Document: 452 U.S. 264 101 S.Ct. 2352 69 L.Ed.2d 1 Donald Paul HODEL, Acting Secretary of the Interior, Appellant,v.VIRGINIA SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ASSOCIATION, INC., et al. VIRGINIA al., Appellants, v. Nos. 79-1538, 79-1596. Argued Feb. 23, 1981. Decided June 15, Syllabus A pre-enforcement challenge to constitutionality Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 1977 (Act) was presented in a Federal District Court action wherein plaintiffs were an association coal producers engaged surface mining operations Virginia, some its member companies, individual landowners, Commonwealth town (hereinafter appellees). The is designed establish nationwide program protect society environment from adverse effects operations. Interior (Secretary) has primary responsibility for administering by promulgating regulations enforcing provisions. two-stage regulation mining—an interim phase permanent phase—is established; environmental protection performance standards are prescribed. Ultimately, regulatory be adopted each State, either approval State's proposed that meets federal minimum standards, or adoption any State chooses not submit program. Enforcement programs rests with participating as nonparticipating States. Court, although rejecting appellees' Commerce Clause, equal protection, substantive due process challenges Act, held violates Tenth Amendment, various provisions effect uncompensated taking private property violation Just Compensation Clause Fifth Act's enforcement violate procedural requirements. Held: In context facial challenge, constitutional. Pp. 275-305. (a) does regulating use lands rather than interstate commerce mining. view legislative record, which includes extended hearings concerning on Nation's economy need uniform it cannot said Congress did have rational basis findings, set out itself, substantial commerce. And scheme reasonably related goals sought accomplish restrictions practices mine operators all serving control other 275-283. (b) Sections 515(d) (e) prescribe "steep slopes," including requirement operator return site "approximate original contour," authorize variances contour requirement, do Amendment limitation congressional exercise power interfering States' "traditional governmental function" land use. steep-slope govern only activities who individuals businesses, regulate "States States." Cf. National League Cities Usery, 426 833, 96 2465, 49 245. Appellees' contentions threat usurpation their roles coerces States into regulates because establishes mandatory without merit, since limit preempt displace state affecting Moreover, invade areas reserved simply exercises authority under manner displaces police powers. 283-293. (c) issue whether § 522(e), prohibits certain locations, ripe judicial resolution. Because claim arose no concrete controversy application particular specific parcels land. "mere enactment" constitute deny owner economically viable his land, except 522(e) neither categorically prohibiting nor purporting alternative uses coal-bearing may put. 293-297. (d) §§ 521, 525, 526 pertaining Secretary's issuance orders immediate cessation operation determined Amendment's Due Process Clause. Summary administrative resulting deprivation significant interest prior hearing justified when, here, responds situations swift necessary public health safety. objective criteria orders, established implementing regulations, enough reduce risk erroneous deprivation, afforded prompt adequate postdeprivation opportunity review. erred reducing 24 hours statutorily prescribed 5-day period response operators' requests temporary relief order. record show responded will respond less five days, statutory maximum, appellees demonstrated they been adversely affected case generally unreasonable. addition, evidence introduced shorter reply administratively feasible. 