Document: 415 U.S. 250 94 S.Ct. 1076 39 L.Ed.2d 306 MEMORIAL HOSPITAL et al., Appellants,v.MARICOPA COUNTY al. No. 72—847. Argued Nov. 6, 1973. Decided Feb. 26, 1974. Syllabus This is an appeal from a decision of the Arizona Supreme Court upholding constitutionality statute requiring year's residence in county as condition to indigent's receiving nonemergency hospitalization or medical care at county's expense. Held: The durational requirement, violation Equal Protection Clause, creates 'invidious classification' that impinges on right interstate travel by denying newcomers 'basic necessities life.' Shapiro v. Thompson, 394 618, 89 1322, 22 600. Pp. 253—270. (a) Such since it operates penalize indigents for exercising their constitutional migration, must be justified compelling state interest. supra; Dunn Blumstein, 405 330, 92 995, 31 274. 253—262. (b) State has not shown requirement 'legitimately defensible' furthers interest, and none purposes asserted justification requirement—fiscal savings, inhibiting migration generally, deterring taking up solely utilize facilities, protection longtime residents who have contributed community particularly paying taxes, maintaining public support hospital, administrative convenience determining bona fide residence, prevention fraud, budget predictability—satisfies State's burden insures State, pursuing its objectives, chosen means do unnecessarily impinge constitutionally protected interests. 262—269. 108 Ariz. 373, 498 P.2d 461, reversed remanded. Mary M. Schroeder, Washington, D.C., appellants. William J. Carter, III, Phoenix, Ariz., appellees. Mr. Justice MARSHALL delivered opinion Court. 1 case presents question presented whether this repugnant Clause applied 600 (1969). 2 * Appellant Henry Evaro indigent suffering chronic asthmatic bronchial illness. In early June 1971, moved New Mexico Phoenix Maricopa County, Arizona. On July 8, had severe respiratory attack was sent his attending physician appellant Memorial Hospital, nonprofit private hospital. Pursuant governing indigents, notified County Board Supervisors charge might qualify requested transferred County's hospital facility. accordance with approved procedures, also claimed reimbursement amount $1,202.60, services provided Evaro. 3 Under law, individual governments are charged mandatory duty providing necessary sick.1 But requires been resident preceding 12 months order eligible free care.2 refused admit reimburse because year. Appellees dispute he County.3 4 action instituted determine appellee obligated provide liable costs incurred refusal so. controversy necessarily adjudication indigents. 5 trial court held unconstitutional Clause. prior there-judge federal suit against Pinal Arizona, District declared enjoined future application County. Valenciano Bateman, 323 F.Supp. (D.C.Ariz.1971).4 Nonetheless, upheld challenged requirement. To resolve conflict between highest we noted probable jurisdiction, 410 981, 93 1499, 36 176 (1972), reverse judgment II 6 provision violates first what classification created thereby meet, looking nature interests affected.5 considered similar requirements welfare assistance observed those two classes needy 'indistinguishable each other except one composed resided year more, second less than year, jurisdiction. basis sole difference class (was) granted denied aid upon which may depend ability . obtain very subsist food, shelter, Id., 627, S.Ct., 1327. found impinged guaranteed travel, judged standard promoted interest.6 Finding such interest wanting, unconstitutional. 7 argue before us distinguishable Shapiro, while appellants urge controlling. We agree Arizona's that, being lacking, III 8 repeatedly recognized basic freedom.7 Whatever ultimate scope, however, involved only limited sense Shapiro. there concerned migrate, 'with intent settle abide'8 or, put it, 'to resettle, find new job, start 629, 1328. Even would if meant merely movement. But, explained '(t)he one-year waiting-period distinct independent prerequisites' latter 636, 1332. Later, invalidating voter registration cautioned our intended 'cast doubt validity appropriately defined uniformly requirements.' 