Document: 414 U.S. 573 94 S.Ct. 806 39 L.Ed.2d 9 SEA-LAND SERVICES, INC., Petitioner,v.Helen Stein GAUDET, Administratrix of the Estate Awtrey C. Gaudet, Sr. No. 72—1019. Argued Nov. 7, 1973. Decided Jan. 21, 1974. Rehearing Denied March 18, See 415 986, 1582. Syllabus Respondent's husband, a longshoreman, was severely injured aboard petitioner's vessel in Louisiana navigable waters. Shortly after termination an action based on unseaworthiness, which he recovered damages for past and future wages, pain suffering, medical incidental expenses, husband died respondent brought this maritime wrongful-death suffered by her. The District Court dismissed respondent's suit grounds res judicata failure to state claim. Appeals reversed, basis Moragne v. State Marine Lines, 398 375, 90 1772, 26 339. Held: wrongful-Death is not barred decedent's recovery his lifetime personal injuries. Pp. 575—595. (a) States supra, created true remedy that founded upon death itself independent any decedent may have had own injuries, because involves different cause from decedent's, it precluded judicata. 575—583. (b) permits dependents recover loss support, services, society, as well funeral expenses. 583—591. (c) All but first foregoing elements could accrue until therefore subject petitioner double liability. Though there apparent overlap between wages dependents' subsequent claim doctrine collateral estoppel would bar recovering support extent wages. 591—595. 436 F.2d 1331, affirmed. Stuart A. McClendon, Metairie, La., petitioner. George W. Reese, New Orleans, respondent. Mr. Justice BRENNAN delivered opinion Court. 1 339 (1970), overruling Harrisburg, 119 199, 7 140, 30 L.Ed. 358 (1886), held wrongful unseaworthiness maintainable under federal law, left shaping new nonstatutory cases. question case whether widow longshoreman maintain such her husband—alleged resulted injuries him while waters—after 2 severe working vessel, S.S. Claiborne, He $140,000 permanent disability, physical agony, earnings unseaworthiness,1 shortly terminated. Respondent Eastern Based husband's recovery, widow's Res Fifth Circuit holding gave 'Mrs. Gaudet . compensable Gaudet's wholly apart extinguished latter's ..' 463 1332 (1972). We granted certiorari, 411 963, 93 2141, 36 683 (1973), now affirm. 3 * harshness Harrisburg rule absence statute, no death, only partially relieved enactment statutes.2 deathon High Seas Act, 41 Stat. 537, 46 U.S.C. §§ 761—768, outside three-mile limit.3 Jones 1007, § 688, incorporating Federal Employers' Liability 35 65, 45 51—60, established negligence seaman regardless situs wrong; otherwise, actions deaths occurring waters within territorial depended enacted statute and, if so, permitted recovery.4 4 reflected dissatisfaction with law illogically unjustifiably deprived many victims adequate their losses. Three clearly unjust consequences were particular concern: 5 'The these simply discrepancy produced whenever holds sway: waters, identical conduct violating (here furnishing unseaworthy vessel) produces liability victim merely injurd, frequently killed. 6 second incongruity breaches duty provide seaworthy ship, resulting produce limit—since Death Act be see Kernan American Dredging Co., 355 426, 430 n. (78 394, 397, 382) (1958)—but whose local excludes claims. third, assertedly 'strangest' anomaly seaman—that is, member ship's company, covered Act—is provided caused whom seaworthiness extended performs work traditionally done seamen, does when allowed (footnote omitted).' U.S., at 395—396, S.Ct., 1784. 8 In ended anomalies creation uniform designed extend admiralty's 'special solicitude welfare those men who (take) venture hazardous unpredictable sea voyages.' Id., 387, 1780. Our approach resolution issue before us must necessarily consistent extension solicitude' seafaring decedent. Petitioner, Sea-Land Services, Inc. (Sea-Land), attach significance remedy. It argues should recognize 'in event failed prosecute (his claim) during lifetime.' Brief Petitioner 6. But already implicitly rejected argument; we recognized single tortious act might result two distinct, though related harms, giving rise separate causes action: mere injury, person physically harmed made whole harm, closest him—usually spouse children—seek total one they depended.' 