Document: 360 U.S. 109 79 S.Ct. 1081 3 L.Ed.2d 1115 Lloyd BARENBLATT, Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES of America. No. 35. Argued Nov. 18, 1958. Decided June 8, 1959. Rehearing Denied Oct. 12, See 80 40. [Syllabus from pages 109-110 intentionally omitted] Mr. Edward J. Ennis, Washington, D.C., for the petitioner. Philip R. Monahan, respondent. Justice HARLAN delivered opinion Court. 1 Once more Court is required to resolve conflicting constitutional claims congressional power and an individual's right resist its exercise. The in question concerns internal process Congress moving within legislative domain; it involves utilization committees secure 'testimony needed enable efficiently exercise a function belonging under Constitution.' McGrain v. Dougherty, 273 135, 160, 47 319, 324, 71 L.Ed. 580. inquiry has been employed by throughout our history, over whole range national interests concerning which might legislate or decide upon due investigation not legislate; similarly utilized determining what appropriate purse, whether appropriate. scope inquiry, short, as penetrating far-reaching potential enact Constitution. 2 Broad is, not, however, without limitations. Since may only investigate into those areas potentially appropriate, cannot inquire matters are exclusive province one other branches Government. Lacking judicial given Judiciary, that exclusively concern Judiciary. Neither can supplant Executive belongs Executive. And Congress, common with all Government, must powers subject limitations placed Constitution on governmental action, particularly context this case relevant Bill Rights. scope, duty relation it, be viewed proper perspective. Daugherty, supra; Landis, Constitutional Limitations Congressional Power Investigation, 40 Harv.L.Rev. 153, 214; Black, Inside Senate 172 Harpers Monthly 275 (February 1936). resistance judged concrete, basis abstractions. In present efforts learn extent nation-wide, indeed worldwide, problem have brought investigating field education. Of course, broadly viewed, inquires made teaching pursued any educational institutions. When academic teaching-freedom corollary learning-freedom, so essential well-being Nation, claimed, will always alert againstint rusion constitutionally protected domain. But does mean precluded interrogating witness merely because he teacher. An institution sanctuary otherwise domain reason someone walls. 4 setting framework practice legal precedents, we turn particularities case. 5 We here review petitioner's conviction U.S.C. § 192, U.S.C.A. 192.1 contempt arising his refusal answer certain questions put him Subcommittee House Committee Un-American Activities during course alleged Communist infiltration 6 before us second time. Petitioner's was originally affirmed 1957 unanimous panel Appeals, 100 U.S.App.D.C. 13, 240 F.2d 875. This granted certiorari, 354 930, 77 1394, 1533, vacated judgment remanded court further consideration light Watkins United States, 178, 1173, 1273, had reversed conviction, decided after Appeals' decision issued. Thereafter sitting en banc, reaffirmed divided court. 102 217, 252 129. again 356 929, 78 771, 760, consider statutory challenges claim below stand 7 Pursuant subpoena, accompanied counsel, petitioner 28, 1954, appeared Subcommittee. After answering few preliminary testifying graduate student fellow at University Michigan 1947 1950 instructor psychology Vassar College shortly appearance Subcommittee, objected generally 'political' 'religious' beliefs 'other personal private affairs' 'associational activities,' grounds set forth previously prepared memorandum allowed file Subcommittee.2 specifically declined each following five questions: 8 'Are you now member Party? (Count One.) 9 'Have ever Two.) 10 'Now, stated knew Francis Crowley. Did know row ley Three.) 11 'Were Haldane Club Party while Michigan? Four.) 12 Council Arts, Sciences, Professions?' Five.) 13 instance were statement. Petitioner expressly disclaimed reliance 'the Fifth Amendment.'3 14 Following receipt Subcommittee's report these occurrences duly certified matter District Columbia States Attorney proceedings. indictment Counts, embracing several refusals answer, ensued. With consent both sides tried jury, Counts general sentence six months' imprisonment fine $250 imposed. 15 less than maximum punishment authorized statute Count,4 upheld if sustainable. Claassen 142 140, 147, 169, 170, 35 966; Roviaro 353 53, 623, 639; Whitfield State Ohio, 297 431, 56 532, 778. As conceive ultimate issue could properly convicted refusing relating participation knowledge activities institutions country, find unnecessary validity Third ones involving their face do directly relate such knowledge. 