Document: 410 U.S. 578 93 S.Ct. 1157 35 L.Ed.2d 508 Felipe Juarez HURTADO et al., Petitioners,v.UNITED STATES. No. 71—6742. Argued Jan. 17, 1973. Decided March 5, Leave to File Petition for Rehearing Denied May 7, See 411 978, 2151. Syllabus 1. A material witness who is incarcerated because unable give bail entitled under 28 U.S.C. § 1821 the same $20 per diem compensation as allowed a nonincarcerated during trial or other proceeding at which he in 'attendance,' i.e., has been summoned and available testify court session, regardless of whether physically present courtroom. Pp. 582—587. 2. The $1 statutory plus subsistence kind witnesses before does not violate Just Compensation Clause, detention 'taking' Fifth Amendment; distinction between pretrial attendance so unreasonable Due Process Clause Amendment, since Congress could determine that view length confinement costs necessarily borne by Government, only minimal justified, particularly public duty testify. 588—591. 5 Cir., 452 F.2d 951, vacated remanded District Court. Albert Armendariz, Sr., El Paso, Tex., petitioners. Sol. Gen., Erwin N. Griswold, respondent. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion 1 petitioners, citizens Mexico, entered United States illegally. To assure their presence federal criminal trials those accused illegally bringing them into this country, they were required post bond pursuant former Rule 46(b) Federal Rules Criminal Procedure. Unable make bail, incarcerated.1 2 petitioners instituted class action Court Western Texas on behalf themselves others similarly witnesses. Their complaint alleged they, members class, had paid every day confinement; statute providing be requires payment total $21 custody; that, alternatively, if construed require detained witnesses, it violates Amendment guarantees just due process. They did attack validity incarceration such, but sought monetary damages Tucker Act, 1346(a)(2), lost claimed, equivalent declaratory injunctive relief. 3 question, 1821, provides 'witness attending any . shall receive each day's time occupied going returning from ..' separate paragraph entitles 'a prison want security his appearance, addition subsistence, day.'2 4 petitioners' was grounded upon theory 'attending in. court' throughout period incarceration, prevented engaging normal occupations order ready argued fee inconvenience private loss suffered when comes testify, all these burdens are confinement. Urging provisions should applied broadly problem designed ameliorate, confinement, viewed token small necessities while jail. While pressed broad definition also pointed narrower more acute administering statute. amended after have testify—even days needed simply wait relative comfort hotel rooms called. By contrast, jail waiting progress. In short, Government mean must courtroom eligible daily compensation, need amount.3 6 its answer, conceded custody such actually court. defended practice literal words statute, construed, constitutional. 7 an unreported order, granted Government's motion summary judgment, Appeals Circuit affirmed. 951. concluded properly payable 'in attendance' travelling court, attendance. So interpreted, upheld We certiorari, 409 841, 158, 34 80, consider question seeming importance administration justice courts. 8 * Both adhere own quite contrary interpretations 1821—the maintaining seeking limit find both incorrect—the too expansive, restricted.4 9 States' 'for attendance.' This perforce means can two requirements satisfied—when there session attend, necessary 10 interpretation 'attendance' beginning with first slights requirement might many case called trial. During time, literally no conceivably considered Over century half ago Attorney General William Wirt rejected similar construction almost identically worded law. He found then-current provided attend court,'5 provide detention: 11 'There except session. There judges; do constitute assemble administer Now I cannot conceive what propriety said will several months. 12 'To committed future commitment, five months existence, would seem me rather forced unnatural construction.' Op.Atty.Gen. 424, 427. 