382, 1778. Thus, remedy—founded injuries.5 Because action, For operates 10 'repetitious suits involving same action. (The bar) rests considerations economy judicial time public policy favoring establishment certainty legal relations. provides court competent jurisdiction has entered final judgment merits parties privies are thereafter bound 'not every matter offered received sustain or defeat demand, other admissible been purpose.' Cromwell County Sac, 351, 352 (24 195). puts end cannot again into litigation ground whatever, absent fraud some factor invalidating judgment. Von Moschzisker, 'Res Judicata,' 38 Yale L.J. 299; Restatement Law Judgments 47, 48.' Commissioner Internal Revenue Sunnen, 333 591, 597, 68 715, 719, 92 898 (1948). 11 To sure, majority courts interpreting lifetime. appear rest cases so much principles statutory limitations As authority noted, '(t)he fact all civil remedies derive important consequences. Since right unknown common legislatures free impose restrictions it.' Harper & James, 24.1 p. 1285. England's Lord Campbell's Act,6 'whensoever Person shall (the) (of another) (if ensued) entitled Party Action Damages respect thereof Early English language conditioned existence actionable death;7 deceased reduced settled released tortfeasor, up maintained further death. became prototype statutes, most statutes contained nearly similarly interpreted courts.8 do contain controversial language, FELA, least, 'essentially with' Michigan C.R. Co. Vreeland, 227 59, 69, 33 192, 195, 57 417 (1913), similar placed FELA recovery. Mellon Goodyear, 277 335, 345, 48 541, 544, 72 906 (1928).9 12 Moragne, hand, requires shape (not judge-made, Tungus Skovagaard, 588, 611, 79 503, 524 (1959) (opinion Brennan, J.)) guided principle 'certainly better becomes humane liberal character proceedings admiralty give than withhold remedy, required inflexible rules,' Sea Gull, 21 F.Cas. 909 (No. 12,578) (C.C.Md.1865), quoted 1781. underlying insure compensation losses decedent, lifetime, able obtain No 'established rules' require contrary conclusion.10 II 13 that, prevented bringing where then will order evaluate argument necessary identify harms dependents, damages. identifying without useful guides; 'particular questions measure damages, persuasive analogy guidance. Both numerous acts implemented success decades. experience thus built counsels raises problems unlike long grist mill.' 408, 1792. review authorities, policies persuade 14 Recovery universally recognized,11 includes financial contributions lived. Similarly, overwhelming acts12 Act13 monetary value services continued death.14 Such include, example, nurture, training, education, guidance child parent wrongfully killed.15 Services performed home also compensable.16 15 Compensation however, presents closer question. term 'society' embraces broad range mutual benefits each family receives others' existence, including love, affection, care, attention, companionship, comfort, protection.17 Unquestionably, deprivation grave dependents. Despite fact, number early preclude intended 'pecuniary loss,' society economic loss.18 Other express limiting pecuniary losses;19 limits 'a fair just sustained persons benefit brought. .,' 762 (emphasis added), consequently construed exclude society.20 16 A clear States, narrow view either provision construction, permit society.21 This expansion recoverable include led commentator observe '(w)hether classified 'pecuniary,' nonpecuniary, recent trend unmistakably favor permitting recovery.' Speiser Wrongful 218. our decision aligns statutes.22 event, compelled comport humanitarian show its jurisdiction.23 17 Objection often centers fear somewhat speculative factfinders return excessive verdicts.24 unaware objection said: 18 '(O)ther calculation estate deceased, present wrongful—death difficulties more insurmountable assessment nonfatal injuries.' 385, 1779. 