Document: 330 U.S. 631 67 S.Ct. 874 91 L.Ed. 1145 HAUPTv.UNITED STATES. No. 49. Argued Nov. 21, 22, 1943. Decided March 31, 1947. Rehearing Denied April 28, See 331 864, 1195. Mr. Paul A. F. Warnholtz, of Chicago, Ill. (Frederick J. Bertram, counsel), for petitioner. Frederick Bernays Wiener, Providence, R.I., respondent. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion Court. 1 Petitioner, Hans Max Haupt was indicted treason, convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment pay a fine $10,000. From this judgment District Court Northern Illinois he appealed United States Circuit Appeals Seventh Circuit, which by divided court affirmed. 152 F.2d 771. A previous conviction same offense predicated on acts had been reversed. v. Haupt, 7 Cir., 136 661. 2 Petitioner is father Herber one eight saboteurs military tribunal. Ex parte Quirin, 317 1, 63 2, 87 3. Sheltering his son, assisting him in getting job, acquiring an automobile, all alleged be with knowledge son's mission, involved defendant treason charge. 3 The background facts are not dispute. naturalized citizen, born Germany. He came country 1923 lived or near Chicago. In 1939 Herbert, who also Germany, worked Simpson Optical Company Chicago manufactured lenses instruments, including parts Norden bomb sight. spring 1941 Herbert went Mexico and, aid German Consul, from there Japan thence Germany where entered employ Government trained sabotage work. 4 On 17th June 1942, returned submarine. His mission act as secret agent, spy saboteur Reich. instructed proceed procure automobile use himself confederates their work espionage, obtain reemployment gather information, particularly vital bottlenecks plant, communicated coconspirators guide attack. various other instructions, equipped large sums money, 5 After some six days there, arrested 27, having under surveillance agents during entire stay This petitioner thereafter taken into custody arraigned July 1942. later asked talk F.B.I. two whom were summoned, appears have volunteered considerable information given more answer questions. blamed certain others predicament son wanted testify against them. For purpose, disclosed that present when told complete story trip Mexico, Japan, return submarine, bringing money him. During confinement Cook County jail talked fellow prisoners concerning case they testified damaging admissions made 6 indictment twenty-nine overt treason. Its sufficiency ws challenged demurrer overruled motion quash denied. defendant, at close Government's again evidence, motions directed verdict generally specifically each charged, Seventeen withdrawn before submission twelve submitted jury. Generally stated, fall three groups charges: First, charge accompanied assist obtaining employment plant engaged manufacturing sight; second, harboring sheltering Haupt; third, accompanying sales agency, arranging, making payment purchasing Herbert. Each these Herbert's known purpose sabotage. argues here do constitute but commonplace, insignificant colorless, sufficient even if properly proved support conviction. We held minimum function prosecution it show action accused really comfort enemy. Cramer States, 325 34, 65 918, 934, 89 1441. separate inquiry whether done because adherence enemy, cts helpful enemy may nevertheless innocent treasonable character. 8 Cramer's what must testimony witnesses 'sufficient' act. There only proof jury met agents. did set aside character meeting It reversed found saw could said assistance anyone, treacherously not. To make act, thought would necessary assume rely than two-witness proof. Here, contrary, such assumption reliance unnecessary—there can no question sheltering, helping buy car, get They unmistakable quality lacking forwarding mission. pointed out furnished shelter, sustenance supplies. 37, 936, charged here, generalized furnishing harbor shelter period days, lens automobile. No matter young Haupt's benign traitorous, unknown light casually useful; steps essential design If added knew preparation plans, becomes clear. All this, course, assumes prosecution's evidence credited, right do. hold, therefore, laid perform functions assigned cases sustain convictions exactitude required Constitution. 9 most difficult issue Constitution requires, several grounds attack disappear has compliance constitutional standard requires 'No person shall unless * *.' Art. III, § considered application provision problems case. Defendant claims respects falls short requirements down comprise saboteur: direct actually defendant's apartment, apartment any time there. Both we find without merit. 10 house 2234 North Fremont Street. wife third floor front bedroom. Federal Bureau Investigation agents, never less two, place continuous 10:30 a.m., 22 arrest least minute detail repeated arrivals departures saboteur, occasions wife, both. night left day. so e wearing different clothes those wore in. When lights turned after extinguished. Two callers occasion together supper time, Haupts being kitchen, coming parlor guests going kitchen. contends does witnesses' harbored sheltered apartment. true entrance, shows entered, connected apartments. occupants apartments, each, occupy respective 11 sufficiently stayed latter's knowledge. But enough, fails see enter parents' therein. hospitality begin door. began building itself business except guest member family tenants. slept bed. neither trespasser nor loiterer. licensee father, privileges tenancy used common entrance sojourn possible part father's leave. think comply requirement group charges saboteur. 12 claimed deficiency relates rendered Acts Nos. 15 16 indictment. According salesman, Farrell, salesroom good car late model. selected model Pontiac about installment payments. discussion terms, paid $10 deposit price $1045 come next day further payment. signed order gave financial references. day, additional $405, executing notes finance contract. took drove away. 13 second witness, Vinson, manager, corroborated earlier transaction, comprehensive rule, especially 16, relating events Vinson first trial allowed counsel refresh Vinson's recollection former defendant. then evening them; received 'the put down' note By approval answers affirmed receipted money. invoice purchase identified copy bill sale Farrell were. 14 explici Taking whole, Farrell's salesroom, started pending. partially completed transaction became purchaser, own name own, son's, pending consummated latter night. 