied request excused juror. State proceeded nine more challenges, six removed time challenged prospective juror, renewed citing decision 69 (1986). His objections overruled. record indicate somehow implicated crime trial; nor reveal sat petitioner's persons. 4 murder, each with specifications, term imprisonment 53 years appealed Appeals, contending prosecutor's violated Sixth guarantee fair cross section Article I, §§ 10 16, Constitution. conviction, Supreme appeal ground presented substantial question. 5 sought review before us, renewing Amendment fair-cross-section claims. While petition certiorari pending, 905 (1990). alleged used its other than defendant's. We held restrict exclusion group stage. Five said able make objection grounds. id., 488, 811 (KENNEDY, concurring); 490, 812 (MARSHALL, joined Brennan dissenting); 504, 820 (STEVENS, dissenting). After Holland, granted limited question whether, venirepersons. 1068, 1109, 1017 now reverse remand. II 6 For century, unyielding position laws tried purposeful conduct. "The venire race, Strauder, [100 U.S.,] 305 [25 664], false assumption serve jurors, Norris Alabama, 294 587, 599 [55 579, 584, 79 1074] (1935); Neal Delaware, 103 370, 397 [26 567] (1881)." 86, 1717 (footnote omitted). "petit composed whole part [the defendant's] race," 305, 664, whose selected nondiscriminatory criteria. 7 device Swain 380 202, 85 824, 13 759 (1965). involved so-called struck system, procedure designed allow defense maximum number noncapital started about 35 potential alternated strikes until panel 12 remained. Swain, himself black, system numerous purpose finding harm alleged, reconcile command utility, tradition, declined permit claim premised pattern but acknowledged systematic period establish violation. Id., 222-228, 836-840. 8 returned problem Kentucky. There, considered situation similar us today, exception: complained being black. voir dire examination Batson's trial, strike four venire, resulting only counsel moved without success discharge removal Amendments. Relying alone, overruled extent foreclosed course specific 90-93, 1719-1721. showing defendant's 96, 1722. 9 contends holding case must circumstances prevailing analysis constitutes challenge. Because white, argues, cannot jurors. limitation conforms neither rules spoke caused tribunal excluded. But limit discussion aspect "was 'to multiple ends,' " protect defendants Allen Hardy, 478 255, 259, 2878, 2880, 92 199 (1986) (per curiam ) (quoting Brown Louisiana, 447 323, 329, 2214, 2220, 65 159 (1980)). community large. 11 ordinary citizens justice long principal justifications retaining system. Duncan 391 145, 147-158, 88 1444, 1446-1452, 20 491 (1968). Balzac Porto Rico, 258 298, 42 343, 66 627 (1922), Chief Taft wrote Court: postulates conscious duty participation machinery justice. . One greatest benefits security gives people they, actual possible, country prevent arbitrary abuse." 310, 347. And, 150 ago, Alexis de Tocqueville remarked: "[T]he institution raises itself, least class citizens, bench authority [and] invests people, direction society. 14 15 ". citizen kind magistracy; makes feel duties bound towards society; take Government. By obliging men turn attention affairs exclusively own, rubs off egotism rust 16 17 "I do know useful litigation; I am certain highly beneficial decide look most efficacious means education society employ." Democracy America 334-337 (Schocken 1st ed. 1961). preserves democratic element guards parties ensures continued acceptance people. Green United States, 356 165, 215, 78 632, 659, 672 (1958) (Black, It "affords valuable government, experience fostering, hopes, respect law." Duncan, 187, 1469 (Harlan, Indeed, exception voting, honor privilege process. 19 States prescribe qualifications Carter Comm'n Greene 396 320, 332, 518, 524, 24 549 (1970), member 203-204, 826-827; Carter, 329-330, 523; Thiel Southern Pacific Co., 328 217, 220-221, 984, 985-986, 1181 (1946); 386, 26 567 (1881); 308. "Whether deemed right, privilege, duty, extend some deny others grounds invidiously discriminate offering withholding elective franchise." 330, 523. Over that: very [members race] singled out expressly color, though respects qualified, practically brand them, affixed assertion inferiority, stimulant prejudice impediment securing individuals law aims secure others." 21 Discrimination codified 243, provides: 22 "No possessing prescribed shall disqualified grand previous condition servitude; whoever, officer person charged summoning excludes fails summon cause, fined $5,000." 23 Peters Kiff, 407 493, 2163, 33 83 (1972), WHITE "the strong policy reflects central concern Amendment." 507, 2170 (opinion concurring judgment). permitted juries. produce single majority Justices agreed tolerated relevance claim. 504-505, 2169-2170 J.); 506-507, 2170-2171 (WHITE, Racial context violates prohibitions. "may draw up lists pursuant neutral procedures then resort 'other stages process.' 