342 n. 13, 1003 (1972). IV 9 appellees instant former penalizes, interstate, but rather intrastate, travel. were draw distinction intrastate now consider, us. effectively penalized although accomplished under guise What done directly can no more readily direction. could construed apply migrants;9 did so, 'it function construe contrary construction given State.' O'Brien Skinner, 414 524, 740, 38 702 (1974). V 10 Although any some extent declare per se Court's holding conditioned, U.S., 638 21, 1333, caveat 'waiting-period penalties exercise travel.' impact required give rise compelling-state-interest test made clear.10 spoke requisite ways. First, waiting period deter migration: 11 'An desires migrate will doubtless hesitate knows risk making move without possibility falling back during when need most acute.' 1329. Second, served 13 here denial care, unlike welfare, apt migration; far clear unlikely deterrent effect. A person afflicted serious ailment, whose efforts living family inhibited incapacitating illness, well think migrating clean dry air where relief disease bring unemployment poverty. make should still plague him grow residence. 14 It true, argue, evidence record anyone actually deterred traveling restriction. neither majority reason 'evidence few recipients fact (from moving) Indeed, litigants themselves deterred.' Dunn, 340, 1002 (citations omitted). An attempt distinguish urging 'fundamental misunderstanding law' supra, 339—340, 1001:11 15 'Shapiro rest finding Nor 'right travel' cases always relied presence actual deterrence. explicitly stated triggered 'any serves (to travel) .." (Emphasis original; footnote omitted.) 16 Thus, stand proposition 'operates Penalize persons exercised migration,' Oregon Mitchell, 400 112, 238, 91 260, 321, 27 272 (1970) (separate Brennan, White, Marshall, JJ.) (emphasis added). imposes potential cost 'waiting-period(s) penalties.' 1333. franchise, 'a fundamental political right,' Reynolds Sims, 377 533, 562, 84 1362, 1382, 506 (1964), penalty test. 'necessities life' penalty. declined strike down statutes lower tuition institutions higher education.12 17 parameters analysis,13 least much necessity assistance.14 And, governmental privileges benefits sustenance often viewed greater significance essential forms entitlements. See, e.g., Goldberg Kelly, 397 254, 264, 90 1011, 1018, 25 287 (1970); Sniadach Family Finance Corp., 395 337, 340—342, 1820, 1822—1823, 23 349 odd, indeed, afford keep discomfort inadequate housing pangs hunger deny relieve wheezing gasping breath attend illness.15 18 does inapplicable emergency save doubt. As observed, 'Evaro continued preservation health .,' even require immediate care.16 just because, breath, danger stopping breathing altogether. allow illness go untreated until subject sufferer substantial irrevocable deterioriation health. Cancer, heart disease, become all irreversible paths pain, disability, loss life. cruel context, alternative treatment.17 19 Finally, seek involving partially federally funded program. received funding hospital18 but, importantly, program irrelevant applicability analysis Pease Hansen, 404 70, 318, 30 224 (1971); Graham Richardson, 403 365, 1848, 29 534 (1971). 20 Not admonition Bible 'Ye shall manner stranger, your own country,' Leviticus 24:22 (King James Version), seen insuring same vital government States they enjoyed residents. penalizes State.19 Accordingly, 'unless promote unconstitutional.' 634, 1331. original.) VI 21 turn defensible,'20 interest.21 number these satisfy appellees' heavy justification, insure NAACP Button, 371 415, 438, 83 328, (1963). observed: 'Absent sick admission (Maricopa County's) facilities newest modern state, resultant volume cause long periods hardship (the) tried tax property owners (these) ..' 376, 464. thus attempts sustain fiscal integrity discouraging influx entering purpose obtaining facilities. 24 protect fisc drawing invidious citizens, 633, 1330, so show saves money. conservation taxpayers' purse simply sufficient which, effect, severely freely another State. See Rivera 329 554 (D.C.Conn.1971), aff'd, 1054, 742, 743 inhibit immigration goal impermissible.22 take issue clearly overinclusive. treats every indigent, came jurisdiction care. defensible said: 26 '(T)he barred all-inclusive, lumping great come collecting benefits.' 631, 1330. Moreover, try fence out (better facilities) generally.' Ibid. considers quality deserving moves into advantage better educational 631—632, 1329—1330. 