Document: 411 U.S. 475 93 S.Ct. 1827 36 L.Ed.2d 439 Peter PREISER, Commissioner of Correctional Services, et al., Petitioners,v.Eugene RODRIGUEZ al. No. 71—1369. Argued Jan. 9, 1973. Decided May 7, Syllabus Respondents were state prisoners who had elected to participate in New York's conditional-release program, by which a prisoner serving an indeterminate sentence may earn up 10 days per month good-behavior-time credits toward reduction his maximum sentence. For in-prison disciplinary reasons the good-time each canceled. Each respondent brought civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, conjunction with habeas corpus action, claiming that unconstitutionally canceled and seeking their restoration. The District Court case viewed claim merely as adjunct thus obviating need for exhaustion remedies, on merits ruled respondent, ruling entitled him immediate release parole. Appeals consolidated actions affirmed. Held: When challenges fact or duration physical imprisonment way relief seeks determination he is speedier release, sole federal remedy writ corpus. Pp. 488—499. (a) Although broad language 1983 seems literally apply, Congress' enactment specific statute, its requirement exhaust was intended provide exclusive means this type situation. 488—490. (b) policy actions, rooted considerations federal-state comity, has much relevance attack prison administration it does court; applies here where respondents sought no damages, but only they release. 490—494. (c) Recent decisions relied respondents, upholding prisoners' are inapposite situation here, those cases challenged conditions confinement, not confinement itself. 498—499. 456 F.2d 79, reversed. Lillian Z. Cohen, York City, petitioners. Herman Schwartz, respondents. Mr. Justice STEWART delivered opinion Court. 1 deprived good-conduct-time State Department Services result proceedings. They then district court, pursuant Civil Rights Act 1871, 1983. Alleging acted depriving them credits, injunctive compel restoration would from prison. question before us whether such redress obtain equitable Act, even though 28 2254, clearly provides remedy. 2 considerable practical importance. if available, plaintiff first seek forum. Monroe v. Pape, 365 167, 183, 81 473, 482, 5 492 (1961); McNeese Board Education, 373 668, 671, 83 1433, 1435, 622 (1963); Damico California, 389 416, 88 526, 19 647 (1967); King Smith, 392 309, 312 n. 4, 2128, 2131, 20 1118 (1968); Houghton Shafer, 639, 2119, 1319 (1968). If, other hand, these circumstances, cannot intervention court until been denied courts, available adequate. 2254(b). 3 present originated three separate individually Rodriguez, having convicted perjury attempted larceny, sentenced term one one-half four years. Under Correction Law 803, McKinney's Consol.Laws, c. 43, Penal §§ 70.30(4)(a), 70.40(1)(b), 40, elect program credit Rodriguez program. Optimally, be released parole after served approximately two-thirds (20 out every 30); accrued good-behavior so earned at any time withdrawn, whole part, bad behavior violation institutional rules. N.Y. 803(1). 4 charged two reports possession contraband material cell. deputy warden determined punishment, 120 Rodriguez' should canceled, placed segregation, remained more than 40 days. In 'Remarks' section warden's statement refused disclose how managed items question. filed complaint combined petition He asserted really being punished material, refusal obtained it, received notice hearing charges ostensibly punished. Thus, contended without due process law. 6 After hearing, held suit properly 'merely proper insure full (Rodriguez) prevails dominant claim,' 307 F.Supp. 627, 628—629 (1969), therefore required have do simply On merits, agreed questioning officials related solely issue materials, something different materials—on opportunity answer. This, found, law, particularly light regulations prescribed penalty failure inform. further found Prison Commutation failed forward written cancellation good-conduct time, former 236, this, too, equal protection laws. Accordingly, declared days' unconstitutional directed restore Rodriguez. Since, date already passed, Court's order 7 reversed decision divided vote. appellate disagreed also and, such, entertained because exhausted remedies accordance As put it: 8 'The application, since custody, application '(R)elease penal custody Act.' Peinado Adult Authority, Dept. Corrections, 405 1185, 1186 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 395 968, 89 2116, 23 755 (1969). Johnson Walker, 317 418, 419—420 (5th Cir. 1963) said: 'Use Statutes secure persons imprisoned Courts effect repealing 2254; course, intent Congress." McGinnis, 451 730, 731 (1971). 