88, 1718 Avery Georgia, 345 559, 562, 73 891, 892, 97 1244 (1953)). so reaffirmed Holland. ---. could rely distinctive noted legal tradition. 481, reasoning matter. As explicit, however, overriding "race-based stage stage." 807. practice forecloses An suggested believe victim classification endorse view; attaches contravenes principles. Race proxy determining competence. "A person's simply 'is unrelated fitness juror.' 227, 989 (Frankfurter, dissenting)). accept stereotype condemns. 27 reject view survive scrutiny like treatment, say risk suggestion classifications authoritative today advanced theorem, Plessy Ferguson, 163 537, 1138, 41 256 (1896). idea place modern jurisprudence. axiomatic become legitimate suffer degree. 1010 (1967). III 28 consider violation course, litigant assert interests, rest relief interests third parties. Department Labor Triplett, 494 715, 720, 1428, 108 701 (1990); 826 (1976). fundamental restriction admits certain, exceptions. litigants bring actions behalf parties, provided three important criteria satisfied: suffered "injury fact," thus giving "sufficiently interest" outcome dispute, 112, 2873; close relation party, 113-114, 2873-2874; exist hindrance party's ability owninterests. 115-116, 2874-2875. Boren, 429 190, 451, 50 These satisfied where convictions raising Eisenstadt Baird, 405 438, 1029, 31 349 (1972); Griswold Connecticut, 381 1678, 510 (1965); McGowan Maryland, 366 420, 81 1101, 393 (1961). reasoning, order possible future prosecution. Doe Bolton, 410 179, 93 739, 201 (1973). 29 practice. 2880 (recognizing "neutral procedures"). predisposed favor defendant; true, cause. Rather, "casts process," Rose Mitchell, 443 545, 556, 99 2993, 3000, 61 739 (1979), 30 acts vital check against wrongful power prosecutors. 1717. intrusion into damages perception guarantee. "Jury primary enforce free ethnic, racial, political prejudice, Rosales-Lopez 451 182, 188 [101 1629, 1634, 68 22] (1981); Ham South Carolina, 409 524 [93 848, 46] (1973); Dennis 339 162 [70 519, 94 734] (1950), predisposition culpability, Irvin Dowd, 717 [81 1639, 751] (1961)." Gomez 490 858, 873, 109 2237, 2246, 104 923 (1989). Active during condones violations Constitution within entrusted enforcement, invites cynicism respecting jury's obligation adhere either direct way motivation victim, subtle manner casting credibility witness, even due regard attorney appears Unlike instances seeks introduction evidence obtained illegally see, Payner, 727, 2439, 468 (1980), here occurred itself. committed open outset proceedings. overt wrong, often apparent entire panel, indeed throughout phase represents "jurors' factual issues case." Gomez, 874, 2247. influence persist Ibid. If improper prompt inquiry shows, adequate grounds, likelihood impropriety arise doubts chosen proper means. composition trier itself called question, irregularity pervade proceedings follow. 32 impress verdict acquittal given accordance fair. understood terms unlawful outset. Upon considerations, find suffers real injury party former fully, nearly, latter." 115, 2874. Here, as, closer than, convey prior cases. supra (Planned Parenthood official licensed physician contraceptive users whom professional relationships); Craig, (licensed beer vendor male customer scheme prohibiting sale males age females 18); (1990) (attorney attorney's fees asserting client). Voir permits relation, bond trust, continues sentencing well. 34 Both courtroom. venireperson profound personal humiliation heightened public character. rejected lose confidence verdicts, heard. congruence necessary appropriate venirepersons' much stake proving improperly violation, 1725; Vasquez Hillery, 474 254, 264, 617, 623, 598 (1986); 551, 2997-2998; Cassell Texas, 282, 70 629, 839 (1950). 'there seems little loss advocacy allowing claim] by' present jus tertii champion." 194, 455 Singleton, 118, 2876). final involves venirepersons, subjected suit behalf. 523-524. practical matter, rare. Alschuler, Jury: Dire, Peremptory Challenges, Review Verdicts, 56 U.Chi.L.Rev. 153, 193-195 took nearly 1875 came reach 518. 36 barriers daunting. Potential heard exclusion. Nor easily obtain declaratory injunctive occurs practices clerk commissioners difficult show recur. Los Angeles Lyons, 461 95, 105-110, 1660, 1666-1670, 75 675 (1983). considerable small financial economic burdens litigation. Vasquez, 262, n. 5, 5; 558, 3001. reality probably leave courtroom Barrows Jackson, 346 249, 257, 1031, 1035, 1586 (1953). 37 conclude doing, once again decline "to decisions directed justice." 290, 633 To bar condone honor, service. role play procedures, utility accommodated neutrality. 486-487, ----; 98-99, 1723-1724. 38 mandate eliminated compelling 555, 2999-3000. held, example, prosecutorial discretion basis Wayte 470 598, 608, 105 1524, 1531, 84 547 (1985), that, likely bias. Ristaino Ross, 424 589, 596, 1017, 1021, 47 (1976); Turner Murray, 28, 1683, Enabling visible, inevitable, measure system's commitment courts affirmative embodied prohibition. judgment); 505, J.). 