28 useful look side coin—at bear indigents' illnesses needed treatment. For newly arrived receive borne hospitals, like Memorial—many already precarious financial straits.23 When absorbed caring passed patients 'at inconvenient time' adding astronomical heavily resources Americans.24 pressures hospitals operate led many them away cannot pay limit admit.25 is, course, measured suffering. addition, savings illusory. lack timely patient's deteriorate point expensive (for applies) needed. disability result letting patient becoming rolls duration permanently, capacity work impaired.26 eliminating dilute fostering resouces serve expanded pool recipients. assert able contributions community, through past payment taxes. rejected 'contributory' rationale both Vlandis Kline, 412 441, 450 2230, 2235, 37 63 (1973), observing: '(Such) reasoning logically permit bar schools, parks libraries deprive police fire protection. Indeed apportion according citizens. prohibits apportionment services.' 632—633, 1330 (footnote 32 express concern threat discourage 'the development effective (public medical) facilities.' suggested deters voters protects low income families' attracted hospital; hence, employ discrimination viability programs. 641, 1335, '(p)erhaps Congress induce wider participation school authorized use joint funds building segregated schools,' scheme. Cole Housing Authority City Newport, 435 F.2d 807, 812—813 (CA1 1970). B 33 objectives. They claim convenient rule thumb Besides factually defensible, certainly overbroad accomplish avowed purpose. mere objective limiting sweeping within prohibitions qualifying period. Less drastic means, available employed27 ascertain individual's true intentions, exacting protracted dire economic consequences certain Shelton Tucker, 364 479, 488, 81 247, 252, 231 (1960). agency applies criteria residency applicant resident.28 Medical Assistance Aged law provides senior conditioned residence.29 operated benefit (D.C.Ariz.1971).30 34 allege tool preventing fraud. Certainly, valid fraud newcomer old-time resident, 637, ill-suited applicant, committing easily swear having currently. rely safeguard mechanisms 340. example, makes crime file 'untrue statement hospitalization, outpatient relief' Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 11—297C (Supp.1973—1974). 353—354, 1008—1009; Dept. Agriculture Moreno, 413 528, 534, 2821, 2825, 782 (1973). 35 predictability, said equally applicable us: 'The records utterly devoid (the County) uses predict people (The take) census .. advance notice assistance. authorities know how assistance.' 634—635, 1331 difficulties projecting assistance, difficult speculative task estimate irrelevance budgetary planning further underscored complete aged cuttently expense regardless 635, 1331—1332. VII eligibility sustained showing met demonstrated legitimate remanded inconsistent opinion. So ordered. 40 Reversed 41 THE CHIEF JUSTICE BLACKMUN concur result. 42 DOUGLAS. 43 legal aspects care1 enormous; I decisions Fourteenth Amendment equal dealing matters. considered, share doubts my Brother REHNQUIST. present case, turns me different axis. problem aspects. therapy atmosphere brings suffer asthma, bronchitis, arthritis, tuberculosis. Many coming after arrival. help 'emergency' 'when life limb,' 11—297(A) others, 12—month 44 Act aimed travelers; long-term another. case: citizens including term county. single non-residents nor applied.' 375, 463. 45 done, therefore, poor metropolitan counties, (Phoenix) Pima (Tucson) told eight counties areas exists contract basis. San Antonio Independent School Dist. Rodriguez, 411 1, 1278, 16, Texas scheme districts base, raise meager funds, offered education students wealthier districts. That system violated closely divided dissent. suppose programs, freedom carry forward step beyond case. barrier movement district. Here erected around poor. 46 struggled problem. Kerr-Mills 1960, 74 Stat. 987, U.S.C. 302(b)(2), added provisions Social Security Secretary Health, Education, Welfare disapprove plan (Medicaid) excludes resides state,' requirements. 47 over $2 million Hill-Burton Act, 291 seq. Section 291c(e) authorizes issuance regulations operation contain conditions facility constructed modernized 'will residing territorial area applicant' render reasonable unable therefor.'2 waived 'not feasible viewpoint.' 48 Prior assurance 'that portion thereof therefor. demonstrates satisfaction agency, subsequent approval Secretary, CFR 53.111(c)(1).3 49 ascertain, imposed receipt funds. 50 financially regulatory framework leave uncontrolled available. clear, service whites professed inability races 53.112(c) racial transients. 51 donees guided 53.111(g), sets detail used identifying services. include insurance coverage, personal income, obligations resources, 'similar factors.' pursuant challenged, employs length additional criterion uncompensated regulations, seem recognize acceptable criterion. 