Document: 486 U.S. 875 108 S.Ct. 2210 100 L.Ed.2d 882 IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Petitioner,v.Antolin Punsalan PANGILINAN et al. Petitioner, v. Bonifacio Lorenzana MANZANO. Nos. 86-1992, 86-2019. Argued Feb. 24, 1988. Decided June 17, Rehearings Denied Sept. 15, See 487 1264, 109 27. Syllabus Respondents, 16 Filipino nationals, who served with the United States Armed Forces during World War II, seek citizenship pursuant to §§ 701 through 705 of Nationality Act 1940, as amended in 1942. Under § 702 Act, Commissioner Immigration and Naturalization was authorized designate representatives receive petitions, conduct hearings, grant naturalization outside States. In August 1945, American Vice Consul Manila designated naturalize aliens. The Philippine Government, however, expressed its concern that a mass migration newly naturalized veterans would drain soon-to-be independent country's manpower, so officer's authority revoked for 9-month period between October 1945 1946. Respondents have been eligible under provisions 1940 if they had filed applications before expired on December 31, 1946, but did not do so. More than 30 years later, petitioned naturalization, claiming absence officer violated deprived them rights secured by Fifth Amendment. examiner, all cases consolidated here, recommended against District Courts rejected petitions. On respondents' appeals (some which were consolidated), heard two different Ninth Circuit panels, Court Appeals ultimately held revocation Consul's what it characterized Act's mandatory language, respondents an appropriate equitable remedy. Held: 1. Neither application doctrine estoppel, nor invocation powers, any other means does court power confer violation limitations imposed Congress exercise exclusive constitutional over naturalization. Since no current statutory right lacked petitions reasoning INS Hibi, 414 5, 94 19, 38 7—which same official acts those alleged here give rise estoppel prevented Government from invoking cutoff date Act—suggests result "equitable remedy" theory this case. Even assuming that, reviewing federal courts sit equity, such can more disregard law. has given make someone citizen specific function be performed strict compliance terms 8 U.S.C. 1421(d), states person may "in manner conditions prescribed subchapter, otherwise." Pp. 882-885. 2. Assuming properly invoke Constitution's protections, granting entitlements there is merit their contention Due Process Clause Amendment equal protection component. entitled individualized notice continuous presence Philippines until July Moreover, historical record support actions at issue motivated racial animus. 885—886. 3. There separate arguments Litonjua Manzano, including argument introduce evidence concerning events issue. It well settled burden alien applicant establish his eligibility citizenship. 886-887. 796 F.2d 1091 (CA9 1986), reversed. SCALIA, J., delivered opinion Court, REHNQUIST, C.J., BRENNAN, WHITE, MARSHALL, STEVENS, O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, concurred result. KENNEDY, took part consideration or decision cases. Robert H. Klonoff, petitioner. Donald L. Ungar, San Francisco, Cal., respondents. Justice SCALIA Court. 1 respondents, nationals claim are apply special immigration statute 40 ago, Ch. 876, 54 Stat. 1137, Second Powers 1942, 1001, 199, 56 182, 1001 1005 (1940 ed., Supp. V) Act). decisions below1 has, third time, ordered provision. Mendoza States, 672 1320 1982), rev'd, 464 154, 104 568, 78 379 (1984); 475 7 (CA9), (1973). because below direct conflict Circuit's Olegario 629 204 (CA2 1980), cert. denied, 450 980, 101 1513, 67 814 (1981), we granted certiorari, 484 814, 66, 98 30. 2 * A. 3 March laws readily available aliens honorably II. As exempted requirements five residency proficiency English language.2 Section States.3 And Commissioner, approval Attorney General, rules regulations necessary carry into effect 702.4 4 Over next three years, approximately 7,000 soldiers citizens places Islands (which occupied entire Japan). Most these country, least 1,000 others officials appointed 702, traveling post rotation throughout England, Iceland, North Africa, islands Pacific. U.S., 10, S.Ct., 22-23 (Douglas, dissenting). After liberated Japanese occupation George Ennis, Manila, Act. Almost immediately after began express country essential undermining postwar reconstruction efforts country. Accordingly, September 13, General Clark Ennis' revoked.5 26, Ennis informed revocation. For nine months act upon present Philippines, Service (INS) apparently taking position appointment mandated. Not 1946 new 4,000 Filipinos expiration B 5 Clark's led stream litigation involving obtain suits us except Mario Valderrama Manzano Northern California. stipulated 14 (the Pangilinan respondents) though taken affirmative steps date. examiner handled decided relying Olegario. purposes appeal Circuit. 6 Respondent Litonjua's petition Southern member Navy May 1941 April made effort while active duty. He preliminary working civilian employee Army Seattle, Washington, discharge, he complete process concurred, reasons similar adopted Pangilinan. also His situation claims completing military service, specifically inquired Embassy about possibility obtaining told longer anyone assist him. following recommendation denied Litonjua. 