16 various contentions themselves three propositions: First, compelling testimony neither legislatively nor permissible vagueness Rule XI Representatives, Eighty-third charter authority parent Committee.5 Second, adequately apprised pertinency inquiry. Third, refused infringed rights First Amendment. 17 Authority Compel Testimony. 18 At outset should noted compel investigative conferred Committee.6 contends supra, nevertheless held grant circumstances ineffective delineating jurisdiction appurtenant. view accepted two dissenting judges below. 124, page 136. 19 read standing proposition. A principal contention justified requirement 192 asked 'pertinent inquiry' satisfied. 208—209, 1190. solely ground, holding thereto answer. Id., 206—209, 214—215, 1188—1190, 1193 1194; see concurring case, id., 216, 1194. deciding drew facets total mise scene search 'question particular investigation. 209—215, 1190—1194. Court, words, dealing large, effect no 209, That alone determinative also shown Court's statement aside remarks chairman members committee, even nature proceedings themselves, sometimes make topic (under inquiry) clear.' Ibid. critical XI, did involve broad inflexible attributes it.7 20 contends, independently Watkins, deprived activity. agree furthest reach would existing circumstances. Granting Rule, isolation long history Representatives. Just legislation often meaning gloss reports, administrative interpretation, usage, authorization committee derived abstract terms unrelated definite content furnished them actions. comes 'persuasive history,' Witkovich, 194, 199, 779, 782, 765, shows beyond doubt pursuance 'national security' clothed pervasive country. 21 essence briefly stated. Committee, known Dies first established 1938.8 principally consequence German-American Bund, whose suspected allegiance Hitler Germany, Party, supposed many domination Soviet Union.9 From beginning, interruption time, undoubted approval House, devoted major part energies activities.10 More particularly, announced wide-range progrm i n field,11 pursuant years 1948 1952 conducted diverse inquiries espionage; atom bomb secrets; labor, farmer, veteran, professional, youth, motion picture groups; addition number hearings proposals curb activities.12 22 unremitting pursuits, steadily continued life commencement new Congress;13 never narrowed remained identical contained XI; continuingly supported Committee's substantial appropriations.14 Beyond this, raised level 1945, having but special prior time.15 23 illuminating hardly seriously argued generally, attendant use compulsory process, purview intended XI. 24 urged, construe least exclude education authority. Two four relied entirely, alternatively, ground. 224, 226, 136, 138. premised took Rumely, 345 41, 73 543, 97 770, where order avoid issues construed narrowly there involved. follow route here, 'speak itself, since time passage,' subsequent 'infirmity post litem motam, self-serving declarations.' 44—45, 48, 545, 547. 25 To contrary, compelling. Not indication being outside affirmatively evinces phase work. During year activities, 1938, heard Brooklyn College, N.Y.16 similar American Student Union Teachers Union.17 'Communist influences education' items program.18 Other investigations including place 1953.19 1953, instituted involved desirability Communism discussed appropriation year, controversial debate approved.20 26 conclude conduct presently unassailable, whatever bearing 'pertinency' said infirm score vagueness. permissibility later. 27 Pertinency Claim. 28 Undeniably unless pertinent 1193—1194. factors led rest ground very different here. 29 specific objection pertinency; disclosed manner; amorphous face, some instances clearly foreign investigation—'Communism labor.' 185, 1178, 30 contrast, objections him. It true hearing statement, 'to ask me I am dire consequences. wish * challenge investigation,' another point quoted Jones Securities & Exchange Comm., 298 1, 654, 1015, language witness' informed agency.21 These statements cannot, equivalent objection. best they constituted contemplated still unasked, buried considered adequate, 1193—1194, trigger reciprocal obligation faced 31 need petitone r's failure object score, appear 'with undisputable clarity.' 214, 1193. all, goes saying witness, determine, reviewing responsibility What deal sufficiently thus 'and connective reasoning whereby precise relate(d) it.' 215, well aware purpose did. 1091, supra. sources information recognized pages, 1190—1194, leave room record. identified filed education.22 day's 'in main communism experiences background party X. T. Michigan, Boston, small degree, New York.' interrogate Crowley along same lines he, petitioner, evidently questioned, listened Crowley's identifying former organization attendance there.23 Further, stood mute Chairman's why called Subcommittee.24 And, lastly, unlike 182—185, 1176—1178, own affiliations, clear doubt. 