298-303. imposition civil penalties violations premature. Appellees allege they, one them, had assessed against there finding appellee harmed procedures assessment collection fines. P.p. 303-304. D.C., 483 F.Supp. 425, affirmed part, reversed remanded. Peter Buscemi, Washington, D. C., appellant 78-1538 Marshall Coleman, Richmond, Va., 79-1538 appellants [Amicus Curiae Information pages 267-268 intentionally omitted] Justice MARSHALL, delivered opinion Court. These cases arise (Surface Act), 91 Stat. 447, 30 U.S.C. 1201 seq. (1976 ed., Supp.III). United Western Virginia declared several central unconstitutional permanently enjoined enforcement. 425 (1980). these appeals, we consider Congress, adopting exceeded powers Constitution,1 transgressed affirmative limitations contained Amendments. We conclude suffer alleged constitutional defects, uphold 2 * A. 3 comprehensive statute "establish operations." 102(a), 1202(a) Title II 1211 Supp.III), creates Office (OSM), within Department acting through OSM, charged 201(c), 1211(c) principal V 467-514, 1251-1279 Section 501, 1251 mining: initial, phase, subsequent, phase. mandates promulgation complemented continuing regulation. Under mandating compliance full panoply lying Government. 4 501(a) directs promulgate establishing during required comply specified 502(c), 1252(c) Included among those selected requirements governing: restoration after condition; approximate contour; segregation preservation topsoil; minimization disturbance hydrologic balance; construction waste piles used dams embankments; (f) revegetation mined areas; (g) spoil disposal. 515(b), 1265(b) Supp.III).2 published December 13, 1977, see 42 Fed.Reg. 62639,3 currently most States, Virginia.4 5 responsible 502(e), 1252(e) Supp. III). inspection remain until implemented State. permits but authorized such must standards. 502(b), 1252(b) also pursue own assist standards.5 not, however, enforce and, program, cede Government's independent role wish conduct programs. 6 501(b), 1251(b) III), incorporating March 1979, 44 14902, become effective submitted approved accordance 503 504, implemented. 7 503, wishing assume over "non-Federal lands"6 borders approval. demonstrate legislature enacted laws accompanying technical ability 1253 approve disapprove time schedules 503(b)(c), 1253(b), III).7 develop implement fails satisfactory 1254 situations, constitutes continues unless "state program" approved. No later eight months state-run federally administered reclamation lands" obtain new permit issued applicable 506(a), 1256(a) 8 On October 1978, Association, Inc., 63 landowners filed suit seeking declaratory injunctive Act. Wise, intervened plaintiffs.8 Plaintiffs' primarily directed at V's standards.9 scheduled 3, 1980, plaintiffs' sections Plaintiffs guarantees Amendment,10 Amendment,11 Amendment.12 9 13-day trial request injunction. court subsequently order declaring unconstitutional. rejected held, "operates 'displace freedom structure integral traditional functions,' . therefore, contravention Amendment." Id., 435, quoting 852, 2474, 245 (1976). ruled Amendment. Finally, agreed Act.13 10 No. appeals portion Court's judgment enjoining 79-1596, cross-appeal rejection Act.14 importance issues raised, noted probable jurisdiction both appeals,15 449 817, 67, 66 19 (1980), consolidated two cases.16 For convenience, shall usually refer "appellees." 11 cross-appeal, argue beyond scope They insist goal found, Consequently, contend ultimate "whether subject i. e. can regarded 'in commerce.' " Brief & 12 (emphasis original). urging us answer "no" this question, emphasize recognized land-use inherent political subdivisions,17 insofar Property Clause18 grants lands. accept framing question would supply. task asked determine valid relatively narrow. defer regulated activity affects commerce, if finding. Heart Atlanta Motel, Inc. 379 241, 258, 85 348, 358, 13 258 (1964); Katzenbach McClung, 294, 303-304, 377, 383, 290 (1964). This established, remaining inquiry "the means chosen [Congress] adapted end permitted Constitution." supra, 262, S.Ct., 360. See Darby, 312 100, 121, 61 451, 460, L.Ed. 609 (1941); U.S., 304, 383. once determines acted rationally scheme. Ibid. Judicial review area influenced above fact grant plenary Congress. 