52 Thorpe Authority, 393 268, 518, 474; Mourning Publications Service, 356, 1652, attached grants 'reasonably related enabling legislation.' 280—281, 525. 53 impute implications involve weighty considerations Federal Government, Bolling Sharpe, 347 497, 693, 98 L.Ed. 884, States, bound. 54 processes4 litigation solution setting poor, Harper Virginia Elections, 383 663, 86 1079, 169, view critical issue. APPENDIX TO OPINION OF DOUGLAS, Gourmand Food—A Fable5 55 loved good food. ate restaurants, donated money cooking research, instructed matters Long ago, food industry total chaos. There small. Anyone call himself chef open restaurant. choosing restaurant, never sure meal good. commission distinguished chefs studied situation recommended allowed touch qualified chefs. 'Food too important left amateurs,' said. Qualified licensed else engaged cooking. Certain exceptions preparation home, family. Furthermore, chef, man twenty-one years training (including four college, school, apprenticeship). All schools class. 56 These reforms succeed raising restaurant became substantially expensive. everyone eat out. 'No one,' said, 'should income.' argued toward giving 'complete physical psychological satisfaction.' out, liked pay. organize groups part undertake members dining greatest satisfaction, set member anywhere liked, elaborate desired, nothing small percentage cost. joining prepaid clubs rose sharply. 57 restaurants prepare elaborate, specializing roasting, fish, salads, sauces, things. People rarely went With establishment clubs, wanted fancy restaurants. At time, young disdained going cook everything. prestigious specialize really Soon enough open. 58 meals started eating three-course Then began increase courses, directing 'serve best thought bill.' (Recently 317-course served.) 59 faster faster. reported follows: (1) Noting peel potatoes wash lettuce, tasks handed dishwashers (whose three dishwashing included courses) category personnel. (2) Concluding overworked, expanded, shortened, applicants lesser qualifications admitted. (3) unhappy seemed about decor (In recent taste test, patron tell 1930 1970 vintage white red wines. He ordered knew stock wine.) 60 agreed problems faced nation. national prepayment group established join. continue paid dishes prepared. Gourmandese chose elaborately nothing. 61 recommendations adopted. Large numbers spent time ordering incredibly meals. Kitchens marvels new, equipment. consuming kitchen preparing it. Since anything meals, country collapsed. 62 REHNQUIST, dissenting. Confronted, common sister assault spiraling felt bound meet standards eligibility.1 unemployable, aid. Third, maintained standards, seeking exception specifically 'emergency limb 64 'chronic illness.' 1971 experienced attack, obtained treatment privately institution. sought recover expenses 11—297A (Supp. 1973—1974), asserting entitled discussed above,2 assume responsibility then Superior 65 Appellants not, extended hospital.3 asserted, legislature, decided persons, well. upholds claim, burdened Evaro's 66 Unlike traditional services, protection, commonly undertaken strains greater, increase, federal, local pressed larger role. Reasonably enough, seems me, business primarily dependent financing locality association need. 67 nevertheless efforts, admirable though be, impressive enough. others excluded protests. years, taxes construct ineligible incomes slightly above marginal level inclusion. merit, deemed meritorious claims Given finite today's conclude indigency threshold elevated out-of-state migrants longer standing. stringent 68 Those presently marginally necessitated decision, Evaro, plausible government-supported choice uncessitated classic example determination priorities accorded conflicting claims, matter competence legislature decide. Dandridge Williams, 471, 487, 1153, 1163, 491 (1970), Constitution empower second-guess officials allocating among myriad recipients.' 69 holds, placed definition 'right' hardly precise, state: residents.' merits attention. 70 throughout Nation century Court.4 Crandall Nevada, Wall. 35, 744 (1868). concept static. see distant cousin enunciated Crandall, reference language Miller, speaking Court: 71 'But rights her account, citizen correlative rights. seat government, transact offices, engage administering functions. access sea-ports, operations foreign trade commerce conducted, sub-treasuries, land revenue courts justice several soil pass it.' 44. 