32 aspect sustained. 33 Contentions. 34 Our function, point, purely adjudication record us, pass wisdom efficacy vexing complicated filed. confronting past membership Party25 transgressed provisions Amendment,26 limit investigations. 197, 1184. 36 cases establish sure guides decision. Undeniably, Amendment protects individual compelled disclose associational relationships. However, protections Amendment, privilege against self-incrimination afford Where asserted bar interrogation resolution balancing courts competing public stake shown. principles where, speaking inquiries, (354 198, 1185): 'It manifest despite adverse effects disclosure matters, barred. element existence of, weight ascribed to, interest demanding disclosures unwilling witness.' Communications Ass'n, C.I.O. Douds, 339 382, 399 400, 70 674, 684—685, 94 925; 43—44, 544—545. recently National Association Advancement Colored People Alabama, 357 449, 463—466, 1163, 1172 1174, 1488, applied judging state action claimed infringe association assured Due Process Clause Fourteenth "subordinating compelling" overcome stake. Sweezy Hampshire, 234, 255, 265, 1203, 1214, 1219, 1311 (concurring opinion). claims. 37 related valid purpose, require political relationships affairs except purpose. 38 wide activity Country, aid thereof, debatable. questioned sufficient say, particularization, enacted measures, stemmed recommendations actions drawn here.27 last analysis rests self-preservation, value society,' Dennis 341 494, 509, 857, 867, 95 1137. Justification widely tenets include overthrow Government force violence, formal expression Congress.28 39 On premises, adjudications consistently ordinary party, federal aimed certainly gravest character. See, e.g., Carlson Landon, 342 524, 72 525, 96 547; Galvan Press, 347 522, 74 737, 98 911. premises requiring occupying seeking office disclaim knowing advocating none seeing Party. Gerende Board Supervisors, 56, 565, 745; Garner Public Works, 716, 909, 1317. Beilan Education, 399, 1317, 1414; Lerner Casey, 468, 1311, 1423; Adler 485, 380, 517. Similarly, areas, close nexus between violent government. suggest sponsor peaceable reforms just standpoint security, blind itself world determined policy World War II, Judge Learned Hand gave vivid Dennis, Cir., 183 201, 213, vast burdens conditions entailed entire Nation. think investigatory denied Nothing prevailing opinions stands contrary view. vice questioning Sweezy, who connected contents lecture connections Progressive then ballot normal too far removed constitutionality State's depend withstand attack 261, 266, 1217, 1220, note 3. thing inquiring succeeded infiltrating universities, elsewhere, persons groups committed furthering objective overthrow. Note 20, Indeed understand education.29 Rather, position revolutionary aspects theoretical classroom discussion communism. 41 constricted fair assessment us. advocacy preparation embraces identify Barsky 83 127, 167 241, manifestations Party's tenets. strict requirements prosecution Smith Act,30 Yates 298, 1064, 1356, measure 'overthrow,' necessity proceed step step. Nor fairly concluded directed controlling taught universities rather Chairman opening intention,31 reveals nothing thereafter transpired justify thrust later changed. discloses considerable purposes Party.32 philosophical detract dominant theme investigation—Communist conclusion exceeded bounds shut off threshold. 42 accept deemed furtherance 'exposure.' So acts power, Judiciary lacks intervene motives spurred power. Arizona California, 283 423, 455, 51 526, 75 1154, cited. true,' McCray 195 27, 55, 769, 776, 49 78, 'that judiciary restrain lawful department government, wrong motive impelled exertion abuses temporarily effectual. remedy lies, abuse functions, people, whom, institutions, correction power.' apply enactments produce. Cf. Tenney Brandhove, 367, 377—378, 783, 788—789, 1019. Thus, stating 200, 1185, 'there expose sake exposure,' 'motives members,' vitiate assembly's served.' Having scrutinized say Appeals concluding primary processes.' 19, 881.33 Certainly like Kilbourn Thompson, 103 168, 377, Representatives authority, assumed exercised branch judicial.' 171, 327, question. 43 Finally, barren lead subordinate state. There attempting pillory witnesses. indiscriminate dragnet procedures, lacking probable cause belief possessed helpful Subcommittee.34 relevancy open 44 balance struck favor latter, therefore offended. 45 hold infirmity, affirmed. 46 Affirmed. BLACK, whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE DOUGLAS concur, dissenting. 