840, 2468; Cleveland 329 14, 19, 67 (1946); NLRB Jones Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 1, 37, 57 615, 624, 81 893 (1937). "complete exercised utmost extent, acknowledges constitution." Gibbons Ogden, Wheat. 196, 23 (1824). made clear extends channels foreign commerce" "protection instrumentalities persons things commerce," "activities commerce." Perez 402 146, 150, 1357, 1359, 28 686 (1971). As explained Fry 421 542, 547, 95 1792, 1795, 363 (1975), "[e]ven purely intrastate character where activity, combined like others similarly situated, nations." 255, 356; Wickard Filburn, 317 111, 127-128, 82, 90, 87 122 (1942); Wrightwood Dairy Co., 315 110, 119, 62 523, 526, 86 726 120-121, 460. 14 Thus, when courts inquire rational. Here, properly deferred Congress' express about 101(c), 1201(c) recites 15 "many result disturbances burden affect welfare destroying diminishing utility commercial, industrial, residential, recreational, agricultural, forestry purposes, causing erosion landslides, contributing floods, polluting water, fish wildlife habitats, impairing natural beauty, damaging citizens, creating hazards dangerous life degrading quality local communities, counteracting efforts conserve soil, resources." 16 provides ample support findings. became law six years thorough consideration.19 Committees Houses vast amounts testimony umentary our brought attention. Both detailed findings urgent legislation address problem. Senate Report 17 "[s]urface imposed large social costs many country form unreclaimed lands, water pollution, erosion, slope failures, loss resources, decline beauty." S.Rep.No.95-128, p. 50 (1977). 18 id., 50-54. Similarly, House Committee documented including: 20 'Acid drainage ruined estimated 11,000 miles streams; prime hardwood forest destruction habitat strip mining; productive farmland; recurrent landslides; siltation sedimentation river systems. .' H.R.Rep.No.95-218, 58 (1977), U.S.Code Cong. Admin.News 596, H.R.Rep.No.94-1445, 21 discussing how resources turn explained: 22 "The widespread damages nature. Water users developers incur economic financial losses well. "Reduced recreational values, fishkills, reductions normal assimilation capacity, impaired supplies, metals masonry corrosion deterioration, increased flood frequencies damages, storage capacities impoundments, higher operating commercial waterway obvious stem mining-related pollution sedimentation." 59, 597. 96-122. 25 inadequacies existing imperative. 49; 58. light available consideration received, say concluding 26 general, dispute validity findings.20 Rather, contention "rational basis" test should apply use, But even assuming correctly characterize "local" argument unpersuasive. 27 denomination "intrastate" resolve previously noted, "extends so exertion it, make them appropriate attainment legitimate end, execution granted 526. 1795; 624. long conditions goods shipped produced producing itself See, g., supra; Kirschbaum Co. Walling, 316 517, 1116, 1638 (1942). commodity moves activity. sufficient sustain "surface essential insure competition sellers different undermine improve maintain borders." 1201(g) prevention sort destructive similar rationale wage maximum hour manufacturer "interstate instrument distribution substandard labor conditions, injurious states flows." Id. 115, 457. same applies here conclusion 29 agree lower uniformly found conferred broad air more State.21 problems attempts addressed legislation. circumstances, difficult find foundation that, authority. Accordingly, reasonable appropriate. redundant unnecessary. variety statutes Clean Air 7401 ed. Flood Acts, 33 701 adequately controlling resort short effectiveness dealing problem identified ordinarily matter committed judgment. considered concluded additional measures deal 58-60; 59-63. below accomplish. serve 31 sum, therefore court's ruling contravenes power. III 32 invalidated slopes,"22 ground require "steep-slope" operators: (i) reclaim completely covering highwall returning contour";23 (ii) refrain dumping material downslope bench cut; (iii) disturbing 515(d), 1265(d) 515(e), variance approximate-original-contour showing allow postreclamation "deemed better use" otherwise possible. 