39 emphasis inconsistent explanation adoption forbidden stereotype, takes form, provide easier prima facie conclusive occurred. discerning mean factor others, stems various manifest different forms. 40 remains develop rules, unnecessary disruption well-founded mask prejudice. concedes should standing. judgment reversed, remanded further opinion. ordered. THE CHIEF JUSTICE joins, dissenting. Since my today's contradicts area respectfully dissent. 43 portrays merely logical application jurisprudence concerning convictions. far that. 44 (1880), statute barring blacks juries man all-white Interpreting recently Amendment, concluded following reason: 45 "It easy comprehend how every entitled or, rather, negro not, latter equally protected former. Is life liberty amendment? And maintained colored submit drawn however respects, denial protection?" 309. 46 sure quite unthinkable, reversed statute. deprive laws. repeatedly invalidated state Castaneda Partida, 430 482, 1272, 51 498 (1977); Alexander 625, 1221, 536 Sims 389 404, 523, 634 (1967) ); Jones 24, 4, Whitus 385 643, (1967); Coleman 377 129, 1152, 190 (1964); Arnold North 376 773, 1032, 77 (1964) Eubanks 970, 991 (1958); Reece 350 85, 76 167, (1955); Williams 375, 814, 1161 Hernandez 347 475, 74 667, 98 866 (1954); (1953); (1950); Patton Mississippi, 332 463, 184, (1947); Hill 316 400, 62 1159, 86 1559 (1942); Smith 311 128, 164, (1940); Pierre 306 354, 59 536, 757 (1939); Hale 303 613, 58 753, 82 1050 (1938) Hollins Oklahoma, 295 394, 55 784, 1500 (1935) 1074 Rogers 192 226, 48 417 (1904); 177 442, 687, (1900); Bush 110, 354 (1883); (1881). protection, Texas: "Whenever action State, legislature, courts, executive administrative officers, African excluded, serving him, States." 447, 689 (emphasis added). Twenty-six (1965), death having peremptorily venire. Our forth length "very old credentials" 212, 831, 212-219, 831-835, discussed "long widely belief" "a jury," 219, 835, 219-221, 835-836, observed "frequently normally thought action, namely, religion, nationality, occupation affiliations summoned duty," 220, 835-836. claim, said, "would rule wholly odds it," 222, 837, "Negro Protestant Catholic, alike cause," 221, 836. permitting traditional "irrational suspicions antagonisms," 224, 838, "related prosecutor] trying, charged," 223, strongly violate surrogate segregated lists, employing "in whatever circumstances, whoever victim," ibid., "deny Negro enjoyed population," 838. revisited issue, Swain. (1986), facts case," 1722 original), whereupon required justify race-neutral upholding juries, referred to—indeed, emphasized—the necessity defendant," "first group, race." 1723 added; citation requirement repeated times. initially capable differential treatment." 94, concurring, abandonment justified "[i]t widespread, agree inquire afforded occurs." 101, 1725 Today's correct noting asserted large," ante, 406. contradiction, obviously saw none, proposition longstanding reiterated principle except deprived occasions past discriminated another Last Term, (1990), impartial No case. Such made, (1972). There petitioner, denying protection. produced relied argument. Douglas Stewart, indictment manner." 502, 2168. Powell, policy" contained disqualification him. 2170-2171. Burger, BLACKMUN then-Justice assuming injured discrimination, never intimated unconstitutional excluded." 509, 2171-2172. precisely sort here, sex. composing women thereby ultimately found regarding women, saying following: 52 "This novel and, urged male, finds support Negroes them. [T]here nothing adjudications suggesting service." 633, 1226 Similarly, (1977), respondent successfully established Mexican-Americans selection, employed resulted under-representation identifiable belongs." 494, 1280 54 down release holding, dictum suggesting, equal-protection race; opinions vast body clear statement contrary. point just last Term supra. quoting language requiring contrasted requirements Amendment: "We suggested, correlation identification contrary, entitles represent systematically groups 477, 805 departure. attempt portray one, devotes large portion standing—as obvious avenue rendering applicable above. Granted, argument goes, stricken Court's faithful precedent description earlier Before reaching point, one: first-party base hitherto exist. 