9 judgment subsequently set aside, reheard en banc, explained below. Katzoff, years following conviction dangerous weapon, Disciplinary against making derogatory comments about diary. 30 diary entries confined segregation 57 Katzoff ultimately lost 50 credits—30 directly additional unable while segregation. joined corpus, Federal Court, alleging unconstitutionally. 11 held, unreported opinion, Katzoff's bar suit, incidental assure enforcement judgment. there regulation keeping diary; punishment private violated constitutional process, protection, freedom thought; confining offense constituted cruel unusual punishment. therefore, ordered restored parole, 12 Without reaching complaint, essence dismissed whatever courts made showing adequate unavailable. United States ex rel. 441 558 This 13 Kritsky's similar. While 15 18 armed robbery, leader prison-wide protest demonstration advocating insurrection during demonstration. asked plead, Kritsky stated 'Not guilty.' immediately summarily imposed him—deprivation 545 months, another 45 good time. 14 summary went rule imposition file 313 1247 (1970). 590 An appeal argued panel Appeals; but, decision, together cases. rehearing banc now-consolidated cases, Appeals, dissents, affirmed judgments all 'upon consideration upon authority Wilwording Swenson, (404 249, 92 407, 418) decided Supreme December 14, 1971.' 80 (1972). eight judges wrote opinions, clear majority primarily our case, holding complaints relating cognizable either subject remedies. 16 We granted certiorari, sub nom. Oswald 407 919, 2459, 32 805, consider bearing actual ground shortening length confinement. context, bring limited presents unresolved important problem justice. 17 involves interrelationship relevant statutes 2241 2254. Section 2241(c) '(t)he shall extend unless . (3) (h)e Constitution laws treaties ..' 2254 pertinent part: '(a) thereof, circuit judge, entertain behalf person States. '(b) appears applicant State, absence corrective existence circumstances rendering ineffective protect prisoner. '(c) deemed within meaning section, right law raise, procedure, presented.'1 21 provides: 22 'Every who, color ordinance, regulation, custom, usage, Territory, subjects causes subjected, citizen deprivation rights, privileges, immunities secured laws, liable party injured equity, proceeding redress.' It clear, 2241(c)(3) 2254(a), common-law history writ, legality traditional function illegal custody. By end 16th century, England several forms most we concerned ad subjiciendum used 'inquir(e) into detention view releasing petitioner.' Fay Noia, 372 391, 399 5, 822, 827, 837 (1963).2 Whether petitioner executive direction alone,3 court,4 parties,5 challenging Indeed, 1670, Chief Common Pleas able say, ordering discharge juror jailed trial judge bringing verdict guilty, now usual man again liberty, it.' Bushell's Case, Vaughan 135, 136, 124 Eng.Rep. 1006, 1007. 24 American Colonies achieved independence, use unlawful judicially not, integral part heritage. given explicit recognition Suspension Clause Constitution, Art. I, cl. 2;6 incorporated congressional grant jurisdiction Sept. 24, 1789, 20, Stat. 81—82; early recognized 'great privilege.' Ex parte Bollman, Cranch 75, 95, L.Ed. 554 (1807). See supra, 415 U.S., 827—836. 25 original judicial one. inquiry determining committing possessed jurisdiction. E.g., Kearney, Wheat. 38, 391 (1822); Watkins, Pet. 193, 650 (1830). But, over years, evolved contrary fundamental competent Lange, Wall. 163, 872 (1874); Siebold, 100 371, 717 (1880); Wilson, 114 417, 935, 29 (1885); Moore Dempsey, 261 86, 43 265, 67 543 (1923); Zerbst, 304 458, 58 1019, 82 1461 (1938); Waley Johnston, 316 101, 62 964, 86 1302 (1942). 