1265(e)(3)(A) III).24 relied heavily decision viewed governs individuals, instead decisions acknowledged "ultimately operator," F.Supp., 432, interferes applied impermissibly constrict "essential decisions."25 accomplishes "through forced relinquishment planning; economy; harm, expenditure funds act taxing counties, cities, towns." 435.26 (e).27 34 reliance requires careful actual import case. There, 1974 amendments Fair Labor Standards government employees. conceded challenged "undoubtedly Clause," 841, 2469, "encounter[ed] barrier [the regulations] directly subdivisions employers." began drawing sharp distinction between businesses "necessarily dual sovereignty Nation reside," 845, 2471, "directed, States," ibid. former, impediment action. Instead, reaffirmed consistent rule: 35 "Congressional endeavor, pre-empt state-law determinations contrary commended collective wisdom limited 'the Constitution.' 360, (1964)." 2469. 36 stand quite footing corporation challenging 854, 2475. It indicated recognition "there attributes attaching every lack reach matter, Constitution exercising manner." 2471. wages work employees "an undoubted attribute sovereignty." further "displace functions," could consistently "abrogate [these decisions]." 846, 2471.28 37 apparent discussion succeed, invalid reasoning satisfy three First, Second, matters indisputably "attribute[s] And, third, impair "to functions." 2472.29 When examined principles, fail first satisfied. holding unwarranted extension Cities. 38 acknowledged, businesses. compelled expend funds, participate whatsoever. If complies borne suggestion commandeers processes compelling enact Maryland EPA, 530 F.2d 215, 224-228 (CA4 1975), vacated remanded sub nom. EPA Brown, 431 99, 97 1635, 52 166 (1977); Columbia Train, 172 U.S.App.D.C. 311, 330-334, 521 971, 990-994 Brown F. 2d 827, 837-842 (CA9 remanded, cooperative federalism allows limits administer programs, structured meet needs. re Permanent Regulation Litigation, 199 225, 226, 617 807, 808 respect, resembles number survived courts.30 39 argue, essence, urge join looking actually conceivable "integral emphasize, below, 40 claims accurately prescribes governing mining, else yield To object scheme, assumption incorrect. 41 wealth precedent attests conflict law. Rath Packing 430 519, 525-526, 1305, 1309, 1310, 51 604 Campbell, 637, 649-650, 1704, 1711, 233 (1971); Florida Lime Avocado Growers, Paul, 373 132, 141-143, 83 1210, 1216-1217, 248 (1963); Bethlehem New York Relations Bd., 330 767, 772-776, 1026, 1029-1031, 1234 (1947); Hines Davidowitz, 52, 67-68, 399, 404, 581 (1941). empowers prohibit all—and just inconsistent—state activities. City Burbank Lockheed Terminal, 411 93 1854, 547 (1973); Campbell Hussey, 368 297, 82 327, 299 (1961); Rice Santa Fe Elevator 331 218, 1146, 1447 Transit Comm'n 289 53 536, 77 1075 (1933). Although enactments obviously curtail prerogatives choices respecting subjects important, Supremacy result. Chicago North Transp. Kalo Brick Tile 450 317-319, 1124, 1130-1131, (1981); Sanitary 266 405, 425-426, 45 176, 178, 352 (1925); Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 352, 729, 739, 1511 (1913); Wheat., 211. ago stated: "It elementary well settled divided acts supreme exclusive." Missouri Pacific R. Stroud, 267 408, 243, 245, 683 (1925). constitutionally why suspect chose role. Contrary appellees, nothing suggests shields pre-emptive contrary, explicitly teaching earlier may, pursuant power, "pre-empt ." regard already satisfies test.31 43 regardless "police powers." invades Hoke 227 308, 320-323, 281, 283-284, 523 Athanasaw 326, 285, 528 15; 113-114, 456-457; Carolene Products 304 144, 147, 778, 781, (1938) ("it objection attended incidents attend states");32 accord, FPC Natural Gas Pipeline 575, 582, 736, 741, 1037 Hamilton Kentucky Distilleries Warehouse 251 156, 106, 108, 64 194 (1919); Seven Cases 239 510, 514, 190, 191, 60 (1916). upheld Walsh, 1283, 1585 (1947) (upholding Food, Drug, Cosmetic 301-392); (1937) 151-168); supra 201-219). radical departure long-established hold displacing Nothing compels hints departure.33 contrast situation Cities, "individual necessarily reside." 