13 hand, place restrictive gloss statute's attendance; maintains actual physical concludes confined brought But speak terms 'physical' 'actual' attendance, we decline engraft restriction Rather, reaches readiness nothing magic about four walls Once waits room, prosecutor's office, jail, still availability compensates. Nonincarcerated compensated made required—for example, where adjourned testimony later day.6 accept anomalous conclusion language imposes confined. issue here, presence: 14 'But my intention authorize inference .. entitle allowance act Congress, corporeally within court-room, Such puerility never mind. My was, is, begin run, commenced session; legally subsisting, court—not power, whenever may purpose earning long power whensoever become call evidence, although court-room until made; moment commencement adjournment sine die, notwithstanding intermediate adjournments de die diem.' Op.Atty.Gen., 426—427. 15 conclude detained.7 On days, satisfied—there position appear trial, arrival told prosecutor hold himself pays pay witness. Because allow courtroom, judgment set aside.8 II 16 argue dollar begins, then unconstitutional. agree. 17 As noted outset, constitutionality incarcerating particular case.9 say incarcerates 'taken' property, one Amendment. Alternatively, contrasted denial process 18 performance already owed. Monongahela Bridge Co. v. States, 216 177, 193, 30 356, 360, 54 L.Ed. 435 (modification bridge obstructing river); Hobbs, 450 935 (Selective Service Act); Dillon, 346 633, 635 (representation indigents court-appointed attorney); Roodenko 147 752, 754 (alternative service conscientious objectors); cf. Kunhardt & 266 537, 540, 45 160, 69 428. It beyond dispute fact obligation see Bryan, 339 323, 331, 70 724, 730, 94 884; Blackmer 284 421, 438, 52 252, 255, 76 375 persists matter how financially burdensome be.10 financial losses extension testifies. witness, level therefore, not, constitutional question. '(I)t clearly recognized giving grand jury duties person jurisdiction bound perform being summoned, further than statutes provide. personal sacrifice involved part contribution individual welfare public.' Blair 250 273, 281, 39 468, 471, 63 979.11 19 Similarly, unpersuaded classifications drawn irrational Cf. Bolling Sharpe, 347 497, 499, 74 693, 694, 98 884. not. elapses gets whatever Government. An period, kind. 20 reasonable basis distinguishing fees Pretrial frequently longer bear cost food, lodging, thus reasonably some amount correctly observed, '(G) overnmental recognition interest having persons paying participation judicial proceedings, nature extent held proceedings prove necessary. That government stage like manner stages.' F.2d, 955. 21 pass wisdom ultimate fairness decide 'that humane system devised.' Dandridge Williams, 397 487, 90 1153, 1162, 25 491. Indeed, even though opposed granting petition certiorari case, 'obvious' 'the situation satisfactory one,' informed oral argument legislative proposal increase shortly submitted Department Office Management Budget review. unwise unsatisfactory rates be, Constitution license impose levels think fair just. task belongs us. 22 vacated, consistent opinion. 23 ordered. 24 BRENNAN, concurring dissenting part. am full agreement much majority's Construing authorizes rate '(a) .,' holds today witness1 pertinent underway, majority jailed in' prior inception proceeding, insure appearance reject because, view, works obvious severe hardship compelled neither nor purposes unconstitutional 26 'each from' authorizes, certain cases, 'additional $16 expenses subsistence.' 1821. And states '(w)hen entitled, day.' 27 construing provisions, (citizens Mexico illegally), respondent, agree points: first, spends second, additional progress point contention taken custody, Petitioners contend should. Respondent contends (whether appears court), spent way. predicates superficially plausible reading statute: 29 'The Ante, 583. holds, words, court.' (Emphasis added.) correct phrase, court,' appear. Read literally, phrase spend or, very least, courthouse. Yet recognizes, concedes, room restaurant. share bring reach Court's depending technically 31 Unfortunately, described compensating specificity simplify our analysis. plausible, however, assume follows: subpoenaed Tuesday morning Monday en route courthouse, learn early expected. If finally Friday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday. Whatever three permitted, required, rigid analysis unlawful compensate traveling apparently yet 32 shortcoming disregard, critical subpoena often entail substantial disruption one's affairs, income, considerable inconvenience. These dislocations, authorized compensation,2 exist room. For reason, fact, purposive refutes suggestion pendency precondition fees. Surely calling case. His income mysteriously soon judge behind bench. Nor, unlucky enough infringement liberty less assault dignity severe. status remains clear single purpose: serve interests unquestioned inconvenienced compensated, least part, given. ascribe essentially pending inherently worthy Nothing intended turn 33 misconstrued fortified conviction interpreted Court, invalid Fith 884 (1954). discerns 'reasonable testify.' 