405—409 830—832 cited 409 17, 832. petitioner's challenge statute stands unconstitutional, supra; prior account defective indictment him, Royall, 117 241, 734, 868 (1886); unlawfully wrong institution, re Bonner, 151 242, 323, 38 149 (1894), Humphrey Cady, 504, 1048, 31 394 (1972); trial, guilty plea invalid, Von Moltke Gillies, 332 708, 68 316, 309 (1948); detained Executive military, Parisi Davidson, 34, 815, revoked, causing reincarcerated prison, Morrissey Brewer, 408 471, 2593, 33 484 (1972)—in grievance subjected restraint, accepted instrument confinement.7 26 us, respondents' suits fell squarely scope alleged cause i.e., once unlawful; which, petitions, meant 27 Even resulted appropriate recent established well future releases. Peyton Rowe, 54, 1549, 426 (1968), second consecutive sentences still first. pointed 'does deny power fashion Since 1874, determine facts dispose summarily, 'as justice require.' Rev.Stat. 761 (1874), superseded 2243.' Id., 66—67, S.Ct., 1556. Walker Wainwright, 390 335, 962, 1215 Carafas LaVallee, 234, 239, 1556, Braden 30th Judicial Circuit Kentucky, 410 484, 1123, 35 443 (1973). So, shortened rather core attacking very beyond doubt, then, could fully effective through proceedings.8 conceding proceeded argue correct nonetheless avoid necessity Pointing 1983,9 plainly came literal terms justifiable reason exclude remedial provided According treated differently plaintiffs, when covers action. however, conclusive us. general one, despite applicability terms, remains explicitly historically designed validity must understood like applies. counsel acknowledged oral argument underlying grounds conceded might seem cover challenge, Congress passed act situation, doing so, forum, available. same prisoner's based, unconstitutionality administrative Such just close conviction, goes constitutionality itself duration. amending 1948, condition precedent invocation wholly frustrate hold evade simple expedient putting label pleadings. short, override support conclusion. concede why can strong requiring situation—to unnecessary friction between systems lower upset giving system own errors. 838—839. But concern interference convictions; argument, quote mandated precondition corpus: injunction hear thereupon 'to require' deprive discretion mode will exert powers conferred it. That exercised relations existing, government, tribunals Union states, public requires disturbed conflict equally bound guard constitution.' 251, 740 (emphasis added). view, purpose requirement, codified 2254(b), give chance remedying mistakes, thereby 'the unseemly spectacle trying regularity proceedings coordinate jurisdiction.' Parker, Limiting Abuse Habeas Corpus, F.R.D. 171, 172—173 (1948) policy, contend, apply body. avoiding sovereignty concurrent powers, importance errors them, apply; hence inapplicable. 34 agree. think, 2254(b) far too narrowly. comity. principle defined Younger Harris, 401 37, 44, 91 746, 750, 669 (1971), 'a respect functions,' areas particular attacked. comity convictions evidenced petitioners' revoke prosecutorial authorities afford speedy trial. difficult imagine activity stronger interest, intricately regulations, procedures, prisons. relationship officers supervise intimate citizen. prisoners, eating, sleeping, dressing, washing, working, playing done watchful eye possibilities litigation Fourteenth Amendment boundless. What dispute landlord, employer, tailor, neighbor, banker becomes, prisoner, State. internal problems prisons involve issues peculiarly expertise, interest bypassed correction problems. Moreover, potential involving arises day-to-day basis, efficiently handled bodies are, familiar grievances better position deal grievances. York, example, sit regular basis State's correctional facilities, inmates place records witnesses located. require defendant prisons.10 Requiring situations means, indeed provides. 79—c Law, 6, 'for improper treatment constitutes rights.' (Supp. 1972—1973.) 