2471.34 IV discussed requiring perform "economically physically impossible" restoring mines contour. 437.35 restored contour, value "been diminished practically nothing." 522 expressly locations "clearly prevent[s] person having mined." 441.36 Relying Pennsylvania Coal Mahon, 260 393, 158, 322 (1922), "depriv[e] [coal operators] [their] profitable 441. 46 "taking" suffers fatal deficiency: allegedly taken By proceeding fashion, ignored oft-repeated admonition ought decided factual setting makes necessary. Socialist Party Gilligan, 406 583, 588, 92 1716, 1719, (1972); Rescue Army Municipal 549, 568-575, 584, 1409, 1419-1423, 1666 Alabama Federation McAdory, 325 450, 461, 65 1384, 1389, 89 1725 (1945). Adherence rule particularly important raising allegations property. last Term, 47 "this 'been unable "set formula" determining "justice fairness" injuries caused compensated government, disproportionately concentrated few persons.' 'taking' engaging essentially ad hoc, inquiries factors—such impact regulation, interference investment backed expectations, action—that significance." Kaiser Aetna 444 164, 175, 100 390, 332 (1979) (citations omitted). 48 "ad inquiries" conducted respect property, estimates valuation relevant unique circumstances. before turn, taking. Agins Tiburon, 447 260, 2138, 2141, 106 considering fairly straightforward. "denies 2141. Penn Central City, 438 104, 98 2646, 631 (1978). easily survives scrutiny test. face, prevent beneficial Except proscription near merely conducted.37 purport put.38 posture comes us, reason suppose deprived juncture legitimately raise complaints There indication availed themselves opportunities provided requesting waiver 522(e). seek procedures, mutually acceptable solution might reached properties, thereby obviating questions.39 potential solutions confirms resolution.40 next offend One provision 521(a)(2), 1271(a)(2) instructs immediately total partial whenever he determines, inspection, condition "creates danger safety public, causing, expected cause significant, imminent harm air, ."41 54 aggrieved 521(a)(2) notice expiration abatement 521(a)(3) Secretary, days receipt. 525(c), 1275 526(c) 1276(c) authorizes denying relief. informal 521(a)(5), formal review, adjudicatory hearing, 525(b), 1275(b) III).42 526(a)(2), 1276(a)(2) 55 521(a)(2)'s authorization provide sufficiently summary regard, OSM inspectors company overturned appeal, involved suffered losses. issuing "until correct subjective inspectors." 448.43 amended problem, process. operator's aspects 56 Our "some kind hearing" interest. Parratt Taylor, 451 527, 540, 1908, 1915, 68 420 Boddie Connecticut, 401 371, 379, 780, 786, 113 often emergency situations. Calero-Toledo Pearson Yacht Leasing 416 663, 677-680, 94 2080, 2088-2090, (1974); 378-379, 786; Ewing Mytinger Casselberry, 339 594, 599-600, 70 870, 872-873, 1088 (1950); Fahey Mallonee, 253-254, 1552, 1555-1556, 2030 Yakus 321 414, 442-443, 660, 675-676, 88 834 (1944); Bowles Willingham, 519-520, 641, 892 Phillips Commissioner, 283 589, 595-599, 608, 611-612, 75 1289 (1931); American Cold Storage Chicago, 211 306, 315-321, 101, 104-106, 195 (1908). then, 521(a) falls exception right. believe does. reflect concern devastating damage disasters.44 represent attempt accommodation desire companies heard submitting protecting danger. Protection paramount justifies Indeed, "[o]ne oldest examples" permissible 599, 872. Mackey Montrym, 443 17-18, 99 2612, 2620-2621, (1979); 21, n. 25, 2622, 2624 (Stewart, J., dissenting); 315-316, 104. precisely type justified. supra. Rather orders. disagree. judgment, deprivation. 701(8) 1291(8) defines "imminent public" existence practice 59 "[r]easonably physical outside condition, practice, abated. expectation death serious injury exists person, subjected giving rise peril, expose himself herself abatement."45 anything, authorizing challenges. 