48 May Barenblatt, old, teacher summoned Activities. service summons, Barenblatt four-year contract expired renewed. He, therefore, came citizen job. Earlier day, aroused ex-Communist named steadfastly admit deny affiliations others Communists. reported prosecution, 'voluntarily' returned testify. He sworn interrogated, 'make recommendation' protect 'fully cooperates committee.' talked length, name, address occupation, whenever possible, people One who, according Crowley, 1947—1950 Michigan. Though testified great detail about group Communists though satisfied testimony, sought repetition much Barenblatt. outlining objections. Commitee violating abridging freedom speech, thought, press, association, conducting trials trespassed judiciary. however answered society ability earn living jeopardized; would, effect, subjected bill attainder twice-expressed mandate punishments.1 occur, pointed out, invoke protection applicable Rights repeated these, objections, dismissing Congress. His position, rejected trial Circuit strong dissents Chief Edgerton Judges Bazelon, Fahy Washington. today affirms, thereby sanctions enforce realm speech association. disposition believe establishing violate respects. (1) creating authorizes sweeping, unlimited, all-inclusive undiscriminating examination witnesses petition assembly violates procedural (2) Compelling abridges contravention (3) program stigmatize punish identification exposure guilty grounds; improperly try, convict, suspects, task denies grants courts, full compliance safeguards provided I. 50 law enough commands understandable. For obvious reasons, standard certainty criminal statutes exacting noncriminal statutes.2 simply unthinkable convict man understand. stricter cases,3 emphasized 'vice vagueness' especially pernicious area involved.4 void 'attempts cover effectively covers nothing,' Musser Utah, 333 95, 97, 68 397, 398, 92 562, takes double significance. support infringement writtings, thoughts assemblies, unequivocal command necessarily leaves guess really means cover, fear inevitably leads forego above others.5 Vagueness becomes intolerable accepts, does, test shall protected. difficult guess—at penalty imprisonment—whether superior society's unfettered freedom. unconscionable choose keep silent speak when supposedly 'state's interest' vague give guidance. Scull Commonwealth Virginia, 359 344, 838. Measured foregoing standards, substance evidence 'un-American propaganda,' instigated country abroad.6 word 'propaganda' seems anything write, associate together about. term 'un-American' equally vague. 202, 1187, 'Who define (its) *? single, solitary 'principle form government guaranteed Constitution'?' boundaries are, least, 'nebulous.' Indeed, imagine explicit authorizing resolution.' 52 Court—while denying defends application concerned communism, numerous occasions. If allow education, data cited finding intent. issue. test, certainty, interrogation, replies free j ustified. is. Perhaps reports examined appropriations discerned intent Even hard expressed acquiesced assertions Yet need—what wanted wanted—that comply rule State. how exist 53 evaluate importance sought, conviction. procedures admits fringes legislatures delegation filled acquiescence.7 wants ideas investigated, investigated unequivocally. through exhaustive research establish, conclusively, wished 54 meaningful conviction.8 II. 55 says equivocal petition.9 precisely that, exposure, obloquy scorn. 197—198, 1184—1185. fact relies combination reasons permitting infringement: (A) notion Amendment's abridge decides greater exercising freedom, (B) Government's 'preserve itself,' (C) laws freedoms process. suggesting primarily regulates indirectly affect minor control conduct. agree. Typical Cantwell Connecticut, 310 296, 60 900, 84 1213, Schneider Jersey, Town Irvington, 308 146, 155. Both city streets. Cantwell, breach peace playing phonograph street. defended disseminating religious views stopped. defense, doing out streets speech. State, said, 'by non-discriminatory regulate times, places, manner soliciting streets, meetings thereon.' 304, 903. governing conduct, emphasized, tested, ideas. side balance, fundamental protecting communication abridged; boundaries. restriction stressed street, 'he peacefully impart others.' 308, 905. Similar Schneider, ordinances prohibiting distribution handbills prevent littering. forbade affected literature designed spread ways, littering sacrifice informed. holding, we, found necessary 'weigh circumstances.' 161, 151. remotely curtailing persuasion saved cases, others, allowing bodies press hostility speaker be. applied, attempts beliefs, action—ideas associations, conduct—does that.10 57 'Congress petition, Supreme joint stifling exercised.' closely akin provision enforced believes reasonable so. genius written Constitution, runs counter injunction Madison introduced 'If (the ten amendments) incorporated independent tribunals justice peculiar guardians rights; impenetrable bulwark every assumption Legislative Executive; naturally encroachment stipulated declaration rights.'11 Unless return once meaning, liberty honored observance. 