37 availability relief, contend exhausting damages mistreatment, proceedings, prisoners. never obtained, least makes provision them. subsequent barred principles res judicata previously adverse claim, later answer contention relief—restoration credits—and today If petitioners themselves concede, Cf. Ray Fritz, 468 586 (CA2 1972). 39 next review often essential redress. if, appeals, significant period elapse ever get court. matter swift efficient be, suffered irreparable injury longer remediable. true takes assume administrators expeditiously. new record institution shortly earliest possible date, Codes, Rules & Regulations 261.3(b),11 noted, actually institutions complaints. arrives swift, flexible, claim. 2243.12 Harris Nelson, 286, 1082, 281 (1969); Hensley Municipal 349—350, 1573 1574. contrast, filing initiates plenary governed panoply Procedure. proceeding, discovery rules procedural formalities, take amount frequently demonstrated case. both initiated dates, did reach months later, respectively—in dates passed. Only determination, date. 41 event, logically carried relatively short sentence; yet covered Arguably, make that, factor, otherwise inadequate, immediately, 2254(b)'s (state) prisoner.' here. Principles applicable 2254(d). Salinger Loisel, 265 224, 230, 44 519, 521, 989 (1924). Hence, precluded claims Coogan Cincinnati Bar Assn., 431 1209, 1211 (CA6 1970); Jenson Olson, 353 825 (CA8 1965); Rhodes Meyer, 334 709, 716 1964); Goss Illinois, 257 (CA7 1963). inevitable incentive proceed lest lose so. unfortunate dual denying committed prisons, isolating understanding hospitality us.13 serves allowing local own, preserving expeditious forum vindication federally protected great reliance Cooper Pate, 378 546, 84 1733, 1030 (1964); 404 418 (1971); Haines Kerner, 594, 652 none itself, confinement—the heart Cooper, religious beliefs, permission purchase certain publications privileges enjoyed fellow Houghton, confiscating legal materials acquired pursuing appeal, rules, Wilwording, living measures security. And Haines, claimed placing solitary measure, injuries sustained segregated. States' None sought, Those establish life, Upon understanding, reaffirm holdings. 516 517, 18, 1056.14 say conditions. Avery, 393 483, 747, 718 251 409. restraints lawful arguable lie remove illegal. Note, Developments Law—Habeas Harv.L.Rev. 1038, 1084 (1970).15 explore limits alternative involved extent permissible question, imprisonment, reverse 46 ordered. 47 Reversed. 48 BRENNAN, whom DOUGLAS MARSHALL join, dissenting. 49 presented thought resolved last Term Ku Klux Klan 1871,1 1983; 1343(3), confers allegedly 516—517, 1056, At Acts 'is supplementary remedy, latter invoked.' 183 (81 492) 668 (83 622) 416 (88 647) (1967). stricter standard plaintiffs.' Regrettably, eviscerates proposition drawing distinction analytically unsound I fear, unworkable practice. net preclude maintaining leaving result, heard remain forth respectfully dissent. 51 proceedings.2 commenced pro se Northern concluded - statute.3 guaranteed Amendment, petitioner, Correction, lost. 52 vote, panels Second Katzoff. Prior Kritsky, vacated earlier banc. vote 9—3, Swenson,' pending Appeals. concurred candidly misgivings felt 'constrained,' nonetheless, concur affirming orders court.' F.2d, (Friendly, C.J., concurring).4 53 conclusion controlling assertedly justified concept, newly invented today, variously termed 'core corpus,' 'heart 'essence corpus.' Ante, 489, 498, 484. lying corpus' 'goes (the prisoner's) duration.' 489. With regard considered graft onto Kulx reaches what functionally some instances displaced Henceforth, brings nature corpus—or all. 54 bottom, rests understandable apprehension no-exhaustion might, limitation, devour statute. necessarily overlap. jailers could, logic semantics, deprivation,' acting 'of laws' To prevent nullifying invariably styling petitions pleas devises ungainly irrational scheme permits sue others entire operates defiance purposes comparable 55 * outset, line drawn. holds 'when 500. approach, undoubtedly option 56 Hull, 549, 61 640, 641, 85 1034 (1941). 