595-596, 871 (" 'dangerous misleading purchaser consumer' "); 250-251, 1554, ("is unsafe unfit manage savings loan association" "[i]s becoming impaired"); East, Transportation Safety Board, 512 1227, 1232 (CA3) 'emergency commerce' "), cert. denied, 423 863, 122, (1975). appeal adequacy demonstrates efficacy procedures. case, procedure incapable affording 434-435, 671-672. possibility error inheres program; exception.46 872: "Discretion official abused. Yet discretion exercised. sufficient, rights concerned, stage determination." post-deprivation satisfied comport place, days. substitute policy preference Vermont Yankee Nuclear Corp. Resources Defense Council, 435 1197, 460 B penalty provisions, notify recipient amount it. 518(c), 1268(c) 518(c) "wishes contest violation," "forward placement escrow account."47 Once met, receives judge, right board final decision. If, occurred reduced, promptly refunded them. find, belies premature, improper render claim. VI examination persuades vulnerable challenge. affirm upholding attack (No. 79-1596), reverse 79-1538). instructions dissolve injunction proceedings opinion. So ordered. THE CHIEF JUSTICE, concurring. I largely what REHNQUIST "fictions" delegation, gradual case-by-case expansion 71 fully seem forget doctrine based However, opinions 80-231 reaffirms doctrine. ante, 280. 72 POWELL, 73 extraordinarily intrusive reclamation, normally left governments. 74 seriously owners lessees seven westernmost counties Virginia. Government pay compensation use.1 San Diego Electric Diego, 621, 654, 1287, 551 (1981) (BRENNAN, dissenting).2 so, compensation, questions cases. (1980); (1979). premature Ante, 2369-2371. taken. thus confined facially 40. remains to, litigated by, lessee whose Act.3 add word location, topography, geology highly understanding question. Bituminous coal, Virginia's valuable resource,4 region marked steep mountain slopes, ridges, massive outcrops rock, narrow valleys—conditions severely thin soil rugged terrain, suited agricultural growing merchantable timber. Its lies, instances, solely coal. major industrial impoverished Virginia.5 76 appear written little comprehension area. example, approximately contours seems unrealistic. 95% strippable located slopes excess degrees. 434 cost exceed substantially event diminish increase land's worth. broadly terms, consequences owners, whole, far-reaching. adjudication arising implementation future. invalid, 78 REHNQUIST, concurring 79 illuminating purposes reflection, argument, note greatest system delegated while remainder people. construed amply illustrates extent fiction. people, "regulate U.S.Const., Art. I, 8, cl. get sense sufferance 80 interpreted indeed. evolved include (1824), exclude articles destined conceive health, morals welfare, though use." 114, 457, Shreveport Case, 234 342, 351, 836, 1341 (1914), rates railroads, included "control close relation traffic. (1937), notion kinds "commerce," manufacturing, cf. E. C. Knight 156 249, (1895), relations manufacturing plant stoppage "would upon 41, 626. (1942), expanded alone wheat farmer's production, deemed nationally cumulative effect, altering supply-and-demand relationships market. 154, 1361, (1971) ("Where class 'to excise, trivial, instances' class"). summarized commentator: "In recent years, 'cumulative effect' principle justification legislation, criminal statutes, sale foods additives, registration drug producers. fact-findings stressed abate evil national L. Tribe, Constitutional Law 237 Despite holdings cases, dicta therein, Chief Hughes "Undoubtedly embrace indirect remote complex society, effectually obliterate create centralized government." Cardozo, cogent writing subject, expressed too reading Schechter Poultry 295 495, 554-555, 837, 853, 1570 (1935), observed: 84 "There causation Motion outer rim communicated perceptibly, minutely, recording instruments center. ours 'is elastic medium transmits tremors throughout territory; size.' indifferent considerations degree. Activities immediacy distant repercussions. directness almost everywhere. centripetal forces isolated exclusion oppose counteract system." Cardozo elaborated point separate Carter 298 238, 855, 880, 1160 (1936). "Mining agriculture manufacture themselves, yet relationship other. Sometimes 'direct' bring play. circumstances description precise needs occasion. great susceptible statement adjective. underlying thought this, degree.' opinion, 554, 853. clause absorb imperil states. At times, cited, waves radiated far undulatory motion, discernible all, faint obscure, broken cross-currents, heeded law." Thus mistake unlimited. Some nature Nor nexus 624 (local "close commerce"). so. supported reviewable courts. 