1980 1981 (No. 86-1992). Manzano's 86-2019) later assigned panel. initially Pangilinan-Litonjua collateral-estoppel decision, yet reversed We vacated judgment light our ruling Mendoza. Litonjua, 465 990, 79 224 (1984), vacating remanding Barretto 694 603 1982). remand, language INS, 1986). announced, panel No. 86-2019 remanded reconsideration characterizing nearly identical. INS' rehearing suggestion en banc Judge Kozinski (writing himself seven others) dissenting. 809 1449 1987). writ certiorari. (1987). II 9 Article I, 8, cl. 4, Constitution provides: "The shall Power . [t]o uniform Rule Naturalization. ." Sections 701, set forth margin above, constitute description extent liberalized conferred explicitly limits benefits again exercised provide 1961, will determined 1952 amended. 310(e), 75 656, 1421(e). concede Brief Opposition 12-13. case even incontestable (and uncontested) 10 (1973), summarily holding gave said normal applicable private litigants since, enforcing established Congress, recognizing [the INS] public policy Congress." Id., 21-22. 11 Although rests somewhat theory—not eliminates effectiveness cutoff, craft remedy enables conferral despite cutoff—we think Hibi quite clearly produces reason why could applied, viz., override "public Congress," surely applies remedies. truth unsupported assertion "[i]n equity," F.2d, 1102, "[c]ourts equity law." Hedges Dixon County, 150 192, 71, 74-75, 37 L.Ed. 1044 (1893). "A cannot, avowing known law, create Rees Watertown, 86 [19 Wall.] 107, 122, 22 72 (1874). also, e.g., Thompson Allen 115 550, 555, 140, 142, 29 472 (1885); J. Story, Equity Jurisprudence 19 (W. Lyon ed. 1918). 12 fundamentally, courts, like mandamus injunction, one generally powers. See, 28 1361; 1651. Rather, authorizing says "[a] 1421(d) (emphasis added). 13 "An seeks political Nation rightfully only specified Congress. without sanction changes modifications; duty rigidly enforce legislative respect matter vital welfare." Ginsberg, 243 472, 474, 422, 425, 61 853 (1917). Or recently said: " 'Once qualify citizenship, district discretion ignore defect citizenship.' Fedorenko 449 490, 517, 737, 752-753, 66 686 (1981) (citation omitted). 15 congressional command manifest. Besides explicit 1948, program excluded servicemen, provided timely still pending adjudged provisions. 1, 360, 62 281. These carried forward see, 250, 1440. (It particularly absurd contemplate actually provision, whereas deadline, awarded Circuit.) Finally, adding 1421(e), specifies "any" thereafter limitations. advance alternative ground affirmance Hampton Mow Sun Wong, 426 88, 100, 96 1895, 1903-1904, 48 495 (1976). protections Constitution, members class intended favor due process. First, violate impose reasonable filing Cf. Logan Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 437, 102 1148, 1158-1159, 71 265 (1982). Second, opportunity file required, accorded that. Unlike noncitizen servicemen parts world, end year. last period, Filipinos. addition, another either officers around world. agree addition ample opportunities, 17 reject component Amendment's Clause. 7-month met standard protection, indeed compared favorably merely periodic elsewhere Fiallo Bell, 430 787, 792, 97 1473, 1477-1478, 52 50 (1977); Mathews Diaz, 67, 79-83, 1883, 1891-1893, 478 beyond unequal treatment, lends whatever Indeed, fair assume fought valiantly early regarded especial esteem when legislation enacted implemented. Every consider observed Carusi's response concerns nation suffer manpower drain, hostility towards n. supra. Thousands question, successor C 18 argue cannot prevail prevails This fails, since "it universally accepted show every respect," Berenyi Director, 385 630, 637, 87 666, 670-671, 656 (1967). respondent should treated differently within category ("Category I" described Matter 68 Veterans, 406 F.Supp. 931, 937-940 (ND Cal.1975)) whose oppose. That includes some both Ibid. first Forces. considered found none meritorious. 20 21 stated, judgments ordered. 23 BLACKMUN concurs 24 KENNEDY involve lawsuits: (both 86-1992) (Pangilinan 1091) (INS 66. pertinent part: "[A]ny citizen, regardless age, hereafter serves naval forces war who, having lawfully admitted Territories possessions, time enlistment induction resident thereof, (1) declaration intention, residence State required; (2) jurisdiction petitioner; (3) petitioner required speak sign own handwriting, meet educational test; (4) fee charged collected making, filing, docketing final hearing thereon, certification issued: Provided, [December 1946]. "During war, section [701] [Act], serving aliens, accordance appearing court. sworn before, with, representative Deputy hereby behalf Service, hearings take testimony touching way affecting admissibility call witnesses, administer oaths, oath witnesses renunciation allegiance 335 certificates prescribe furnish forms, regulations, Act." Commissioner's memorandum read Department armed being always domiciled Islands. embraced domain court, therein administrative me authorization 1002. Mr. naturalizations I believe authority. "In view my belief might best revoking previously omitting course eliminate source possible embarrassment dealings people, probably independence near future." Memorandum Tom C. Clark, Ugo Carusi, dated quoted 936, Cal.1975).

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