'only security Missouri Penitentiary,' id. 249 408, These holdings illustrate '(a)ny restraint personal liberty inquired although His incarceration liberties ordained suffer transgressions.' Coffin Reichard, 143 443, 445 1944); cf. (1894).5 Yet today's raising similar attacks extent, least, leaves unimpaired upheld remedies.6 1056; (1968).7 Nor read rejecting, questioning, rationale numerous authorizing 1983.8 conclude remedy—or, way, somehow sufficiently distant displacing Act. retains foregoing favor II 59 Putting momentarily side grave analytic shortcomings scheme's unmanageability sufficient condemn legacy perplexing uncertainties anomalies. nub definition new-found essentially ethereal corpus.'9 60 A unlucky enough fall whenever Similarly, alleged, (is) (will) conditionalrelease (has) (will be) unlawful,' falls core. '(e)ven prison,' 487. opposite spectrum monetary jailers. 'If damages,' 'something release—the (§ 1983) remedies.' 494 original). Between outside Notwithstanding measures,10 confiscation materials,11 impairment free exercise religion,12 plain serious difficulties arise single goodtime credits. addition exacerbates problem. 63 procedure,13 unanswered loses misconduct, inflicted compensable compounded improperly Three approaches possible. 64 First, involved, based continued creates undeniable, likelihood irresistible, defeat adding imposed. abeyance effort assert arguably judicata.14 loss mention instead approach (assuming disallowed subterfuge circumvent requirement) distressing possibilities. For, presumably repair search returning efforts prove unavailing. 65 raised stake rise anomaly. offer withdraw them,15 prisonconditions always inmate uses reward identical factual claims, normally rationality difference certainly obscure. price permitting controlled happenstance (or stratagem) stake. 66 alternative, reject outright premises money including umbrella would, simplify matters considerably. fractionation number duplicative courts. Nevertheless, convenient sidestepping basic thrust surely expect routinely add relief. So long formulate colorable litigate rejects, perhaps suggested above, positions. Instead, insofar relates remedies; simultaneously litigating 499 14. added cannot, standing alone, keep And, encourage purview entails substantial difficulties—perhaps greatest three. place, extreme inefficiency readily apparent. many simultaneous distinct forums, questions misconduct believes procedures (where credits) segregation). concludes fact, unlawful, aborted, devoted token, see 509 effectively naught proceeding. curious prescription improving ramifications unclear, outcome decision—an surmised seeming simplicity corpus'—is almost complication prison-conditions litigation. disquieting enough. especially remaining pleadings, submitted cope minimal assistance counsel. III 69 unfortunate, gives rise, derives faulty foundation. text carries explanation decision; still, assume, 'persons' expanding 'custody,'16 abandoning 'prematurity' doctrine,17 doubtful likelihood, enacted 1867,18 doctrine announced (1886), 1948,19 hard acts leave invoking jurisdictional circumventing finds necessary instance 70 nullify is, legitimate. preserve integrity rest underlie my misapprehends compounds paying insufficient attention mistakenly jeopardize rule. 71 1875 federal-question courts,20 interests choose arising 'In power, duty levels judiciary suitor's choice claims. Plainly, escape solemn responsibility, '. guard, enforce, constitution .,' Robb Connolly, 111 624, 637 (4 544, 542).' Zwickler Koota, 248, 395, 444 72 enhance expertise applying law; achieve greater uniformity results, Martin Hunter's Lessee, 304, 347—348, 97 (1816); 'more likely sympathetically understandingly courts,' ALI, Study Division Jurisdiction 166 minimize misapplications generally id., 165—167, 97. 73 service interests, taken emphasize 74 'fundamental objections litigant invoked compelled, consent fault accept court's war unqualified Congress, authorization, categories 'When appealed jurisdiction, .. denied.' Willcox Consolidated Gas Co., 212 19, (29 192, 382).' Louisiana Medical Examiners, 375 411, 415, 461, 464, 440 (1964). 