58 assuming assume, feel ignores completely. most balances preserve Barenblatt's refrain revealing affiliations. Such mistakes weighed. place, completely real silence, able join organizations, advocate causes 'mistakes' penalties dared themselves. right, err politically, keeps arguments them, worthlessness. Instead, results stifles prevents courageous hazarding become disfavored. result, overestimated, doubly crucial affects largely rely experimentation development country's welfare. society, demands proces tolerated. Instead mentioned, vastly overstated 'self preservation.' admitted seek laws, Congress' quite limited, test. Its making narrower still. styles attenuated interset self-preservation allows let think, speak, politically reprisal. result reduces 'balancing' mere play words inconsistent rules applying 'balancing test,' proper: '(T)he astute examine challenged legislation. Mere preferences regulation insufficient diminishes vital maintenance democratic institutions.' 151, (Italics supplied.) 59 Moreover, abridged 'preserve' unarticulated premise Nation's security hangs write about, purposes. brief, virtually speaks 'communication unlawful ideas.' premise, proscribed despotic governments voice opposition oppressive practices. me, way fullest possible praise, criticize discuss, fit, policies suggest, desire, postulates bad changed; 'Therein lies Republic, foundation government.'12 land created, grown greatness. assumes sense attachment discussion, wrong. patriotism false baseless charge. qualities—if, begin speech—we honestly proclaim ourselves Nation lost Founders risked lives sacred honor defend. implies, constitute gang. view' t says, violence.'13 justifies undertaken. By accepting charge treatment groups, declares outlawed. practically feeling done land. either individually combination, commit violation prosecuted. innocent attainted illegal aims lawbreakers. Thus De Jonge Oregon, 299 353, 357, 256, facts advocated syndicalism—'crime, physical sabotage, methods accomplishing effecting industrial change revolution'—a Hughes, addressing rally offense violence crime urged meeting. absolutely concede forfeited Amendments Herndon Lowry, 301 242, 732, 81 1066. 61 Later, 1948, bills proposed handicap outlaw leaders Bar rose up contest measures. late Charles Evans Jr., bills, outlawed John W. Davis attacked ascertainable guilt cases.14 General indicated unconstitutional declared unwise valid. buttressed citing Edgar Hoover, Director Federal Bureau West Virginia Education Barnette, 319 624, 642, 63 87 1628, that: 62 fixed star constellation, official, high petty, prescribe orthodox politics, nationalism, religion citizens confess act faith therein.'15 proponent aim 'disadvantages' move Russia Union.'16 Again, prpos al 'an organized group, call barred jeopardizing guarantees parties.'17 64 All indicate quickly repeat endangering find, mixed among perfectly social goals. muddled drive achieve ballot, done. things other, illegal, have. 745. Significantly until States. so, undoubtedly hoped accomplish goals candidates. remain.18 attribute left taint ignore traditions 'personal association' 'men adhering notoriously subscribe unqualifiedly platforms principles.' Schneiderman 320 118, 1333, 1342, 1796. 579, 581, 902, 903, 1137 (dissenting opinions). 65 driven battle men's minds safe. Today 1920, instead, York Assembly sspe nded elected legislators Socialists, disloyal principles.19 1830's Masons hunted outlaws subversives, abolitionists revolutionaries dangerous kind North South.20 still, universally unlamented alien sedition Thomas Jefferson's derisively 'Jacobins.' Fisher Ames described 'French faction' 'subversion' 'officered, regimented formed subordination.' members, 'take arms soon dare.'21 History teach then, times emotional excitement minority parties extremely unpopular innovations typed gangs out.22 fact, dangers, caused guarantee hinder destroy capacity individuals converts votes cause, radical unpalatable seem notions Whatever do, devoid quality direct type please, choose, bring social, religious, changes them.23 Today's my judgment, marks progressively increasing retreat 66 sadly, trend overwhelm us; today's strictly confined 'Communists,' implies. 925. sustained commerce Act labor union officials take oath idea Douds meant e ttainted beliefs. went lengths explain 'touches relative handful persons, leaving majority restraint.' '(W)hile sits,' proclaimed, wholesale proscription occur. 