'a cash toward purchase' completing 'arrangements sixteenth Whoever handed over apparently presence account obligation incurred signing its interpretation favorable jury's seems clearly Farrell. Defendant's effort correct ambiguity cross-examination. defense course duty so; upon weakness takes risk, relies rather lack legal proof, will resolve meaning favor prosecution. enough shown impeach differing them equally reasonable views witness' meaning. justified submitting finding proved. satisfied inferred place. And while identical. Most single, separable acts, combinations courses conduct up elements. easy metes bounds permissible latitude between witnesses. perhaps easier say side line belongs draw permisible disparities forbidden ones. Concrete hypothetical illustrate this. 17 One witness might hear report, smoking gun hand victim fall. Another deaf, raise point gun, puff smoke it. both certainly 'to act,' although aspects. shooting, movement bullet victim. still remote possibility contained blank cartridge fell heart failure. exclude every fantastic hypothesis suggested. 18 cannot seriously contend comprising job. Since measure reach stand proven failed proof.1 19 urged sustained natural son. Certainly relationship fact weigh along others, correctly defendants' intention injure merely 'as individual, distinguished existed, aiding Reich, injuring guilty.' complain error submission. proceeded parental solicitude cause. argued misfortune sire traitor indulgent disloyal view however statements war intended defeated, permit boy join American Army, kill send fight effect, concluded chip off old block—a tree inclined twig bent metaphors express sense observation parents likely influence children shape parents. Such arguments decide. 20 errors admission evidence. Some concerned conversations occurrences long prior admitted prove intent. consisted showing sympathy Hitler hostility States. scrutinized care expressions mere lawful difference our government quite proper appreciation land birth. explicit admissible intent Their weight 21 Evidence inadmissible. confession open court.' confessions, inadmissible sought supply defect confession, question. basis witnesses, nothing text policy preclude using out-of-court confessions. doubted Constitutional reference guilt crime. go far. specific which, insofar testified. attempt convict alone, defects faced novel corroborative confessions way. Cf. Respublica Roberts, Dall. 39, 27; Case Fries, Fed.Cas. pages 826, 909, 5,126. 23 many complaints trial, permitting room, allowing typewritten court's charge, holding reading request failing special verdict. warrant inference unfairness irregularity trial. improper appeals passion. Unfortunately nature betrayal easily stirs feelings, reasons safeguards thrown around invalidate 24 twice tried guilty. law makes impossible. aided accomplishing frustrated best succeed. hard test Constitution, hardly denied, leaves doubt guilt. 25 26 Affirmed. 27 DOUGLAS. 28 parallel 29 talking agent. So far conversation wholly innocent, overhear Cramer, explained place: reason believe agent arranged, among things, conceal funds brought promote project. Thus credible guilty 'adhering' giving 'aid comfort'. Article joined conviction, however, 30 leave morning. That more, normal, 'commonplace' (325 page 1441), suspicious, 'incriminating' 35, 935, opening door raised, implication project face, character, evidence: mpathetic Nazi cause, country. sustained, though conversion appearing provides: 31 'Treason consist levying War them, adhering Enemies, Aid Comfort. Treason Testimony Witnesses Act, Confession Court.' 32 As plain, distinct elements Intent need circumstances surrounding intent, doing necessarily involves committed understanding 33 moved realm action. undeniably case, Cramer. 34 departed rules 'The principle interdict imputation incriminating circumstantial single witness.' decision truer definition forsakes holds transformed one. 35 MURPHY, dissenting. 36 grows singular that, combined serious crime, warrants extraordinary scrutiny. Petitioner's tribunal, executed. four jointly convicted, death years' imprisonment. D.C., 47 F.Supp. 832; Id., 836. These convictions, appeal. now retried separately treason; guilty, sentence reduced $10,000 fine. 37 general types treason: (1) Harboring son; (2) reemployment; (3) count indicates fatal invalidates petitioner's not, my opinion, amount I accordingly reverse below, regardless acts. 38 high crime understand it, consists rendering adheres enemy's extends material aid; encouragement. appear yet examined context. 39 follow, howeve , gives constitutes agent's status known. touch aids Midaslike, hue move. An type springs well human kindness, devotion friends, practical religious tenets. treasonous, else described. treasonous though, sense, help effectuation unlawful purpose. rise utterly incompatible foregoing sources consistent accomplishment plan, due consideration relevant circumstances. supplying map execution nefarious plot since excludes motivated non-treasonable considerations. providing meal one's retains performed setting; accordingly, qualify 40 doubts raised prime motive treasonous. Yet non-treasonous completely dismissed possibility. should rest something substantial doubt. ordinary crimes, possessing unique standards confine within narrow spheres. connotations substance conjecture. Only manifests beyond traitor's stigma limited whose actions real threat safety nation. 41 Tested standard, instant sustained. said, traitor. training preparations carry activities desired arrest, apartment; secreted way, normally done. 42 days. Concededly, perform; ordinarily lives father. says find, appropriate provided designed lodged safe effected 43 naturally arise recognizes. very nature, viewed problem factors therefore how otherwise be. speaking 36, 1441, Note 45, 'Since identify insufficient' hold insufficient. review record clear pleaded jury, instructions allow reviewing way knowing wrongly upon. counts, count, well-proved one, insufficient insufficiently Stromberg People State California, 283 359, 368, 51 532, 535, 75 1117, 73 A.L.R. 1484; Williams Carolina, 287, 292, 207, 210, 279, 143 1273 supra.

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