19 juries called measuire mental anguish disfigurement cases, intentional infliction emotional harm. since 17th century, assessed consortium—which encompasses society—in husbands wives negligently injured.25 More recently, asked consortium harmed.26 Relying history, Florida Supreme 1899 wife 'no fanciful frugality, industry, usefulness, tender (all consortium), can compensated (as easily) simple standard other.' P.R. Foxworth, Fla. 1, 73, 25 So. 338, 348. 20 confident 'be turn mainly good sense deliberate tribunal assigned ascertain what inflicted.' 'City Panama', 101 453, 464, 1061 (1880). awards '(i) nsistence mathematical precision illusory judge juror latitude make reasonable approximations practical experience,' Whitaker Blidberg Rothchild 296 554, 555 (CA4 1961). Moroever, appellate tribunals amply demonstrated ability control awards, see, e.g., Moore-McCormack Richardson, 295 583 (CA2 1961); Dugas National Aircraft Corp., 438 1386 (CA3 1971). Finally, addition expenses awarded circumstances paid liable payment. statutes.27 Furthermore, although conflict over compare Culberson, 61 194 1932), Moore OS Fram, 226 F.Supp. 816 (SD Tex.1963), aff'd, sub nom. Wilhelm Seafoods, Moore, 328 686 (CA5 1964), general prior Hollyday David Reeves, 386 6,625) (Md.1879). find reason following earlier hold compensable.28 22 Turning Sea-Land's double-liability argument, note contrast today Obviously, did Indeed, losses—unique dependents—could windfall. 23 There support.29 instances, derive, least part, But, tortfeasor fully portion previously Any potentional eliminated application familiar attempting relitigate due wages.30 Collateral applies 24 'where demand .. situation, jdugment estoppel, matters litigated determined, 'only points controverted, determination finding verdict rendered.' 353 (94 351). And Russell Place, 606 214); Southern Pacific R. United 168 (18 27, 42 355); Mercoid Corp. Mid-Continent 320 661, 671 (64 268, 273, 88 376). involved proceeding swallowed theprior suit, litigate proceeding, even tendered decided time. maters actually determined later relitigated.' 597—598, 719. nonparties issues, Blonder-Tongue University Foundation, 402 313, 320—327, 91 1434, 1438—1442, 28 788 (1971), several exceptions exist. pertinent exception here collaterally estopped relitigating issues party fiduciary representative beneficial interest nonparties.31 'the beneficiaries relationship; rules action,' F. Civil Procedure 11.28, 592 (1965). Under prevailing rule, tort suing base 'on prospective balance life expectancy injury undiminished shortening injury,' James 24.6, pp. 1293—1294 original).32 brings personal-injury recovers lost capacity represents which, expectation providing support. noramlly dependent litigating issue, need applying deprive dependants day court. 27 Affirmed. 29 POWELL, THE CHIEF JUSTICE STEWART, REHNQUIST join, dissenting. rewrites areas brught act, disregards major body law. opens area sentimental traditional doctrine. hopes prevent through novel principles, unprecedented concept seriously undefined class potential regard Given sweep majority's approach, upshot nullification congressional enactments governing Except technical joinder counts jury trial maximize promised Court's opinion, rely will, today, seek relief statutes. Several swept aside decision. 31 reaching results, purports apply Inc., (1970). overruled violation duties lie admiralty. far-reaching case. essentially response gap explicitly against sort tabula rasa restructuring undertaken majority. Writing Court, Harlan stressed 'assure vindication 401, 1788. eschewed fashioning id., 405, 1790, believing lower slight difficulty accepted death.' 406, 1791. stated 'persuasive guidance' accumulated experiences 761 et seq., emphasized consistency purposes behind 688. 400—402, 1787—1788. 32 how guidelines recently laid down Moragne. Disregarding source endorsed concern uniformity expressed fashioned substantive 'accepted law' actions. my view, extensions exhibit little deference stare decises or, indeed, enunciated policy. I believe doctrines unsound principle, create confusion very likely duplicative recoveries. Long Act,1 statutes,2 countenance reached today. 