404, 410, 687, 690. dissented said: 67 'Under circumstances, restrictions imposed seldom static, rate expansion geometric progression discrimination arm-band ghetto worse. regard bars more. forcibly barring sympathizers election office, unions, getting job living.' 709. My prediction accurate. Today, opportunity work employees, lawyers, doctors, teachers, pharmacists, veterinarians, subway conductors, workers Speiser Randall, 513, 531, 1332, 1352, 1460 Regents, 442, 456, 467, 472, 650, 658, 664, 666, 829 singled and, class, inquisitions suggests 'Communism.' Nevertheless, sits!24 III. 69 chief aim, try refuse humiliation shame. strange novel punishment. oldest forms mankind; branding, pillory, ostracism subjection hatred examples it.25 court's inflict 1880 nullified sentencing jail failing committee. 377. Jay Cooke bankruptcy emphatically do. proof Un- undertaking overwhelming, stronger, which, moreover, business transactions, created 1938. immediately conceived grand scale ferreting 'subversives' jobs.26 urging removal employees.27 instigation rider collecting salaries.28 based findings employees associated with, organizations undesirable 'views philosophies' 'as writings subversive definition adopted your (they are), unfit continue employment.'29 President agreed rider, protest. Lovett, 1946, 328 303, 1073, 90 1252, 'effect trial' 'cannot States.' 316—317, 1079. Lovett 'only agency unceasingly sincerely eliminate fields employment.30 How 'pitiless publicity exposure' cite experience masqueraded F.B.I. 'membership' became unable job.31 affiliation, severe insisted tell name person Communist, addresses occupations named. names indexed, published, press.32 technique cripple opportunities strongly deems undesirable.33 1949, indexed printed 335,000 signed 'Communist' petitions another.34 phases reached legislation, includes courts. responsible the, alleged, success there.35 'uncovered' positions school systems Michigan; teachers subpoenaed self-incrimination, jobs. approves *.'36 investigation, unions amend constitutions, necessary, member.37 jobs skills qualified for. today, barely mentions statements, show unmistakably doing. determination irrelevant sincerity this.38 For, testify ridicule economic retaliation, function. punishment, punished. 'Those wrote danger inherent away life, liberty, property legislature thinks deserves They safeguard courts.' 317, added.) crime, 'pains penalties,' bad, punished jury safeguards. accused courtesy counsel. proscribes lack counsel courtesy. believed serious entrusted twelve men acting passed, unambiguous trial—safeguards included witnesses, indictments, confrontation accusers, jeopardy cruel unusual punishment—in law. Chambers Florida, 309 227, 716. worthy liberties, lives, parliamentary memory Lilburne—banished disgraced death country—was written. warning 'what unto one, one'39 moved determine arbitrary punishments occur distinguished America lands drumhead 'tribunals' deprive weak unorthodox fails see—that existence. issued established. requires blind, 'identification' 'exposure' Communists, amount bodes ill liberties Ultimately boil down one—whether fearfully futilely democracy adopting totalitarian methods, accordance confidence courage free. 76 reverse APPENDIX. RANDOM SELECTION OF STATEMENTS BY HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE ON EXPOSURE AND PUNISHMENT 'SUBVERSIVES.' '(T)o inform Committee'. 'The turning pitiless (these) organizations.' H.R. Rep. 1476, 76th Cong., 3d Sess. 1—2, 24. undertook summer 1938 Bund'. 'Other greatly crippled exposures. Youth enjoyed prestige *. sponsors company kept spotlight focused spite degree young core tool Moscow'. 'This un-American action. fearlessexp osure answer.' 77th 1st 22, 'Our steady barrage editors forced $8,000 activities.' 2277, 2d empowered explore legal, nonetheless inimical concepts'. recommends 'discharge employee official loyalty doubt.' 2742, 79th 16, 17. 82 'Index Persons Organizations.' (Six follow.) 2233, III—VIII. 'Early eight program. '1. ferret 85 '2. spectacle 86 'In storm tribute achievements exposure.' Report 80th Sess., Dec. 31, 2, (Committee print). remind 11-year continuity effort began August recall wavered relentless pursuit exposure'. available readily accessible reference collection lists signers petitions.' 1950, 81st 15, 19. 88 'To staff interview 89 tedious details successful Territory Hawaii'. 'As Dolivet's Nations renewed, committee's understanding editorship World.' 3249, 4, 5. 'During 1951 positive preceding year'. Hollywood mythical, industry this'. almost entirely actual deal, instances, travelers'. 'On travelers, suffice come traveler get out". 'Dr. Struik permitted 'With leading wonders Professor Struiks Alger Hiss road communism.' 