590. assertion inadequate justifying discriminatory classification scheme. First, scheme treat sense treatment establishes distinct classes witnesses: burdened appear, dislocation; term dislocation follow denies inequality, asserting '(d)uring kind.' appropriate comparison statement receives precedes onset true irrelevant. Naturally compensation; sustained injury. hypothesis, directs scheduled begin. practical effect, inconvenience, endure 'inconvenience' lengthy significant happen coincide 36 Moreover, discrimination against justified reference fact—again, irrelevant identical 'public obligation' imposed existence rationalize heavier burden placed dislocation. carries begun, explain 37 upheld, rational attempt limits money out given imposition ceiling expenditures itself, permissible goal. could, instances, staggering amounts, across-the-board cutoff—e.g., $1,000 witness—on allowable act. assumptions relieve us approach used imposing cutoff sufficiently withstand constituional attack. 483—487, 1160—1163, 491 (1970). 38 construes scheme, anticipation one-day $141—$1 120 who, result preliminary motions, adjournment, miscellaneous delays, weeks passed, $280 allowance. However legitimate governmental expenditure mere save sum greatly excess congenial atmosphere courthouse appalling difference treatment.3 uphold preserve resources.4 Regrettably, seems little punish guarantee definition, lack resources remedy unfortunate plight. Brother Douglas points out, '(w)e insistent Mexican 'deportable aliens' obscure come innocent charged crime prosecution.' Post, 604. impute intent penalize holding injury hold, consistently light purposes, awaiting 40 DOUGLAS, dissenting. 41 indigents, subject 'so unjustifiable violative process.' 42 Petitioners, allegedly illegally, belong Each suffer limited invasion fulfill evidence. 979. discrete subclass—those whose impractical secure Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 46(b)1 bail. deprivation extensive merely subpoena. few minutes hours testifying. Unlike free go Nevertheless, justification infringing same. Former conceived tool2 direct concerned with, then, entire freedom curtailed restraint. Although true, notes, hardly comparably situated restraint 43 seen fit (as defined majority) travel time. Yet, compensates $1. Thus, freedom, denied testify.3 failed incarcerated, affected indigent resulted, suspect based wealth. invidious poverty-stricken supported speculative justification. Ortwein Schwab, 656, 661, 1172, 1175, 572 (Douglas, J., dissenting); Kras, 434, 457, 631, 641, 626 (opinion Brennan, JJ.); Boddie Connecticut, 401 371, 383, 91 780, 789, 113 result). Surely, desire avoid increased rise above level.4 supra, 382, 788; Shapiro Thompson, 394 618, 89 1322, 1330, 600. 44 'cannot trial.' position. transition statute5 wholly arbitrary. bears relevance quality Griffin Illinois, 351 12, 585, 100 891, defendant equal protection laws barred appealing defendants solely indigence. Bandy 82 11, chambers), 'no man e release (pending review) indigence.' Id., 13, L.Ed.2d, 11. principle ever clearer forceful circumstances imprisoned convicted crime. prosecution. course, challenge confining But, prayer relief, seek enjoin 'from rule ($1.00) payment.' relief unless released recognizance. 46(b), arose 46 conform Bail Reform Act 1966, provided: '(b) Witness. 'If affidavit shown impracticable subpoena, commissioner him fixed commissioner. fails commit marshal final disposition needed, modify bail.' full: Per mileage generally; subsistence. 'A commissioner, take deposition same, cents mile residence. Regardless mode employed computation section uniform table distances adopted General. Witnesses salaried employees far removed respective residence prohibit return thereto including attendance: Provided, lieu herein, Territories possessions, continental lowest first-class reservation passage, transportation employed: Provided further, apply Alaska. 'When day. 