'created (FELA).' 429, 78 396, 382 (1958). 're gime applicable seamen .,'3 'entire judicially developed liability' governs Kernan, 439, 401. An uninterrupted line going back half century reduces settlement otherwise extinguishes pursue claim, See, (1928); Flynn NewYork, N.H. H.R. 283 53, 51 357, 75 837 (1931); Walrod 447 930 (CA9 1971); Seaboard Air. Line Oliver, 261 1919); Gilmore 229 198 (ED La. 1964); Purvis Luckenbach 271 (SDNY 1949). 34 progeny unequivocally judgment, settlement, conclusive '(precludes) act.' Mellon, 344, 544. approval opinion: '"Whether transmitted original right; survival creating right, consensus seems gist foundation had, satisfaction adjustment adjudication courts, existed.'" Supra, (Citation omitted.) disagreement ante, 577—578, wrong capable producing distinct beneficiaries. distinction. noted originating claims, assertable 340, 342, 542, 543. Nevertheless, uniformly followed simultaneously forecloses Holmes put unamimous Flynn, 'derivative continuance employee 56, (citation omitted). creates square bodies viewed 37 implication Act4 Supports departure 10, best conjectural. addressing situation presented arisen Act. Conceivably arise, terms covers inflicted sea, high seas. Cf. Lacey L, Wiggins Airways, 95 Supp. 916 (Mass.1951).5 possible theory survivors attempt bring certainly read allowing precisely lack normally sought avoided Moreover, contains substitution provision, 765, forbids Section 765 suffers scope dies pendency transformed countenanced Act.6 Surely evidences recognition proceed reference 'strong uniformity' 1788, repeated 396 12, 401—402, 1785, expression solely intellectual consistency. 'Such concerns both Acts effect constitutionally system coextensive with, operating in, country.' Lottawanna, Wall. 558, 575 (22 654) (1875).' evident. seaman's occur land determinative approach. If land, admiralty-related remedy.7 foreclose action—a misfortune befallen lucky enough sea. something, suspect, abide. '(i)t consistently branch whatever get sooner others .,'8 undoubtedly portends successors, bypasses Aside disunity inherent fail sweeping Moragne's reliance admonition draw E.g., 400 402, envisioned process accommodation abrupt near-total forced absolescence. regard, still resolved open define appropriate limitation period. Presumably, resolving continue Now interesting position analogizing them blocked. 40 counseled great character, Mrs. foreclosed recovery.9 Torts direct taken Court: 'Although rights deceased. Hence killed, exists. Likewise release eithr won merits, defendant, bars .'10 likelihood threat repose holding, leading commentators statutes.11 particularly where, here, preaccident expectancy.12 Even opposed 'force' case.13 III 43 devotes Ante, 584—591. particular, Appeals' suggestion, 1333 1972), 'society,' protection. 585—590. Although address exists think example repudiation statutes.14 nonpecuniary 44 restricts losses,15 restriction excluding non-pecuniary relationship, affections, sentiments.16 relationship overlapping coverage forbidding approved today.17 well-established coupled part continuing development conclude affection-related Moragne.18 These heeded fashion yet holdings disapproved 588 23. IV reasons extensive precedent difficult discern. statement 'statutory 579, erroneous.19 large refused adopt good, reasons. adopted administer, serious risk unfairness position, fails foster law's normal finality. establish procedures lawsuit. easy task, obvious satisfactory systematic solution whole(double recovery) problem found.'20 adopts theory, apparently implement treating 'fiduciary' 593—594. Apart utter novelty trusts duties, hardly 'satisfactory solution' unfair recoveries.21 Apparently intends limit proof introduced trial. way guarantee trier succeed compartmentalizing allowable unallowable highly conceptualized nature parsing categories suggests unlikely theoretical distinctions meaningful practice. injustices be, practically speaking, impossible task. 47 given jury. unrealistic assume restricted objective measurement plus 'value' suffering. likehood, award