2431, 82d 6, 8—9, 91 annual report, feels clearer fuller occupied considers trade-unionists rid ntio nal disgrace'. identified.' (Approximately fifty 2516, 6—7, 12—27, 28—34, 36—40, 41—56, 58—67 (similar reports). focal identified'; served ago conspiracy'. status elicited.' H.R.Rep.No.1192, 83d 7. 93 BRENNAN, complete agreement Brother Black revealed exposure. validly subordinated. processes law-making law-evaluating submerged behavior—in adjudication, sort, process—is pale 187, 1179, 1273; 1311; NAACP 1488; Uphaus Wyman, 72, 82, 1040, 1046 'Every produce papers concurrent Houses willfully makes default, appeared, refuses misdemeanor, punishable $1,000 $100 month months.' 'can lengthy brief attacking appellant Ninth Tenth Amendments, prohibition attainder, doctrine separation powers.' 17, 879, 4. self-incrimination. H.Res. 5, 99 Cong.Rec. appears paragraph 17(b) References signify paragraph. Activities, subcommittee, extent, character, objects propaganda diffusion countries domestic origin attacks principle remedial legislation.' Cng. Rec. remains current form. 7, 86th Cong.Rec., Jan. 1959, p. 13. Had reversal remand consideration, 282, 75th 7568, 7586. original resolution, 7567, 7572—7573, 7577, 7583—7586. H.R.Rep. Sess.; 2748, December Print); 1192, 57, 84th 1648, 85th 1360, follows: outright dominating labor. '3. institute countereducational hurled people. '4. Investigation movements trying dissipate atomic benefit '5. Hollywood. '6. '7. Organization furnish Members currently subjects '8. Continued accumulation files records disposal units armed services.' 2—3 Print). 15—21 1—10; 5—6, 27—29; H.R.Rep.No. 6—9; 7—67, 69—73. 26, 1098, 1128; 321, 605; 90, 886, 899; 420, 2282, 2297; 65, 78th 795, 810. infra. 510, 8637, 8638 (1938); 91, 899 (1941); 415, 763 (1944); 77, Cog.R ec. 699, 700 (1947); 152, 3074 482, 3941, 3944 (1950); 119, 1358—1359, 1361—1362 (1953); 352, 1585, 1718—1719 (1956); 137, 29, 1286. 10, 15. 1946 embodied Reorganization Stat. 812, 828, U.S.Code Cong. Service 793. Rules 38; 11; 19; 24; 101 47; Hearings Special 943—973. 6827—6911. 11, Defense Detroit students schools universities. 10. Chicago defense area. 28. 1953 systemsin Philadelphia York, Representative Jackson, commented: 'So concerned, educators, gentlemen objecting recognize distinction, want blunderbuss approach interested textbooks. operations instead conspiracy. connection campuses one-time Is Member body situation?' 1360. citizen, interrogated affairs, made; legitimate 662. Excerpts February 25, preceded stand. undisputed testimony. acknowledged hearing, excused, evidence, America, attended 'That valuable work.' Because sustaining suffices affirmance review, isse o nly sharpen discussion. embraced Count Four result. Conts Three Five, 1087, respecting establishment religion, thereof; press; peaceably assemble, redress grievances.' Recommendations U n-American Subsequent Action Taken Agencies (A Research Study Reference Library Congress), Subversive Control Title Internal Security 987—989, 781. 535, 547, 21. amicus Prfes sors states 24: unqualifiedly. embodies larger set, enlightened well-informed prominently appear. collide, priori supremacy. system demonstrable justification endangers 670, 2385, 2385. excerpts statement: '* 'From entertainment, newspaper, fields, professions taken character entertainment newspapers, professions, such, such. field. charged fully Stats international conspiracy used weapon promote non-Communist countries, resorting vacuum. must, necessity, morning calling (one, Davis) wield influence profession profession. Therefore, ascertain carried directives discipline Party.' Appendix opinion, 22—24, 884—886. early Hicks, response endeavoring organize cell unit profession' view: popular front (Communist Facism) dodge happened serve Union; organizing colleges, carry line advancing, corps disciplined came.' appearing predicates argument, bears little significance reads: 1954 demonstrate concentration area, identity success.' 1091 24, Bills measures explicitly forbidden Governments itself. U.S.Const. Art. I, 9, cl. 3, 'No Attainder ex facto Law passed.' reads (or) *.' E.g., Lanzetta 306 451, 618, 888; Winters 507, 515, 665, 840; Jordan George, 223, 230—231, 703, 707—708, 886. 207—208, 1189—1190, Flaxer 358 191, 183; 1066; Thornhill 88, 97—98, 736, 741—742, 1093. reads, Panama Refining Co. Ryan, 293 388, 446; Schechter Poultry Corp. 295 495, 837, 1570; 551, 852 opinion); Berra 351 131, 685, 688, 1013 203 205, 1187—1188, 1311. 770; Kent Dulles, 116, 1113, 1204. doubtful substantively, delegations vague, 1273. rule, indeed, imply invalidity earlier basis. establishmen silent. 1628; N.A.A.C.P. 460—466, 1170—1174, 770. approve discuss hat read, referring problems roving Kilbourn, careful insure unjustifiably encroach affairs. Needless silence public's little, anything, other. Annals 439 (1789). safeguarding community incitements imperative inviolate maintain end responsive changes, desired, obtained peaceful means. Therein government.' 