75 decisions, 'even discretionary inadequate substitute initial courts.' 465. 'primary powerful reliances vindicating States.' F. Frankfurter J. Landis, Business Court: System (1928). 464. 76 considerations, special force context 1871. enforce plaintiff's singular urgency.21 statutory predecessor was, all, because, prejudice, passion, neglect, intolerance otherwise, enforced citizens agencies.' 180, 480, (1961). statute's legislative 77 'makes evident conceived altering Nation created rights; instrumentalities realized antipathetic believed failings extended interpose people, guardians people's rights—to people 'whether exexecutive, judicial.' Virginia (100 (10 Otto.) 339, 346, 676 (1880)).' Mitchum Foster, 225, 2151, 2162, 705 78 Columbia Carter, 428, 602, 607—608, 613 (1973).22 79 background plaintiffs.23 '(W)e assertion await attempt vindicate 672, 1436, (1963). 'We believe wherever sit, human adjudication, decline adjudicated forum.' Stapleton Mitchell, 51, (D.C.Kan.1945); quoted approval 395; 674 1437. 481; Moreno Henckel, 1299, 1303—1307 (CA5 H. Friendly, Jurisdiction: General View 102 103 Our federalism agency intimately tied machinery. Lynch Household Finance Corp., 538, 1113, 424 exception anti-injunction 2283, prohibits injunctions ongoing 'needless Oklahoma Packing Co. 215, 218, 447, 537 (1940). 'constitutional independence Atlantic C.L.R. Brotherhood Locomotive Engineers, 398 281, 287, 90 1739, 1743, 234 (1970), exceptions 'not enlarged loose construction,' ibid., nevertheless unanimously excepted prohibition—that words, displace sum, accident careless oversight contrary, feature scheme. Exhaustion precisely reason, indirectly device, intent, or, presence persuasive policy. justification found. Crucial analysis requirement. pays little misconceives me erroneous implicated is,' according 'rooted (91 669) attacked.' 419. intimate, problems.' 492. respect, reasoning lead 'judicially crafted reflects careful balance 'swift imperative confinement.' Secretary Home Affairs O'Brien, (1923) A.C. 603, 609 (H.L.).' Circuit, 490, 1127, indisputable concerning 'between states (T)he Royall germinal mirrored decisions. See, e.g., 489 S.Ct.At 1127; Baker Grice, 169 284, 291, 326, 748 (1898); Hawk, 321 114, 116 117, 448, 449—450, 572 (1944); Sostre 442 178, 182 1971); Edwards Schmidt, 68, 74—75 (W.D.Wis.1971). grounded 'it government violation.' 419—420, 838, (1963) added), quoting Darr Burford, 339 200, 204, 587, 590, 94 (1950). (1948). 'in advance (was) indicted.' 253, 741. there, focus judiciaries. 'orderly business, preventing interruption adjudication develop impose Law—Federal 1094 Significantly, orderliness 1094—1095. Bowen 306 26—27, 442, 445—446, 455 (1939). obviously come play. applied disruption orderly conduct administration. mind, becomes serve behind doctrine. tribunal, relate sentences, treatment, interrupt business. imperil 'regularity jurisdiction,' F.R.D., 172—173, sense issue. 87 sure, call officials, inconceivable result. possibility warrant spoke maintain 'proper neither nor supports instant 'longstanding proceedings,' 750 continuation instructive illustration regrettably misconstrues. demand, counsel, decision. Second, exists us—an action—is stereotypical authorized. (attack school districting scheme); (1967) welfare requirements); 482 police conduct). potentially offensive officials. area wide regulation. required. pains abstention see, 396, reserve Like Judge Kaufman, affirmance 'I areas' 82. Third, assuming source understand stops rolling back courts' Application turns highly less disruptive Friendly expressed dissent below, 'petitions complaining potentialities exacerbating confinement—perhaps more.' 80. obvious propositions correct. Finally, ironic turning initially nor, successful, invalidation going decide case.' Remedies Col.L.Rev. 1201, 1205—1206 consistently offend embarrass Now, petitioning unsuccessful. resort increase. likely, derive pleasure 'either issue, endure factfinding fair 2254(d)(2), 2254(d)(7), determinations fairly supported record, 2254(d)(8). Townsend Sain, 293, 745, 770 premature proclaim major victory continuing harmonious healthy system. IV concluding instance, pre-empted Respondents' provisions circumvention policies requirement.24 suits, demand violating Constitution. resolution these. share ante, 477, am convinced affirm 2243, 12, infra. Other include respondendum; satisfaciendum; prosequendum, testificandum, deliberandum; faciendum recipiendum. 