57 All (i.e., petit-jury lists) factors employment status, cf. (1946). alsoprohibit When fashion, treated differently, deprivation responsibility citizenship. characteristic, differently same. exempt peremptory-strike exposure subject. If, fundamentalists atheists, whites, plainly discrimination. reply this, argued legitimated applied, speak, indiscriminately; unlawfulness treating erased subjecting everyone else unlawfulness. response "treated differently" pertinent sense—that is, sense benefit slight obloquy. deprecate "stigmatize" personality. categorical service, implies incompetent untrustworthy, membership undeniable (upon largely based) tend sympathies hostilities—most notably, members. groups, forms implied criticism strike. benefit. obvious, acknowledged, belonging benefited impossible understand sitting rather another. none Otherwise, complain supposedly erroneously allowed affirm applies effectively abolish "irrelevant" characteristics definition device; recusal pointed out, frequently promptly trigger invalidation contexts—not sex, age, views, status. Not implausible permanent universal feature jury-trial unconstitutional, elimination desirable. endured unquestionable advantages. described 484, winnowing (though demonstrable) antagonisms sides, end fairest possible. criminal-law biased deserved acquittal, importance minimized. 60 Until substitute lists. exception, narrow hence effect. announced seated intentionally refers "[t]he harm" "discriminatory selection" inflicts juror," recognition, dictum, cause action—any accompanying reference inflicted community," suggests action. independent incompatible opinion's insistence defendant. absurd suppose against, strike, defendant, sum, challenge; existence call continuing centuries-old effects. correct, replace mystery why do. event, correct. what standing: fact." Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered 3, 2646, 2651, 528 (1989); Secretary Maryland Joseph H. Munson 467 947, 954-955, 2839, 2845-2846, 786 (1984). constructing goes follows: exercising "invites law," 411,412 (internal quotations omitted), result [as fair]," 413. must, speak reality, categorically unfair increase fairness. 480-481, perceptions unfairness, "castings doubt" "invitations cynicism," fact? They not. Every piece "perception unfairness," "Injury perception" seem antithesis words suggest, "distinct palpable," Warth Seldin, 422 501, 95 2197, 2206-2207, 343 (1975) added), "particular concrete," Richardson, 418 166, 177, 2940, 2946-2947, 678 (1974) "specific objective," Laird Tatum, 408 14, 2318, 2326, 154 (1972) mockery requirement. pretend tangible harm—but (with careful adjectives nouns) "cognizable injury," producing "concrete practice." Ante, injury; true so. here; mispronunciation jurors' names, overturn anything fact. 63 response, fact—and, specifically, demands cause-and-effect illegality speculative, Wright, 737, 750-752, 3315, 3324-3325, 556 (1984); Simon Eastern Kentucky Welfare Organization, 426 26, 40-46, 1917, 1925-1928, 450 (1976)—has applied litigant's relating procedure. available judgment—or precisely, punishment attends judgment. connected procedure-related speculation. elements denied, constitutionally specified attributes omitted, require establish, speculation, convicted. accorded, unless government beyond reasonable error harmless. Clark, 570, 3101, 460 64 special treatment litigation recognize context—that upset adverse someone else's rights—even normal injury-in-fact standard amply met. supporting (so causality remotely speculative) consists fruit search seizure Fourth rights, Rawlings 448 98, 2556, (1980); Rakas 439 421, 387 (1978). reliable Fifth self-incrimination, 140, 8, 428, 8. Likewise (assuming follow law) introduced confidentiality privilege. Commonwealth McKenna, 206 Pa.Super. 317, 322, 213 A.2d 226 Butz 221 Md. 68, 73, 156 423, (1959); generally Annot., A.L.R.2d 645 (1948). can, sure, explained "personal," lack comes fruits confession, unquestionably produces reversal, speculatively is. short, sound abandoning supplanting "interest practice" standard, trial-related issue. anything, consideration conclusion all. IV tradition accused already venerable Blackstone, reflected proposed Bill Rights, Story centuries States. ." 808. "[a]ny theory leading [the] result" "each side believes unduly side" "implausible." What was, earlier, departure jurisprudence, precise scope created determined. unclear, cases; government; status characteristic capacity extensions arguably logic decision. clarification creation additional, ultra-Batson elaboration disregarded announcement new immune exceed rationale exceeds emotional symbolic justification Notwithstanding history, precedent, peremptory-challenge intolerably offensive imprison rendered minority carefully unmoved, think Americans complaint press unlodged 67 unprecedented approach. reprise, Miranda Arizona, 384 436, 1602, 694 (1966), key jailhouse door innocent, threaten enforcement officers steps newly announces Miranda, there, least, mandated guilt. Here relate neither. sum substance lengthy affect go free. Even (which not), murderer harmed remedy. Judging expect further, wide-ranging combat Convictions overturned, apparently, whenever "race trial"—"by "an victim." 412. me sense. Lofty step intended achieve supposed blow racism, enormously self-satisfying, unmeasured misdirected. unable reconvict double later victims pay price extravagance. tragedy, occurs, efforts devoted retrials necessarily withheld endeavors, meeting innumerable present—again unpunished criminals

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