element jury's permanently disabled man. anyone tried knows, sympathy commonly overcomes inability intangibles society. lawsuit full value, protection, she opportunity imprecision measured objectively. receive substantially One commonplace, despite control. opportunities sentiment cross benignity bonanza sanctioned. And, preventing windfall break down. actin, entitle claimant join both, 589 24. When happens, subjected twice vagaries jury, wide-open concepts embraced 49 recovered, compounded rejection loss' damage standards, inappropriate relied Gaudets. fault. evolved form strict liability.22 imposes absolute liability, ascertainable susceptible compensation. Igneri Cie. de Transports Oceaniques, 323 257, 268 1963), cert. denied, 376 949, 84 965, 969 (1964). reflects impossibility deterrence inappropriateness punishment absolute. broken wise social 50 ignored arising transaction. After affirmed appeal,23 commenced by, essence, changing few lines complaint filing That court's dismissal grounds24 surprising, striking similarities complaints. complaints condition alleged successful App. 2, 5—6. facts alleged. 1—2, 4—5. amount $250,000. Whereas earnings, 'severe loss.' 5. face complaints, encompassed judgment.25 strong justify repetitive attendant doubling advanced not, level persuasion. litigated, paid, compensating incurred board vessel. Ordinarily, consider closed affairs appeal. Today's deprives interest, subjecting another round wideopen possibilities. precedents, weight elementary fairness call relieving unjustifiable burden. 52 outset dissent, written expanded significantly recoverable. discredited, substance overruled, unanimous decisions places mistaken reliance, reluctance disregard overrule precedent: 53 'Very weighty underlie lightly decisions. Among desirability furnish guide individuals, enable plan assurance untoward surprise; importance furthering expeditious eliminating relevant proposition case; necessity maintaining faith judiciary impersonal reasoned judgments. rejecting always weighed factors.' 403, 1789. 54 Harlan, went care described 'unjustifiable anomaly.' 404, comparable anomaly. generally applied country. inception, Congress modified entire announced chooses follow provided, sound overturning rule. $175,000 20% contributory negligence. Wrongful-death distinguished latter separately abrogate common-law abated tortfeasor. Survival deceased's claims They (1913); Schumacher, Rights Statutes, Mich.L.Rev. 114 (1924) (hereafter Schumacher); Winfield, Affecting Tort, Col.L.Rev. 239 (1929); Livingston, Tort Actions, Proposal California Legislation, Calif.L.Rev. 63 (1949); York Revision Commission Report 157 seq. (1935). summarized Professor Harper: 'At sued committed From notions untransmittability blame quasi-criminal forgotten—to crystallization maxim actio personalis moritur cum persona, exception, parties, wrongdoer party. was, then, executor administrator dependability lives wrong.' Harper, 673—674 (1933) Torts, (1956) James). another, one-half supplement Prosser, 126, 900 (4th ed. 1971) Prosser) small available, 24.2, 1288. Seas, provisions. 4, Skovgaard, (1959). Most Tiffany, (2d 1913) Tiffany); 24.2; Schumacher 121. Coleridge, J., said '(I)t evident transfer (the decedent's) representative, gives totally principles,' Blake Midland Q.B. (Ad. E., N.S. *93, *110, 118 Eng.Rep. 35, (1852). Seward Vera Cruz, App.Cas. 70 (Lord Blackburn). Interpreting provisions Employer's 'independent survived. beyond altogether principles. relatives decedent,' 68, 195. Vict., c. 93, Families Persons killed Accidents (Aug. 26, 1846): 'Whereas Neglect, Default .: Be whensoever Default, thereof, Case ensued Damages, notwithstanding injured, Circumstances Felony. 