827 words 'habeas generic refer subjiciendum, form writ.' Darnel's How.St.Tr. 1—59 (K.B.1627); Petition Right, Car. 1, (1627); Corpus 10, 3, (1640). Wells, How. 307, 421 (1856); Milligan, 2, (1866); Vaughan, 1006 (1670); supra. Rex Clarkson, Strange 444, 625 (K.B.1721); Ford Ford, 371 187, 273, 240 (1962). Privilege Writ suspended, Cases Rebellion Invasion Safety quite recently restraints. 1963, restrained Jones Cunningham, 373, 285. attached, defeated Term, 345, 1571, 294 (1973), person, bail recognizance, custody' Put marked logical extension corpus—to Brothers 'could 1867, 1948 Post, 1848. (Footnotes omitted.) apparently assumption doctrine, reduced resulting rejected 1968, 426. note, accepted, suit. six itself; however long-established 484—486. 483—484. argues different, relations, (1963), (1967), (1961), various there. said, anomalous 522. answer, other, reflected intent. best federalism. inmate's 'shall conditional depends allowance (based allowances granted).' 'A entertaining forthwith award directing show granted, thereto. detained. returned exceeding twenty days, allowed. return certifying detention. day five 'Unless produce body may, oath, allege facts. suggestions amended, filed. facts, 2254(e): sufficiency evidence adduced therein, applicant, able, determination. indigency direct official. existing weight determination.' isolation, occur 'exhaustion preserves role law: Early tend isolate issues, interests.' attendant consistent precludes parties disagree emergence petitioners, parallel development 285 concept uncertain, clearest converse originally inprison abuses resurrection affirmation (1964), April 22, 13, 1979. (w)ithout affording confront witnesses, behalf; specification (authorities') based.' App. 12a. further, harassment persecution information. 13a. Respondent wrongfully affidavit included reference official cigarsmoking S.O.B.,' 'creep.' 54a. 'program oppression participated peaceful non-violent work strike culminated legislation 100a. Title 'An course (would writing opinions.' 383 indicated concurring he, 1079—1087 expressly views establishing 'that holdings.' 499. text, repeatedly suggestion Cruz Beto, 319, 1079, 263 Gilmore, 15, 250, 142 Hauck, 59, 313, 217 McDonald Election, 802, 1404, 739 Lee Washington, 333, 994, 1212 1971) (conditions segregated confinement); Jackson Bishop, 571 1968) (cruel punishment); Hirons Director, 351 (CA4 1965) (medical treatment); Pierce 293 233 1961) (religious freedom); (W.D.Wis. (transfer juveniles adult facility); Hancock 301 786 (M.D.Tenn.1969) (solitary confinement). inevitably wonder 'core' intractable struggled define. Jacobellis Ohio, 184, 197, 1676, 1683, 793 (1964) (Stewart, J., concurring). assumes, 494, apply. applies, relitigation raised, correctly notes assumed Act—in particular, ability inclination infra, 515—518—that error. Brief 25, citing 75.00 N.Y.Correc. 804 (reformatory-sentenced prisoners). (1973); overruling McNally Hill, 131, 238 (1934). prematurity attacked shorten end. Feb. 28, 385, (3). enactment, 1048 June 646, 967, (c). codify formulated (1944), Mar. 1875, 137, 470, 1331. Chevigny, Reply, 1352, 1356—1358 remarks Rep. Coburn: above mere influence county courts; terror, can; sympathies nearly identified vicinage; jurors neighborhood; prejudices passions terror easily.' Cong. Globe, 42d Cong., 1st Sess., 460 (1871). Sen. Pratt: '(O)f hundreds outrages loyal organization defect Vigorously people. fail efficiency known sentiments, white black, invokes aid. Then closes door her temples.' 505. Bacon Rutland R. 232 134, 283, 538 (1914); 1201 selection undermine impermissible confinement—in play—his liberally considered, Price 266, 1049, 1356 (1948), represents threat Nothing suggests follow

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