72 traveler pass, modestly taxing power impede across borders.5 73 Later quite conservatively. Williams Fears, 179 270, 128, 186 (1900), Georgia 'emigrant agents'—persons hiring labor outside State—although agents untaxed. existed, stating: 'Undoubtedly locomotion, remove place inclination, attribute liberty, right, ordinarily, transit territory secured 14th Constitution.' 274, 129. 75 on, decide statute, despite assessed exported labor, affected egress 'only incidentally remotely.' Ibid.6 76 leading earlier Edwards California, 314 160, 164, 119 (1941), little expansive here. invalidated California subjected criminal assists bringing knowing person.' 171, 166. Five Commerce 'prohibition isolate itself restraining transportation borders.' 173, 167. Four concurring Justices Amendment's 'privileges citizenship.'7 77 Regardless right's precise source definition, designed to, would, California. imposition assisting entry block ingress surely posted guards border away. once inside supported payments.8 intend continuous therefore incidental remote purposeful insulate 78 raises comparable barrier. Admittedly, desiring reside choose weigh possible detriment gained continuing location invoke penalties. contrary, live shelter,9 settled becomes full say, compares California's 1930's frivolous. 79 older discussing unhelpful here, reliance elsewhere. careful reading discloses rests almost entirely vintage: (1969), 274 struck benefits. vote. placing cases, discredit in-state tuition.10 purpose, analysis, "operates migration." opinion.) 80 concedes 'some penalties," (ante, 258—259) expect learn not. Any crossing lines staying theoretically travel; toll exacted Delaware Jersey Bridge 'penalty' literal all. charges,11 fees airport users,12 attacks based line derived impositions travelers indirect inconsequential constitute type direct barriers Where remote, reasonably proportion decisions, eminently sensible workable. rejects approach, leaves guidance proper applied. instead resorts ipse dixit, declaring demonstrating Dunn: 82 'Whatever (1969).' Ante, 259. added; footnotes However conclusion majority, me. solicitude vote,13 virtual inherent benefits—'the live,' (1970)—ought casually alleged deprivation Rather, examine, past, erects real movement, barrier, effects realistically, remote. discussion shown, counterpart condemned cases. observe respect allocation unjustifiably imposing preferences. Court, examination proffered interests, categorically contention fixed stake arrived. rejection fiat reason. One principal factual distinctions Starns Malkerson, 326 234 (D.C.Minn.1970), 401 985, 1231, 527 (1971), university tuition,14 recipients, provides. benefits, cash kind, current revenues, arrival resident. universities demanding operating extensive capital possibly revenues. apart majority's conception education, contribution indisputable.15 85 Other advanced statutory virtually hand economies dismissed ..'16 points Hospital. While observation large part, determinant. observes deterioration valuable legislators drafting requirements, however speculation (which indicate deteriorating illness), sort traditionally confided legislatures, questions. likewise arguments Refusing accept assertion 'convenient residence,' suggests alternatives. Similar rejecting argument declaration 'intent currently' ignores obvious fabricating intention remain. 87 acted arbitrarily impediment rational negligible: indicates ago remained ever since. slightest resemblance Constitution, Edwards. urgent revenues claimant contributed. broadening of, departure from, holdings, remarkable explanation accompanies subscribe method result, 11—291 (Supp.1973—1974) relevant that: 'Except article filing board supervisors writing, subscribed sworn oath, rules department security, unemployable totally support, employable twelve months.' added.) transients intermediate appellate Supervisors, Robinson, Ariz.App. 457 951 vacated moot 105 280, 463 536 (1970). mental Vaughan Bower, 313 (D.C.Ariz.), 139, 129 11, infra. Florida Arnold Halifax Hospital Dist., 277 (M.D.Fla.1970), Crapps Duval Auth., 181 (M.D.Fla.1970). E.g., Weber Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 406 1400, 1405, 768 (1972); 335, 999, id., 642 644, 1335—1337 (Stewart, J., concurring). (1969); Wyman Lopez, 1055, 736, 237, JJ.), 285—286, 345 dissenting, whom Burger, C.J., Blackmun, joined); Bowens, 49, 813, United Guest, 745, 757—759, 1170, 1177—1179, 239 (1966); cf. Griffin Breckenridge, 88, 105—106, 1790, 1799—1800, 338 Demiragh DeVos, 476 (CA2 1973). generally Z. Chafee, Three Human Rights 1787, pp. 171—181, 187 (1956). King Rochelle Municipal 442 646, 648 1971); 811 1970); Wellford Battaglia, 343 143, 147 (D.C.Del.1972); Truax Raich, 33, 39, 7, 9, 131 (1915); Note, Thompson: Travel, N.Y.U.L.Rev. 989, 1012 preserve ties previous made, long-time residents, Surely, neighboring equity States. discussed, infra, 266. posed ambiguity, Judge Coffin's perceptive 807 permitting director return civil commitment. doubtful effect consider committed Affeldt Whitcomb, 319 (N.D.Ind.1970), 1034, 1304, 576 452—453, 2236—2237, 'imply (inter alia) license practice profession, hunt, forth.' 638, (HEW), Report Resources Available Meet Needs Public Recipients, House Committee Ways Means, 86th Cong., 2d Sess., (Comm. Print 1961). Similarly, President Nixon "It wealth,' Ghandi, 'and pieces gold silver." Message President, 92d 1st H.R.Doc. 92—49, p. materials cited 4, supra. Reference instructive. contrasted instate way category. 234, 238 (Minn.1970), quoted Kirk Regents, 273 Cal.App.2d 430, 440, Cal.Rptr. 266—267 dismissed, 396 554, 754, added): "While fully value equate attainment clothing shelter. pressing children. attendance publicly financed learning (does) risks. petitioner precluded education. Charging nonresident equated granting subsistence residents." Constitutionality Nonresident Tuition, Minn.L.Rev. 1139, 1149—1158 Vlandis, 'special (are) college characteristically transient, 452, 2236. ambiguity 374, 462 600, 603 (D.C.Ariz.1971). HEW Resources, 14, 73—74; HEW, Investment Programs: Delivery Health Services Poor (1967). Project Register, 1947—June 30, 1967. Publication (HSM) 72—4011, 37. (42 seq.) 1947. Medicaid, primary expense, participating eligibility, 1396a(b)(3), 'this coequal branch Government significance.' Frontiero 677, 687—688, 1764, 1771, 583 participate Medicaid Cf. Ely, Legislative Administrative Motivation Constitutional Law, Yale L.J. 1205, 1223—1224 Developments Law—Equal Protection, Harv.L.Rev. 1065, 1076—1077 involves akin 'reasonable basis' apply. regulation absolute size need, 'enough rationally discrimination.' 1162. later 1854, writing '(a)ppellants' attempted misplaced, (did impinge) Strict scrutiny Compare Dandridge, 484 1161, Cantor, Law People's Access Care, Contemp. Prob. 901, 909—914 Catholic Center Rockefeller, 305 1256 (EDNY 1969), remanded, 820, 1517, 806, aff'd remand, 430 1297, 931, 246, 262 74. 14; E. Kennedy, Critical Condition: Crises America's Care (1973); Hearings Crisis America Subcommittee Senate Labor Welfare, Sess. 23; 24, 94; Working Rules Assuring Nondiscrimination Administration, 151, 156 (1964); cf., Stanturf Sipes, 447 S.W.2d 558 (Mo.1969) (hospital frostbite victim $25 deposit). 74; America, 24. '(L)ack liability patient, otherwise self-supporting 73; Comment, Indigents, Admissions U.Mich.J.L. Reform 502, 515—516 Battistella Southby, American Medicine, Lancet 581, 582 (Mar. 1968). Green Delaware, 270 177—178 (D.C.Del.1967). 46—292(1) 46—261.02(3) August 1969, Appeals, 951, September 1970, 536. appendix opinion, post, Title 53.111(b)(8) defines mean meets provide.' waiver opportunity hearing. 53.111(c)(2). 'free' Education (HEW) (Comm.Print Foreword Delivery: Economic Appraisal Judith R. Lave Lester B. Contemp.Prob. 252 reads menths.' parties stipulated 'an recently changed App. 10. Therefore failed third text. 1296, century, origin remains somewhat obscure. effort identify source, relying exists. levied Nevada leaving noted, Evansville-Vanderburgh Airport Delta Airlines, Inc., 707, 1349, 620 argument, concluding: 'We say discrimination, grounds, discretion legislature.' 276, 130. opinions Douglas (with Black Murphy joined), 177, 168, Jackson, 181, 170. 'After arriving indigent) aided Farm wholly government.' 175, 168. reached bore burden. 46—233 (Supp.1973—1974), recipient general 'established application.' Interstate Busses Corp. Blodgett, 276 245, 230, 551 (1928); Hendrick Maryland, 235 610, 140, 385 (1915). Evans Cornman, 398 419, 1752, 370 Cipriano Houma, 701, 1897, 647 striking Connecticut prevented rates enrollment, 'be impose student, element student status.' position. limitations debt. Ariz.Const., Art. (State); (County). Dulling Edge Husbandry: Special Fund Doctrine L. Soc.O. (Ariz.St.L.J.) 555. filed affidavit indicating acceptance appellants' position taxpayers over.$2.5 alone. 12—17.

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