'II. enacted, Benefit Wife, Husband, Parent, Child caused, Name Executor Administrator deceased; Jury proportioned Injury Parties respectively 'III. Provided always, Subject Matter Complaint Read Great L.R. 555, held: turns construction s. Vict. Act), 93. Before survived consequences, injury; effects, meet passed, would, ensued, injured.' Here, taking plea true, 'maintain thereof,' satisfaction.' Legg Britton, 64 Vt. 652, 1016 (1892); Melitch E. 121 Md. 457, (1913). interpretation means universal. Act-type prosecuted settled, classic South Dakota Rowe Richards, S.D. 201, 215—216, 151 N.W. 1001, 1006 (1915): 'We confess grasp logic course so-called reasoning conclusion drawn live suffer become vested implied power action—one accrued; never accrue; death; ever accrue, wife.' scholarly criticism. Prosser argues: 'It clear, once terminated seem directed instance, rather changes affecting decedent.' 127, 911. 120—121; Fleming, Lost Years: Problem Computation Distribution 598, 608—610 (1962); Anno., Am.St.Rep. 666, 684 (1898). Blackwell Film 189 Cal. 689, 693—694, 209 P. 999, 1001 (1922). Beyond share peculiar lend additional Goodyear. provides: 'Every carrier railroad engaging commerce suffering employed commerce, employee, surviving children employee; none, employee's parents; next kin carrier, defect insufficiency, added). significant course, use disjunctive 'or.' understood Air (1919): alternative disjunctively. used indicates intention allow recoveries employe representative; being having enforced him. inference 's unenforceable enforcement himself.' Significantly, 'that deals specifically exclusively imposed law.' 407, 1791, interpreted, been, 70, 196; Black 619 1937) (interpreting Act); Bugas Tiffany 153, 160; S. Speiser, 3.4 (1966) Speiser); 906. post-Moragne Dennis Central Gulf 943 La.1971), 453 137 1972); Petition Steel 1256 (CA6 1970); re Cambria 691 (ND Ohio 1973); Mascuilli 343 439 Pa.1972); Sincere Navigation 329 652 La.1971); Canal Barge 805 Miss.1971). 158—164; 3.36, 3.40. supra; Carli London Flying Service, 1965 AMC 1644 (DC Conn.1962). supra. C.R.Co. 71, Gaydos Domabyl, 301 Pa. 523, 152 549 (1930). 74, 196, 197; Alden Norwood Arena 332 Mass. 267, 124 N.E.2d 505 (1955); Kroeger Safranek, 165 Neb. 636, 87 N.W.2d 221 (1957). Loss confused grief, former entails positive benefits, difference follows: 'When speak beneficiaries' anguish, primarily concerned, lost, harrowing loved one. negative fundamental deleterious such, claimants? damage, focus aspects lived, contributed assistance, consortium, etc. jurisdictions, types loss, bereavement, anxiety, distress, regarded 3.45, 223 original) (footnotes terms, allows 'such proportional losses,' N.S.) 196. 3.1. list reprints individual found 3.1, 58, 5, Appendix. Middleton 326 1934); First Nat. Bank Greenwich Airlines, 288 621 various closely canvassed catalgued (Supp.1972) Comment, North Carolina, N.C.L.Rev. (1966). Those sources indicate beneficiaries, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Mississippi, Nevada, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming expressly Arizona, Idaho, Louisiana, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Utah, Washington equivocal California, Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virgin Islands, nevertheless, recognize, available Traditionally, 'Congress largely responsibility controlling law,' Fitzgerald Lines 374 16, 20, 83 1646, 1650, 720 (1963). content exception. combing legislative history concluded foreclosing effectuate 400, 1787. Nothing Act's pre-empt deem 'appropriate Congress' insistence S.Rep.No.216, 66th Cong., 2d Sess., (1919); H.R.Rep. 674, 1st (1920); 59 Cong.Rec. 4482—4486 (1920), concerned instances wrongful-deaths jurisdic-death statues extending Greene Vantage 466 159 1972). Insofar Simpson Knutsen, 444 523 1971), 1970), inconsistent disagree. Of ordinarily joined 1785; Peace Fidalgo Island Packing 419 371 1969), Oil 172 911 1959); cf. (1958), requested. Young Pridd, Cro.Car. 89, 679 (Ex. Ch. 1627); Hyde Scyssor, Cro.Jac. 538, 462 (K.B. 1619); Mowry Chaney, Iowa 609 (1876); Guevin Machester St. R., 289 99, 298 (1916); Holbrook, Change Meaning Consortium, (1923); Lippman, Breakdown 651 (1930); Note, Judicial Treatment Negligent Invasion 1341 (1961). well. N.Y. Branch Steamboat Johnson, 195 740 1912); Benedict, Admiralty 366 (6th 1940) ('When locality, etc., admiralty'). 