365, 260, 278. Sir Richard Nagle presenting thousand offenses, "Many attainted,' 'have proved traitors satisfies followed fame." Cited Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee McGrath, 123, 142, 148, 636, 817 Hearings, 5852, 415—420, 420—422. 422—425. Legislation 4422, 4581, 16—37. Honorable E. Dewey, candidate presidency Portland, May, 1948. Dewey opposing outlawry Party: 'I Rights, immoral totalitarianism years' enforcement proposal wouldn't work, rapidly advance world. 'There job, simple outlawing conceivable subversion grave expedients fail. expedient failed, failed Russia. Europe, Italy, Canada. 'Let terrific blunder Let go forward Free Americans. free.' XIV Vital Speeches Day, 486—487. 20. Compare Lilburne, one.' 39, S.Doc. 149, ballot. also, Fund Digest Record 324—343. minimum percentage cast remain Note, Yale L.J. 1276. O'Brian, Loyalty Tests Guilt Association, 592, 593. Signicantly condemned Associate Justice. McCarthy, Antimasonic Political Antimasonry 1827—1840. H.R.Doc. 461, 57th 365. Nye, William Garrison, 105; Korngold, Friends Man, 82—104. St. George Tucker, Appendix, Blackstone (Tucker ed. 1803) 315, discussing English 'for suppressing assemblies free-masons' pointing Ames, Laocoon, Works (1809 ed.), 94, 101, 106. 445, 707, 925 Mill, Liberty (1885 (criticizing restricting tyrannicide). Commentaries 299. respective alike, injuries (libel); . permit interfere subject; presume, restrained constitution, amendments adopted.' indicates easily spread. Americans Democratic mentioned. Despite 'it line, particulars line.' Presumably accusation frequently loudly organization, 'criminal gang.' Feiner 340 329, 307, 311, 267 XII Encyclopediaof Social Sciences 714; Barnes, Story Punishment, 62—64; Lowie, Primitive Society, 398; Andrews, Old-Time Punishments (1890 1—145, 164 187; IV Plutarch's Lives (Clough, Nat. 1914) 43—44. stated, felt solemn focus engaged regardless politics partisanship.' 'While in, teach, advocate, fascism, nazism, Chairman, matter, effective possession.' 7570 (1938). September 1941, letter, exhibits, detailing affiliation suggested dismissed positions.' November 1941 attention (the) economist Department Agriculture'; January 1942, Malcolm Cowley Several weeks resigned Government'; March letter Economic Welfare, Maurice Parmelee week, 6. (1942) presented Yet, knowledge, officials.' 8. Section 304 Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act, 1943, 450. detailed 1252. 448, actually undertake employees. fell ofthe Appropriations Committee. Virtually emphazies exposed subversives out. Space, listing random sampling 1112. see, notes 31—37, infra; Staes, Josephson, 165 127 138, Chicago, Ill. yet published. injure hurt tactics, all-pervasive subpenaed received subpenas'; met obstacles difficulties. reluctance censure retaliation'; cooperative economic, rehabilitation render obtaining authentic information.' fortunate not. Instances gainful employment testifying. Some released competently testimony.' Descriptions size availability efficiency cross-indexing reports. ee, 16—17; 18—23; 24—28. impossible catalogue stigmatized criticizing it. 1942 'Henry Luce's Time magazine sucker-fashion movement alter 2. Harold Laski socialists 'impertinence trade economy brand Socialism.' 'imperative' 'methods broadcast (a) rally.' 46—47. 'communist lobby'—a urge defeat communist Among listed Prof. Zechariah Chafee. advised knowingly actively outlet aiding abetting 3248, 11—12, Gellhorn, calls constitutions dedicates destruction America's life.' Sincerity unfortunately, acts. lamentable tragic deaths able, patriotic sincere men. 43—48. 'For denied, offender, law, published ought verdict men, thereof crime; hath prescribed punihme nt agreeable liberty; enjoineth freeman England adjudged limb, estate, Juries; parliaments ages contended violation; birthright inheritance remarkably Petition Right, stiled excellent 'And trust thoughts, parliament England, bereaving native Trials Juries, (for one), posterity, encroachments innovate believed, cause) passed men: trouble inconveniences thereupon prevented: committees, satisfactory exceptions, consent, privileges latter; whereas tied rules, absent pleasure. Besides, Juries birthright, temporary, nor, humbly conceive, acquiesce other; whence altogether wondered at, dissatisfactions, frequent printing dealings Committees, been; harsh inordinate heats expressions interested, sudden importunate appeals alike road, perlexity, breeding enmities families, affronts disgust affection interest, rejoicing adversaries. inconveniences, avoided, usual final determinations law.' Howell's 411—412, Statement Lilburne (1953).

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