157, 1363 (STEWART, dissenting).* short, unlike violating Constitution, connection jurisdictional prerequisite ways, approach. Indiana exhaustively analyzes articulated justifications concludes justify Though doubt stretched "nth degree," precedents compel me conclusion. concur judgments is, troublesome difference says. asserts Mining, 264, 276, 2352, 2360, 1; Indiana, 314, 323-325, 2376, 2382-2383, takes proper "test" my view, misstates above, "affects" (1914); 125, "it exerts commerce"); SEC, 327 686, 705, 785, 796, 90 945 (1946) (Congress bears "substantial recently Wirtz, 392 183, 197, 27, 2017, 2024, 1020 (1968), Harlan "[n]either trivial excuse general activities." Even paragraph passage emphasized "which harmful 358. errs "test," read much choice language. mention 280, 2362. difficulty jurisprudence Neither prohibited Constitution. seeks uncertainty intends broaden, language, leads judgments. "[t]o Nations Indian Tribes." 3. Other are, period. example 1272(e) prohibits, exceptions, distances structures facilities. 1252(b), All passed 1977. country, operations, excluding "Federal "Indian lands," commencing February start begun May 1978. (c), 701(11), 1291(11) 526(a)(1) 1276(a)(1) (1978); 456 1301 (1978), aff'd part rev'd 201 627 1346 litigation instant sustained 1319-1321, renewed appeal. encouraged assistance providing reimbursements effort 1252(e)(4) 1273 term defined 701(4), 1291(4) 710 1300 lands." 1979—18 passed. Exercising 504(a), deadline August 1979. 15324 1979 publication date submission 1980. Civ. 79-1144 (DC July Aug. 1979). 60969 (announcing conforming changes programs). With Alaska, Georgia, initial Three approved, modifications, disapproved legislatures failed statutes. part. 69977 revise plan whole resubmit Citizens Better Reclamation, St. Charles, defendants Secretary. 1231-1243 abandoned mines. "not grant[ing] title." 429 "be life, liberty, "[t]he respectively, people." "for compensation." denied motion stay pending direct time, clarifying modifying App. Juris. Statement pp. 1a-16a (J.S.App.). Upon application, staying "pending timely filing disposition appeal[s] Court." 1306, 755 invoked 1252, invalidating agencies, officers, parties. hear 80-231, Hodel involves decide today. least Courts Concerned Appalachia, Andrus, 494 679 (ED Tenn.1980), pending, 80-1488 (CA6), face raised Star 79-171-2 (SD Iowa, 1980), dism'd, 80-1284 (CA8), Amendments, Andrus P-Burg 495 Ind.1980), aff'd, 644 1231 (CA7 1981), cite Village Belle Terre Boraas, 1536, 797 Berman Parker, 348 26, 98, (1954); Euclid Ambler Realty 272 365, 303 (1926). provides: Power dispose needful Rules Regulations Territory belonging IV, 2. Hearings 1968. Reclamation: Insular Affairs, 90th Cong., Sess. (1968). later, Senate. Strip Mining: Subcommittee Mines 92d 1st Minerals, Materials Fuels (1972). reported bills respective Houses. H.R.6482, adjourned measure. Similar reintroduced 93d held. Operations: Environment (1973). Chairman Committee, Council Environmental Quality prepared report entitled An Economic Assessment Alternatives (Comm. Print 1973), report. Houses, bill vetoed President Ford 1974. 94th 1975, administration objections bill. Briefing: Briefing Senate, again Conference Committee. protracted endeavor finally bore fruit extensive shortly opening 95th very beginning session. 1977: S.7 Public Lands Energy Resources, (1977) (1977 Hearings); H.R.2 Hearings). chambers followed, lengthy floor debate. 123 Cong.Rec. 12861-12886, 15691-15755 H.R.Conf.Rep.No.95-493 debate, recommended conferees. 