257 1963). Hitaffer Argonne U.S.App.D.C. 57, 183 811 (1950); 125, 895; Col.L.rev. 3.49; 419—420 Funeral La.1971). below 'to discretion task making deduction entitled, results. Billiot Sewart, 662 (5th Cir. 1967); (Law Torts,) 934—935,' F.2d, 1. makes resort theories setoff recoupment unnecessary. exceeds difference. circumstance, special rendered specifying determine lumpsum atributable conflicts wages; acknowledgment wage clarified second. Vestal, Preclusion/Res Judicata Variables: Parties, L.Rev. 63—64 (1964); Developments Law—Res Judicata, 65 Harv.L.Rev. 818, 855—856 (1952); (1942) wrongful- premised extant osres terminating death,' comment subsection (1). appears England personalinjury accident. Oliver Ashman, (1961) W.L.R. 669 (C.A.); 600 (1962). accident years pre-accident post-accident expectancy. 'Any employment may, election, modifying railway employees apply; conferring regulating applicable. Jurisdiction district defendant employer resides principal office located.' employs 'follows status limited seas.' 1784, Proof predicate Ibid. discussed below. text, 599—601 nn. 4—6, infra. 266 opening section 761, 'Whenever neglect, default seas marine league shore State, Columbia, Territories dependencies admiralty, exclusive wife, parent, child, relative person, corporation ensued.' Pickles Leyland (Mass.1925). occurs applicable, ultimately 372. correct why like instant However, says 'death Pickles, therefore, probably erroneous reading reads: 'If die mentioned title (see supra) default, substituted chapter (pecuniary losses).' G. Black, 308 Roberts Union Carbide 474 1969) (New Jersey law); Schlavick Manhattan Brewing 103 744 Ill.1952) (Indiana law). reviewed 911—912 Prosser); 24.6 (1956 Supp.1968); 599, 608—609 (1962) Fleming). notes '(a)t twenty-three jurisdictions clearest dozen indicated dicta.' 608—609, 38. Nine constitute 'substantial minority view' according 912 35—39. 'largely confined curtailed 912. out, 593—594, limitation. Explanatory Notes 925, a, 639 (1939). almost verbatim draft Restatement. (Second) 196 (Tent. Draft 19, Mar. 30, 1973). 926, 646: '(In states combining functions statute) representatives preceding obtained terminates action.' Accord, 204. i, 199: (A) causing for, tort.' 1293—1294: based, injury. Presumably reflect danger recalled deprived, come out At real life-time.' (Emphasis original; citations 14: '(Double theoretical' 'practical' danger. justified.' 911: influenced point type diminished expectancy.' (Citations Tr. Oral Arg. 21. Duffey, Maldistribution Death, St.L.J. 264, 273 (1958): earning segment larger himself 11, Fleming 610. '(The duplication damages) force. allowance (in lawsuit), on, depleted, fund contingently satisfy support.' wrongfuldeath 'content bland assertion arise period .' relying 'protestation proven 615 original). correctness 197, Compare Cities Service Launey, 403 540 1968), 159, 167 762. apportioned among proportion severally brought.' 21; 326, 330 (CA2), 293 577, 55 674 (1934). 1386, 1392 ('The actual beneficiary th death'). ('(I)t consortium'). 540. Gulf, S.F.R. McGinnis, 228 173, 175, 427, 785 306 (1957): 'Recovery (and Act) estimate probable amounts beneficiaries.' 1256, 1279 987, 1649, 153 (1971); 691, 697—698 (N.D.Ohio Green Ross, 338 365, 367 (S.D.Fla.1972); 805, 820—821 (N.D.Miss.1971). occurred, result. Strickland Nutt, 264 So.2d 317, 322 (La.App.), aff'd DeRouen 262 1123, 432 case, desire therein, precludes love affection here.') Only signaled rules. Cir., 137, 409 948, 286, 218 (1972); Farrell (D.C.1971); (D.C.1971). candidly admitted 'may goal perish waters.' 657. effort avoid force contrasts disparagingly 'humane' judge-made 581—583. ignores identified criticized: (by statutes) decisional 390—391, 1782. again: 'Both Contrary intimations, suggesting tension analysis, fill them, considered afforded developing resolves. What boundaries support? enjoined wasting assets disinheriting members family? nice about item forbidden permissible of, say, services. 399, 1786. Cf., Maritime Moragne: Seaman's Legal Lifeboat, Geo.L.J. 1411 (1971). 440 1181 intervened appeal, directly estate, personally. Pet. Cert. 17. point, presumably amend remand

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