'Witnesses district courts districts Canal Zone, Guam, Virgin Islands allowances States.' way illustration, sets Tuesday; Friday; returns home Saturday, through Saturday. Monday, Friday testifies, released, Friday—the parties bolster arguments language. specifically excluded $16-a-day Hence, $20-per-day fee. proves 'attending' court; indicate compensable supports pointing allocates subsistence,' $20. difficult weight argument, acknowledges Therefore, according interpretation, $1-a-day clause exclusive. 'And enacted, jurors follows, wit: juror, twenty-five cents; travelling, mile, places abode, holden, returning; jurors.' Feb. 28, 1799, c. 19, 6, Stat. 626. Cf., e.g., Hunter Russell, C.C.Mont., 59 F. 964, 967 968; Whipple Cumberland Cotton Mfg. Co., Fed.Cas. 933 (No. 17,515); Hance McCormick, 6,009). regulations repeat directive Justice, Marshal's Manual 340.14 (1971). explicit history provision unenlightening. Though specific See, 8, 1792, 36, 3, 277; June 1, 1796, 48, 2, 492; 1853, $1.50 indicated over 26, 167. 1926, eliminated raised Apr. 183, §§ 1—3, 323—324. following decades, changed 30, 1932, 314, 47 413; Mar. 22, 1935, 39, 49 105; Dec. 24, 1942, 825, 56 1088. When Judicial Code revised 1948, again absent, 25, 646, 62 950, added year, 1949, 139, 94, 103, explanation House Committee Judiciary 'inadvertently omitted.' H.R.Rep.No.352, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., 16. measure, increased. 10, 96, 65. fee, increased, remained constant. Aug. 1956, 826, 798; 27, 1968, Pub.L. 90—274, 102(b), 62. urge steadily increasing indicates congressional fully ought imcome. S.Rep.No.891, 90th 36; S.Rep.No.187, hint reports various changes justify error affirm genuine attended Civ.Proc. 56(c); Arenas 322 419, 432—434, 64 1090, 1095—1097, 88 1363; Sartor Arkansas Natural Gas Corp., 321 320, 623—629, 727—730, 967. occasions testified testimony. agreed contended answer paid. No affidavits evidence support contention, affirming comment factual dispute. Since remand note explicitly ruled suit declared 23, discuss issue. will, action, accordingly express Stein New York, 156, 184, 73 1077, 1092, 97 1522 ('The disclose knowledge vital known detained, absence witness'); Barry ex rel. Cunningham, 279 597, 616—618, 452, 456—457, 867. labor, ease, profits, livelihood. regarded gratuity, courtesy, ill-required favor. grudged evaded. Whoever impelled evade resent retire society organized civilized communities, hermit. live let him, to.' J. Wigmore Evidence 2192, p. 72 (J. McNaughton rev. 1961). likewise substance low involuntary servitude prohibited Thirteenth Breckenridge, 403 88, 104—105, 1790, 1799 1800, 338; Jones Alfred H. Mayer 392 409, 437—444, 2186, 2202—2206, 1189. arose, witness' 'material' appearance. needed. argues intend earnings. Brief 24. dispute, partial expenses, dislocation, attributable Of detains assumes expense feeding housing affords arbitrary makes ground, advised marginal existing penal facility. Second, evidences concern effort expense. Third, substantial, whatsoever large indeed. Finally, most important, limiting witnesses—including fees, allowances, costs—that higher Even keeping $36 day, payments standpoint dramstically, inexplicably, less. Nor poor deserves unlikely incur great incarceration. indication unemployed. affairs. Inconvenience exclusive property rich. likely family inevitably enacted thought 'more arbitrary, average witness.' deemed indifferent compensation. 'payment chance bonus' presumably earn 31, misses reasoning, offer 'chance earns $50,000 income. Wealth poverty trivial. read: 'Bail Black Frankfurther dissented submission original 323 821. 1966 amendments Procedure Congress. Black's 383 1032, mine 1089. presented serious questions. approved without debating weighing merits preclude imprimatur Rules, gives mighty weight. possible read permitting experience judges it. result, opinion, down heavily good risks put up buy bond. construed—and case—is therefore plainly Filling jails San Antonio men work caprice chocking, least—and traceable easy, offhand seemingly touch matters liberties well. Solicitor asserts 'it cerainly deportable aliens. illegal aliens, employed, earned wages averaging 60 longer.' prompts comments. explaining predecessor current Senate Report stated: amounts arrived bill presently proposed rates, adequately compensated. fairly everyone appearing either graduated scale leave discretion judge. Neither feasible, herein Also, measured applies surely creates classification. Takahashi Fish Game Comm'n, 334 410, 68 1138, 92 1478. $20, cover expenses. believe feed event, taxed convenience tracks 'unenlightening.' 167, 50¢ paid, differential related factor. years, advanced

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