23967-23988, 24419-24429 signed history 59-61 140-141 593. Note, W.Va.L.Rev. 775 enhances diminishes did. Kleppe Mexico, 529, 541, 10, 2285, 2292, (1976); 152-154, 783-784, (1938). Byrd, 1204, 1209-1210 1979); 544 657, 663 (CA3 1976); Sierra Club 176 335, 540 1114, 1139 (1976), 959, 1610, 811 328, 988 grounds Ashland Oil 504 1317, 1325 (CA6 1974); 500 246, 259 South Terminal 646, 677 (CA1 Bishop Processing 287 (Md.1968), 469 (CA4), 398 904, 1695, (1970). 515(d)(4), 1265(d)(4) slope" "any twenty degrees lesser climate, characteristics State." contour" "that configuration achieved backfilling grading reclaimed area, terracing access roads, closely blends complements pattern surrounding highwalls eliminated." 701(2), 1291(2) 515(c), 1265(c) mountaintop reasoned elect "choice purportedly given all" 432. trial, postmining infeasible impossible." 434. reserves shut down requirements, economies towns dependent level fields, "forward-looking planning" $5,000-$300,000-an-acre $5-$75-per-acre denial intended "allo[w] placed uncontrolled stated "[a]ny controlled meeting authority." J.S.App. 2a. open results governments spending Fourteenth 17, 17. Fitzpatrick Bitzer, 427 445, 2666, 614 actions discrimination employment. purpose limiting autonomy, principles restrict autonomy legislates 452-456, 2669-2671. Rome 446 179, 1548, 1562, 119 places Civil War Amendments 'by legislation.' Demonstrating met guarantee succeed. advanced submission. 852-853, 2474-2475. 856, 2476 (BLACKMUN, concurring). Helsley, 615 784 1979) Airborne Hunting 742j-1); Friends Earth, Carey, 552 36-39 (CA2) III)), 902, 296, 188 359, 1140 (1976) seq.), 283. presses another regulator displaced pre-empted text, concerns disposes amici presumes 'The differ retained 116, 458, Rock Royal Co-operative, 307 533, 569-570, 993, 1010-1011, 1446 (1939). asserted ruling, destroy Commonwealth. likely finances 846-847, 2471-2472. clear, determinative factor action, 847, 2472. true measurable economy, standing alone, insufficient Oklahoma Atkinson 313 508, 534-535, 1050, 1063-1064, 1487 (1941), assertion persuaded reasons reversing position. assumed resolution unnecessary suggested cuts covered "meaningless" operators. 437. 39, infra. "valid rights," parks forests, publicly owned Register Historic Sites. 1272(e)(1), (2), (3) feet cemetery right-of-way road, 300 occupied dwelling, building, school, church, community institutional park. 522(e)(4) (5). 522(a), (d), establishment designating unsuitable 1272(a), latter puzzling stand. Since come landowner justiciable Workers Mitchell, 75, 89-91, 556, 564-565, 754 (1947). areas, tracts provision. deprive proscribe nonmining Third, 522(e)'s rights." "applies Act." 48. interpretation language history. apparently CFR 761.5(a)(2)(i) promulgated That reconsideration Columbia. ERC 1083, 1091 (D.C.1980), 80-1810 (CADC). ask Appeals worth $5,000-$300,000 per acre, presumably retain option leveling flat benchland truly re-establishment sites old stabilized 515(e) offer meaningful identify instance obligation cover prevented advantage procedure. preclude attempting unavailable. Duke Carolina Study Group, 94, 2620, 2641, 595 Regional Rail Reorganization 419 102, 125-136 Larson Domestic Foreign 337 682, 697, 18, 1457, 1465, 1628 (1949). Where entail threat, fixing abatement. 521(a)(3), 1271(a)(3) abated period, offending operation. 1271(a)(5) automatically expire "unless proximity viewings course hearing." January supplemental violation. 2a-3a. indicates critical, measure avert possible occurrence disasters Buffalo Creek flood. 129-130 90-91 sudden collapse impoundment dam 1972 Creek, W. Va. 124 dead rendered 4,000 homeless. define "a harm" following terms: "(a) include, animal life. "(b) imminent, which—(1) Is or, (2) "(c) appreciable reparable." 700.5 701.5 abuse arbitrary agency's OSM's offender hearing. 518(b) "A 1268(b) assume, course, weighed desirable BRENNAN Justices joined him majority Agins, observed "determination determination large, single owner, bear interest." $2 billion year industry said, perhaps frivolously now, bootlegging second remunerative Of rarely Railroad Retirement Bd. Fritz, 166, 453, Within sphere authority, invalidation. contrast, act.

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